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fim de tarde avermelhando as pedras...
O Parque Pedra da Cebola possui exemplares de Mata de Restinga e de Mata Atlântica e vegetação rupestre nativa do local, que abrigam pequenos répteis e aves. Dotado de área superior a 100 mil metros quadrados, o parque também conta com jardim oriental e um mirante, com vista para a Praia de Camburi, parte do Maciço Central, o Porto de Tubarão e o Morro do Mestre Álvaro, localizado em Serra.
O parque foi implantado em novembro de 1997, num local onde, até 1978, existiu a Pedreira de Goiabeiras, de propriedade da Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (CVRD). Trata-se da primeira recuperação de área degradada por esse tipo de atividade econômica no município. No ambiente da antiga jazida, uma área plana serve para eventos de pequeno e médio porte e para a prática de atividades esportivas.
O nome do parque deriva de uma grande pedra esculpida pela natureza que repousa sobre outra rocha. Devido a seu comportamento geológico, a pedra se "descama" de maneira similar as palhas de uma cebola.
É um bom lugar para os pais levarem seus pequenos. Lá, existem uma fazendinha, parquinhos, lagos com tartarugas, um campo de futebol, além de um Centro de Educação Ambiental (CEA).
View On Black RAAAAAARRRR!!!!!
Wow. ok,so i made it to 200.
i can only remember about 30 of the pictures i took, i am
thinking that must be a side-effect of this crazy project.
i spent way too much time doing this image.
everything ,the sky ,the buildings, the dirt,the smoke ,was all
done individually and by hand. each building is from downtown Seattle
but, i couldnt get them in one shot, so i took 8 and made my own skyline.
and then i smashed them. SMASH SMASH SMASH.
I need a drink.
This one is an out-take. I tied each glass together with a fishing line near the base. The idea was to pull over all three glasses at the same time (to the right), but when I pulled the line broke, and only the blue glass actually fell over. I kinda like it though. A happy accident.
Lighting Info: 580 EX II on full power camera right shot into an umbrella. SB 26 on full power camera left shot through an umbrella. I used a 3'x3' sheet of black acrylic for the table and some black velvet as the background. The "glasses" are actually plastic. Good thing too, because they ended up crashing to the ground multiple times.
Next time I'm planning to put up two sheets (or white shower curtains) on the sides to act as defusers (instead of using umbrellas). I don't like the reflections of the umbrellas in the sides of the glass.
Post Processing: I cleaned up a lot of small dust specks using the spot healing and clone stamp tools in Photoshop. I also selected the background and painted it black to remove any stray specks and the fishing line.
View large, on black for the full effect.
This launch pedestal is the most striking structure remaining at LC-34. It was built to hold the heft of a Saturn 1 or Saturn 1B rocket - basically the truncated upper stages of the epic Saturn V. Several launches and tests were performed here but this site is best known for the events of January 27, 1967 - the terrible tragedy of Apollo 1. Here three of NASA's brightest astronauts (Gus Grissom, Ed White and Roger Chaffee) were incinerated by a lone spark in their pressurized all-oxygen cabin atmosphere during a dry run.
After one final launch in 1968 the facility was dismantled and the service structures were razed. The remaining concrete pedestal was preserved as a memorial and affixed with two plaques commemorating the memory of the three revered astronauts that lost their lives here.
The plaques read:
LAUNCH COMPLEX 34, Friday, 27 January 1967, 1831 Hours. Dedicated to the living memory of the crew of the Apollo 1: USAF. Lt. Colonel Virgil I. Grissom, USAF. Lt. Colonel Edward H. White, II, U.S.N. Lt. Commander Roger B. Chaffee. They gave their lives in service to their country in the ongoing exploration of humankind's final frontier. Remember them not for how they died but for those ideals for which they lived.
In memory of those who made the ultimate sacrifice so others could reach for the stars; Ad astra per aspera (a rough road leads to the stars); God speed to the crew of Apollo 1
God speed indeed.
In the distance is a United Launch Alliance service structure containing a Boeing Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) at the nearby Launch Complex 37B. This particular Delta IV is a Medium+ (4,2) variant carrying a weather satellite (GEOS-O) for NOAA into geosynchronous orbit and is scheduled to launch on June 26th, 2009 (as of June 6, 2009).
NOTE: Replaced the image with a color-corrected replacement on 03/08/2009. The original was a bit too purple for my liking and, as one of my favorite photos on my entire photostream, it deserved better. :)
Large On Black or even better, in high-res, that really reveals the details :)
Panoramic HDR shot from the St. Andreas church in my hometown Westeremden, The Netherlands.
From a circa 1200 built, dedicated to Saint Andrew, not overarched church only the western part retained after a fire in 1238. After the completed reconstruction and expansion in 1259, the church was a Cross-type church with shallow transverse arms. The major thirteenth-century tower was demolished in 1808: the west wall of the church was then rebuild. The wind indicator added was a horse. The east facade of the church contains saving fields with varying decorative masonry. In the 15th century white chalked vaults and holy figures were provided. The north wall of the church is a damaged presentation of the Last Judgment. The church still has a nice interior with pulpit, screen and banks from the middle of the seventeenth century. (--> partly google translate, yes I'm lazy, if you don't get the translation please let me know).
Van een omstreeks 1200 gebouwde, aan Sint-Andreas gewijde, niet overwelfde kerk bleef na een brand in 1238 het westelijk deel bewaard. Na de in 1259 voltooide herbouw en uitbreiding was een kruiskerk met ondiepe dwarsarmen tot stand gekomen. De forse dertiende-eeuwse, met de kerk verbonden toren is in 1808 afgebroken: de westmuur van de kerk is toen opnieuw opgemetseld en de nok is van een dakruiter voorzien. De windwijzer daarop is een paard. De oostgevel van de kerk bevat spaarvelden met uiteenlopend siermetselwerk. In de vijftiende eeuw zijn de gewelven gewit en van heiligenfiguren voorzien. De noordmuur van het schip draagt een beschadigde voorstelling van het Laatste Oordeel. De kerk bezit een gave inrichting met preekstoel, koorhek en banken uit het midden van de zeventiende eeuw.
Pinhole/Camera Obscura /Lensfree/Loch camera/Lensless / Without Lens/Sténope/Estenopeica/Lyukkamera Photography
Author : IMRE BECSI
© All rights reserved
Location of shoot :
Oberá,
Missiones
Argentina,
South-America
Latitude - 27°29'2.68"S
Longitude - 55° 7'0.86"W
Time of shoot :
30.10.2008.
Info of Shooting :
Film : FUJI FP-100c (expired : 2007-05)
Metered expo.: 13,5 ev
Calculated expo.: 8 sec.
( I use my reciprocity compensation value chart to FUJI color Instant film)
Dev.: 90 sec.
The camera :
Body is a Film Back Adapter Plate from a Polaroid 203 camera
- focus : 33 mm
- pinhole : 0,25 mm (Lenox Laser)
- diaphragm : 132
Film back from my Polaroid 600se camera.
Shutter and Pinhole holder is a "pu(s)h" from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann with filter thread (homemade).
Picture from the camera :
www.flickr.com/photos/jonespointfilm/2837193476/in/set-72...
The parameters of camera :
(when I use 95x73 mm format instant film)
- Angle of view : 119°24'26"
- Light falloff at the corners [f/stops] : 3,6
- Resolution [lines/diagonal] : 887
Post work : (12.12.09)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (1200 dpi)
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
Important note:
This images are copyright protected. No reproduction in any way,
no copies, no editing, no publishing, no screenshots, no posting,
no blogging, no transmitting downloading or uploading
without my written permission!
Thanks for looking !
Comments very much welcome !
Thank you !
oh my goodness ... my poison oak is SO BAD!! It's by far the worst I've ever had - red and angry and raised and swollen and itches and stings and burns and hurts!! it's torturing me!!!! :(
if anyone has any miracle cure I'd love to hear it.
yesterday I read about doing a 4-step program: wash with soap and very hot water and let it dry, put vinegar on it and let it dry, put hydrogen peroxide on it and let it dry, put pure lavender oil on it. repeat every hour and you're supposed to wake up feeling much better. I've done this five times and this morning it's just as bad as ever. I'm freaking out!
help!
Debido a las críticas y recomendaciones decidí editarla y subirla de nuevo. Es la versión 2.0 de Seagulls' Sunset
Espero que les guste.
Due to the critics and recomendations I decided to edit and upload it again. This is the 2.0 version of Seagulls' Sunset
I hope you like it.
Ok, I wound up with three photos today that I really liked, so you're all just going to have to deal with it. And by all means, please tell me which of these is your favorite (and hey--you can even actually "fav" it if you so choose!). Make sure you look at the others here and here.
I took these with the FGR "twinkle twinkle little words" theme in mind. None of them wound up exactly as I'd been intending, but each had its own feel and I wound up really loving these three and just couldn't choose.
We're finally back out at the lake house now. I love visiting with my folks, but I'm glad to be back to our own home now. And oh my god! HUGE day!! Auggie jumped into the water all by himself while we had him out in the inflatable boat. He was way out too! And he swam all the way to shore. So proud of him! Such a big milestone for the dog who was afraid to even walk on the dock when we first got here!
FGR: Twinkle Twinkle, Little Words
TRP: Portrait of an Artist (fyi, my "muse" for purposes of this theme is my wig. It's a ratty mess, but I love it and it always ends up inspiring me and bringing forth some pretty shots)
TOTW: Lighting--obviously today it's twinkle lights and only twinkle lights. :)
(this pic was taken last night on my bed)
Please---->View On Black
Bailey returned to the Vet today. He is in the early stages of kidney insufficiency.
His blood creatinine and sodium levels were elevated.
His white blood cell count was normal, indicating no infection, in his body.. ie bladder/kidneys.
His urine analysis, had blood in the urine, but no bacteria, or crystals. So no infection.
His blood pressure was also elevated today, taking into account the vet "fear factor."
So he was put on 1) Fortekor tablets (benazaprilhydrochloride... 2nd generation angiotensinn converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor) 2.5 mg a day.
If his blood pressure remains high it could further stress/damage his kidneys.
2) an electrolyte solution (chicken flavor! ;) to add to his food 75 cc's a day.
3) KD = Science diet wet food... so we can easily add the electrolyte sol.
We will return in 2 weeks to have hi BP rechecked, and in one month for a recheck of his blood tests.
The vet definitely feels his spraying problem was NOT related to his high blood creatinine. I have all copies of all his labs from last Dec to now. They were all normal even when he was spraying.... with the exception of yesterday's blood work.
TODAY... He seems to be feeling a bit better. I even got him to purr, and he showed some interest in his fave toy.... Cat Prancer toy....(Cardboard thingy on a wire)
He LOVED his wet KD food mixed with the electrolyte sol. and his BP pill.
So this is ALL a plus!!!!! :-))
Again thanks to all my Flickr friends for all the love and support you've shown me and my Bailey Boy.... and Jakey too.
Thanks for all the emails as well. I will try to email you back as soon as I can.
Bailey Boy and me are resting together on my bed now.
I just got a cortisone injection in my left knee, and booked surgery for October. ;-(
What a pair.. LOL.
Thank goodness for "normal" Jake. :-D
Crummock Water lays still, sentries guard her shore from ravages of approaching foe.
Stoic and resolute, soul mates unable, unwilling to run.
Grasmoor and Whiteless Pike stern gatekeepers fight with each foot of altitude, scree
scars their flanks from previous encounters.
Dark topped, piling the front high upon their ridge, soon their fight will be one for
sightless eyes, loud and brash, yet unseen. Hidden in the fog of war.
All seems written, another lost in this eternal struggle, too vast for humankind to
comprehend. Yet hope remains as one by one rays of sunlight break the bonds, save
the day, this day.
We live, we die, and we turn to dust. A mere heartbeat in this story of struggle and loss.
I hesitated to upload this photo to my portfolio at first, but then our introduction to Bonda women would have been incomplete without this. As John Berger points out in Ways of Seeing, 'Nudity is a form of dress', and it remains a form of 'dress' for the Bonda women.
The only short strip of loin cloth Bonda women wear is called ‘Nadi’ or ‘Ringa’. This is a striped and coarse colored cloth tied to the waist thread ‘Thumiya’. It barely covers their lower parts. Using their simplest and indigenous primitive weaving loom, Bonda women weave this cloth themselves.
Unfortunately, I wasn’t able to have a glimpse of Bonda men as they were probably hunting in the woods. So our short introduction to the Bondas ends here without any photos of Bonda men.
Shot in Onukudelli, Orissa, India.
*
*
Una estrella para iluminar la magia de esta noche de tantas ilusiones para los más pequeños. Joya verde y viva que flota en las lagunas de aguas más limpias, quizá reflejo de las estrellas que hoy guiarán el camino de los Reyes Magos hacia el corazón de los niños que los esperan impacientes haciendo con su inocencia promesas de mejora.
Una estrella para iluminar con magia y por qué no, con inocencia también, los sueños y los deseos de los mayores, deseos de salud, de paz y de felicidad.
Micrasterias rotata es un alga que crece en las aguas más limpias de las lagunas, cerca de la cumbre de las montañas, cerca de las estrellas del cielo, es el equilibrio y es la belleza y representa todas esas hermosas ilusiones puestas en esta noche mágica.
…Que se cumplan para todos…
Con especial cariño para todos mis sobrinos y para mis hijos que todavía viven estas ilusiones…y para todos los pequeños.
La fotografía procede de unas muestras recogidas en las inmediaciones de la Laguna de Peñalara y ha sido tomada con 400 aumentos empleando la técnica de campo oscuro.
View On Black---------------------------------------- Clika aquí para ver Mejor
.
.La garza real europea (Ardea cinerea) es una especie de ave pelecaniforme de la familia Ardeidae nativa de Europa y de Asia templada, incluso partes de África. Es residente en zonas templadas pero muchas migran en verano a zonas más frías y en invierno a zonas más cálidas.
Características
Es un ave grande, parada mide 90 a 100 cm de altura, con una envergadura de alas de 1,70 a 2 m y un peso de 1 a 2 kg. Su plumaje es mayormente gris arriba, y algo blanco debajo. Los adultos tienen la cabeza blanca con un copete negro superciliar y una cresta delgada, en los juveniles toda la cabeza es gris. Tiene un pico fuerte rosa-amarillento, brillante cuando adultos. Tiene un vuelo lento, con su largo cuello retraído (forma de S). Cuando extiende su cuello, el pico semeja una cuchara. Esto es característico de las garzas y garcetas, y los distingue de las cigüeñas.
Está muy relacionada y es similar a la garza real americana Ardea herodias, que difiere en ser algo más grande, y pardos sus flancos y finales de ala. La garza de cara blanca australiana Ardea novaehollandiae es a veces incorrectamente llamada "garza real".
Comportamiento
La sp. crece en colonias, en árboles cerca de espejos de agua, o áreas inundables, y aún es capaz de anidar en juncales. Hace un nido compacto de ramitas.
Caza y come en aguas bajas, peces, ranas con su largo y afilado pico. Las garzas son capaces de coger pequeños mamíferos y pájaros. Su dieta también incluye invertebrados acuáticos. Frecuentemente espera que la presa se aquiete para atraparla, o puede lentamente cazar al acecho.
Su llamada es un fuerte graznido "fraaank".
Worklog (French) : www.overclocking-pc.fr/forums/showthread.php?58465-Waterc...
______________________
Configuration :
OS: Windows 10 Pro x64
PSU: Corsair AX1200i
MB: ASUS Rampage IV Black Edition
CPU: Hexacore Intel Core i7 4930K
RAM: 4x4 Go de Ram Corsair Dominator Platinum 2666 CAS 10
GPU: 3way-SLI GeForce GTX TITAN
Sound Card : Asus Essence STX II with 7.1 daugther card
SSD : Crucial MX 100 (512 Go)
HDD:
- WD Vélociraptor (1To)
- WD Green (2To)
- WD (1To)
Case : Phanteks Enthoo Primo
______________________
Watercooling Material :
Waterblock :
-CPU / Motherboard - EK Water Blocks - Kit for Southbridge, Mosfets/VRM & CPU - EK-FB KIT ASUS R5E Monoblock - Nickel / Acetal
-GPU-
- XSPC - WaterBlock VGA Razor TITAN / 780 / 780 Ti
- XSPC Backplate.
Thermal Compound :
- Gelid GC Extreme Thermal Compound
- Phobya thermal Pad XT 7W/mk 1mm
- Phobya thermal Pad XT 7W/mk 0.5mm
Pump :
- 2x Laing DDC 3.25 TP 12 Volts
- XSPC - Top Plexi DOUBLE for 2 Pumps Laing DDC V2
- 2x EK Water Blocks - EK-DDC Heatsink Housing - black
Fitting :
- Nanoxia Coolforce Acrylic Fittings 10/12
- Nanoxia Coolforce flex Fittings 10/13
- Some Barrow Fittings
- Koolance QD3 Quick Disconnect No-Spill Coupling 10/13
Tubing :
- Acrylic Tubing 10/12 [OK]
- Transparent Masterkleer flex Tubing 10/13
Reservoir :
- Alphacool - Reservoir HF 38 Cape Cyclone 250 V.2
Liquide :
- KooLance -High Performances 700mL - LIQ-702CL-B
Radiator :
- Alphacool - Radiateur NexXxoS Monsta 360 [Push/Pull]
- Alphacool - Radiateur NexXxoS UT60 Full Cuivre 360 [Push/Pull]
- Watercool MO-RA3 360 PRO black (3x360mm Rad) [Push]
Rhéobus :
- Lamptron CW611
- Hub Phanteks 11 Fan
- 2x PCB Y Phobya 8 Fan
Fan :
- Aerocool Dead Silence black (120mm & 140mm)
- Aerocool Dead Silence white (120mm)
- Phanteks PH-F140SP white LEDs (140mm)
Controleur :
- AquaComputer - temperature sensor 1/4"
- Barrow flowmeter 1/4"
Please View On Black
The Belle allows about a half dozen paying passengers to ride with the crew on each trip. And she is always booked solid - the entire day.
COMING!
