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The Karlstad sofa, an Ikea sofa inspired by the Florence Knoll sofa.
I wanted to get back to the set I started earlier, Form @ Home, where I try to capture the mood and feeling of some things we’ve got at home. This time I tried to use a cooler, blueish toned color instead of the sepia. Again, I'm trying to find form and details, capturing the mood and feeling of the object. For this I used the 5D with the 100mm L IS macro lens. All shot handheld with available light.
De forme rectangulaire, cette porte construite en 1420 fait écho à la celle de la Floraison ou Gloire occidentale (Xihuamen). Avec sa plate-forme rouge, elle repose sur un socle en marbre blanc selon un style bouddhiste, bâtiment dans lequel sont percées les trois passages voutés. La tour carrée et son double toit, avec 5 arches de large et 3 m de profondeur est entourée de colonnes de marbre blanc. Au début de la dynastie Qing, seuls les fonctionnaires du Cabinet étaient autorisés à passer par cette porte, alors qu'au milieu du règne de Qianlong, les ministres âgés du premier degré et du second degré avaient ce privilège. Les cercueils des empereurs Qing, les impératrices et les régents avaient aussi l'autorisation d'y passer, d'où le nom de Guimen : porte de fantôme). Celle-ci dispose de 8 clous, et non 9 comme les autres, du fait que le 9 est le chiffre de l'empereur et 8 celui des choses fantomatiques (cf.wikipedia).
Stadtmauerstück der inneren Grabenmauer der grossen Schanze ( Mauerrest Ruine der Mauer der barocken Schanzenanlage des 17. Jahrhundert - Baujahr zwischen 1622 und 1634 ) im Parking Sidlerstrasse - Bahnhofparking in der Stadt Bern im Kanton Bern der Schweiz
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Grosse Schanze Bern
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Die Schanzen, bestehend aus der Grossen und der Kleinen Schanze, sind Teile der letzten
Berner Stadtbefestigung im Westen der Altstadt aus dem 17. Jahrhundert in der Stadt Bern
in der Schweiz.
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Grosse Schanze
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Die Grosse Schanze ( Karte 1166 599.887 / 199.855 ) geht auf Pläne des Hugenottenführers
und Festungsbaumeisters Théodore Agrippa d’Aubigné zurück, die in reduzierter Form um-
gesetzt wurden.
Der Bau der Schanze wurde am 30. März 1622 beschlossen und im April gleichen Jahres in
Angriff genommen. 1634 wurden die Arbeiten abgeschlossen. Zwischen 1834 und 1846
wurde die Anlage grösstenteils eingeebnet; auf ihren letzten Überresten steht heute das 1903
eingeweihte Hauptgebäude der Universität Bern.
Bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts fand auf der Grossen Schanze jährlich am Ostermontag
ein Wettkampf im S.chwingen statt. Um die Preise eines S.chafes und den Titel eines
S.chwingerkönigs eiferten die besten S.chwinger des Kantons und Männer aus U.nterwalden
und L.uzern.
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Mauerresten sind noch in der B.ibliothek der U.niversität an der H.ochschulstrasse und im
K.eller unter einer G.lasscheibe der U.ni S an der S.chanzeneckstrasse und im P.arking
S.idlerstrasse / B.ahnhofparking sichtbar.
Und auch diverse Strassennahmen erinnern an das grosse Bauwerk. Ein schönes Modell
von Bern mit seinen Schanzen steht im historischen M.useum in der Stadt Bern.
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Stadtmauerstück in der Juristischen Bibliothek im Hauptgebäude der Universität
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Die 1622–1634 angelegte sternförmige Befestigungsanlage stellt den vierten Befestigungs-
gürtel der Stadt Bern dar. Sie wurde durch den Hugenotten und Kriegsingenieur Théodore
Agrippa d'Aubigné errichtet. Ihr Zweck war die Befestigung der protestantischen Stadt im
Dreissigjährigen Krieg.
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Bern besass im Mittelalter eine Stadtbefestigung, die aus starken – auf der Feldseite mit
Gräben versehenen – Ringmauern sowie hochragenden, zinnenbekrönten Türmen und
Toren bestand.
Spätestens seit dem 16. Jahrhundert war diese Befestigung durch die Entwicklung der
Kriegstechnik hoffnungslos veraltet. Der Ausbruch des Dreissigjährigen Krieges war für
den Bernischen Kriegsrat ein willkommener Anlass, die mittelalterlichen Ummauerungen
endlich durch eine zeitgemässe Schanzenanlage zu ersetzen.
Statt hoher Türme und Mauern, die jedes Geschütz innert kurzer Zeit in Stücke schiessen
konnte, wurden nun niedrige Erdwälle aufgeschüttet, deren Körper den Schock von
Kanonenkugeln absorbierten, statt langer, gerader Mauerabschnitte gab es abgewinkelte
Schanzen mit vorspringenden Bastionen, so dass es keine toten Winkel mehr gab, in denen
sich Angreifer formieren konnten.
Jeder Bereich der Befestigung konnte von den Verteidigern eingesehen werden. Das vom
Hugenottenführer und Ingenieur Théodore Agrippa d’Aubigné ausgearbeitete Projekt sah
ursprünglich einen gewaltigen Schanzenstern mit 21 Bastionen vor, der die gesamte Stadt
beiderseits der A.are umgeben sollte.
Die Bauarbeiten setzten auf der besonders gefährdeten Westseite ein, da dort wenig aus-
serhalb der mittelalterlichen Mauern Anhöhen lagen, von denen aus die Stadt im Belager-
ungsfall hätte sturmreif geschossen werden können.
Zwischen 1622 und 1634 entstand die Befestigungsanlage, bestehend aus der «Grossen
Schanze» im Norden mit den Bastionen «Hohliebe», «Grosser Bär», «Meyenburg» und
«Kleiner Bär» sowie der «K.leinen Schanze» im Süden mit den beiden Bastionen «Christoffel»
und «Wächter».
Drei niedrige Tore öffneten sich in dieser Befestigungslinie: das Ä.ussere A.arbergertor, das
O.bertor und das O.bere oder N.eue M.arzilitor. In einer zweiten Phase wurde von 1639 bis
1641 die nördliche Aareflanke mit dem Bau der sogenannten Längmauer zwischen dem
mittelalterlichen P.redigerturm und der U.ntertorbrücke gesichert. Die weitere Realisierung
des Befestigungsprojektes wurde aus Kostengründen verschoben und danach schliesslich
stillschweigend eingestellt.
Die Befestigung blieb damit ein Fragment, das seine Tauglichkeit nie unter Beweis stellen
musste.
Bald nach dem Untergang des Alten Bern im Jahr 1798 wurden Rufe laut, die Schanzen
zu schleifen. Nicht nur, dass sie sich bei der französischen Invasion als militärisch zwecklos
erwiesen hatten, sondern sie galten als sichtbares Symbol der eben beendeten Herrschaft
der Stadt über das Land.
Erste Abtragungsarbeiten begannen bereits 1807. Der Grosse Rat beschloss 1835 die voll-
ständige Schleifung der Schanzen und die Auffüllung der Gräben, abgeschlossen wurden
die Arbeiten in den 1860er Jahren.
1846 war die Grosse Schanze eingeebnet, aber obwohl bereits 1844 erste Villen am Falken-
platz entstanden waren, wurde die vordere L.änggasse erst ab 1870 im Zusammenhang mit
der Anlage eines Strassennetzes systematisch bebaut.
Weitere, bei früheren archäologischen Ausgrabungen erfasste und konservierte Befestigungs-
reste finden sich in der Uni S und im B.ahnhofparking.
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Hinweistafel im Parking Sidlerstrasse / Bahnhofparking
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Ein Rest der barocken Schanzenmauer konnte 2002 in den Verbindungsbau zwischen
Bahnhof- und Sidlerparking integriert werden, allerdings mit einer gefrästen Lücke, um
die Durchfahrt für Autos zu gewährleisten.
Das nebenstehende Stadtmauerstück ist Rest der letzten Befestigung Berns.
Die mit Quadern verschalte Kieselmauer gehört zur inneren Grabenmauer ( escarpe )
welche den Infanterie - Laufgang ( fausse braye ) hoch über dem Graben stützte.
Das Mauerstück gehört zur 1622 - 1634 angelegten sternförmigen Befestigungsanlage
dem sogenannten fünften Westgürtel Berns, errichtet Hugenotten Kriegsingenieur
Théodore Agrippa d`Aubigné zur Befestigung der protestantischen Städte im Dreissig-
jährigen Krieg.
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Einige Angaben zum Bau :
- 1622 Baubeginn beim G.olattenmattor
- Materialbelieferung durch praktisch alle bernischen Mittellandgemeinden sowie N.euenburg.
- Gesammtlänge der Befestigung : 1.8 Kilometer
- Arbeiterbestand 224 Männer - 82 Frauen - 100 Kinder
- Abschluss der Bauarbeiten 1634 beim W.ächter ( Heute K.leine Schanze / W.eltpostdenkmal )
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K.leine S.chanze
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Die K.leine S.chanze ( Karte 1166 600.140 / 199.399 ) besteht aus der 1623 fertiggestellten
B.astion W.ächter, wurde im 19. Jahrhundert in eine P.arkanlage umgewandelt und ist heute
S.tandort des W.eltpost - D.enkmals.
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( BeschriebGrosseSchanzeHauptgebäudeUniversität KantonBern StadtBern AlbumStadtBern
UNESCO Weltkulturerbe Unesco World Heritage Schweiz Suisse Switzerland Svizzera Suissa
Swiss Sveitsi Sviss スイス Zwitserland Sveits Szwajcaria Suíça Suiza Stadt City Ville シティ By
城市 Città Город Stad Ruine Ruin Ruïne Руины Rovina Ruina Mittelalter Geschichte History
Frühgeschichte Festung Wehrbau )
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W.anderung am Montag den 10. Juli 2017
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Mit dem Z.ug von B.ern über B.iel-B.ienne - O.ensingen nach B.alsthal
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B.alsthal - R.uine N.eu F.alkenstein - B.alsthal
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Mit dem Z.ug von B.alsthal über O.ensingen - L.angenthal zurück nach B.ern
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Hurni170710 AlbumZZZZ170710W.anderungB.alsthal KantonBern AlbumStadtBern StadtBern
E- Mail : chrigu.hurni@bluemail.ch
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Letzte Aktualisierung - Ergänzung des Textes : 110717
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NIF
This is a nonfiction title from the renowned crime writer, a revised version of his Master’s thesis in which he discusses the rise of the immobilized hero in modern fiction. Willeford traces its popularity from Dostoevsky’s “Underground Man” to the bestselling novels of Beckett, Bellow, Kafka, Camus, and many others. Charles Willeford is the author of fourteen novels, including “Miami Blues” and the Sgt. Hoke Moseley series.
