View allAll Photos Tagged forms
The Massed Pipes and Drums of The Edinburgh Military Tattoo, 2006.
BBC highlight video of the Massed Pipes and Drums.
Bain News Service,, publisher.
Fitziu
[between ca. 1915 and ca. 1920]
1 negative : glass ; 5 x 7 in. or smaller.
Notes:
Title from unverified data provided by the Bain News Service on the negatives or caption cards.
Forms part of: George Grantham Bain Collection (Library of Congress).
Format: Glass negatives.
Rights Info: No known restrictions on publication.
Repository: Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA, hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.print
General information about the Bain Collection is available at hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/pp.ggbain
Higher resolution image is available (Persistent URL): hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ggbain.26419
Call Number: LC-B2- 4527-12
When you announce to your teacher at the moment she is starting to position you for the class photo that you need to visit the lavatory, expect some form of revenge after the accident.
Where originally it might have been intended to have a row of eight boys at the front row and a second row of ten girls, a rather uneven second row of ten girls and one boy is the final result.
The accident has been made more evident after the boy has been made to keep the hands by the side by the teacher, rather than to fold them like the other boys, thus bringing the attention of the problem to all parents and friends who later see the photograph.
Showing up a child was always a more lasting punishment than a quick hit with the plimsoll or cane.
Some of the teachers at a junior school I was at, would forbid many of us from the Children's Home to leave a classroom in the middle of a lesson if we needed a pee.
Often short of money, a few would use these unsupervised moments to search other children's coats for money or sweets (as they were not allowed in the classroom, so they were left in coat pockets), if no actual need for a pee had been there, ten minutes alone could bring good pickings.
To be fair it was not just the kids that were from the Children's Home that had this rule, but also a couple of other boys who might also might not be trusted were also included in the ban of leaving the classroom during a lesson.
Those of us who suffered this lack of trust, tried to make sure that all our breaks were used for visits to the lavatory, both at the start and at the end of our play times.
Once we knew that asking certain teachers if we could leave the room resulted in the NO answer, we didn't bother asking and tried to hold on to the end of the lesson.
Whilst other children might tease us a little when we did wet ourselves, it was mild compared to the reception we would receive when returned to the Home.
At the end of the day and returning to the Home, there was no point in trying to hide the matter from Sister, it would only get you into more trouble. There was no punishment, just the comment that it might be best if you wore waterproof pants to school to stop the matter happening, and then going to school in them until she decided otherwise was not too much of a problem.
More mild teasing from our friends, but you dare not take them off and hide them, had they become lost the punishment for loosing them would be unthinkable. Eventually the teasing would end. The worst time to be in them was when it came to change for PE or games.
You became happy that the teacher could no longer torture you in class, with the problem of wet stains on your shorts, and a puddle under your chair. The fear of needing to visit the toilet vanished, you had no worries that you might need to go. Wearing waterproofs for many became an everyday event in primary school and there were only a few accidents.
---------------------------------------------
Those of us from the Children's Home were always short of money, a dare from friends if they promised to put in a penny each for you to do something daft, often ended with the slipper when you were found out if the dare had not been too stupid.
Getting in around 1/- (that would buy a very large bar of chocolate or two Mars bars) from your group of friends was a decent amount of money, it made up for the pain. Fail to complete the dare meant you had to give your friends the penny each instead.
When the stakes were higher, you needed friends to put in 3d each if it would probably end in the cane for your deed if you were caught. 2/6 - 3/- for a dare was always worth the risk.
Holding a lighted banger in your hand, removing the teachers lesson from the blackboard when it was clearly marked DO NOT REMOVE, and making a puddle on the Headmasters carpet, were among the higher dares.
If you were to be seen by the headmaster at morning break. You were first made to drink your one third of a pint milk, then taken straight to see the headmaster due your latest bit of bad behaviour, waiting outside his office until he was ready to see you, and not allowed to a pay a visit to the toilet until you had been seen. I never did make a puddle in his office, other friends did out of fear or for a dare. Due to a long wait outside his office, my shorts and the door mat did suffer.
Fun event raises money for our Advent Appeal
Another very successful Sixth Form fancy dress day was recently held at St. Mary’s Menston. Over 250 students and staff arrived for lessons in multi-coloured costumes, each one donating £10 to the school’s annual Advent Appeal, proceeds from which will be sent to St. Gemma’s Hospice, CAFOD, Catholic Care and Martin House. A total of £1700 was raised on the day. This year again there were many different imaginative and creative costumes, some made by the students themselves including Aladdin on his magic carpet, nuns, sheiks, pirates, elves, flower pot men, gorillas, bears and cup-cakes to name but a few. The staff, not to be outdone, also joined in with some departments following a particular theme.
“Standing at the front of the hall delivering an assembly can sometimes be an off-putting experience; looking up from your notes and seeing Bill and Ben, the flowerpot men, bananas in pyjamas, giant-sized tetras boxes or a row of cupcakes, might be enough to put anyone off their lines. Congratulations to Paddy Spiller, our guest speaker from CAFOD who didn’t miss a beat when addressing a Year 11 and Year 13 assembly on Friday, our Fancy Dress day! Each student is to be commended for their generosity and for creating a very happy day for all in our school.”
Mr Sinnett, Director of Sixth Form
This event is not the only one planned by the Sixth Form students to raise as much money as possible this year. A Rich Man Poor Man lunch is planned for the end of the week where pupils and staff purchasing a ‘rich’ ticket win a hearty meal whilst a ‘poor’ ticket merits a cup of soup. A Sixth Form 5-a-side Football match also raised £150.
Over the course of the Advent period, the whole school community will be involved in fund raising activities with the aim of raising £10,000 for our four charities.
www.stmarysmenston.org/News/Pages/Sixth-Form-Fancy-Dress-...
Presidential Candidate 總統候選人
www.google.com/search?hl=en&noj=1&biw=1367&bi...
www.bing.com/images/search?q=%e9%a6%ac%e5%a4%a9%e4%ba%ae+...
atomzone.co.uk/images/search/TianLiang+Maa%2C+Taiwan+Pres...
flickr.akitomo.net/TianLiang+Maa%2C+Taiwan+Presidential+C...
snap.nl.sg/searchflickr.aspx?q=TianLiang+Maa%2C+Taiwan+Pr...
www.google.com/search?q=DPP+Taiwan+recommended+parliament...
whotalking.com/flickr/TianLiang+Maa,+Taiwan+Presidential+...
atomzone.co.uk/images/search/%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%AE+...
Tianliang Ma
~ a Taiwanese social reformer, philosopher, photographer and film director
“Touching Fairness and Justice”
馬天亮
~ 臺灣的社會改革者，哲學家，攝影師，和電影導演
《感動的公平與正義》
TianLiang Maa, alternative spelling: Tianliang Ma, also known as Theophilus Raynsford Mann; Ma, Tianliang; Chinese: 馬天亮; 马天亮.
SUMMARY
TianLiang Maa is a naturalist, occultist, Buddhist and Taoist. In 1982, Maa developed a technique for abstract photography, applied “Rayonism” into photographic works. Maa staged 32 individual, extraordinary exhibitions around Taiwan, who was the first exhibitor around Formosa. Maa’s works is the beginning of modernization in the modern abstract arts in the world. At the University of Oxford, Maa’s attractive topic was “A View of Architectural History: Towns through the Ages from Winchester through London Arrived at Oxford in England”; also an author at the University of California, Berkeley and the University of Michigan in the United States; an alumnus from Christ Church College at the University of Oxford in England, the University of Glamorgan in Wales, and National Taiwan University in Taipei on Taiwan. Maa’s works have been quoted by the scholars many times, making Maa one of the highly cited technological, artistic, and managing public administrators in the academia. Maa was listed in “Taiwan Who’s Who In Business” © 1984, 1987, 1989 Harvard Management Service.
Early Life and Record of Genealogy
TianLiang Maa possesses both Taiwanese and German surnames from birth. Usually, whenever anyone asks Maa about where he comes from, he would reply “Formosa” as he grew up and was educated in the Far East and lives in Taiwanese and Japanese lifestyles. Moreover, he often teaches and educates younger generations based on the methods of the Far Eastern teaching he experienced when he was young, though he does not oppose the Western ways of teaching and thinking. Maa takes great pride in his roots, which go back 150 years (since 1864); Maa’s ancestry originates and creates generations, and prepares younger generations to succeed their personality and ethical standards and integrity.
Education in Taiwan and a Brief of Latest Generation of History in Taiwan / Formosa
In 1980, Maa obtained his postgraduate certificate from the Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering of National Taiwan University in Taipei; successfully completed another graduate studies in Information dBase III Plus and Taiwanese Traditional Chinese Mandarin Information System at National Sun Yat-Sen University in Kaohsiung in 1989.
In history, the Portuguese explorers discovered and called the island (Taiwan), “Formosa” (meaning “Beautiful Island”) in 1590. They are non-Chinese people; it was long a Chinese and Japanese pirate base. Fighting continued, between its original inhabitants of Taiwanese and the Chinese settlers, into the 19th century. In 1894-95 first Sino-Japanese War that ended in Manchus of the Qing (Ching) dynasty defeat, the late Manchu Qing Government forced to cede Formosa to Japan. This result was made by the Treaty of Shomonoseki in 1895 and remained under Japanese control until the end of the Second World War. Early on, Taiwan was conquered by the Qing in 1683 and for the first time became part of older China dynasty. However, today, the home country of Maa’s origin has around 165 institutions (93 universities) of higher education, which now has one of the best-educated populations in Asia. Among the major public (state) ones are the National Taiwan University (NTU) at Taipei, and National Sun Yat-Sen University (NSYSU) at Kaohsiung. NSYSU is also called National Chun-Shan University; according to Times Higher Education 2010-2011, NSYSU ranks as the 3rd university in Taiwan, 21st in Asia, and 163rd worldwide. National Taiwan University is ranked 51 to 60 ranks on Times Higher Education World University Rankings - Top Universities by Reputation 2013, the United Kingdom (see www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/...); King's College London (KCL) (21st in the world and 6th in Europe in the 2010, QS World University Rankings), the University of London, and University of Southern California (is one of the world's leading private research universities, located in the heart of Los Angeles), afterward.