Also went on Sunday, and while we were waiting for the return of the Belle, after she took off with the 'paying customers,' a P-51 Mustang flew over the airport. One of my photos actually captured the pilot and passenger waving at everyone on the ground. Am working my way towards it, so bear with me. Shot a gazillion photos of the Belle this weekend.
Tai O
Lantau Island
Hong Kong
View " Tai O " On Black & Large
Tai O,
Tai O (traditional Chinese: 大澳) is a fishing town, partly located on an island of the same name, on the western side of Lantau Island in Hong Kong.
History
Nearby archaeological sites date back to the Stone Age, but permanent, and verifiable, human settlement here is only three centuries old. Stories that would be impossible to substantiate have Tai O as the base of many smuggling and piracy operations, the inlets of the river providing excellent protection from the weather and a hiding place. In early 16th century, Tai O was once occupied shortly by Portuguese during Battle of Tãmão. At nearby Fan Lau, a fort was built in 1729 to protect shipping on the Pearl River. Smuggling of guns, tobacco, drugs and people remains a documented illegal activity both into and out of mainland China.
When the British came to Hong Kong, Tai O was known as a Tanka village. During and after the Chinese Civil War, Tai O became a primary entrypoint for illegal immigration for those escaping from the People's Republic of China. Some of these immigrants, mostly Han Chinese, stayed in Tai O, and Tai O attracted people from other Hong Kong ethnic groups, including Hoklo (Hokkien) and Hakka.
Reclamation at Tai OCurrently the fishing lifestyle is dying out. While many residents continue to fish, it barely provides a subsistence income. There is a public school on the island and most young people move away when they come of age. In 2000 a large fire broke out destroying many residences. The village is now mostly squatters huts and dilapidated stilt houses.
Tourism
Also known as the "Venice of Hong Kong", Tai O is also a hot tourist spot for both foreigners and residents of other parts of Hong Kong, despite damage by a fire in July 2000. The pang uk, a kind of stilt house, built right over the waterway are still quite scenic. A rope bridge tended by local women used to be quite popular with visitors, but it has been replaced with a steel pedestrian bridge.
The traditional salted fish and shrimp paste and storefronts at Tai O. For a small fee, some residents will take tourists out on their boats along the river and for short jaunts into the sea. Many tourists come to Tai O specifically to take these trips to see Chinese white dolphins. It is also a good place to see the sunset.
_________________________________
Tai O (chinois traditionnel : le 大澳) est une ville de pêche, en partie située sur une île du même nom, du côté occidental de l'île de Lantau à Hong Kong.
Les emplacements archéologiques voisins remontent à l'âge de pierre, mais la vérifiable vie humaine ici est de seulement trois siècles. Les histoires impossibles à verifier ont eu Tai O pour base dans beaucoup d'opérations de contrebande et de piraterie, l'entree du fleuve assurant l'excellente protection contre le temps et une cachette. Au XVIème siècle, Tai O a été par le passé occupé par le Portugais pendant la bataille de Tãmão. Dans le voisinage Fan Lau, un fort a été construit en 1729 pour protéger l'expédition sur le fleuve de perle. La contrebande des pistolets, du tabac, des drogues et des personnes demeure une activité, source documentaire illegale, dans et hors de la Chine continentale.
Quand les Anglais sont venus à Hong Kong, Tai O a été connu comme village de Tanka. Pendant et après la guerre civile chinoise, Tai O est devenu un point d'entrée primaire pour l'immigration illégale pour ceux s'échappant de République populaire de Chine. Certains de ces immigrés, la plupart du temps Chinois de Han, restés dans Tai O, et Tai O ont attiré des personnes d'autres groupes ethniques de Hong Kong, y compris Hoklo (Hokkien) et Hakka.
Récupération à Tai OActuellement le style de vie de pêche s'éteint. Tandis que beaucoup de résidants continuent à pêcher, il fournit à peine un revenu de subsistance. Il y a une école d'Etat sur l'île et la plupart des jeunes s'écartent quand ils en ont l'âge. En 2000 un grand feu a éclaté détruire beaucoup de résidences. Le village est maintenant la plupart du temps des huttes de squatters et des maisons délabrées sur pillotis.
Également connu comme « Venise de Hong Kong », Tai O est également une place touristique importante pour les étrangers et les résidants d'autres parties de Hong Kong, en dépit des dommages par un feu en juillet 2000. La douleur R-U, un genre de maison sur pillotis, établi bien au-dessus de la voie d'eau sont toujours tout à fait scénique. Un pont de corde tendu par les femmes locales était tout à fait populaire avec les visiteurs, mais il a été remplacé par un pont piétonnier en acier.
Les poissons et la pâte et les devanture de magasin salés traditionnels de crevette à Tai O. Pour de petits honoraires, quelques résidants prendront des touristes sur leurs bateaux le long du fleuve et pour des promenades courtes dans la mer. Beaucoup de touristes viennent à Tai O spécifiquement pour prendre ces voyages pour voir des dauphins blanc chinois. C'est également un bon endroit pour voir le coucher du soleil.
________________________________
Camera: Canon EOS 30D
Exposure: 0.001 sec (1/2000)
Aperture: f/4
Focal Length: 17 mm
ISO Speed: 100
Aston Martin was founded in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford. The two had joined forces as Bamford & Martin the previous year to sell cars made by Singer from premises in Callow Street, London where they also serviced GWK and Calthorpe vehicles. Martin raced specials at Aston Hill near Aston Clinton, and the pair decided to make their own vehicles. The first car to be named Aston Martin was created by Martin by fitting a four-cylinder Coventry-Simplex engine to the chassis of a 1908 Isotta-Fraschini.[5] They acquired premises at Henniker Place in Kensington and produced their first car in March 1915. Production could not start because of the outbreak of World War I, and Martin joined the Admiralty and Bamford the Royal Army Service Corps. All machinery was sold to the Sopwith Aviation Company.
Aston Martin Mk II 1935
Aston Martin 2-Litre 2/4-Seater Sports 1937
[edit] Inter war years
After the war the company was refunded at Abingdon Road, Kensington and a new car designed to carry the Aston-Martin name. Bamford left in 1920 and the company was revitalised with funding from Count Louis Zborowski. In 1922, Bamford & Martin produced cars to compete in the French Grand Prix, and the cars set world speed and endurance records at Brooklands. Three works Team Cars with 16 valve twin cam engines were built for racing and record breaking: chassis number 1914, later developed as the Green Pea; chassis number 1915, the Razor Blade record car; and chassis number 1916, later developed as the Halford Special. Approximately 55 cars were built for sale in two configurations, long chassis and short chassis. The company went bankrupt in 1924 and was bought by Lady Charnwood, who put her son John Benson on the board. The company failed again in 1925 and the factory closed in 1926, with Lionel Martin leaving.
Later that year, Bill Renwick, Augustus (Bert) Bertelli and a number of rich investors, including Lady Charnwood, took control of the company and renamed it Aston Martin Motors, and moved it to the former Whitehead Aircraft Limited works in Feltham. Renwick and Bertelli had been in partnership some years and had developed an overhead cam 4 cylinder engine, using Renwick's patented combustion chamber design, and had tested it in an Enfield Allday chassis. It was the only 'Renwick and Bertelli' motor car made. It was known as 'Buzzbox' and survives to this day.
They had planned to sell this engine to motor manufacturers, but having heard that the Aston Martin car was no longer in production they realised that they could capitalise on the reputation of the Aston Martin name (what we would now call the brand) to give themselves a head start in the production of a completely new car.
Between the years 1926 and 1937 Bertelli was the technical director of Aston Martin, and the designer of all subsequent Aston Martin cars during this period, these being known as the 'Bertelli cars'. They included the 1 1/2 litre 'T-type', the 'International, the 'Le Mans, the 'MKII' its racing derivative the 'Ulster, and the 2 litre 15/98 and its racing derivative the 'Speed Model'.
Mostly open two seater sports cars and mostly bodied by Bert Bertelli's brother Enrico (Harry)a small number of long chassis four seater tourers, dropheads and saloons were also produced.
Bertelli was very keen to race his cars and he was a very competent driver. One of the very few motor manufacturers to actually sit in and race the cars he designed and built, the competition no doubt 'improved the breed' and the 'LM' team cars were very successful in national and international motor racing including at Le Mans and the Mille Miglia.
Financial problems reappeared in 1932 and the company was rescued by L. Prideaux Brune who funded it for the following year before passing the company on to Sir Arthur Sutherland. In 1936, the company decided to concentrate on road cars. Car production had always been on a small scale and until the advent of World War II halted work only about 700 had been made. During the war years aircraft components were made.
[edit] The David Brown era
1958 Aston Martin DB Mark III
In 1947, David Brown Limited bought the company under the leadership of managing director Sir David Brown—its "post-war saviour". David Brown also acquired Lagonda that year, and both companies shared resources and workshops. In 1955, David Brown bought the Tickford coachbuilding company and its site at Tickford Street in Newport Pagnell, and that was the beginning of the classic series of cars bearing the initials "DB". In 1950, the company announced the DB2, followed by the racing DB3 in 1957 and the Italian-styled 3.7 L DB4 in 1958. All the cars established a good racing pedigree for the firm, but the DB4 was the key to establishing the company's reputation, which was cemented by the famous DB5 in 1963. The company continued developing the "grand touring" style with the DB6 (1965–70), the DBS, and the DBS V8 (1967–72).
[edit] 1970s - Changing ownership
Despite the cars' appreciation in value, the company was often financially troubled. In 1972, it was sold to a company called Company Developments Ltd., backed by a Birmingham-based consortium, and chaired by chartered accountant and company director William Willson, (MBE).[6] The company was resold in 1975 to North American businessmen Peter Sprague and George Minden. The new owners pushed the company into modernising its line, producing the V8 Vantage in 1977, the convertible Volante in 1978, and the one-off William Towns-styled Bulldog in 1980. Towns also styled the futuristic new Lagonda saloon, based on the V8 model.
In 1980 Aston-Martin had plans, which did not materialize, to buy MG, which they would have utilized as a sister marque, probably building smaller sports cars. Ideas were plotted to design a new model and they revealed to the press their approach to an 'updated' '1981' model MGB.
As worldwide sales of Aston Martin shrank to three per week, chairman Alan Curtis together with fellow shareholders American Peter Sprague and Canadian George Minden, had almost chosen to shut down the production side of the business and concentrate on service and restoration. Curtis attended the 1980 Pace sponsored Stirling Moss benefit day at Brands Hatch, and met fellow Farnham resident Victor Gauntlett.
[edit] 1980s - Victor Gauntlett
Gauntlett bought a 10% stake in Aston Martin for £500,000 via Pace Petroleum in 1980, with Tim Hearley of CH Industrials taking a similar share. Pace and CHI took over as joint 50/50 owners at the beginning of 1981, with Gauntlett as executive chairman. Gauntlett also led the sales team, and after some development and a lot of publicity when it became the world’s fastest 4-seater production car, was able to sell with success the Aston Martin Lagonda into Persian Gulf states, particularly Oman, Kuwait and Qatar.[7]
Understanding it would take some time to develop new Aston Martin products, they bought Tickford to develop automotive products for other companies. Products included a Tickford Austin Metro, a Tickford Ford Capri and even Tickford train interiors, particularly on the Jaguar XJS.[7] Pace continued sponsoring racing events, and now sponsored all Aston Martin Owners Club events, taking a Tickford engined Nimrod Group C car owned by AMOC President Viscount Downe, which came third in the Manufacturers Championship in both 1982 and 1983. It also finished seventh in the 1982 24 Hours of Le Mans race. However, sales of production cars were now at an all time low of 30 cars produced in 1982.[7]
As trading became tighter in the petroleum market, and Aston Martin was requiring more time and money, Gauntlett agreed to sell Hays/Pace to the Kuwait Investment Office in September 1983. As Aston Martin required greater investment, he also agreed to sell his share holding to American importer and Greek shipping tycoon Peter Livanos, who invested via his joint venture company with Nick and John Papanicalou, ALL Inc. Gauntlett remained chairman of the AML company 55% owned by ALL, with Tickford a 50/50 venture between ALL and CHI. The uneasy relationship was ended when ALL exercised options to buy a larger share in AML; CHI's residual shares were exchanged for CHI's complete ownership of Tickford, which retained development of existing Aston Martin projects. In 1984, Titan the main shipping company of the Papanicolaou’s was in trouble, so Livanos's father George bought out the Papanicolaou's shares in ALL, while Gauntlett again became a shareholder with a 25% holding in AML. The deal valued Aston Martin/AML at £2 million, the year it built its 10,000th car.[7]
Although as a result Aston Martin had to make 60 members of the workforce redundant, Gauntlett bought a stake in Italian styling house Zagato, and resurrected its collaboration with Aston Martin.
Aston Martin V8 Vantage from The Living Daylights
In 1986, Gauntlett negotiated the return of fictional British secret agent James Bond to Aston Martin. Cubby Broccoli had chosen to recast the character using actor Timothy Dalton, in an attempt to re-root the Bond-brand back to a more Sean Connery-like feel. Gauntlett supplied his personal pre-production Vantage for use in the filming of "The Living Daylights," and sold a Volante to Broccoli for use at his home in America. Gauntlett turned down the role of a KGB colonel in the film, however: "I would have loved to have done it but really could not afford the time."[8]
Although the company was doing well, Gauntlett knew it needed extra funds to survive in the long term. In May 1987, Gauntlett and Prince Michael of Kent were staying at the home of Contessa Maggi, the wife of the founder of the original Mille Miglia, while watching the revival event. Another house guest was Walter Hayes, vice-President of Ford of Europe. Despite problems over the previous acquisition of AC Cars, Hayes saw the potential of the brand and the discussion resulted in Ford taking a share holding in September 1987.[9] In 1988, having produced some 5,000 cars in 20 years, a revived economy and successful sales of limited edition Vantage, and 52 Volante Zagato coupes at £86,000 each; the company finally retired the ancient V8 and introduced the Virage range - the first new Aston launched in 20 years.
Although Gauntlett was contractually to stay as chairman for two years, his racing interests took Aston back into sports car racing in 1989 with limited European success. However, with engine rule changes for the 1990 season and the launch of the new Aston Martin Volante model, Ford provided the limited supply of Cosworth engines to the Jaguar cars racing team. As the "small Aston" DB7 would require a large engineering input, Ford agreed to take full control of Aston Martin, and Gauntlett handed over the company chairmanship to Hayes in 1991.[10] In 1992, the Vantage version was announced, and the following year the company renewed the DB range by announcing the DB7.
[edit] The Ford era
Ford placed Aston in the Premier Automotive Group, substantially invested in new manufacturing and quickly ramped up production. In 1994, Ford opened a new factory at Banbury Road in Bloxham. In 1995, the company produced a record 700 vehicles. Until the Ford era cars had been produced by hand coachbuilding craft methods, such as the English wheel. In 1998 the 2,000th DB7 was built, and in 2002 the 6,000th, exceeding production of all previous DB models. The DB7 range was boosted by the addition of V12 Vantage models in 1999, and in 2001 the company introduced the V12-engine Vanquish.
At the North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan in 2003, Aston Martin introduced the AMV8 Vantage concept car. Expected to have few changes before its introduction in 2005, the Vantage brought back the classic V8 engine to allow the company to compete in a larger market. 2003 also saw the opening of the Gaydon factory, the first purpose-built factory in Aston Martin's history. Also introduced in 2003 was the DB9 coupé, which replaced the ten-year-old DB7. A convertible version of the DB9, the DB9 Volante, was introduced at the 2004 Detroit Auto Show. In 2006, the V8 Vantage sports car entered production at the Gaydon factory, joining the DB9 and DB9 Volante.
In December 2003 Aston Martin announced it would return to motor racing in 2005. A new division was created, called Aston Martin Racing, which became responsible, together with Prodrive, for the design, development, and management of the DBR9 program. The DBR9 competes in the GT class in sports car races, including the world-famous 24 Hours of Le Mans.
[edit] Sale by Ford
In 2006, under mounting financial pressure, an internal review of costs and realisable value on investment led Ford to consider divesting itself of parts of its Premier Automotive Group. After suggestions of selling Jaguar Cars, Land Rover or Volvo Cars, Ford appointed UBS AG to sell Aston Martin by auction. At the end of August 2006, Ford announced that it would be willing to sell all or part of Aston Martin. Bill Ford said: "As part of our on going strategic review, we have determined that Aston Martin may be an attractive opportunity to raise capital and generate value".[11]
The first round of the auction closed on 30 November 2006.[12] One of the four survivors was Syrian-born billionaire Simon Halabi,[13] while the Australian bid included James Packer, Australia's second richest man.[14] The German auto newspaper Autobild reported on 2 February 2007 that the luxury goods conglomerate LVMH had bought the company for an undisclosed sum. The paper cited "anonymous, but well-placed sources" with the information. It was later reported by Autocar magazine that LVMH had denied the news as "rubbish".
[edit] 2007 - A new era begins
On 12 March 2007 a consortium led by Prodrive chairman David Richards purchased Aston Martin for £475m/$848m.[15] Prodrive has no financial involvement in the deal.[16] Ford will keep a stake in the company (valued at £ 40 million / $ 70 million). The consortium also consisted of John Sinders, an Aston Martin collector; and two Kuwaiti investment companies, Investment Dar and Adeem Investment Co.
On 19 July 2007 the last car, a Vanquish S, was produced at the Newport Pagnell plant. Nearly 13,000 cars had been made there since 1955. All production was concentrated at Gaydon, with the old premises in Tickford Street remaining in Aston Martin ownership as the restoration and service department.[17]
Aston Martin has also boosted its worldwide appeal by opening more dealers in Europe, as well as branches in China for the first time in its 93 year history in Beijing and Shanghai. This has brought their dealership programme to 120 dealers in 28 countries.[18]
On 1 September 2008, Aston Martin announced the revival of the Lagonda marque. A concept will be shown in 2009, coinciding with the brand's 100th anniversary. The first production cars should come in 2012.[19]
In December 2008, Aston Martin announced that it would cut its 1850 workforce by 600.[20]
[edit] 2009 - Return to Le Mans
In January 2009 it was announced that the company was entering the 2009 Le Mans 24 Hours race as a factory team in the prestigious LMP1 division. After competing throughout the 2008 season with a Lola B08/60 LMP1 Coupe under the Charouz Racing banner, Aston Martin will use a slightly modified Lola LMP1 design for their programme. Three Lola-Aston Martins have been entered in the 2009 Le Mans 24 Hours by Aston Martin but only two have been confirmed with sponsorship. Aston Martin will also compete in the complete Le Mans series with the Lola-Aston Martin LMP cars, starting at Barcelona in early April. The programme got off to an unfortunate start at the pre season Paul Ricard test on March 8 when Tomas Enge destroyed the 007 car in an accident. Aston Martin Racing have subsequently taken delivery of a new Lola to replace the written off chassis.
