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Hundertwasser Haus (Vienna)
Hundertwasser House 2007
Facade of Hundertwasser house
The Hundertwasser House is a from 1983 to 1985 of the City of Vienna constructed residential building and it is located at the corner Kegelgasse 34-38 and Löwengasse 41-43 in the third District of Vienna, country road (Landstraße).
History
The Austrian artist Friedensreich Hundertwasser dealt since the 1950s with architecture. He began his involvement with manifestos, essays and demonstrations. Particularly became known his Mouldiness Manifesto. In 1972 he exhibited in the Eurovision Contest broadcast "Wünsch dir Was" (make a wish come true) architecture models with which he illustrated his ideas of the roof forestation, the tree tenants and the window right and architectural forms such as the high-meadows-house, eyes slit house or terrace house. In lectures at universities and architects associations and offices Hundertwasser talked about his concern of an architecture that is more natural and more appropriate for human beings.
In a letter dated of 30 November 1977 to the mayor of Vienna Leopold Gratz, recommended Chancellor Bruno Kreisky to give Hundertwasser the opportunity to put his concerns in the field of architecture in the construction of a residential building in practice. Gratz invited Hundertwasser thereupon by letter dated of 15 December 1977 to create a house in Vienna to his ideas. It followed the years-long search for a suitable property. Since Hundertwasser was not an architect, he asked the City of Vienna, beizustellen (to provide) him an architect who would be willing to transpose his concept into adequate plan drawings.
A conflictual cooperation
The city administration procured Hundertwasser the architect Josef Krawina. This one presented Hundertwasser in August and September 1979 his preliminary designs, based on the then valid rules for social housing as well as a Styrofoam model, however, corresponding to the architectural concept of the closed construction and which Hundertwasser shocked rejected because it corresponded exactly to the rectilinear and leveling grid architecture, against the he had always fought. Hundertwasser wanted a "house for people and trees", just as he had described years earlier in his text "Verwaldung (forestation) of the City": in his model of the "terrace house" for the program "Make a wish" he had already visualized this house.
It succeeded Hundertwasser still 1979 to win the City of Vienna for his concept of a green terrace construction and thus for exceptions from the building regulations, normally applicable. In March 1980 followed a second preliminary draft Krawinas' along with associated perspective or axonometric drawings and an accompanying balsa wood model. Krawina developed in the process under intense utilization of the granted legal options a from the building regulations considerably differing structure shell where a consensus could be found. This structure shell was left substantially unchanged over all planning steps and also came actually to execution.
"Subsequently, there were clashes between Hundertwasser and Krawina, which escalated in the design of the facade. The controversy led to the resignation Krawinas' from cooperation on 14th October in 1981. "The artist in a letter had turned to Rudolf Kolowrath, Head of the Municipal Department 19 (Architecture), asking him to replace the architect so that he could realize his own ideas. Architect Peter Pelikan, an employee of the Municipal Department 19, took over the further planning. He became for hundreds of water (Hundertwasser) a long-term partner for numerous other construction projects. The Supreme Court stated out but in 2010 on the occasion of a long-standing dispute over the authorship of the building: "The opinion of the Court of Appeal, architect Krawina and Hundertwasser were co-authors , [ ... ] is based on comprehensible conclusions from the proceedings for the evidence procedure [ ... ]"
2001 Krawina by the H. B. Media distribution company mbH could be convinced to claim that the "Hundertwasser House" was his work. After an eight-year process, the Supreme Court decided on 11 March 2010: "The fact that Krawina own creative contributions has provided to the building, there is, according to further evidences by the assessment of the legal expert, no doubt, on it the Court of Appeal based its applying legal view of a co-authorship Krawinas': "Since then it is now necessary in the distribution of illustrations or replicas of the house to mention Joseph Krawina next Hundertwasser as co-author.
Characteristics of the house
The according to the concept and the ideas of Friedensreich Hundertwasser designed, by Josef Krawina as co-author and Peter Pelikan planned, colorful and unusual house has in the hallways uneven floors and is lavishly planted. In 1985 about 250 trees and shrubs were planted and are now thanks to the care of tenants and representatives of the owners grown to stately trees, - a real park on the roof of the house.
The house does not follow the usual standards of architecture. Hundertwasser's role models are clearly visible: among others, Antoni Gaudí, the Palace idéal of Ferdinand Cheval, the Watts Towers, the anonymous architecture of the allotment gardens and those of the storybooks. The house has 52 apartments and four shops, 16 private and three communal roof terraces. The media response to the building was worldwide enormous. In Vienna, the Hundertwasser Krawina house is among the most photographed tourist attractions.
"A painter dreams of houses and a beautiful architecture in which man is free and this dream becomes reality".
- Hundertwasser
Other buildings of Hundertwasser
The artist designed some 40 buildings, of which several houses, also popularly known as "Hundertwasser house (Hundertwasserhaus)". Located less than 400 meters away from the Hundertwasser House in Vienna, in the Lower Weißgerberstraße 13, is the in 1991 opened and after designs by Hundertwasser and Peter Pelikan planned Kunsthaus Vienna (KunstHausWien), where in addition to temporary exhibitions a permanent Hundertwasser retrospective is offered.
Similar buildings were in cooperation of Friedensreich Hundertwasser with architect Peter Pelikan and Heinz M. Springmann, among others, in Bad Soden am Taunus, Darmstadt (Forest Spiral), Frankfurt am Main, Magdeburg (Green Citadel of Magdeburg), Plochingen (Living Beneath the Rain Tower), Wittenberg (Luther-Melanchthon-Gymnasium), Bad Blumau (Rogner Bad Blumau), Israel, Switzerland, the United States, Osaka in Japan and New Zealand realized.
See also: buildings by Friedensreich Hundertwasser.
© copyrighted image; all rights reserved.
The Karlstad sofa, an Ikea sofa inspired by the Florence Knoll sofa.
I wanted to get back to the set I started earlier, Form @ Home, where I try to capture the mood and feeling of some things we’ve got at home. This time I tried to use a cooler, blueish toned color instead of the sepia. Again, I'm trying to find form and details, capturing the mood and feeling of the object. For this I used the 5D with the 100mm L IS macro lens. All shot handheld with available light.
Punto di partenza, il sito storico dei Frigoriferi Milanesi.
1899, un pesante edificio utilitaristico in pietra e mattoni spunta da terra, in forma di parallelepipedo, al limite geografico della città di Milano di quel tempo. Impostazione solida, muri spessi, aperture a forma di feritoia, con un’altezza di quattro piani e una sobrietà di buon gusto, i Magazzini Refrigeranti e Ghiaccio Gondrand Mangili di via Piranesi non hanno semplicemente un aspetto fiero. Con una allusione diretta, esprimono l’audacia economica di Milano, città di banche, dell’artigianato tessile di qualità e dell’armeria nel momento in cui la Rivoluzione Industriale italiana si agita lungo il Po, in Liguria, a Torino e Bologna. Questo pionieristico deposito refrigerato all’epoca è uno dei più grandi in Europa, simbolo dello spirito imprenditoriale lombardo.
1923, la seconda tappa. Alla struttura utilizzata come deposito viene aggiunto, affiancando la sua parte est, il Palazzo del Ghiaccio. Questo elegante edificio di forma circolare diventerà la pista di pattinaggio di Milano. Verrà visto un altro simbolo nella sua edificazione, all’epoca del Dopolavoro realizzato dallo Stato fascista: quello del tempo libero. Concepita dagli ingegneri Sandro Carnelli, Carlo Banfi e Ettore Redaelli, questa costruzione in forma ovale dalle fondamenta in cemento armato, riprende l’archetipo del circo classico dotato di pista centrale delimitata da tribune circostanti. La sua copertura in legno leggero appoggiata su sottili putrelle metalliche si ispira all’architettura dei capannoni e dei locali tecnici tipici agli albori della Rivoluzione Industriale, segno di una tensione palpabile tra ingegneri e architetti. La pista di pattinaggio del Palazzo del Ghiaccio, a lungo una delle più importanti d’Italia e d’Europa, fin dalla sua apertura funziona come polo attrattivo, al punto da rendere ai milanesi familiare via Piranesi, allora decentrata. Le folle si accalcano. Qui trovano una pista di pattinaggio larga e ben presto vi ammireranno le prodezze del pattinatore Alberto Bonacossa, prima di quelle dei Diavoli Rossoneri, una delle migliori squadre del campionato nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio.