Backing to Maa’s early school-time of Taiwan Provincial Kaohsiung Industrial Senior High School (Kaohsiung Municipal Kaohsiung Industrial High school), the professional technical education, which is equivalent to Advanced Level General Certificate of Education, commonly referred to as an A-level in the United Kingdom; China Electronic Engineering College, the distance learning programme, which is in equivalence as UK’s Diploma of Higher Education / Undergraduate Diploma (as an Associate Degree in the United States). An additional, his middle education was taught by the Kaohsiung Municipal Chihjh (Ci Sian) Junior High School; and Kaohsiung Municipal San Min Elementary School was his first school in Taiwan.
Early Career
In 1989, Maa instituted Maa’s Office of Electrical Engineer, he settled himself in electrical technology and industries as a chief engineer in his early years. He put his professional and precise knowledge to good account in business management. A formal business management with business relationship established to provide for regular services, dealings, and other commercial transactions and deed. He had many customers having a business and credit relationship with his firm then he was a successful engineer.
Study Abroad and Immigration into the United Kingdom
In 1998, Maa studied abroad when he arrived in Great Britain; he studied at School of Built Environment, the University of Glamorgan (Prifysgol Morgannwg) in Merthyr Tydfil, Pontypridd, Wales for a master of science in real estate appraisal. Until the summer of 2000, Maa completed an academic course on “Towns through the Ages” from Christ Church College at the University of Oxford (is ranked the 2nd place worldwide on The Times Higher Education, World University Rankings 2012-2013
www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/world-university-rankings/...) in England. Afterward, Maa immigrated into the United Kingdom in the early year of 2004.
PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS
Maa is a naturalist; he trusts spiritual naturalism and naturalistic spirituality, which teaches that “the unknown” created this wonderful world. “The unknown” arranged the nature with its law so that everything in nature is kept balanced and in order. However, human beings failed to control themselves, deliberately went against the law of nature, and resulted in disasters, which we deserved. He also is an occultist, a Taoist, and a Buddhist; but in Britain, he frequently goes to Christian and Catholic churches, where he makes friends with pastors and fathers as well as churchgoers. In his mind, he recognizes “Belief is truth held in the mind; faith is a fire in the heart”. He is always a freethinker, does not accept traditional, social, and religious teaching, but based on his ideas: a thought or conception that potentially and actually exists in his mind as a product of mental activity - his opinion, conviction, and principle. If people have not come across eastern classics and philosophy, we are afraid that people would never understand TianLiang Maa. People cannot judge an eastern philosopher based on western ways of thinking. He studies I Ching discovering eastern classics of ancient origin consisting of 64 interrelated hexagrams along with commentaries. The hexagrams embody Taoist philosophy by describing all nature and human endeavour in terms of the interaction of yin and yang, and the classics may be consulted as an oracle.
Back in the 1990s when Maa just arrived at England, he had been offered places to do Ph.D. and LL.M. degrees (degree in Law and Politics of the European Union) by several western professors in the Great Britain. He has met all the requirements for postgraduate admissions to study at UK’s universities.
During his time at Oxford, he learnt a lot of British culture and folk-custom while carrying out research with many British and Western professors, experts, and archaeologists. This proves that Maa understands various aspects in British society, culture, and lifestyles. Of course, he does not fully understand about the perspectives of thinking of a typical British. For example, what would be the most valuable in life for a British person? What would a British want to gain from life? What is the goal in life for a British? Is it fortune or a lover? Alternatively, perhaps honour? On the other hand, maybe being able to travel around the world and see the world?
FAIRNESS and JUSTICE
As TianLiang Maa’s (馬天亮) saying are:
“Touching Fairness and Justice”
Feel good about themselves, but do not know the sufferings of the people...
Who can get easy life like them?
What is profile of modern society?
What type and style is truly solemn for this society identify?
Where “the characterization” is? Who can see? Did you see it?
《感動的公平與正義》
自我感覺良好, 不知民間疾苦...
誰能得到安逸的生活如同他們一樣？
這是個什麼樣子的社會？
這個社會認定什麼樣的類型和風格是真正莊重的?
「特徵」在那裡？誰可以看到？你看到了嗎？
Jurisprudence and Political Philosophy and Perspectives
Maa ever studied judicial review and governmental action, the impact of law and legal techniques, constitutional mechanisms for the protection of basic rights, and ensuring the integrity of commercial activity, the impact of law and legal techniques on government, policymaking, and administration, as well as the creation of markets. He tries to understand these critical trends in the political development of modern state. Maa will combine both theoretical and empirical approaches, and the conditions for democratic transition and the nature of state development in the ‘post-industrial’ era of globalisation and economic integration.
According as Maa’s legal experiences, he comprehend that “the knowledge of the law is like a deep well, out of which each man draught according to the strength of his understanding”, and, law and arbitrary power are in eternal enmity. He is also sure law and institutions are constantly tending to gravitate like clocks; they must be occasionally cleansed, and wound up, and set to true time.
The government issues a decree - an authoritative order having the force of law, which charged with putting into effect a country's laws and the administering of its functions. Any of the officials promulgate a law or put into practice relating to the government charged with the execution and administration of the nation's laws then they announce and carry out the creation of any order or new policy that will be responsible for the people.
Maa had knowledge in connexion with construction law; he also understands architectural arts, and as well learnt the forms by combining materials and parts include as an integral part concerning modern construct. I ever built urban buildings and rural architecture in different styles under new housing and building projects by the governmental administration and construction corporations.
Right now, Maa studies the problems caused by ethnic disputes and human armed conflicts in the modern society resulted code of mixed civil and criminal procedure. He wishes an agreement or a treaty to end human hostilities - the absence of war and other hostilities around the world. The interrelation and arrangement of freedom from quarrels and disagreement become harmonious relations living in peace with each other. Actually, erect peace in more friendly ways of making friendships for modern human society is comfortable in my ideal. It is like building monolithic architecture: houses and buildings for the people. Maa would like to do “something beautiful for `the unknown`”.
In the ethnic disagreement and armed conflicts as concerning the poor people and children notwithstanding they live through a bad environment on any of poor or crowded village or town in a particular manner - lived frugally. However, after years of industrialisation as a more educated population, becomes more aware of global plenum, continuing to be alive. Environmental groups are increasing and lobbing government will legislate to stop bad environmental and social practices. The establishments of human rights’ wide and untiring efforts will be alleviated people’s suffering. And as well the poor people shall meet and debate sustainable development and for a concerted government led action towards sustainability is an example that the younger generation are concerned for the future. It shall be making the younger easier for their life and make better on their lives, and help them to build a better future.
In present world, Maa really knows the full meanings of “Fundamental Human Rights and Equal Opportunities for the People”. He thinks ethics is the moral code governing the daily conduct of the individual toward those about him / her. It represents those rules or principles by which men and women live and work in a spirit of mutual confidence and service. Without going into the question of how an ethical code was formulated or why anybody should obey it, we can look at the matter in a common-sense fashion with reference to its influence upon our legal affairs. In brief, from the law point of view, a reputable ethical code embodies the qualities of accuracy, dependability, fair play, sound judgement, and service. It is based upon honesty.
No person can have an ethical code that concerns him / her alone. Living in society, as he / she must, a person encounters others whose rights must be respected as well as his / her own. An honest regard for the rights of others is an essential element of any decent code of ethics, and one that anyone must observe if anybody intends to follow that code. After all, ethics is not something apart from human beings. Indeed, there is no such thing apart from our actions and us. It is the duty, therefore, of every man and woman in legal affairs to see that his daily associations with others are truly in conformity with the plain meaning of the Ten Commandments: “Thou shalt not barratry, thou shalt not bear false witness, thou shalt not receive illegal fee and the rest”.
The knowledge Maa has, in connection with legal affairs, was usually come from his precious experiences of his past over ten year’s law and political careers. In an interval regarded as a distinct period of 1980s, he studied mixed civil and crime, and the code of mixed civil and criminal procedure for the problems caused by ethnic disputes and human armed conflicts in the modern society. He was especially one who maintains the language and customs of the group, and social security in Taiwan.
Since 30 July of 1988, Maa settled himself in law as a chief executive and scrivener at Central Legal, Real Estate, and Accounting Services Office; it is in the equivalent to a solicitor of the United Kingdom. The Office provided full legal, accounting, real estate, and commercial services to the public. He did his job as a person legally appointed by another to act as his or her agent in the transaction of business, specifically one qualified and licensed to act for plaintiffs and defendants in legal proceedings and affairs. Over and above Maa was a chairman and executive consultant at Taiwan Credit Information Company®, founded in 1994. The company offered services to the public in response to need and demand in the area of credit information.
Maa had excellent experiences in political and law work was pertaining to mixed civil and crime, the code of mixed civil and criminal procedure, construction, and commercial law abroad. The experiences of legal services related to the rights of private individuals and legal proceedings concerning these rights as distinguished. In the criminal proceedings, he did many cases for the defendants. Although an act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding it and for which punishment is imposed upon conviction; but he also laid legal claim, required as useful, just, proper, or necessary to the defendants under the human rights in the meantime. This provision ensures to the defendant a real voice in the subject.
The men whose judgement we respect are those who do not allow prejudices, preferences, or personalities to influence their decisions. Profit and self-aggrandisement are likewise ignored in their determination to reach an equitable and fair settlement. What are the basic principles upon which good judgement is founded? A keen intellect, a normal emotionally, a through understanding of human nature, experience of law work, sincerity, and integrity.
Developed a Technique for Abstract Photography and Abstractionist
In 1982, Maa developed a technique for abstractive photography, which applied “rayonism” to the photographic works. In November of 1984, Maa was 26-year-old, he instructed many professors and students of National Taiwan Normal University in photography of abstract impressionism and rayonnisme in Taipei, Taiwan. The word “rayonnisme” is French for rayonism - a style of abstract painting developed in 1911 in Russia.
