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La cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris, en forme courte Notre-Dame, est la cathédrale de l’archidiocèse de Paris, en France. Elle est située dans l'Est de l’île de la Cité, dans le 4e arrondissement de Paris. Sa façade occidentale domine le parvis Notre-Dame - place Jean-Paul-II.
La construction de la cathédrale, lancée sous l'impulsion de l’évêque Maurice de Sully, s'est étendue sur plus de deux siècles, de 1163 au milieu du xive siècle. Le style n’est donc pas d’une uniformité totale : elle possède ainsi des caractères du gothique primitif (voûtes sexpartites de la nef) et du gothique rayonnant. Les deux rosaces qui ornent chacun des bras du transept sont parmi les plus grandes d’Europe, et mesurent chacune 13 mètres de diamètre. Elle fut lors de son achèvement l'une des plus grandes cathédrales d'Occident. Après la tourmente révolutionnaire, la cathédrale a subi de 1844 à 1864 une restauration importante et parfois controversée dirigée par l’architecte Viollet-le-Duc, qui y a incorporé des éléments et des motifs inédits.
La cathédrale est depuis sa construction un des monuments les plus emblématiques de Paris. Longtemps plus haute construction de la ville, elle tient une place symbolique de premier rang dans son image. À la fois édifice religieux et culturel, elle a souvent été au cœur de l’histoire de France. Paroisse royale au Moyen Âge, c’est dans la cathédrale que s’est notamment déroulé l’arrivée de la Sainte Couronne en 1239, le sacre de Napoléon Ier en 1804, les funérailles d’Adolphe Thiers, Sadi Carnot ou encore le Te Deum célébré à la libération de Paris en 1944. Une cérémonie religieuse officielle eut lieu le 11 janvier 1996, à l'occasion du décès de François Mitterrand.
L'église accueille aujourd’hui plus de vingt millions de visiteurs par an (dont quatorze qui entrent dans la cathédrale), ce qui en fait le monument le plus visité de Paris et de toute l’Europe. Bénéficiant d'un dynamisme nouveau et vivace, elle a fêté en 2013 le 850e anniversaire de sa construction.
Apresentação comemorativa da Academia Toute Forme no Teatro SESIMINAS em 2011.
Prática fotográfica realizada pela Escola de Fotografia Studio 3 / SESIMINAS por Vanessa Oliveira.
Pentimento: the presence or emergence of earlier images, forms, or strokes that have been changed and painted over.
The Mahotella Queens is a South African female group formed in 1964 by music producer Rupert Bopape. Originally a studio recording group consisting of around five or six singers, the current line-up of the Queens comprises Hilda Tloubatla, Nobesuthu Mbadu and Amanda Nkosi. The group is noted for their distinct vocal harmony sound, guitar-led mbaqanga music and fast-paced stage dancing.
Bopape was a talent scout and producer at the independent Gallo Africa's then-subsidiary dedicated to black music, Mavuthela Music Company. He formed the Mahotella Queens as the company's resident girl group and the ensemble, often led by the deep-voiced male vocals of Simon 'Mahlathini' Nkabinde, went on to have many hit records during the 1960s. The Queens line-up during this period usually comprised Hilda Tloubatla, Juliet Mazamisa, Ethel Mngomezulu, Nobesuthu Mbadu and Mildred Mangxola. The Queens and Mahlathini were backed by Mavuthela's house band, the Makgona Tsohle Band (comprising several talented instrumentalists includingMarks Mankwane on lead guitar and West Nkosi on alto saxophone). In 1972 the line-up of the Mahotella Queens disintegrated after royalty disagreements with Bopape; Mahlathini left the company in a similar dispute with the producer. However, with a change of membership, the Queens remained productive and popular into the 1970s and 1980s. In 1987, following the explosion of interest in South African music, the Queens line-up was rejigged and three of its original singers – Hilda Tloubatla, Nobesuthu Mbadu and Mildred Mangxola – returned to the group. In combination with Mahlathini, the group forged a successful international touring career that lasts to this day.
In spite of the deaths of Mahlathini, Marks Mankwane and West Nkosi during the late 1990s, the Mahotella Queens continue to perform and record in the 21st century. In 2013, long-serving member Mildred Mangxola retired from the group. She was replaced by a new recruit, Amanda Nkosi.
Espacios Bioseguros
“Necesitamos tomar medidas preventivas de forma urgente bajo el paradigma del uso de las mejores tecnologías”
Luis de la Fuente Ramírez, presidente de ABQ, presentó Espacios Bioseguros junto al decano del Colegio de Biólogos de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (COBCM), Ángel Fernández Ipar, como “un concepto en el que destacamos una serie de medidas de prevención para la población general por medio de un conjunto de soluciones tecnológicas para prevenir y minimizar los riesgos de contagio en, por ejemplo, espacios interiores, medios de transporte y otros, con el objetivo de controlar los agentes contaminantes de una forma eficaz y sostenible desde el punto de vista medioambiental y económico”. Por otro lado, “los profesionales debemos de controlar de forma eficaz los riesgos de contagio, tanto en las superficies como en el empleo de los materiales de trabajo que utilizamos todos los días”, matizó Ramírez a lo largo de su exposición.