La decisione di aggiungere al deposito refrigerato già esistente il Palazzo del Ghiaccio fu, all’epoca, un’operazione visionaria. Si fabbrica del freddo? Perché allora non approfittare di questa attività, che permette lo stoccaggio di prodotti alimentari, con un altro scopo, anche diverso dalla originaria vocazione dell’attività? Il sorprendente ibrido architettonico del tandem monumentale Frigoriferi Milanesi – Palazzo del Ghiaccio è il risultato di una concezione assolutamente rivoluzionaria per l’epoca, quella della costruzione di uno spazio polifunzionale – una formula, va ricordato, in quel periodo duramente contestata. Il modernismo in voga negli anni 1920-1950 ama soprattutto gli edifici dedicati, indirizzati a un’unica funzione: l’alloggio, l’attività artigianale, industriale o commerciale, l’amministrazione, lo studio, senza miscugli di competenze né confusioni topografiche. Questo fervore per il monotipo proviene da una militanza favorevole allo “zoning”, che viene valorizzato all’epoca dai Congressi Internazionali d’Architettura Moderna (C.I.A.M.). Credo della razionalizzazione spaziale: a ogni attività deve corrispondere una costruzione specifica, insediata in una zona contrassegnata. In virtù di questo dogma, le zone residenziali, quelle destinate al lavoro, al consumo, alla conservazione e allo scambio, separate e distinte le une dalle altre, non si sovrappongono mai. L’intercontestualità, di fatto, è bandita – questa intercontestualità di cui il complesso Frigoriferi Milanesi – Palazzo del Ghiaccio appare al contrario una esempio eloquente, se non un manifesto.
Una storia evolutiva
Frigoriferi Milanesi, Palazzo del Ghiaccio – una stessa area, due architetture mantenute comunque scollegate nel corso di decenni.
Le due costruzioni, tra il 1923 e il 1999, data nella quale se ne è decisa la ristrutturazione, coesistono senza comunicare. Le funzioni del primo, i Frigoriferi Milanesi, si piegano alle necessità d’adattamento che esige l’evoluzione economica: da principio la conservazione alimentare, poi il deposito di pellicce destinate all’industria dell’abbigliamento, per arrivare infine all’inserimento di attività di servizio destinate alla conservazione o alla ristrutturazione di beni privati o di natura artistica. Quanto al secondo edificio, il Palazzo del Ghiaccio, conserva in maniera continuativa una destinazione ludica, che continua malgrado il graduale abbandono dell’attività di pattinaggio, ben presto sostituito, e con una certa frequenza, da manifestazioni sportive, proiezioni cinematografiche, concerti e sfilate di moda. La divisione strutturale di questo spazio costruito in due blocchi distinti, oltre alla doppia funzione storica, sembrano voler condannare i Frigoriferi a una separazione definitiva. Sdoppiamento anche visivo: i Frigoriferi Milanesi e il Palazzo del Ghiaccio non si somigliano affatto. Sdoppiamento funzionale: una tendenza dissociativa, le loro differenti attività agiscono a priori a favore di una differenziazione.
L’attuale spazio chiamato Frigoriferi Milanesi – il Palazzo dei Frigoriferi e il Palazzo del Ghiaccio – è gestito dalla società Open Care, del Gruppo Cabassi, conosciuto a Milano per le importanti operazioni immobiliari e di sviluppo. Un’attività che propone diversi servizi riguardanti “la riconversione, la conservazione e la valorizzazione del patrimonio artistico”. Open Care amministra entrambe le strutture e le loro mansioni. Alla fine degli anni Novanta, mentre la società si realizza, i responsabili propongono a 5+1AA un rimaneggiamento dell’intero sito, Frigoriferi Milanesi più Palazzo del Ghiaccio. Una vera sfida, tanto le modifiche registrate dall’inizio del XX secolo (riguardanti in particolare l’edificio dei Frigoriferi) complicano il progetto e l’organizzazione degli spazi. Tra gli anni 1900 e 1970, le attività svolte in questi spazi hanno iniziato a diversificarsi: la produzione di ghiaccio prima, poi la conservazione allargata: alimentare all’inizio (dopo la Seconda Guerra Mondiale qui si trova il più importante deposito di uova di tutta la penisola), stoccaggio e manutenzione di pellicce per il settore tessile in un secondo tempo. Queste peculiarità hanno comportato delle modifiche sostanziali nella disposizione interna, che rendono improbabile una sintesi compiuta.
Il padre, Giuseppe Cabassi, acquisì i Frigoriferi negli anni Settanta. La sua fobia per lo spazio vuoto è leggendaria: il vuoto, secondo questo imprenditore radicale, non esiste che per essere riempito, utilizzato, fatto fruttare. Non appena divenuto proprietario degli spazi, Cabassi padre aggiunse, alla struttura esistente, il suo tocco personale. Nello spazio sotterraneo delle fondamenta dei Frigoriferi e del Palazzo del Ghiaccio, fa installare delle casseforti, e crea un’area per depositi in sicurezza a disposizione di banche e privati. Raccogliendo il testimone dal padre dopo la sua prematura scomparsa, i fratelli Cabassi intendono anch’essi accrescere la funzionalità del sito. Pur continuando a occuparsi delle precedenti attività, ne aggiungono tuttavia numerose nuove. Una parte dello spazio è trasformato in magazzino per opere d’arte e mobili di valore. Sotto la loro guida, le diverse prestazioni di servizi altamente specializzati – organizzazione di trasporti d’opere d’arte ma anche restauro di mobili, tappeti e dipinti – ampliano presto la loro attività di mero deposito. L’abbandono graduale della filiera del freddo ha implicato, alla fine, il cambiamento del Palazzo del Ghiaccio, che è diventato sede per esposizioni e spazio dedicato a eventi e manifestazioni musicali o festival, funzioni che implicano a loro volta una gestione specifica e rinnovata.
Nella Milano di ieri, di oggi, di domani
Quando formulano il progetto di una ristrutturazione totale dei due edifici, Frigoriferi Milanesi e Palazzo del Ghiaccio, il desiderio dei Cabassi, committenti dell’operazione, è assolutamente chiaro, economicamente e simbolicamente parlando. Avere più spazio, come prima cosa, e se possibile con costi inferiori. Rendere luminose e trasparenti e modernizzare tutte le zone di lavoro. Soprattutto mettere in ordine, unificare e rendere coerenti tra loro le molteplici attività esercitate qui, raggruppandole nonostante la loro natura eterogenea. Quello che ci si aspetta dalla ristrutturazione architettonica, in questo senso, è decisivo. L’edificio rifondato – e, insieme, la sua architettura – deve esprimere in maniera leggibile l’identità e le attività della nuova impresa.
