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Sacro Speco - Subiaco (Roma)
Pio II, visitando il Monastero di San Benedetto nel 1461, lo definì "nido di rondini".
Incassato nella roccia a strapiombo sulla valle sottostante, tale appare al visitatore che percorre il Bosco Sacro. Pareti, volte e scale, perfettamente integrate nella pietra cui si appoggiano, con la loro irregolarità, garantiscono un'autentica suggestione in chi si avvicina per visitarlo.
Composto da due Chiese sovrapposte e da Cappelle e grotte, interamente affrescate in epoche diverse, costituisce un monumento unico, per bellezza e spiritualità, tra quanti la storia della Chiesa e dell'Arte hanno abbondantemente dotato il nostro Paese.
Chiesa superiore
La Chiesa Superiore è la struttura più alta del Sacro Speco e fu l'ultima parte del santuario ad essere costruita. Il suo interno è formato da due Campate irregolari, sia in pianta che in elevazione, conseguenza delle varie modifiche apportate.
www.benedettini-subiaco.it/monastero_sanbenedetto.asp?rid=33
Tapestry is a form of textile art, traditionally woven by hand on a loom. Tapestry is weft-faced weaving, in which all the warp threads are hidden in the completed work, unlike most woven textiles, where both the warp and the weft threads may be visible. In tapestry weaving, weft yarns are typically discontinuous (unlike brocade); the artisan interlaces each coloured weft back and forth in its own small pattern area. It is a plain weft-faced weave having weft threads of different colours worked over portions of the warp to form the design.
Tapestry is relatively fragile, and difficult to make, so most historical pieces are intended to hang vertically on a wall (or sometimes in tents), or sometimes horizontally over a piece of furniture such as a table or bed. Some periods made smaller pieces, often long and narrow and used as borders for other textiles. European tapestries are normally made to be seen only from one side, and often have a plain lining added on the back. However, other traditions, such as Chinese kesi and that of Pre-Columbian Peru, make tapestry to be seen from both sides. Most weavers use a natural warp thread, such as wool, linen or cotton. The weft threads are usually wool or cotton but may include silk, gold, silver, or other alternatives.
Tapestry Room from Croome Court, moved to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, hung with made to measure 18th-century Gobelins tapestries, also covering the chairs. 1763-71
Tapestry should be distinguished from the different technique of embroidery, although large pieces of embroidery with images are sometimes loosely called "tapestry", as with the famous Bayeux Tapestry, which is in fact embroidered. From the Middle Ages on European tapestries could be very large, with images containing dozens of figures. They were often made in sets, so that a whole room could be hung with them.
The Triumph of Fame, probably Brussels, 1500s
In late medieval Europe tapestry was the grandest and most expensive medium for figurative images in two dimensions, and despite the rapid rise in importance of painting it retained this position in the eyes of many Renaissance patrons until at least the end of the 16th century, if not beyond. The European tradition continued to develop and reflect wider changes in artistic styles until the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars, before being revived on a smaller scale in the 19th century.
La tapisserie est un tissu fabriqué sur un métier à tisser ou bien à la main, dont le tissage représente des motifs ornementaux1. Le tissage se compose de deux ensembles de fils entrelacés, ceux à la verticale, les fils de chaîne, et ceux à l'horizontale, les fils de trame1. Les fils de chaîne sont mis en place sous tension sur un métier, et le fil de trame est transmis par un mouvement mécanique de va-et-vient sur tout ou partie de l'ouvrage. Souvent la tapisserie est une réalisation textile décorative d'ameublement, se classant dans les arts décoratifs. La tenture murale d'une pièce peut être constituée d'une seule ou d'un ensemble de tapisseries2.
L'art de la tapisserie existe depuis l'Antiquité, et beaucoup de peuples l'ont pratiqué : Grèce antique, Chine impériale, Égypte antique, civilisations précolombiennes. La tapisserie occidentale connaît un essor formidable pendant le xive siècle, illustré par la tenture de l'Apocalypse commandée par le duc Louis Ier d'Anjou.
Un grand nombre de tapisseries sont parvenues jusqu'à nous directement. Elles sont parfois grandioses (tenture de La Dame à la licorne conservée au musée de Cluny, tenture de David et Bethsabée4 conservée à Écouen, tenture Les Chasses de Maximilien conservée au musée du Louvre), souvent plus modestes. Certaines tentures sont disponibles en plusieurs séries (tenture de l'Histoire du Roy dont une série complète se trouve au château de Versailles).
The Royal Mile is a succession of streets which form the main thoroughfare of the Old Town of the city of Edinburgh in Scotland.
As the name suggests, the Royal Mile is approximately one Scots mile long and runs from Edinburgh Castle at the top of the Castle Rock down to Holyrood The streets which make up the Royal Mile are (west to east) Castle Esplanade, Castlehill, Lawnmarket, High Street, Canongate and Abbey Strand.
P9144243a
© Mark r Bowman
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It appears fuel has not been sold here for quite a long time, I did ask a chap here if he knew when petrol sales finished, his reply was sometime in the 1980's.
Looking at the single pump on the forecourt and it's display I wasn't so sure but looking at the earliest street view image (2008), the top of a much older, possible cabinet pump can be seen so this could be a strong possibility, this pump was replaced with the current one by 2009
Snippets of history are in the photos of Chris Barker and Nivek.Old.Gold, these state that this garage has traded under the name Jack Bygraves since 1953 and was a former Ford dealer.
The road was formerly also a stretch of the A1.
I'll add the photos from Chris Barker & Nivek.Old.Gold in the comments below.
2008 Google street view, the pump can be seen by the car with the open door
R.W.Bro. Lew Crocker Past Grand Senior Warden of the Grand Lodge of Canada in the Province of Ontario is congratulated by M.W.Bro. Terry Shand, Past Grand Master.
The Beginning:
In the year 1920, immediately after the first World War, there was a great influx into Masonry and a group of Masons from the Willys Overland plant (a pioneer and manufacturer of the Jeep 4 wheel drive vehicle) situated in West Toronto, feeling there was a need for a new Lodge in this area, formed themselves into a committee for that purpose.
This group was headed up by W. Bro. W.L. Abernathy of Stanley Lodge # 426, Toronto and ably assisted by W. Bro. W.L. Clark and Bro. J.G. Bruce, both of Victoria Lodge, Toronto.
Having fulfilled all the necessary requirements, the Institutional Meeting of King Hiram Lodge, U.D., G.R.C., was held in the Annette Street Temple on April 29th, 1920.
After the dispensation, the Most Worshipful,The Grand Master, M.W. Bro. F.W. Harcourt authorized W. Bro. W.L. Abernathy and Charter Members to meet as a Lodge to be known as “King Hiram”.
On the 15th day of November, 1920, the Lodge was duly instituted and consecrated. W. Bro. W.L. Abernathy was installed in the Chair of King Solomon and the Officers were invested to their several stations in King Hiram Lodge #566, on the register of Grand Lodge.
The name “King Hiram” was selected as being the most suitable to fulfill the hopes of the petitioners which was to build a strong Lodge appropriately named after King Hiram Abif the chief architect and overseer of the building of King Solomon’s Temple.
It was resolved that the Initiation Fee be set at $ 75.00, the Affiliation Fee at $15.00 and the Annual Dues at $6.00. The Tyler’s salary was set at $100.00 per year.
The Worshipful Master appointed a Visiting the Sick Committee, a Musical and an Entertainment Committee. A committee to set up the by-laws, a committee to arrange for a Ladie’s Night and a committee to arrange for and provide Christmas Entertainment.
The first candidate to be initiated was Mr. John Rutherford on June 4th, 1920.
The Work for the year consisted of 42 – E.A. Degrees, 32 – F.C. Degrees and 19 – M.M. Degrees.
The Twenties:
The first King Hiram Ladie’s Night was held in the form of a reception in the banquet room. An honorarium was established to pay the Secretary $150.00 per year for his services. A special emergent meeting was held on Saturday, February 8th, 1922 to conduct 15 Master Mason Degrees which beat the previous record by one Degree. The Worshipful Master and brethren attended at the laying of the foundation stone at the Weston Masonic Temple. On March 19th, 1924, W.M. B.H. Capsey had the pleasure of initiating his son, Vincent Bertram Capsey into the First Degree of Masonry. It was adopted that the Lodge present to each candidate the Volume of the Sacred Law on which his obligation was sealed. An annual picnic was held at High Park. A committee was appointed to request the Temple Board to install a pipe organ in the Lodge Room and a piano in the Banquet Hall. King Hiram visited Niagara River Lodge in Niagara Falls, New York and on a return visit the Worshipful Master of Niagara River Lodge presented our Lodge with a gavel which had been made from a piece of oak from the Old Fort Niagara.
The Thirties:
A new Lodge was instituted in the Annette Street Temple, named Memorial Lodge, in which many of the members of King Hiram were involved. W. Bro. Gordon James is installed as Worshipful Master being the first Master of King Hiram who was initiated into the Lodge, all others being Charter Members. Grand Lodge institutes an “Unemployment Bureau” under the Masonic Board of Relief due to the economic circumstances. In May 1935, we celebrated our 15th Anniversary. The creation of a Members Night was established and the ruling Master and W. Bro. Gately of Memorial Lodge conducted the Ceremony. In 1936, Ladies Night was postponed due to the death of King George V and the Grand Master requested a three month mourning period be observed. In 1938, with deep regret we recorded the death of W. Bro. W.L. Abernathy one of the founders and the first Master of King Hiram Lodge.
The Forties:
It was resolved that the dues of all members enlisting in the Armed Forces be waived.
To support the war effort, Grand Lodge inaugurated a Fund for War Relief to be contributed to by members at large through the various Lodges. King Hiram purchased 3 $100.00 Victory Bonds and a further purchase in the amount of $350.00. Past Master, W. Bro. Fred Adams was honoured by the King as a Member of the British Empire (MBE) for his work in the supply of munitions. It was decided to send Christmas gifts to our members in the Forces. Bro. S.D. Shaw is installed in the Chair of King Solomon and initiates his son, Duncan Shaw and W.A. Bruce son of Bro. J.G. Bruce, the first Secretary of our Lodge. In 1945, we celebrated our 25th Anniversary. Our Grand Master requests us to hold a Thanksgiving Service for our victory in Germany. Bro. R.F. Wright is installed in the Chair of King Solomon. November 1st, becomes known as “Charlie Tottle” Night due to his reaching his 80th birthday and also for his long service to the Lodge. Bro. C.V. Tottle was elected Secretary in 1926 and served until his death in 1950. Bro. Wm. McBurnie returns to Lodge after serving 7 years overseas in the Armed Forces. W. Bro. Wm. Gow is appointed Grand Steward. Installation Night changes from January to December due to the continual bad weather conditions in January. It was approved that the Tyler’s pay be $2.50 per meeting.