Con motivo del acto de presentación de las Olimpiadas de Biología de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid, los responsables de ABQ dieron a conocer los objetivos de la entidad, así como el proyecto Espacios Bioseguros.
De esta manera, ABQ, entidad europea especializada en bioseguridad, “desea llevar a cabo un protocolo de implantación de un certificado de calidad para garantizar el Espacio Bioseguro en las empresas e instituciones con un 80% de éxito en todos los análisis que hagamos a partir de ahora”, indicaron los responsables de la asociación.
Recordemos que “ABQ ha logrado seleccionar, junto a los colegios de biólogos de las distintas Comunidades Autónomas, soluciones eficientes que han sido contrastadas por la NASA”, concluyó Ramírez.
De esta manera, la asociación ABQ participó en las Olimpiadas de Biología de la Comunidad de Madrid, organizadas por el Colegio de Biólogos de la Comunidad de Madrid (COBCM) con el patrocinio de la Consejería de Educación y la colaboración de la Universidad Complutense, Universidad Autónoma y Editorial Santillana.
Foto (derecha a izquierda): Ángel Fernández Ipar, decano del Colegio de Biólogos de la Comunidad de Madrid (COBCM), y Luis de la Fuente Ramírez, presidente de ABQ.
Para más información:
www.youtube.com/user/asociacionabq
Sobre ABQ:
www.asociacionabq.org/index.php/es/inicio/61-convenio-con...
ABQ, entidad sin ánimo de lucro que se encargará de buscar soluciones para todos los sectores de la actividad profesional, es una asociación que propone y busca, por medio del debate, la transmisión del conocimiento e información precisa sobre determinadas amenazas para el sector humano, sobre todo con las nuevas bacterias y el tratamiento y análisis de casos concretos. Luis de la Fuente Ramírez, presidente, reconoce que “el esfuerzo no ha hecho más que empezar”. En la actualidad, representará los intereses de los colectivos allegados por la firma de Convenios de Colaboración en materia de divulgación, formación y colaboración en la redacción de estudios e informes especializados.
Objetivos ABQ:
1º.- Concienciar a la sociedad sobre los riesgos que les afectan en materia de bioseguridad en su contexto universal. Riesgos que afectan a todos los espacios públicos donde la gente interacciona físicamente entre sí y la necesidad, por ello, de generar “Espacios Bioseguros” donde estos riesgos sean minimizados.
2º.- Encontrar, evaluar y difundir a la sociedad las mejores técnicas y/o tecnologías disponibles para minimizar dichos riesgos. Dichas técnicas y/o tecnologías una vez encontradas deberán ser evaluadas por los comités científico-técnicos formados expertos de la comunidad científica.
Departamento de Comunicación y Prensa de ABQ
Jorge Hierro Álvarez
C/ Ramón Gómez de la Serna, 1 – Local A4
28035 Madrid (España)
Teléfono: 696 67 37 21
Email: jorge.hierro@asociacionabq.org
Website: www.asociacionabq.org
This image forms part of the digitised photographs of the Ross and Pat Craig Collection. Ross Craig (1926-2012) was a local historian born in Stockton and dedicated much of his life promoting and conserving the history of Stockton, NSW. He possessed a wealth of knowledge about the suburb and was a founding member of the Stockton Historical Society and co-editor of its magazine. Pat Craig supported her husband’s passion for history, and together they made a great contribution to the Stockton and Newcastle communities. We thank the Craig Family and Stockton Historical Society who have kindly given Cultural Collections at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, access to the collection and allowed us to publish the images. Thanks also to Vera Deacon for her liaison in attaining this important collection.
Please contact Cultural Collections at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, if you are the subject of the image, or know the subject of the image, and have cultural or other reservations about the image being displayed on this website and would like to discuss this with us.
Some of the images were scanned from original photographs in the collection held at Cultural Collections, other images were already digitised with no provenance recorded.
You are welcome to freely use the images for study and personal research purposes. Please acknowledge as “Courtesy of the Ross and Pat Craig Collection, University of Newcastle (Australia)" For commercial requests please consider making a donation to the Vera Deacon Regional History Fund.
These images are provided free of charge to the global community thanks to the generosity of the Vera Deacon Regional History Fund. If you wish to donate to the Vera Deacon Fund please download a form here: uoncc.wordpress.com/vera-deacon-fund/
If you have any further information on the photographs, please leave a comment.
Fantastic book by Casey Reas, Chandler McWilliams, and the design/interactive shop LUST. Backdrop, Casey's Process Compendium 2004-2010.
1901 Oldsmobile curved dash. At the Naples airport car show. 2019. The gasoline-powered Curved Dash Oldsmobile and is credited as being the first mass-produced automobile, meaning that it was built on an assembly line using interchangeable parts.
Tuxtla Gutiérrez, Chiapas
20 de Abril de 2014
Bol.
Formará UNICACH profesionistas en Turismo Sustentable
Abierta convocatoria para tres programas en sede Palenque
Laura Matus
La sede Palenque de la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas (UNICACH)
oferta la nueva licenciatura en Turismo Sustentable, un programa educativo
que contribuirá a la formación de profesionistas competentes para el diseño
y administración de proyectos de turismo ecológico, alternativo y
sustentable.
Esta licenciatura, la de Comercialización y la ingeniería en Desarrollo
Sustentable integran la oferta educativa de la UNICACH en la sede Palenque,
cuya convocatoria de ingreso está abierta y disponible para su consulta en
el portal www.unicach.mx
La licenciatura en Turismo Sustentable fue diseñada con una duración de
ocho semestres, durante los cuales los estudiantes desarrollarán
habilidades directivas, para el diseño e instrumentación de planes,
programas y proyectos turísticos, la asesoría en la planificación,
elaboración de normas y políticas para la explotación y conservación de los
recursos turísticos actuales y potenciales.
Para lograr lo anterior se instruirá al alumnado en el aprendizaje de
idiomas extranjeros, adecuada comunicación oral y escrita, uso de
tecnología de la información y comunicación, bases administrativas y
conocimientos generales sobre el ramo turístico.
Este programa educativo es altamente pertinente para la región Selva y para
Chiapas, entidad que cuenta con una variedad enorme de posibilidades en el
sector turístico, por su riqueza cultural y natural.
De ahí que el plan de estudios de la licenciatura en Turismo Sustentable,
considera al turismo como una estrategia para la integración de la ecología
y la cultura con la economía, reorientación de la actividad de los centros
turísticos con el sentido de conservación mediante programas de manejo
apropiado de los recursos naturales para el desarrollo del ecoturismo y
turismo responsable.
El proceso de registro en línea se abre el próximo 28 de Abril, los
aspirantes deberán realizar este trámite mediante la página oficial de la
UNICACH, desde donde podrán obtener su pase al examen de conocimientos a
aplicarse el 1 de Julio.
La fecha de cierre de registro de aspirantes para las sedes regionales es
el 18 de Junio. Los jóvenes aceptados se incorporan a la sede Palenque de
la UNICACH el 6 de Agosto próximo.
--
Oficina de Prensa de la Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas
Telefono 61 70 400 Ext. 4102
Agencia de noticias: agencia.unicach.mx/
Blog: blogspot.unicach.mx/
La Malaisie, en forme longue la Fédération de Malaisie, en malais Malaysia, مليسيا, est un pays d'Asie du Sud-Est, constitué de la Malaisie péninsulaire ou Malaisie occidentale (péninsule Malaise) et de la Malaisie orientale (nord de Bornéo). Elle est située à environ 200 km au nord de l'équateur. Sa capitale est Kuala Lumpur et sa superficie est égale à 329 750 km2.
Le pays est composé de deux régions distinctes :
* La Malaisie occidentale ou Malaisie péninsulaire (au sud de la Thaïlande) est divisée du Nord au Sud par une longue chaîne montagneuse dont le point culminant se situe à 2189 m (Mont Tahan) et où subsistent de vastes zones forestières. La côte Ouest est marécageuse et plate, la côte Est est, au contraire, composée de longues plages de sable. Les cultures et plantations sont d'abord situées le long des plaines côtières. Le Nord du pays (Perlis et Kedah) est considéré comme le grenier à riz du pays.
* La Malaisie orientale est composée des territoires du Sarawak et du Sabah et située au Nord de l'Indonésie (Bornéo). Cette partie représente 15 % de la population sur 60 % du territoire. Elle est essentiellement composée de forêts tropicales humides et d'un relief assez élevé (mont Kinabalu, 4100 m).
La Malaisie partage ses frontières terrestres avec le Brunei (381 km), l'Indonésie (1178 km) et la Thaïlande (506 km), et dispose de 4675 km de côtes. Elle est également reliée à Singapour par deux ponts traversant le détroit de Johor.
L'utilisation du nom de « Malaisie » pour désigner la péninsule Malaise est récente. Ce nom est la francisation de Malaya dans l'expression « British Malaya » (Malaisie britannique) de laquelle les Anglais désignaient, à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle, les territoires qu'ils contrôlaient sur la péninsule.
Jusqu'en 1912, le nom de « Fédération de Malaisie » ne s'appliquait qu'à l'entité créée en 1946-48 par les Britanniques et devenue indépendante en 1957, « l'Union malaise » (Malayan Union). Celle-ci regroupait, dans la péninsule Malaise, les États malais, qui avaient auparavant le statut de protectorats, et les Strait Settlements, c'est-à-dire les colonies de Malacca, Penang et Singapour.
Lorsque les territoires britanniques de Bornéo, Sabah (British North Borneo) et Sarawak deviennent indépendants en 1963 et acceptent de rejoindre la Malaisie, la nouvelle entité est baptisée du néologisme de « Malaysia ».
En français, « Malaisie » avait à l'origine un autre sens. En 1831, Jules Dumont d'Urville proposait à la Société de géographie de Paris une organisation de l'Océanie en quatre parties :
* la Polynésie (« les nombreuses îles »),
* la Mélanésie (« les îles noires »),
* la Micronésie (« les petites îles ») et
* la Malaisie.
Par ce dernier nom, Dumont d'Urville entendait une région regroupant l'Indonésie, la Malaisie et les Philippines actuelles. À l'époque en effet, on considérait que les habitants de cette région pouvaient être désignés par le terme englobant de « Malais ».
Au sens strict du terme, les Malais sont les populations qui parlent la langue malaise et qui habitent le littoral oriental de l'île de Sumatra, les îles Riau, la péninsule Malaise et le littoral de l'île de Bornéo.
Le traité de Londres de 1824 entre Anglais et Hollandais se traduira par un partage en deux de ce monde malais. On ne saurait donc identifier celui-ci à la seule Malaisie.
Pour éviter la confusion, on utilise le gentilé « malaisien » pour désigner ce qui relève de la Malaisie comme État, le mot « malais » désignant ce qui relève de la langue, de la culture, de l'ethnie, et couvrant donc un territoire plus vaste. Ainsi, l'expression « monde malais » au sens strict désigne l'aire géographique habitée par les Malais et décrite plus haut.
L'État du Pahang est le plus grand de la Malaisie péninsulaire avec 35964 km². Sa capitale est la ville de Kuantan, située sur la côte est de la mer de Chine méridionale.
Sources : wikipedia
2,118.00 USD
3.25 carat Green opaque polished diamond, briliiant round shaped from Congo, beautifully formed Green diamond
Diamond weight: 3.25 carat per diamond.
Number of Stones: 1
Total Carat Weight: 3.25 carat
Size: approx. 8 mm.
Color: Green
Clarity: opaque
Shape: briliiant round
Country of Origin: Congo (Conflict free)
You will receive the exact diamonds shown in the photos.
This is a true photo of the raw diamond; the photo has not been retouched or modified in any way.
Since most people are so used to only seeing the polished diamonds in the market, some of you may be surprised that these stones are actually diamonds. But yes, raw diamonds actually come in a variety of different colors, shapes and sizes, and are a delight to the eye!
All the diamonds we sell are real genuine diamonds. The exact same diamonds that are usually cut into polished diamonds.
But don't take our word for it, any 'diamond tester' which can be purchased on Ebay/Amazon for as low as $13 will confirm that. You can also show the diamonds to your local jeweler, and if he has any experience dealing with rough diamonds, he'll be able to attest to that too.
You can mount these uncut diamonds in jewelry as they are, or have them sent to be cut into polished diamonds.
All of our diamonds are 100% naturally mined and haven't been cut, faceted, polished, or undergone any kind of process whatsoever. This makes them ideal for an investment, since while polished diamond prices fluctuate, rough diamonds only appreciate over the years.
Our diamonds are personally guaranteed to be conflict free. We strictly follow the Kimberly Process Procedures to stop conflict diamonds or blood diamonds from entering the market.
You would be getting a Kimberly Process Guarantee in every order.
The Diamonds we sell are in full compliance with the rules and regulations set under the resolutions passed by the United Nations.
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FREE shipping anywhere in the US.
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$40 FLAT RATE international shipping.
(We can only ship to countries who are participants of the Kimberly Process)
You'll be getting an original Kimberly Certificate assuring you that the shipment was shipped according to the Kimberly process.
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FREE insurance in every order.
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30 day refund policy, no questions asked.
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Diamonds are the hardest substance in the world, created billions and billions of years ago. They represent love and romance, and were historically used for healing purposes.
Rough diamonds are known to be the April Birthstone.
Looking for a different rough diamond that is not in the shop? Feel free to send me a message, and I'll do my best to find you a diamond that suits your needs.
Interested in buying wholesale? Ask about our Wholesale pricing.
For other rough diamonds in the shop please take a look here:
NewSKU: 20150183
Cet atelier invite les enfants à découvrir des thématiques Art Déco à partir d'un jeu de Tangram revisité, construire en miniature des bâtiments colorées en jouant sur les formes élancées des architectures des années 20, éprouver symétrie, ordre et géométrie des pavillons de l'exposition de 1925 ou exercer leur sens de l'observation en recomposant papiers peints ou tentures décoratives de style Art Déco.