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Ford was launched in a converted factory in 1902 with $31,000 in cash (approximately US$704 thousand, adjusted for inflation) from twelve investors, most notably John and Horace Dodge, who would later found the Dodge Brothers Motor Vehicle Company. Henry Ford was 40 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company, which would go on to become one of the largest and most profitable companies in the world, as well as being one of the few to survive the Great Depression. The largest family-controlled company in the world, the Ford Motor Company has been in continuous family control for over 100 years.
During its early years, the company produced a range of vehicles designated, chronologically, from the Ford Model A (1903) to the Model K and Model S (Ford's last right-hand steering model)[1] of 1907.[2] The K, Ford's first six-cylinder model, was knows as "the gentleman's roadster" and "the silent cyclone", and sold for US$2800 (approximately US$65.4 thousand, adjusted for inflation);[3] by contrast, around that time, the Enger 40 was priced at US$2000,[4] the Colt Runabout US$1500,[5] the high-volume Oldsmobile Runabout[6] US$650, Western's Gale Model A US$500,[7] and the Success hit the amazingly low US$250 (approximately US$5.84 thousand, adjusted for inflation).[8]
The next year, Henry Ford introduced the Model T. Earlier models were produced at a rate of only a few a day at a rented factory on Mack Avenue in Detroit, Michigan, with groups of two or three men working on each car from components made to order by other companies (what would come to be called an "assembled car"). The first Model Ts were built at the Piquette Road Manufacturing Plant, the first company-owned factory. In its first full year of production, 1909, about 18,000 Model Ts were built. As demand for the car grew, the company moved production to the much larger Highland Park Plant, and in 1911, the first year of operation there, 69,762[9] Model Ts were produced, with 170,211 in 1912.[10] By 1913, the company had developed all of the basic techniques of the assembly line and mass production. Ford introduced the world's first moving assembly line that year, which reduced chassis assembly time from 12½ hours in October to 2 hours 40 minutes (and ultimately 1 hour, 33 minutes),[11] and boosted annual output to 202,667 units that year[12] After a Ford ad promised profit-sharing if sales hit 300,000 between August 1914 and August 1915,[13] sales in 1914 hit 308,162, and 501,462 in 1915;[14] by 1920, production would exceed one million a year.
These innovations were hard on employees, and turnover of workers was very high, while increased productivity actually reduced labor demand.[15] Turnover meant delays and extra costs of training, and use of slow workers. In January 1914, Ford solved the employee turnover problem by doubling pay to $5 a day, cutting shifts from nine hours to an eight hour day for a 5 day work week (which also increased sales; a line worker could buy a T with less than four months' pay),[16] and instituting hiring practices that identified the best workers, including disabled people considered unemployable by other firms.[17] Employee turnover plunged, productivity soared, and with it, the cost per vehicle plummeted. Ford cut prices again and again and invented the system of franchised dealers who were loyal to his brand name. Wall Street had criticized Ford's generous labor practices when he began paying workers enough to buy the products they made.[18]
Ford assembly line (1913)
While Ford attained international status in 1904 with the founding of Ford of Canada, it was in 1911 the company began to rapidly expand overseas, with the opening of assembly plants in England and France, followed by Denmark (1923), Germany (1925), Austria (1925),[19] and Argentina (1925),[20] and also in South Africa (1924)[21] and Australia (1925) as subsidiaries of Ford of Canada due to preferential tariff rules for Commonwealth countries. By the end of 1919, Ford was producing 50 percent of all cars in the United States, and 40% of all British ones;[22] by 1920, half of all cars in the U.S. were Model Ts. (The low price also killed the cyclecar in the U.S.)[23] The assembly line transformed the industry; soon, companies without it risked bankruptcy. Of 200 U.S. car makers in 1920, only 17 were left in 1940.[24]
It also transformed technology. Henry Ford is reported to have said, "Any customer can have a car painted any color that he wants so long as it is black." Before the assembly line, Ts had been available in a variety of colors, including red, blue, and green, but not black. Now, paint had become a production bottleneck; only Japan Black dried quickly enough, and not until Duco lacquer appeared in 1926 would other colors reappear on the T.[25]
In 1915, Henry Ford went on a peace mission to Europe aboard a ship, joining other pacifists in efforts to stop World War I. This led to an increase in his personal popularity. Ford would subsequently go on to support the war effort with the Model T becoming the underpinnings for Allied military vehicles.
[edit] History of the blue oval
The Ford oval trademark was first introduced in 1907. The 1928 Model A was the first vehicle to sport an early version of the Ford script in the oval badge. The dark blue background of the oval is known to designers as Pantone 294C. The Ford script is credited to Childe Harold Wills, Ford's first chief engineer and designer. He created a script in 1903 based on the one he used for his business cards. Today, the oval has evolved into a perfect oval with a width-to-height ratio of 8:3. The current Centennial Oval was introduced on June 17, 2003 as part of the 100th anniversary of Ford Motor Company.[26]
[edit] Post-World War I developments
In 1919, Edsel Ford succeeded his father as president of the company, although Henry still kept a hand in management. Although prices were kept low through highly efficient engineering, the company used an old-fashioned personalized management system, and neglected consumer demand for improved vehicles. So, while four wheel brakes were invented by Arrol-Johnson (and were used on the 1909 Argyll),[27] they did not appear on a Ford until 1927. (To be fair, Chevrolet waited until 1928.)[28] Ford steadily lost market share to GM and Chrysler, as these and other domestic and foreign competitors began offering fresher automobiles with more innovative features and luxury options. GM had a range of models from relatively cheap to luxury, tapping all price points in the spectrum, while less wealthy people purchased used Model Ts. The competitors also opened up new markets by extending credit for purchases, so consumers could buy these expensive automobiles with monthly payments. Ford initially resisted this approach, insisting such debts would ultimately hurt the consumer and the general economy. Ford eventually relented and started offering the same terms in December 1927, when Ford unveiled the redesigned Model A, and retired the Model T after producing 15 million units.
[edit] Lincoln Motor Company
On February 4, 1922 Ford expanded its reach into the luxury auto market through its acquisition of the Lincoln Motor Company, named for Abraham Lincoln whom Henry Ford admired, but Henry M. Leland had named the company in 1917. The Mercury division was established in 1938 to serve the mid-price auto market.[29] Ford Motor Company built the largest museum of American History in 1928, The Henry Ford.
Henry Ford would go on to acquire Abraham Lincoln's chair, which he was assassinated in, from the owners of the Ford Theatre. Abraham Lincoln's chair would be displayed along with John F. Kennedy's Lincoln limousine in the Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village in Dearborn, known today as The Henry Ford. Kennedy's limousine was leased to the White House by Ford.
[edit] Fordlândia
Main article: Fordlândia
In 1928, Henry Ford negotiated a deal with the government of Brazil for a plot of land in the Amazon Rainforest. There, Ford attempted to cultivate rubber for use in the company's automobiles. After considerable labor unrest, social experimentation, and a failure to produce rubber, and after the invention of synthetic rubber, the settlement was sold in 1945 and abandoned.
[edit] The Great Depression
During the great depression, Ford in common with other manufacturers, responded to the collapse in motor sales by reducing the scale of their operations and laying off workers. By 1932, the unemployment rate in Detroit had risen to 30%[30] with thousands of families facing real hardship. Although Ford did assist a small number of distressed families with loans and parcels of land to work, the majority of the thousands of unskilled workers who were laid off were left to cope on their own. However, Henry Ford angered many by making public statements that the unemployed should do more to find work for themselves.
This led to Detroit’s Unemployed Council organizing the Ford Hunger March. On March 7, 1932 some 3,000 - 5,000 unemployed workers assembled in West Detroit to march on Ford's River Rouge plant to deliver a petition demanding more support. As the march moved up Miller Road and approached Gate 3 the protest turned ugly. The police fired tear gas into the crowd and fire trucks were used to soak the protesters with icy water. When the protesters responded by throwing rocks, the violence escalated rapidly and culminated in the police and plant security guards firing live rounds through the gates of the plant at the unarmed protesters. Four men were killed outright and a fifth died later in hospital. Up to 60 more were seriously injured.[31]
[edit] Soviet Fords and the Gorki
In May 1929 the Soviet Union signed an agreement with the Ford Motor Company. Under its terms, the Soviets agreed to purchase $13 million worth of automobiles and parts, while Ford agreed to give technical assistance until 1938 to construct an integrated automobile-manufacturing plant at Nizhny Novgorod. Many American engineers and skilled auto workers moved to the Soviet Union to work on the plant and its production lines, which was named Gorkovsky Avtomobilny Zavod (GAZ), or Gorki Automotive Plant in 1932. A few American workers stayed on after the plant's completion, and eventually became victims of Stalin's Great Terror, either shot[32] or exiled to Soviet gulags.[33] In 1933, the Soviets completed construction on a production line for the Ford Model-A passenger car, called the GAZ-A, and a light truck, the GAZ-AA. Both these Ford models were immediately adopted for military use. By the late 1930s production at Gorki was 80,000-90,000 "Russian Ford" vehicles per year. With its original Ford-designed vehicles supplemented by imports and domestic copies of imported equipment, the Gorki operations eventually produced a range of automobiles, trucks, and military vehicles.
[edit] World War II
President Franklin Roosevelt referred to Detroit as the "Arsenal of Democracy." The Ford Motor Company played a pivotal role in the allied victory during World War I and World War II. As a pacifist, Henry Ford had said war was a waste of time, and did not want to profit from it. He was concerned the Nazis during the 1930s might nationalize his factories in Germany. During the Great Depression Ford's wages may have seemed great to his employees but many of the rules of the factories were very harsh and strict. Those were tense times for American companies doing business in Europe. In the spring of 1939, the Nazis assumed day to day control of Ford factories in Germany.
With Europe under siege, Henry Ford's genius would be turned to mass production for the war effort. After Bantam invented the Jeep, the War Department handed production over to Ford and Willys. When Consolidated Aircraft could at most build one B-24 Liberator a day, Ford would show the world how to produce one an hour, at a peak of 600 per month in 24 hour shifts. The specially-designed Willow Run plant broke ground in April 1941. At the time, it was the largest assembly line in the world, with over 3,500,000 square feet (330,000 m2) under one roof. Edsel Ford, under severe stress, died in the Spring of 1943 of stomach cancer, prompting his grieving father to resume day-to-day control of Ford. Mass production of the B-24 began by August 1943. Many pilots slept on cots waiting for takeoff as B-24s rolled off the line.[34]
In the United Kingdom, Ford built a new factory in Trafford Park, Manchester during WW2 where over 34,000 Rolls-Royce Merlin aero engines were completed by a workforce trained from scratch.
[edit] Post-World War II developments
At the behest of Edsel Ford's widow Eleanor and Henry's wife Clara, Henry Ford would make his oldest grandson, Henry Ford II, President of Ford Motor Company.
A Ford Taurus, one of Ford's best-selling models. In its 21 year lifespan, it sold 7,000,000 units. It is the 4th best selling car in Ford's history, behind only the F-150, the Model T, and the Mustang.
Henry Ford II served as President from 1945–1960, and as Chairman and CEO from 1960–1980. "Hank the Deuce" led Ford to become a publicly traded corporation in 1956. However, the Ford family maintains about 40 percent controlling interest in the company, through a series of Special Class B preferred stocks.
In 1947, Henry Ford died. According to A&E Biography, an estimated 7 million people mourned his death.
Ernest R. Breech was hired in 1946 and became the Executive Vice President. Then later became Board Chairman in 1955.
In 1946, Robert McNamara joined Ford Motor Company as manager of planning and financial analysis. He advanced rapidly through a series of top-level management positions to the presidency of Ford on 9 November 1960, one day after John F. Kennedy's election. The first company head selected outside the Ford family, McNamara had gained the favor of Henry Ford II, and had aided in Ford's expansion and success in the postwar period. Less than five weeks after becoming president at Ford, he accepted Kennedy's invitation to join his cabinet, as Secretary of Defense.
In the 1950s, Ford introduced the iconic Thunderbird in 1955 and the Edsel brand automobile line in 1958. Edsel was cancelled after less than 27 months in the marketplace in November 1960. The corporation bounced back from the failure of the Edsel by introducing its compact Ford Falcon in 1960 and the Mustang in 1964. By 1967, Ford of Europe was established.
Lee Iacocca was involved with the design of several successful Ford automobiles, most notably the Ford Mustang. He was also the "moving force," as one court put it, behind the notorious Ford Pinto. He promoted other ideas which did not reach the marketplace as Ford products. Eventually, he became the president of the Ford Motor Company, but he clashed with Henry Ford II and ultimately, on July 13, 1978, he was famously fired by Henry II, despite Ford posting a $2.2 billion dollar profit for the year. In 1979 Philip Caldwell became Chairman, succeeded in 1985 by Donald Petersen.
Harold Poling served as Chairman and CEO from 1990-1993. Alex Trotman was Chairman and CEO from 1993-1998, and Jacques Nasser served at the helm from 1999-2001. Henry Ford's great-grandson, William Clay Ford Jr., is the company's current Chairman of the Board and was CEO until September 5, 2006, when he named Alan Mulally from Boeing as his successor. As of 2006, the Ford family owns about 5 percent of Ford's shares and controls about 40 percent of the voting power through a separate class of stock.[35]
In December 2006, Ford announced that it would mortgage all assets, including factories and equipment, office property, intellectual property (patents and trademarks), and its stakes in subsidiaries, to raise $23.4 billion in cash. The secured credit line is expected to finance product development during the restructuring through 2009, as the company expects to burn through $17 billion in cash before turning a profit. The action was unprecedented in the company's 103 year history.
Ahora en Biodiversidad virtual y hace poco en El País -en pdf- gracias a Elisabet Sans. También en la web de la Fundación Biodiversidad
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Si ayer Netrium interruptum era el alga cebra , hoy el alga estrella Micrasterias , se asoma por la ventana de esta galería. Es posible, eso sí, que Micrasterias truncata sea una de las menos estrelladas junto con M. oscitans dentro de este grupo de pequeñas joyas que son los désmidos, pero eso apenas importa, pues todas ellas conservan su hermosura, desde que comienzan a formarse hasta que su alma verde se desvanece.
La mayoría de las especies hermanas del género Micrasterias viven en lagunas de aguas ácidas o en turberas y son extremadamente sensibles a la contaminación. La lluvia ácida y la presencia de diferentes compuestos químicos en el agua ha hecho que muchas de ellas hayan desaparecido en el norte y centro de Europa. Por fortuna, las lagunas de montaña, alejadas de fuentes de contaminación, atesoran todavía una gran variedad de estos organismos que se recortan como pequeños soles verdes entre las gotas de agua de las lagunas de montaña.
Micrasterias truncata es una de las especies de menor tamaño dentro del grupo y sus extremos casi planos y sin apenas dientes son características particulares a las que se debe el nombre específico de esta alga.
Hoy Micrasterias está a punto de completar su desarrollo después de haberse dividido. Son dos estrellas gemelas que flotan unidas hombro con hombro, no se independizarán hasta haber finalizado completamente su crecimiento. De momento seguirán así, juntas, ayudándose mutuamente para poder flotar, equilibradamente, este equilibrio de la simetría es una constante en su vida, sin él, posiblemente no habría estrellas.
Micrasterias truncata parece que no quiere despegarse de su alma gemela, necesitará todavía un tiempo madurar, cuando sus dos mitades pequeñas igualen a las grandes se harán independientes y brillarán en el firmamento de agua de las lagunas.
Micrasterias truncataha venido junto con otras estrellas desde la Laguna de Cebollera, en la vertiente soriana de dicha sierra, cerca de Molinos de Razón, para mostrarse aquí fotografiada a 400 aumentos con la técnica de campo oscuro.
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☁ la nube negra de una justicia pervertida en nuestro país, movida por la envidia y la venganza, permanecerá aquí, hasta que soplen los vientos limpios que todos necesitamos. La Justicia es uno de los cimientos necesarios para la Paz. Desde aquí todo nuestro apoyo al Juez Baltasar Garzón -el buen Juez de Saramago- y a las personas de buena voluntad como él que trabajan por la Justicia.
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Navidad. Para algunos, una fiesta, una celebración, reunión con familia, cenas con amigos, compañeros de trabajo, fechas de engordar unos cuantos kilos, de paseos por la plaza Mayor...
Para otros, una acentuación de la soledad que sufren, de la marginación por no cumplir los requisitos necesarios para pertenecer a la sociedad consumista.
Cuántos pasaremos por delante de personas así, con nuestras bolsas de regalos y de langostinos, a nuestra casita calentita...
Sí, es cierto; nuestro trabajo nos cuesta mantener ese estatus, esas comodidades.
Pero no es menos cierto que algunos no tienen la oportunidad siquiera de poder intentarlo, pues necesitas una plataforma desde la que impulsarte, como por ejemplo la casa de tus padres.
En la utopía de un mundo ideal, nada podríamos celebrar sabiendo que todo ésto sigue sin solución.
Sí, yo cenaré en una casa calentita, con mi familia, incluso viajando fuera de España una semana, a conocer Londres. Todo un lujo impensable para estas personas, que se conformarían con la mitad de la mitad...
Pero soy consciente de todo ésto, y aunque en parte podría tener la conciencia más o menos tranquila, por diferentes cosas que hago por ayudar, no la acabo de tener del todo, porque de manera individual no se consigue demasiado, así que aprovecho para pedir que si os cruzáis con alguna de estas personas, ayudéis un pelín, con lo que sea.