The Fifties:
W. Bro. E.D. Magett appoints Bro. Joe Kemp as Chaplain and Bro. Doug Wright as Ass’t. Secretary. R.W. Bro. Floyd Albertson is honoured for his 23 years of service as Treasurer and his work in the Lodge since its inception. Bro. A.E. (Ed) Dyer is installed in the Chair of King Solomon. Two minutes silence was observed in respect to his late Majesty, King George V1.V.W. Bro. S.D. Shaw was congratulated and presented the Regalia of Grand Steward. Meetings and discussions were held regarding the division of Toronto District A. At Grand Lodge it was decided to split the district into two districts, A1 and A2, to take place in 1955. A donation was presented to River Park Lodge to help in the rebuilding of their Temple due to the damage suffered by Hurricane Hazel. In July, 1955, Grand Lodge celebrated its 100th meeting. An open air service was held at Exhibition Park with over 2,500 in attendance. Mr. R.J. Elrick is initiated into King Hiram Lodge. V.W. Bro. Bill Gow presents V.W. Bro. Archie Wright with his Regalia of Grand Steward. Bro. Joe Kemp is installed in the Chair of King Solomon, his father Bro. J.T. Kemp presents a gift on behalf of the family.
The Sixties:
Bro. Doug Wright is installed in the Chair of King Solomon by his father ,V.W. Bro. Archie Wright. This is the first time in the history of the Lodge that a father has installed his own son. The Metro Police Team confers the E.A. Degree on Mr. Robert N. Wilson. V.W. Bro. Archie Wright presents Grand Steward Regalia to V.W. Bro. Reg Wright. King Hiram members and ladies initiate visitations to William S. Farmer Lodge #1109 in Syracuse, New York. Mr. Lewis Crocker passes a Board of Trial and is accepted as a candidate for Initiation. W. Bro. Sam Wright is Installed in the Chair of King Solomon. Dues increase to $22.00. Father and Son night featured Johnny Bower of the Toronto Maple Leafs. W. Bro. A.E. (Ed) Dyer is elected D.D.G.M. of Toronto District #1. The following year Father and Son night featured Leo Cahill, coach of the Toronto Argonauts. Bro. Robert Elrick presents a D of C wand to the Lodge in memory of his father, Bro. Robert Elrick Sr.
The Seventies:
In 1970 we celebrated our 50th Anniversary. Father, Son and Daughter night featured entertainment and movies. V.W. Bro. Archie Wright passed to the Grand Lodge Above. V.W. Bro. Bill Gow, 41 years a Past Master of King Hiram is the first member to receive a 50 year service pin. Bro. Sam Hough of Danville, California visits and later affiliates with King Hiram after moving to Toronto. Bro.’s Lloyd Lemoine and Ernest Roy Imrie receive 50 year pins. Bro. Arnold Sinclair continues to deliver profound lectures when presenting the Candidates Bible. Father and Son night features Darryl Sittler of the Toronto Maple Leafs. Lodge members enjoy memorable cruises with Bro. Bill Rhyme aboard the “Lomar”. Visitations with King Hiram Lodge #37, Ingersoll are initiated. Visitations continue which result in the creation of the King Hiram Friendship Gavel. The Rt. Hon. Chief Justice James C. McRuer of King Hiram Lodge receives a 50 year pin. Dues increase to $80.00. Bro. James Rushford Sr, is presented a plaque for his service to King Hiram as Chaplain and his 57 years in Masonry. V.W. Bro. Joe Kemp is appointed Grand Steward. Bro. Ron Padgett entertains regularly on the organ with great talent, artistry and his well known humour.
The Eighties
Our 60th Anniversary. V.W. Bro. Doug Wright is appointed Grand Tyler and is presented with his fathers regalia, V.W. Bro. Archie Wright. Bro. Aubrey McGill is presented a plaque for his devotion as Chairman of the Benevolent and Sick Committee. V.W. Bro. Joe Kemp and V.W. Bro. Doug Wright are honoured for their many years of service as Secretary and Treasurer of the Lodge. Members Night tradition continues with Bro. Henry Strackholder being Initiated. King Hiram makes a donation to the Barbara Turnbull Fund. W. Bro. Ernie Morrison is appointed as Assistant Grand Director of Ceremonies. Annual dues increase to $65.00. W. Bro. Robert N. Wilson is honoured and presented his Grand Steward Regalia by W. Bro. George Owttrim. A year later V.W. Bro. Robert N. Wilson is presented a plaque in recognition of his service to Masonry and King Hiram Lodge. The first District Walkathon takes place and proves to be very successful. W. Bro. Alistair Clement initiates his son, Mr. Graham Clement into King Hiram. Bro. Aubrey McGill is awarded the prestigious William Mercer Wilson Award. M.W. Bro. William R. Pellow, Grand Master attends the Installation Ceremony of Bro. Edward Grinko being placed in the Chair of King Solomon. King Hiram hosts the District Education which features St. John’s Lodge #209 from London, Ontario. King Hiram hosts a special Appreciation Night for all Past D.D.G.M.’s of Toronto District #1.
The Nineties
Bro. Tom Thompson visits from Scotland to share the Installation Ceremony with his brother, W. Bro. Hugh Thompson. W. Bro. Sam Wright is honoured and presented with the Regalia of Assistant Grand Secretary. Bro. Rick Morell is Installed in the Chair of King Solomon. King Hiram donates $1000.00 to the Runnymede Chronic Care Hospital Fund. W. Bro. Sam Hough passes to the Grand Lodge above. R.W. Bro. A.E. (Ed) Dyer is presented a 50 year service pin. Bro. John Kikiantonis is awarded the Canada 125 Year Award Medal. W. Bro. Edward Grinko launches the district newsletter, “The Blue Print”. W. Bro. Robert Langzik and Bro. Aubrey McGill pass to the Grand Lodge above. V.W. Bro. Robert Wilson is appointed Grand Lodge Representative to the Grand Lodge of Utah. Memorial Lodge #652 affiliates with King Hiram Lodge. W. Bro. Lew Crocker is appointed Grand Steward. W. Bro. Rick Morell serves a second term as Worshipful Master. Bro. Earl Walsh is Installed in the Chair of King Solomon. In 1995 we celebrate our 75th Anniversary. A full year of celebrations and activities is planned including a Gala Anniversary Dance. Bro. John Kikiantonis is Installed in the Chair of King Solomon by V.W. Bro. Sam Wright who substituted for W. Bro. Edward Grinko due to the death of his wife. 50 year pins are presented to V.W. Bro. Doug J.B. Wright, V.W. Bro. Ed Wilkings, Bro. George Cowie and Bro. John Cholmomdeley. 25 year Past Master pins are presented to W. Bro. Proctor, R.W. Bro. Ed Dyer, V.W. Bro. Joe Kemp, V.W. Bro. Doug Wright, V.W. Bro. Ken McLean, W. Bro. Fred Twitchin, Sr., V.W. Bro. Sam Wright, V.W. Bro. Bill Hunter and W. Bro. Doug Kelman. W. Bro. Earl Walsh is Installed in the Chair of King Solomon for a second time by W. Bro. Lew Crocker. The following year Bro. Bill Wingrove is Installed in the Master’s Chair by W. Bro. Earl Walsh. V.W. Bro. Sam Wright is also Installed as Worshipful Master for his second time, 32 years later and initiated Bro.’s Scott Hoy, Ben MacDonald and Dusty Markle. We were saddened with the passing of V.W. Bro. Doug J.B. Wright to the Grand Lodge Above. W. Bro. Rick Morell is Installed in the Chair of King Solomon by W. Bro. Hugh Thompson.
A New Millennium
2000 – 2005:
Bro. Aaron Williams is Raised to the Sublime Degree of a Master Mason. A special night and reception is held for R.W. Bro. Earl Walsh who was elected D.D.G.M. of Toronto District #1. Bro. Ken Mullings is Installed in the Chair of King Solomon by his friend and mentor, W. Bro. Hugh Thompson. V.W. Bro. Hugh McKnight is made an honourary member of the Lodge. A reception is held to present W. Bro. Robert Elrick with his Grand Lodge Regalia. Mr. Stephen Brode is Initiated into King Hiram Lodge. A special meeting is held at Central Park Lodge to congratulate Bro. Imrie on his 102nd Birthday and his 80 years a Mason. W. Bro. John Kikiantonis is Installed as Master for a second time and also re-accepts the Office the following year. W. Bro. Kikiantonis enjoys the honour and pleasure of Initiating his son, Emmanuel into Masonry. Mr. Andrew Adamyk is Initiated into King Hiram Lodge. A memorial was conducted for V.W. Bro. Robert Elrick and R.W. Bro. Robert Wilson who passed to the Grand Lodge Above. V.W. Bro. Bill Hunter receives his 50 year pin. W. Bro. Hugh Thompson passes to the Grand Lodge Above. W. Bro. Edward Grinko is Installed as master for a second time and enjoys the distinct pleasure of Initiating his son, Christopher. Mr. James Berry is also Initiated into Masonry. The Secretary’s honorarium is raised to $500.00. V.W. Bro. Ed Wilkings is made a life member of King Hiram Lodge. W. Bro. Rick Morell is Installed for the fourth time as Worshipful master. King Hiram Lodge is now in its 85th year. Mr. Daniel Berube and Michael Bonner are Initiated and Bro. Antonio Texeira is Raised to the Sublime Degree of a Master Mason. A special evening was conducted for W. Bro. Ken Mullings to celebrate his retirement and his return to Jamaica.
The intervening years between 1920 and 2005 have been momentous years of change in the History of the World.
Consider the Twenties, an era of building following World War I. The Depression of the Thirties. The conflict and hardship encountered due to World War II. The united efforts of rebuilding throughout the Forties and Fifties. The social changes and struggles throughout the Sixties and Seventies. The boom of the Eighties, the recession of the Nineties and the dreams and expectations of a new Millennium.