Appena messi a confronto con la richiesta di Open Care, Alfonso Femia e Gianluca Peluffo hanno un’intuizione: la ristrutturazione dei Frigoriferi è qualcosa di più che una semplice rimessa a nuovo. È una sfida contestuale, l’occasione insperata di produrre un “effetto quartiere” per mezzo di un edificio rinnovato. 5+1AA, studio fondato nel 1995 (e che quindi non è alle prese con la sua prima ristrutturazione), agisce l’architettura come “un dispositivo che serva a rivelare lo spazio e i suoi significati”, secondo le parole di Femia e Peluffo. Qualunque posto, ogni località, ogni palazzo ha un vissuto, si inscrive nella storia, nella cronaca del tempo. Niente esiste di per sé e fuori dal tempo, tutto si lega, l’autonomia è una favola. L’“esistente”, per pensare a questa storia, si rivela determinante. Ma cosa si intende qui con “esistente”? La costruzione da recuperare e i suoi dintorni, vicini e lontani. Ma anche le realtà, a volte problematiche, che rivelano l’appartenenza di un edificio al suo contesto. Dov’è situato l’immobile su cui l’architetto andrà a intervenire? In quale quartiere della città? A che epoca appartiene, come si è evoluto? Che cosa ci insegna della città stessa, dei suoi sviluppi, delle sue tensioni, delle sue fatiche? L’importanza decisiva del contesto. Ogni fabbricato è materia di un doppio segnale – oggetto funzionale e indizio d’altro.
Presa senza esitazioni, la prima decisione dei 5+1AA è di conservare la doppia costruzione dei Frigoriferi. Non si parla di distruggere: i Frigoriferi Milanesi e il Palazzo del Ghiaccio sono stati concepiti e costruiti in maniera eccellente. Al massimo si tratta di riadattarli alle attività diversificate, ad alcune particolarmente sofisticate e a quelle di natura terziaria, installate recentemente tra questi muri. Facendo attenzione, tuttavia, a come tutta l’operazione di recupero debba avere un’anima particolare, in accordo con lo spirito originale dell’edificio di cui ci si occupa.
Per breve che sia (un secolo), la storia del complesso formato dai Frigoriferi Milanesi e del Palazzo del Ghiaccio non è meno ricca e violenta a un tempo. Una storia ricca: il luogo esprime il fervore milanese a cavallo del XX secolo, quando si sviluppa la seconda Rivoluzione Industriale, quella dell’elettricità, e la capitale lombarda parte alla conquista del suo hinterland agricolo, presto divorato in favore delle stimolanti attività industriali – tessili ma anche chimiche, come di costruzione meccanica e automobilistica (Alfa-Romeo). Una storia violenta: il quartiere di via Piranesi, appena un secolo dopo questo decollo glorioso, si è declassato. Un tempo animato, ora sembra addormentato, avvolto in un’atmosfera di inerzia, rinunciataria. La disindustrializzazione iniziata alla fine degli anni Settanta, qualche strada più in là, graffia senza riguardo il paesaggio, inscrivendo una disperazione lancinante: è cupo, debole, sfatto. Il terreno industriale abbandonato, terra di nessuno percorsa da binari incustoditi ricoperti d’erbaccia, depositi residuali di cui si percepisce la prossima demolizione parlano della fine di un mondo e di un’epoca, oltre che della necessaria riconversione di questa periferia dell’est milanese. Luoghi spettrali. A confronto l’area della Fiera di Milano e quella di Assago, in pieno sviluppo, sono la prova di tutt’altro magnetismo economico e di una vitalità differente. Quanto al brillante futuro prossimo di Milano, che vede arrivare l’Esposizione Universale nel 2015, dà di che rammaricarsi per quanto poco venga presa in considerazione via Piranesi. L’evento di portata mondiale che la città degli Sforza si prepara a accogliere farà brillare le sue luci a Rozzano, lontano dalla zona dei vecchi Frigoriferi – una periferia di Milano, questa, prescelta e non rifiutata.
Per i 5+1AA, restaurare i Frigoriferi Milanesi e il Palazzo del Ghiaccio è questione di rianimazione e di polarizzazione. Rianimazione? Rinnovato per se stesso, il complesso dovrà essere recuperato anche con la funzione di animare la zona circostante. Polarizzazione? Posto su una delle soglie della città, lo spazio dei Frigoriferi deve tornare a essere in questo punto un segnale di raccordo visivo, percettibile e simbolico – in particolare quando si arriva da Linate, l’aeroporto più vicino a Milano, e quando si entra costeggiando il centro da via Corsica, vasta strada d’accesso al cuore assoluto della città. Se si pensa in maniera astratta alle nuove periferie di cui si è appena parlato (Milano Fiera, Assago, Rozzano, arricchite da architetture di tendenza siglate da nomi prestigiosi), la parte storica della città di Milano ha solo pochi edifici “firmati”: la cattedrale, il Pirellone, la Torre Velasca – eredità, rispettivamente, dell’età classica, dello stile internazionale, dello slancio neomodernista. L’ambizione dei nuovi Frigoriferi nella versione dei 5+1AA è di essere alla periferia della città un segno complementare. Capiamoci: un segno saggiamente posizionato in cesura con il passato, che incarna l’ipercentro e la nuova economia del futuro, che simboleggi in modo chiaro e forte l’attuale sviluppo energico di tutte le periferie di Milano.
Les bus de la Paz arborent différentes formes et différentes couleurs. Très nombreux dans la capitale, il est parfois difficile de s'y retrouver. Demandez de l'aide aux habitants il sauront vous indiquer lequel prendre pour profiter au maximum de cette ville incroyable.
View at Felix Gonzalez-Torres "Specific Objects without Specific Form" retrospective at Wiels, february 2010.
WIELS premieres a major traveling retrospective of Felix Gonzalez-Torres’ oeuvre, including both rarely seen and more known artworks, while proposing an experimental form for the exhibition that is indebted to the artist’s own radical conception of the artwork.
Gonzalez-Torres (American, b. Cuba 1957-1996), one of the most influential artists of his generation, settled in New York in the early 1980s, where he studied art and began his practice as an artist before his untimely death of AIDS related complications. His work can be seen in critical relationship to Conceptual art and Minimalism, mixing political activism, emotional affect, and deep formal concerns in a wide range of media, including drawings, sculpture, and public billboards*, often using ordinary objects as a starting point—clocks, mirrors, light fixtures. Amongst his most famous artworks are his piles of candy and paper stacks from which viewers are allowed to take away a piece. They are premised, like so much of what he did, on instability and potential for change: artworks without an already preset or specific form. The result is a profoundly human body of work, intimate and vulnerable even as it destabilizes so many seemingly unshakable certainties (the artwork as fixed, the exhibition as a place to look but not touch, the author as the ultimate form-giver).
To present the oeuvre of an artist who put fragility, the passage of time, and the questioning of authority at the center of his artworks, the exhibition will be entirely re-installed at each of its venues halfway through its duration by a different invited artist whose practice has been informed by Felix Gonzalez-Torres’ work. A first version of Felix Gonzalez-Torres. Specific Objects without Specific Form by curator Elena Filipovic will open to the public and on March 5, 2010, the artist Danh Vo will re-install the exhibition, effectively making an entirely new show.
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Altaaqa Global And Caterpillar Inc Signs IPP Agreement
Dubai, UAE – Caterpillar Inc. has entered into an international power projects (IPP) agreement with Zahid Group, which recently formed a new subsidiary company, Altaaqa Global. As an IPP partner, Altaaqa Global will provide multi-megawatt temporary power solutions around the world, supported by partnerships within the worldwide Cat® dealer network.
“We have been successfully serving our customers within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia since our inception,” said Fahad Y. Zahid, Executive Vice President of Zahid Group. “In 2004, catering to local needs, we launched Altaaqa Alternative Solutions , which later became the world’s largest fleet owner of Cat Rental Power with over 750MW in its inventory. Through this IPP agreement, our new subsidiary, Altaaqa Global, will enable us to strengthen our position as a leading provider of turnkey temporary power solutions, now at a global level.”
“Zahid Group has demonstrated a proven track record of excellent customer service for more than 60 years,” said Bill Rohner, Vice President of Electric Power at Caterpillar. “Having them as a strategic partner will help expand Caterpillar’s evolving role in the IPP market.”