Photographic Exhibitions
TianLiang Maa (Theophilus Raynsford Mann) Photographic Exhibition of “Rayonnisme / Rayonism” Tour - Invitational Exhibition of Taiwan 1983-84.
一九八三〜八四年中華民國臺灣 馬天亮攝影巡迴邀請展
TianLiang Maa (Theophilus Raynsford Mann) Photographic Exhibition of Rayonnisme / Rayonism (32 individual exhibitions) 1983~1985.
馬天亮『光影』攝影特展（個人展32場）1983〜1985年.
Maa staged 32 individual, extraordinary exhibitions and annual special exhibitions on photography of abstractive image and Rayonnisme around Taiwan / Formosa. Maa was the first exhibitor around the country. All of the invited displays were by the Chinese Government, cultural and artistic organisations, and sponsors. Maa’s earliest exhibition took place in the National Taiwan Arts Education Institute (Museum) on 19 December 1983 when Maa was 25 years old; Maa was the youngest exhibitor in the history of the Institute in any solo exhibitions. The Institute that was opened in March 1957, kept a collection of Maa’s work. It is currently updating the Institute’s internal organisation and strengthening co-operation with leading institutes and museums around the world. Meanwhile, it widened the institute’s scope to increase its emphasis on Taiwan’ regional culture and folk arts.
Modernization in the Modern Abstract Arts of Taiwan
Maa’s works is the beginning of modernization in the modern abstract arts of Taiwan, China and greater Chinese society in the world. The use of “modernisation” as a concept that is opposed to “Traditional” of “Conservative” ideas began with the approach of the 20th century. It spreads rapidly through academic circles, and was broadly accepted as a means to reform society. Chinese Manchu Qing (Ching) dynasty’s first steps toward modernisation began in the Tung-chih era (1862-1874) with the “Self-Empowerment Movement”. During the late 19th century, as late Manchu dynasty was confronted on all sides by foreign aggression, voices throughout society debated the most effective means to reform and strengthen the country. Some advocated “combining the best of East and West”, while others went so far as to call for “complete Westernisation”. Taiwan was at the centre of these waves of reform. Faced with direct threats against the island by foreign enemies, the Chinese Ching dynasty court took special steps to push Taiwan’s modernisation.
In a role just like that of a gardener wanting to create a rich and fertile environment for the seeds of culture, one in which Maa may sprout, grow and bloom. Maa aims to provide an educational stimulus for society by introducing his works - Maa can express the neo-romantic spirit deftly from various creations and supporting international artistic exchanges. Maa believes that the first step in creating such a new and independent state is the real emergence of culture and arts, for which the art and science of designing and erecting buildings, and fine arts (including photography and motion picture) of the civilization is a good measurement of success. For the foreseeable future, Maa should be continuing to forge ahead, working diligently and unceasingly towards its mission of raising China and Formosa / Taiwan’s culture in his spare time.
Became an Author and a Scholar
In 1980, TianLiang Maa completed his first book - scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”, also named: “Hun Yun : Jin Qi Tu Rui” 電影原著《魂韻》(衿契吐蕊) then Maa was at the age of 22. In 1983, The General Library of the University of California, Berkeley in the United States of America, collected and kept Maa’s writings - scenario original 「魂韻 : 衿契吐蕊」“Hun Yun : jin qi tu rui”, included a musical composition of his own – “Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano)”, composed on 3rd April 1977 then Maa was 18 years old. The works were published in 1980; the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”. Another masterpiece was an Album of Academic Work for News Publication “TianLiang Maa (Theophilus Raynsford Mann) Photographic Exhibition of Rayonnisme / Rayonism”, published in 1985. The Hathi Trust Digital Library, the University of Michigan also collected and kept Maa’s writings.
Authorship
Maa’s articles and writings were published in more than 200 different kinds of domestic and foreign magazines, newspapers, and periodicals, in the period between May of 1972 and 1990s. It was all started when Maa was just 13-year-old. Many of which have been very influential. These have been quoted by Western and Eastern scholars many times in the last few years, making Maa one of the highly cited technological, artistic, and managing public administrators in the world in the late 20th and early 21st century. The Ministry of the Interior in Taiwan had registered Maa’s professional writings and given him two certificates of copyright. The numbers are 33080 and 33081 on 4th July of 1985; and Taiwan’s Gazette of The Presidential Office issue No. 4499, featured his writings on 4th September 1985.
Became an Academic and Film Director
Today, Maa is a professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, and a photographer, film director, and computer engineer now live and work in London.
Director Works:
FILMS:
Experimental Film “New Image for the Spring” © 1982
Documentary Film “Rayonnisme” © 2011
“The Soul's Sentimentalizing” of the feature film is based on the scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing” (preparation)
FASHION SHOWS:
New Image for the Spring of Shapely Models International © 1982
High Lights on the Summer and Fall Fashion of Shapely Models Int’l © 1982
ART EXHIBITIONS:
The Cadillac Club International Fine Arts Exhibition © 1981
The Cinematic & Photographic Arts Salon and the Hall of the Arts, Pegasus Academy of Arts © 1981
Musician Work:
MUSIC COMPOSITION:
Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano) © 1977, © 1980, © 1981, © 1983, the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”.
PHOTOGRAPHIC ALBUMS:
Portrait and Landscape in France © 2000
Portrait and Landscape in Scotland © 2001
Portrait and Landscape in England © 2009
Portrait at Queen Mary, University of London © 2010
Rayonism of London © 2011
Portrait at The University of Nottingham, United Kingdom © 2011
Snowy London © 2012
Portrait at King's College London © 2013
BOOKS:
Scenario Original「魂韻」(衿契吐蕊) “Hun yun: jin qi tu rui” © December 1980, © 1981, © 1983 (Date of First Publication: 31 December 1980, Second Edition on 29 July 1981, Date of Revision: Revised Edition on 8 May 1983), Languages: Chinese (traditional), and English language.
“Album of the Cadillac Club International Fine Arts Exhibition” © 1981
“Album of the Cinematic & Photographic Arts Salon and the Hall of the Arts, Pegasus Academy of Arts” © 1981
“Album of New Image for the Spring of Shapely Models International” © 1982
“Album of High Lights on the Summer and Fall Fashion of Shapely Models Int’l” © 1982
“Romantic Carol” © 1982
Album of Academic Work for News Publication: “TianLiang Maa (Theophilus Raynsford Mann) Photographic Exhibitions of Rayonnisme” © May 1985
新聞出版之學術著作專輯「馬天亮『光影』“Rayonism” 攝影展」© May 1985
New version of scenario original “The Soul's Sentimentalizing” (to be published)
「曾經輝煌到頂天立地」 “The Indomitable Spirit Was Brilliant to Upright” (individual biography, to be published)
“My Life, My History, and My Love” (based on a legend, to be published, a film scenario will be developed later)
「感動的公平與正義」“Touching Fairness and Justice” (political science and social studies, to be published)
Research Interests:
University of Oxford
Research Studies in Archaeology:
Maa’s attractive topic was “A View of Architectural History: Towns through the Ages from Winchester through London Arrived at Oxford in England”.
National Taiwan University
Graduate Certificate,
Graduate Institute of Electrical Engineering:
Maa’s monograph of seminar was “Applied the sequence control in the electric power distribution engineering”.
University of Glamorgan
M.Sc. Course,
Master of Science in Real Estate Appraisal:
Maa’s thesis - major subject, with relevant construction law was “The Assignment is under Economics of Construction Management in Architecture”.
National Sun Yat-Sen University
Postgraduate Certificate,
Postgraduate Studies in Computing:
Maa’s required subject was Information dBase III Plus and Taiwanese Traditional Mandarin Chinese Information System. He combined academic course work and practical laboratory sessions in “Applied Mandarin Phonetic Symbols into Traditional Taiwanese Personal Computer and Its Information System”.
Associations:
Since 1980, a member of Chinese Taipei Film Archive (CTFA, National Film Archive, Taiwan; founded in 1978), The Motion Picture Foundation, R.O.C. (member of Fédération Internationale des Archives du Film, FIAF; The International Federation of Film Archives was founded in Paris in 1938 by the British Film Institute, the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, the Cinémathèque Française and the Reichsfilmarchiv in Berlin.)
Commissioner of the cinema, photography, radio, and television committee of The Culture and Arts Association (Chinese Writers and Artists Association) of Taiwan ever since September 1983.
Classic member, the membership is equivalent to a doctorate membership of the Chinese Institute of Electrical Engineering since 23 March 1984.
On 15 March 1989, Maa promoted and founded the Consortium Juridical Person Mr. TianLiang Maa Social Benefit Foundation 財團法人馬天亮先生社會公益基金會 in Taiwan. near.archives.gov.tw/cgi-bin/near2/nph-redirect?rname=tre...
Classic member, the membership is equal to a professor or associate professor of The Chinese Institute of Engineers since 30 September 1991.
Honours:
Listed on ‘Taiwan Who’s Who In Business’, © 1984, © 1987, and © 1989 Harvard Management Service.
中華民國企業名人錄編纂委員會, 哈佛企業管理顧問公司.
On 26 August 1985, Maa was awarded a professional certificate of the Outdoor Artistry Activities issued by Education Bureau, Kaohsiung City Government, Taiwan. He acquired awards and certificates of honour about twenty times from National Taiwan Arts Education Center (Museum) on 24 December 1983; Kaohsiung Municipal Social Education Center on 17 March 1984, Kaohsiung Cultural Center, Taipei Cultural Center (Taipei Municipal Social Education Hall); and Taiwan Province Government, Taipei City Government, Kaohsiung City Government, and many cultural centres and art galleries, and so on.
Careers:
Honorary Professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, 7 June 2012 to present; Professor at Space Time Life Research Academy, 1 September 2011 to 1 June 2012 in London, United Kingdom:
Academia,
Teaching and Research:
business management and consultant, political philosophy, Chinese classics, Chinese humanities, modern Chinese language and literature, photography (portrait, fashion, commercial, digital, architectural, abstract photography), visual arts and film production.