The years have also seen many changes in King Hiram Lodge. We have witnessed and shared in the lives of many of the Men who have been instrumental in the creation of and continuation of our Lodge.
Throughout the years the spirit of Masonry has always been kept alive and we have at all times remembered the wishes of our Founders, to uphold the basic principles on which the Lodge was established, “to keep this a friendly Lodge and to show true Brotherhood to All”. Our strength in the past has been in the dedication, loyalty and respect, for our Lodge by the many men who have affixed their signatures to our By-Laws.
Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime,
And, departing, leave behind us
footprints on the sands of time
– Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
* Reprinted from the King Hiram Lodge #566 “Consecration Night” Booklet, November 15, 1920.
Rodney Gray Cup returns to Bangor by Roger Corbett
Bangor's good run of form continued with a convincing 41-13 league win against local rivals Donaghadee, regaining the Rodney Gray Cup in the process.
The afternoon got off to a great start with the clubhouse close to full capacity for the pre-match corporate lunch. Although many chose to stay indoors and view the game in comfort, many more gathered along the touchlines to watch this keenly contested fixture. North Down pride was at stake, with not only league points on offer, but also the Rodney Gray Cup which has particular importance for both sides.
As Donaghadee got the game underway, playing with the wind at their backs, conditions were good and the prospect of good running rugby was anticipated. The first scrum, after 5 minutes of play, heralded a problem for both sides. For Donaghadee, they were completely overpowered and saw their pack disrupted. However, for Bangor, the referee viewed Bangor’s power as being applied in an illegal fashion and penalised their pack as a result. The penalty kick from Bangor’s twenty two was pushed wide.
A clever drop-out by Jason Morgan saw Bangor hold on to possession and start to work back down field. The back line that has worked so well together then kicked into action. A move which started with Mike Weir, showing his strength to ride out some touch tackles, continued through Curtis Stewart, Jason Morgan and Ricky Armstrong before reaching Chris Morgan who had joined the line on the left wing. Having made an overlap, Morgan had the room and pace to run in at the left hand corner for a well worked try. Mark Widdowson kicked the conversion putting Bangor ahead by 7-0.
Another strange penalty decision against Bangor at a scrum gave the visitors another chance to kick at goal, but once again the tricky wind conditions forced the kick wide. Almost immediately, Donaghadee were awarded yet another penalty, and this time the kick was good, making the score now 7-3 with 12 minutes gone.
Another penalty opportunity for Donaghadee after 20 minutes was unsuccessful. Within minutes of the restart, the ball came to Jason Morgan just outside Donaghadee’s twenty two. Although tackled and brought to the ground, he had the presence of mind to release the ball, then pick it up again as he got to his feet. With Jamie Clegg in close support, it looked like the pass was on, but instead Morgan shrugged off another tackle and dashed through to score under the posts. Widdowson’s kick was successful, extending the lead to 14-3.
Bangor’s backs were now looking to be in control, and when another attacking move started to build, a Donaghadee player was guilty of deliberately knocking the ball forward, resulting in a yellow card. As is so often the case in situations like this, the loss of a player for 10 minutes left Donaghadee with too much space to cover, resulting in another Chris Morgan try, after Bangor had quickly passed the ball wide, exploiting the free space. Although Donaghadee bravely fought back and were pressing hard in Bangor’s twenty two, a turn-over gave possession back to Bangor. Although tackled hard, Mike Weir managed to stay on his feet and broke through the centre. Having made good ground and drawn other defenders, he passed outside to Davy Charles on the right wing whose pace and footwork were too much for the retreating defence, allowing him to touch down for Bangor’s bonus point try. The conversion was missed, but Bangor were now a comfortable 24-3 ahead.
From the scrappy restart, Bangor failed to gather the ball and immediately found themselves on the back foot. This time the Donaghadee players combined well, taking advantage of an out-of-shape defence, to run in to the right of Bangor’s posts and score an unconverted try, bringing the half time score to 24-8.
As Bangor got the second half underway, the weather was beginning to deteriorate, although the wind was now in their favour. Despite a number of good attacking positions, Bangor failed to add to their score as a result of mishandling and a growing penalty count. From one of these penalties, Donaghadee kicked for touch inside Bangor’s twenty two. The resulting lineout was taken cleanly and the subsequent forward drive proved too difficult to stop, resulting in a try wide on the left of Bangor’s posts. The difficult kick was missed but, with a try either side of half time, Donaghadee now found themselves back in the game at 24-13.
Unfortunately, this was as good as it got for the visitors. With the wind strengthening, and the rain coming down heavily, conditions were becoming difficult for both sides. However, the strength of Bangor’s pack came to the fore once again when, from a lineout inside Donaghadee’s twenty two, Ryan Latimer made a charge towards the line. Although surrounded by several defenders, Latimer pressed forward, aided by his own forwards, until he crossed the line. Minutes later it was the backs turn to score, as Mike Aspley broke through the centre before unselfishly passing to Mike Weir who had a clear run to touch down under the posts. These scores pushed Bangor well in front by 36-13, with 23 minutes gone.
For most of the remainder of the game, the most difficult opponent was the weather. The combination of a slippery ball and cold hands led to many missed passes by both sides. But just as the game entered its final phase, the Bangor pack once again imposed their authority on the Donaghadee scrum, allowing Scott Irvine to pick up and drive over from short distance to score. This proved to be the final play of the game, resulting in a final score of 41-13 in Bangor’s favour.
While not without its faults, this was another complete team performance from Bangor that continues to build in confidence, and augers well for the challenge next week when they travel to Shaws Bridge to face an equally in-form Instonians in the quarter final of the Junior Cup.
Bangor side: S Irvine, A Jackson, P Whyte, G Irvine, J Henly, R Latimer, J Clegg (c), C Stewart, R Armstrong, J Morgan, M Widdowson, M Aspley, M Weir, D Charles, C Morgan
Subs: O McIlmurray, M Thompson
Bangor scores: C Morgan (2T), J Morgan (1T), D Charles (1T), R Latimer (1T), M Weir(1T), S Irvine (1T), M Widdowson (3C)
Curso de “Corte e Costura” ABECAO
As beneficiárias da Oficina de Corte e Costura da ABECAO estão colocando em prática as técnicas adquiridas nas aulas, confeccionando vários modelos de vestuários. O objetivo do curso visa resgatar este projeto de qualificação tradicional, ensinando as técnicas para confecção de vestuários de maneira clara, objetiva e completa de como cortar e costurar, promovendo a profissionalização da mão de obra prioritariamente às pessoas em risco social, formando profissionais atendendo a necessidade do mercado de trabalho, estimulando o desenvolvimento da criatividade com qualidade as alunas, Natalia Aparecida Silva Santos, Alessandra Carla da Silva, Aparecida Castanha Vieira, Elaine Pereira Gomes, Graziela Pereira Celestino, Lindalva Leite Melo Barboza, Maria Aparecida Olmedo, Rose Mara Domelas de Castro,Tassiana de Menezes da Silva, demonstra grande aptidão profissional como mostra as fotos, parabéns as alunas e a monitora Marlene Canhada.
Form 5 Confirmation Mass 2021
English session 1
16 Confirmants
Celebrated by Father Andrew Wong
F5Confirmation: Anointing with Chrism Oil
Henry Low wen Yue
Positive Runway Global Catwalk African Fashion Show African Ambassadors & Diaspora Interactive Form AAIF United Nations buildings International Maritime Organization HQ IMO London.
www.dabasformumebeles.lv - wardrobes from natural wood forms
Nature form furniture - Unique furniture and design elements:
Harijs Stradiņš - a craftsman working with natural shape wood processing, has been designing furniture and other interior design elements since 1997 selecting the best parts of the tree from top to root. In his works Harijs uses such materials as stone, glass, hammered works, fabric, clay and other natural materials to be able to make common design for a particular room.
Мебель природных форм - Уникальная мебель и элементы дизайна:
С 1997 года мастер по обработке природных форм дерева Харий Cтрадиньш, работая с деревом, изпользует его с корня до верхушки, отбирая самые интерессные части для создания своей мебели и елементов дизайна. Думая об общем дизайне помещения, в своих работах Xaрий изпользует также камень, ковку, лён, стекло, глину и другие природные елементы.
Dabas formu mēbeles - Unikālas mēbeles un dizaina elementi:
Kopš 1997. gada dabiska koka formu apstrādes meistars Harijs Stradiņš sadarbojas ar koku, kā dabas elementu, mēbeļu un dizaina elementu radīšanā, izmantojot to pēc iespējas pilnīgi (no saknes līdz gaotnei). Domājot par telpas kopējā dizaina risinājumu, savos darbos Harijs Stradiņš izmanto arī akmeni, stiklu, metālkalumus, audumu, mālu un citus dabas elementus.
COPYRIGHT - Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works:
- This image is licensed under Creative Commons, this means you can use it on your site (blog) if you credit the author (or authors website).
Brugge is an outstanding example of a medieval historic settlement, which has maintained its historic fabric as this has evolved over the centuries, and where original Gothic constructions form part of the town's identity. As one of the commercial and cultural capitals of Europe, Brugge developed cultural links to different parts of the world. It is closely associated with the school of Flemish Primitive painting.
Genova, Palazzo Ducale - Forme del Pensiero che Ride
Moni Ovadia, Dario Fo, Don Andrea Gallo, Franca Rame
Moni, voce dei perseguitati. Dice che capisco perchè sento e la cosa mi onora, molto
Dario, il Nobel
Andrea, a cui voglio molto bene, da cui mi piace farmi abbracciare, che mi commuove sempre e mi convince che la direzione giusta è quasi sempre ostinata e contraria
Franca, l'altra metà del Nobel
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Strobilidium girans es un ciliado que tiene forma de peonza y nombre de giro, no hay confusión posible, da vueltas y más vueltas sobre su eje, ▷ como si fuese una peonza levitando, eso sí, sin salirse de su pequeña órbita. Utiliza para no perderse en sus giros un pequeño truco que también hemos visto en el ciliado Urocentrum y en el pequeño rotífero Microcodon.
Los cilios en Strobilidium de disponen en la parte superior, son pocos y están soldados, y como en muchos otros ciliados tienen una doble utilidad, la de provocar el desplazamiento y la de atraer el alimento, que en este caso está formado por algas y cianobacterias. En el interior se distingue un pequeño núcleo en la parte superior y una gran vacuola, hacia abajo, que expulsa el exceso de agua que entra en su cuerpo, cuerpo que remata en un extremo agudo, en el que un invisible filamento se suelda a él y lo sujeta en todos sus giros.