“Caterpillar’s global presence and Altaaqa Global’s temporary power expertise is a powerful synergy,” said Steven Meyrick, Managing Director of Altaaqa Global. “Bringing power to solutions is what we are offering. Bringing power where it is needed, when it is needed.”
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Based in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Altaaqa Global will provide fast-track and large-scale temporary power solutions from 20MW to 100MW and more, offering gas, diesel or dual fuel technology to various sectors such as oil & gas, power utilities, mining, government services, military, manufacturing and construction. The company aims to serve its customers with engineered solutions tailored to the specific requirements of each industry. Highly experienced Cat power generation consultants along with a specialized power generation team from Altaaqa Global are fully aligned right from the planning phase, ensuring that the technical and logistical aspects of projects are addressed both effectively and efficiently.
For more information, visit www.altaaqaglobal.com/pr or e-mail info@altaaqaglobal.com.
# # #
About Caterpillar
For more than 85 years, Caterpillar Inc. has been making sustainable progress possible and driving positive change on every continent. With 2011 sales and revenues of $60.1 billion, Caterpillar is the world’s leading manufacturer of construction and mining equipment, diesel and natural gas engines, industrial gas turbines and diesel-electric locomotives. The company also is a leading services provider through Caterpillar Financial Services, Caterpillar Remanufacturing Services, Caterpillar Logistics Services and Progress Rail Services.
CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, “Caterpillar Yellow”, the “Power Edge” trade dress, as well as corporate and product identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar and may not be used without permission.
About Zahid Group
Zahid Group represents a diverse range of companies, offering comprehensive, customer-centric solutions in a number of thriving industries. Some of those include construction; mining; oil & gas; agriculture; power, electricity & water generation; material handling; building materials; transportation & logistics; real estate development; travel & tourism; waste management & recycling; and hospitality.
About Altaaqa Global
Altaaqa Global, a subsidiary of Zahid Group, has been selected by Caterpillar Inc. to deliver multi-megawatt turnkey temporary power solutions worldwide. Altaaqa Global is able to provide large-scale turnkey temporary power solutions anytime, anywhere at extremely short notice. Altaaqa Global has state-of-the-art temporary power equipment and focused expertise to quickly deliver power projects of 20MW to 100MW and more.
About Altaaqa Alternative Solutions
Altaaqa is an environmentally responsible provider of electrical power, water and temperature control solutions serving exclusively the dynamic Saudi Arabian market. Operating out of six branches strategically located across the Kingdom, the company focuses on providing added value through fully customizable offerings tailored to specific customer requirements.
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L'intérieur de la mosquée Juma Masjid, construite au 18ème siècle.
De nombreuses colonnes en bois sculpté soutiennent le plafond de la "mosquée du vendredi" Juma Masjid.
Certains piliers sont très anciens, leur style décoratif est caractéristique de Khiva.
Sur la partie inférieure de ce pilier consacré aux religions, on décèle la forme du Bouddha.
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spent the weekend at a workshop for studio lighting for the figure. 12 photographers, 3 models, 3 assistants, 1 instructor, and 2 days worth of images to process.
"Colour Form View Dress"
rapu caluson x mayako nakamura
MODESTE cafe・gallery / Hachioji, Tokyo
2013.08.20-25
www.modeste.info/mayako.rapu.tenji.html
いろ かたち みる まとう
rapu caluson x mayako nakamura
MODESTE cafe・gallery / 八王子
2013.08.20-25
www.modeste.info/mayako.rapu.tenji.html
ワークショップを開催いたします
Exposition
Du 14/06/2017 au 10/09/2017
L’exposition Le Rêve des formes, présentée à l’occasion du vingtième anniversaire du Fresnoy – Studio national des arts contemporains, est conçue comme un paysage imaginaire, un jardin monstrueux où se cultivent des formes périssables et des surfaces en germination, des organismes protubérants et de plates silhouettes.
Les artistes et chercheurs rassemblés dans Le Rêve des formes témoignent de leur rencontre avec de nouvelles possibilités de représentation, issues de découvertes scientifiques et techniques récentes, qui bouleversent notre façon de voir et de montrer. En renouvelant grâce à cela le champ du perceptible – nanotechnologies, imagerie de synthèse, scan 3D, stéréolithographie… –, ces nouvelles visualisations nous laissent présumer de géométries encore inconnues.
Des images, des transcriptions, des modélisations, des formes spéculatives produites par les inventeurs et savants des sciences prospectives, issues des mathématiques, de la physique, de la biologie, de l’optique ou de la chimie par exemple, rejoignent ou inspirent des œuvres qui résultent des greffes opérées entre art et science, entre spéculation et invention, par une vingtaine d’artistes contemporains.
Avec : Francis Alÿs, Hicham Berrada & Sylvain Courrech du Pont & Simon de Dreuille, Michel Blazy, Juliette Bonneviot, Dora Budor, Damien Cadio, Julian Charrière, Sylvie Chartrand, Clément Cogitore, Hugo Deverchère, Bertrand Dezoteux, Mimosa Echard, Alain Fleischer, Fabien Giraud & Raphaël Siboni, Bruno Gironcoli, Spiros Hadjidjanos, Patrick Jouin, Ryoichi Kurokawa, Annick Lesne & Julien Mozziconacci, Adrien Missika, Jean-Luc Moulène, Marie-Jeanne Musiol, Katja Novitskova, Jonathan Pêpe & Thibaut Rostagnat & David Chavalarias, Olivier Perriquet & Jean-Paul Delahaye, Arnaud Petit, Jean-François Peyret & Alain Prochiantz, Gaëtan Robillard, Gwendal Sartre, SMITH & Antonin-Tri Hoang, Anicka Yi
Frontier Airlines began life as Monarch Airlines, formed in 1946 with two Douglas DC-3s to fly local routes in Colorado, from its base in Denver. Over the next four years, Monarch took over two other regional airlines, Challenger Airlines and Arizona Airways, and changed its name to Frontier in 1950.
Frontier soon distinguished itself by serving small cities and towns in the Rocky Mountains region, expanding from Billings, Montana in the north to El Paso, Texas in the south. To replace its aging DC-3s, the Convair 340 was ordered in the late 1950s; to extend the life of these aircraft, they were converted to turboprop power as the Convair 580, for which Frontier was the launch customer and one of the largest operators.
In 1968, Frontier acquired its first jets, Boeing 727s, the same year that it bought out Central Airlines, moving Frontier out of the Rocky Mountain West for the first time. The 727s proved inefficient for the small airports Frontier served, and the fleet standardized on the 737, which was better suited.
Frontier gained a reputation for friendliness and closeness to the airports it served, though by 1970, it was second only to Pan American in number of airports served for an American carrier. It also became the first domestic American airline to hire a female pilot.
Deregulation was to hurt Frontier, beginning in 1980: whereas the airline enjoyed a near monopoly on small Western destinations, many of these small towns were not economically viable for business. In the larger towns, Frontier soon faced competition from Continental, United and smaller startup airlines. An effort to expand service to the US East Coast, Mexico and Canada had mixed results, pitting a regional carrier against the bigger national airlines. Frontier employees voluntarily took pay cuts to keep the airline viable, and were not pleased when Frontier launched Frontier Horizon in 1984. This was an effort to create a low-cost airline associated with Frontier that offered nonstop service to the cities of the East and Midwest—a market already dominated by Delta and United. Frontier Horizon only lasted a year before it was shut down.
By 1985, Frontier was in dire straits. In an effort to save it, Frontier was bought by People Express, who intended to keep it a separate entity concentrated in the West, while People Express served the East. This might have worked, if People Express had itself not been bought by Continental in 1986; Continental was buying out several small airlines, and all of them were absorbed into the parent airline. Frontier shut down operations in September 1986.