Y con lo que sea, me referiero a "con lo que sea", porque una vez me comentó una de estas personas que lo que peor llevaba al principio ( antes de que todo le diese igual ), era que la gente no se dignara ni a mirarle, y una sonrisa ni te cuento, era pedir demasiado.
El dinero soluciona muchas cosas, pero no todo. hacerle sentir a alguien que no está solo, y que no es invisible, yo he descubierto que se agradece infinitamente más que unos euros.
Pero unos euros también valen, eh?
Vaya mundo, en el que si no tienes nada, no eres nada.
Así de tremendo es;
"Si no tienes nada, no eres nada"
Manda cojones.
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Proof that you don't have to go far from home to get a shot!
I drive past this park almost every day... it is right on a busy highway with another on the left. I've been waiting for weeks for the leaves to turn colour.
Finally, over the past couple of days I have noticed the wonderful carpet of autumn leaves as the trees catch up with the season. With gale force winds and rain forecast, I knew the carpet would be gone soon enough. So, less than a kilometre from home and I managed to get in before the winds got too strong and, after waiting for the light for an hour, my patience was rewarded when the grey sky lifted for a while and the sun danced across the golden carpet of leaves.
La Habana Vieja - Cuba
“I fanciulli gridando,
su la piazzola in frotta,
e qua e là saltando,
fanno un lieto rumore”
da “Il Sabato del villaggio” di Giacomo Leopardi
E’ una soleggiata Domenica di Pasqua all’Avana, passeggio per il centro quando vengo colto da una musica in lontananza. Pian piano questa si fa sempre più vicina: sono un gruppo di trampolieri mascherati e musicisti che improvvisano armonie dal ritmo latino-americano… con sé una folla di gente che balla e che aumenta, metro dopo metro, al loro passaggio. Unitomi alla “processione” mi accorgo di essere entrato in un altro mondo, come “Alice nel Paese delle Meraviglie” noto persone tutte colorate che ridono, ballano, mi sorridono e mi fanno cenno di immergermi in quel baccanale, come ci fossero barriere invisibili tra lì e la calma del pomeriggio in città. Tra tutti, la prima persona che noto è il bimbo sulla foto, che correndo da un capo all’altro della folla, insieme ad altri compagni, si gode il suo “di’ di festa”.
Bit more of a close up of the fort at Port Sultan Qaboos.. (Mutrah part of Muscat in Oman)
From AI -
The forts surrounding Port Sultan Qaboos in Muscat, Oman, primarily Al-Jalali and Al-Mirani, were built by the Portuguese in the late 16th century to defend the strategic harbor. They were constructed following an Ottoman raid on the city, aiming to secure Portuguese rule. Al-Jalali, also known as Ash Sharqiya fort, sits on rocks overlooking the harbor and was formerly used as a prison before being restored into a museum, according to KLM United Kingdom. Mutrah Fort, located in the harbor area, was built by the Portuguese in the 1580s and served as a defensive structure against the Ottoman army.
Hilo de la Fotohistoria en Pullip .es: Naruto VS Sasuke
(Read in order, this is: SHOT/FOTO 01 of 23) PAG: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23.
FOTOHISTORY: In English / En Español
Naruto: It's true!!! Why you never trust me? T^T
Sakura: That's what you won with sweat and effort since the day Sheryl finished you. You really came out like the real character... ¬¬ You better shut up or I'll kick your ass.
Sasuke: XDDDDDDDDD (Eat that! XDDD)
/
Naruto: Es verdad!!! Por qué nunca me crees? T^T
Sakura: Es lo que te has ganado con esfuerzo y sudor desde el día que te acabó Sheryl. Desde luego has salido fiel al personaje... ¬¬ Más te vale estarte callado o te daré una patada en el culo.
Sasuke: XDDDDDDDDD (Chupate esa! XDDD)
LINKS:
- Las FOTOHISTORIAS de Sheryl en el Foro de Pullips: Pullip .es
- Sheryl Photostories at Flickr
- Hilo de Naruto en Grupo en el Foro: miPullip
- See more photos at: Renske‘s Flickr
This was taken in a butterfly house. Where are the butterflies in Britain?
"Wildlife experts have ...warned that butterfly numbers could reach their lowest ever summer levels because of the effects of two washout summers in a row."
It's official. The UK experiences the least amount of sunshine during August since records began and temperatures only once breaking through the 70°F gauge.
Torre de la Vela - La Alhambra, Granada (Spain).
The last shot of The Alhambra / La última foto de La Alhambra.
ENGLISH
The ground plan of the Watch Tower (Torre de la Vela) is of 16 meters x 16 meters and its elevation is of 26,80 meters. It has a solid base and four floors with arches supported by pillars. During some time this tower was used as a dwelling, so it was modified. On the second floor there were merlons until the 16th century. In 1840 the current bell was put on the western façade and it had to be rebuilt in 1882 because a bolt of lightning damaged it.
The bell is an important element of this tower. Its chime used to indicate the farmers of the Vega, the meadow of the valley, the hours when they had to water the fields at night. The bell started striking at 8 or 9.30 p. m. and it kept doing so at different intervals with different chimes until 3 or 4 a. m., depending on the season. This bell was also used to call the inhabitants of Granada in case of danger. Nowadays, it is only on January 2nd that the Watch Tower and its bell are in the minds of all the inhabitants of the city. That was the date when the Catholic Monarchs took the city and the tradition says that every young woman who is still single and who strikes the bell, will get married before the end of the year.
The view from the top of the tower is marvellous, as it is possible to enjoy at the same time, the city of Granada, the Sierra Nevada, the Vega and the villages of the surroundings.
Source: www.alhambradegranada.org/historia/alhambratvela_en.asp
---------------------------
CASTELLANO
La planta de la Torre de la Vela mide 16 metros de lado y 26,80 metros de alto. La base es maciza y tiene cuatro pisos con arcos apeados por pilares. Durante algún tiempo, esta torre se convirtió en vivienda, por lo que su aspecto ha cambiado con respecto al que tuvo en sus orígenes. En el segundo piso tuvo almenas hasta el siglo XVI. La ubicación actual de la campana en la fachada occidental es de 1840 y tuvo que ser reconstruída posteriormente debido a la caida de un rayo en 1882.
La campana es la gran protagonista de esta torre. Antiguamente, su toque servía como reloj nocturno a los agricultores de la Vega para regar sus campos. Comenzaba a sonar de 8 a 9:30 de la noche, y seguía sonando a distintos intervalos y con distintos toques hasta las 3 o las 4 de la mañana, según la estación del año. Esta campana también ha servido para llamar a los granadinos en caso de peligro. Hoy en día, es el día 2 de enero de cada año cuando la torre de la Vela y su campana recuperan el protagonismo que tuvo antaño. En conmemoración de la fecha en la que los Reyes Católicos tomaron Granada, existe una tradición por la cual todas las muchachas solteras de la ciudad que hagan sonar la campana el 2 de enero de cada año, contraerán matrimonio antes de que termine el año.
El paisaje que podemos observar desde la torre es maravilloso, ya que es posible disfrutar de un solo vistazo de una panorámica de la ciudad, Sierra Nevada, la vega y los pueblos de los alrededores.
Fuente: www.alhambradegranada.org/historia/alhambraTVela.asp
Please View On Black and/or View On White
Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Archilochus colubris)
The Ruby-throated Hummingbird is by far the most common species that breeds in the eastern half of North America, although most states have sporadic Rufous sightings, and Bob and Martha Sargent have banded eight other hummingbird species as winter visitors to five southeastern states. Ruby-throats are intensely inquisitive and thus easily attracted to feeders, where males in particular typically display aggressive territoriality toward rival hummers, other birds, and even insects such as bees, butterflies, and sphinx moths. They quickly become accustomed to human presence, and will swoop down to investigate red articles of clothing, possibly as potential food sources. Feeders hung at windows attract as many visitors as ones farther from structures, and the bird that claims a feeder as its territory may spend much of the day perched nearby, guarding the food source against intruders. Many hummingbird watchers find "Hummer Warz" endlessly entertaining, although the chases are obviously serious business to the hungry birds. For a short period immediately after fledging, a female will tolerate the presence of her own young at the feeder, but they are soon treated the same as other adult birds - as rivals in pursuit of the food necessary to prepare for the fall migration.
Courtship is apparently very brief, if it exists at all, and once mated the female raises the young alone. The walnut-sized nest, built by the female, is constructed on a foundation of bud scales attached to a tree limb with spider silk; lichens camouflage the outside, and the inside is lined with dandelion, cattail, or thistle down. The nest will stretch to contain the growing nestlings, and may sometimes be reused (rebuilt) the following year.
Two white, pea-sized eggs are laid two or three days apart, which the female will incubate from 60 to 80 percent of the day for 12-16 days. Reports of the duration of the nestling phase vary from 14 to 31 days, the wide range possibly varying with the availability of food; 18-23 days is normal. when they leave the nest, the chicks are considerably larger than their mothers: they may weigh 4.5 grams, while poor Mom is down to only 2.5 g after the stress of raising them. Since the mother starts incubating the first egg as soon as it's laid, that chick will hatch and fledge earlier than its sibling; it will remain close to the nest until the other chick is ready to fly. After leaving the nest, fledglings are fed by their mother for about 10 days. It is thought that Ruby-throats live as long as 12 years, but the average is probably 3-5 years.
Physical Description
Average length: 3.5 inches (8.9 cm)
Average weight: 1/8 ounce (3.1 g)
Body temperature: 105°-108°F (40.5°-42.2°C)
Wing beats: 40-80 per second, average about 52
Respiration: 250 per minute
Heart rate: 250 beats/min resting; 1200 beats/min feeding
Flight speed: 30 mph (48 kph) normal; 50 mph (80 kph) escape; 63 mph (101 kph) dive
Plumage
Adult male: Emerald green back, iridescent ruby red gorget (throat) that may appear black under some lighting conditions, gray flanks, forked tail with no white. Smaller than the female.
Adult female: Emerald green back, white breast and throat, rounded tail with white tips. Larger than the male, with longer bill.
Juveniles: Young of both sexes look like the adult female. In August and September, young males may develop some red spots in the gorget.
Molts: One complete molt per year, which may start during the fall migration and continue into March. Young males acquire full ruby gorgets during their first molt.
Gender identification is simple if the light is right: the brilliant red gorget of the male is unmistakable. More commonly, though, the shape and presence of white on the tail is a more reliable field mark.
Distribution and Migration
Ruby-throats breed throughout eastern to midwestern North America, from southern Canada to the Gulf of Mexico. Most winter in Mexico, Central America, and on Caribbean islands, although a few remain in the Gulf states and the Outer Banks of North Carolina. Most researchers accept a remarkable non-stop crossing of the Gulf, taking 18-20 hours. They arrive at the coast in late February or early March, and follow the development of spring flowers northward, reaching my home in Morganfield, Kentucky on April 20 +/- 2 days. Males migrate earlier than females, in both directions; some adult males start south as early as JUly. Our female breeding birds leave here (Morganfield, Kentucky) in September, with the young of the year following; the last juveniles depart abruptly at first frost (mid-October). By mid-November the fall migration is essentially completed throughout North America.
Hilo de la Fotohistoria en Pullip .es: AFTER THE CONCERT (6 of 9): Shin and Near /
DESPUÉS DEL CONCIERTO (6 de 9): Shin y Near
(Read in order, this is: SHOT/FOTO 100 of 184) PAG: 01, 02, 03, 04, 05, 06, 07, 08, 09, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107,108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 153, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 182, 183, 184.
FOTOSTORY: In English / En Español
Shin: O_O (What's going on?)
/
Shin: O_O (Que pasa?)
LINKS:
- Las FOTOHISTORIAS de Sheryl en el Foro de Pullips: Pullip .es
Unsharp Mask, Tonemapping using LucisArt, Selective Color, adding a vignette+some textures (thx to SolStock )
Info:
Exposure: 1/ 50 Sec.
Aperture: f/1.4
ISO-Speed: 200
Focal Length: 30 mm
Lens: Sigma 30mm 1.4 DC HSM
Why was the original VW Beetle so popular?
The original VW Beetle was many things: cute, dependable, inexpensive, easy to work on and enduring. But it was not fast. One has to admire the original Volkswagen Beetle car. The car name was cute and the car was so counter culture, going against any other styling cues of other car manufacturers in the 1960s, that it was a hit for VW and the people. Yes the Volkswagon Beetle was so popular that Volkswagen reestablished production of the Beetle, and you can still buy a new Beetle today, albeit a modern version of the old classic.
I came across these old cars while riding my bike on the "Kissing Bridge Trail."
View On Black Just my lotd today ;p
Pose: 'Stance' available in the 'Stands Vendor' @ Del May Mainstore
Details as requested :)
'Miel Pomi Bear' - Miel Subscribo gift (freebie)
Hair: Kin 'Voss'
Ears: Gauged (Chase the Beast Hunt - freebie)
Blindfold: Cheeky Soul 'Dreamer'
Skin: Trap 'Roco' - Tone 0
Jaffa Cake (mouth): Del May (not for sale, ask me nicely ;p)
Jacket: Zenith 'Chaos'
Gloves: Trap 'Fuzz Gloves'
Pants: LeLutka 'Mithra'
Knee pads: Cobrahive 'Aludo'
Boots: NV 'Hammer'
Cornelian Cherry does this mean "Armenian Cherry blossoms" why not, LOL!! Blooming young trees at the new Park.
Wiki:
It is a medium to large deciduous shrub or small tree growing to 5-12 m tall, with dark brown branches and greenish twigs. The leaves are opposite, 4-10 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, with an ovate to oblong shape and an entire margin. The flowers are small (5-10 mm diameter), with four yellow petals, produced in clusters of 10-25 together in the late winter, well before the leaves appear. The fruit is an oblong red drupe 2 cm long and 1.5 cm in diameter, containing a single seed.
The fruit is edible, but the unripe fruit is astringent. The fruit only fully ripens after it falls from the tree. When ripe, the fruit is dark ruby red. It has an acidic flavour which is best described as a mixture of cranberry and sour cherry; it is mainly used for making jam, makes an excellent sauce similar to cranberry sauce when pitted and then boiled with sugar and orange, but also can be eaten dried. In Azerbaijan and Armenia, the fruit is used for distilling vodka.
Dancing with the Stars: Results, tonight
American Idol !! Usher is on!! SOOC, just cropping and resizing!!
Thanks for stopping by and commenting!!
11.11.11 Occupy the Streets. Occupy the World
O movimento "Ocupar Lisboa" está a planear fazer uma série de workshops no próximo dia 11.11.11. Em vez dos protestos públicos esperados no mundo inteiro, os elementos deste grupo reúnem-se no acampamento em frente ao Parlamento, assumindo uma atitude pacífica - sob o slogan "Ocupa-te a ti Próprio". Vão estar disponíveis para fazer uma série de workshops, de acordo com os conhecimentos de algumas pessoas do grupo, tais como: filosofias orientais, reiki, permacultura, criatividade, imaginação, expressão livre, olaria, música e teatro, entre outras.
O principal objectivo deste dia é atrair mais pessoas para participar nestes eventos, dar-lhes a conhecer os jovens criativos que eles são e levar mais pessoas a aderir a este movimento.
O grupo quer tornar-se maior para ter mais gente para levar a mensagem...
The movement Occupy Lisbon is planning a series of workshops for this day. Instead of public protests, the members are going to be in the camping in front of Parliament, assuming a peaceful attitude and - with the slogan "Occupy Yourself" - they will be available to do several workshops according to the expertise some people in the group have, such as: oriental philosophies, reiki, permaculture, criativity, imagination, free expression, pottery, music, theatre, among others.
The main goal of this day is to motivate more people to participate in these happenings, let them know the young and creative people behind "Occupy Lisbon" and make them join the movement. The movement needs more members to grow stronger and be able to spread the message...
Nuevas galerías en www.mariorubio.com y www.fotografonocturno.com
Canal TV en YOUTUBE NightPhotography
En compañía de mi amigo Carles de www.terradeningu.com en el curso del fin de semana pasado en Prades (Tarragona)
Y aprovecho también para agradecer su amabilidad a Rafa por sacarnos de la autovía perdida a altas horas de la madrugada después de pasar 10 horas en el aeropuerto de Barajas por culpa de Iberia y llegar a mi destino casi 12 horas más tarde de lo previsto.
Exif:
Camera: NIKON CORPORATION NIKON D700
Exposure: 68.7
Aperture: f/5.6
Focal Length: 24 mm
ISO Speed: 200
WB: 3030
White light and a light painting tool.
Rupit, Barcelona (Spain).
This duck not yet has class, and must swim in dangerous waters of the river.
Este pato aún no tiene categoría, y tiene que nadar en las peligrosas aguas del río.
ENGLISH
Aluminium foil (known as aluminum foil in North America) is aluminium prepared in thin sheets with a thickness less than 0.2 mm / 0.008 in, although much thinner gauges down to 0.006 mm are commonly used. As a result of this, the foil is extremely pliable, and can be bent or wrapped around objects with ease. However, thin foils are fragile and easily damaged, and are usually laminated to other materials such as plastics or paper to make them useful. It replaced tin foil towards the end of the 19th century.
Foil made from a thin leaf of tin was commercially available before its aluminium counterpart. In the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, tin foil was in common use, and some people continue to refer to the new product by the old name. Tin foil is much stiffer than aluminium foil. It tends to give a slight tin taste to the food wrapped in it, which is one major reason it has largely been supplanted by aluminium and other materials for wrapping food. The first audio recordings on phonograph cylinders were made on tin foil.
Tin was first replaced by aluminium in 1910, when the first aluminium foil rolling plant, “Dr. Lauber, Neher & Cie. and Emmishofen.” was opened in Kreuzlingen, Switzerland. The plant, owned by J.G. Neher & Sons, the aluminium manufacturers, started in 1886 in Schaffhausen and Switzerland, at the foot of the Rhine Falls - capturing the falls' energy to produce aluminium. Neher's sons together with Dr. Lauber discovered the endless rolling process and the use of aluminium foil as a protective barrier on December 1907.