La especie de hoy Strobilidium girans también tiene alguna hermana próxima, habitante de las aguas marinas. Forman una familia reducida que vive tanto en aguas limpias como en otras más cargadas de materia orgánica.
La fotografía procede de una muestra de agua recolectada hace unos días en el Pozo de Tremeo una pequeña laguna natural situada en Rumoroso (Cantabria), el amigo Fernando también me llevó allí, después de visitar el pozón de La Dolores. La toma se ha realizado a 400 aumentos empleando la técnica de contraste de interferencia.
Con nuestra gratitud para Pilar Gil por la publicación en Qúo, a Antonio Martínez Ron ...y también Paul/
Puedes tener otra infomación en la exposición LA VIDA OCULTA DEL AGUA
Y en este catálogo
También en la galería de Fotolog
Y nuestro granito de arena por la Paz
See more artwork at www.partybots.org
The Sum of Its Parts Bag Collection is a collaboration project by Partbots and Swift Industries. Our two companies have teamed up to bring you Swift Industries' quality bicycle bags featuring Karl Addison's amazing illustration and screening. Each detail of our combined craft is an ode to the components of the bicycle’s overall gestalt, form, and function. Each bicycle bag has been produced from start to finish in Seattle, Washington.
Flap and front pocket color: Olive Green Cordura
Ink Color: mint/kelly
Thread Color: Grey
Trim Color: Charcoal
Pelican Porteur Body Color: Black
Artwork by Karl Addison
Stitching by Swift Industries
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Swift Industries' Pelican Porteur Bag Specs:
The Swift.Industries Pelican Porteur Bag measures 12″wX12″d and 21″tall. The bag's standard mounting system is design for the 5 Rail Cetma Rack with three simple quick release buckles to hold your cargo in place. (Please specify if you'd like the bag for any other rack: Pass and Stow, Velo Orange, hand-crafted etc. and we'll change the mounting system to fit your rack).
Roll down your excess baggage and pull the flap snug to brave blustery weather. We’ve put a reflective strip on the front of the flap and a light mount so you’re visible. You don’t need to open your bag to fish out your mini u-lock, slip it into the external holster for easy locking.
Additional Features:
vinyl lining,
a foam interior for structure and insulation,
a grab handle and built-in dee rings for a shoulder strap
More Info On The Swift Industries Pelican Porteur Bag:
swiftindustries.wordpress.com/choose-your-colors/pelican-...
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Swift Industries Saddle Touring Bag Specs:
The bag measures 14X8″ with a tapered side panel that measures 8″ at the bottom and 6″ at the top. Two leather straps attach the Saddle Bag to the tabs on your seat (as found on Brooks saddles and the like). The bag has pockets on either side, to fit most of your tools, tubes, patches, phone, camera, and other small things. The main compartment fits pretty much all the things you may want on a long day on the go: snacks, rain gear, hand pump, coffee mug, book, day planner, tall cans of your favorite beverage, etc. A dowel maintains the rigid form of the bag, and an interior flap ensures that your belongings stay snug and dry. A third strap extends from the center-back of the bag to wrap around the seat post.
More Info On The Swift Industries Saddle Touring Bag: swiftindustries.wordpress.com/choose-your-colors/saddle-t...
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Testimonials:
I wanted to let you know that I received my portuer bag last week and couldn't be more pleased. It's already gone for a 40 mile jaunt around the peripherals of Portland and seen a few good downpours on the way to work. Thanks for your amazing work! --Joe
I received the bag a few days ago, and have been using it on my commutes through Manhattan as well as on two half-day jaunts. It is a splendid bag: beautiful to look at, capacious, and very well fitted to the five-rail CETMA rack. It has already drawn compliments from other cyclists :) thanks! --Salim
The bags are working great! They pieces of art that are totally functional. I have been ridding down the California coast for the last ten days towards San Diego. I have been using the touring bag as a handle bar bag, works great. --Aaron
"The National Railway Museum is a museum in York forming part of the Science Museum Group. The museum tells the story of rail transport in Britain and its impact on society. It is the home of the national collection of historically significant railway vehicles such as Mallard, Stirling Single, Duchess of Hamilton and a Japanese bullet train. In addition, the National Railway Museum holds a diverse collection of other objects from a household recipe book used in George Stephenson’s house to film showing a "never stop railway" developed for the British Empire Exhibition. It has won many awards, including the European Museum of the Year Award in 2001.
As of 2019 the museum is about to embark on a once-in-a-generation site development. As part of the York Central redevelopment which will divert Leeman Road, the National Railway Museum will be building a new entrance building to connect the two separate parts of the museum together. At the same time, the space around the museum will be landscaped to provide public spaces.
In 2020 architectural practice Feilden Fowles won an international competition to create the museum’s new £16.5 million Central Hall building—a key element of the museum’s Vision 2025 masterplan.
York is a cathedral city and unitary authority area in North Yorkshire, England. The population of the council area which includes nearby villages was 208,200 as of 2017[citation needed] and the population of the urban area was 153,717 at the 2011 census. Located at the confluence of the Rivers Ouse and Foss, it is the county town of the historic county of Yorkshire. The city is known for its famous historical landmarks such as York Minster and the city walls, as well as a variety of cultural and sporting activities, which makes it a popular tourist destination in England. The local authority is the City of York Council, a single tier governing body responsible for providing all local services and facilities throughout the city. The City of York local government district includes rural areas beyond the old city boundaries. It is about 25 miles north-east of Leeds and 34 miles north-west of Kingston upon Hull. York is the largest settlement in the ceremonial county of North Yorkshire.
The city was founded by the Romans as Eboracum in 71 AD. It became the capital of the Roman province of Britannia Inferior, and later of the kingdoms of Deira, Northumbria and Jórvík. In the Middle Ages, York grew as a major wool trading centre and became the capital of the northern ecclesiastical province of the Church of England, a role it has retained. In the 19th century, York became a major hub of the railway network and a confectionery manufacturing centre, a status it maintained well into the 20th century. During the Second World War, York was bombed as part of the Baedeker Blitz. Although less affected by bombing than other northern cities, several historic buildings were gutted and restoration efforts continued into the 1960s.
The economy of York is dominated by services. The University of York and National Health Service are major employers, whilst tourism has become an important element of the local economy. In 2016, York became sister cities with the Chinese city of Nanjing, as per an agreement signed by the Lord Mayor of York, focusing on building links in tourism, education, science, technology and culture. Today, the city is a popular tourist attraction, especially for international visitors from America, Germany, France and China. In 2017, York became UK's first human rights city, which formalised the city's aim to use human rights in decision making." - info from Wikipedia.
Summer 2019 I did a solo cycling tour across Europe through 12 countries over the course of 3 months. I began my adventure in Edinburgh, Scotland and finished in Florence, Italy cycling 8,816 km. During my trip I took 47,000 photos.
Now on Instagram.
Become a patron to my photography on Patreon.
Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles (5 kilometres) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for 407 years becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution in 1539 under the order of Henry VIII.
The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Foundation
After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey, in York, 13 monks were expelled (among them Saint Robert of Newminster) and, after unsuccessful attempts to form a new monastery were taken under the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York. He provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order which since the end of the previous century was a fast-growing reform movement that by the beginning of the 13th century was to have over 500 houses. So it was that in 1135, Fountains became the second Cistercian house in northern England, after Rievaulx. The Fountains monks became subject to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours according to Cistercian usage and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.
Consolidation
After Henry Murdac was elected abbot in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone and roofed in tile had been completed.
In 1146 an angry mob, annoyed at Murdac for his role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert as archbishop of York, attacked the abbey and burnt down all but the church and some surrounding buildings.The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned as abbot in 1147 upon becoming the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office. The next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was ably continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell, under whose rule the abbey gained a reputation for caring for the needy.
The next abbot was William, who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. During the European famine of 1194 Haget ordered the construction of shelters in the vicinity of the abbey and provided daily food rations to the poor enhancing the abbey's reputation for caring for the poor and attracting more grants from wealthy benefactors.
In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203–1211), John of Hessle (1211–1220) and John of Kent (1220–1247). They were burdened with an inordinate amount of administrative duties and increasing demands for money in taxation and levies but managed to complete another massive expansion of the abbey's buildings. This included enlarging the church and building an infirmary.
Difficulties
In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop, and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John le Romeyn in 1294. The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1348–1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.
A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409. Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England and consequently they became increasingly involved in internecine politics. In 1410, following the death of Abbot Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon, Abbot of Meaux, and Roger Frank, a monk of Fountains were locked in conflict until 1415 when Ripon was finally appointed, ruling until his death in 1434. Under abbots John Greenwell (1442–1471), Thomas Swinton (1471–8), John Darnton (1478–95), who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey, including notable work on the church, and Marmaduke Huby (1495–1526) Fountains regained stability and prosperity.
At Abbot Huby's death he was succeeded by William Thirsk who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy and was dismissed as abbot. He was replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences, testified against him and offered the authorities six hundred marks for the post of abbot. In 1539 it was Bradley who surrendered the abbey when its seizure was ordered under Henry VIII at the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The abbey precinct covered 70 acres (28 ha) surrounded by an 11-foot (3.4 m) wall built in the 13th century, some parts of which are visible to the south and west of the abbey. The area consists of three concentric zones cut by the River Skell flowing from west to east across the site. The church and claustral buildings stand at the centre of the precinct north of the Skell, the inner court containing the domestic buildings stretches down to the river and the outer court housing the industrial and agricultural buildings lies on the river's south bank. The early abbey buildings were added to and altered over time, causing deviations from the strict Cistercian type. Outside the walls were the abbey's granges.[citation needed]
The original abbey church was built of wood and "was probably" two stories high; it was, however, quickly replaced in stone. The church was damaged in the attack on the abbey in 1146 and was rebuilt, in a larger scale, on the same site. Building work was completed c.1170.[11] This structure, completed around 1170, was 300 ft (91 m) long and had 11 bays in the side aisles. A lantern tower was added at the crossing of the church in the late 12th century. The presbytery at the eastern end of the church was much altered in the 13th century. The church's greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot John of York, 1203–11, and carried on by his successor terminates, like that of Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220–47. The 160-foot-tall (49 m) tower, which was added not long before the dissolution, by Abbot Huby, 1494–1526, is in an unusual position at the northern end of the north transept and bears Huby's motto 'Soli Deo Honor et Gloria'. The sacristry adjoined the south transept.
The cloister, which had arcading of black marble from Nidderdale and white sandstone, is in the centre of the precinct and to the south of the church. The three-aisled chapter-house and parlour open from the eastern walk of the cloister and the refectory, with the kitchen and buttery attached, are at right angles to its southern walk. Parallel with the western walk is an immense vaulted substructure serving as cellars and store-rooms, which supported the dormitory of the conversi (lay brothers) above. This building extended across the river and at its south-west corner were the latrines, built above the swiftly flowing stream. The monks' dormitory was in its usual position above the chapter-house, to the south of the transept. Peculiarities of this arrangement include the position of the kitchen, between the refectory and calefactory, and of the infirmary above the river to the west, adjoining the guest-houses.
The abbot's house, one of the largest in all of England,is located to the east of the latrine block, where portions of it are suspended on arches over the River Skell.It was built in the mid-twelfth century as a modest single-storey structure, then, from the fourteenth century, underwent extensive expansion and remodelling to end up in the 16th century as a grand dwelling with fine bay windows and grand fireplaces. The great hall was an expansive room 52 by 21 metres (171 by 69 ft).
Among other apartments, for the designation of which see the ground-plan, was a domestic oratory or chapel,
1/2-by-23-foot (14 by 7 m), and a kitchen, 50-by-38-foot (15 by 12 m)
Medieval monasteries were sustained by landed estates that were given to them as endowments and from which they derived an income from rents. They were the gifts of the founder and subsequent patrons, but some were purchased from cash revenues. At the outset, the Cistercian order rejected gifts of mills and rents, churches with tithes and feudal manors as they did not accord with their belief in monastic purity, because they involved contact with laymen. When Archbishop Thurstan founded the abbey he gave the community 260 acres (110 ha) of land at Sutton north of the abbey and 200 acres (81 ha) at Herleshowe to provide support while the abbey became established. In the early years the abbey struggled to maintain itself because further gifts were not forthcoming and Thurstan could not help further because the lands he administered were not his own, but part of the diocesan estate. After a few years of impoverished struggle to establish the abbey, the monks were joined by Hugh, a former dean of York Minster, a rich man who brought a considerable fortune as well as furniture and books to start the library.
By 1135 the monks had acquired only another 260 acres (110 ha) at Cayton, given by Eustace fitzJohn of Knaresborough "for the building of the abbey". Shortly after the fire of 1146, the monks had established granges at Sutton, Cayton, Cowton Moor, Warsill, Dacre and Aldburgh all within 6 mi (10 km) of Fountains. In the 1140s the water mill was built on the abbey site making it possible for the grain from the granges to be brought to the abbey for milling.Tannery waste from this time has been excavated on the site.
Further estates were assembled in two phases, between 1140 and 1160 then 1174 and 1175, from piecemeal acquisitions of land. Some of the lands were grants from benefactors but others were purchased from gifts of money to the abbey. Roger de Mowbray granted vast areas of Nidderdale and William de Percy and his tenants granted substantial estates in Craven which included Malham Moor and the fishery in Malham Tarn. After 1203 the abbots consolidated the abbey's lands by renting out more distant areas that the monks could not easily farm themselves, and exchanging and purchasing lands that complemented their existing estates. Fountains' holdings both in Yorkshire and beyond had reached their maximum extent by 1265, when they were an efficient and very profitable estate. Their estates were linked in a network of individual granges which provided staging posts to the most distant ones. They had urban properties in York, Yarm, Grimsby, Scarborough and Boston from which to conduct export and market trading and their other commercial interests included mining, quarrying, iron-smelting, fishing and milling.
The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was a factor that led to a downturn in the prosperity of the abbey in the early fourteenth century. Areas of the north of England as far south as York were looted by the Scots. Then the number of lay-brothers being recruited to the order reduced considerably. The abbey chose to take advantage of the relaxation of the edict on leasing property that had been enacted by the General Chapter of the order in 1208 and leased some of their properties. Others were staffed by hired labour and remained in hand under the supervision of bailiffs. In 1535 Fountains had an interest in 138 vills and the total taxable income of the Fountains estate was £1,115, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in England.
After the Dissolution
The Gresham family crest
The Abbey buildings and over 500 acres (200 ha) of land were sold by the Crown, on 1 October 1540, to Sir Richard Gresham, at the time a Member of Parliament and former Lord Mayor of London, the father of Sir Thomas Gresham. It was Richard Gresham who had supplied Cardinal Wolsey with the tapestries for his new house of Hampton Court and who paid for the Cardinal's funeral.
Gresham sold some of the fabric of the site, stone, timber, lead, as building materials to help to defray the cost of purchase. The site was acquired in 1597 by Sir Stephen Proctor, who used stone from the monastic complex to build Fountains Hall. Between 1627 and 1767 the estate was owned by the Messenger family who sold it to William Aislaby who was responsible for combining it with the Studley Royal Estate.
Burials
Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray
Abbot Marmaduke Huby (d. 1526)
Rose (daughter of Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester), wife of Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy
William II de Percy, 3rd feudal baron of Topcliffe
Becoming a World Heritage Site
The archaeological excavation of the site was begun under the supervision of John Richard Walbran, a Ripon antiquary who, in 1846, had published a paper On the Necessity of clearing out the Conventual Church of Fountains.In 1966 the Abbey was placed in the guardianship of the Department of the Environment and the estate was purchased by the West Riding County Council who transferred ownership to the North Yorkshire County Council in 1974. The National Trust bought the 674-acre (273 ha) Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estate from North Yorkshire County Council in 1983. In 1986 the parkland in which the abbey is situated and the abbey was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was recognised for fulfilling the criteria of being a masterpiece of human creative genius, and an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history. Fountains Abbey is owned by the National Trust and maintained by English Heritage. The trust owns Studley Royal Park, Fountains Hall, to which there is partial public access, and St Mary's Church, designed by William Burges and built around 1873, all of which are significant features of the World Heritage Site.
The Porter's Lodge, which was once the gatehouse to the abbey, houses a modern exhibition area with displays about the history of Fountains Abbey and how the monks lived.
In January 2010, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal became two of the first National Trust properties to be included in Google Street View, using the Google Trike.
Film location
Fountains Abbey was used as a film location by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark for their single "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" during the cold winter of December 1981. In 1980, Hollywood also came to the site to film the final scenes to the film Omen III: The Final Conflict.Other productions filmed on location at the abbey are the films Life at the Top, The Secret Garden, The History Boys, TV series Flambards, A History of Britain, Terry Jones' Medieval Lives, Cathedral, Antiques Roadshow and the game show Treasure Hunt. The BBC Television series 'Gunpowder' (2017) used Fountains Abbey as a location.
Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles (5 kilometres) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for 407 years becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution in 1539 under the order of Henry VIII.
The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Foundation
After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey, in York, 13 monks were expelled (among them Saint Robert of Newminster) and, after unsuccessful attempts to form a new monastery were taken under the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York. He provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order which since the end of the previous century was a fast-growing reform movement that by the beginning of the 13th century was to have over 500 houses. So it was that in 1135, Fountains became the second Cistercian house in northern England, after Rievaulx. The Fountains monks became subject to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours according to Cistercian usage and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.
Consolidation
After Henry Murdac was elected abbot in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone and roofed in tile had been completed.
In 1146 an angry mob, annoyed at Murdac for his role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert as archbishop of York, attacked the abbey and burnt down all but the church and some surrounding buildings.The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned as abbot in 1147 upon becoming the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office. The next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was ably continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell, under whose rule the abbey gained a reputation for caring for the needy.
The next abbot was William, who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. During the European famine of 1194 Haget ordered the construction of shelters in the vicinity of the abbey and provided daily food rations to the poor enhancing the abbey's reputation for caring for the poor and attracting more grants from wealthy benefactors.
In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203–1211), John of Hessle (1211–1220) and John of Kent (1220–1247). They were burdened with an inordinate amount of administrative duties and increasing demands for money in taxation and levies but managed to complete another massive expansion of the abbey's buildings. This included enlarging the church and building an infirmary.
Difficulties
In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop, and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John le Romeyn in 1294. The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1348–1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.
A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409. Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England and consequently they became increasingly involved in internecine politics. In 1410, following the death of Abbot Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon, Abbot of Meaux, and Roger Frank, a monk of Fountains were locked in conflict until 1415 when Ripon was finally appointed, ruling until his death in 1434. Under abbots John Greenwell (1442–1471), Thomas Swinton (1471–8), John Darnton (1478–95), who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey, including notable work on the church, and Marmaduke Huby (1495–1526) Fountains regained stability and prosperity.
At Abbot Huby's death he was succeeded by William Thirsk who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy and was dismissed as abbot. He was replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences, testified against him and offered the authorities six hundred marks for the post of abbot. In 1539 it was Bradley who surrendered the abbey when its seizure was ordered under Henry VIII at the Dissolution of the Monasteries.
The abbey precinct covered 70 acres (28 ha) surrounded by an 11-foot (3.4 m) wall built in the 13th century, some parts of which are visible to the south and west of the abbey. The area consists of three concentric zones cut by the River Skell flowing from west to east across the site. The church and claustral buildings stand at the centre of the precinct north of the Skell, the inner court containing the domestic buildings stretches down to the river and the outer court housing the industrial and agricultural buildings lies on the river's south bank. The early abbey buildings were added to and altered over time, causing deviations from the strict Cistercian type. Outside the walls were the abbey's granges.[citation needed]
The original abbey church was built of wood and "was probably" two stories high; it was, however, quickly replaced in stone. The church was damaged in the attack on the abbey in 1146 and was rebuilt, in a larger scale, on the same site. Building work was completed c.1170.[11] This structure, completed around 1170, was 300 ft (91 m) long and had 11 bays in the side aisles. A lantern tower was added at the crossing of the church in the late 12th century. The presbytery at the eastern end of the church was much altered in the 13th century. The church's greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot John of York, 1203–11, and carried on by his successor terminates, like that of Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220–47. The 160-foot-tall (49 m) tower, which was added not long before the dissolution, by Abbot Huby, 1494–1526, is in an unusual position at the northern end of the north transept and bears Huby's motto 'Soli Deo Honor et Gloria'. The sacristry adjoined the south transept.
The cloister, which had arcading of black marble from Nidderdale and white sandstone, is in the centre of the precinct and to the south of the church. The three-aisled chapter-house and parlour open from the eastern walk of the cloister and the refectory, with the kitchen and buttery attached, are at right angles to its southern walk. Parallel with the western walk is an immense vaulted substructure serving as cellars and store-rooms, which supported the dormitory of the conversi (lay brothers) above. This building extended across the river and at its south-west corner were the latrines, built above the swiftly flowing stream. The monks' dormitory was in its usual position above the chapter-house, to the south of the transept. Peculiarities of this arrangement include the position of the kitchen, between the refectory and calefactory, and of the infirmary above the river to the west, adjoining the guest-houses.
The abbot's house, one of the largest in all of England,is located to the east of the latrine block, where portions of it are suspended on arches over the River Skell.It was built in the mid-twelfth century as a modest single-storey structure, then, from the fourteenth century, underwent extensive expansion and remodelling to end up in the 16th century as a grand dwelling with fine bay windows and grand fireplaces. The great hall was an expansive room 52 by 21 metres (171 by 69 ft).
Among other apartments, for the designation of which see the ground-plan, was a domestic oratory or chapel,
1⁄2-by-23-foot (14 by 7 m), and a kitchen, 50-by-38-foot (15 by 12 m)
Medieval monasteries were sustained by landed estates that were given to them as endowments and from which they derived an income from rents. They were the gifts of the founder and subsequent patrons, but some were purchased from cash revenues. At the outset, the Cistercian order rejected gifts of mills and rents, churches with tithes and feudal manors as they did not accord with their belief in monastic purity, because they involved contact with laymen. When Archbishop Thurstan founded the abbey he gave the community 260 acres (110 ha) of land at Sutton north of the abbey and 200 acres (81 ha) at Herleshowe to provide support while the abbey became established. In the early years the abbey struggled to maintain itself because further gifts were not forthcoming and Thurstan could not help further because the lands he administered were not his own, but part of the diocesan estate. After a few years of impoverished struggle to establish the abbey, the monks were joined by Hugh, a former dean of York Minster, a rich man who brought a considerable fortune as well as furniture and books to start the library.
By 1135 the monks had acquired only another 260 acres (110 ha) at Cayton, given by Eustace fitzJohn of Knaresborough "for the building of the abbey". Shortly after the fire of 1146, the monks had established granges at Sutton, Cayton, Cowton Moor, Warsill, Dacre and Aldburgh all within 6 mi (10 km) of Fountains. In the 1140s the water mill was built on the abbey site making it possible for the grain from the granges to be brought to the abbey for milling.Tannery waste from this time has been excavated on the site.
Further estates were assembled in two phases, between 1140 and 1160 then 1174 and 1175, from piecemeal acquisitions of land. Some of the lands were grants from benefactors but others were purchased from gifts of money to the abbey. Roger de Mowbray granted vast areas of Nidderdale and William de Percy and his tenants granted substantial estates in Craven which included Malham Moor and the fishery in Malham Tarn. After 1203 the abbots consolidated the abbey's lands by renting out more distant areas that the monks could not easily farm themselves, and exchanging and purchasing lands that complemented their existing estates. Fountains' holdings both in Yorkshire and beyond had reached their maximum extent by 1265, when they were an efficient and very profitable estate. Their estates were linked in a network of individual granges which provided staging posts to the most distant ones. They had urban properties in York, Yarm, Grimsby, Scarborough and Boston from which to conduct export and market trading and their other commercial interests included mining, quarrying, iron-smelting, fishing and milling.
The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was a factor that led to a downturn in the prosperity of the abbey in the early fourteenth century. Areas of the north of England as far south as York were looted by the Scots. Then the number of lay-brothers being recruited to the order reduced considerably. The abbey chose to take advantage of the relaxation of the edict on leasing property that had been enacted by the General Chapter of the order in 1208 and leased some of their properties. Others were staffed by hired labour and remained in hand under the supervision of bailiffs. In 1535 Fountains had an interest in 138 vills and the total taxable income of the Fountains estate was £1,115, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in England.
After the Dissolution
The Gresham family crest
The Abbey buildings and over 500 acres (200 ha) of land were sold by the Crown, on 1 October 1540, to Sir Richard Gresham, at the time a Member of Parliament and former Lord Mayor of London, the father of Sir Thomas Gresham. It was Richard Gresham who had supplied Cardinal Wolsey with the tapestries for his new house of Hampton Court and who paid for the Cardinal's funeral.
Gresham sold some of the fabric of the site, stone, timber, lead, as building materials to help to defray the cost of purchase. The site was acquired in 1597 by Sir Stephen Proctor, who used stone from the monastic complex to build Fountains Hall. Between 1627 and 1767 the estate was owned by the Messenger family who sold it to William Aislaby who was responsible for combining it with the Studley Royal Estate.
Burials
Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray
Abbot Marmaduke Huby (d. 1526)
Rose (daughter of Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester), wife of Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray
Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy
William II de Percy, 3rd feudal baron of Topcliffe
Becoming a World Heritage Site
The archaeological excavation of the site was begun under the supervision of John Richard Walbran, a Ripon antiquary who, in 1846, had published a paper On the Necessity of clearing out the Conventual Church of Fountains.In 1966 the Abbey was placed in the guardianship of the Department of the Environment and the estate was purchased by the West Riding County Council who transferred ownership to the North Yorkshire County Council in 1974. The National Trust bought the 674-acre (273 ha) Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estate from North Yorkshire County Council in 1983. In 1986 the parkland in which the abbey is situated and the abbey was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was recognised for fulfilling the criteria of being a masterpiece of human creative genius, and an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history. Fountains Abbey is owned by the National Trust and maintained by English Heritage. The trust owns Studley Royal Park, Fountains Hall, to which there is partial public access, and St Mary's Church, designed by William Burges and built around 1873, all of which are significant features of the World Heritage Site.
The Porter's Lodge, which was once the gatehouse to the abbey, houses a modern exhibition area with displays about the history of Fountains Abbey and how the monks lived.
In January 2010, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal became two of the first National Trust properties to be included in Google Street View, using the Google Trike.
Film location
Fountains Abbey was used as a film location by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark for their single "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" during the cold winter of December 1981. In 1980, Hollywood also came to the site to film the final scenes to the film Omen III: The Final Conflict.Other productions filmed on location at the abbey are the films Life at the Top, The Secret Garden, The History Boys, TV series Flambards, A History of Britain, Terry Jones' Medieval Lives, Cathedral, Antiques Roadshow and the game show Treasure Hunt. The BBC Television series 'Gunpowder' (2017) used Fountains Abbey as a location.
Core-formed glass, 5th century B.C.E.
Vessel made of dark green core-formed glass. The body is cylindrical and flat round tray-shaped mouth rim has been attached to its short neck. A pair of dark green glass handles of the same type as those seen above on cat. No. 33 are attached just below the shoulders of the vessel (one handle has partial later additions). The base is relatively rounded. Yellow and turquoise threads wrap in threads around the body from directly below the mouth to the base and shifts up and down into a zigzag pattern. There is also one thread of yellow glass around the mouth of the jar. Modeled after the Greek vessel type the alabastron, this jar would have been used to hold the perfumed oils. Greek ceramics depict images of women carrying this type of jar suspended from a cord run through the two handles.
Text and image from the website of the Miho Museum.
Technical Details
Nikon D7000
AF-S Nikkor 18-105mm f/3.5-5.6 ED DX
f/5.3 1/100sec 75mm ISO2000
Software: Adobe Lightroom 3.5
To be overcome by the fragrance of flowers is a delectable form of defeat.
- Beverly Nichols
HBW friends!
Hama-Rikyu Gardens
New Church at Spalding - Laying the First Stone
The town of Spalding has been attended for many years from Jamestown, in the diocese of Port Augusta. But Spalding itself lies just a little to the south of the boundary line between the two dioceses, and is located within the archdiocese of Adelaide.
Plans and specifications were prepared and submitted, and tenders called for the work. The tender of Messrs H Smerdon & Co, of Port Pirie, was accepted, at about £600, for a substantial stone church of about 40 x 20 ft, with vestries, porch, and all necessary furniture.
On Sunday last, 6th inst, the town was early aroused by the arrival of visitors from Clare, Gulnare, Jamestown, Booboorowie, and all the neighbouring country. The Spalding Institute, though fairly spacious, and providing good accommodation, was taxed to its fullest capacity. Catholics and non-Catholics were interested.
The Very Rev Father Doyle, the priest in charge of the district, met the Bishop of Port Augusta (the Right Rev Dr Norton) at Jamestown, on Saturday, and drove him to Spalding in the afternoon.
On Sunday the Bishop celebrated the first Mass at 8 o'clock in the Institute Hall, which was tastefully prepared for the occasion by the ladies. At 10.30 Father Doyle said Mass.
A procession was formed, with cross-bearer and acolytes at the head, Children of Mary from Jamestown, the general congregation marching two and two abreast, with several rich banners, the choir, and then the Bishop, assisted by Father Doyle and the altar attendants, bringing up the rear. A Catholic procession has never been witnessed before in that locality.
Arrived at the site of the new church, the solemn rite of blessing the place where the future altar is to be erected, the benediction and laying of the foundation stone and of the trenches were carried out.
The Bishop having finished the ceremony, again addressed those assembled, and called upon them to place their offerings on the stone. He himself set the good example.
The process was repeated by those present, among whom were many non-Catholics, until the stone was covered with gold, notes, cheques, and silver, amounting to £144 odd. This, added to moneys already in hand, brings the total funds available for the building to about £300.
Title of the Church
The new church will be under the patronage of St Augustine, Father and Doctor of the church, whose feast occurs on August 28. [Ref: Southern Cross (Adelaide) 11-12-1908]
*New Church at Spalding
Sunday July 4, will be a red-letter day in the history of Spalding: for on that date the new Catholic church recently erected there, is to be blessed and opened by his Lordship the Bishop of Port Augusta (Right Rev Dr Norton) at 10.30 am.
Already £100 worth of furniture and £50 of lead light windows has been presented to the church, and Messrs Gill Bros, have given a golden chalice. [Ref: Southern Cross (Adelaide) 25-6-1909]
*July 5
The new Catholic Church was opened here on Sunday.
The building is of freestone and rock work, measuring something like 45ft by 25ft, while the walls are 18ft high. The front door is approached by a porch, and the lighting of the building is from nine large windows, gothic tops and cathedral glass. There is also a vestry at the back, and taking everything together the church is in every way up-to-date, and a credit to all those who were instrumental in collecting and subscribing.
It cost about £800 and half the debt was accounted for before the church was opened, and at the services on Sunday the magnificent sum of £198 was collected, leaving only about £220 as a debt.
It is erected on a hill on Spalding and Jamestown Road, and it will also serve as a landmark, for it can be seen some distance off. [Ref: Burra Record (SA) 7-71909]
*Towards the end of 1948 Mr Hallett the builder, began work on extensions, to include a new sanctuary and a foundation stone was laid proclaiming 1947 to be the date.
That was soon after the end of World War Two and as a consequence of building materials, along with many other goods and money, being in short supply – if obtainable at all, it was decided all materials for the extension were to be second-hand.
*His Lordship the Bishop of Port Augusta blessed the extensions of St Augustine’s Church, Spalding, on Sunday last, and celebrated the first Holy Mass in the new sanctuary that has been added. [Ref: Southern Cross (Adelaide) 23-7-1948]
*Brilliant Achievement at Spalding
To those who knew the Spalding church, the task of enlarging it to fit the needs of the congregation has always appeared beyond the bounds of possibility. When one adds to this the difficulty of building anything in these times, one can but marvel that any person should attempt even the small task that has just been completed at Spalding, but Mgr Clune was never one to easily accept defeat. Moreover, he had the phenomenal good fortune to find a man of the vision and ability of Mr Hallett, without whom the task could never have been begun, let alone completed. But the task is completed, and it is not this fact alone that compels admiration.
*Second Hand – First Rate
Obviously it was not possible to obtain new material for the work, and so the plan was necessarily to use second-hand material. This plan was followed. A recent paragraph in "The Advertiser" made mention, of the exquisitely beautiful marble altar, and the writer of that paragraph did not exaggerate. Every piece of that marble was gathered, slowly and slab by slab, from Adelaide and even from Melbourne. This achievement is but typical of many that went into building the sanctuary.
A few other examples may serve to emphasise the point. The altar canopy, which is, as far as I know, the only one in a parochial church in this diocese, if not in this State, contains part of the stand of an old windmill and is timbered with wood taken from ancient church seats.
The small rose window in the church facade is fashioned within the rim of a discarded Ford wheel, probably the first time that a Ford has contributed materially to the building of a church. This window, incidentally, speaks of the love and veneration felt by the members of the church choir towards the late Sister Carolus, in whose memory they donated it.
The altar, too, is a memorial to three members of the congregation who gave their lives for the freedom of their land.
To continue the recitation of facts: the choir gallery of the old church was so low that most of the space beneath was useless. Mr Hallett raised the gallery bodily—in one day—and transformed the church marvellously. The Stations of the Cross were remodelled and the crosses were fashioned from a piece of blackwood previously taken from a dismantled fireplace within the convent. New windows were needed for the additions, and these were supplied from windows discarded over 20 years ago, when the old church at Jamestown was demolished. Obviously this list does not contain all the sources of the material—even a disused fowl-house gave up its small quota of timber and iron for the roof.
The Opening - On Sunday, July 18, His Lordship the Bishop of Port Augusta, blessed the new sanctuary and celebrated the first Holy Mass at the new altar.
Owing to the great crowd present, only a minority were able to be within the church for the ceremony. It is estimated that more than 600 people were present, and, after the mass more than 500 partook of the dinner prepared at the Spalding Institute by the ladies of the parish.
During the afternoon, a public meeting was held in the Spalding Institute. It had been arranged that the speeches should be made at the dinner, but the knowledge that a huge number would be attending made an alteration necessary, and to the astonishment of many the institute proved none too big for the attendance.
Mgr Clune opened the proceedings by welcoming His Lordship, the visiting clergy, and people. In a brief resume of the activities that had led up to the day, the speaker paid glowing tribute to the ability of the contractor, Mr Hallett. Not often does one find a building erected in which the man who poured the foundations also puts on the roof and builds the ceiling, besides acting as quarryman, plasterer and designer.
Mr Hallett had succeeded in altering the church, retaining the work of the pioneers, and using second-hand materials.
Even the lovely tabernacle was built by the quarryman who designed and made the altar which it serves and adorns. [Ref: Southern Cross (Adelaide) 30-7-1948]
This building no longer operates as a church - it is now private property.
China and India
english
Vishnu (Sanskrit विष्णु Viṣṇu) is the Supreme god in the Vaishnavite tradition of Hinduism. Smarta followers of Adi Shankara, among others, venerate Vishnu as one of the five primary forms of God.
The Vishnu Sahasranama declares Vishnu as Paramatma (supreme soul) and Parameshwara (supreme God). It describes Vishnu as the All-Pervading essence of all beings, the master of—and beyond—the past, present and future, one who supports, sustains and governs the Universe and originates and develops all elements within. Vishnu governs the aspect of preservation and sustenance of the universe, so he is called 'Preserver of the universe'.
In the Puranas, Vishnu is described as having the divine colour of water filled clouds, four-armed, holding a lotus, mace, conch (shankha) and chakra (wheel). Vishnu is also described in the Bhagavad Gita as having a 'Universal Form' (Vishvarupa) which is beyond the ordinary limits of human perception or imagination.
The Puranabharti also describes each of these Dasavatara of Vishnu. Among these ten principal Avatara described, nine have occurred in the past and one will take place in the future, at the end of Kali Yuga. In the commentary of creator Brahma in Vishnu Sahasranamam, he refers to Vishnu as "Sahasrakoti Yuga Dharine", which means that these incarnations take place in all Yugas in cosmic scales, the avatars and their stories show that god is indeed unimaginable, unthinkable and unbelievable. The Bhagavad Gita mentions their purpose as being to rejuvenate Dharma and vanquish negative forces, the forces of evil that threaten Dharma, as also to display His divine nature in front of the conditioned/fallen souls. In almost all Hindu denominations, Vishnu is either worshipped directly or in the form of his ten avatara, most famous of whom are Rama and Krishna.
The Trimurti (English: ‘three forms’; Sanskrit: trimūrti) is a concept in Hinduism "in which the cosmic functions of creation, maintenance, and destruction are personified by the forms of Brahma the creator, Vishnu the maintainer or preserver, and Shiva the destroyer or transformer." These three deities have been called "the Hindu triad" or the "Great Trinity".Of the three members of the Trimurti, the Bhagavata Purana, which espouses the Vaishnavite viewpoint, explains that the greatest benefit can be had from Vishnu.
português
Na mitologia hindu, Vixnu (em hindi विष्णु, transl. Vishnu, da raiz sânscrita vishva, "tudo"), juntamente com Shiva e Brahma formam a trimúrti, a trindade hindu, na qual Vixnu é o deus responsável pela manutenção do universo.
Nas duas representações comuns de Vixnu, ele aparece flutuando sobre ondas em cima das costas de um deus-serpente chamado Shesh Nag, ou flutuando sobre as ondas com seus quatro braços, cada mão segurando um de seus atributos divinos, uma concha, um disco de energia, um lótus e um cajado.
A concha se chama Pantchdjanya, que têm nela todos os cinco elementos da criação: ar, fogo, água, terra e éter. Quando se assopra nessa concha, pode se ouvir o som que deu origem à todo o universo, o Om.
O disco, ou roda de energia de Vixnu, se chama Sudarshana, e representa o controle dos seis sentimentos, servindo de arma para cortar a cabeça de qualquer demônio.
O Lótus de Vixnu, se chama Padma, e é o símbolo da pureza e representa a Verdade por trás da ilusão.
O cajado de Vixnu, se chama Kaumodaki, ele representa a força da qual toda a força física e mental do universo são derivadas.
Segundo o hinduísmo, Vixnu vem ao mundo de diversas formas, chamadas avatares, que podem ser humanas, animais ou uma combinação dos dois. Todos esses avatares aparecem ao mundo, quando um grande mal ameaça a Terra; no total, existem dez avatares de Vixnu, dos quais nove já se manifestaram no nosso mundo - sendo Rama e Críxena (Krishna) os mais conhecidos - e outro ainda está por vir. São eles:
Matsya, o Peixe;
Kurma, a Tartaruga;
Varaha, o Javali;
Narasimha, o Homem-Leão;
Vamana, o Anão;
Parashurama, o Homem com o machado;
Rama, o arqueiro;
Críxena (Krishna)
Buda, o Iluminado (Sidarta Gautama)[1]
Kalki, o espadachim montado a cavalo que ainda está por vir.
A esposa de Vixnu é a deusa Lakshmi, deusa da prosperidade e sorte, que o acompanha, encarnado na terra, como esposa de seus avatares. Seu veículo é Garuda, a águia gigante. Vixnu tem uma forte relação com a água (Nara), tanto que um de seus nomes é Narayana, aquele que flutua sobre as águas. Ele é representado ao lado de uma Serpente com muitas cabeças, já mencionada anteriormente. Do seu umbigo, nasce uma flor de Lótus da qual emerge Brama, o deus criador do universo.