Frontier’s story was not yet over, however. Continental, itself facing bankruptcy, shut down its Denver operations in 1993 to save money, leaving many Western destinations without service. A group of former Frontier employees began a new Frontier Airlines, also with Boeing 737s. This Frontier began operations in 1994. It soon became known for each one of its aircraft having a unique animal photograph on the tail, each representing an animal of the American West. Frontier transitioned to an all-Airbus A319/320 fleet by 2001, survived a bankruptcy in 2008 and brief ownership by Republic Airways (at the time, part of US Airways) before once more becoming an independent airline. Frontier continues in operation today
This 727, N1973, was one of Frontier Horizon's seven aircraft. While Frontier Horizon retained Frontier's logo and its red/orange cheatline, it used overall bare metal rather than Frontier's white tops. Originally built for American Airlines in 1964, it went to World Airways after its brief service with Frontier Horizon. Later converted to a freighter, it ended its days in an Angolan scrapyard in 2000. I may have flown in this aircraft from Atlanta to Denver in 1983.
Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles (5 kilometres) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for 407 years becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution in 1539 under the order of Henry VIII.
The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Foundation
After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey, in York, 13 monks were expelled (among them Saint Robert of Newminster) and, after unsuccessful attempts to form a new monastery were taken under the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York. He provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order which since the end of the previous century was a fast-growing reform movement that by the beginning of the 13th century was to have over 500 houses. So it was that in 1135, Fountains became the second Cistercian house in northern England, after Rievaulx. The Fountains monks became subject to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours according to Cistercian usage and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.
Consolidation
After Henry Murdac was elected abbot in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone and roofed in tile had been completed.
In 1146 an angry mob, annoyed at Murdac for his role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert as archbishop of York, attacked the abbey and burnt down all but the church and some surrounding buildings.The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned as abbot in 1147 upon becoming the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office. The next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was ably continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell, under whose rule the abbey gained a reputation for caring for the needy.
The next abbot was William, who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. During the European famine of 1194 Haget ordered the construction of shelters in the vicinity of the abbey and provided daily food rations to the poor enhancing the abbey's reputation for caring for the poor and attracting more grants from wealthy benefactors.
In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203–1211), John of Hessle (1211–1220) and John of Kent (1220–1247). They were burdened with an inordinate amount of administrative duties and increasing demands for money in taxation and levies but managed to complete another massive expansion of the abbey's buildings. This included enlarging the church and building an infirmary.
Difficulties
In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop, and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John le Romeyn in 1294. The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1348–1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.
A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409. Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England and consequently they became increasingly involved in internecine politics. In 1410, following the death of Abbot Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon, Abbot of Meaux, and Roger Frank, a monk of Fountains were locked in conflict until 1415 when Ripon was finally appointed, ruling until his death in 1434. Under abbots John Greenwell (1442–1471), Thomas Swinton (1471–8), John Darnton (1478–95), who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey, including notable work on the church, and Marmaduke Huby (1495–1526) Fountains regained stability and prosperity.
At Abbot Huby's death he was succeeded by William Thirsk who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy and was dismissed as abbot. He was replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences, testified against him and offered the authorities six hundred marks for the post of abbot. In 1539 it was Bradley who surrendered the abbey when its seizure was ordered under Henry VIII at the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The abbey precinct covered 70 acres (28 ha) surrounded by an 11-foot (3.4 m) wall built in the 13th century, some parts of which are visible to the south and west of the abbey. The area consists of three concentric zones cut by the River Skell flowing from west to east across the site. The church and claustral buildings stand at the centre of the precinct north of the Skell, the inner court containing the domestic buildings stretches down to the river and the outer court housing the industrial and agricultural buildings lies on the river's south bank. The early abbey buildings were added to and altered over time, causing deviations from the strict Cistercian type. Outside the walls were the abbey's granges.[citation needed]
The original abbey church was built of wood and "was probably" two stories high; it was, however, quickly replaced in stone. The church was damaged in the attack on the abbey in 1146 and was rebuilt, in a larger scale, on the same site. Building work was completed c.1170.[11] This structure, completed around 1170, was 300 ft (91 m) long and had 11 bays in the side aisles. A lantern tower was added at the crossing of the church in the late 12th century. The presbytery at the eastern end of the church was much altered in the 13th century. The church's greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot John of York, 1203–11, and carried on by his successor terminates, like that of Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220–47. The 160-foot-tall (49 m) tower, which was added not long before the dissolution, by Abbot Huby, 1494–1526, is in an unusual position at the northern end of the north transept and bears Huby's motto 'Soli Deo Honor et Gloria'. The sacristry adjoined the south transept.
The cloister, which had arcading of black marble from Nidderdale and white sandstone, is in the centre of the precinct and to the south of the church. The three-aisled chapter-house and parlour open from the eastern walk of the cloister and the refectory, with the kitchen and buttery attached, are at right angles to its southern walk. Parallel with the western walk is an immense vaulted substructure serving as cellars and store-rooms, which supported the dormitory of the conversi (lay brothers) above. This building extended across the river and at its south-west corner were the latrines, built above the swiftly flowing stream. The monks' dormitory was in its usual position above the chapter-house, to the south of the transept. Peculiarities of this arrangement include the position of the kitchen, between the refectory and calefactory, and of the infirmary above the river to the west, adjoining the guest-houses.
The abbot's house, one of the largest in all of England,is located to the east of the latrine block, where portions of it are suspended on arches over the River Skell.It was built in the mid-twelfth century as a modest single-storey structure, then, from the fourteenth century, underwent extensive expansion and remodelling to end up in the 16th century as a grand dwelling with fine bay windows and grand fireplaces. The great hall was an expansive room 52 by 21 metres (171 by 69 ft).
Among other apartments, for the designation of which see the ground-plan, was a domestic oratory or chapel,
1⁄2-by-23-foot (14 by 7 m), and a kitchen, 50-by-38-foot (15 by 12 m)
Medieval monasteries were sustained by landed estates that were given to them as endowments and from which they derived an income from rents. They were the gifts of the founder and subsequent patrons, but some were purchased from cash revenues. At the outset, the Cistercian order rejected gifts of mills and rents, churches with tithes and feudal manors as they did not accord with their belief in monastic purity, because they involved contact with laymen. When Archbishop Thurstan founded the abbey he gave the community 260 acres (110 ha) of land at Sutton north of the abbey and 200 acres (81 ha) at Herleshowe to provide support while the abbey became established. In the early years the abbey struggled to maintain itself because further gifts were not forthcoming and Thurstan could not help further because the lands he administered were not his own, but part of the diocesan estate. After a few years of impoverished struggle to establish the abbey, the monks were joined by Hugh, a former dean of York Minster, a rich man who brought a considerable fortune as well as furniture and books to start the library.
By 1135 the monks had acquired only another 260 acres (110 ha) at Cayton, given by Eustace fitzJohn of Knaresborough "for the building of the abbey". Shortly after the fire of 1146, the monks had established granges at Sutton, Cayton, Cowton Moor, Warsill, Dacre and Aldburgh all within 6 mi (10 km) of Fountains. In the 1140s the water mill was built on the abbey site making it possible for the grain from the granges to be brought to the abbey for milling.Tannery waste from this time has been excavated on the site.
Further estates were assembled in two phases, between 1140 and 1160 then 1174 and 1175, from piecemeal acquisitions of land. Some of the lands were grants from benefactors but others were purchased from gifts of money to the abbey. Roger de Mowbray granted vast areas of Nidderdale and William de Percy and his tenants granted substantial estates in Craven which included Malham Moor and the fishery in Malham Tarn. After 1203 the abbots consolidated the abbey's lands by renting out more distant areas that the monks could not easily farm themselves, and exchanging and purchasing lands that complemented their existing estates. Fountains' holdings both in Yorkshire and beyond had reached their maximum extent by 1265, when they were an efficient and very profitable estate. Their estates were linked in a network of individual granges which provided staging posts to the most distant ones. They had urban properties in York, Yarm, Grimsby, Scarborough and Boston from which to conduct export and market trading and their other commercial interests included mining, quarrying, iron-smelting, fishing and milling.