Form 5 Confirmation Mass 2021
English session 1
16 Confirmants
Celebrated by Father Andrew Wong
Instruction: Look at the Priest
L'intérieur de la mosquée Juma Masjid, construite au 18ème siècle.
De nombreuses colonnes en bois sculpté soutiennent le plafond de la "mosquée du vendredi" Juma Masjid.
Certains piliers sont très anciens, leur style décoratif est caractéristique de Khiva.
Sur la partie inférieure de ce pilier consacré aux religions, on décèle la forme du Bouddha.
The Postcard
A postally unused postcard published by the Bodleian Library and printed at the Oxford University Press.
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Percy Bysshe Shelley, who was born on the 4th. August 1792, was one of the major English Romantic poets.
A radical in his poetry as well as in his political and social views, Shelley did not achieve fame during his lifetime, but recognition of his achievements in poetry grew steadily following his death, and he became an important influence on subsequent generations of poets, including Robert Browning, Algernon Charles Swinburne, Thomas Hardy, and W. B. Yeats.
American literary critic Harold Bloom describes Shelley as:
"A superb craftsman, a lyric poet without
rival, and surely one of the most advanced
sceptical intellects ever to write a poem."
Shelly's reputation fluctuated during the 20th. century, but in recent decades he has achieved increasing critical acclaim for the sweeping momentum of his poetic imagery, his mastery of genres and verse forms, and the complex interplay of sceptical, idealist, and materialist ideas in his work.
Among his best-known works are "Ozymandias" (1818), "Ode to the West Wind" (1819), "To a Skylark" (1820), the philosophical essay "The Necessity of Atheism" written alongside his friend T. J. Hogg (1811), and the political ballad "The Mask of Anarchy" (1819).
Shelley's other major works include the verse drama The Cenci (1819) and long poems such as Alastor, or The Spirit of Solitude (1815), Julian and Maddalo (1819), Adonais (1821), Prometheus Unbound (1820) - widely considered his masterpiece - Hellas (1822), and his final, unfinished work, The Triumph of Life (1822).
Shelley also wrote prose fiction and a quantity of essays on political, social, and philosophical issues.
Much of his poetry and prose was not published in his lifetime, or only published in expurgated form, due to the risk of prosecution for political and religious libel.
From the 1820's, his poems and political and ethical writings became popular in Owenist, Chartist, and radical political circles, and later drew admirers as diverse as Karl Marx, Mahatma Gandhi, and George Bernard Shaw.
Shelley's life was marked by family crises, ill health, and a backlash against his atheism, political views and defiance of social conventions. He went into permanent self-exile in Italy in 1818, and over the next four years produced what Leader and O'Neill call:
"Some of the finest poetry
of the Romantic period".
His second wife, Mary Shelley, was the author of Frankenstein.
Shelley died in a boating accident in 1822 at the age of 29.
Percy Bysshe Shelley - The Early Years
Shelley was born at Field Place, Warnham, West Sussex. He was the eldest son of Sir Timothy Shelley (1753–1844), a Whig Member of Parliament for Horsham from 1790 to 1792 and for Shoreham between 1806 and 1812, and his wife, Elizabeth Pilfold (1763–1846), the daughter of a successful butcher.
Percy had four younger sisters and one much younger brother. Shelley's early childhood was sheltered and mostly happy. He was particularly close to his sisters and his mother, who encouraged him to hunt, fish and ride.
At the age of six, he was sent to a day school run by the vicar of Warnham church, where he displayed an impressive memory and gift for languages.
In 1802 he entered the Syon House Academy in Brentford. Shelley was bullied and unhappy at the school, and sometimes responded with violent rage. He also began suffering from the nightmares, hallucinations and sleep walking that were periodically to afflict him throughout his life.
Shelley developed an interest in science which supplemented his voracious reading of tales of mystery, romance and the supernatural. During his holidays at Field Place, his sisters were often terrified by being subjected to his experiments with gunpowder, acids and electricity. Back at school he blew up a fence with gunpowder.
In 1804, Shelley entered Eton College, a period which he later recalled with loathing. He was subjected to particularly severe mob bullying which the perpetrators called "Shelley-baits".
A number of biographers and contemporaries have attributed the bullying to Shelley's aloofness, nonconformity and refusal to take part in fagging. His peculiarities and violent rages earned him the nickname "Mad Shelley".
His interest in the occult and science continued, and contemporaries describe him giving an electric shock to a master, blowing up a tree stump with gunpowder and attempting to raise spirits with occult rituals.
In his senior years, Shelley came under the influence of a part-time teacher, Dr James Lind, who encouraged his interest in the occult, and introduced him to liberal and radical authors.
Shelley also developed an interest in Plato and idealist philosophy which he pursued in later years through self-study. According to Richard Holmes, Shelley, by his leaving year, had gained a reputation as a classical scholar and a tolerated eccentric.
In his last term at Eton, his first novel Zastrozzi appeared and he had established a following among his fellow students. Prior to enrolling at University College, Oxford in October 1810, Shelley completed Original Poetry by Victor and Cazire (written with his sister Elizabeth), the verse melodrama The Wandering Jew and the Gothic novel St. Irvine; or, The Rosicrucian: A Romance (published 1811).
At Oxford Shelley attended few lectures, instead spending long hours reading and conducting scientific experiments in the laboratory he set up in his room. He met a fellow student, Thomas Jefferson Hogg, who became his closest friend.
Shelley became increasingly politicised under Hogg's influence, developing strong radical and anti-Christian views. Such views were dangerous in the reactionary political climate prevailing during Britain's war with Napoleonic France, and Shelley's father warned him against Hogg's influence.
In the winter of 1810–1811, Shelley published a series of anonymous political poems and tracts: Posthumous Fragments of Margaret Nicholson, The Necessity of Atheism (written in collaboration with Hogg) and A Poetical Essay on the Existing State of Things.
Shelley mailed The Necessity of Atheism to all the bishops and heads of colleges at Oxford, and he was called to appear before the college's fellows, including the Dean, George Rowley. His refusal to answer questions put by college authorities regarding whether or not he authored the pamphlet resulted in his expulsion from Oxford on the 25th. March 1811, along with Hogg.
Hearing of his son's expulsion, Shelley's father threatened to cut all contact with Shelley unless he agreed to return home and study under tutors appointed by him. Shelley's refusal to do so led to a falling-out with his father.
Shelley's Marriage to Harriet Westbrook
In late December 1810, Shelley had met Harriet Westbrook, a pupil at the same boarding school as Shelley's sisters. They corresponded frequently that winter, and also after Shelley had been expelled from Oxford.
Shelley expounded his radical ideas on politics, religion and marriage to Harriet, and they gradually convinced each other that she was oppressed by her father and at school.
Shelley's infatuation with Harriet developed in the months following his expulsion, when he was under severe emotional strain due to the conflict with his family, his bitterness over the breakdown of his romance with his cousin Harriet Grove, and his unfounded belief that he might be suffering from a fatal illness.
At the same time, Harriet Westbrook's elder sister Eliza, to whom Harriet was very close, encouraged the young girl's romance with Shelley. Shelley's correspondence with Harriet intensified in July, while he was holidaying in Wales, and in response to her urgent pleas for his protection, he returned to London in early August.
Putting aside his philosophical objections to matrimony, he left with the sixteen-year-old Harriet for Edinburgh on the 25th. August 1811, and they were married there on the 28th.
Hearing of the elopement, Harriet's father, John Westbrook, and Shelley's father cut off the allowances of the bride and groom. Shelley's father believed that his son had married beneath him, as Harriet's father had earned his fortune in trade, and was the owner of a tavern and coffee house.
Surviving on borrowed money, Shelley and Harriet stayed in Edinburgh for a month, with Hogg living under the same roof. The trio left for York in October, and Shelley went on to Sussex to settle matters with his father, leaving Harriet behind with Hogg.
Shelley returned from his unsuccessful excursion to find that Harriet's sister Eliza had moved in with Harriet and Hogg. Harriet confessed that Hogg had tried to seduce her while Shelley had been away. Accordingly Shelley, Harriet and Eliza soon left for Keswick in the Lake District, leaving Hogg in York.
At this time Shelley was involved in an intense platonic relationship with Elizabeth Hitchener, a 28-year-old unmarried schoolteacher of advanced views, with whom he had been corresponding. Hitchener, whom Shelley called the "sister of my soul" and "my second self", became his confidante and intellectual companion as he developed his views on politics, religion, ethics and personal relationships.
Shelley proposed that Elizabeth join him, Harriet and Eliza in a communal household where all property would be shared.
The Shelleys and Eliza spent December and January in Keswick where Shelley visited Robert Southey whose poetry he admired. Southey was taken with Shelley, even though there was a wide gulf between them politically, and predicted great things for him as a poet.
Southey also informed Shelley that William Godwin, author of Political Justice, which had greatly influenced him in his youth, and which Shelley also admired, was still alive. Shelley wrote to Godwin, offering himself as his devoted disciple. Godwin, who had modified many of his earlier radical views, advised Shelley to reconcile with his father, become a scholar before he published anything else, and give up his avowed plans for political agitation in Ireland.
Meanwhile, Shelley had met his father's patron, Charles Howard, 11th. Duke of Norfolk, who helped secure the reinstatement of Shelley's allowance.
With Harriet's allowance also restored, Shelley now had the funds for his Irish venture. Their departure for Ireland was precipitated by increasing hostility towards the Shelley household from their landlord and neighbours who were alarmed by Shelley's scientific experiments, pistol shooting and radical political views.
As tension mounted, Shelley claimed he had been attacked in his home by ruffians, an event which might have been real, or a delusional episode triggered by stress. This was the first of a series of episodes in subsequent years where Shelley claimed to have been attacked by strangers during periods of personal crisis.
Early in 1812, Shelley wrote, published and personally distributed in Dublin three political tracts: An Address, to the Irish People; Proposals for an Association of Philanthropists; and Declaration of Rights. He also delivered a speech at a meeting of O'Connell's Catholic Committee in which he called for Catholic emancipation, repeal of the Acts of Union and an end to the oppression of the Irish poor. Reports of Shelley's subversive activities were sent to the Home Secretary.
Returning from Ireland, the Shelley household travelled to Wales, then Devon, where they again came under government surveillance for distributing subversive literature. Elizabeth Hitchener joined the household in Devon, but several months later had a falling out with the Shelleys and left.
The Shelley household settled in Tremadog, Wales in September 1812, where Shelley worked on Queen Mab, a utopian allegory with extensive notes preaching atheism, free love, republicanism and vegetarianism. The poem was published the following year in a private edition of 250 copies, although few were initially distributed, because of the risk of prosecution for seditious and religious libel.
In February 1813, Shelley claimed he was attacked in his home at night. The incident might have been real, a hallucination brought on by stress, or a hoax staged by Shelley in order to escape government surveillance, creditors and his entanglements in local politics. The Shelleys and Eliza fled to Ireland, then London.
Back in England, Shelley's debts mounted as he tried unsuccessfully to reach a financial settlement with his father. On the 23rd. June 1813, Harriet gave birth to a girl, Eliza Ianthe Shelley, but in the following months the relationship between Shelley and his wife deteriorated.
Shelley resented the influence that Harriet's sister had over her, while Harriet was alienated by Shelley's close friendship with an attractive widow, Harriet Boinville, and her daughter Cornelia Turner.
Following Ianthe's birth, the Shelleys moved frequently across London, Wales, the Lake District, Scotland and Berkshire to escape creditors and to search for a home.
In March 1814, Shelley remarried Harriet in London to settle any doubts about the legality of their Edinburgh wedding and to secure the rights of their child. Nevertheless, the Shelleys lived apart for most of the following months, and Shelley reflected bitterly on:
"My rash & heartless union with Harriet".
Shelley's Elopement with Mary Godwin
In May 1814, Shelley began visiting his mentor William Godwin almost daily, and soon fell in love with Mary, the sixteen-year-old daughter of Godwin and the late feminist author Mary Wollstonecraft.
Shelley and Mary declared their love for each other during a visit to her mother's grave in the churchyard of St. Pancras Old Church on the 26th. June 1814. When Shelley told William Godwin that he intended to leave Harriet and live with Godwin's daughter, his mentor banished him from the house, and forbade Mary from seeing him.
Shelley and Mary however eloped to Europe on the 28th. July 1814, taking Mary's step-sister Claire Clairmont with them. Before leaving, Shelley had secured a loan of £3,000, but had left most of the funds at the disposal of Godwin and Harriet, who was now pregnant. The financial arrangement with Godwin led to rumours that he had sold his daughters to Shelley.
Shelley, Mary Godwin and Claire made their way across war-ravaged France where Shelley wrote to Harriet, asking her to meet them in Switzerland with the money he had left for her.
However, hearing nothing from Harriet in Switzerland, and being unable to secure sufficient funds or suitable accommodation, the three travelled to Germany and Holland before returning to England on the 13th. September 1814.
Shelley spent the next few months trying to raise loans and avoid bailiffs. Mary was pregnant, lonely, depressed and ill. Her mood was not improved when she heard that, on the 30th. November 1814, Harriet had given birth to Charles Bysshe Shelley, heir to the Shelley fortune and baronetcy.
This was followed, in early January 1815, by news that Shelley's grandfather, Sir Bysshe, had died leaving an estate worth £220,000. The settlement of the estate, and a financial settlement between Shelley and his father (now Sir Timothy), however, was not concluded until April the following year.
In February 1815, Mary gave premature birth to a baby girl who died ten days later, deepening her depression. In the following weeks, Mary became close to Hogg who temporarily moved into the household.
Shelley was almost certainly having a sexual relationship with Claire at this time, and it is possible that Mary, with Shelley's encouragement, was also having a sexual relationship with Hogg. In May Claire left the household, at Mary's insistence, to reside in Lynmouth.
In August 1815 Shelley and Mary moved to Bishopsgate where Shelley worked on Alastor, a long poem in blank verse based on the myth of Narcissus and Echo. Alastor was published in an edition of 250 in early 1816 to poor sales and largely unfavourable reviews from the conservative press.
On the 24th. January 1816, Mary gave birth to William Shelley. Percy was delighted to have another son, but was suffering from the strain of prolonged financial negotiations with his father, Harriet and William Godwin. Shelley showed signs of delusional behaviour, and was contemplating an escape to the continent.
Lord Byron
Claire initiated a sexual relationship with Lord Byron in April 1816, just before his self-exile on the continent, and then arranged for Byron to meet Shelley, Mary and her in Geneva.
Shelley admired Byron's poetry, and had sent him Queen Mab and other poems. Shelley's party arrived in Geneva in May and rented a house close to Villa Diodati, on the shores of Lake Geneva, where Byron was staying. There Shelley, Byron and the others engaged in discussions about literature, science and "various philosophical doctrines".
One night, while Byron was reciting Coleridge's Christabel, Shelley suffered a severe panic attack with hallucinations. The previous night Mary had had a more productive vision or nightmare which inspired her novel Frankenstein.
Shelley and Byron then took a boating tour around Lake Geneva, which inspired Shelley to write his "Hymn to Intellectual Beauty", his first substantial poem since Alastor.
A tour of Chamonix in the French Alps inspired "Mont Blanc", which has been described as an atheistic response to Coleridge's "Hymn before Sunrise in the Vale of Chamoni". During this tour, Shelley often signed guest books with a declaration that he was an atheist. These declarations were seen by other British tourists, including Southey, which hardened attitudes against Shelley back home.
Relations between Byron and Shelley's party became strained when Byron was told that Claire was pregnant with his child. Shelley, Mary, and Claire left Switzerland in late August, with arrangements for the expected baby still unclear, although Shelley made provision for Claire and the baby in his will.
In January 1817 Claire gave birth to a daughter by Byron who she named Alba, but later renamed Allegra in accordance with Byron's wishes.
Shelley's Marriage to Mary Godwin
Shelley and Mary returned to England in September 1816, and in early October they heard that Mary's half-sister Fanny Imlay had killed herself. Mary believed that Fanny had been in love with Shelley, and Shelley himself suffered depression and guilt over her death, writing:
"Friend had I known thy secret grief
Should we have parted so."
Further tragedy followed in December 1816 when Shelley's estranged wife Harriet drowned herself in the Serpentine in Hyde Park. Harriet, pregnant and living alone at the time, believed that she had been abandoned by her new lover. In her suicide letter she asked Shelley to take custody of their son Charles but to leave their daughter in her sister Eliza's care.
Shelley married Mary Godwin on the 30 December 1816, despite his philosophical objections to the institution. The marriage was intended to help secure Shelley's custody of his children by Harriet and to placate Godwin who had refused to see Shelley and Mary because of their previous adulterous relationship.
After a prolonged legal battle, the Court of Chancery eventually awarded custody of Shelley and Harriet's children to foster parents, on the grounds that Shelley had abandoned his first wife for Mary without cause, and was an atheist.
In March 1817 the Shelleys moved to the village of Marlow, Buckinghamshire, where Shelley's friend Thomas Love Peacock lived. The Shelley household included Claire and her baby Allegra, both of whose presence was resented by Mary. Shelley's generosity with money and increasing debts also led to financial and marital stress, as did Godwin's frequent requests for financial help.
On the 2nd. September 1817 Mary gave birth to a daughter, Clara Everina Shelley. Soon after, Shelley left for London with Claire, which increased Mary's resentment towards her step-sister. Shelley was arrested for two days in London over money he owed, and attorneys visited Mary in Marlowe over Shelley's debts.
Shelley was part of the literary and political circle that surrounded Leigh Hunt, and during this period he met William Hazlitt and John Keats. Shelley's major work during this time was Laon and Cythna, a long narrative poem featuring incest and attacks on religion.
It was hastily withdrawn after publication due to fears of prosecution for religious libel, and was re-edited and reissued as The Revolt of Islam in January 1818. Shelley also published two political tracts under a pseudonym: A Proposal for putting Reform to the Vote throughout the Kingdom (March 1817) and An Address to the People on the Death of Princess Charlotte (November 1817).
In December he wrote "Ozymandias", which is considered to be one of his finest sonnets, as part of a competition with friend and fellow poet Horace Smith.
Shelley in Italy
On the 12th. March 1818 the Shelleys and Claire left England:
"To escape its tyranny civil and religious".
A doctor had also recommended that Shelley go to Italy for his chronic lung complaint, and Shelley had arranged to take Claire's daughter, Allegra, to her father Byron who was now in Venice.
After travelling some months through France and Italy, Shelley left Mary and baby Clara at Bagni di Lucca (in today's Tuscany) while he travelled with Claire to Venice to see Byron and make arrangements for visiting Allegra.
Byron invited the Shelleys to stay at his summer residence at Este, and Shelley urged Mary to meet him there. Clara became seriously ill on the journey, and died on the 24th. September 1818 in Venice.
Following Clara's death, Mary fell into a long period of depression and emotional estrangement from Shelley.
The Shelleys moved to Naples on the 1st. December 1818, where they stayed for three months. During this period Shelley was ill, depressed and almost suicidal: a state of mind reflected in his poem "Stanzas written in Dejection – December 1818, Near Naples".
While in Naples, Shelley registered the birth and baptism of a baby girl, Elena Adelaide Shelley (born on the 27th. December 1818), naming himself as the father and falsely naming Mary as the mother.
The parentage of Elena has never been conclusively established. Biographers have variously speculated that she was adopted by Shelley to console Mary for the loss of Clara, that she was Shelley's child to Claire, that she was his child to his servant Elise Foggi, or that she was the child of a "mysterious lady" who had followed Shelley to the continent.
Shelley registered the birth and baptism on the 27th. February 1819, and the household left Naples for Rome the following day, leaving Elena with carers. Elena died in a poor suburb of Naples on the 9th. June 1820.
In Rome, Shelley was in poor health, probably suffering from nephritis and tuberculosis which later was in remission. Nevertheless, he made significant progress on three major works: Julian and Maddalo, Prometheus Unbound, and The Cenci.
Julian and Maddalo is an autobiographical poem which explores the relationship between Shelley and Byron, and analyses Shelley's personal crises of 1818 and 1819. The poem was completed in the summer of 1819, but was not published in Shelley's lifetime.
Prometheus Unbound is a long dramatic poem inspired by Aeschylus's retelling of the Prometheus myth. It was completed in late 1819 and published in 1820.
The Cenci is a verse drama of rape, murder and incest based on the story of the Renaissance Count Cenci of Rome and his daughter Beatrice. Shelley completed the play in September, and the first edition was published that year. It was to become one of his most popular works, and the only one to have two authorised editions during his lifetime.
Shelley's three-year-old son William died in June, probably of malaria. The new tragedy caused a further decline in Shelley's health, and deepened Mary's depression. On the 4th. August she wrote:
"We have now lived five years together;
and if all the events of the five years
were blotted out, I might be happy".
The Shelleys were now living in Livorno where, in September, Shelley heard of the Peterloo Massacre of peaceful protesters in Manchester. Within two weeks he had completed one of his most famous political poems, The Mask of Anarchy, and despatched it to Leigh Hunt for publication. Hunt, however, decided not to publish it for fear of prosecution for seditious libel. The poem was only officially published in 1832.
The Shelleys moved to Florence in October, where Shelley read a scathing review of the Revolt of Islam (and its earlier version Laon and Cythna) in the conservative Quarterly Review. Shelley was angered by the personal attack on him in the article which he erroneously believed had been written by Southey. His bitterness over the review lasted for the rest of his life.
On the 12th. November, Mary gave birth to a boy, Percy Florence Shelley. Around the time of Percy's birth, the Shelleys met Sophia Stacey, who was a ward of one of Shelley's uncles, and who was staying at the same pension as the Shelleys.
Sophia, a talented harpist and singer, formed a friendship with Shelley while Mary was preoccupied with her newborn son. Shelley wrote at least five love poems and fragments for Sophia including "Song Written for an Indian Air".
The Shelleys moved to Pisa in January 1820, ostensibly to consult a doctor who had been recommended to them. There they became friends with the Irish republican Margaret Mason (Lady Margaret Mountcashell) and her common-law husband George William Tighe. Mrs Mason became the inspiration for Shelley's poem "The Sensitive Plant", and Shelley's discussions with Mason and Tighe influenced his political thought and his critical interest in the population theories of Thomas Malthus.
In March Shelley wrote to friends that Mary was depressed, suicidal and hostile towards him. Shelley was also beset by financial worries, as creditors from England pressed him for payment and he was obliged to make secret payments in connection with his "Neapolitan charge" Elena.
Meanwhile, Shelley was writing A Philosophical View of Reform, a political essay which he had begun in Rome. The unfinished essay, which remained unpublished in Shelley's lifetime, has been called:
"One of the most advanced and
sophisticated documents of political
philosophy in the nineteenth century".
Another crisis erupted in June when Shelley claimed that he had been assaulted in the Pisan post office by a man accusing him of foul crimes. Shelley's biographer James Bieri suggests that this incident was possibly a delusional episode brought on by extreme stress, as Shelley was being blackmailed by a former servant, Paolo Foggi, over baby Elena.
It is likely that the blackmail was connected with a story spread by another former servant, Elise Foggi, that Shelley had fathered a child to Claire in Naples and had sent it to a foundling home. Shelley, Claire and Mary denied this story, and Elise later recanted.
In July, hearing that John Keats was seriously ill in England, Shelley wrote to the poet inviting him to stay with him at Pisa. Keats replied with hopes of seeing him, but instead, arrangements were made for Keats to travel to Rome.
In early July 1820, Shelley heard that baby Elena had died on 9 June. In the months following the post office incident and Elena's death, relations between Mary and Claire deteriorated, and Claire spent most of the next two years living separately from the Shelleys, mainly in Florence.
That December Shelley met Teresa (Emilia) Viviani, who was the 19-year-old daughter of the Governor of Pisa and who was living in a convent awaiting a suitable marriage. Shelley visited her several times over the next few months, and they started a passionate correspondence which dwindled after her marriage the following September. Emilia was the inspiration for Shelley's major poem Epipsychidion.
In March 1821 Shelley completed "A Defence of Poetry", a response to Peacock's article "The Four Ages of Poetry". Shelley's essay, with its famous conclusion "Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world", remained unpublished in his lifetime.
Following the death of Keats in 1821, Shelley wrote Adonais, which is considered to be one of the major pastoral elegies. The poem was published in Pisa in July 1821, but sold few copies.
Shelley went alone to Ravenna in early August to see Byron, making a detour to Livorno for a rendezvous with Claire. Shelley stayed with Byron for two weeks and invited the older poet to spend the winter in Pisa. After Shelley heard Byron read his newly completed fifth canto of Don Juan he wrote to Mary:
"I despair of rivalling Byron."
In November Byron moved into Villa Lanfranchi in Pisa, just across the river from the Shelleys. Byron became the centre of the "Pisan circle" which was to include Shelley, Thomas Medwin, Edward Williams and Edward Trelawny.
In the early months of 1822, Shelley became increasingly close to Jane Williams, who was living with her partner Edward Williams in the same building as the Shelleys.
Shelley wrote a number of love poems for Jane, including "The Serpent is Shut out of Paradise" and "With a Guitar, to Jane". Shelley's obvious affection for Jane was to cause increasing tension between Shelley, Edward Williams and Mary.
Claire arrived in Pisa in April at Shelley's invitation, and soon after they heard that her daughter Allegra had died of typhus in Ravenna. The Shelleys and Claire then moved to Villa Magni, near Lerici on the shores of the Gulf of La Spezia.
Shelley acted as mediator between Claire and Byron over arrangements for the burial of their daughter, and the added strain led to Shelley having a series of hallucinations.
Mary almost died from a miscarriage on the 16th, June, her life only being saved by Shelley's effective first aid. Two days later Shelley wrote to a friend that there was no sympathy between Mary and him, and if the past and future could be obliterated he would be content in his boat with Jane and her guitar.
That same day he also wrote to Trelawny asking for prussic acid. The following week, Shelley woke the household with his screaming over a nightmare or hallucination in which he saw Edward and Jane Williams as walking corpses, and himself strangling Mary.
During this time, Shelley was writing his final major poem, the unfinished The Triumph of Life, which Harold Bloom has called:
"The most despairing poem he wrote".
The Death of Shelley
On the 1st. July 1822, Shelley and Edward Williams sailed in Shelley's new boat the Don Juan to Livorno where Shelley met Leigh Hunt and Byron in order to make arrangements for a new journal, The Liberal.
After the meeting, on the 8th. July, Shelley, Williams and their boat boy sailed out of Livorno for Lerici. A few hours later, the Don Juan and its inexperienced crew were lost in a storm. The vessel, an open boat, had been custom-built in Genoa for Shelley.
Mary Shelley declared in her "Note on Poems of 1822" that the design had a defect, and that the boat was never seaworthy. In fact, however, the Don Juan was overmasted; the sinking was due to a severe storm and poor seamanship of the three men on board.
Shelley's badly decomposed body washed ashore at Viareggio ten days later, and was identified by Trelawny from the clothing and a copy of Keats's Lamia in a jacket pocket. On the 16th. August, his body was cremated on a beach near Viareggio, and the ashes were buried in the Protestant Cemetery of Rome.
When news of Shelley's death reached England, the Tory London newspaper The Courier printed:
"Shelley, the writer of some infidel poetry,
has been drowned; now he knows whether
there is God or no."
Shelley's ashes were reburied in a different plot at the cemetery in 1823. His grave bears the Latin inscription Cor Cordium (Heart of Hearts), and a few lines of "Ariel's Song" from Shakespeare's The Tempest:
'Nothing of him that doth fade
But doth suffer a sea change
Into something rich and strange'.
When Shelley's body was cremated on the beach, his presumed heart resisted burning, and was retrieved by Trelawny. The heart was possibly calcified from an earlier tubercular infection, or was perhaps his liver.
Trelawny gave the scorched organ to Hunt, who preserved it in spirits of wine and refused to hand it over to Mary. He finally relented, and the heart was eventually buried either at St Peter's Church, Bournemouth or in Christchurch Priory. Hunt also retrieved a piece of Shelley's jawbone which, in 1913, was given to the Shelley-Keats Memorial in Rome.
Shelley's Political, Religious and Ethical views
-- Politics
Shelley was a political radical who was influenced by thinkers such as Rousseau, Paine, Godwin, Wollstonecraft, and Leigh Hunt. He advocated Catholic Emancipation, republicanism, parliamentary reform, the extension of the franchise, freedom of speech and peaceful assembly, an end to aristocratic and clerical privilege, and a more equal distribution of income and wealth.
The views he expressed in his published works were often more moderate than those he advocated privately, because of the risk of prosecution for seditious libel and his desire not to alienate more moderate friends and political allies. Nevertheless, his political writings and activism brought him to the attention of the Home Office, and he came under government surveillance at various periods.
Shelley's most influential political work in the years immediately following his death was the poem Queen Mab, which included extensive notes on political themes. The work went through 14 official and pirated editions by 1845, and became popular in Owenist and Chartist circles. His longest political essay, A Philosophical View of Reform, was written in 1820, but not published until 1920.
-- Nonviolence
Shelley's advocacy of nonviolent resistance was largely based on his reflections on the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon, and his belief that violent protest would increase the prospect of a military despotism.
Although Shelley sympathised with supporters of Irish independence, he did not support violent rebellion. In his early pamphlet An Address, to the Irish People (1812) he wrote:
"I do not wish to see things changed now,
because it cannot be done without violence,
and we may assure ourselves that none of
us are fit for any change, however good, if
we condescend to employ force in a cause
we think right."
In his later essay A Philosophical View of Reform, Shelley did concede that there were political circumstances in which force might be justified:
"The last resort of resistance is undoubtably [sic] insurrection. The right of insurrection is derived
from the employment of armed force to counteract
the will of the nation."
Shelley supported the 1820 armed rebellion against absolute monarchy in Spain, and the 1821 armed Greek uprising against Ottoman rule.
Shelley's poem "The Mask of Anarchy" (written in 1819, but first published in 1832) has been called:
"Perhaps the first modern statement of
the principle of nonviolent resistance".
Gandhi was familiar with the poem, and it is possible that Shelley had an indirect influence on Gandhi through Henry David Thoreau's Civil Disobedience.
-- Religion
Shelley was an avowed atheist, who was influenced by the materialist arguments in Holbach's Le Système de la Nature. His atheism was an important element of his political radicalism, as he saw organised religion as inextricably linked to social oppression.
The overt and implied atheism in many of his works raised a serious risk of prosecution for religious libel. His early pamphlet The Necessity of Atheism was withdrawn from sale soon after publication following a complaint from a priest. His poem Queen Mab, which includes sustained attacks on the priesthood, Christianity and religion in general, was twice prosecuted by the Society for the Suppression of Vice in 1821. A number of his other works were edited before publication to reduce the risk of prosecution.
-- Free Love
Shelley's advocacy of free love drew heavily on the work of Mary Wollstonecraft and the early work of William Godwin. In his notes to Queen Mab, he wrote:
"A system could not well have been
devised more studiously hostile to
human happiness than marriage."
He argued that:
"The children of unhappy marriages
are nursed in a systematic school of
ill-humour, violence and falsehood".
Shelley believed that the ideal of chastity outside marriage was "a monkish and evangelical superstition" which led to the hypocrisy of prostitution and promiscuity.
Shelley believed that "sexual connection" should be free among those who loved each other, and last only as long as their mutual love. Love should also be free, and not subject to obedience, jealousy and fear.
He denied that free love would lead to promiscuity and the disruption of stable human relationships, arguing that relationships based on love would generally be of long duration and marked by generosity and self-devotion.
When Shelley's friend T. J. Hogg made an unwanted sexual advance to Shelley's first wife Harriet, Shelley forgave him of his "horrible error" and assured him that he was not jealous. It is very likely that Shelley encouraged Hogg and Shelley's second wife Mary to have a sexual relationship.
-- Vegetarianism
Shelley converted to a vegetable diet in early March 1812 and sustained it, with occasional lapses, for the remainder of his life. Shelley's vegetarianism was influenced by ancient authors such as Hesiod, Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Ovid and Plutarch, but more directly by John Frank Newton, author of The Return to Nature, or, A Defence of the Vegetable Regimen (1811).
Shelley wrote two essays on vegetarianism: A Vindication of Natural Diet (1813) and "On the Vegetable System of Diet" (written circa 1813–1815, but first published in 1929).
William Owen Jones argues that Shelley's advocacy of vegetarianism was strikingly modern, emphasising its health benefits, the alleviation of animal suffering, the inefficient use of agricultural land involved in animal husbandry, and the economic inequality resulting from the commercialisation of animal food production. Shelley's life and works inspired the founding of the Vegetarian Society in England (1847) and directly influenced the vegetarianism of George Bernard Shaw and perhaps Gandhi.
Reception and Influence of Shelley's Work
Shelley's work was not widely read in his lifetime outside a small circle of friends, poets and critics. Most of his poetry, drama and fiction was published in editions of only 250 copies which generally sold poorly. Only The Cenci went to an authorised second edition while Shelley was alive – in contrast, Byron's The Corsair (1814) sold out its first edition of 10,000 copies in one day.
The initial reception of Shelley's work in mainstream periodicals (with the exception of the liberal Examiner) was generally unfavourable. Reviewers often launched personal attacks on Shelley's private life and political, social and religious views, even when conceding that his poetry contained beautiful imagery and poetic expression.
There was also criticism of Shelley's intelligibility and style, Hazlitt describing it as:
"A passionate dream, a straining
after impossibilities, a record of fond
conjectures, a confused embodying
of vague abstraction".
Shelley's poetry soon however gained a wider audience in radical and reformist circles. Queen Mab became popular with Owenists and Chartists, and Revolt of Islam influenced poets sympathetic to the workers' movement such as Thomas Hood, Thomas Cooper and William Morris.
However, Shelley's mainstream following did not develop until a generation after his death. Bieri argues that editions of Shelley's poems published in 1824 and 1839 were edited by Mary Shelley to highlight her late husband's lyrical gifts and downplay his radical ideas. Matthew Arnold famously described Shelley as a "beautiful and ineffectual angel".
Shelley was a major influence on a number of important poets in the following decades, including Robert Browning, Swinburne, Hardy and Yeats. Shelley-like characters frequently appeared in nineteenth-century literature, such as Scythrop in Peacock's Nightmare Abbey, Ladislaw in George Eliot's Middlemarch, and Angel Clare in Hardy's Tess of the d'Urbervilles.
Twentieth-century critics such as Eliot, Leavis, Allen Tate and Auden variously criticised Shelley's poetry for deficiencies in style, "repellent" ideas, and immaturity of intellect and sensibility.
However, Shelley's critical reputation rose from the 1960's as a new generation of critics highlighted Shelley's debt to Spenser and Milton, his mastery of genres and verse forms, and the complex interplay of sceptical, idealist and materialist ideas in his work.
American literary critic Harold Bloom describes him as:
"A superb craftsman, a lyric poet
without rival, and surely one of the
most advanced sceptical intellects
ever to write a poem".
According to Donald H. Reiman:
"Shelley belongs to the great tradition
of Western writers that includes Dante,
Shakespeare and Milton".
John Lauritsen and Charles E. Robinson have argued that Shelley's contribution to Mary Shelley's novel Frankenstein was extensive, and that he should be considered a collaborator or co-author.
However Professor Charlotte Gordon and others have disputed this contention. Fiona Sampson has said:
"In recent years Percy's corrections, visible
in the Frankenstein notebooks held at the
Bodleian Library in Oxford, have been
seized on as evidence that he must have
at least co-authored the novel. In fact, when
I examined the notebooks myself, I realised
that Percy did rather less than any line editor
working in publishing today."
Thoughts From Percy Shelley
"The soul's joy lies in doing."
"I have drunken deep of joy, And
I will taste no other wine tonight."
"A poet is a nightingale, who sits in
darkness and sings to cheer its own
solitude with sweet sounds."
"War is the statesman's game, the
priest's delight, the lawyer's jest,
the hired assassin's trade."
"Soul meets soul on lovers' lips."
"Fear not for the future,
weep not for the past."
"Our sincerest laughter with some
pain is fraught; Our sweetest songs
are those that tell of saddest thought."
"O, wind, if winter comes, can
can spring be far behind?"
Pillbox formed by a metal turret, which could be rotated through a full 360 degrees, set above a steel and brick-lined pit. It was designed for a machine gun to be fired either through the front loophole which was further protected by shutters, or through the circular opening in the roof in a light anti-aircraft role. According to the manufacturer, it was suitable for Vickers, Bren, Hotchkiss or Lewis machine guns in either a ground defence or anti-aircraft role, or a Boys anti-tank rifle or rifle grenade for ground defence. Weapon change requires selection of appropriate bracket. The army did not favour the design, most were installed at airfields.
The turret was designed by A.H. Williams in conjunction with Colonel V.T.R. Ford and Lieutent Williamson. Williams was the Managing Director of Rustproof Metal Windows Company in Saltney, Chester where the turrets were produced.
The company had been engaged in war work since 1939, mainly manufacturing ammunition boxes for the Admiralty using a patented galvanising process.
The turret had a garrison of two men or, if necessary three men, for whom there were folding seats inside.One man can rotate the cupola which is on roller bearings and requires 15 lb of force to move it.
According to the manufacturer, four men could dig the position out and erect the turret ready for firing in two hours and remove it completely removed in 30 minutes.[64] Cost about £125.
Nearly 200 Allan Williams Turrets were made and installed, salvaging of the metal after the war means that today very are few
Ronacher
This article deals with the Ronacher theater in Vienna. For other uses, see Ronacher (disambiguation).
Ronacher Theater
The Ronacher, earlier Etablissement Ronacher, is a theater in the first Viennese district Innere Stadt, located between Himmelpfortgasse, Seilerstättee and Schellinggasse. It forms together with the Raimund Theater and the Theater an der Wien the venues of the United Stages of Vienna and via the Vienna Holding to nearly 100 per cent owned by the City of Vienna (Rudolf Klausnitzer holds a minority interest ).
History
(Pictures can be seen by clicking on the link at the end of the page!)
The Vienna City Theatre shortly after the construction
Facade of the Ronacher (2008)
It was initially as Vienna municipal theater from 1871 to 1872 by the architects Ferdinand Fellner the Elder and Ferdinand Fellner the Younger for a private Ltd. of journalist Max Friedlander and theater playwright and conductor Heinrich Laube built. The two with it wanted to establish that a bourgeois theater which - without censorship - should compete against the imperial court theaters. The house was opened on 15 September 1872 with Schiller's Demetrius in a revion of Laube. Twelve years after the opening the house burned on 16 May 1884 down. Since the building is not free on all four sides, a reconstruction as a playhouse was not admitted because of the fire protection regulations valid in the meantime. 1886 Anton Ronacher bought the burnt-out ruins and had in turn by Ferdinand Fellner the Younger (who had meanwhile founded the office Fellner & Helmer) 1887-1888 on it build a concert hall and ballroom. The wall paintings were pictured by Eduard Veith. The main staircase was built with steps from Kaisersteinbruch. The new variety theater was attached a large ballroom and a hotel, in addition, it could already use electric light, contained promenades and a conservatory.
The new Ronacher was no playhouse but equipped with tables and chairs. During the performance was allowed to drink, to eat and to smoke. Due to the poor economic situation, however, Ronacher had to give up the house later. From 1890 appeared more often artists what increasingly attracted suburban population and was frighten away the aristocracy. Later, the program was supplemented by revues, operettas, dance and vocal performances. The house was in the process again and again rebuilt and adapted to the needs of modern vaudeville operation (1901, 1906 and ongoing 1907-1916; always by Ferdinand Fellner the Younger).
After the Anschluss in 1938, the theater by linearization (Aryanisation) passed over from its previous owner Samuel Schöngut, who then died in a concentration camp, to Bernhard Labriola.
After the Second World War was the Ronacher to 1955 alternative stage for the by bombs damaged Burgtheater. Then appeared again vaudeville artists before 1960 Austrian television used the premises for TV productions. After a ten-year vacancy, in 1986 for the first time the performance of an operetta took place, this time Cagliostro in Vienna of Johann Strauss (son). 1987 bought the United Stages of Vienna the house and performed the musical Cats and two operas. An architectural competition resulted in 1987 as a winning project a "deconstructivistic" increase. The project of Coop Himmelblau was however target of fierce public criticism and was in August 1991 sidelined. 2003, 2004 and 2008 was the Ronacher host of the gala ceremony of the Nestroy Theatre Prize.
After several years as a guest house for international productions and festival events the Ronacher was expanded by 46.9 million euros to a musical stage. By mid-2008 stage technology has been modernized and lowered the floor of the stage to two meters, which means the view to the stage has been improved. The increase of the building by architect Günther Domenig was carried out despite massive political and townscape preserving concerns.
The Ronacher currently disposes of 1,001 seats and 40 standing places. The exact number of seats and standing places varies depending on the production.
Performances
Ronacher logo
Ronacher Interior
Detailed view of the Ronacher
Cats, musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber (1988-1990)
Chicago, musical by John Kander and Fred Ebb (1999 )
Falco - A Cyber Show, by Joshua Sobol and Manker (2000 )
The Producers, musical by Mel Brooks, German-language premiere (30 June 2008 to 22 February 2009)
Spring Awakening , musical by Michael Mayer and Bill T. Jones, German-language premiere ( 21 March-30 May 2009)
Dance of the Vampires, musical by Michael Kunze and Jim Steinman (16 September 2009 to 25 June 2011)
Sister Act, A heavenly musical based on the eponymous film starring with Whoopi Goldberg (15 September 2011 to 31 December 2012)
Legally Blonde, musical by Laurence O'Keefe and Nell Benjamin (February 21, 2013 to December 20, 2013)
Der Besuch der alten Dame, Musical von Christian Struppeck und Moritz Schneider (19. Februar bis 29. Juni 2014, 120 Vorstellungen (+5 Previews))
Mary Poppins, Musical von Cameron Mackintosh und Disney (1. Oktober 2014 bis 31. Januar 2016, 371 Vorstellungen (+10 Previews))
Evita (Musical), Musical von Andrew Lloyd Webber (Musik) und Tim Rice (Libretto), (seit 9. März 2016)
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Declaration of JEE Main Result 2016– first week of July 2016
Availability of score/rank cards – After the Declaration of AIR, JEE Main rank www.jobonweb.in/jee-main-application-form.html
Photo by @matylda
The fall 2012 hackNY student hackathon brought in hundreds of students to NYU's Courant Institute for 24 hours of creative collaborative hacking on New York City startups' APIs.
NYC Startups, selected by a student organizing committee, presented their technologies at the beginning of the event, after which students formed groups to work through the night implementing their own ideas for fresh hacks built on top of these APIs.
On Sunday afternoon students presented their projects to an audience including a judging panel featuring members of the NYC startup community, which selected the final winning teams.
Since April 2010, hackNY hosts student hackathons one each semester, as well as the hackNY Fellows program, a structured internship which pairs quantitative and computational students with startups which can demonstrate a strong mentoring environment: a problem for a student to work on, a person to mentor them, and a place for them to work. Startups selected to host a student compensate student Fellows. Students enjoy free housing together and a pedagogical lecture series to introduce them to the ins and outs of joining and founding a startup in NYC.
To find out what you missed at the fall 2012 hackNY student hackathon please do see our eventpage at hackerleague.org and the video of the student demos thanks to ISOC-NY.
Special thanks to our fall 2012 hackNY student hackathon judges! And congratulations to the winners of the fall 2012 hackNY student hackathon!
For more information on hackNY's initiatives, please visit hackNY.org and follow us on twitter @hackNY
part 3
Urban Backyard a triptech
a pair of spiral staircases. Back entrance of two shophouses in Neil Road, Singapore
Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles (5 kilometres) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for 407 years becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution in 1539 under the order of Henry VIII.
The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Foundation
After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey, in York, 13 monks were expelled (among them Saint Robert of Newminster) and, after unsuccessful attempts to form a new monastery were taken under the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York. He provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order which since the end of the previous century was a fast-growing reform movement that by the beginning of the 13th century was to have over 500 houses. So it was that in 1135, Fountains became the second Cistercian house in northern England, after Rievaulx. The Fountains monks became subject to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours according to Cistercian usage and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.
Consolidation
After Henry Murdac was elected abbot in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone and roofed in tile had been completed.
In 1146 an angry mob, annoyed at Murdac for his role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert as archbishop of York, attacked the abbey and burnt down all but the church and some surrounding buildings.The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned as abbot in 1147 upon becoming the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office. The next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was ably continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell, under whose rule the abbey gained a reputation for caring for the needy.
The next abbot was William, who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. During the European famine of 1194 Haget ordered the construction of shelters in the vicinity of the abbey and provided daily food rations to the poor enhancing the abbey's reputation for caring for the poor and attracting more grants from wealthy benefactors.
In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203–1211), John of Hessle (1211–1220) and John of Kent (1220–1247). They were burdened with an inordinate amount of administrative duties and increasing demands for money in taxation and levies but managed to complete another massive expansion of the abbey's buildings. This included enlarging the church and building an infirmary.
Difficulties
In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop, and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John le Romeyn in 1294. The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1348–1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.
A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409. Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England and consequently they became increasingly involved in internecine politics. In 1410, following the death of Abbot Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon, Abbot of Meaux, and Roger Frank, a monk of Fountains were locked in conflict until 1415 when Ripon was finally appointed, ruling until his death in 1434. Under abbots John Greenwell (1442–1471), Thomas Swinton (1471–8), John Darnton (1478–95), who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey, including notable work on the church, and Marmaduke Huby (1495–1526) Fountains regained stability and prosperity.
At Abbot Huby's death he was succeeded by William Thirsk who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy and was dismissed as abbot. He was replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences, testified against him and offered the authorities six hundred marks for the post of abbot. In 1539 it was Bradley who surrendered the abbey when its seizure was ordered under Henry VIII at the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The abbey precinct covered 70 acres (28 ha) surrounded by an 11-foot (3.4 m) wall built in the 13th century, some parts of which are visible to the south and west of the abbey. The area consists of three concentric zones cut by the River Skell flowing from west to east across the site. The church and claustral buildings stand at the centre of the precinct north of the Skell, the inner court containing the domestic buildings stretches down to the river and the outer court housing the industrial and agricultural buildings lies on the river's south bank. The early abbey buildings were added to and altered over time, causing deviations from the strict Cistercian type. Outside the walls were the abbey's granges.[citation needed]
The original abbey church was built of wood and "was probably" two stories high; it was, however, quickly replaced in stone. The church was damaged in the attack on the abbey in 1146 and was rebuilt, in a larger scale, on the same site. Building work was completed c.1170.[11] This structure, completed around 1170, was 300 ft (91 m) long and had 11 bays in the side aisles. A lantern tower was added at the crossing of the church in the late 12th century. The presbytery at the eastern end of the church was much altered in the 13th century. The church's greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot John of York, 1203–11, and carried on by his successor terminates, like that of Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220–47. The 160-foot-tall (49 m) tower, which was added not long before the dissolution, by Abbot Huby, 1494–1526, is in an unusual position at the northern end of the north transept and bears Huby's motto 'Soli Deo Honor et Gloria'. The sacristry adjoined the south transept.
The cloister, which had arcading of black marble from Nidderdale and white sandstone, is in the centre of the precinct and to the south of the church. The three-aisled chapter-house and parlour open from the eastern walk of the cloister and the refectory, with the kitchen and buttery attached, are at right angles to its southern walk. Parallel with the western walk is an immense vaulted substructure serving as cellars and store-rooms, which supported the dormitory of the conversi (lay brothers) above. This building extended across the river and at its south-west corner were the latrines, built above the swiftly flowing stream. The monks' dormitory was in its usual position above the chapter-house, to the south of the transept. Peculiarities of this arrangement include the position of the kitchen, between the refectory and calefactory, and of the infirmary above the river to the west, adjoining the guest-houses.
The abbot's house, one of the largest in all of England,is located to the east of the latrine block, where portions of it are suspended on arches over the River Skell.It was built in the mid-twelfth century as a modest single-storey structure, then, from the fourteenth century, underwent extensive expansion and remodelling to end up in the 16th century as a grand dwelling with fine bay windows and grand fireplaces. The great hall was an expansive room 52 by 21 metres (171 by 69 ft).
Among other apartments, for the designation of which see the ground-plan, was a domestic oratory or chapel,
1⁄2-by-23-foot (14 by 7 m), and a kitchen, 50-by-38-foot (15 by 12 m)
Medieval monasteries were sustained by landed estates that were given to them as endowments and from which they derived an income from rents. They were the gifts of the founder and subsequent patrons, but some were purchased from cash revenues. At the outset, the Cistercian order rejected gifts of mills and rents, churches with tithes and feudal manors as they did not accord with their belief in monastic purity, because they involved contact with laymen. When Archbishop Thurstan founded the abbey he gave the community 260 acres (110 ha) of land at Sutton north of the abbey and 200 acres (81 ha) at Herleshowe to provide support while the abbey became established. In the early years the abbey struggled to maintain itself because further gifts were not forthcoming and Thurstan could not help further because the lands he administered were not his own, but part of the diocesan estate. After a few years of impoverished struggle to establish the abbey, the monks were joined by Hugh, a former dean of York Minster, a rich man who brought a considerable fortune as well as furniture and books to start the library.
By 1135 the monks had acquired only another 260 acres (110 ha) at Cayton, given by Eustace fitzJohn of Knaresborough "for the building of the abbey". Shortly after the fire of 1146, the monks had established granges at Sutton, Cayton, Cowton Moor, Warsill, Dacre and Aldburgh all within 6 mi (10 km) of Fountains. In the 1140s the water mill was built on the abbey site making it possible for the grain from the granges to be brought to the abbey for milling.Tannery waste from this time has been excavated on the site.
Further estates were assembled in two phases, between 1140 and 1160 then 1174 and 1175, from piecemeal acquisitions of land. Some of the lands were grants from benefactors but others were purchased from gifts of money to the abbey. Roger de Mowbray granted vast areas of Nidderdale and William de Percy and his tenants granted substantial estates in Craven which included Malham Moor and the fishery in Malham Tarn. After 1203 the abbots consolidated the abbey's lands by renting out more distant areas that the monks could not easily farm themselves, and exchanging and purchasing lands that complemented their existing estates. Fountains' holdings both in Yorkshire and beyond had reached their maximum extent by 1265, when they were an efficient and very profitable estate. Their estates were linked in a network of individual granges which provided staging posts to the most distant ones. They had urban properties in York, Yarm, Grimsby, Scarborough and Boston from which to conduct export and market trading and their other commercial interests included mining, quarrying, iron-smelting, fishing and milling.
The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was a factor that led to a downturn in the prosperity of the abbey in the early fourteenth century. Areas of the north of England as far south as York were looted by the Scots. Then the number of lay-brothers being recruited to the order reduced considerably. The abbey chose to take advantage of the relaxation of the edict on leasing property that had been enacted by the General Chapter of the order in 1208 and leased some of their properties. Others were staffed by hired labour and remained in hand under the supervision of bailiffs. In 1535 Fountains had an interest in 138 vills and the total taxable income of the Fountains estate was £1,115, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in England.
After the Dissolution
The Gresham family crest
The Abbey buildings and over 500 acres (200 ha) of land were sold by the Crown, on 1 October 1540, to Sir Richard Gresham, at the time a Member of Parliament and former Lord Mayor of London, the father of Sir Thomas Gresham. It was Richard Gresham who had supplied Cardinal Wolsey with the tapestries for his new house of Hampton Court and who paid for the Cardinal's funeral.
Gresham sold some of the fabric of the site, stone, timber, lead, as building materials to help to defray the cost of purchase. The site was acquired in 1597 by Sir Stephen Proctor, who used stone from the monastic complex to build Fountains Hall. Between 1627 and 1767 the estate was owned by the Messenger family who sold it to William Aislaby who was responsible for combining it with the Studley Royal Estate.
Burials
Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray
Abbot Marmaduke Huby (d. 1526)
Rose (daughter of Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester), wife of Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy
William II de Percy, 3rd feudal baron of Topcliffe
Becoming a World Heritage Site
The archaeological excavation of the site was begun under the supervision of John Richard Walbran, a Ripon antiquary who, in 1846, had published a paper On the Necessity of clearing out the Conventual Church of Fountains.In 1966 the Abbey was placed in the guardianship of the Department of the Environment and the estate was purchased by the West Riding County Council who transferred ownership to the North Yorkshire County Council in 1974. The National Trust bought the 674-acre (273 ha) Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estate from North Yorkshire County Council in 1983. In 1986 the parkland in which the abbey is situated and the abbey was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was recognised for fulfilling the criteria of being a masterpiece of human creative genius, and an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history. Fountains Abbey is owned by the National Trust and maintained by English Heritage. The trust owns Studley Royal Park, Fountains Hall, to which there is partial public access, and St Mary's Church, designed by William Burges and built around 1873, all of which are significant features of the World Heritage Site.
The Porter's Lodge, which was once the gatehouse to the abbey, houses a modern exhibition area with displays about the history of Fountains Abbey and how the monks lived.
In January 2010, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal became two of the first National Trust properties to be included in Google Street View, using the Google Trike.
Film location
Fountains Abbey was used as a film location by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark for their single "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" during the cold winter of December 1981. In 1980, Hollywood also came to the site to film the final scenes to the film Omen III: The Final Conflict.Other productions filmed on location at the abbey are the films Life at the Top, The Secret Garden, The History Boys, TV series Flambards, A History of Britain, Terry Jones' Medieval Lives, Cathedral, Antiques Roadshow and the game show Treasure Hunt. The BBC Television series 'Gunpowder' (2017) used Fountains Abbey as a location.
D’Leedon Condominium | Singapore
Designed by internationally renowned Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Zaha Hadid, D’Leedon Condominium is shaped into sweeping fluid forms—a style that characterizes the intricate work of one of the greatest Architects of our time.
Having found this vantage point, I was in awe of the masterpiece in front of me and was stoked to have finally immortalized it in a frame.
© Lemjay Lucas
Ceratinas occur world-wide and really have the color/form/sculpturing thing down. They are the definition of crispness and elegance in my book. Expect more to come. This one comes from another worn-torn part of the world, the Crimean peninsula, but, really, bees, the study of natural history, pretty neutral ground that all can appreciate. Haven't figured out the species yet, but this is a big one. From Laurence Packer's Lab.
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All photographs are public domain, feel free to download and use as you wish.
Photography Information: Canon Mark II 5D, Zerene Stacker, Stackshot Sled, 65mm Canon MP-E 1-5X macro lens, Twin Macro Flash in Styrofoam Cooler, F5.0, ISO 100, Shutter Speed 200
The murmuring of bees has ceased;
But murmuring of some
Posterior, prophetic,
Has simultaneous come,--
The lower metres of the year,
When nature's laugh is done,--
The Revelations of the book
Whose Genesis is June.
-Emily Dickinson
Want some Useful Links to the Techniques We Use? Well now here you go Citizen:
Basic USGSBIML set up:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-_yvIsucOY
USGSBIML Photoshopping Technique: Note that we now have added using the burn tool at 50% opacity set to shadows to clean up the halos that bleed into the black background from "hot" color sections of the picture.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bdmx_8zqvN4
PDF of Basic USGSBIML Photography Set Up:
ftp://ftpext.usgs.gov/pub/er/md/laurel/Droege/How%20to%20Take%20MacroPhotographs%20of%20Insects%20BIML%20Lab2.pdf
Google Hangout Demonstration of Techniques:
plus.google.com/events/c5569losvskrv2nu606ltof8odo
or
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4c15neFttoU
Excellent Technical Form on Stacking:
Contact information:
Sam Droege
sdroege@usgs.gov
301 497 5840
Dipper on the Exe in an ideal habitat, a weir which diverts water to a mill stream. More shots to follow but I'm on limited WiFi with analogue TV and no phone signal being all of 20 miles from a major British city in a river valley
When the resin was about 90% cured, I wrapped it around a piece of steel pipe to get the correct diameter
It's 6th form 'Rag Week', which means you are likely to run into anything in the corridors...
Taken with cameraphone.
Don Stephen Senanayake (October 20, 1884–22 March 1952) was an independence activist who formed the Sri Lankan United National Party, which demanded independence from Britain. He became the first Prime Minister of what was then Ceylon (later called Sri Lanka) from 1947 to 1952.
Brought up in a devout Buddhist family, he entered a Christian school on his father's orders, and converted to Christianity. An intelligent student, he quickly found work in the Surveyor General's office before working as a supervisor on his father's plantation.
He entered politics at the age of thirty-eight, and in 1931 became Minister of Agriculture and Lands. He combatted Sri Lanka's agricultural problems effectively, and established the LDO, an agricultural policy that countered Sri Lanka's rice problems. This policy earned him respect, and he continued to be a minister for fifteen years. He also enforced "Agricultural Modernisation", which increased production output. However, he resigned in 1946 and fought for Sri Lanka's independence. In only a year he succeeded, and was elected as Sri Lanka's first Prime Minister. He refused a knighthood, but maintained good relations with Britain. He boldly made plans to spread out the population, and his Gal Oya scheme relocated over 250,000 people. His other plans included the increase of hydroelectric power, but he was killed in an unexpected horse-riding accident at the age of sixty-eight.
His son, Dudley Shelton Senanayake (1911–1973), succeeded him as Prime Minister in 1952, followed by another relative, Sir John Kotelawala (1897–1980) in 1953, but this nine-year family dynasty was ended by a landslide victory for Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike in 1956, campaigning under the "Sinhala Only" slogan. Dudley Senanayake regained the Prime Ministership in 1960, and again from 1965 to 1970).
D.S Senanayake is respected by Sinhalese and some muslims. However, Tamils were not happy with his citizenship laws that disenfanchised virtually all Tamils of recent Indian origin living in the central highlands. His bold agricultural plans and pro-Western policies, however, attracted criticism for their modern and untraditional nature. Under his family's leadership, Sri Lanka's economy flourished, and D.S Senanayake holds is still known as "The Father of Sri Lanka". He was however later linked to the Church of Scienttology, and theories exist suggesting that his death was far more sinister than first thought.
Swarovski Crystal Stones beadwoven and embellished to create a stunning pair of handmade, OOAK earrings.
The colours within these earrings are Swarovski's Tanzanite, Palace Green Opal and Cyclamen Opal. Thrown in with this lovely mix are some very small vintage, matt Mauve English cut glass beads.
Teeny tiny Seed Beads and Delicas have been sewn together using peyote stitch to form the beadwoven bezels.
Sterling Silver earwires complete the earrings and one of my makers marks, enscribed with Social Butterfly has been sewn into the reverse beading of one of the earrings. These too are cast in sterling silver.
Name: Kamen Rider Kuuga (仮面ライダークウガ)
Form: Dragon form
Series: Kamen Rider Kuuga
Official Video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9fEMLIRtnk&t=2s
This is my channel: www.youtube.com/channel/UC9ZlM…
Facebook page: www.facebook.com/demon1408/
Twitter: twitter.com/demon14082000
Fonte Official FB page
Sodom is a German thrash metal band formed in 1981. Original line-up were Tom Angelripper, Chris Witchhunter and Aggressor. Receiving inspiration by bands such as Motörhead and Venom, they released two demos which led to a record deal with Steamhammer. Aggressor left the band shortly before releasing the In the Sign of Evil EP, and was replaced by Grave Violator, who did not last long himself. On the debut album Obsessed by Cruelty he was replaced by Destructor. However, after the release Destructor left the band to join Kreator.
Thereafter their break-through album Persecution Mania was released with yet another guitarist, Frank Blackfire. A live album Mortal Way of Live followed. The next album made Sodom famous; Agent Orange was released in 1989. Since then, Sodom is one of the three big names of German Thrash metal; the others are Kreator and Destruction. Again a new guitarist was to be found as Blackfire also left the band to join Kreator. The replacement was found in Michael Hoffman.
In this line-up the Better Off Dead album was released in 1990. During the South American tour however, Hoffman decided to stay in Brazil and therefore was forced to quit. His replacement was found in Andy Brings and a new album was recorded, titled Tapping the Vein, which was more death metal influenced than before. This proved to be the last album with the drummer Witchhunter who quit because of lack of interest in metal music. Atomic Steif found his way behind the drumkit.
This line-up now, recorded the next album, Get What You Deserve. Out were the death metal influence, in came the hardcore influences. At this time Angelripper also started a solo carreer doing metal impressions of drinking songs, German schlagers and even Xmassy Carols. Another live album was recorded of the tour in support of this album called Marooned - Live.
In the same vein as the previous album, Masquerade in Blood was released in 1995. Again another guitarist was to be found. The new axeman was Sthrahli, but he did not stay very long with the band either; he was fired due to drugs problems. Also Atomic Steif left and again Angelripper needed to search for new members. These were found in the person of Bernemann on guitars and Bobby Schottkowski on drums.
The new album 'Til Death Do Us Unite featured a controversial album cover, depicting the belly a pregnant woman and a beer gut of a man pressing a human skull together. Apparently this line-up has stabilised the band significantly as this still the current line-up. In 1999 Code Red was released and formed a return to the sound of the 1980s thrash metal. A limited edition featured a bonus CD containing a tribute to Sodom album called Homage to the Gods. In the same vein, M-16 was released displaying Sodoms interest in the Vietnam War. The title of course refers to the automatic rifle M16). A tour followed with the other two big German thrash metal bands Kreator and Destruction.
In 2003, a double live album was recorded in Bangkok, titled One Night in Bangkok. In 2006 Sodom released their Album "Sodom" and after the release the band played a lot of shows all over the world.