Outros nomes de Vixnu
Há uma famosa prece hindu denominada Vishnusahastanama-stotra, ou "Os mil nomes de Vixnu". Os nomes derivam dos atributos do deus. Esses são alguns dos principais:
Acyutah (firme, permanente)
Ananta (sem fim, eterno, infinito)
Kesava (de cabelo abundante e belo)
Narayana (o que está sobre a água)
Madhava (relacionado à primavera)
Govinda (chefe dos pastores: um nome de Krishna)
Madhusudanah (aquele que destrói o demônio Madhu)
Trivikrama
Vamana (anão)
Aridhara
Hrsikeshah
Padmanabha (de cujo umbigo brota o lótus que contém Brama)
Damodara (um nome de Krishna)
Gopala (pastor: refere-se a Krishna)
Janardanah
Vāsudeva (filho de Vasudeva: refere-se a Krishna)
Anantasayana
Sriman
Srinivasa
Singular terminology dilemma
Cattle can only be used in the plural and not in the singular: it is a plurale tantum. Thus one may refer to "three cattle" or "some cattle", but not "one cattle". There is no universally used singular form in modern English of "cattle", other than the sex- and age-specific terms such as cow, bull, steer and heifer. Historically, "ox" was a non-gender-specific term for adult cattle, but generally this is now used only for draft cattle, especially adult castrated males. The term is also incorporated into the names of other species such as the musk ox and "grunting ox" (yak), and is used in some areas to describe certain cattle products such as ox-hide and ox-tail.[21]
A Brahman calf
"Cow" has been in general use as a singular for the collective "cattle" in spite of the objections of those who say that it is a female-specific term, so that phrases such as "that cow is a bull" would be absurd from a lexicographic standpoint. However, it is easy to use when a singular is needed and the sex is not known or is irrelevant in the context of the conversation, as in "There is a cow in the road". Further, any herd of fully mature cattle in or near a pasture is statistically likely to consist mostly of cows, so the term is probably accurate even in the restrictive sense. Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated as calves and slaughtered for meat before the age of three years. Thus, in a pastured herd, any calves or herd bulls usually are clearly distinguishable from the cows due to distinctively different sizes and clear anatomical differences. The Oxford English Dictionary lists the use of "cows" as a synonym for "cattle" as an American usage.[22][Full citation needed] Merriam-Webster, a U.S. dictionary, recognizes the non-sex-specific use of "cow" as an alternate definition,[23] whereas Collins, a UK dictionary, does not.[24]
Colloquially, more general non-specific terms may denote cattle when a singular form is needed. Australian, New Zealand and British farmers use the term "beast" or "cattle beast". "Bovine" is also used in Britain. The term "critter" is common in the western United States and Canada, particularly when referring to young cattle.[25] In some areas of the American South (particularly the Appalachian region), where both dairy and beef cattle are present, an individual animal was once called a "beef critter", though that term is becoming archaic.
nrhp # 76000599- The Koreshan Unity was a communal utopia formed by Cyrus Teed, who took the name "Koresh", the original Persian form of his name Cyrus. The Koreshans followed Teed's beliefs, called Koreshanity.
The Koreshan Unity started in the 1870s in New York, where Teed started preaching his beliefs. He formed short-lived groups in New York City and Moravia. He later moved to Chicago. Teed's followers formed a commune in Chicago in 1888 called Beth-Ophra. Some followers also formed a short-lived community in San Francisco (1891-2). Small church groups existed in other towns.
Eventually, Teed took his followers to Estero, Florida, to form his "New Jerusalem" in 1894. The community was at its peak 1903–1908, when it had over 250 residents. There were apparently another 4,000 believers around the country. Teed had a vision in which he was to establish a utopian city of 10,000,000 with streets up to 400 feet (120 m) wide. Membership declined following his death in 1908.
The group built extensively, establishing a bakery, printing house (publishing their newspaper and other publications), the "World College of Life", a general store, concrete works, power plant (supplying power to the surrounding area years before it was available elsewhere in the region) and more. The colony was extensively landscaped. There has been work to document and preserve the grounds in Estero (a Florida State Park.)
In 1906, the community formed the Progressive Liberal Party to run several candidates for county government against the local Democratic Party but were never successful. This Progressive Liberal Party consisted of Koreshans, socialists, Republicans, and dissatisfied Democrats. The Koreshans had already incorporated Estero and were seeking further political power in Lee County. After Teed died in 1908 the group went into decline. Several groups split off from the Unity. One such group was the Order of Theocracy that left in 1910 and moved to nearby Ft. Myers. This group lasted until 1931. The fact the Unity was celibate did not help, although celibacy was not the real problem since there was a married status within the Unity. Celibates were the highest order. Without new members joining, the group slowly dwindled. It continued to publish the Flaming Sword until the printing press burned down in 1949. It also published the American Eagle, which began in 1906 and later became a horticultural newspaper.
The last remaining follower, Hedwig Michel, joined in 1940. She had learned of the Koreshans in Germany, and fled Nazi persecution. She ceded the main portion of the commune grounds to Florida to form a state park in 1961. The Koreshan State Park (now known as the Koreshan State Historic Site) was opened in 1967. Hedwig Michel continued to live in the building known as the "Planetary Court". She died in 1981. She is the only Koreshan buried within the park. Two other Koreshan cemeteries are nearby, one of which lies within a gated community and the other on land owned by the Audubon Society. Partly due to the Koreshan belief in a form of reincarnation, little, if anything, was done to care for these cemeteries. The only permanent grave stones were put in by family members.
from Wikipedia
With the vacuum cleaner running, push the frame and the hot plastic down onto the mould until the frame seals against the weather stripping -- and BAM, the plastic slams down onto the mould.
Turn off the vacuum and give the plastic a minute to cool.
Hey, this thing works pretty good. I got a couple ideas of stuff to make with it now, like custom model boat hulls, or maybe a storm trooper costume...
4/9/2017 - Curso “A Importância da Formação Humanística do Magistrado – Uma comparação filosófica Europa/América Latina” - Emagis TRF4 - Foto: Sylvio Sirangelo/TRF4
I must be getting old as I've gone for function over form by fitting mudguards to my Pompino. Maybe I'll actually get some road miles in this winter, I normally head off-road if the roads are damp.
© copyrighted image; all rights reserved.
The Karlstad sofa, an Ikea sofa inspired by the Florence Knoll sofa.
I wanted to get back to the set I started earlier, Form @ Home, where I try to capture the mood and feeling of some things we’ve got at home. This time I tried to use a cooler, blueish toned color instead of the sepia. Again, I'm trying to find form and details, capturing the mood and feeling of the object. For this I used the 5D with the 100mm L IS macro lens. All shot handheld with available light.
This is the usual colour form we have in Kent, although the markings on the lip of this has faded giving it a semi-var. alba look to it.
I think it looks rather nice.
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We woke at quarter to six in Swindon.
Outside it was warm and cloudy. But with the promise of sunshine later.
We had a shower, dressed and was down fr breakfast for half six, with all bar the cooked food ready.
So, we filled our boots with fruit and coffee before the fry up was brought. Aroud us, young red-eyed familes ate in a daze, and men in work clothes got ready for their last working day of the week.
We had a 90 minute drive, so we turned out of the car park at seven, across the huge roundabout ond onto the M4 heading due west for Bath, Bristol and Wales.
We put the radio on, and as the cruised through the Wiltshire countryside, the clouds above thinned and the sun broke through.
It was going to be a perfect day for orchiding.
We crossed over the new bridge ito Wales, traffic was heavier, but it flowed well, and all around the weather improved.
Past Newport and Cardiff beofre trning off to the coast, lead by the sat nav into which I had programmed the postcode. Although that wasn't enough, as the post coast was a gated farm track.
We tried to drive into the nearest town, and there was no reserve, but on the way out I saw a brown sign with a waterfowl, the symbol for a reserve.
Getting close now.
We arrived, and already the car park was half full, because sadly most people use reserves as dog exercise areas, and we were to be harassed and harried all our visit but aggressive small and larger dog and owners who don't give a toss.
I was here to see a rarer colour variation of the Early Marsh, but Kenfig is also home to the only western colony of Fen Orchids. I had seen these in Norfolk a few years back, but as were here, and someone on Twitter supplied me with a grid reference and good directions, as the orchids are tiny.
So, we went via a maze of tracks, heading mostly west, through coppices and dunes, until there was a large open area of grass.
And orchids.
And there were the magenta coloured EMO.
I filled my boots.
Then, to find the Fens.
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The Early Marsh-orchid is one of our most beautiful and enigmatic wild orchids. The flowers occur in four colours, and they are sufficiently different from one another to have all been given subspecies status: a pale salmon pink, Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. incarnata; brick red, Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. coccinea; purple, Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. pulchella; and cream Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. ochroleuca. The latter is confined to the East Anglian fens. In favoured habitats Dactylorhiza incarnata can carpet the ground in early spring, and in most good sites it is easy to find two or more of the subspecies growing in close proximity. In addition to the above there is also another subspecies. Sometimes called the Flecked Marsh-orchid or Leopard Orchid, Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. cruenta is known only from part of western Ireland and a few sites in Scotland; it is classified as Endangered in the UK, while in Ireland, where it mainly occurs in The Burren, it is also under threat from habitat degradation. Early Marsh-orchid in all its variations flowers between mid May and late June. The subspecies which occur in England, Scotland and Wales are localised but can be abundant in good years. With the exception of Dactylorhiza incarnata subsp. pulchella (which is tolerant of more acid conditions and occurs in bogs and on heathland), these orchids favour alkaline substrates and can be found in fens, wet alkaline meadows and sand-dune slacks. On the European mainland, Dactylorhiza incarnata is recorded from Scandinavia in the north to Italy and Spain in the south.
D. incarnata subsp. incarnata
Plant: 7 to 40cm but typically 20 to 40cm; stem pale green or yellowish, usually hollow.
Leaves: bright green; 3 to 5 broad, keeled sheathing leaves at base of stem, and 1 or 2 non sheathing leaves higher up.
Bracts: bright green, sometimes flushed pink.
Flowers: 10 to 70 flowers in a densely-packed inflorescence; pale pink, often salmon pink. Sepals and petals paler than the lip; upper sepal and petals form a tight hood over the lip. Lip pale pink, slightly lobed with lateral lobes deflected downwards, liberally covered with dark-pink dots within loops.
www.hardyorchidsociety.org.uk/hos%201012/orchidphotos/dac...
A lawyer-client relationship is generally formed out of respect and empathy when the lawyer agrees to provide legal assistance or services to a needy client. In my case, I happened to meet a greedy wolf in disguise as a family lawyer. That lawyer, Jennifer L. Lavin, was a very clever swindler because she cunningly portrayed her first impression to me as that of a charming professional lawyer. In reality, her true face and selfish greed were so awful that I was yet to discover them. At that time, I was in one of the worst times of my family and financial crisis due to my nasty divorce taking place. All her promises to get me rid of my problems and worries sounded like music to my ears. That was all I wanted; I wanted myself and my children to escape the depressing troubles in life. Therefore, I trusted her and asked about her fee. She demanded a very high price for her services and assured me that she would put all her heart and keep me as a priority if I paid the full fee right away. It was challenging for me to arrange such a hefty fee for sure, and I did let her know of this. But to Lavin, money is everything that matters. She fooled me into believing her lies, and I ended up doing as she pleased. The worse part about this encounter was that it was all just a beginning of an unrelenting nightmare.
Read Further ➡️ www.ripoffreport.com/report/jennifer-lavin/chicago-il-fam...