The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was a factor that led to a downturn in the prosperity of the abbey in the early fourteenth century. Areas of the north of England as far south as York were looted by the Scots. Then the number of lay-brothers being recruited to the order reduced considerably. The abbey chose to take advantage of the relaxation of the edict on leasing property that had been enacted by the General Chapter of the order in 1208 and leased some of their properties. Others were staffed by hired labour and remained in hand under the supervision of bailiffs. In 1535 Fountains had an interest in 138 vills and the total taxable income of the Fountains estate was £1,115, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in England.
After the Dissolution
The Gresham family crest
The Abbey buildings and over 500 acres (200 ha) of land were sold by the Crown, on 1 October 1540, to Sir Richard Gresham, at the time a Member of Parliament and former Lord Mayor of London, the father of Sir Thomas Gresham. It was Richard Gresham who had supplied Cardinal Wolsey with the tapestries for his new house of Hampton Court and who paid for the Cardinal's funeral.
Gresham sold some of the fabric of the site, stone, timber, lead, as building materials to help to defray the cost of purchase. The site was acquired in 1597 by Sir Stephen Proctor, who used stone from the monastic complex to build Fountains Hall. Between 1627 and 1767 the estate was owned by the Messenger family who sold it to William Aislaby who was responsible for combining it with the Studley Royal Estate.
Burials
Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray
Abbot Marmaduke Huby (d. 1526)
Rose (daughter of Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester), wife of Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy
William II de Percy, 3rd feudal baron of Topcliffe
Becoming a World Heritage Site
The archaeological excavation of the site was begun under the supervision of John Richard Walbran, a Ripon antiquary who, in 1846, had published a paper On the Necessity of clearing out the Conventual Church of Fountains.In 1966 the Abbey was placed in the guardianship of the Department of the Environment and the estate was purchased by the West Riding County Council who transferred ownership to the North Yorkshire County Council in 1974. The National Trust bought the 674-acre (273 ha) Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estate from North Yorkshire County Council in 1983. In 1986 the parkland in which the abbey is situated and the abbey was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was recognised for fulfilling the criteria of being a masterpiece of human creative genius, and an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history. Fountains Abbey is owned by the National Trust and maintained by English Heritage. The trust owns Studley Royal Park, Fountains Hall, to which there is partial public access, and St Mary's Church, designed by William Burges and built around 1873, all of which are significant features of the World Heritage Site.
The Porter's Lodge, which was once the gatehouse to the abbey, houses a modern exhibition area with displays about the history of Fountains Abbey and how the monks lived.
In January 2010, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal became two of the first National Trust properties to be included in Google Street View, using the Google Trike.
Film location
Fountains Abbey was used as a film location by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark for their single "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" during the cold winter of December 1981. In 1980, Hollywood also came to the site to film the final scenes to the film Omen III: The Final Conflict.Other productions filmed on location at the abbey are the films Life at the Top, The Secret Garden, The History Boys, TV series Flambards, A History of Britain, Terry Jones' Medieval Lives, Cathedral, Antiques Roadshow and the game show Treasure Hunt. The BBC Television series 'Gunpowder' (2017) used Fountains Abbey as a location.
D’Leedon Condominium | Singapore
Designed by internationally renowned Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Zaha Hadid, D’Leedon Condominium is shaped into sweeping fluid forms—a style that characterizes the intricate work of one of the greatest Architects of our time.
Having found this vantage point, I was in awe of the masterpiece in front of me and was stoked to have finally immortalized it in a frame.
© Lemjay Lucas
Ceratinas occur world-wide and really have the color/form/sculpturing thing down. They are the definition of crispness and elegance in my book. Expect more to come. This one comes from another worn-torn part of the world, the Crimean peninsula, but, really, bees, the study of natural history, pretty neutral ground that all can appreciate. Haven't figured out the species yet, but this is a big one. From Laurence Packer's Lab.
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All photographs are public domain, feel free to download and use as you wish.
Photography Information: Canon Mark II 5D, Zerene Stacker, Stackshot Sled, 65mm Canon MP-E 1-5X macro lens, Twin Macro Flash in Styrofoam Cooler, F5.0, ISO 100, Shutter Speed 200
The murmuring of bees has ceased;
But murmuring of some
Posterior, prophetic,
Has simultaneous come,--
The lower metres of the year,
When nature's laugh is done,--
The Revelations of the book
Whose Genesis is June.
-Emily Dickinson
Want some Useful Links to the Techniques We Use? Well now here you go Citizen:
Basic USGSBIML set up:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-_yvIsucOY
USGSBIML Photoshopping Technique: Note that we now have added using the burn tool at 50% opacity set to shadows to clean up the halos that bleed into the black background from "hot" color sections of the picture.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bdmx_8zqvN4
PDF of Basic USGSBIML Photography Set Up:
ftp://ftpext.usgs.gov/pub/er/md/laurel/Droege/How%20to%20Take%20MacroPhotographs%20of%20Insects%20BIML%20Lab2.pdf
Google Hangout Demonstration of Techniques:
plus.google.com/events/c5569losvskrv2nu606ltof8odo
or
www.youtube.com/watch?v=4c15neFttoU
Excellent Technical Form on Stacking:
Contact information:
Sam Droege
sdroege@usgs.gov
301 497 5840
London Midland & Scottish Princess Coronation Locomotive 6235 was built in 1939 originally in streamlined form. When built the class were the most powerful passenger locomotives in the World. The labour intensive streamlining was removed in 1946, it passed to ownership of British Railways in 1948 and renumbered 46235.
the loco was withdrawn from traffic in 1964 and after a campaign from enthusiasts was purchased for display for the Birmingham Museum of Science and Industry. This was a wonderful old museum where the loco moved back and fore on a small section of track pulled by an electric motor. In 1997 the loco was moved to the new trendy Thinktank science centre where it is on static display cramped in the corner of the ground floor.
Only 3 Princess Coronation locos still exist "Duchess of Hamilton" and "Duchess of Sutherland" both escaped the cutter's torch as they were bought by Billy Butlin for display at two of his holiday parks. Hamilton later became part of the National Railway Collection at York where it has been retro fitted with the original streamlining.
Kurdish emigres protest Paris murders at Turkish & French embassies : London 11.01.2013
On 11.01.2013 Kurdish emigres in London protested at the Turkish embassy and then marched to the nearby French embassy to protest about the shocking mass murder on 09.01.2013 in Paris of three female Kurdish political activists including PKK co-founder Sakine Cansiz in what French police believe to be an execution a targeted assassination. The bodies of the three women - Brussels-based Kurdistan National Congress’ (KNK) Paris representative Fidan Doan, political activist Leyla Söylemez and Kurdish Worker's Party (PKK) co-founder and Women's Movement organiser Sakine Cansız - were discovered behind several combination-locked doors in the Information Center of Kurdistan in Paris on Wednesday by friends who had been trying since the previous evening to contact the women and who had broken into the centre after discovering bloodstains on the outer doors.
Very shortly after French police were called to the scene (and with what many claim to be suspicious haste), Huseyin Celik, the deputy chairman of Turkey’s ruling party claimed that the murders were the result of “an internal feud” within the PKK. Celik did not offer any evidence to substantiate his assertion, yet also went on to suggest that the slayings were an attempt to derail the peace talks which have been taking place in the notorious high security prison on mralı Island between PKK founder Abdullah Öcalan - sentenced to death for treason against the Turkish state in 1999 but whose sentence was commuted to life imprisonment when Turkey was forced to abolish the death sentence as part of it's application to join the EU - and the Turkish government.