教學與研究：
企業管理及顧問、政治哲學、中華經典 (古典漢學、文學、藝術、語言) 、中華人文、中華現代語言與文學、攝影 (人像、時裝、商業、數位/數碼、建築、抽象攝影) ，視覺藝術和影片製作。
Consultant and Translator at Eternal Life Consultants of Immigration and Translations Services, 10 March 2004 to present in London, United Kingdom:
consultants of immigration, translations, and legal services.
永生移民顧問翻譯服務社的移民諮詢顧問和翻譯：
移民事務，翻譯和法律服務。
Computer Hardware & Networking Engineer at Maa Office of Electrical Engineer, 8 March 2004 to present in London, United Kingdom:
Computer Engineering and Network Services. Repairing of Motherboards, Monitors, Power Supplies, CD-ROM Drives; UPS, Hard Disk Drives, H.D.D Data Recovery; BIOS Programming, and all types of Computer Hardware and Software Solutions.
計算機工程和網絡服務。維修主機板，顯示器，電源供應器，光碟機/光盘驱动器，不斷電系統，硬碟/硬盘，硬盤數據恢復，基本輸入輸出系統編程，以及所有類型的電腦/計算機硬體/硬件和軟體/軟件解決方案。
Film Director & Photographer at Photographer and Film Director (Shapely), 2 April 2007 to present in London, United Kingdom:
1) Photo, Video and Film Production; 2) Graphic Design, Web Design, Social Networking, Social Media and Advertising; 3) Architectural Design and Interior Design.
www.facebook.com/filmshapely/info
Reformer and Philosopher at Taiwanese Social Reformer and Philosopher, 7 April 2012 (location: Los Angeles, California) to present in London, United Kingdom:
Social Reform in Taiwan
www.facebook.com/twreform/info
《魂韻》(衿契吐蕊) - 馬天亮22歲寫的電影原著。TianLiang Maa (Theophilus Raynsford Mann) wrote “Hun Yun” (Jin Qi Tu Rui), scenario original “The Soul’s Sentimentalizing” © 1980, 1981, 1983, was at the age of 22.
Website
mtltwp.pixnet.net/album/set/1265174
photo.roodo.com/photos/mtltwp/albums/small/100469.html
Sonate Nr. 1 C-dur op. 3 für Klavier (piano) by Theophilus Raynsford Mann (TianLiang Maa 馬天亮) © 1977, © 1980, © 1981, © 1983. The Sonate composed on 3rd April 1977 then Maa was 18-year-old. The work was published in 1980; the theme was based on “The Soul's Sentimentalizing”.
Website
LINKS:
University of California, Berkeley
berkeley.worldcat.org/search?q=Ma%2C+Tianliang&dblist...
berkeley.worldcat.org/title/hun-yun/oclc/813684284?refere...
oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b11283690~S1
University of Michigan
mirlyn.lib.umich.edu/Record/006237256
catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006237256
WorldCat® Identities
www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AMa%2C+Tianliang%2C&dbl...
www.worldcat.org/wcidentities/np-ma,%20tianliang$1958
Google Books
books.google.co.uk/books?id=PkyaAAAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y
books.google.co.uk/books?id=JfxnMwEACAAJ&dq=editions:...
scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=3569983911138966023&am...
National Bibliographic Information Network (NBINet)
nbinet3.ncl.edu.tw/search~S10?/a%7bu99AC%7d%7bu5929%7d%7b...
192.83.186.170/search*cht/a%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%AE
National Yang Ming University 國立陽明大學
library.ym.edu.tw/search~S7*cht?/tThe+Soul%27s+and+sentim...
National Taiwan University of Science and Technology 國立臺灣科技大學
millennium.lib.ntust.edu.tw/record=b1016706~S1
Wikimedia Commons 維基共享資源
commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=TianLiang+Maa+%E...
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:TianLiang_Maa_馬天亮.jpg
commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:馬天亮_TianLiang_Maa.jpg
國家圖書館 期刊文獻資訊網, 臺灣期刊論文索引
readopac3.ncl.edu.tw/nclJournal/search/search_result.jsp?...
聲音藝術的審美角度, 大學雜誌, 天然
readopac3.ncl.edu.tw/nclJournal/search/detail.jsp?sysId=0...,
readopac3.ncl.edu.tw/nclJournal/search/detail.jsp?sysId=0...
為文化中心把脈, 幼獅文藝
readopac3.ncl.edu.tw/nclJournal/search/detail.jsp?sysId=0...,
科學家與守財奴, 中國地方自治
weblib.exam.gov.tw/ccdb2/Result_List.asp?idx_id=CCVOL&...
Yahoo, Bing, Google Search
www.google.com/search?q=TianLiang+Maa
images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ylt=AwrB8pGXJyVTVm...
www.bing.com/images/search?q=tianliang+ma&go=&qs=...
Atomzone
atomzone.co.uk/images/search/馬天亮
atomzone.co.uk/images/search/Ma+Tianliang
lurvely.com www.lurvely.com/photographer/77438197_N03/
www.flickriver.com/photos/mtltwp/
www.flickriver.com/photos/mtltwpprof/
Nature - National Library Board Singapore
snap.nl.sg/searchflickr.aspx?q=%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%A...
snap.nl.sg/searchflickr.aspx?q=TianLiang+Maa+&p=1&...
画像検索
flickr.akitomo.net/TianLiang+Maa/1
Japan Photos and Pictures
japan.pictures-photos.com/professor-tianliang-maa%E2%80%A6
summer.pictures-photos.com/professor-tianliang-maa%E2%80%A6
far-east-movement - Blogcu (Turkey)
far-east-movement.blogcu.com/professor-tianliang-maa/1226...
man fashion
spirehim.com/3454/professor-tianliang-maa-%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4...
Travel Splash
travel-splash.com/photos/view.php?id=13397167315&sear...
Country profile Taiwan
atomzone.co.uk/images/search/Country+profile+Taiwan
itpints
www.itpints.com/?q=TianLiang+Maa&sources%5b%5d=flickr...
AskJot
askjot.com/search/TianLiang-Maa
Who is talking
whotalking.com/flickr/TianLiang+Maa
University of California, Berkeley period
atomzone.co.uk/scaffold/images/search/University%20of%20C...
University of Michigan period
atomzone.co.uk/scaffold/images/search/University%20of%20M...
University of Oxford period
atomzone.co.uk/scaffold/images/search/University%20of%20O...
www.wer-ist.org/person/Oxford_Archaeology
University of Glamorgan period
atomzone.co.uk/images/search/University+of+Glamorgan+period
www.worldofbuildings.worldofbuildings.org/flickr/wob_flic...
University of Huddersfield period
atomzone.co.uk/scaffold/images/search/Huddersfield%20period
art galleries uk
artgalleriesuk.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/bigandtall-stores-s...
Mitrasites system
sites.google.com/site/mitrasites/system/app/pages/customS...
articles.whmsoft
articles.whmsoft.com/related_search.php?keyword=Tianliang...
pantieslace-forwomen.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/motherhood-ma...
3piece-suits.blogspot.co.uk/2012/07/nursing-shawl-become-...
3piece-suits.blogspot.co.uk/2012/08/body-briefers-childre...
www.flickriver.com/search/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%B8+OR.../intere...
www.flickriver.com/search/%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87+OR.../recent/
German
www.wer-ist.org/person/Jin_Mann
www.pediatr.org.tw/DB/News/file/1913-1.pdf
HOMEPAGE
Tumblr twwinp.tumblr.com/
Facebook www.facebook.com/twwinp
plus.google.com/+FormosanWinner/about
Flickr
www.flickr.com/people/mtltwpprof/
www.flickr.com/photos/115081224@N02/
Behance be.net/mtltwp
Vimeo vimeo.com/user19375807
ReverbNation www.reverbnation.com/directortianliangmaa%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%...
YouTube www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqZCtzVdwIU
VideoRes
www.territorioscuola.com/videores/video/view/mqZCtzVdwIU/...
Mashpedia VideoPlayer
www.mashpedia.com/videoplayer.php?q=mqZCtzVdwIU
Webs mtltw-com.webs.com/
NOWnews blog.nownews.com/mtl
blog.nownews.com/profile.php?bid=43616
TaiwanYes tw01.org/profile/mtl
Baidu Space 百度空间
www.baidu.com/p/馬天亮/detail hi.baidu.com/new/mtltw
Blogger mtltwp.blogspot.co.uk/
LiveJournal
mtltwp.livejournal.com/profile
Scribd
www.scribd.com/TianLiang%20Maa%20%E9%A6%AC%E5%A4%A9%E4%BA%AE
yam 天空部落
blog.yam.com/mtltwp&act=profile
痞客邦 PIXNET mtltwp.pixnet.net/profile
Roodo Blog 樂多日誌 blog.roodo.com/mtltwp
funP 推推王 funp.com.tw/t2362814
Plurk www.plurk.com/mtlp/invite
TypePad profile.typepad.com/mtlp
Udemy www.udemy.com/u/861/
Delicious.com previous.delicious.com/mtltw
pinterest.com/mtltwp/a-story-of-professor-tianliang-maa-t...
Yasni®.co.uk person.yasni.co.uk/tianliang+maa+1310815
Twitter twitter.com/mtltwp
Topsy topsy.com/twitter/mtltwp
twpro ツイプロ twpro.jp/mtltwp
Google Talk twwinp@gmail.com
Skype tmanntw@outlook.com
Skype Name: tianliang.maa
Yahoo! Messenger twnwin@yahoo.com
ICQ twwinp@gmail.com
AOL t.maa@aim.com
Tel +44 (0)7575 288 016
Located on the grounds of the New York Hall of Science, this distinctive sculpture, dating to 1964, is by the modernist sculptor Theodore Roszak (1907–1981). It was commissioned as part of the permanent sculptural program of the New York World’s Fair of 1964-65.
Forms in Transit is a 43-foot long sculpture of aluminum and steel tubes and sheet metal. It suggests an aircraft, with fuselage and wings, but it is also meant to embody the concept of motion and change. The work is in keeping with one of the central themes of the fair, space exploration, and complemented several other significant features in the park, such as The Rocket Thrower statue, Court of Astronauts, Fountain of the Planets, Space Park and The Unisphere.