A partir de 7 ans
oil on linen mounted on wood
12 x 12 inches
Clean Up Your Toys! exhibition
Courtesy Tinlark Gallery
Contact the gallery:
Email: info@tinlark.com
Phone: 323.463.0039
This piece was inspired by previous student work on the Geometric Form project, as well as 3D art that various artists made out of toothpicks. These were in fact the chosen medium; I wanted to work with wood toothpicks proved to be the right size. The concept is essentially a new interpretation of the space lattice created at the beginning of the semester. The simple 180-arc is present, though there are clear differences due to the different media and interpretation. Originally I planned to make cubes out of the toothpicks. but they proved to have too much flexibility, so I made 3-sided pyramids instead; the triangles have much more structural rigidity, and as it turns out, I like the look of the triangles much better. I'm also very happy with the directional movement changes within the piece. As seems to be the case with my projects in this class, if I could change one thing it's that I would make it longer/bigger/more elaborate, if given the time; the piece measures roughly 9x7x5 (depending on which way you stand it up).
Agnontas ist Fischerhafenidylle in seiner reinsten Form.
Die bunten Boote im Fischerhafen von Agnontas wiegen sich sanft in den Wellen und laden zum Träumen ein. Direkt am Wasser gibt es einige Tavernen mit hervorragendem fangfrischen Fisch. Gelegenlich kann man sogar zusehen wie die Fischer mit Harpune und Schorchelausrüstung auf die Jagd gehen.
Die bunten Boote im Fischerhafen von Agnondas wiegen sich sanft in den Wellen und laden zum Träumen ein. Direkt am Wasser gibt es einige Tavernen mit hervorragendem fangfrischen Fisch. Gelegendlich kann man sogar zusehen wie die Fischer mit Harpune und Schorchelausrüstung auf die Jagd gehen.
Agnondas zählt sicherlich zu einem der ursprünglisten und schönsten Orte Griechenlands.
Die Pflasterstrasse vom Stafilos - Strand führt zu der hübschen Bucht, wo sich der wunderbare Kieselsteinstrand Agnondas befindet. Der Name Agnondas wurde der Bucht in der Antike von den Einwohnern gegeben, um Agnondas zu ehren, der einen Lauf in den Olympischen Spielen im Jahre 569 v. Chr. gewann. In dieser Bucht ist der dritte Hafen von Skopelos beheimatet, an dem Schiffe und Fähren ankern, falls sie der Wind hindert, die anderen Häfen der Insel zu erreichen. Regelmäßige Fährverbindungen gibt es jedoch nicht. Das kleine Dorf oberhalb des Strandes hat Hotels, Zimmervermietungen und Tavernen.
Das ruhige und malerisch gelegene griechische Fischerdorf Agnontas welches im Süden der Insel Skopelos liegt bietet die perfekten Vorraussetzungen für ihren Urlaub auf Skopelos und zählt zu den schönsten Plätzen auf Skopelos bzw. ist einer der schönsten Orte Griechenlands.
Agnontas verfügt über einen kleinen eigenen Naturhafen und wird bei schlechtem Wetter auch von den Fähren und Flying Cats angelaufen.
Agnontas liegt nur 9 km entfernt von der Stadt Skopelos und 19 km von Glossa. Agnontas ist der perfekte Startpunkt um die Insel Skopelos per Boot zu erkunden. Von Agnontas aus können sie ganz leicht per Boot den Strand von Limonari besuchen welcher von vielen als bester Strand Skopelos bezeichnet wird. Klicken sie hier für mehr Informationen zum Thema Skopelos Bootsverleih.
Der kleine aber wunderschöne Strand von Agnontas ist während der Hochsaison sehr populär und wird gerne von Besuchern aus allen Ecken der Insel Skopelos angefahren. Der Strand von Agnontas glänzt mit kristallklarem türkisfarbenen Wasser und weißem feinen Kieselstrand.
In der unmittelbaren Nachbarschaft finden sich auch die Strände von Stafylos, Panormos und Milia Beach welche sie auf jeden Fall auch besuchen sollten.
Agnontas ist ein sehr schönes Dorf und wenn sie ein ursprüngliches, unverfälschtes und ruhiges Fischerdorf mit einmaligen Momenten suchen sind sie in Agnontas auf Skopelos genau richtig!
Vergessen sie auf keinen Fall auch den malerisch gelegenen Ort Glossa zu besuchen!
Mehr Informationen über Agnontas und Skopelos finden Sie hier www.skopelosholidays.de/a-z/skopelos-orte/agnondas/
Skopelos Holidays ist Ihr Partner für Ihren Skopelos Urlaub und mehr...
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"O brawling love, O loving hate,
O any thing of nothing first create!
O heavy lightness, serious vanity,
Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms,
Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health,
Still-waking sleep, that is not what it is!"
— Romeo and Juliet, Act I Scene I
A small section of the tunnel wall leading to the balcony in Verona which has been 'linked' to Romeo and Juliet. Covered in graffiti with not a space remaining. Thousands come to proclaim their special and unique love and be heard above the cacophony.
Registration FL14GWE
Make MG
Model 3 FORM PLUS SPORT VTI-TEC
Date of Liability 01 03 2015
Date of First Registration 13 03 2014
Year of Manufacture 2014
Cylinder Capacity 1498cc PETROL
Export Marker NO
Vehicle Status Licence Not Due
Vehicle Colour BLUE
Go to Page with image in the Internet Archive
Title: Des différentes formes dâÂÂostéo-arthrites tuberculeuses, de leur traitement par la méthode sclérogène pure ou combinée àlâÂÂarthrectomie précoce et répétée (curettages et résections atypiques) surtout chez lâÂÂenfant. (Méthode du professeur Lannelongue)
Creator: Mauclaire P. (Placide), b.1863
Creator: Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
Publisher: Paris : G. Steinheil
Sponsor: Jisc and Wellcome Library
Contributor: Royal College of Physicians in Edinburgh
Date: 1893
Language: fre
Description: This material has been provided by the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. The original may be consulted at the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh
If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.
Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.
Read/Download from the Internet Archive
Drawing is a form of visual art in which a person uses various drawing instruments to mark paper or another two-dimensional medium. Instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoal, chalk, pastels, various kinds of erasers, markers, styluses, various metals (such as silverpoint), and electronic drawing.
An artist who practices or works in technical drawing may be called a drafter, draftsman, or draughtsman.[1]
A drawing instrument releases small amount of material onto a surface, leaving a visible mark. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials, such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas, and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. It is one of the simplest and most efficient means of communicating visual ideas.[2] The wide availability of drawing instruments makes drawing one of the most common artistic activities.
Drawing is one of the major forms of expression within the visual arts. It is generally concerned with the marking of lines and areas of tone onto paper, where the accurate representation of the visual world is expressed upon a plane surface.[3] Traditional drawings were monochrome, or at least had little colour,[4] while modern colored-pencil drawings may approach or cross a boundary between drawing and painting. In Western terminology, drawing is distinct from painting, even though similar media often are employed in both tasks. Dry media, normally associated with drawing, such as chalk, may be used in pastel paintings. Drawing may be done with a liquid medium, applied with brushes or pens. Similar supports likewise can serve both: painting generally involves the application of liquid paint onto prepared canvas or panels, but sometimes an underdrawing is drawn first on that same support.
Drawing is often exploratory, with considerable emphasis on observation, problem-solving and composition. Drawing is also regularly used in preparation for a painting, further obfuscating their distinction. Drawings created for these purposes are called studies.
There are several categories of drawing, including figure drawing, cartooning, doodling and shading. There are also many drawing methods, such as line drawing, stippling, shading, the surrealist method of entopic graphomania (in which dots are made at the sites of impurities in a blank sheet of paper, and lines are then made between the dots), and tracing (drawing on a translucent paper, such as tracing paper, around the outline of preexisting shapes that show through the paper).
A quick, unrefined drawing may be called a sketch.
In fields outside art, technical drawings or plans of buildings, machinery, circuitry and other things are often called "drawings" even when they have been transferred to another medium by printing.
Drawing as a Form of Communication Drawing is one of the oldest forms of human expression, with evidence for its existence preceding that of written communication.[5] It is believed that drawing was used as a specialised form of communication before the invent of the written language,[5][6] demonstrated by the production of cave and rock paintings created by Homo sapiens sapiens around 30,000 years ago.[7] These drawings, known as pictograms, depicted objects and abstract concepts.[8] The sketches and paintings produced in prehistoric times were eventually stylised and simplified, leading to the development of the written language as we know it today.
Drawing in the Arts Drawing is used to express one's creativity, and therefore has been prominent in the world of art. Throughout much of history, drawing was regarded as the foundation for artistic practise.[9] Initially, artists used and reused wooden tablets for the production of their drawings.[10] Following the widespread availability of paper in the 14th century, the use of drawing in the arts increased. At this point, drawing was commonly used as a tool for thought and investigation, acting as a study medium whilst artists were preparing for their final pieces of work.[11][12] In a period of artistic flourish, the Renaissance brought about drawings exhibiting realistic representational qualities,[13] where there was a lot of influence from geometry and philosophy.[14]
The invention of the first widely available form of photography led to a shift in the use of drawing in the arts.[15] Photography took over from drawing as a more superior method for accurately representing visual phenomena, and artists began to abandon traditional drawing practises.[16] Modernism in the arts encouraged "imaginative originality"[17] and artists' approach to drawing became more abstract.
Drawing Outside of the Arts Although the use of drawing is extensive in the arts, its practice is not confined purely to this field. Before the widespread availability of paper, 12th century monks in European monasteries used intricate drawings to prepare illustrated, illuminated manuscripts on vellum and parchment. Drawing has also been used extensively in the field of science, as a method of discovery, understanding and explanation. In 1616, astronomer Galileo Galilei explained the changing phases of the moon through his observational telescopic drawings.[16] Additionally, in 1924, geophysicist Alfred Wegener used illustrations to visually demonstrate the origin of the continents.[16]
Notable draftsmen[edit]
Since the 14th century, each century has produced artists who have created great drawings.
Notable draftsmen of the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries include Leonardo da Vinci, Albrecht Dürer, Michelangelo and Raphael.
Notable draftsmen of the 17th century include Claude, Nicolas Poussin, Rembrandt, Guercino, and Peter Paul Rubens.
Notable draftsmen of the 18th century include Jean-Honoré Fragonard, Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, and Antoine Watteau.
Notable draftsmen of the 19th century include Paul Cézanne, Aubrey Beardsley, Jacques-Louis David, Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, Edgar Degas, Théodore Géricault, Francisco Goya, Jean Ingres, Odilon Redon, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, Honoré Daumier, and Vincent van Gogh.
Notable draftsmen of the 20th century include Käthe Kollwitz, Max Beckmann, Jean Dubuffet, George Grosz, Egon Schiele, Arshile Gorky, Paul Klee, Oscar Kokoschka, Alphonse Mucha, M. C. Escher, André Masson, Jules Pascin, and Pablo Picasso.
The medium is the means by which ink, pigment or color are delivered onto the drawing surface. Most drawing media are either dry (e.g. graphite, charcoal, pastels, Conté, silverpoint), or use a fluid solvent or carrier (marker, pen and ink). Watercolor pencils can be used dry like ordinary pencils, then moistened with a wet brush to get various painterly effects. Very rarely, artists have drawn with (usually decoded) invisible ink. Metalpoint drawing usually employs either of two metals: silver or lead.[18] More rarely used are gold, platinum, copper, brass, bronze, and tinpoint.
Paper comes in a variety of different sizes and qualities, ranging from newspaper grade up to high quality and relatively expensive paper sold as individual sheets.[19] Papers can vary in texture, hue, acidity, and strength when wet. Smooth paper is good for rendering fine detail, but a more "toothy" paper holds the drawing material better. Thus a coarser material is useful for producing deeper contrast.
Newsprint and typing paper may be useful for practice and rough sketches. Tracing paper is used to experiment over a half-finished drawing, and to transfer a design from one sheet to another. Cartridge paper is the basic type of drawing paper sold in pads. Bristol board and even heavier acid-free boards, frequently with smooth finishes, are used for drawing fine detail and do not distort when wet media (ink, washes) are applied. Vellum is extremely smooth and suitable for very fine detail. Coldpressed watercolor paper may be favored for ink drawing due to its texture.
Acid-free, archival quality paper keeps its color and texture far longer than wood pulp based paper such as newsprint, which turns yellow and become brittle much sooner.
The basic tools are a drawing board or table, pencil sharpener and eraser, and for ink drawing, blotting paper. Other tools used are circle compass, ruler, and set square. Fixative is used to prevent pencil and crayon marks from smudging. Drafting tape is used to secure paper to drawing surface, and also to mask an area to keep it free of accidental marks sprayed or spattered materials and washes. An easel or slanted table is used to keep the drawing surface in a suitable position, which is generally more horizontal than the position used in painting.
Almost all draftsmen use their hands and fingers to apply the media, with the exception of some handicapped individuals who draw with their mouth or feet.[20]
Prior to working on an image, the artist typically explores how various media work. They may try different drawing implements on practice sheets to determine value and texture, and how to apply the implement to produce various effects.
The artist's choice of drawing strokes affects the appearance of the image. Pen and ink drawings often use hatching—groups of parallel lines.[21] Cross-hatching uses hatching in two or more different directions to create a darker tone. Broken hatching, or lines with intermittent breaks, form lighter tones—and controlling the density of the breaks achieves a gradation of tone. Stippling, uses dots to produce tone, texture or shade. Different textures can be achieved depending on the method used to build tone.[22]
Drawings in dry media often use similar techniques, though pencils and drawing sticks can achieve continuous variations in tone. Typically a drawing is filled in based on which hand the artist favors. A right-handed artist draws from left to right to avoid smearing the image. Erasers can remove unwanted lines, lighten tones, and clean up stray marks. In a sketch or outline drawing, lines drawn often follow the contour of the subject, creating depth by looking like shadows cast from a light in the artist's position.
Sometimes the artist leaves a section of the image untouched while filling in the remainder. The shape of the area to preserve can be painted with masking fluid or cut out of a frisket and applied to the drawing surface, protecting the surface from stray marks until the mask is removed.
Another method to preserve a section of the image is to apply a spray-on fixative to the surface. This holds loose material more firmly to the sheet and prevents it from smearing. However the fixative spray typically uses chemicals that can harm the respiratory system, so it should be employed in a well-ventilated area such as outdoors.
Another technique is subtractive drawing in which the drawing surface is covered with graphite or charcoal and then erased to make the image.[23]
Shading is the technique of varying the tonal values on the paper to represent the shade of the material as well as the placement of the shadows. Careful attention to reflected light, shadows and highlights can result in a very realistic rendition of the image.
Blending uses an implement to soften or spread the original drawing strokes. Blending is most easily done with a medium that does not immediately fix itself, such as graphite, chalk, or charcoal, although freshly applied ink can be smudged, wet or dry, for some effects. For shading and blending, the artist can use a blending stump, tissue, a kneaded eraser, a fingertip, or any combination of them. A piece of chamois is useful for creating smooth textures, and for removing material to lighten the tone. Continuous tone can be achieved with graphite on a smooth surface without blending, but the technique is laborious, involving small circular or oval strokes with a somewhat blunt point.
Shading techniques that also introduce texture to the drawing include hatching and stippling. A number of other methods produce texture. In addition to the choice of paper, drawing material and technique affect texture. Texture can be made to appear more realistic when it is drawn next to a contrasting texture; a coarse texture is more obvious when placed next to a smoothly blended area. A similar effect can be achieved by drawing different tones close together. A light edge next to a dark background stands out to the eye, and almost appears to float above the surface.
Form and proportion[edit]Measuring the dimensions of a subject while blocking in the drawing is an important step in producing a realistic rendition of the subject. Tools such as a compass can be used to measure the angles of different sides. These angles can be reproduced on the drawing surface and then rechecked to make sure they are accurate. Another form of measurement is to compare the relative sizes of different parts of the subject with each other. A finger placed at a point along the drawing implement can be used to compare that dimension with other parts of the image. A ruler can be used both as a straightedge and a device to compute proportions.
When attempting to draw a complicated shape such as a human figure, it is helpful at first to represent the form with a set of primitive shapes. Almost any form can be represented by some combination of the cube, sphere, cylinder, and cone. Once these basic shapes have been assembled into a likeness, then the drawing can be refined into a more accurate and polished form. The lines of the primitive shapes are removed and replaced by the final likeness. Drawing the underlying construction is a fundamental skill for representational art, and is taught in many books and schools. Its correct application resolves most uncertainties about smaller details, and makes the final image look consistent.[24]
A more refined art of figure drawing relies upon the artist possessing a deep understanding of anatomy and the human proportions. A trained artist is familiar with the skeleton structure, joint location, muscle placement, tendon movement, and how the different parts work together during movement. This allows the artist to render more natural poses that do not appear artificially stiff. The artist is also familiar with how the proportions vary depending on the age of the subject, particularly when drawing a portrait.
Perspective[edit]
Linear perspective is a method of portraying objects on a flat surface so that the dimensions shrink with distance. Each set of parallel, straight edges of any object, whether a building or a table, follows lines that eventually converge at a vanishing point. Typically this convergence point is somewhere along the horizon, as buildings are built level with the flat surface. When multiple structures are aligned with each other, such as buildings along a street, the horizontal tops and bottoms of the structures typically converge at a vanishing point.When both the fronts and sides of a building are drawn, then the parallel lines forming a side converge at a second point along the horizon (which may be off the drawing paper.) This is a two-point perspective.[25] Converging the vertical lines to a third point above or below the horizon then produces a three-point perspective.
Depth can also be portrayed by several techniques in addition to the perspective approach above. Objects of similar size should appear ever smaller the further they are from the viewer. Thus the back wheel of a cart appears slightly smaller than the front wheel. Depth can be portrayed through the use of texture. As the texture of an object gets further away it becomes more compressed and busy, taking on an entirely different character than if it was close. Depth can also be portrayed by reducing the contrast in more distant objects, and by making their colors less saturated. This reproduces the effect of atmospheric haze, and cause the eye to focus primarily on objects drawn in the foreground.
I saw this winter form Eastern Comma flying and then landing in the woods behind our house. Fortunately I had my camera in my jacket pocket. I took this distance shot in case it decided to fly away before I could get closer.
Bette Midler:
A crowd forms on Market Street outside the courthouse in Snow Hill, Maryland November 6, 1931 after information leaked out that Euel Lee was to appear in court the following day.
Lee did not make an appearance on November 7th, but his attorney Bernard Ades and a female companion showed up for a court appearance and were attacked and beaten outside the courthouse.
Green Davis and his wife Ivy and two children were murdered in 1931 in their Berlin, Maryland home purportedly over a wage dispute, setting off a two-year sensational prosecution and defense of Euel Lee who was also known as Orphan Jones.
Lee’s case was taken up by the Maryland Communist Party and they waged a public campaign with demonstrations, letters and telegrams while his attorney Bernard Ades fought tenaciously in the courts. Ades succeeded in obtaining several changes of venue that thwarted lynch mobs and overturned Maryland’s longstanding practice of barring African Americans from juries.
Despite the efforts, Lee was executed October 28, 1933 and the state refused to hand the body over to Ades despite Lee’s written wishes. Lee was then buried in an unmarked grave.
Disbarment proceedings were brought against Ades and he was defended in Maryland courts by Charles Hamilton Houston and Thurgood Marshall—the first white man in Maryland defended by black lawyers. Ades escaped disbarment with a reprimand.
For more information and related images, see flic.kr/s/aHsk3cXm2f
The photographer is unknown. The image is an auction find.