The PKK have waged an often violent war against the Turkish government for the last 34 years as part of their campaign to establish an autonomous Kurdish enclave in South-East Turkey. Kurds make up almost 20% of the Turkish population, yet are forbidden by law to even speak their own language and have suffered greatly under Turkish suppression. Since the insurrection began in 1978 it is estimated that over 40,000 people on both sides have lost their lives in violent actions perpetrated in this conflict, and even though the PKK has been proscribed as a terrorist organisation by the USA, the EU, NATO, Syria and others, the cause of Kurdish nationalism enjoys a huge level of support in the region. Turkish authorities have been concerned about PKK fighters entering Turkey from the autonomous Kurdish enclave in Northern Syria.
Kurdish populations are present in Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran, and have experienced many decades of suppression by their respective states as the Kurds attempt to loosely re-establish their traditional Kurdistan, eradicated during the Ottoman reign, and it is against this long background of armed struggle that has seen large numbers of ethnic Kurds fleeing to Europe to find sanctuary. The Kurdish people I spoke to in Haringey last night said that they no longer feel safe anywhere in Europe after this execution which they lay firmly at the door of what they describe as the "dark, ultra-nationalistic shadow government" operating behind the scenes in Turkey who are violently opposed to any form of settlement or discussion with the Kurds.
Huddled around tables in the large hall adorned with photographs of fallen comrades and a large centrepiece display of their political figurehead, Abdullah Öcalan, the Kurds were subdued and in a measured, reflective mood. During the day it had been established by French police that the women had all been shot in the head through the throat using weapons with suppressors (silncers), and it is initially thought that there was possibly more than one gunman. There was no sign of forced entry to the building, so it seems that they were known to at least one of the women - two of whom were slaughtered as they were organising suitcases for their journeys back to Belgium and Germany.
All photos © 2013 Pete Riches
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BANGABANDHU SHEIKH MUJIBUR RAHMAN
The life of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is the saga of a great leader turning peoplepower into an armed struggle that liberated a nation and created the world’s ninth most populous state. The birth of the sovereign state of Bangladesh in December 1971, after a heroic war of nine months against the Pakistani colonial rule, was the triumph of his faith in the destiny of his people. Sheikh Mujib, endearingly called Bangabandhu or friend of Bangladesh, rose from the people, molded their hopes and aspirations into a dream and staked his life in the long battle for making it real. He was a true democrat, and he employed in his struggle for securing justice and fairplay for the Bengalees only democratic and constitutional weapons until the last moment. It is no accident of history that in an age of military coup d’etat and ‘strong men’, Sheikh Mujib attained power through elections and mass movement and that in an age of decline of democracy he firmly established democracy in one of the least developed countries of Asia.
Sheikh Mujib was born on 17 March 1920 in a middle class family at Tungipara in Gopalganj district. Standing 5 feet 11 inches, he was taller than the average Bengalee. Nothing pleased him more than being close to the masses, knowing their joys and sorrows and being part of their travails and triumphs. He spoke their soft language but in articulating their sentiments his voice was powerful and resonant. He had not been educated abroad, nor did he learn the art of hiding feelings behind sophistry; yet he was loved as much by the urban educated as the common masses of the villages. He inspired the intelligentsia and the working class alike. He did not, however, climb to leadership overnight.
Early Political Life: His political life began as an humble worker while he was still a student. He was fortunate to come in early contact with such towering personalities as Hussain Shaheed Suhrawardy and A K Fazlul Huq, both charismatic Chief Ministers of undivided Bengal. Adolescent Mujib grew up under the gathering gloom of stormy politics as the aging British raj in India was falling apart and the Second World War was violently rocking the continents. He witnessed the ravages of the war and the stark realities of the great famine of 1943 in which about five million people lost their lives. The tragic plight of the people under colonial rule turned young Mujib into a rebel.
This was also the time when he saw the legendary revolutionary Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose challenging the British raj. Also about this time he came to know the works of Bernard Shaw, Karl Marx, Rabindranath Tagore and rebel poet Kazi Nazrul Islam. Soon after the partition of India in 1947 it was felt that the creation of Pakistan with its two wings separated by a physical distance of about 1,200 miles was a geographical monstrosity. The economic, political, cultural and linguistic characters of the two wings were also different. Keeping the two wings together under the forced bonds of a single state structure in the name of religious nationalism would merely result in a rigid political control and economic exploitation of the eastern wing by the all-powerful western wing which controlled the country’s capital and its economic and military might.
Early Movement: In 1948 a movement was initiated to make Bengali one of the state languages of Pakistan. This can be termed the first stirrings of the movement for an independent Bangladesh. The demand for cultural freedom gradually led to the demand for national independence. During that language movement Sheikh Mujib was arrested and sent to jail. During the blood-drenched language movement in 1952 he was again arrested and this time he provided inspiring leadership of the movement from inside the jail.
In 1954 Sheikh Mujib was elected a member of the then East Pakistan Assembly. He joined A K Fazlul Huq’s United Front government as the youngest minister. The ruling clique of Pakistan soon dissolved this government and Shiekh Mujib was once again thrown into prison. In 1955 he was elected a member of the Pakistan Constituent Assembly and was again made a minister when the Awami League formed the provincial government in 1956. Soon after General Ayub Khan staged a military coup in Pakistan in 1958, Sheikh Mujib was arrested once again and a number of cases were instituted against him. He was released after 14 months in prison but was re-arrested in February 1962. In fact, he spent the best part of his youth behind the prison bars.
Supreme Test: March 7, 1971 was a day of supreme test in his life. Nearly two million freedom loving people assembled at the Ramna Race Course Maidan, later renamed Suhrawardy Uddyan, on that day to hear their leader’s command for the battle for liberation. The Pakistani military junta was also waiting to trap him and to shoot down the people on the plea of suppressing a revolt against the state. Sheikh Mujib spoke in a thundering voice but in a masterly well-calculated restrained language. His historic declaration in the meeting was: "Our struggle this time is for freedom. Our struggle this time is for independence." To deny the Pakistani military an excuse for a crackdown, he took care to put forward proposals for a solution of the crisis in a constitutional way and kept the door open for negotiations.
The crackdown, however, did come on March 25 when the junta arrested Sheikh Mujib for the last time and whisked him away to West Pakistan for confinement for the entire duration of the liberation war. In the name of suppressing a rebellion the Pakistani military let loose hell on the unarmed civilians throughout Bangladesh and perpetrated a genocide killing no less than three million men, women and children, raping women in hundreds of thousands and destroying property worth billions of taka. Before their ignominious defeat and surrender they, with the help of their local collaborators, killed a large number of intellectuals, university professors, writers, doctors, journalists, engineers and eminent persons of other professions. In pursuing a scorch-earth policy they virtually destroyed the whole of the country’s infrastructure. But they could not destroy the indomitable spirit of the freedom fighters nor could they silence the thundering voice of the leader. Tape recordings of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib’s 7th March speech kept on inspiring his followers throughout the war.
Return and Reconstruction: Forced by international pressure and the imperatives of its own domestic predicament, Pakistan was obliged to release Sheikh Mujib from its jail soon after the liberation of Bangladesh and on 10 January 1972 the great leader returned to his beloved land and his admiring nation.
But as he saw the plight of the country his heart bled and he knew that there would be no moment of rest for him. Almost the entire nation including about ten million people returning from their refuge in India had to be rehabilitated, the shattered economy needed to be put back on the rail, the infrastructure had to be rebuilt, millions had to be saved from starvation and law and order had to be restored. Simultaneously, a new constitution had to be framed, a new parliament had to be elected and democratic institutions had to be put in place. Any ordinary mortal would break down under the pressure of such formidable tasks that needed to be addressed on top priority basis. Although simple at heart, Sheikh Mujib was a man of cool nerves and of great strength of mind. Under his charismatic leadership the country soon began moving on to the road to progress and the people found their long-cherished hopes and aspirations being gradually realized.