The first use of foil in the United States was in 1913 for wrapping Life Savers, candy bars and gum. Processes evolved over time to include the use of print, colour, lacquer, laminate and the embossing of the aluminium.
The extensive use of aluminium foil has been criticised by some environmentalists because of the high resource cost of extracting aluminium, primarily as a result of the large amount of electricity used to decompose bauxite. However, this cost is greatly reduced via recycling, reduced energy requirements during transport due to lighter weight packages, and the fact that many foods that would otherwise perish can be protected over long periods without refrigeration. Many aluminium foil products can be recycled at around 5% of the original energy cost, although many aluminium laminates are not recycled due to difficulties in separating the components and low yield of aluminium metal.
More info: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aluminium_foil
----------------------------------
CASTELLANO
El papel aluminio (conocido también como papel plateado) es una hoja fina de aluminio que, a consecuencia de ello, es extremadamente maleable y permite numerosos usos en la vida cotidiana, entre las que está la de poder hacer de envoltorio de diversos objetos. conductor de electricidad y se utiliza también como papel de embalaje para envolver alimentos. En España se conoce popularmente como "papel Albal" por la marca Albal, que lo comercializa. Millones de toneladas de papel de aluminio se emplean a diario en todo el mundo en el embalaje y protección de alimentos, cosméticos y productos químicos diversos. Por regla general con una capa extremadamente delgada que suele rondar desde los 20 µm a los 6.5 µm, en algunos casos es laminado con otros materiales tales como plástico o papel.
Mucho antes que el moderno papel de aluminio, se empleaban y distribuían hojas finas de estaño para propósitos similares. A finales del siglo XIX y comienzos del siglo XX las hojas delgadas de estaño eran ya muy populares y cuando empezaron a aparecer en el mercado las nuevas hojas de papel de aluminio la gente las seguía denominando como hojas de estaño. El nuevo producto era mejor que las antiguas hojas de estaño debido a diversas razones, el estaño dejaba sabores 'extraños' en los alimentos envueltos con este papel y su resistencia y prestaciones eran mejores. No obstante, las primeras grabaciones de audio en los fonógrafos de cilindro se hicieron en finas hojas de estaño.
Las láminas de estaño se reemplazaron por las de aluminio en el año 1910, justo cuando se estableció la primera planta de elaboración de láminas de aluminio bajo la empresa Dr. Lauber, Neher & Cie., Emmishofen, que fue instalada en Kreuzlingen (Suiza). La planta pertenecía J.G. Neher & Sons (manufactureros del aluminio) que comenzaron su trabajo ya en el año 1886 en los alrededores de la ciudad de Schaffhausen, Suiza cerca de las cataratas del Rhine - capturaban la energía de las cataratas para producir el aluminio-. Los hermanos Neher junto con el Dr. Lauber descubrieron el proceso de laminado sin fin y el uso del papel de aluminio como barrera protectora. Los primeros usos de estas hojas fueron el embalaje de los productos del tabaco, las barras de chocolate. a lo largo del tiempo los productores fueron añadiendo lacas que coloreaban las hojas de aluminio.
Más info: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papel_de_aluminio
When in water (right), shell is more translucent, lighter and brighter in colour, and less reflective, than when in air (left).
1: internal view of row of palatal protrusions at earlier position of palatal lip.
2: external view through translucent shell of same row of protrusions as in ‘1’.
Shell height 6.1 mm. Salting on tidal River Dee, Flintshire, Wales. December 2018.
Full DESCRIPTION BELOW
Sets of OTHER SPECIES: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/
GLOSSARY BELOW
Preface
Specimens illustrated in this account which were supplied to Amgueddfa Cymru (the Natural History Museum, Wales) were sequenced by Ben Rowson who found no difference in the DNA of M. myosotis and M. denticulata and concluded that they were a single species; Myosotella myosotis (Draparnaud, 1801). This has been accepted by WoRMS; see www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139672 ]
A possibility, raised by Martins (2013), is that the true M. myosotis (Draparnaud, 1801) occurs in the Mediterranean and that both British shell forms are ecotypes of M. denticulata (Montagu, 1803). This account, written before molecular sequencing united them, describes the form previously regarded as M. denticulata.
Because of its special habitat intermediate between terrestrial and marine, this species, and its Leucophytia relative in the family Ellobiidae, are omitted from some identification guides, while variously appearing in others devoted solely to either terrestrial, marine or even freshwater mollusca.
Myosotella myosotis form denticulata (Montagu, 1803)
Synonyms: Voluta denticulata Montagu, 1803; Voluta ringens W. Turton, 1819; Ovatella denticulata (Montagu, 1803); Alexia ringicula Locard, 1893; Conovulus denticulatus in Forbes & Hanley (1853); Melampus myosotis (part of) in Jeffreys (1869);
Vernacular Probably applied at times to both M. denticulata and M. myosotis: Mouse-eared Alexia, Mouse ear(ed) snail (English); Clust llygoden (Welsh); Evesnegl (Danish); Muizenoortje (Dutch); Ovatelle naine des vases (French); Stranddvärgsnäcka (Swedish); Mäuseöhrchen (German);
Applied to just this form: Many-toothed mouse-ear (English); Gewoon muizenoortje (Dutch);
Description
When in water, shell is more translucent, lighter and brighter in colour, and less reflective, than when in air 1Md flic.kr/p/2ejw2rW . The following shell description is of specimens in air.
Shell
Juvenile shell usually less than 6 mm high. Adult shells often less than 6mm , usual maximum 7.5 mm, exceptionally 10 mm 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . Fusiform shell, width c.45% to 55% of height 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 . Small spire with sharp apex; body whorl c. 73% of shell height, usually a little less on small specimens. Apex slightly twisted 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 due to change from sinistral protoconch to dextral teleoconch. Shell-wall thin, opaque or slightly translucent, with a silky sheen when clean 4Md flic.kr/p/2fkP21f . Up to 8 moderately convex whorls separated by distinct shallow sutures. On juveniles, the periostracum is drawn into a row of bristles below the sutures 5Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1V5 , but they are worn off over time. Earliest juveniles with three or fewer whorls lack periostracum and bristles; their shells are white-translucent with punctate spiral lines which may persist for a time as the shell grows ; occasionally visible through periostracum on later whorls 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS . Very fine, closely spaced, costal lines sometimes visible on adults, especially on spire whorls 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS , often most clearly developed on subsutural ramp 4Md flic.kr/p/2fkP21f . Adults have growth lines; most easily seen when periostracum is worn 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 , less so when periostracum is intact 7Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1Gj . Usually no umbilicus except for an umbilicus-like slit in the apex caused by the change from the sinistral larval shell (protoconch) to a dextral shell 8Md flic.kr/p/2fqtbmD . Within the shell, when it reaches 2½ whorls, the columella and septa between the spire whorls are resorbed by the mantle, leaving an open space except for the columella and septum of the body whorl. Aperture 50% to 60% of shell height 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 , juveniles usually nearer the higher limit; shaped like a narrow ear with a rounded base and a sharp adapical angle 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . Thin palatal (outer) lip on specimens over 3mm high has two to seven (or more) protrusions (folds/teeth/denticles) 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV which may be set into a pale calcareous ridge within the aperture near the palatal rim. Further sets of protrusions are often present further back in the aperture, marking previous positions of palatal lip 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . The palatal lip is sometimes weakly reflected on large adults 9Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1kN . The columellar-parietal lip (inner lip of aperture) has three or four protrusions . The parietal lip consists of a wide glazed area on the body whorl, but is often difficult to discern 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV & 10Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZXU . Juveniles less than 3mm high may not have developed protrusions sufficiently to be distinguished from M. myosotis. For a clear view of the features within the aperture, including far-back rows of teeth, the animal may need a prod with a small brush to make it withdraw, and the shell requires tilting at different angles 11Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZsA . There is no operculum . Exterior colour varies from yellowish brown to brown 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV . The protoconch and juvenile shell up to about 1.4mm height are white, and are retained as a white apex on the adult 3Md flic.kr/p/2fkP2h7 & 14Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZ4E . On dead stranded shells the periostracum often peels off and the colour bleaches to whitish 10Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZXU .
Body
Specimens from non-salting conditions have white or very pale grey flesh; colour on an individual varies with degree of extension and whether in air or water 12Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZeE . The colour of the occasional ones from under stones on saltings is similar to that of M. myosotis with darker grey arranged in transverse bands across the dorsum, and colour intensity usually increases with size/age 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . The tentacles on all forms are usually grey or greyish. Sides of foot are paler than the dorsum of grey specimens 12Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZeE & 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . The mantle sometimes projects a short way beyond the aperture rim of the palatal lip, but is not reflected onto it 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . The parietal lip on the body whorl is a glaze formed by the mantle extending onto it 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV & 10Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZXU . The mantle cavity, the roof of which contains a network of haemolymph vessels 14Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZ4E , functions as a lung for respiration. It is sealed off from the exterior by a thick, white or brownish-white, mantle-collar which fits closely round the body as it extends or retracts 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS & 24Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6Ja . The collar has a pneumostome which, when in air, can be opened and closed 15Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9Jk for respiration and humidity control but, when immersed, does not effectively retain air or exclude water 16Md flic.kr/p/RE4uWD & 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta . The rectum and part of the intestine, visible through translucent shells in water 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta , runs along the rear edge of the roof of the mantle cavity to the anus 18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM which opens to the exterior in a folded part of the mantle-collar in the adapical angle of the aperture close to the pneumostome . The head has two cephalic tentacles; nearly linear with a bluntly pointed tip (subulate) when dry, and conical and paler when swollen with water 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht . When not fully extended, they are contracted, becoming annulated in the basal half 19Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYE3 , not retracted by inversion into the body. The tentacles widely diverge from their bases near the midline of the head 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . The distal half of the tentacles, sometimes slightly bulbous, is opaque grey, sometimes with a brownish tint 21Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYzU , and contains sensory chemoreceptor cells (Wondrak, 1984). There is an internal black eye within the posteromesial base of each tentacle 19Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYE3 . The head in front of the tentacles forms a broad, slightly bilobed “muzzle” (Forbes & Hanley,1853) 22Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6LV which can be variably configured, but not cylindrically to form a snout like that of many marine gastropods. Near the anterior edge of the muzzle are two button-like, pads (“fungiform bodies” of Wondrak, 1984) which contain sensory cells 21Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYzU , but they are inconspicuous on animals with white flesh. Ventrally, the mouth is protected by white outer-lip lobes. When feeding, the ventrally translucent-white muzzle is spread out flat on the substrate and the outer lips moved aside to expose the mouth edged anteriorly by the rim of the red-brown jaw 23Md flic.kr/p/24NUzJ8 , and to allow the extension of the anterior of the radula covered in thousands of white teeth. When translucent, the muzzle may reveal dorsally the oral tube leading from the mouth to the buccal mass, and the oesophagus passing from it towards the stomach 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . On weakly pigmented, translucent specimens the dumbbell-shaped, dorsal part of the nerve ring with two cerebral ganglia may be visible 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . The ring encircles the oesophagus. It and its ganglia that innervate organs on the head are the nearest approximation in gastropods to a centralised brain, but other ganglia distributed on nerve cords around the body innervate other organs. The anterior edge of the translucent white sole is broad and gently curved or almost straight, sometimes with a slightly indented middle, and tapers to a rounded posterior 22Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6LV . M. denticulata is a protandrous hermaphrodite. The common genital aperture is hidden beneath the mantle on the right of the animal. The female opening is covered by a thin lip of integument which continues forwards as a narrow fold enclosing the vas deferens 18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM to the male aperture on the right of the head from which penis with vas deferens can be everted for mating by hydrostatic pressure of haemolymph.
When immersed in water, the body absorbs water, swells, and it and the shell become paler and more translucent, sometimes, revealing internal organs 24Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6Ja , 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta ,18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM & 20Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6TZ . A dissection was not made for this species/ecotype. Most published anatomy accounts are of M. Myosotis sensu lato which includes this species. Dissections can be seen of M. myosotis in its account at flic.kr/s/aHsmv1sTC7 images 32 to 37.
Key identification features
Features 1 to 4, below, accord with Forbes & Hanley (1853) and Gittenberger (2004). The former aggregated M. myosotis sensu stricto with M. denticulata but “scrupulously kept apart their description.” Many currently used identification guides aggregate them and their features under M. myosotis sensu lato. Consequently, distribution maps on GBIF and NBN include many M. denticulata occurrences under “M. myosotis”, and the M. denticulata maps have under-representation of its occurrence.
To observe aperture sculpture the animal must be well withdrawn, and the shell tilted at different angles. Sometimes the outer (palatal) lip sculpture of an earlier growth stage is visible deep into the aperture and should be used if the sculpture on new growth has not yet developed. It is advisable to examine several specimens of different sizes from a site; sometimes both are present..
Myosotella denticulata(Montagu, 1803).
1. Live shell brown (beachworn shells may be dull whitish). Usual adult height 3.5 mm to 7.5 mm, exceptionally 10 mm 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV .
2. Inner (columellar/parietal) lip has 3 or 4 apertural protrusions 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV .
3.Outer (palatal) lip has 2 to 7 (or more) apertural protrusions 2Md flic.kr/p/24NUBLV sometimes set into a pale ridge which occasionally submerges them. [If no protrusions, check further back in aperture for protrusions on earlier lip position; may be visible from exterior through translucent shell, with or without connecting streaks.]
4. In its typical non-salting habitat, the flesh colour of normally extended dorsal body is white or very pale whitish grey, with darker grey tentacles 12Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZeE . But when it occurs in muddier conditions, it may be as dark as M. myosotis 13Md flic.kr/p/RE4vht .
5. Habitat: typically under slightly embedded stones at Extreme High Water Spring level and above (supralittoral) on sheltered coast without salting vegetation at fully marine salinity. Occasionally under stones on landward edge of Saltmarsh-grass sward by tidal rivers with low salinity 25Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYuy .
Similar species/ecotype
Myosotella myosotis
(Full account flic.kr/s/aHsmv1sTC7 )
1. Live shell brown 28Md flic.kr/p/2fqt7di (beachworn shells may be dull whitish 29Md flic.kr/p/RE4sZH ). Usual adult height 6.5mm to 8mm, exceptionally 10mm .
2. Inner (columellar/parietal) lip has only 2 or 3 apertural protrusions 30Md flic.kr/p/2ejvWdQ .
3. Outer (palatal) lip has a single apertural denticle or none 30Md flic.kr/p/2ejvWdQ . Some have a pale apertural ridge running close to the lip.
4. Flesh colour of normally extended dorsal body is grey 31Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4yD . Shade and intensity varies with age, extension and whether in air or water, but not pure white when adult.
5. Habitat: among vegetation, often under driftwood, on low salinity estuarine saltings and Saltmarsh-grass sward by tidal rivers a little above and below EHWS. Locally abundant. (May occur with M. denticulata under stones on/near saltings 25Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYuy .)
Leucophytia bidentata (Montagu, 1808).
(Full account flic.kr/s/aHsmwhDvaL )
1. Live shell slightly-translucent ivory-white; yellow viscera may show through spire 32Md flic.kr/p/24NUy3H . Usual adult height to 5 mm, occasionally to 7 mm. Sutures shallower and whorls less rounded than on M. myosotis 33Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4hB .
2. Inner (columellar/parietal) lip has 2 protrusions within the aperture; not more 33Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4hB .
3. Outer (palatal) lip has no protrusions or rib (sometimes in a photo, a strong growth line might be mistaken for a rib 33Md flic.kr/p/2e2z4hB .
4. Flesh colour of normally extended dorsal body is almost pure white 32Md flic.kr/p/24NUy3H , but when contracted into body-whorl colour saturation gives it a cream appearance.
5. Lives in deep, silty, rock crevices between High Water Neap level and Low Water Spring level. Also under stones embedded into soil-like substrate at Extreme High Water Spring level and a little above on sheltered coast where it is often with M. denticulata.
Habits and ecology
M. denticulata lives typically under slightly embedded stones at Extreme High Water Spring level and slightly above (supralittoral) on sheltered coast without salting vegetation at fully marine salinity; often in company with Leucophytia bidentata and some terrestrial invertebrates. Occasionally, it also occurs under stones on the landward edge of Saltmarsh-grass sward by tidal rivers with low salinity 25Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYuy , often with more numerous M. myosotis, Assiminea grayana and some terrestrial invertebrates. It does not live in permanently submerged in pools, but can survive and be active for short periods of immersion. As there is no operculum to reduce dessication, the species is an obligatory hygrophile. Its spindle shaped shell is well adapted for moving through small gaps under stones. When moving, the foot and shell are cushioned on a layer of watery mucus which is sometimes mistaken for the foot 26Md flic.kr/p/2fqt7pv & 27Md flic.kr/p/RE4tge which usually underlies little more than the aperture . M. denticulata senses its surroundings with its tentacles and the two button-like pads (“fungiform bodies” of Wondrak, 1984) 21Md flic.kr/p/2fkNYzU near the anterior edge of the muzzle. In its usually dark habitat, its eyes probably function as little more than light detectors to trigger negative phototaxic motion when exposed to light.
It is a euryhaline species capable of surviving immersion in water from 0 p.p.t to full marine salinity or more, but individuals require time to adapt to changes in salinity and may become inactive/moribund when abruptly immersed in water they are unaccustomed to.
Respiration is of atmospheric air in the mantle cavity which is sealed by a collar of thickened mantle 6Md flic.kr/p/2fkP1HS that firmly embraces the body but allows it to extend-from/retract-into the shell 24Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6Ja . A pneumostome (respiratory pore) in the collar 15Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9Jk can be opened for inhalation/exhalation of air or closed to seal the cavity against dehydration. The roof of the mantle cavity contains a network of haemolymph vessels 14Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZ4E and is very thin, enabling oxygen from inhaled air to diffuse into the vessels and for carbon dioxide to leave with the exhaled air. When immersed, air escapes 17Md flic.kr/p/2fqt9ta from the mantle cavity and water enters as the pneumostome is not tightly closed 16Md flic.kr/p/RE4uWD .
When feeding, the muzzle is spread out on the substrate and the radula is extended 23Md flic.kr/p/24NUzJ8 to gather, with the red jaw as a backstop, decaying vegetation, diatoms (Wiese & Richling, 2008) and sediment rich in organic material which are bound into food boli with mucus from the supra pedal gland brought to the mouth along a median groove. Unlike marine prosobranch gastropods, which defecate into a mantle cavity that is cleared by water currents, M. denticulata has a rectum that opens to the exterior through an anus in the mantle collar 18Md flic.kr/p/2e2z6XM , near to, but separate from, the pneumostome so that faeces are expelled without fouling the respiratory mantle-cavity. The soft faeces are wet and loosely bound with mucus when fresh 27Md flic.kr/p/RE4tge . There is no operculum 11Md flic.kr/p/2fkNZsA to provide protection against intrusion by predators, but the numerous protrusions narrow the aperture to impede attack. The aperture protrusions of M. denticulata may have developed in response to the different (more threatening?) predators present in its habitat, which is more terrestrial than that of M. myosotis.
Reproduction: (Details assumed from published accounts of M. myosotis sensu lato.) M. denticulata is a protandrous hermaphrodite which changes its sexual function in the wild when 1½ to 2 years old, so younger, 1 to 1½ years, fully mature males mate with older, over 1½ years, females (Schultes, 2014) using the stout, conical penis everted from the side near the posterior of the right tentacle. Female deposits 15 to 80 egg capsules in a small, yellow or white, frog-spawn-like mass (Morton, 1954 and Gittenberger, 2004). Each ovoid capsule contains a single ovum. The cases are attached to each other in a loosely convoluted chain by a filament (chalaziform process) at each end. The closely packed cases with intervening clear fluid are contained in a tough binding membrane which is attached to stones. There is a larval veliger stage, with sinistral shell, which is passed entirely within the ovum (Morton, 1954).
Distribution and status
Europe from England to Mediterranean and Azores. GBIF map, www.gbif.org/species/4359191
Locally common in suitable habitat with rocks in Britain but records from vegetated saltings are likely to be the species/ecotype M. myosotis sensu stricto. NBN map
species.nbnatlas.org/species/NHMSYS0001702111
Irish distribution, National biodiversity data centre, in Mollusc Ireland: www.habitas.org.uk/molluscireland/species.asp?ID=121
Acknowledgements
I gratefully thank Ben Rowson of the National Museum Wales for his help with the account, but any errors or omissions are mine.
Links and references
Anderson, R. MolluscIreland, accessed January 2019. www.habitas.org.uk/molluscireland/species.asp?ID=121
Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 4 (1853), 190 – 197 & plate CXXV. London, van Voorst. (AsConovulus denticulatus var. myosotis.)
Free pdf at archive.org/details/historyofbritish04forbe/page/190
plate at archive.org/details/historyofbritish04forbe/page/n565
Fretter, V. & Peake, J. 1975. Pulmonates functional anatomy and physiology. Vol.1. London. Academic Press.
Gittenberger, E. et al. 2004. De Nederlandse zoetwatermollusken. Leiden, Netherlands, Nationaal Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis.
Heller J. 2015. Marine Ancestors of most Land Snails: Pulmonates. In: Sea Snails. Springer, Cham. link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-15452-7_10
Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 5 (1869). London, van Voorst. (As Melampus myosotis (including var. ringens = Myosotella denticulata); Free pdf at archive.org/stream/britishconcholog05jeffr#page/106/mode/2up . Use slide at base of page to select pp.106-109.)
Martins, A.M. de F. 1996. Anatomy and systematics of the western Atlantic Ellobidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata). Malacologia 37(2): 163 – 332.
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13113594#page/179/mode/1up
Martins, A.M. de F. & Mendes, A.R.M. 2013. Do cosmopolitans speciate? Anatomical diversity of Myosotella in Azores. Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos. Ponta Delgada, Açores, Portugal. Poster for World Congress of Malacology 2013 in pdf: www.researchgate.net/publication/264339925_Do_cosmopolita... .
Montagu, G. 1808. Supplement to: 1803 Testacea Britannica, or, Natural history of British shells, marine, land, and fresh-water, including the most minute : systematically arranged and embellished with figures. London, J. White.
Description of Leucophtia bidentata as Voluta bidentata pp. 100-101.
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24430722#page/806/mode/1up
Plate 30, fig.2:
www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24430722#page/917/mode/1up
Morton, J. E. 1955. The functional morphology of the British Ellobiidae (Gastropoda Pulmonata) with special reference to the digestive and reproductive systems. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Ser. B .
239, No. 661: 89-160 www.jstor.org/stable/92507
Schultes, F.W. 2014. Species summary for Ovatella myosotis (Draparnoud, 1801). AnimalBase. SUB Göttingen. www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBas... Accessed January 2019.
Watson, H. I943. Notes on a list of the British non-marine Mollusca. J. Conch. 22: 13 - 22.
Wiese, V. & Richling, I. 2008. Das Mäuseöhrchen Myosotella myosotis (Draparnaud 1801). Arbeitskreis Mollusken NRW.
www.mollusken-nrw.de/weichtier_des_jahres/weichtier2008.htm
Wondrak, G. 1984. Ultrastructure of the sensory epithelia of oral tube, fungiform sensory bodies, and terminal knobs of tentacles of Ovatella
myosotis. Draparnaud (Archaeopulmonata, Gastropoda) J. Morphol. 181: 333-347 .
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jmor.1051810307
Current taxonomy:
www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=139673
Glossary
adapical angle = angle at which outer lip meets body-whorl.
boli = (sing. bolus) small rounded masses, especially of triturated food material.
cerebral = to do with integration of sensory and neural functions to initiate and coordinate body activity.
chalaziform = resembling the two spiral bands (chalazae) in a bird's egg that attach the yolk to opposite ends of the lining membrane.
columella = solid or hollow axial “little column” around which gastropod shell spirals; hidden inside shell, except on final whorl next to lower part of inner lip of aperture where hollow ones may end in an umbilicus or siphonal canal.
columellar = (adj.) of or near central axis of coiled gastropod.
columellar lip = lower (abapical) part of inner lip of aperture.
costa (pl. costae) = rib running across a whorl of a gastropod shell at approximately right-angles to direction of coiling and any spiral striae.
costal (adj.) = of, or arranged like, costae.
dextral = (of gastropod shell) in apertural view with spire uppermost, the aperture is on the right. Most gastropod species adults have dextral shells.
distal = away from centre of body or from point of attachment.
diverticula = (for digestion) blind ended tubules in the digestive gland that receive nutrients for digestion.
EHWS = extreme high water spring tide.
euryhaline = able to tolerate a wide variation in salinty.
fusiform = slender, spindle-shaped, tapering almost equally towards both ends.
ganglia = (sing. ganglion) knots on a nerve cord containing sensory cell bodies that conduct impulses to (innervate) organs of the body.
haemolymph = circulating fluid in molluscs that carries nutrients, waste and hormones. Analagous to vertebrate blood, but most molluscs have copper-based haemocyanin in it instead of red haemoglobin to carry oxygen. It may be tinged blue when oxygenated; colourless when depleted of oxygen.
halophyte = plant tolerant of saline soil and periodic tidal immersion, usually on saltmarshes, estuarine shores and sides of tidal rivers.
hygrophile = living in moist, humid, but not submerged, conditions.
(obligatory hygrophile = only able to live in such conditions.)
mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell, covers the viscera and forms a cavity in gastropods. In terrestrial gastropods ('pulmonates') the cavity roof contains a network of haemolymph ('blood') vessels enabling the cavity to act like a lung.
mesial = on or facing towards the midline of the body.
operculum = plate of horny conchiolin, rarely calcareous, used to close shell aperture of prosobranch gastropods.
palatal lip = outer lip of gastropod aperture.
parietal lip ( or parietal wall) = upper part of inner side of gastropod aperture, often lacking clear lip structure with just a glaze on side of whorl adapically of columellar lip.
periostracum = thin horny layer of proteinaceous material often coating shells.
posteromesial = at the rear facing towards the midline of the body.
prosobranch = member of Prosobranchia, one of three subclasses into which the class Gastropoda (slugs and snails) was divided during the 20th Century (other two were Pulmonata and Opisthobranchia). This classification is no longer used by scientists, but prosobranch is a useful informal term to signify (mainly marine) snails breathing with a ctenidium (comblike gill inside mantle cavity), an operculum, and a shell which can accommodate the whole body.
protandrous hermaphrodite = each individual starts mature life as a functioning male, later changing to female function.
protoconch = apical whorls produced during embryonic and larval stages of gastropod; often different in form from other whorls (teleoconch).
protrusions = teeth, denticles, folds, lamellae or cogs (terms used by various authors).
punctate = with pinprick-like depressions.
resorb = absorb what was previously secreted; break it down into component materials and disperse into the circulation.
resorption = the process of absorbing what was previously secreted by breaking it down into component materials and dispersal into the circulation.
salting = area of salt tolerant vascular plants rooted in sediment between mean high water mark (MHW) and extreme high water of spring tides (EHWS). [Preferred synonym for “saltmarsh” as much of salting not marshy.]
septa = plural of septum; internal partition separating two chambers/ shell-whorls of a gastropod.
septum = internal partition separating two chambers/ shell-whorls of a gastropod.
sinistral = (of gastropod shell) in apertural view with spire uppermost, the aperture is on the left. Most gastropod species adults have dextral shells.
subsutural = close below the suture when shell positioned with apex uppermost.
subulate = slender and tapering to a point like onion leaf or awl.
suture = groove or line where whorls of gastropod shell adjoin.
teleoconch = entire gastropod shell other than the apical, embryonic & larval stage protoconch.
triturate = reduce to small particles.
vascular plants = plants that have vascular tissues to transport water and nutrients through the plant. Include all seed-bearing plants, ferns and horsetails. Usually terrestrial or in freshwater or brackish water; a few, such as Zostera, live in fully marine salinity water.
#140 in Explore:) thanks all
esta es una foto que me gusta mucho, me gustaria que me ayudaran a ponerle un titulo mejor ^^ es que soy algo malo ideando titulo gralmente, es que yo cuando fotografio veo la imgen solamente :D
además con esta quiero participar en un concurso y en ese concurso el titulo es importante :P al principio :)
desde ya muchas gracias :)
esta es la version b&n de una foto que tome el 19/06/2007
las otras fotos de concurso por las cual aun no me decido son
y los niños? ... en internet? [y donde estan los niños?])
dove (of plane) [ataque o amor?])
www.flickr.com/photos/chesstercl/915542871/in/set-7215760... [desolacion / indiferencia])
por si me ayudan :)
gracias nuevamente :)
es que yo no soy un gran especialidta de b&n incluso prefiero el color :) y esas son como las que me gustan más en b&n, la d elas palomas la tengo en b&n pero no la he subido en esa version
This shot is part of a series of pictures I made at "Centro Direzionale" in Naples last July.
"Centro Direzionale" is the only skyscrapers cluster in Italy. It was designed by Kenzo Tange in cooperation with other Italian architects such as Renzo Piano. It is manly used to host business, financial and administrative offices.
These shots were made with a Leica Mini II compact camera because walking in Naples with a more expensive or attractive camera is not recommended.
Scan from slide
Fuji Velvia 100 self-developed with Ornano Kit DIA 3
Leica Mini II
Minolta Dimage Scan Elite 5400
See slides developed with Ornano Kit DIA 3 here.
See velvia 100 slides here.
See other shots of "Centro Direzionale" here.
Taken during a weekend meetup with Thomas Hawk in my hometown of Houston.
Williams Tower, formerly known as Transco Tower, is the skyscraper in this photograph. The 902-foot tower is the 4th tallest building in Texas and the 3rd tallest in Houston and, at the time of construction in 1983, was the tallest building in the world outside of a city's central business district. Regardless of the numbers, Williams Tower has always held a special place in my heart as my favorite skyscraper and a sort of symbol of home in Houston.
Nikon D40
35mm, f/8, 1/125 sec, ISO 200
Jerusalem | May 2O|2
[ View On Black ]
♫♪ [Thievery Corporation - The Richest Man In Babylon]
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Please don't use this picture on websites, blogs or other media without my permission.
█║▌│█│║│█║mimmopellicola 2O|2
2010 5k
Listed below are the participants (sorted by cities and chip times) in the Bushtukah Canada Day 2010 5k road race, held in Kanata, Ontario.
Click here and enter the name or bib number for the full individual race results, race photos and finish-line videos.
Thank-you to Sportstats.
Photo (above): Maya Aden (15:06.3), In My Sights photograhy.
Local runners (Ontario)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
bib # 1986…… Sandra MOORE……Almonte……22:32.0
bib # 257…… Jonas BARTER……Almonte……26:37.1
bib # 1157…… Harold KUEHN……Ashton……23:25.6
bib # 1158…… Nancy KUEHN……Ashton……35:54.1
bib # 296…… Scott BLAIN……Beachburg……20:32.2
bib # 447…… Louis-Philippe DEMERS……Bourget……26:45.6
bib # 1140…… Diana KING……Carleton Place……24:34.4
bib # 1898…… Wade MACMILLAN……Carleton Place……25:48.7
bib # 2469…… Sean MUIR……Carleton Place……26:31.3
bib # 2470…… Victoria MUIR……Carleton Place……26:32.2
bib # 1910…… Serge MARGUERIE……Carleton Place……27:08.6
bib # 217…… Simon AMIRAULT……Carleton Place……27:09.2
bib # 2149…… Momena ROUF……Carleton Place……38:41.0
bib # 1897…… Ivana MACMILLAN……Carleton Place……38:41.9
bib # 440…… Garrett DE JONG……Carlsbad Springs……16:28.7
bib # 2224…… Brent SULLIVAN……Carp……23:57.2
bib # 229…… Beth ANVARI……Carp……24:16.1
bib # 2225…… Mark SULLIVAN……Carp……25:10.0
bib # 2017…… Jordan NESBIT……Carp……26:20.7
bib # 1899…… Steve MACMILLIAN……Carp……26:42.2
bib # 527…… Kathy FISCHER……Carp……28:07.9
bib # 2131…… Spencer ROBERTS……Carp……28:22.1
bib # 2128…… Micheael ROBERTS……Carp……28:22.5
bib # 528…… Peter FISCHER……Carp……30:25.7
bib # 499…… Allison ECKFORD……Carp……33:53.6
bib # 1959…… Nicole MCMURRAY……Carp……38:18.7
bib # 281…… Andy BEST……Chalk River……21:27.1
bib # 2035…… Bruce OATTES……Cobden……20:11.9
bib # 2451…… Dylan SPENCER……Cobden……23:05.6
bib # 2452…… Leslie SPENCER-HITCHINS……Cobden……23:05.7
bib # 2036…… Dylan OATTES……Cobden……32:37.9
bib # 2037…… Janet OATTES……Cobden……32:42.1
bib # 1132…… Debra KENNETTE……Crysler……27:57.1
bib # 231…… Rachel APPS……Dunrobin……28:58.9
bib # 1088…… Roger HUNTER……Gloucester……27:42.4
bib # 1089…… Ryan HUNTER……Gloucester……27:42.9
bib # 2337…… Glenda WRIGHT……Gloucester……28:39.6
bib # 2077…… Shaun PIERCE……Gloucester……28:58.0
bib # 1085…… Kathy HUNTER……Gloucester……43:13.8
bib # 1086…… Kristen HUNTER……Gloucester……43:13.8
bib # 449…… Brooke DENNIS BOWSER……Greely……42:58.3
bib # 423…… Faun DANSON……Greely……43:00.3
bib # 2069…… Jasmin PAYANT……Hammond……19:52.2
bib # 2070…… Raphael PAYANT……Hammond……24:13.8
bib # 316…… Graham BOWES……Kanata……15:52.1
bib # 1651…… Tyson LONEY……Kanata……16:20.0
bib # 432…… Kieran DAY……Kanata……16:20.7
bib # 434…… Mickey DAY……Kanata……17:00.7
bib # 493…… Wayne DUSTIN……Kanata……17:07.1
bib # 212…… Jarvis ALEC……Kanata……17:14.8
bib # 891…… Brendon HOWARD……Kanata……17:34.1
bib # 2228…… Benjamin SWAN……Kanata……19:22.9
bib # 237…… Susan ATHERLEY……Kanata……20:03.7
bib # 1922… Tanyon MATHESON-FITCHETT..Kanata...20:10.2
bib # 532…… Jeff FITCHETT……Kanata……20:10.3
bib # 538…… Vincent Andy FONG……Kanata……20:10.5
bib # 411…… Mark CROZIER……Kanata……20:33.3
bib # 2143…… Ronald ROSS……Kanata……20:55.1
bib # 1189…… Charles LEBELLE……Kanata……20:55.4
bib # 1723…… Kenneth MACASKILL……Kanata……21:16.7
bib # 1712…… Jonathan MACASKILL……Kanata……21:16.9
bib # 2084…… Matthew POLLEX……Kanata……21:23.2
bib # 584…… Dave GRAHAM……Kanata……21:25.3
bib # 610…… Susan HALVORSEN……Kanata……22:04.9
bib # 1979…… Brendan MOLONEY……Kanata……22:48.3
bib # 591…… Jade GREGORY……Kanata……22:55.6
bib # 1200…… Cheryl LEVI……Kanata……23:14.5
bib # 2338…… Hugh WRIGHT……Kanata……23:23.2
bib # 555…… Graeme FRY……Kanata……23:33.3
bib # 1980…… Terance MOLONEY……Kanata……23:35.9
bib # 2191…… David SIM……Kanata……23:47.1
bib # 2254…… Ben TREMBLAY……Kanata……23:56.0
bib # 436…… Mike DAY……Kanata……24:08.8
bib # 1160…… Jasmyne LABONTE……Kanata……24:13.7
bib # 2196…… Yan SIM……Kanata……24:36.0
bib # 2252…… Christina TOWERS……Kanata……24:36.8
bib # 615…… Emily HAMMOND……Kanata……25:15.7
bib # 1915…… Jeremiah MARSHALL……Kanata……25:24.0
bib # 1917…… Theresa MARSHALL……Kanata……25:31.0
bib # 2213…… Kari SPARKES……Kanata……25:32.6
bib # 614…… Carolyn HAMMOND……Kanata……25:52.0
bib # 2195…… Wei SIM……Kanata……25:59.1
bib # 232…… Jane ARMSTRONG……Kanata……26:23.6
bib # 358…… Joanne CALLOW……Kanata……26:25.4
bib # 204…… Sue ACKERMAN……Kanata……26:38.2
bib # 2142…… Pamela ROSS……Kanata……26:45.1
bib # 1193…… Jordyn LEIGHTON……Kanata……26:54.4
bib # 2002…… Marianne MURAWSKY……Kanata……27:23.3
bib # 2206…… Isobel SMITH……Kanata……27:28.5
bib # 2164…… Sherry SANI……Kanata……27:29.2
bib # 897…… Shelby HOWARD……Kanata……27:34.2
bib # 2258…… Natalie TREMBLAY……Kanata……27:34.8
bib # 2202…… Adrian SMITH……Kanata……27:35.6
bib # 2205…… Holly SMITH……Kanata……27:36.3
bib # 2253…… Mary TOWERS……Kanata……27:41.6
bib # 1146…… Jeffrey KNIGHT……Kanata……27:54.5
bib # 1147…… Sylvie KNIGHT……Kanata……27:54.6
bib # 1120…… David JORGENSON……Kanata……27:59.5
bib # 1121…… Mark JORGENSON……Kanata……27:59.6
bib # 2130…… Nicholas ROBERTS……Kanata……28:10.6
bib # 2132…… Stephen ROBERTS……Kanata……28:11.0
bib # 416…… Morgan CUTTS……Kanata……28:28.5
bib # 2009.. Joanne & Mini-M MURRAY..Kanata…28:28.5
bib # 2039…… Jeff O'CONNOR……Kanata……28:46.5
bib # 406…… Christine COUTURE……Kanata……28:51.8
bib # 230…… Judith APPS……Kanata……28:59.2
bib # 384…… Lori CIARALLI……Kanata……29:00.2
bib # 525…… Peter FILLMORE……Kanata……29:05.7
bib # 218…… Alkarim AMLANI……Kanata……29:06.4
bib # 415…… Cindy CUTTS……Kanata……29:17.7
bib # 585…… Noah GRAHAM……Kanata……29:58.3
bib # 365…… James CANTELLOW……Kanata……29:59.2
bib # 1728…… Kim MACASKILL……Kanata……30:03.2
bib # 1849…… Olivia MACASKILL……Kanata……30:03.2
bib # 2298…… Ct VIVIANE……Kanata……30:11.1
bib # 2292…… Eugene VIGNERON……Kanata……30:15.6
bib # 579…… Sydney GOOLD……Kanata……30:19.8
bib # 574…… Andrea GOODMAN……Kanata……30:20.3
bib # 577…… Hannah GOOLD……Kanata……30:21.7
bib # 2291…… Anna VIGNERON……Kanata……30:30.5
bib # 562…… Juli GAGNON……Kanata……30:31.5
bib # 2052…… Season OSBORNE……Kanata……30:33.3
bib # 2124…… Casey RINGHAM……Kanata……30:42.6
bib # 315…… Rhonda BOUDREAU……Kanata……30:46.0
bib # 2342…… Erin YAMAZAKI……Kanata……30:48.8
bib # 1994…… Heather MOSES……Kanata……30:51.5
bib # 576…… Emily GOOLD……Kanata……31:04.3
bib # 431…… Ellen DAY……Kanata……31:06.4
bib # 498…… Sienna EBBINGHAUS……Kanata……32:16.4
bib # 497…… Lakmini EBBINGHAUS……Kanata……32:16.7
bib # 2004…… Emma MURDOCH……Kanata……32:25.6
bib # 2101…… Tim RAIZENNE……Kanata……32:28.4
bib # 1186…… Alexandra LAYER……Kanata……32:33.7
bib # 2112…… Yvonne RELF……Kanata……33:15.5
bib # 481…… Emily DOWNEY……Kanata……33:26.3
bib # 482…… Michael DOWNEY……Kanata……33:29.1
bib # 211…… Kristen AKINSULIE……Kanata……33:30.4
bib # 267…… Patra BEAULIEU……Kanata……33:36.7
bib # 1931…… Alastair MCCARTNEY……Kanata……33:36.8
bib # 2299…… Sophie WAHL……Kanata……34:00.0
bib # 526…… Sarah FILLMORE……Kanata……34:05.3
bib # 524…… Michael FILLMORE……Kanata……34:05.4
bib # 1192…… Erica LEIGHTON……Kanata……34:05.9
bib # 1194…… Robert LEIGHTON……Kanata……34:06.0
bib # 2229…… Brenda SWAN……Kanata……34:07.1
bib # 1932…… Christine MCCARTNEY……Kanata……34:11.4
bib # 2293…… Jeffrey VIGNERON……Kanata……34:11.7
bib # 1965…… Richard MICHAUD……Kanata……34:14.4
bib # 442…… Guylaine DECK……Kanata……34:38.6
bib # 219…… Alyssa AMLANI……Kanata……34:40.7
bib # 554…… Emma FRY……Kanata……34:43.3
bib # 2134…… Shaun ROBIN……Kanata……34:44.0
bib # 2148…… Will ROTOR……Kanata……34:55.9
bib # 2147…… Elaine ROTOR……Kanata……35:31.0
bib # 2146…… David ROTOR……Kanata……35:31.6
bib # 2192…… Elizabeth SIM……Kanata……36:05.3
bib # 1144…… Chris KITCHEN……Kanata……36:10.2
bib # 2330…… Daniel WINTERS……Kanata……36:12.6
bib # 2329…… Dale WINTERS……Kanata……36:12.7
bib # 221…… Shalina AMLANI……Kanata……37:56.4
bib # 540…… John FORSTER……Kanata……40:58.2
bib # 220…… Pamela AMLANI……Kanata……43:08.4
bib # 2107…… Belinda REED……Kemptville……27:53.2
bib # 518…… Isabelle FERNANDEZ……Long Sault……29:51.9
bib # 1940…… Karen MCDONALD……L'Orignal……25:28.3
bib # 495…… Harley EASTMAN……Manotick……25:36.3
bib # 1944…… Stephanie MCEVOY……Munster……32:01.7
bib # 1942…… Isaac MCEVOY……Munster……33:02.1
bib # 2048…… Erin O'HIGGINS……Nepean……19:51.8
bib # 2285…… Chris VAN NORMAN……Nepean……20:29.2
bib # 1182…… Robert C J LAUGHTON……Nepean……20:52.8
bib # 2231…… Michele TAKOFF……Nepean……21:43.6
bib # 2123…… Morgan RILEY……Nepean……22:38.9
bib # 531…… Ed FITCHETT……Nepean……22:49.1
bib # 501…… Randy EDGE……Nepean……23:06.3
bib # 638…… Christopher HILL……Nepean……23:17.2
bib # 2016…… Melanie NASON-GREEN……Nepean……23:59.3
bib # 2049…… Maureen O'HIGGINS……Nepean……24:30.0
bib # 318…… Trevor BOYD……Nepean……24:31.5
bib # 2237…… Linda TAYLOR……Nepean……24:35.1
bib # 2099…… Joe RAETSEN……Nepean……25:40.9
bib # 1111…… James JOHNSTON……Nepean……27:14.2
bib # 1155…… Martin KOU……Nepean……27:15.3
bib # 1981…… Susan MOLSON……Nepean……27:26.7
bib # 435…… Mike DAY……Nepean……27:45.0
bib # 311…… Valerie BONSALL……Nepean……27:47.0
bib # 2061…… Margeaux PARKINSON……Nepean……29:24.4
bib # 561…… Jessica GAGE……Nepean……29:37.1
bib # 2121…… Brendan RILEY……Nepean……30:46.7
bib # 588…… Brian GREEN……Nepean……30:48.1
bib # 2122…… Lisa RILEY……Nepean……30:49.4
bib # 317…… Angus BOYD……Nepean……30:55.3
bib # 582…… Shawn GOUDGE……Nepean……31:11.4
bib # 2154…… Marion RUNSTEDLER……Nepean……32:38.7
bib # 2110…… Sheila REID……Nepean……33:44.1
bib # 433…… Leah DAY……Nepean……34:41.9
bib # 2328…… Roseanne WILSON……Nepean……34:49.3
bib # 399… Andrea COPPERTHWAITE……Nepean……35:05.4
bib # 2219…… Stephanie STEPHENS……Nepean……35:12.4
bib # 2030…… Kerry NOLAN……Nepean……35:37.8
bib #581…… Lesley GOUDGE……Nepean……36:29.4
bib # 1908…… Jill MARCHAND……Nepean……41:19.6
bib # 2097…… Carina QUINN……North Gower……35:00.4
bib # 189…… BRUCE BRUNELLE……Orleans……25:46.0
bib # 842…… Stephanie HORVAT……Orleans……43:17.3
bib # 81…… Maya ADEN……Ottawa……15:06.3
bib # 2473…… Joshua ROUNDELL……Ottawa……15:37.4
bib # 2214…… Matthew STACEY……Ottawa……16:17.7
bib # 1958…… Derek MCMASTER……Ottawa……16:52.8
bib # 223…… Robbie ANDERSON……Ottawa……16:55.6
bib # 1935…… Larry MCCLOSKEY……Ottawa……17:05.2
bib # 310…… Brett BONISTEEL……Ottawa……17:07.8
bib # 2300…… Harold WALKER……Ottawa……17:08.7
bib # 2440…… Sebastian SAVILLE……Ottawa……17:14.8
bib # 2153…… Jon RUDDY……Ottawa……17:15.2
bib # 1556…… Rob LIVINGSTON……Ottawa……17:22.6
bib # 83…… Chris BRERS……Ottawa……17:33.3
bib # 2336…… Frank WRIGHT……Ottawa……17:57.5
bib # 1177…… Leah LAROCQUE……Ottawa……18:01.9
bib # 149…… Drew BURSEY……Ottawa……18:26.8
bib # 2422…… Bill ROSTEK……Ottawa……18:34.7
bib # 1173…… Stacey LANCE……Ottawa……18:37.7
bib # 2289…… Carlos VERVLOET……Ottawa……18:39.6
bib # 2496…… Rebecca STALLWOOD……Ottawa……18:39.9
bib # 2441…… David SAVILE……Ottawa……18:40.6
bib # 2024…… Ari NIEMI……Ottawa……19:07.6
bib # 2032…… Shantelle NOVAK……Ottawa……19:13.7
bib # 529…… Peter FISHER……Ottawa……19:13.8
bib # 90…… Bart KELLY……Ottawa……19:33.0
bib # 306…… George BODONI……Ottawa……19:36.5
bib # 158…… Kerry ROCHELEAY……Ottawa……19:36.6
bib # 171…… DAVID MCQUINN……Ottawa……19:39.9
bib # 2390…… Marian COKE……Ottawa……19:42.2
bib # 2301…… Steven WALKER……Ottawa……19:43.0
bib # 252…… Lisa BALERNA……Ottawa……19:44.3
bib # 2401…… Mark ROUNDEL……Ottawa……19:44.8
bib # 2067…… Melanie PATINA……Ottawa……19:50.3
bib # 586…… Ken GRANT……Ottawa……19:53.0
bib # 131…… Neil SNIDER……Ottawa……19:57.4
bib # 144…… Phil TESSIER……Ottawa……20:15.2
bib # 82…… Matt HEROD……Ottawa……20:19.7
bib # 2364…… Mike BIGELOW……Ottawa……20:34.2
bib # 2261…… Jim TUNNEY……Ottawa……20:34.8
bib # 2263…… Ronan TUNNEY……Ottawa……20:34.8
bib # 537…… Peter FOLEY……Ottawa……20:42.8
bib # 397…… Patrick CONRAD……Ottawa……20:50.5
bib # 2319…… Lawrence WILLIAMS……Ottawa……20:59.8
bib # 190…… JASMINE VIAU……Ottawa……21:01.1
bib # 2428…… Stephanie GORDON……Ottawa……21:01.1
bib # 1988…… Kyle MORGAN……Ottawa……21:08.7
bib # 270…… Bobby BEGIN……Ottawa……21:12.2
bib # 2429…… Patrick OWENS……Ottawa……21:14.4
bib # 117…… Mike BARNES……Ottawa……21:16.4
bib # 100…… Tyrus GIBSON……Ottawa……21:21.0
bib # 95…… Geordie GIBSON……Ottawa……21:21.6
bib # 2407…… Jeff AVON……Ottawa……21:27.5
bib # 550…… Nick FRENETTE……Ottawa……21:31.2
bib # 1950…… Katie MCGRATH……Ottawa……21:35.7
bib # 135…… Jim MCEACHERN……Ottawa……21:42.7
bib # 333…… Rob BROOKS……Ottawa……21:43.5
bib # 1129…… Carol KELLY……Ottawa……21:46.0
bib # 2170…… Suzanne SCHRIEK……Ottawa……21:46.8
bib # 102…… Doug GIBSON……Ottawa……22:04.7
bib # 150…… Terry STEWART……Ottawa……22:20.1
bib # 134…… Pete MACLENNAN……Ottawa……22:22.0
bib # 130…… Spencer EDWARDS……Ottawa……22:23.4
bib # 2193…… Greg SIM……Ottawa……22:25.5
bib # 2442…… Barbara SAVILLE……Ottawa……22:26.5
bib # 421…… Graham DALY……Ottawa……22:39.6
bib # 631.. Michele HERLEY-TREMBLAY……Ottawa……22:46.3
bib # 94…… Robert GIBSON……Ottawa……22:47.6
bib # 606…… Michelle HAINES……Ottawa……22:53.0
bib # 98…… Kiana GIBSON……Ottawa……23:00.5
bib # 268…… Brigid BEDARD……Ottawa……23:03.0
bib # 2439…… Tom SAVILLE……Ottawa……23:05.6
bib # 153…… Christopher HOULD……Ottawa……23:29.4
bib # 120…… Krista SULLIVAN……Ottawa……23:33.1
bib # 80…… Stephane BEDARD……Ottawa……23:34.2
bib # 2105.. Raahulan RATHAGIRISHNAN…Ottawa…23:39.0
bib # 246…… Rick BAIRD……Ottawa……23:39.9
bib # 124…… Alexandra DA COSTA……Ottawa……23:41.5
bib # 1974…… Tracy MINICHIELLO……Ottawa……23:46.3
bib # 259…… Zinab BASSUNY……Ottawa……23:48.3
bib # 2211…… Jamie SNIDER……Ottawa……23:49.8
bib # 2262…… Rita TUNNEY……Ottawa……23:49.8
bib # 106…… Kevin CHAPMAN……Ottawa……23:55.7
bib # 2457…… Bruce BATEMAN……Ottawa……24:11.1
bib # 1094…… Keren JACKMAN……Ottawa……24:12.3
bib # 191…… GAVIN LUMSDEN……Ottawa……24:12.3
bib # 91…… Ian CHAPMAN……Ottawa……24:12.8
bib # 422…… Richard DALY……Ottawa……24:14.6
bib # 2381…… Matthew PELLETIER……Ottawa……24:16.9
bib # 637…… Bryan HIGGINS……Ottawa……24:19.2
bib # 76…… Matthew BAFIA……Ottawa……24:21.1
bib # 2434…… Brad MAKEPEACE……Ottawa……24:27.2
bib # 2433…… Adam MAKEPEACE……Ottawa……24:30.5
bib # 2310…… Ed WHITE……Ottawa……24:38.8
bib # 1103…… Sylvie JACQUES……Ottawa……24:40.0
bib # 152…… Jacob HOULD……Ottawa……24:42.6
bib # 385…… Jasmine CLANCY……Ottawa……24:46.0
bib # 386…… Sean CLANCY……Ottawa……24:46.5
bib # 530…… Steven FISHER……Ottawa……24:50.3
bib # 1197…… Dominic LESSARD……Ottawa……24:51.2
bib # 2383…… Clayton HOY……Ottawa……24:59.2
bib # 373…… Andrei CHAREPKA……Ottawa……25:00.5
bib # 164…… Jordan FRASER……Ottawa……25:00.7
bib # 2075…… Lydia PEPIN……Ottawa……25:03.9
bib # 2269…… Nick TYLER……Ottawa……25:12.3
bib # 2388…… Kyle DYKES……Ottawa……25:18.7
bib # 2384…… Melanie KOWALSKI……Ottawa……25:19.8
bib # 129…… Alex EDWARDS……Ottawa……25:28.6
bib # 249…… Ethan BALAKRISHNAN……Ottawa……25:36.1
bib # 285…… Serge BIDNYK……Ottawa……25:38.7
bib # 1196…… Nathalie LEROUX……Ottawa……25:43.5
bib # 2432…… Jason MAKEPEACE……Ottawa……25:47.5
bib # 2349…… Chris JOHNSON……Ottawa……25:49.4
bib # 2311…… Janet WHITE……Ottawa……25:53.1
bib # 99…… Sean GIBSON……Ottawa……25:53.9
bib # 2396…… Andrea PERCH……Ottawa……25:54.5
bib # 2498…… Maria BABINEAU……Ottawa……26:13.4
bib # 2459…… Jennifer BOULIANNE……Ottawa……26:15.8
bib # 1909…… Paul MARCHAND……Ottawa……26:22.7
bib # 2416…… Daniel MORRIS……Ottawa……26:27.1
bib # 1176…… Joe LAROCQUE……Ottawa……26:34.0
bib # 2194…… Lauren SIM……Ottawa……26:37.1
bib # 1850…… Alanna MACAULAY……Ottawa……26:39.8
bib # 2212…… Patrick SNIDER……Ottawa……26:42.3
bib # 396…… Laura COLLISHAW……Ottawa……26:42.5
bib # 85…… Elizabeth BUTTERFIELD……Ottawa……26:43.4
bib # 788…… Jim HOGAN……Ottawa……26:45.2
bib # 145…… Melissa Cinicolo……Ottawa……26:51.8
bib # 2060…… Caroline PAQUETTE……Ottawa……26:57.5
bib # 1118…… Paul JONES……Ottawa……27:14.6
bib # 272…… Nathalie BELAIR JONES……Ottawa……27:14.7
bib # 407…… Alana COUVRETTE……Ottawa……27:15.8
bib # 2168…… Jasmine SAVOIE……Ottawa……27:19.2
bib # 626…… Valerie HAVEMAN……Ottawa……27:19.9
bib # 170…… SALLY MCQUINN……Ottawa……27:28.7
bib # 2042…… Jennifer OFFORD……Ottawa……27:45.5
bib # 2456…… Margarit BAAR……Ottawa……27:56.1
bib # 160… Donna-Lynne MACARTHUR……Ottawa…27:57.4
bib # 2476…… Vincent GRAJEWSKI……Ottawa……28:01.4
bib # 1969…… Bruce MILLER……Ottawa……28:03.8
bib # 2268…… Tara Frances TURNER……Ottawa……28:11.3
bib # 116…… Koni BENNETT……Ottawa……28:13.1
bib # 2185…… Vivian SHIH……Ottawa……28:18.9
bib # 77…… Lauren BAFIA……Ottawa……28:19.0
bib # 539…… Jackie FORMAN……Ottawa……28:20.6
bib # 619…… Trina HARPER……Ottawa……28:30.6
bib # 605…… Chantal HAINES……Ottawa……28:31.5
bib # 2026…… Jennie NIERADKA……Ottawa……28:33.3
bib # 580…… Michelle GOUCHIE……Ottawa……28:35.3
bib # 118…… John LARODA……Ottawa……28:42.4
bib # 2365…… Lisa JONES……Ottawa……29:05.4
bib # 2471…… Adina MANOLI……Ottawa……29:09.7
bib # 816…… Hannah HOPKINS……Ottawa……29:23.7
bib # 161…… Kathryn DARKINSON……Ottawa……29:27.4
bib # 2399…… Sarah ZAHAB……Ottawa……29:42.3
bib # 111…… Joshua TOLMIE……Ottawa……29:45.3
bib # 101…… Christopher GIBSON……Ottawa……29:48.7
bib # 1458…… Wit LEWANDOWSKI……Ottawa……29:54.1
bib # 303…… Debbie BLOOM……Ottawa……29:54.8
bib # 1954…… Robert MCINTYRE……Ottawa……29:59.0
bib # 75…… nick BAFIA……Ottawa……30:04.4
bib # 478…… Shannon DOW……Ottawa……30:04.7
bib # 73…… tim BAFIA……Ottawa……30:13.0
bib # 2379…… Fred PELLETIER……Ottawa……30:17.3
bib # 2382…… Jeffrey PELLETIER……Ottawa……30:17.9
bib # 484…… Shannon DUBOIS……Ottawa……30:22.3
bib # 964…… Dean HUCKLA……Ottawa……30:22.5
bib # 2179…… Mary-Pat SHAW……Ottawa……30:24.3
bib # 2180…… Stephen SHAW……Ottawa……30:26.3
bib # 1949…… Kerri MCGLADE……Ottawa……30:37.9
bib # 410…… Nathalie CROTEAU……Ottawa……30:40.3
bib # 507…… Keith ENNIS……Ottawa……30:45.2
bib # 1108…… Wendy JERMYN……Ottawa……30:48.3
bib # 2103…… Sandhya RAO……Ottawa……30:48.4
bib # 2350…… Chris VANDERPOL……Ottawa……30:49.7
bib # 2351…… melanie VANDERPOL……Ottawa……30:49.7
bib # 2354…… christina SYKES……Ottawa……30:50.8
bib # 2353…… teresa SYKES……Ottawa……30:50.9
bib # 312…… Edith BOSTWICK……Ottawa……30:56.3
bib # 599…… Sabrina GUSCHKE……Ottawa……30:58.9
bib # 87…… Stacey PEDLEY……Ottawa……31:03.0
bib # 1998…… Andrea MUNDAY……Ottawa……31:13.2
bib # 2378…… Johanne BERTRAND……Ottawa……31:26.1
bib # 2391…… Joanne GAGE……Ottawa……31:28.4
bib # 2114…… Karen RICHARD……Ottawa……31:29.3
bib # 1945…… Penny MCEWEN……Ottawa……31:33.0
bib # 248…… Ashok BALAKRISHNAN……Ottawa……31:37.6
bib # 2041…… Tracy O'CONNOR……Ottawa……31:41.2
bib # 1164…… Stacey LACROIX……Ottawa……31:46.8
bib # 367…… Marie-Jeanne CAROLA……Ottawa……31:50.7
bib # 103…… Denis GINGRAS……Ottawa……32:05.0
bib # 2492…… Cathy TAKAHASHI……Ottawa……32:09.5
bib # 2008…… Mary MURPHY……Ottawa……32:20.3
bib # 1136…… Najam KHAN……Ottawa……32:31.9
bib # 2406…… John CHARBONNEAU……Ottawa……32:32.1
bib # 154…… Silas MARSTON……Ottawa……32:38.4
bib # 833…… Annie HORRICKS……Ottawa……32:50.3
bib # 2054…… Raymond OUIMET……Ottawa……32:52.9
bib # 1101…… Laura JACKMAN……Ottawa……32:53.0
bib # 2464…… Martin BEAULIEU……Ottawa……33:02.0
bib # 52…… Raphael ROWLEY……Ottawa……33:19.3
bib # 51…… Vincent ROWLEY……Ottawa……33:20.8
bib # 424…… Laura DARLINGTON……Ottawa……33:24.6
bib # 2371…… Gdward BRADY……Ottawa……33:25.4
bib # 74…… Leslie BAFIA……Ottawa……33:25.8
bib # 612…… Shelley HAMILL……Ottawa……33:27.0
bib # 332…… Darrell BRIDGE……Ottawa……33:29.6
bib # 2446…… Danielle GAUTHIER……Ottawa……33:33.3
bib # 323…… Brandon BRADY……Ottawa……33:36.6
bib # 322…… Anthony BRADY……Ottawa……33:39.3
bib # 2493…… Emily TAKAHASHI……Ottawa……33:40.9
bib # 2305…… Marilyn WARREN……Ottawa……33:41.4
bib # 324…… Colleen BRADY……Ottawa……33:41.4
bib # 325…… Nancy BRADY……Ottawa……33:41.7
bib # 1938…… Pauline MCCLUSKIE……Ottawa……34:01.8
bib # 1937…… Mike MCCLUSKIE……Ottawa……34:02.1
bib # 2402…… Randi JEWER……Ottawa……34:02.5
bib # 1115…… Chelsea JONES……Ottawa……34:04.5
bib # 2243…… Pushpa TEJWANI……Ottawa……34:22.0
bib # 629…… Paul HEMPEL……Ottawa……34:27.0
bib # 557…… Robert FUENTES……Ottawa……34:34.5
bib # 234…… Aiden ARSCOTT……Ottawa……34:44.9
bib # 235…… Olivia ARSCOTT……Ottawa……34:58.0
bib # 226…… Lindsay ANDRUSEK……Ottawa……35:13.2
bib # 2376…… Judy FENTIMAN……Ottawa……35:19.3
bib # 556…… Kyle FUENTES……Ottawa……35:21.4
bib # 793…… Jennifer HOOD……Ottawa……35:38.6
bib # 261…… Jenn BEARZATTO……Ottawa……35:39.2
bib # 2481…… Melanie AMYOTTE……Ottawa……36:06.9
bib # 2393…… Claire-Anne LALONDE……Ottawa……36:07.2
bib # 2398…… Eileen SARKAR……Ottawa……36:10.4
bib # 2395…… Pam PELEATO……Ottawa……36:11.3
bib # 2201…… Oksana SMERECHUK……Ottawa……36:23.1
bib # 2394…… Ariana MURESAN……Ottawa……36:25.8
bib # 2431…… Shawna COLBEY……Ottawa……36:26.1
bib # 1138…… Maureen KILPATRICK……Ottawa……36:32.4
bib # 2403…… Ron PITT……Ottawa……36:37.0
bib # 571…… Alexandria GERRIOR……Ottawa……36:52.9
bib # 572…… Randy GERRIOR……Ottawa……36:54.2
bib # 2063…… Isabelle PATENAUDE……Ottawa……37:33.3
bib # 1133…… Frans KES……Ottawa……37:39.0
bib # 2324…… Heather WILSON……Ottawa……38:45.3
bib # 299…… Sabrina BLANCHARD……Ottawa……40:23.0
bib # 1167…… Maria LAHIFFE……Ottawa……41:25.6
bib # 1657…… Max LOSIER……Ottawa……42:39.7
bib # 1653…… Jonah LOSIER……Ottawa……42:40.5
bib # 123…… Jennifer LOW……Ottawa……42:56.9
bib # 328…… Mike BRAZEAU……Ottawa……43:15.0
bib # 1135…… Susan KES……Ottawa……43:22.1
bib # 207…… John ADDISON……Ottawa……43:54.7
bib # 1134…… Sharon KES……Ottawa……50:16.9
bib # 617…… Marjorie HANSON……Ottawa……50:31.0
bib # 1956…… Shelley MCINTYRE……Pembroke……25:37.2
bib # 2190…… Sonya SILVER……Pembroke……28:43.6
bib # 151…… Thor STEWART……Perth……16:50.3
bib # 459…… Maggie DEWAR……Richmond……26:01.7
bib # 181…… JASON HANDS……Richmond……26:57.0
bib # 107…… Michael KENNEDY……Richmond……27:16.0
bib # 460…… Sue DEWAR……Richmond……27:33.2
bib # 469…… Gabby DOIRON……Richmond……33:10.6
bib # 2079…… Kristina PISTOR……Richmond……34:23.7
bib # 513…… Nicholas FAVERO……Rockland……17:15.4
bib # 512…… Jonathan FAVERO……Rockland……21:57.7
bib # 1933…… Nancy MCCARTNEY……Smiths Falls……34:12.2
bib # 2318…… David WILLIAMS……Stittsville……18:53.9
bib # 289…… Heather BIJMAN……Stittsville……19:00.1
bib # 2216…… Lisa STEELE……Stittsville……21:41.4
bib # 347…… Nick BULITKA……Stittsville……22:10.1
bib # 1188…… Nicholas LAYER……Stittsville……22:28.3
bib # 2232…… Amy TALBOT……Stittsville……24:23.5
bib # 233…… Jonathan ARNOTT……Stittsville……24:39.2
bib # 636…… Ian HICKMAN……Stittsville……24:42.7
bib # 634…… Rebecca HICKMAN……Stittsville……24:59.3
bib # 2108…… Holly REID……Stittsville……25:23.9
bib # 1990…… Eric MORRISON……Stittsville……25:29.8
bib # 2111…… Stefanie REID……Stittsville……25:40.4
bib # 1109…… Grahame JOHNSON……Stittsville……25:50.0
bib # 2320…… Owen WILLIAMS……Stittsville……26:18.3
bib # 1903…… Ryan MACNEIL……Stittsville……26:23.6
bib # 1930…… Deborah MCCARTHY……Stittsville……27:14.8
bib # 359…… Kristen CAMERON……Stittsville……27:35.9
bib # 2140…… Don ROOKE……Stittsville……27:52.5
bib # 2109…… Liane REID……Stittsville……27:58.8
bib # 597…… Andrew GUMLEY……Stittsville……28:52.3
bib # 308…… Jocelyn BOND……Stittsville……29:00.4
bib # 2159…… Dakota SABOURIN……Stittsville……29:18.0
bib # 2138…… Gina ROMANI……Stittsville……29:27.9
bib # 1976…… Barb MOFFITT……Stittsville……30:04.5
bib # 266…… Jack BEAULIEU……Stittsville……30:05.1
bib # 2028…… Manda NOBLE-GREEN……Stittsville……30:05.6
bib # 1989…… Denise MORRISON……Stittsville……30:20.2
bib # 506…… Tracy ELLIOTT……Stittsville……30:36.8
bib # 2152…… Jenn RUDDICK……Stittsville……30:42.7
bib # 2160…… Doug SABOURIN……Stittsville……30:43.7
bib # 632…… Danya HERNANDEZ……Stittsville……30:45.2
bib # 2150…… Bethany ROY……Stittsville……30:46.0
bib # 222…… Jennifer ANDERSON……Stittsville……31:01.8
bib # 2085…… Brian PORTER……Stittsville……31:10.4
bib # 2321…… Rebecca WILLIAMS……Stittsville……31:11.5
bib # 2161…… Judy SABOURIN……Stittsville……31:39.2
bib # 1187…… Chris LAYER……Stittsville……32:33.9
bib # 265…… Karan BEAULIEU……Stittsville……33:28.0
bib # 2086…… Doug PORTER……Stittsville……33:28.1
bib # 1946…… Deb MCGEACHY……Stittsville……34:05.2
bib # 2158…… Caitlin SABOURIN……Stittsville……35:03.6
bib # 458…… Laura DEVENNY……Stittsville……36:41.7
bib # 457…… Kathleen DEVENNY……Stittsville……36:53.7
bib # 1900…… Amy MACNEIL……Stittsville……37:13.8
bib # 1901…… Curtis MACNEIL……Stittsville……37:24.3
bib # 298…… Paul BLANCHARD……Stittsville……40:22.6
bib # 1110…… Julia JOHNSON……Stittsville……42:56.6
bib # 1952…… Carine MCINTYRE……Vanier……32:59.7
bib # 491…… Alexandre DUPUIS……Vankleek Hill……26:07.4
bib # 492…… Pierre DUPUIS……Vankleek Hill……26:45.1
bib # 1652…… Chantale LORTIE……Vankleek Hill……41:19.0
bib # 227…… Kerry ANTONELLO……White Lake……28:10.0
bib # 541…… Jonas FOSSITT……Winchester……26:49.5
bib # 1126…… Ryan KEELING……Woodlawn……25:42.1
bib # 1127…… Shannon KEELING……Woodlawn……29:32.4
Local runners (Québec)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
bib # 241…… Mark AVON……Cantley……26:46.9
bib # 242…… Owen AVON……Cantley……26:47.9
bib # 374…… Marc-Andre CHARETTE……Gatineau……17:50.2
bib # 623…… Marie-France HARVEY……Gatineau……20:47.5
bib # 2475…… Mathieu PAQUETTE……Gatineau……22:15.2
bib # 560…… Rex FYLES……Gatineau……22:34.2
bib # 1912…… Dario MARKOVINOVIC……Gatineau……24:15.0
bib # 334…… Stephanie BROUILLARD……Gatineau……29:30.2
bib # 2284…… Schuyler VAN DUSEN……Gatineau……29:55.5
bib # 2283…… Derek VAN DUSEN……Gatineau……29:58.7
bib # 2176…… Veronique SEMEXANT……Gatineau……30:56.6
bib # 409…… Brenda COX……Gatineau……31:08.4
bib # 2081…… Sonia PLOUFFE……Gatineau……34:05.0
bib # 2053…… Claudie OUELLET……Gatineau……37:38.1
bib # 2006…… James MURPHY……Hull……18:31.6
bib # 2246.. Nathalie THEORET……Lochaber Partie……36:07.1
bib # 380…… Jake CHICOINE……Wakefield……18:39.3
bib # 379…… Ed CHICOINE……Wakefield……18:58.0
bib # 381…… Karina CHICOINE……Wakefield……27:27.6
Other Ontario runners
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
bib # 2082…… Jeremiah POINT……Akwesasne……25:34.8
bib # 427…… Kim DAVIS……Bracebridge……32:17.7
bib # 1948…… Lindsay MCGINN……Guelph……30:19.1
bib # 214…… Ron ALQUIST……Kingston……24:35.0
bib # 331…… Abigail BREWER……Peterborough……31:27.9
bib # 2249…… Jon TIERNAN……Peterborough……31:29.1
bib # 2478…… Matthew DUDZIAK……Scarborough……23:03.3
bib # 2477…… Daniel DUDZIAK……Scarborough……28:01.4
bib # 188…… IAIN DORAN-DESBRISAY……Toronto……24:05.2
bib # 592…… Emily GRISE……Toronto……33:18.4
Other Canada runners
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
bib # 2210…… Graydon SNIDER……Montreal……15:27.4
bib # 2436…… Charmaine KREUGER……Moose Jaw……40:27.3
bib # 2435…… Isabelle KREUGER……Moose Jaw……40:28.7
bib # 2437…… Claire KREUGER……Moose Jaw……40:34.2
bib # 2260…… Natelle TULK……St. John's……29:18.6
bib # 338…… Marilyn BRUCE……St. John's……1:04:03.3
bib # 92…… Judy TULK……Traytown, N&L……1:03:18.3
Foreign runners
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
bib # 2092…… Antony PRINGLE……Hong Kong……20:15.4
bib # 2094…… Lesia PRINGLE……Hong Kong……30:30.9
bib # 1907…… Igor MAKSYMIV……Ivano-Frankivsk……22:05.3
(this really is a must view on black)
14/365
well, i've been doing this project for two weeks now. so far, it hasn't really been all that hard, but starting tuesday i'll be having pit orchestra rehearsals for my school musical and things are going to get tough when i get home after sunset. hopefully i'm going to order a set of studio lights soon, which will make indoor photos a lot easier!
thank you:
www.flickr.com/photos/35438367@N00/
for the testimonials!! :)
View On Black Photo ©2010 Angela A. Stanton, All rights reserved. Contact: angela@stantonphotostudios.com for further information.
Flowers of the Santa Rosa Plum tree - original photograph was taken a couple of days ago in my backyard. The picture itself was a bad one--out of focus and very dark but with some potential because of the background blur. I used a new software: Viveza2. If you are not familiar with it, I recommend you download a trial--they have a 15-day trial. The name of the company is Nik. I find it extremely useful to choose certain points on the picture make brighter and others to make darker, with the associated adjustment options of contrast, saturation, and sharpness/detail combo (called structure).
After Viveza2 I used Topaz Adjust to create extreme colors and detail, then Topaz Colored Pencil Sketch and modified it until it was a mild color sketch with painterly effect. I finally used Photoshop's "smudge" to create the brush-like strokes. Amazing what technology can do!