In 2007 comes "The final Sign of Evil". On this record the original Line up with Chris Witchhunter, Grave Violator and Tom Angelripper acting very old school. In Wacken the band played a really special Set at the Wacken Open Air with Old Members like Andy Brings, Atomic Steif, Grave Violator and a lot of more. This show will be a part of the long waited second Part of the Lords of Depravity DVD.
Drummer Legend Chris Witchhunter died at age of 42 in September 2008. We still miss him!
Club membership application form included as part of a full-page advertisement in the Buster children's comic.
The Airfix Modellers Club was launched in May 1974 by Fleetway Publications in conjunction with the Airfix Company. The club ran from May 1974 to March 1981 and was promoted through Fleetway's comic titles such as Valiant, Lion, Battle Picture Weekly and Buster ( www.bustercomic.co.uk/features.html ). By the end of the club's lifetime, it achieved a cumulative membership of over 150,000.
The club heavily promoted new Airfix products through the comics by advertisements and competitions for club members and for those who remember the adverts which featured Dick Emery, who was the club's president. Every new member received their membership pack comprising of a certificate, voucher stamps for Airfix kits, sticker, membership card and the club badge.
Airfix is a British company founded by Nicholas Kove (1891-1958) in 1939 and famous for their scale plastic model kits. In the late 1940’s the company began to experiment with the mass production of scale self-assembly plastic (polystyrene) kits and in 1952 launched their first mass produced kit of the Golden Hind ship. It was an immediate success and within a year Airfix followed with the release of the Spitfire aircraft. Their first retail outlet was Woolworth stores and this in no small way contributed to Airfix’s success. The plastic scale model kit flourished during it’s peak during the 1960’s and 1970’s but the hobby went into decline during the 1980’s and the Airfix company too until they became bankrupt. However, such was the fame of the Airfix brand-name that the company was bought by Hornby Hobbies Lid in 2006 and so the Airfix name continues on.
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For more information:
www.airfix.com/official-airfix-club-membership/
www.collectors-club-of-great-britain.co.uk/magazines/arti... (a short historical article about Airfix).
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Thank you for reading.
Stuart.
The Massed Pipes and Drums of The Edinburgh Military Tattoo, 2006.
BBC highlight video of the Massed Pipes and Drums.
La cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption de Clermont est une cathédrale gothique située à Clermont-Ferrand. Elle a été édifiée à partir de 1248 au centre de la ville de Clermont, la capitale historique de l'Auvergne. Elle a remplacé une cathédrale romane située au même endroit qui elle-même avait été précédée par deux autres sanctuaires chrétiens. Son patronage initial est celui de saint-Vital et saint-Agricol. La majeure partie de la construction actuelle date de la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle, c'est le premier exemple d'utilisation en architecture de la pierre de Volvic. La façade occidentale et d'autres rénovations ont été effectuées par Eugène Viollet-le-Duc au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle.
(further pictures and information you can get by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Prater road
The Praterstraße in the direction of Nestroyplatz, on the left side of the road: # 33, Alliiertenhof
The Prater road towards Prater Stern
The ca. 1 km long Praterstraße in the 2nd District of Vienna, Leopoldstadt, connects the Old Town from Sweden bridge over the Danube Canal and from Tabor Road with the Praterstern, one of the largest hub of communications of the city, and the Vienna Prater. The street continues beyond the Praterstern in the Lassallestraße, the Reichsbrücke (bridge) over the Danube and the Wagramerstraße (22nd District), and leads to Marchfeld, to north-eastern Lower Austria and South Moravia.
The suburbs in the second District were incorporated in 1850. Named is the road officially since 1862 (previously but already on a map of 1856, for example) according to the Vienna Prater, which connects to the Praterstern. Previously it had been called, as the to the south adjoining suburb, Jägerzeile. Since 1981, operates under the Prater street in its full length the subway line U1, here, for example, approximately in the middle between Swedenplatz and Praterstern serving the station Nestroyplatz (since 1979). In addition to the Taborstraße the Prater Street is one of the main streets of the second District and the center nearest city parts.
History
The name Prater (pratum) was first found in a deed, the Emperor Frederick Barbarossa issued in 1162 in Bologna. The document notarizes a donation of river meadows in Vienna. 1537 Emperor Ferdinand I (HRR) as Archduke of Austria below the Enns and landowner in the Prater the main avenue had layed out.
The term Jägerzeile was used after 1569 for the driveway connecting a settlement of the Habsburg gamekeepers and wood workers in the Danube floodplains to the northwest of the later Praterstern with the city. Later, the Imperial Court as a landlord provided building grounds just south of the route, and since 1660 this settlement and it's surrounding wide forest and water areas like the street then were called Jägerzeile. North of the road and from the Czerningasse into town bordered the suburb of Leopoldstadt. The coat of arms of the hunter line (Jägerzeile) now forms part of the Leopoldstadt district coat of arms.
1683 devastated the Ottomans at the Second Siege of Vienna the Leopoldstadt. 1734 the wooden chapel in the Jägerzeile during a storm was destroyed, the miraculous image remained intact. Emperor Charles VI. as landlord granted the permission now to build a stone chapel, which was consecrated to saint Nepomuk in 1736. When Joseph II in 1766 the until then for his family reserved Prater made accessible to the public and permitted on the premises catering and entertainment companies, the frequency in the Hunter line increased very considerably. The hitherto at night still closed terrain in 1775 became accessible day and night. 1781 the Leopoldstadt theater at the Jägerzeile was opened (see buildings, No. 31).
1809 the tropps of Napoleon I plundered Jägerzeile. After the victory over the Emperor of the French within the scope of the Coalition wars, on 25th September 1814 Tsar Alexander I of Russia, King Frederick William III. of Prussia and Emperor Francis I, who at the Tabor line (see Tabor Road No. 80) them with a large entourage for the Congress of Vienna had welcomed, marched past the hunter line into the city (see buildings, No. 33). Three weeks later, the Emperor gave to the opening of the congress a great festival in the Prater, over the Hunter line followed the access of his guests.
1824 had Ferdinand Raimunds' magic buffoonery "The barometer maker on the magic island" in the Leopoldstadt Theater premiere. 1838, the railway traffic on the Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway from Nordbahn at Praterstern was taken on. The first station of Vienna has evolved over the decades to the most frequented of the monarchy and brought a lot of traffic to Prater street.
As the old Nepomuk Church (see buildings, number 41) has proven to be too small for the rapidly growing suburb, in 1846 on another site the new Johann Nepomuk Church (see buildings at No. 45) was opened. Its high, pointed tower with a large clock marks the silhouette of the front of houses since then significantly. On 28th October 1848 it came in Jägerzeile as well as in the Prater to heavy fights between the defenders of the 1848 revolution and the by Prince Alfred I. zu Windisch-Graetz and Count Joseph Jelacic of Bužim commanded reactionary imperial troops, storming the barricades at the Prater Stern and at Nepomuk Church. This "Viennese October insurrection" led to many deaths among the civilian population and high property damage.
In 1850, after Franz Joseph I had authorized a Provisional Municipal Code, numerous suburbs were incorporated to Vienna, including Leopoldstadt and Jägerzeile, forming the core of the new 2nd District, and it was likewise called Leopoldstadt. The assigned district number corresponded to the importance of the new Leopoldstadt in the entire area of Vienna. 1862, the street name Jägerzeile was officially changed into Prater Street and the new name was already previously in use, eg on a map anno 1856.
1866/1867 the later "Waltz King" Johann Strauss at the Prater street wrote the Danube waltz (see buildings, No. 54). 1868, the horse-drawn tramway through the Praterstraße was opened, which was operated here until 1901; coming from the Franz Joseph Quai and from the (1864 opened) Aspern Bridge, led the stretch of way over the Danube Canal through the short Aspernbrückengasse to the Prater street and on this to the Prater Stern and along to the bathing ships at the Danube. The tram went here for decades in side-lying position, ie, near the north-facing house front, after the reconstruction of the Praterstern in the 1950s in the middle of the street. In 1873 in the Prater took place the Vienna universal exhibition, which was followed by numerous fairs and exhibitions to date, the Prater street was the most important feeder. 1876, the Crown Prince Rudolf Bridge was opened, and the Prater street was now part of a remote connection direction Moravia and Galicia.
1886 as visual termination of the Prater street the striking Tegetthoff monument was unveiled (architecture: Karl von Hasenauer, plastic: Carl Kundmann). It commemorates the victorious Austrian Admiral and formed until the early 1950s the center of the Prater star. The trams went around the monument.
Around the turn of the century, two projects were submitted, which stipulated to continue the Prater street in a straight line across the Danube Canal and across through the Old Town in the first distric to St. Stephen's: 1895 by Alfred Riehl, 1912/1913 by Adolf Loos with Paul Engelmann. With Loos this project would have been part of an overall renovation of the old town, including ring road zone. Loos claimed the idea the visual axis from the Prater Stern to the cathedral to extend to a transport axis stemmed from Empress Maria Theresa; evidence were not found.
On 22nd July 1928 moved a huge festive procession of the 10th German Choral Association Festival from City Hall and Ring through the Prater street into the Prater. It is claimed that around 150,000 people have been involved. On 1st May 1929 the Carl Theater (see buildings, No. 31) closed definitely (in the bomb war 1944 severely damaged, it was demolished in 1951). From 19th to 26th July 1931 the II International Workers' Olympiads in the recently completed Praterstadion led to heavy traffic volumes in the Prater street.
In May 1938 the Vienna Stadtbauamt (public construction authority) under Nazi leadership presented considerations, to close the Ring Road across the Leopoldstadt to a complete ring. The Aspernbrückengasse would have become part of this ring extension, the part most close to downtown of the Prater street, from the Sweden bridge to Aspernbrückengasse, disappeared. The idea behind the project was to demolish the entire part of town, heavily populated by Jewish Viennese and with modified road network to rebuilt. The in 1939 began Second World War shifted such considerations to the time after the "final victory".
1970 the Prater bridge over the Danube and the Prater high road was completed. This new connection, running parallel to the road Praterstraße/Lassallestraße, later part of the "Südosttangente" called city highway, discharges the Prater street partly from the passage traffic between the districts left of the Danube and right of the Danube Canal.
The U -Bahn line U1, which coming from the city center in 1979 the Nestroyplatz at the Prater street had reached, in 1981 was extended to the Praterstern. For this reason, more than 110 years of rail transport on the Praterstreet came to an end. After completion of the subway construction under the road it was largely run four-laned, for the most part equipped with a raised center strip and turned into an alley. The road section between Tabor Road and Aspernbrückengasse was now only navigable as one-way in the resident traffic, the through traffic entirely was routed over Aspernbrückengasse to the ring.