Assassination: But at this critical juncture, his life was cut short by a group of anti-liberation reactionary forces who in a pre-dawn move on 15 August 1975 not only assassinated him but 23 of his family members and close associates. Even his 10 year old son Russel’s life was not spared by the assassins. The only survivors were his two daughters, Sheikh Hasina - now the country’s Prime Minister - and her younger sister Sheikh Rehana, who were then away on a visit to Germany. In killing the father of the Nation, the conspirators ended a most glorious chapter in the history of Bangladesh but they could not end the great leader’s finest legacy- the rejuvenated Bengali nation. In a fitting tribute to his revered memory, the present government has declared August 15 as the national mourning day. On this day every year the people would be paying homage to the memory of a man who became a legend in his won lifetime. Bangabandhu lives in the heart of his people. Bangladesh and Bangabandhu are one and inseparable. Bangladesh was Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman’s vision and he fought and died for it.
My practical experience, some of new leaders of BNP (retired amla) wants to be leader. They want to show something to Khaleda Zia in strike period. Want to be talk of the day as like Sadek Hossain Khoka. Khoka hold liquid tomato pack with him and blasted in due time while police caught him on the streets. Remember people? Shamsher Mobin Choudhury Beer Bikram Freedom fighter, I salute for his contribution, but I enjoyed his acting on strike period with police SI. He want to be arrested then news will be like this “Beer Bikram Shamsher Mobin Choudhury didn’t relief from the police tortured.
Good attitude but no need to do this simple acting for growing the attraction of Khaleda. Next time he will be foreign Minister if BNP comes to the power.
Don Stephen Senanayake (October 20, 1884–22 March 1952) was an independence activist who formed the Sri Lankan United National Party, which demanded independence from Britain. He became the first Prime Minister of what was then Ceylon (later called Sri Lanka) from 1947 to 1952.
Brought up in a devout Buddhist family, he entered a Christian school on his father's orders, and converted to Christianity. An intelligent student, he quickly found work in the Surveyor General's office before working as a supervisor on his father's plantation.
He entered politics at the age of thirty-eight, and in 1931 became Minister of Agriculture and Lands. He combatted Sri Lanka's agricultural problems effectively, and established the LDO, an agricultural policy that countered Sri Lanka's rice problems. This policy earned him respect, and he continued to be a minister for fifteen years. He also enforced "Agricultural Modernisation", which increased production output. However, he resigned in 1946 and fought for Sri Lanka's independence. In only a year he succeeded, and was elected as Sri Lanka's first Prime Minister. He refused a knighthood, but maintained good relations with Britain. He boldly made plans to spread out the population, and his Gal Oya scheme relocated over 250,000 people. His other plans included the increase of hydroelectric power, but he was killed in an unexpected horse-riding accident at the age of sixty-eight.
His son, Dudley Shelton Senanayake (1911–1973), succeeded him as Prime Minister in 1952, followed by another relative, Sir John Kotelawala (1897–1980) in 1953, but this nine-year family dynasty was ended by a landslide victory for Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike in 1956, campaigning under the "Sinhala Only" slogan. Dudley Senanayake regained the Prime Ministership in 1960, and again from 1965 to 1970).
D.S Senanayake is respected by Sinhalese and some muslims. However, Tamils were not happy with his citizenship laws that disenfanchised virtually all Tamils of recent Indian origin living in the central highlands. His bold agricultural plans and pro-Western policies, however, attracted criticism for their modern and untraditional nature. Under his family's leadership, Sri Lanka's economy flourished, and D.S Senanayake holds is still known as "The Father of Sri Lanka". He was however later linked to the Church of Scienttology, and theories exist suggesting that his death was far more sinister than first thought.
Name: Kamen Rider Kuuga (仮面ライダークウガ)
Form: Dragon form
Series: Kamen Rider Kuuga
Official Video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9fEMLIRtnk&t=2s
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Sodom is a German thrash metal band formed in 1981. Original line-up were Tom Angelripper, Chris Witchhunter and Aggressor. Receiving inspiration by bands such as Motörhead and Venom, they released two demos which led to a record deal with Steamhammer. Aggressor left the band shortly before releasing the In the Sign of Evil EP, and was replaced by Grave Violator, who did not last long himself. On the debut album Obsessed by Cruelty he was replaced by Destructor. However, after the release Destructor left the band to join Kreator.
Thereafter their break-through album Persecution Mania was released with yet another guitarist, Frank Blackfire. A live album Mortal Way of Live followed. The next album made Sodom famous; Agent Orange was released in 1989. Since then, Sodom is one of the three big names of German Thrash metal; the others are Kreator and Destruction. Again a new guitarist was to be found as Blackfire also left the band to join Kreator. The replacement was found in Michael Hoffman.
In this line-up the Better Off Dead album was released in 1990. During the South American tour however, Hoffman decided to stay in Brazil and therefore was forced to quit. His replacement was found in Andy Brings and a new album was recorded, titled Tapping the Vein, which was more death metal influenced than before. This proved to be the last album with the drummer Witchhunter who quit because of lack of interest in metal music. Atomic Steif found his way behind the drumkit.
This line-up now, recorded the next album, Get What You Deserve. Out were the death metal influence, in came the hardcore influences. At this time Angelripper also started a solo carreer doing metal impressions of drinking songs, German schlagers and even Xmassy Carols. Another live album was recorded of the tour in support of this album called Marooned - Live.
In the same vein as the previous album, Masquerade in Blood was released in 1995. Again another guitarist was to be found. The new axeman was Sthrahli, but he did not stay very long with the band either; he was fired due to drugs problems. Also Atomic Steif left and again Angelripper needed to search for new members. These were found in the person of Bernemann on guitars and Bobby Schottkowski on drums.
The new album 'Til Death Do Us Unite featured a controversial album cover, depicting the belly a pregnant woman and a beer gut of a man pressing a human skull together. Apparently this line-up has stabilised the band significantly as this still the current line-up. In 1999 Code Red was released and formed a return to the sound of the 1980s thrash metal. A limited edition featured a bonus CD containing a tribute to Sodom album called Homage to the Gods. In the same vein, M-16 was released displaying Sodoms interest in the Vietnam War. The title of course refers to the automatic rifle M16). A tour followed with the other two big German thrash metal bands Kreator and Destruction.
In 2003, a double live album was recorded in Bangkok, titled One Night in Bangkok. In 2006 Sodom released their Album "Sodom" and after the release the band played a lot of shows all over the world.
In 2007 comes "The final Sign of Evil". On this record the original Line up with Chris Witchhunter, Grave Violator and Tom Angelripper acting very old school. In Wacken the band played a really special Set at the Wacken Open Air with Old Members like Andy Brings, Atomic Steif, Grave Violator and a lot of more. This show will be a part of the long waited second Part of the Lords of Depravity DVD.
Drummer Legend Chris Witchhunter died at age of 42 in September 2008. We still miss him!
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The Massed Pipes and Drums of The Edinburgh Military Tattoo, 2006.
BBC highlight video of the Massed Pipes and Drums.
La cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption de Clermont est une cathédrale gothique située à Clermont-Ferrand. Elle a été édifiée à partir de 1248 au centre de la ville de Clermont, la capitale historique de l'Auvergne. Elle a remplacé une cathédrale romane située au même endroit qui elle-même avait été précédée par deux autres sanctuaires chrétiens. Son patronage initial est celui de saint-Vital et saint-Agricol. La majeure partie de la construction actuelle date de la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle, c'est le premier exemple d'utilisation en architecture de la pierre de Volvic. La façade occidentale et d'autres rénovations ont été effectuées par Eugène Viollet-le-Duc au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle.