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Formed in the eocene about 56 million years ago, the mournes formed through the subsidance of a huge block of silurian shale and molten lava welled up to filled the cavity deep underground - over millenia the overlying shale eroded away exposing the granite - the shot also shows a dry stone wall straight up the mountain - from Balaggan Point. The Mournes and Cooleys were CS Lewis' inspiration for Narnia.
Lilium is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the Northern Hemisphere and their range is temperate climates and extends into the subtropics. Many other plants have "lily" in their common names, but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies.
Description
Lilies are tall perennials ranging in height from 1–6 ft (30–180 cm). They form naked or tunicless scaly underground bulbs which are their organs of perennation. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into rhizomes, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop stolons. Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out adventitious roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb, a number of species also produce contractile roots that move the bulbs deeper into the soil.
The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a wide range of colors including whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne in racemes or umbels at the tip of the stem, with six tepals spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The tepals are free from each other, and bear a nectary at the base of each flower. The ovary is 'superior', borne above the point of attachment of the anthers. The fruit is a three-celled capsule.
Seeds ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex germination patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.
Most cool temperate species are deciduous and dormant in winter in their native environment. But a few species native to areas with hot summers and mild winters (Lilium candidum, Lilium catesbaei, Lilium longiflorum) lose their leaves and enter a short dormant period in summer or autumn, sprout from autumn to winter, forming dwarf stems bearing a basal rosette of leaves until, after they have received sufficient chilling, the stem begins to elongate in warming weather.
Lilium candidum seeds
The basic chromosome number is twelve (n=12).
Taxonomy
Taxonomical division in sections follows the classical division of Comber, species acceptance follows the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, the taxonomy of section Pseudolirium is from the Flora of North America, the taxonomy of Section Liriotypus is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007, the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections) follows the Flora of China and the taxonomy of Section Sinomartagon follows Nishikawa et al. as does the taxonomy of Section Archelirion.
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, as of January 2014, considers Nomocharis a separate genus in its own right, however some authorities consider Nomocharis to be embedded within Lilium, rather than treat it as a separate genus. The Sinomartagon are divided in 3 paraphyletic groups, while the Leucolirion are divided in 2 paraphyletic groups.
There are seven sections:
Martagon
Pseudolirium
Liriotypus
Archelirion
Sinomartagon
Leucolirion
Daurolirion
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera include Cardiocrinum, Notholirion, Nomocharis and Fritillaria.
Etymology
The botanic name Lilium is the Latin form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek word λείριον leírion, generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by the Madonna lily. The word was borrowed from Coptic (dial. Fayyumic) hleri, from standard hreri, from Demotic hrry, from Egyptian hrṛt "flower".[citation needed] Meillet maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean. Ancient Greek: κρῖνον, krīnon, was used by the Greeks, albeit for lilies of any color.
The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily, including water lily, fire lily, lily of the Nile, calla lily, trout lily, kaffir lily, cobra lily, lily of the valley, daylily, ginger lily, Amazon lily, leek lily, Peruvian lily, and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew shūshan, shōshan, shōshannā as "lily", but the "lily among the thorns" of Song of Solomon, for instance, may be the honeysuckle.
Distribution and habitat
The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and epiphytes are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
Ecology
Lilies are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Dun-bar.
The proliferation of deer (e.g. Odocoileus virginianus) in North America, mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety, is responsible there for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well. Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.
Cultivation
Many species are widely grown in the garden in temperate, sub-tropical and tropical regions. Numerous ornamental hybrids have been developed. They are used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especially Lilium longiflorum, form important cut flower crops or potted plants. These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets; for instance, Lilium longiflorum for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.
Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing (northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (except Lilium candidum which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August (northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn.[31] They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. A soil pH of around 6.5 is generally safe. Most grow best in well-drained soils, and plants are watered during the growing season. Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright.
Awards
The following lily species and cultivars currently hold the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017):
African Queen Group (VI-/a) 2002 H6
'Casa Blanca' (VIIb/b-c) 1993 H6
'Fata Morgana' (Ia/b) 2002 H6
'Garden Party' (VIIb/b) 2002 H6
Golden Splendor Group (VIb-c/a)
Lilium henryi (IXc/d) 1993 H6
Lilium mackliniae (IXc/a) 2012 H5
Lilium martagon – Turk's cap lily (IXc/d)
Lilium pardalinum – leopard lily (IXc/d)
Pink Perfection Group (VIb/a)
Lilium regale – regal lily, king's lily (IXb/a)
Pests and diseases
Aphids may infest plants. Leatherjackets feed on the roots. Larvae of the Scarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies (Lilium) and fritillaries (Fritillaria). Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North American Lilium species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others. The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America. Daylilies (Hemerocallis, not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs, snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers.
Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection of Botrytis elliptica, also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight. Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus.
Propagation and growth
Lilies can be propagated in several ways;
by division of the bulbs
by growing-on bulbils which are adventitious bulbs formed on the stem
by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb
by seed; there are many seed germination patterns, which can be complex
by micropropagation techniques (which include tissue culture); commercial quantities of lilies are often propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. A highly efficient technique for multiple shoot and propagule formation was given by Yadav et al., in 2013.
Plant grow regulators (PGRs) are used to limit the height of lilies, especial those sold as potted plants; commonly used chemicals include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, which are applied to the foliage and retard the biosynthesis of gibberellins, a class of plant hormones responsible for stem growth.
Research
A comparison of meiotic crossing-over (recombination) in lily and mouse led, in 1977, to the conclusion that diverse eukaryotes share a common pattern of meiotic crossing-over. Lilium longiflorum has been used for studying aspects of the basic molecular mechanism of genetic recombination during meiosis.
Toxicity
Some Lilium species are toxic to cats. This is known to be so especially for Lilium longiflorum, though other Lilium and the unrelated Hemerocallis can also cause the same symptoms. The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the renal tubular epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acute kidney failure. Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat.
Culinary uses
Lily bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat.
Lilium brownii var. viridulum, known as 百合 (pak hop; pinyin: bǎi hé; Cantonese Yale: baak hap; lit. 'hundred united'), is one of the most prominent edible lilies in China. Its bulbs are large in size and not bitter. They were even exported and sold in the San Francisco Chinatown in the 19th century, available both fresh and dry. A landrace called 龍牙百合 (pinyin: lóng yá bǎi hé; lit. 'dragon-tooth lily') mainly cultivated in Hunan and Jiangxi is especially renowned for its good-quality bulbs.
L. lancifolium (Chinese: 卷丹; pinyin: juǎn dān; lit. 'reflexed red') is widely cultivated in China, especially in Yixing, Huzhou and Longshan. Its bulbs are slightly bitter.
L. davidii var. unicolor (Chinese: 蘭州百合; lit. 'Lanzhou lily') is mainly cultivated in Lanzhou and its bulbs are valued for sweetness.
Other edible Chinese lilies include L. brownii var. brownii, L. davidii var. davidii, L. concolor, L. pensylvanicum, L. distichum, L. martagon var. pilosiusculum, L. pumilum, L. rosthornii and L. speciosum var. gloriosoides. Researchers have also explored the possibility of using ornamental cultivars as edible lilies.
The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south to flavor soup.[citation needed] They may be reconstituted and stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
The commonly marketed "lily" flower buds, called kam cham tsoi (Chinese: 金针菜; pinyin: jīnzhēncài; Cantonese Yale: gāmjām choi; lit. 'gold needle vegetable') in Chinese cuisine, are actually from daylilies, Hemerocallis citrina, or possibly H. fulva. Flowers of the H. graminea and Lilium bulbiferum were reported to have been eaten as well, but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not include L. bulbiferum.
Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat. A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties".
Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year.
The parts of Lilium species which are officially listed as food material in Taiwan are the flower and bulbs of Lilium lancifolium, Lilium brownii var. viridulum, Lilium pumilum and Lilium candidum.
Japanese cuisine
The lily bulb or yuri-ne is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine. It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional ingredient (具, gu) in the chawan-mushi (savoury egg custard), where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving. It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup or suimono
The boiled bulb may also be strained into purée for use, as in the sweetened kinton, or chakin-shibori.
Yokan
There is also the yuri-yōkan, one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch with agar dissolved in water and sugar. This was a specialty of Hamada, Shimane, and the shop Kaisei-dō (開盛堂) established in 1885 became famous for it. Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote a waka poem about the confection which mentioned hime-yuri "princess lily", one source stated that the hime-yuri (usually taken to mean L. concolor) had to have been used, but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range with Fuchu, Hiroshima which is renowned for its production of yama-yuri (L. auratum
Species used
Current Japanese governmental sources (c. 2005) list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption: the oni yuri or tiger lily Lilium lancifolium, the kooni yuri Lilium leichtlinii var. maximowiczii,[h] and the gold-banded white yama-yuri L. auratum.
But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900, give a top-three list which replaces kooni yuri with the sukashi-yuri (透かし百合, lit. "see-through lily", L. maculatum) named from the gaps between the tepals.
There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by the hime-yuri used as food, because although this is usually the common name for L. concolor in most up-to-date literature, it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900. The non-tiger-lily himeyuri is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant.
North America
The flower buds and roots of Lilium columbianum are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples. Coast Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth and most western Washington peoples steam, boil or pit-cook the bulbs of Lilium columbianum. Bitter or peppery-tasting, they were mostly used as a flavoring, often in soup with meat or fish.
Medicinal uses
Traditional Chinese medicine list the use of the following: 野百合 Lilium brownii, 百合 Lilium brownii var. viridulum, 渥丹 Lilium concolor, 毛百合 Lilium dauricum, 卷丹 Lilium lancifolium, 山丹 Lilium pumilum, 南川百合 Lilium rosthornii, 药百合Lilium speciosum var. gloriosoides, 淡黄花百合 Lilium sulphureum.
In Taiwan, governmental publications list Lilium lancifolium Thunb., Lilium brownii var. viridulum Baker, Lilium pumilum DC.
In the kanpō or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan, the official Japanese governmental pharmacopeia Nihon yakkyokuhō (日本薬局方) includes the use of lily bulb (known as byakugō (ビャクゴウ 百合) in traditional pharmacological circles), listing the use of the following species: Lilium lancifolium, Lilium brownii, Lilium brownii var. colchesteri, Lilium pumilum The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used, usually steamed.
In South Korea, the lilium species which are officially listed for medicinal use are 참나리 Lilium lancifolium Thunberg; 당나리 Lilium brownii var. viridulun Baker.
In culture
Symbolism
In the Victorian language of flowers, lilies portray love, ardor, and affection for your loved ones, while orange lilies stand for happiness, love, and warmth.
Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.
Lilium formosanum, or Taiwanese lily, is called "the flower of broken bowl" (Chinese: 打碗花) by the elderly members of the Hakka ethnic group. They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water, harming the lily may damage the environment, just like breaking the bowls that people rely on. An alternative explanation is that parents convince children into not taking the lily by convincing the children that their dinner bowls may break if they destroy this flower. The indigenous Rukai people who call this same species bariangalay consider it as a symbol of bravery and perseverance.
In Western Christianity, Madonna lily or Lilium candidum has been associated with the Virgin Mary since at least the Medieval Era. Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, especially at the Annunciation, often show her with these flowers. Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions of Christ's resurrection. Lilium longiflorum, the Easter lily, is a symbol of Easter, and Lilium candidum, the Madonna lily, carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures. See the articles for more information.
Heraldry
The fleur-de-lis, associated primarily with French royalty, is a stylized lily flower.
Lilium bulbiferum has long been recognised as a symbol of the Orange Order in Northern Ireland.
Lilium mackliniae is the state flower of Manipur. Lilium michauxii, the Carolina lily, is the official state flower of North Carolina. Idyllwild, California, hosts the Lemon Lily Festival, which celebrates Lilium parryi. Lilium philadelphicum is the floral emblem of Saskatchewan province in Canada, and is on the flag of Saskatchewan.
Other plants referred to as lilies
Lily of the valley, flame lilies, daylilies, and water lilies are symbolically important flowers commonly referred to as lilies, but they are not in the genus Lilium.
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Students had to fill in two forms before picking up their refurb PCs.
As this PC is given out on a long term loan rather than a donation, recipients has to sign to agree to terms .
I was camping this weekend and have to admit I was a bit desperate for shots. Not too proud of this entry, but I still covered the day.
Day 18 of the July Challenge
See the rest of my photos in this set and check out the Photochallenge group.
El acto forma parte de los programas culturales que viene impulsando el Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado (GAD) Municipal, a través de la Coordinación de Cultura, Patrimonio Cultural y Educación.
Se trató el tema La Familia, con la activa participación de los estudiantes y docentes de la institución, quienes interpretaron la canción de la familia e incluso poesías.
El patrono de la escuela, Enrique Delgado Coppiano felicitó al alcalde, Deyton Alcívar Alcívar por seguir impulsando este tipo de programas culturales.
El alcalde del cantón Chone, Deyton Alcívar se mostró complacido en poder apoyar cada uno de los eventos culturales y que mejor oportunidad hacerlo con un tema tan importante como la familia.
La directora del plantel educativo, Rosa Elena Narvaez Morales indicó que se sentía congratulada en poder formar parte del programa cultural que permite formar valores a los estudiantes de cada uno de las unidades educativas. Además mostró su respaldo para los eventos que pretendan realizarse.
The vaccination forms require some information from each person to gather some statistical information about the people receiving vaccines, including timestamps to allow the MRC to evaluate how well it was able to get patients in and out of the door.
3 formas de incluir o óleo de coco na sua rotina de beleza
1. Para hidratações power O óleo rico em ácidos graxos penetra rapidamente tanto na pele quanto no cabelo e apresenta uma característica que o destaca na multidão: não pesa nem deixa a sensação de superfície melecada. Sugestão de uso: à… SAIBA MAIS: www.focoemvidasaudavel.com.br/3-formas-de-incluir-o-oleo-...
LOS YÉBENES EN SAN BLAS 3-2-2013
Autor: José-María Moreno García. Fotógrafo humanista y documentalista. Una de las mejores formas de conocer la historia de un pueblo es a través de sus imágenes; en ellas se conserva no sólo su realidad tangible, calles, plazas, monumentos, sino también sus costumbres, fiestas, tradiciones, lenguaje, indumentaria, gestos y miradas, que nos dicen sin palabras como se vivía, cuales eran sus esperanzas y temores, qué había en su pasado, qué esperaban del futuro. Uno de los objetivos más ambiciosos es recuperar y catalogar todo el material gráfico existente en nuestra familia desde 1.915, para después ponerlo a disposición de vosotros, que la historia volviera a sus protagonistas, y los que aún siguen con nosotros pudieran disfrutar con ello. VISITA La colección "CIEN AÑOS DE FOTOGRAFÍA FAMILIA MORENO (1915-2015)" en www.josemariamorenogarcia.es y www.madridejos.net
SI ALGUIEN NO DESEA APARECER EN EL ÁLBUM POR FAVOR COMUNICALO A josemariamorenogarcia@gmail.com
The later of the two renowned 'triple bunk' Fettiplace monuments in the chancel, its form inspired by the earlier monument next to it. The three effigies were carved by Oxford sculptor William Byrd and commemorate (from top to bottom) Sir Edmund Fettiplace (d.1686), his father Sir John Fettiplace (d.1672) and his uncle John Fettiplace (d.1657).
Swinbrook church is justly renowned as one of the most rewarding one could hope to visit, a modest building but one of great charm with some fascinating contents.
The present church is of 12th century origin but most of the present building is the result of later rebuilding, much of it in the 15th century from when the present traceried windows appear to date, including that which fills most of the east wall of the chancel. The tower is a bit of an oddity, a diminutive structure that looks like an afterthought and technically is, having only been added in 1822, its western face eccentrically supported on a flat arched suspended between two buttresses.
It is inside where the real surprises await, for this charming Cotswold church has a unique pair of monuments from both ends of the 17th century that fill the entire north wall of the chancel, the monuments of the Fettiplace family whose sons are arrayed as effigies reclining on their elbows on shelves in a triple-decker arrangement, the earlier figures stiff and awkward but the later group far more naturalistic works of much higher quality.
There are other monuments of note, including later medieval brasses in the chancel and a fine group of ancient stalls with carved misericords, a rarity in a parish church. The upper traceries of the east window once preserved their original 15th century glass but only two of the angel figures remain in situ, the rest were damaged by a bomb in World War II and were re-assembled in the east window of the south aisle where they can be seen at closer quarters at least.
Outside the church are the graves of three of the Mitford Sisters who once lived nearby at Swinbrook Manor.
Swinbrook church is one not to miss if in the area and indeed worth a longer trip to see. Happily the church is normally kept open and welcoming to visitors during the day.
Puente de piedra formado por siete arcos sobre estribos de tajamares. El nombre actual del puente es producto de la gran reparación que se realizó en 1781, durante el reinado de Carlos III. Consistió en la ejecución de nuevos tajamares, contrafuertes y estribos. La reparación realizada no duró mucho y, en el invierno de 1784, el puente quedó de nuevo parcialmente arruinado debido a la fuerza del río. Se hicieron necesarias nuevas reparaciones entre los años 1786 y 1789.
drive.google.com/open?id=1fw-t9aR72xNGPHeOkT5rCfxJBfk&...
Ivy, owner of this woderful farm kindly gave lovecycling.sg riders an inspiring introduction to her farm. Plus many little childhood story of her kampong life.
Formed at the breakup of Gondwana, some 135 million years ago, the sandstone layers of Water Fall Bluff are home to a number of waterfalls, unique in that they drop from off top the Bluff directly into the ocean below,
Electronic transmedia project based in Bogotá - Colombia - Southern waves and frequencies.
"of the cold and noisy nights, of the depths of the emotions, of the darkness of the soul and life. a sordid, hypnotic work of strong and energetic rhythms, with basses that reference in this digital age the decadent notes of the 80s, the dark cyber punk synths, cold wave, garage post punk, the abandoned floor, voices heartbreaking, sensual and energetic of our underground mental world, our most abstract and dense thoughts. Mental abstractions, immersed in our analogue digital synthetic atmosphere of emotions and noises, lost among electronic scrap, between technologies, neon lights and shadows of the universe of the present...
Por meio da Educação, o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) reforça a luta por um novo projeto de agricultura, que respeite a natureza e todas as formas de vida. Esse objetivo se fortalece com a formatura de 44 jovens camponeses, oriundos de dez estados, no Curso Superior de Agronomia com Ênfase em Agroecologia. A colação de grau dos trabalhadores Sem Terra e Atingidos por Barragens foi realizada na noite do dia 15 de dezembro de 2018 no Assentamento Novo Sarandi, em Sarandi, no Norte do Rio Grande do Sul.
As aulas de Bacharelado em Agronomia acontecem desde 2014 no Instituto Educar, uma escola de ensino superior e técnico construída pelo MST na antiga Fazenda Annoni, em Pontão, também na região Norte gaúcha. Essa é a primeira turma de engenheiros agrônomos formada na instituição. A segunda conclui seus estudos em 2020 e a terceira deve ingressar em fevereiro de 2019. O curso, que possui cinco anos de duração e ocorre em regime de alternância, é viabilizado através do Programa Nacional de Educação na Reforma Agrária (Pronera), em parceria com a Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul (UFFS) – Campus Erechim.
Colação de grau
O ato de colação de grau lembrou o papel histórico das mulheres camponesas na descoberta e no desenvolvimento da agricultura, por meio do cultivo e da preservação de sementes crioulas. Também criticou a ofensiva do modelo capitalista de produção, que destrói a natureza com o uso abusivo de insumos químicos, agrotóxicos e sementes transgênicas. O novo projeto de agricultura, defendido pelo MST para o campo brasileiro, foi representado pelos 44 jovens formandos, que simbolizaram o sonho de milhares de famílias Sem Terra de transformar a sociedade com a agroecologia.
Nesse sentido, a assentada Irene Manfio ressaltou que esse novo projeto deve incluir “as famílias camponesas como sujeitos de uma transformação histórica no campo e na cidade” e ser capaz de produzir alimentos saudáveis e de interpretar a natureza como aliada e não como inimiga. “Queremos relações mais humanas e não de interesses econômicos. Assim, se faz necessário formar agrônomos militantes que construam junto com o campesinato a agroecologia”, disse.
O juramento dos formandos complementou o tom das declarações de Irene. Eles se comprometeram a trabalhar pelo bem da humanidade, a respeitar a natureza e os saberes camponeses, a buscar a sustentabilidade ambiental, uma agricultura socialmente justa, economicamente viável e ecologicamente sustentável, além de compartilhar seus conhecimentos, honrar o legado de luta herdado de seus pais e educadores e sempre seguir, na execução das atividades de Agronomia, os princípios da agroecologia.
Desafios e superações
Os oradores Tatiana Lopes e Lucas da Silva, representando todos os integrantes da turma, compartilharam com os participantes da formatura os momentos mais marcantes durante os cinco anos de curso. Lembraram que a ocupação do espaço universitário ainda é um privilégio no país e uma barreira colocada principalmente aos filhos de camponeses, historicamente privados do direito de estudar. Diante dessa realidade, destacaram a luta do MST desde 2012 para tornar possível o Curso Superior de Agronomia com Ênfase em Agroecologia no Instituto Educar. “O processo inicial não foi fácil. Houve intensas negociações com representantes da universidade, apresentando o projeto, os objetivos do curso, a importância da formação para a juventude camponesa e do desenvolvimento da produção agroecológica nos assentamento de Reforma Agrária”, resgataram.
Segundo os recém-formados, lutas em torno de objetivos coletivos se fizeram necessárias para garantir a continuidade dos seus estudos, em função do desmonte do Pronera após o golpe político, midiático e parlamentar de 2016. Recordaram a maturidade que tiveram para enfrentar aquele momento, com a decisão de destinar recursos que estavam sendo guardados à formatura para apoiar financeiramente o Instituto Educar, garantir a infraestrutura básica e impedir a paralisação das aulas.
Para a turma, que recebeu o nome de Ênio Guterres — em homenagem e memória ao engenheiro agrônomo e militante da agroecologia falecido em 2005 —, a elaboração teórica e a pesquisa acadêmica também foram grandes desafios, pois vinham acompanhadas da tarefa de estudar e pesquisar costumes, técnicas, culturas e problemáticas que envolveriam a base Sem Terra. No entanto, os jovens se destacaram pela qualidade dos trabalhos de conclusão de curso e o resultado das avaliações, feitas por doutores — as notas mais baixas foram oito, 15 jovens receberam nota 10 e 15 já estão publicando artigos.
Além disso, o único trabalho brasileiro premiado na Conferência Internacional sobre Agricultura e Alimentação em uma Sociedade Urbanizada, evento que envolveu este ano mais de 400 elaborações de acadêmicos, mestres e doutores de 32 países em Porto Alegre, é de autoria da primeira turma de Agronomia do Instituto Educar. Conforme a educadora Salete Campigotto, os recém-formados possuem alta qualidade e contribuirão com o desenvolvimento sustentável dos assentamentos da Reforma Agrária. “Muitos já estão inseridos em cooperativas e no Setor de Produção do MST em várias regiões do Brasil, e alguns jovens ajudarão camponeses a aplicarem a agroecologia na Venezuela e no Haiti”, contou.
Motivos de orgulho
O engenheiro agrônomo Adalberto Martins foi escolhido para ser paraninfo da turma Ênio Guterres, juntamente com a educadora Salete Campigotto. Durante o ato de colação de grau, eles demonstraram o orgulho que sentem pela formação dos pioneiros em Agronomia do Instituto Educar e elogiaram a trajetória trilhada pelos 44 formandos durante as etapas do curso. “Vocês amadureceram e se transformaram. Se tornaram seres humanos melhores e comprometidos com os camponeses e as mudanças necessárias ao país. Essa turma nos orgulha, porque é a maior formada pela UFFS no Campus de Erechim, porque alguns de vocês nós vimos crianças, vimos seus pais em acampamentos e em assentamentos se sacrificando para organizar o MST. Sem vocês aqui hoje, isso tudo não faria sentido. Agora é a hora de nos responsabilizarmos, de darmos sequência a essa dedicação pela causa popular”, apontou Martins.
Já Mário Lill, coordenador geral do Instituto Educar, agradeceu a todos que, de uma forma ou outra, contribuíram para que o curso se tornasse realidade. Ele destacou que a instituição é resultado da luta do MST, que traz como frutos a Reforma Agrária, a reorganização da produção, a socialização do conhecimento e condições melhores de vida. “O Educar fez tudo o que pôde para que os formandos saíssem daqui os mais humanos possíveis e com o máximo de conhecimento para transformar a produção em nossos assentamentos”, finalizou.
Texto: Catiana de Medeiros
Fotos: Maiara Rauber
Lembranças de casamento:
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Formado em 2010, o Planta na Mente estabeleceu em seus ensaios abertos um espaço onde músicos e doidões com diferentes níveis de experiência, artistas de diversas áreas e o respeitável público se encontram para a criação coletiva de um espetáculo lúdico em prol da legalização da maconha. Queremos que as pessoas, principalmente negros e negras, parem de ser presos e mortos por causa da atual guerra às drogas.
Marchinhas de carnaval, sempre recheadas de bom humor, não são apenas músicas, são gritos de liberdade e de transformação! Assim, o Planta se destaca pelas suas paródias voltadas para o tema canábico e militante e por tocar, com o seu versátil formato de fanfarra, uma inusitada mistura de ritmos do Brasil e do mundo: dentre outros, o ijexá, samba, rock, jazz, funk e, claro, o reggae!
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