Portions of a damaged wing were removed in 1970. Though environmental corrosion is evident, some of the patchy, blistered surface of the sculpture appears to be original to the piece, and intended to suggest the incendiary voyage of the vessel as it passes at rapid speed through the atmosphere.
This is not the statues original location, although it is close to it. It was originally in the vicinity of the Chrysler and Transportation & Travel Pavilions, about 1/10 mile to the south.
We walked over the two tops that form the Screes, it rained low, snowed high, visibility on top was poor and then I decided to use the Screes path back to the car park at Wasdale. A big mistake in the wet, every boulder was deadly slippy. I only used the little G1X MK2, I carried the 5D but it stayed in my backpack for a change, there wasn't much to get excited about
We had a complete change this Christmas – we cancelled it! - we went walking in The Lakes, or Wasdale more precisely. We were staying at Irton Hall B & B, they had over 70 in for Christmas dinner but we ate jam bread on the slopes of Sca Fell Pike. Fantastic. We had a front wheel puncture on a run flat tyre on the new car with a 100 mile still to drive on the afternoon of Christmas eve on our way there. I drove straight to the nearest ATS – where I have an account – they shook their heads and directed me to Westhoughton Tyres, the lads there were fantastic and got us on our way in good time. BMW dealer advice was run on the flat tyre and then throw it away - £250! Where I would have got a tyre on the western side of the Lakes over Christmas I don’t know, ATS didn’t have one to sell me.
The weather was forecast good for Christmas day but after a fine start it was raining before we even left the car park in Wasdale. We headed up Lingmell and ran into snow on the summit. The path onto Sca Fell Pike was very icy, snow covered and visibility was low, the snow kept falling. We didn’t linger long, it was too cold to have dinner up there so we dropped down onto the Corridor Route, where we had our dinner. We went that way to stretch the walk out, having originally intended to cross to Great End. The tops were so icy, glazed, with not enough snow to get a grip on that we decide to leave it for another day. From Styhead we headed back to Wasdale and a dull but fine finish to the day. A drink in the bar at Irton Hall was on the radar.
Every morning we headed into Wasdale early, it got colder, icier and sunnier as the days went by. We went up Yewbarrow, it was an icy scramble up and I decided it was too dangerous to go down Stirrup Crag to Dore Head so went back the same way. It turned out to be the right decision as we lingered on the top, going to view points that we wouldn’t have and getting some decent photos. One morning we walked over the Screes tops, Illgill Head and Whin Rigg, dropping down the steep slope to The southern end of Wast Water. Having said that I would never walk the Screes path alongside Wast Water again the memory of how awful it is in the rain had faded. There is only really a quarter of a mile out of three miles that is really bad, every rock was like glass with the potential to break a leg every step. It seemed a long way and I was getting killer looks from Herself.
We made our way onto Sca Fell on a beautiful morning, clear blue sky. The snow line had got lower most nights but we never had the low level snow that caused problems in the rest of the country. I chose a, sometimes, pathless way to the summit, partly because I’d never been that way but also to stay in the sun, to keep the view and to avoid the ways that would be a touch dangerous, it was -4 and seared with ice for the last 600 feet. After 15 minutes on the summit wispy thin cloud came racing in, crossing the Lake District in minutes, the photos show it heading towards us and I was glad to have got the clear photos first. Looking out to sea a great mattress of cloud was heading straight for us. It was calm and sunny one minute and the next we were engulfed in thick cloud with 30 yards visibility at the most. I have never had a clear sky turn to cloud so fast – ever! We were going down to Slightside next which was OK, about a mile following the ridge down, the problem was getting back to Wasdale from there. We needed to get to Great Howe which meant a pathless trek a mile SW across Quagrigg Moss – a bog full of tarnlets, it would be a nightmare in low visibility. After getting some accurate compass bearings and heading down off Slightside we suddenly dropped out of the cloud and could see our target, brilliant, we legged it across the semi frozen bog and finally felt able to rest and grab a sandwich and cup of tea. We had to find our way down Raven Crags, which was interesting – and steep! We needed to get to the footbridge to get onto the Burnmoor Tarn path back to Wasdale. As we got closer to Burnmoor Tarn the light that I had been cursing gave us a gorgeous sunset. I had one eye on a gap in the cloud low down in the sky out at sea and I was hoping the sun would break through, it did. Burnmoor Tarn was like a mirror, reflecting the surrounding mountains, including Yewbarrow and parts of the Mosedale Horseshoe in the far distance. There was just the two of us, we had barely seen a soul all day, it was a fantastic end to a tough day. As we dropped into Wasdale I caught the deep pink and orange of the last of the sun, I was shooting into it but I had nothing to lose. There would have been quite a few tripods at the opposite end of the lake but I think I was in the better place – for a change.
On our final walking day we decided to head up Great Gable. It was clear of cloud for a change but ominously the surrounding tops, including the Sca Fells were cloud covered. Another beautiful but very cold morning, it was going to be very icy up there so we elected to go via Styhead and the tourist track. We would choose a way off once we were up there. Long before we got to the top, although we couldn’t see it, we knew the cloud was swirling in and out on the summit so it was going to be hit and miss for the photos. The cloud was down for the last 500 feet but once on the frozen top it kept clearing briefly – very briefly. There were more people up there than we had seen the entire trip previously. People were getting out after Christmas, many had parked at the top of Honister for the fairly easy walk in across Green Gable, some were not dressed for winter walking it has to be said. We left for an icy scramble down to Arron Slack, up onto Green Gable them we galloped down Arron Slack to Styhead and back to Wasdale.
All photos in this gallery are all rights reserved. If you want to use any of them, please send an email before. Thanks for collaboration.
Terracotta, Late Classical/Early Hellenistic, ca. 350-300 B.C.E.
Crocodile attacking black youth.
Rhyta in the form of black youth and a crocodile are known from the workshop of the Athenian potter Sotades, and examples have been found in Italy. Such pieces inspired Apulian and especially Tarentine artists to create their own versions.
(55.11.3)
Text from Metropolitan Museum card.
They want this fast and they want a photo that looks like the location they're going. Is this horrible? Obviously, the title just a place holder. Have to print this tomorrow. Thanks.
The thistle is blooming and the butterflies are hitting it in our area. I had a great couple of hours chasing several species today. This dark form tiger is in great condition.
Padmanabhapuram Palace (Tamil: பத்மநாபபுரம் அரண்மனை, Malayalam: പത്മനാഭപുരം കൊട്ടാരം) is located in at Padmanabhapuram Fort, in Padmanabhapuram, Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu, India. Padmanabhapuram is the former capital city of the erstwhile Hindu kingdom of Travancore. It is about 20km from Nagercoil, and about 50km from Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The palace complex is inside an old granite fortress around four kilometers long. The palace is located at the foot of the Veli Hills, which form a part of the Western Ghats. The river Valli flows nearby.
The palace was constructed around 1601 AD by Iravi Varma Kulasekhara Perumal who ruled Venad between 1592 and 1609. It is believed that the Thai Kottaram was built in 1550. The founder of modern Travancore, King Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma (1706–1758) who ruled Travancore from 1729 to 1758, rebuilt the palace in around 1750. King Marthaanda Varma dedicated the kingdom to his family deity Sree Padmanabha, a form of Lord Vishnu and ruled the kingdom as Padmanabha dasa or servant of Lord Padmanabha. Hence the name Padmanabhapuram or City of Lord Padmanabha. In the late 18th century, precisely in 1795 the capital of Travancore was shifted from here to Thiruvananthapuram, and the place lost its former glory. However, the palace complex continues to be one of the best examples of traditional Kerala architecture, and some portions of the sprawling complex are also the hallmark of traditional Kerala style architecture. The Palace though surrounded entirely by the State of Tamil Nadu is still part of Kerala and the land and Palace belongs to the Government of Kerala. This Palace is maintained by the Govt.of Kerala Archaeology Department. This palace may be the best to visit in anybody's pleasure trip to Thiruvananthapuram, if you are interested in history.
STRUCTURES
The Padmanabhapuram Palace complex consists of several structures:
- Mantrasala; the King's Council Chamber
- Thai Kottaram; the Queen Mother's Palace, constructed before 1550
- Nataksala; the Performance Hall
- A four-storeyed mansion at the centre of the complex
- Thekee Kottaram; the Southern Palace
COUNCEL CHAMBER
King’s Council chamber is the most beautiful part of the entire palace complex. It has windows, with coloured mica, which keep the heat and the dust away, and the interior of the council chamber remains cool and dark. Delicate and beautiful lattice work can be seen all over the council chamber.
The floor is also beautifully done, with a fine and perfect finish. The floor is dark and is made of a mixture of varied substances, including burnt coconut shells, egg white and so on. The remarkable aspect is that this particular floor finish and texture could not be duplicated in any other construction.
QEEN MOTHER´S PALACE
Mother’s palace, designed in traditional Kerala style, is the oldest construction in the entire palace complex and is believed to be constructed around mid-16th century. True to the traditional Kerala style, there is an inner courtyard, called 'nalukettu'. In the inner courtyard, sloping roofs from all four sided taper down. Four pillars on four corners support the roof.
On the south-west corner of the mother’s palace, there is a relatively small room, called the chamber of solitude or 'ekantha mandapam'. The chamber of solitude has very beautiful and intricate wood carvings of every description all around. Of particular interest is a pillar of single jackfruit wood, with very detailed and beautiful floral designs.
PERFORMANCE HALL
This is a relatively new building, constructed at the behest of Maharaja Swathi Thirunal, who reigned in Travancore from 1829 to 1846. He was a great connoisseur of arts, especially music and dance. He himself composed music and has left a rich legacy to classical carnatic music.
The Nataksala or the hall of performance has solid granite pillars and gleaming black floor. There is a wooden enclosure, with peepholes, where the women of the royal household used to sit and watch the performance.
CENTRAL MANSION
The four-storied building is located at the centre of the palace complex. The ground floor houses the royal treasury. The first floor houses the King's bedrooms. The ornamental bedstead is made of 64 types of herbal and medicinal woods, and was a gift from the Dutch merchants. Most of the rooms here and in other parts of the palace complex have built-in recesses in walls for storing weapons like swords and daggers. The second floor houses the King's resting and study rooms. Here the King used to spend time during fasting days. The top floor (called upparikka malika) served as the worship chamber of the royal household. Its walls are covered with exquisite 18th century murals, depicting scenes from the puranas, and also few scenes from the social life of the Travancore of that time. Ths top floor was supposed to be Sree Padmanabha Swamy's room. This building was constructed during the reign of King Marthandavarma. He was also designated as Padmanabha Dasa and used to rule the Travancore kingdom as a servant of Sree Padmanabha Swamy.
SOUTHERN PALACE
The southern palace is as old as the ‘Thai kottaram’ (Mother's palace), which would make it about 400 year old. Now, it serves as a heritage museum, exhibiting antique household articles and curios. Collections of items give an insight into the social and cultural ethos of that period.
OTHER FEATURES
The Padamnabhapuram Palace complex has several other interesting features:
- The palace is located in Kanyakumari district of Tamil Nadu state but administered by the Government of Kerala state.
- The clock tower in the palace complex has a 300 year old clock, which still keeps time.
- A big hall now bare, which can accommodate around 1000 guests, and where ceremonial feasts were held, on auspicious occasions.
- A secret passage, now blocked, through which the king, his immediate family members, and their entourage could escape to another palace, located several kilometers away in the event of any emergency. Name of this palace is Charottu kottaram.
- A flight of steps leads to a bathing pond, which has lost its freshness due to neglect and years of disuse.
- The palace complex also has a section of curios and several interesting objects:
- An entire room filled with old Chinese jars, all gifts by Chinese merchants.
- A variety of weapons (which were actually used in warfare), including swords and daggers.
- Brass lamps, wood and stone sculpture, a variety of furniture and large mirrors made of polished metal.
- A gallery of paintings depicting incidents from the history of Travancore.
- A wooden cot made of up to 64 wooden pieces of a variety of medicinal tree trunks
- Polished stone cot, meant for cool effect
- Toilet and well
WIKIPEDIA
De la familia de las Urticáceas.
Excelente diurético. Impurezas de la piel. Digestiones débiles. Catarros respiratorios. Trastornos de la matriz. Artritis. Hemorroides. Diarreas. Hemorragias. Diabetes. Urticarias provocadas por mariscos.
Uso externo: Macerada en alcohol, en lociones para el cabello (caída y caspa
Afortunadamente, su veneno no es mortífero, pero basta una sola gota de líquido urticante para «picar» 50 veces. Los pelos que recubren hojas y tallo son capaz de atravesarlos vestidos para alcanzar la piel, clavarse en ella y descargar su toxicidad.
Tallo de ortiga con sus inflorescencias en forma de panículas. Toda la planta se cubre de pelillos urticantes, que se abren y vierten su contenido de ácido fórmico en la lesión que producen.
Las matas de ortigas crecen en senderos húmedos y entre matorrales.
Planta vivaz de porte herbáceo de pasta un metro y medio de altura, de tallo verde, ramificado, de sección cuadrada y fibroso: si intentamos romperlo con las manos (con guantes), se «deshilachará» en toda su longitud. Las hojas, ovaladas, acabadas en puma, dentadas, se disponen sobre los tallos de cuatro en cuatro, formando nudos en los que se insertan otros cuatro pedúnculos florales colgantes. El tallo y las hojas están totalmente recubiertos de pelos urticantes que se clavan al contacto con la piel a inyectan un líquido irritante: El escozor es inmediato y muy molesto (como la picadura de un mosquito).
LOCALIZACIÓN: Se trata de una planta que se desarrolla prácticamente en cualquier rincón del hemisferio Norte, con la única condición de que esté habitado por el hombre. Vive junto a las casas, adherida a las paredes, al borde de los caminos y junto a los vertederos de basuras.
RECOLECCIÓN: Hojas y tallos pueden cortarse en cualquier época del año, con las manos protegidas guantes gruesos.
USOS Y APLICACIONES: En la Edad Media se combatía el reumatismo con la ortiga según un método muy original: se azotaba al paciente con una o varias ramas sobre la zona afectada. También quien creía que los efectos purificadores obtenían revolcándose sobre la hierba. E los siglos xll y xvll, cuando el algodón no era utilizado en Europa, se empleaba fibra de los tallos para fabricar una especia de muselina (la muselina es una tela fina poco tupida que se fabricaba en Mosul -Irak-, en la India y en Persia). Como hemostático (para detener las hemorragias), para aplicarse sobre la herida con el jugo obtenido al triturar la planta. La forma más adecuada usar la ortiga es comiéndola como verdura hirviéndola durante unos 20 minutos. Indicada para los diabéticos y para ayudar la digestión. El agua resultante de la ebullición no debe desecharse, pues resulta útil como antidiarreico o para tonificar el organismo (se pueden tomar tres tazas al día).
Parte Utilizada
Las sumidades aéreas y las raíces. Bajo la denominación de ortiga se emplean tanto la Urtica dioica (ortiga mayor), como la Urtica urens L. (ortiga menor).
Principios Activos
- Hojas, planta fresca: Clorofila a y b (2,5-3%), carotenoides (beta-caroteno). Flavonoides derivados del quercetol, kenferol y ramnetol. Sales minerales (hierro, calcio, sílice, azufre, potasio, manganeso). Acidos orgánicos (caféico, clorogénico, gálico, fórmico, acético), provitamina A. Mucílagos. Escopoletósido. Sitosterol. En los tricomas (pelos urticantes): acetilcolina, histamina, serotonina (5-hidroxitriptamina).
- Raíces: Taninos. Fitosteroles: beta-sitosterol. Ceramidas. Fenilpropanos. Lignanas. Polifenoles. Monoterpendioles. Aglutinina de la urtica dióica (lectina). Polisacáridos: glucanas, glucogalacturonanas, arabinogalactana. Escopoletósido.
- Semillas: Mucílagos, proteínas, aceite (30%), con un elevado contenido en ácido linoléico. Tocoferoles.
Acción Farmacológica
- Hojas, planta fresca: Reconstituyente, remineralizante, diurética (favorece la eliminación de cloruros, ácido úrico y urea), colagoga, hemostática, ligeramente hipotensora e hipoglucemiante. En uso externo es rubefaciente, analgésica, empleándose además, por su poder astringente, en afecciones cutáneas y mucosas. Las hojas frescas en aplicación tópica son altamente rubefacientes.
- Raíces: antiinflamatorio, con una acción antiadenomatosa (inhibe la 5-alfa-reductasa) , astringente.
- Semillas: Usadas popularmente como galactagogo, astringente y, el aceite, como emoliente.
Indicaciones
- Hojas: Estados en los que se requiera un aumento de la diuresis: afecciones genitourinarias (cistitis, ureteritis, uretritis, pielonefritis, oliguria, urolitiasis), prostatitis, adenoma benigno de próstata, hiperazotemia, hiperuricemia, gota, hipertensión arterial, edemas, sobrepeso acompañado de retención de líquidos, edemas por insuficiencias de retorno venoso.
Diabetes, anemia por déficit vitamínicos o minerales, convalecencia.
Disquinesias hepatobiliares, colecistitis, diarreas.
En uso tópico: inflamaciones osteoarticulares, dermatitis seborréicas, estomatitis, faringitis, vulvovaginitis.
- Raíz: disuria, polaquiuria, transtornos miccionales relacionados con el adenoma benigno de próstata (grados I y II de Alken).
Su empleo como rubefaciente (urticante) para el tratamiento de dolores reumáticos está en desuso.
Contraindicaciones
No prescribir formas de dosificación orales con contenido alcohólico a niños menores de dos años ni a consultantes en proceso de deshabituación etílica.
Efectos Secundarios
El decocto de raíces puede irritar la mucosa gástrica.
La ingesta de 20-30 semillas produce un efecto purgante drástico.
Precaución / Intoxicaciones
La planta fresca tiene una acción fuertemente irritante sobre la piel (urticante), con producción de una pápula urente.
Su uso como diurético en presencia de hipertensión, cardiopatías o insuficiencia renal moderada o grave, sólo debe hacerse por prescripción y bajo control médico, ante el peligro que puede suponer el aporte incontrolado de líquidos, la posibilidad de que se produzca una descompensación tensional.
Cuando se prescriba a pacientes con diabetes, el médico deberá controlar la glucemia para ajustar, si es necesario, las dosis de insulina o de los antidiabéticos orales.
Tener en cuenta el contenido alcohólico del extracto fluido y de la tintura.
Formas Galénicas / Posología
Hojas, uso interno:
- Decocción (hojas): una cucharada sopera por taza. Hervir tres minutos, infundir durante 20. Tres o más tazas al día.
- Extracto fluido (1:1): 50 gotas tres a seis veces al día.
- Tintura (1:10): 50-100 gotas, tres o más veces al día.
- Extracto seco (5:1): 0,5-1 g al día.
- Jarabe (10% de extracto fluido): 1 a 3 cucharadas soperas al día.
- Jugo de planta fresca: 10-15 ml, tres a seis veces al día.
Hojas, uso tópico:
- Decocción: 100 g/l, hervir 30 minutos. Aplicar en forma de baños, compresas, gargarismos, colutorios, irrigaciones vaginales, fricciones sobre el cuero cabelludo, etc.
- Jugo de planta fresca embebido en un algodón, contra la epistaxis, o en forma de compresas, en afecciones reumáticas.
Raíces (tratamiento del adenoma benigno de próstata):
- Decocción (raíces): 50 g/l, hervir 10 minutos. 4 tazas al día
- Extracto seco (5:1): 0,5-1 g al día.
- Extracto fluido (1:1): 50 gotas, una a tres veces al día.
- Tintura (1:5): 50-100 gotas, una a tres veces al día.
Sixth Form College nearby. Used to wonder why the tutors were always late back from lunch. Found out why when us students found it! Currently closed after a couple of shootings! It used to be the safe pub on the Heights.
From Tahiti to Bora Bora via Raiatea on board the MV Tûranor Planet Solar
When the Planet Solar arrived in Tahiti I did a few KAP images of the ship in Papeete's harbour, and all went smooth and fast. The next morning one of my KAP shots was on the front page of the local daily newspaper: La Dépêche de Tahiti, I met with the crew and the inventor of this unique solar boat cruising around the world with just the energy of the sun and was offered to embark from Tahiti to Bora Bora for a "KAP trip" : 36 hours, 3000 shots, 25 Gb of HD space, 4 kites (PFK nighthawk, PFK super delta, dan Leigh Delta R8 and Flow Form 16), 5 rigs, 5 cameras ( Sony Nex 5, Sigma DP1, Ricoh GX 100, GoProHD, Leica M9) 8 KAP sessions from sunrise to sunset ... A great crossing with a Fantastic crew on an exceptional boat...KAP at its best under the sun with a great subject.
Check Day 180, 181 and 182 of the ship's logbook at www.planetsolar.org/no_cache/en/be-part-of-it/logbook.html
PAP (pole Aerial Photography) in the lagoon in Tahiti with a Ron Thomson Carp Pole and a Sony Nex5
A commercial and unused postcard depicting the couple Prinz Oskar von Preuβen und Gräfin Ina v. Ruppin. His high quality tailored (private purchase) M1907/10 Feldrock has French cuffs, which could denote that he was part of a Garde-Grenadier regiment, but I'll leave the analysis up to the uniform experts. He is wearing two iron cross medals.
On his belt is a captured French M1886 Lebel bayonet with a high quality Prussian Officers knot tied to it. This ersatz bayonet is quite rarely seen in its shortened form. It is also interesting to see it on this nobleman.
In the Sailor Moon universe, the team eventually gets upgraded into their super forms during the aptly named SuperS series. it would have been great to get all the Super ones, but I'd be happy with a team of the regular form ladies as, well, I'm cheap. But, as fate would have it, I recently came upon an well priced ad for one of the Senshi that I did not have, and it happened to be in her Super form.
Presenting the SH Figuarts Super Sailor Jupiter figure, purchased off Kijiji for $55 CAD.
For the uninitiated, what is a Super Sailor Senshi? Well, like all series, new elements are introduced to reinvigorate interest in a franchise. In the fourth season of Sailor Moon (SuperS), Usagi, Chibi Moon, and the rest of the Inner Senshi are upgraded by a benevolent creature called Pegasus. I've seen enough bits and pieces throughout the years to visually all this in my head, but I can't exactly say I ever actually watched it on screen. The ladies get snazzier costumes and of course, new ways to unleash hell on their enemies. So what does this mean in terms of the figures?
Well, naturally the Super Senshi would have their outfits updated to reflect the new look as per the anime. But the bigger change is that Bandai crammed these Super Senshi with more accessories, including much needed attack effects because honestly, with the exception of one or two of the Senshi, hand to hand wasn't really their strength. These upgrades were I'd say very much a necessity to get a collecting public to basically buy the same figure again.. or maybe they just tried harder back then because it's not like they're trying that hard with Dragon Ball that have multiple iterations across the timeline.
So in addition to snagging a pimped out figure for a good price, this one also happens to be Sailor Jupiter, who just happens to be my favourite Inner Senshi in terms of personality and design. Her civilian form is Kino Makoto (Wiki says she's Lita in the DiC dub.. I honestly can't remember). She's easily the most adept at hand to hand asswhooping amongst the group, built like a brawler, but with the dream of settling down and having a family of her own one day. IIRC one of her more humourous traits is that she's one of the more competent cooks in the series, because in anime you're either decent or you effectively cook poison. Being aligned with the planet Jupiter, she exercises control over lightning and plant life.
With that out of the way, lets dive into the figure itself.
Contents of the box shouldn't surprise you at this point seeing how I glossed over it. There's the figure, five total face plates (neutral, smiling, eyes closed, focused attack, winking), 11 additional hands including one dedicated to holding her Crystal Change Rod, the Rod itself, a base, two dynamic stand arms (one for the claw attachment that will hold the figure, the other for supporting the Jupiter Oak Evolution effect), the aforementioned affect, and an additional hair piece with a green energy effect on the peak of the tiara. Based on my reading, effects aside, this set has two extra faces as compared to the first release, and one extra hand, specifically the one that holds the Rod.
Sailor Jupiter is officially 5' 6", which puts her about half a foot shorter than Sailor Uranus, the tallest at 6' even. Perhaps its this shorter stature (by comparison), but Jupiter doesn't seem as stretched out as Uranus is in terms of limb length. Horribly malnourished, sure, but at least she doesn't look like the Kareem Abdul Jabbar of the Sailor Moon universe. As with many of the older lines, it seems that Tamashii Nations stuck to one face shape for ease of production - that's not to say it's horribly off, but it certainly doesn't seem bang on even at the most casual glance. Better than those OG Dragon Ball Figuarts though, mind you. Like all the other Senshi, Jupiter has small, nonsensical feet that make posing or even standing, a test of patience, though at least a challenge that can be completed unlike some other figures in my collection. Her ponytail is sculpted in mid motion, which makes for generally more dynamic poses.
Between the figure in my hand, the figures I own, and recall from an article or two I've read, here's a run down of the differences between the actual pre and post Super figures.
1. Bow on the back are significantly larger and have articulated translucent tails
2. IIRC the colour of the tiaras are different
3. Shoulders of the outfits now have semi clear non coloured plastic extensions
4. it seems to me that, at least on Super Sailor Jupiter, that the skirt material is thinner compared to all the other ladies in my collection, allowing for greater range of motion in the legs
Other than that, the actual figure itself appears to be consistent with the rest of the squad.
Continuing our usual path, we first talk about articulation, and yes, nothing new to report here other than the skirt allowing for more movement. So there's ankles, single jointed knees, hips with the pull down function for more range of motion, waist, mid torso, shoulders, bicep swivel, single jointed elbows. wrist, head, as well as a single point for her pony tail and one point for each of the bow tails. Combine this with the various hands, especially the dedicated attack pose hands, stand, and actual attack effects, you end up with a good range of display options for the bestest Inner Senshi of them all.
Paint, for better or worse, is the same as with all the other Senshi. Generally strong paint applications across the board, with some really clean detailed paint applications on areas such as her choker and the tiara, but suffering from some lacklustre paint masking in areas involving white paint, most notable being where her top meets her skirt. The white on her is predominately a pearl finish coat of paint, with the greens having a metallic finish, and the remainder generally being a flat finish. Her Jupiter Oak Evolution effect is predominately a clear green plastic with some paint applications on the ends of the energy balls. Decals are applied accurately and aren't crooked. As always, I'm overcritical when it comes to things like this, and the short version is that while it's not perfect, you can tell it's not a bootleg.
Build quality is solid. For starters, the arms aren't meant to come off like Uranus and Neptune, and as such there are no issues with limbs falling off. Otherwise, joints hold your position, limbs do not have issues with uneven lengths, tolerances are good, and finishes, while a bit crude on some parts, are generally acceptable overall and do not feel rough to the touch. Moulding of parts is crisp, with all the fine details still present after the application of paint.
So overall, the figure is of the quality one would expect from the Figuarts lineup, which.. makes sense. Having said that, what about value? Well, the original was 4,200 yen in 2014 and Super was 5,500 yen in 2017. Overall, if anything I'd say that original series was probably overpriced, though I guess you could argue that maybe the tooling being already developed made the Super line cheaper to make. There's no doubt that from a presentation perspective, the Super lineup gives you more to play around with, but whether or not its worth the extra $20 - $30 USD (roughly.. your mileage will vary) is up the collector. While I personally don't regret paying the surcharge for Jupiter as she's my favourite, I'm not hardcore enough to go MSRP for the remaining Super Senshi, or to double dip on any of them unless I find them at fire sale prices.
But, regardless, no matter how you look at it, Sailor Jupiter does the Sailor Moon Figuarts lineup proud, and I eagerly continue my hunt across the globe for the rest of the ladies at prices that give my luck a workout.
Gold vessel in the form of a fish
This vessel may have been used to contain expensive oils. On the side is a loop intended either for suspension or to attach a stopper which was later lost. The detail of the decoration suggests that it is an attempt to accurately represent a particular type of fish, perhaps a carp or similar species.
5th-4th century BCE
Hall of Fame and Bavaria at the Theresienwiese
The Hall of Fame and Bavaria form the most famous landmarks on the edge of the Theresienwiese and are well worth a visit.
The Hall of Fame and Bavaria form on the Theresien height an ensemble in style of the ancient Acropolis in Athens, which was commissioned by King Ludwig I there. Together with his architect Leo von Klenze King Ludwig I shaped the cityscape of Munich like no other. He was a friend of the monasteries and the academic spirit, and he turned his attention to painting and poetry.
As crown prince Ludwig after the death of his father in 1825 took over the throne of Bavaria he was already dreaming of his "Athens on the Isar" with monumental squares and buildings. Whereas his childhood and youth was influenced by the French Revolution and the subsequent Napoleonic wars, as crown prince he longed for a "Bavarian of all tribes" and a "bigger German nation." In this phase, Ludwig was planning a patriotic monument in the capital city of Munich and for this purpose he already in 1809 by historian Lorenz Westenrieder he had made a list of famous Bavarian representatives of all classes and professions. Approximately 20 years later this list was on his behalf by his Interior Minister Eduard von Schenk - in the meantime Ludwig was King of Bavaria - renewed and expanded.
For the tender for a Hall of Fame above the Theresienwiese with space for 200 busts King Ludwig I invited the best and most prestigious builders of those times:
Friedrich von Gärtner,
Leo von Klenze,
Joseph Daniel Ohlmüller and
Georg Friedrich Ziebland.
Hall of Fame after the scetch of Leo von Klenze
Design by Leo von Klenze
As the court master builder of that time of the king, Leo von Klenze had significant advantages because he on the one hand with the wishes of his client was very familiar and on the other hand also could examine the designs of its competitors in detail. Therefore, it is not surprising that the design of Klenze won the tender of the Hall of Fame in March 1834. He planned the Hall of Fame with a Doric portico in the background and a colossal statue in the foreground.
The construction of the Hall of Fame in the years 1843-1853 actually took place according to the planning of Klenze. After completion of the Hall of Fame, in 1853 the busts of 74 especially venerable Bavarians were set up, in 1868 another 10 were added. The bust of King Ludwig I was only in 1888 in the Hall of Fame erected to commemorate his 100th birthday and supplemented with the following inscription:
"To King Ludwig I to celebrate his 100th birthday, the grateful Munich."
The Hall of Fame itself is 68 meters long, 32 meters wide and stands on a 4.3 meter high pedestal. The roof is supported by the back wall and 48 Doric columns that have a height of about 7 meters and a diameter of 1.25 meters.
Since the Hall of Fame and the in it set up busts in 1944 during an air raid in WW2 were severely damaged, it was not until 1966 when the Bavarian Council of Ministers decided the reconstruction of the Hall of Fame and the continuation of honouring of Bavarian personalities by setting up of their busts. The renovation was completed in 1972 and the Hall of Fame on 26 October 1972 with the preserved and renovated busts could be reopened.
For the selection of the personalities the Bavarian Council of Ministers is responsible, which is advised by a committee of experts from the Bavarian Ministry of Culture, the Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts, the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, the Bavarian Palace Department, the House of Bavarian History, the Bavarian Ministry of Finance and the LMU (Ludwig Maximilian University).
Bavaria © 2009 Bavaria
The colossal statue of Bavaria forms an artistic unity with the Hall of Fame in the background. The first sketches of Bavaria von Klenze already in his design of the whole ensemble on the model of ancient colossal statues of antiquity had produced. It was modeled after the Colossus of Rhodes, the statue of Zeus of Phidias and especially the Athena Parthenos. Theoretically, it is even possible that a part of the bronze for the Bavaria was once part of the Colossus of Rhodes. After Klenze was awarded the contract for the construction of the ensemble consisting of Hall of Fame and Bavaria, he made more sketches on the Greek model.
Since the statue should be cast according to both of Klenze`s ideas and Ludwig`s wishes in bronze, he included the sculptor Ludwig Schwanthaler, the ore caster Johann Baptist Stiglmaier as well as whose nephew Ferdinand von Miller in the further design and manufacture of the Bavaria statue. While Schwanthaler with his first sketches still held to the classical model in the sense of Klenze, he gave the statue in the further course of his designs increasingly a "Germanic" appearance with typical "German" character. The head and the raised hand he adorned with a wreath of oak and at her side appeared the drawn sword as a sign of her ability to defend herself. At her feet placed Schwanthaler a lion, that always have served as heraldic animal of the Wittelsbach.
The manufacturing of the final designs for the Bavaria statue followed in the years 1839 to 1843. Schwanthaler however the beginning of the foundry did not live because he shortly before that died in April 1844. As first thing, the head of Bavaria was cast in September 1844, in January and March 1845 followed the arms, on 11 October 1845, the breast piece. The last major casting for the bottom part took place on 1 December 1849. The erection and unveiling of Bavaria occurred during Oktoberfest (Munich Beer Festival) 1850. The cost for the production of the statue Ludwig after his abdication as king of Bavaria on 20 March 1848 largely paid from private sources. A special feature of Bavaria is the spiral staircase in its interior, where you can climb up into her head to enjoy from there an incomparable view of the Oktoberfest.
bavarianspaces.de/veranstaltungen/oktoberfest/ruhmeshalle code ...
57305 shunts Barrow Marine Terminal on 20 June 2018, in order to form 6X24, the 1220 Barrow Marine Terminal to Sellafield.
De forma brillante y muy participativa, el Colegio Las Viñas de Teruel celebró, el pasado fin de semana, su cincuentenario en nuestra ciudad.
El viernes, el equipo directivo del Colegio junto al obispo de la diócesis, entregaron a la alcaldesa de la ciudad el pañuelo conmemorativo del 50 aniversario, con el nuevo logo del colegio diseñado por don Antonio Gómez. En el escudo o logo se ve una uve sobre un fondo marrón que representa la tierra, tierra que fue donada por la familia Torán para la construcción del centro, la uve está rematada por la virgulilla o tilde de la eñe que referencia claramente a las consonantes de la palabra Viñas, una corona de doce estrellas completa la imagen, las estrellas son símbolo de María Inmaculada, patrona del Colegio y que nos aporta el sentido religioso, mariano y europeo de la institución.
Posteriormente fue el acto de puesta de las pañoletas blancas al Torico, que contó con la presencia de los 700 alumnos de todas las edades que cursan sus estudios en el Colegio. Este símbolo de la ciudad de Teruel aparece en el escudo del centro escolar, por lo que no podía dejarse de lado en sus celebraciones, tras cincuenta años presente en el colegio.
El sábado, diecisiete, se celebraron los actos centrales. Comenzaron con una Eucaristía de acción de gracias en la Catedral de Teruel. Tras la misma, en el Palacio Episcopal, se realizó el acto académico: una mesa redonda intergeneracional en la que participaron antiguos alumnos del centro, una exposición de material gráfico de la historia del colegio y la entrega de premios del “I Concurso de Narrativa Javier Sierra”. Los ganadores fueron por la categoría de primaria Francisco Pescador Utrillas, en 1º y 2º de la ESO Diego Marcén Marcén y en el 2º Ciclo de ESO y Bachillerato Eva Martín Gisbert.
El broche final lo puso una comida de hermandad a la que asistieron miembros de la comunidad educativa de estos 50 años. En la web pueden ver un amplio reportaje en video.
The design of the Merewether Memorial employs the form of an Eleanor Cross and is in the English Medieval style. There are spires which could have served as a basis for the design of this memorial; for example, St. Mary at Bloxham, St. Peter at Kettering, St. Peter at Raunds and Meven St. Mary at Oxford. In fact, each one may have provided an ingredient or two for the design of this fine memorial tower.
Building designers of the time had become increasingly aware of the capabilities of Indian craftsmen, thus the skill and craftsmanship which has been available to medieval builders was also at Strachan's disposal. Strachan was no doubt aware of the intricate carving executed by native craftsmen for the baserellets designed by Kipling for the Crawford Markets and the then under construction Victoria Terminus. The Memorial shows a heightened sensitivity to detailing and an emphasis on carving and decoration, more then my other building designed by Strachan. Whereas the Empress Market's tower is a little squat, the Merewether Tower is elegant and tall, evoking memories of medieval England.
It was named for Merewether, who served as 'Commissioner-in-Sindh' from 1868 to 1877. Richard Burton, on his last visit to Karachi, paid a tribute to his friend while describing the Government House: " It is at present occupied by General Sir William L. Merewether, K.C.S.I. etc.etc.etc. an officer who, by entire devotion to the interests of his province, the scene of his distinguished career during the last thirty-three years, has made epoch' and history" (Burton 1877:1.76) Burton's opinion of Merewether's services were no doubt shared by others. Initially, a pier had been named in memory of the former 'Commissioner-in-Sindh'. Constructed by the Karachi Harbour Board, which had been formed in 1880, the Merewether Pier had cost three lakh rupees (1882). However, it was later decided that a worthy and visible memorial was in order - a memorial tower of such "prominence as to dominate the skyline of the city" to be built by public subscription. The Tower was placed at the confluence of McLeod and Bunder Road, at the extreme western end of the Serai Quarter, an area which was developed into a thriving commercial center concurrently with the rising fortunes of the city. The Memorial took eight years to complete, and was handed over to the Municipality in 1892 by 'Commissioner-in-Sindh' Evan James. The total cost of the structure and its clock was merely Rs. 37,178 compared to the Rs. 180,000 lavished on the much bigger memorial to Bartle Frere, Frere Hall.
The Memorial Tower stands on a platform 44 feet square and rises to a height of 102 feet. It prominently displays the clock placed at the base of the spire, 70 feet from the ground. Each of the clock's four faces is seven feet in diameter. The large bell installed at the time weighed three hundred weight and struck at every hour, while the smaller bells weighed one hundred weight each and marked every quarter of an hour.
Naturally formed ice that occurs in Tennessee at below freezing temperatures,i call them ice flowers!The formation of frost flowers, also known as "ice flowers," is apparently dependent on a freezing weather condition occurring when the ground is not already frozen. The sap in the stem of the plants will expand (water expands when frozen), causing long, thin cracks to form along the length of the stem. Water is then drawn through these cracks via capillary action and freezes upon contact with the air. As more water is drawn through the cracks it pushes the thin ice layers further from the stem, causing a thin "petal" to form. In the case of woody plants and (living or dead) tree branches the freezing water is squeezed through the pores of the plant forming long thin strings of ice that look uncannily like hair i.e. "frost beard".
The petals of frost flowers are very delicate and will break when touched. They usually melt or sublimate when exposed to sunlight and are usually visible in the early morning or in shaded areas.
Forming extensive sheets on the trunks of Beech trees in Drumlanrig Castle Estate, Dumfries and Galloway.
Images that form part of the "Tender are the Nighthawks" series, all shot in the early hours of the morning on Camden High Street in London using the Leica CL.
O foral do Germanelo, concedido por D. Afonso Henriques, abrangia um território que, nos séculos XI e XII, integrava a fronteira instável entre o mundo cristão e o mundo muçulmano, constituindo um novo concelho, em que regulava a sua administração e, definia os seus limites e privilégios.
Apesar de não ser datado, o documento contém indícios de ter sido outorgado entre 1142 e 1146, porque D. Afonso Henriques já se intitula de Rei, mas ainda não faz referência à Rainha Dª Mafalda e porque, aludindo ao Castelo, erguido em 1142, constituirá um apelo para atrair novos povoadores.
Os limites da nova circunscrição são marcados para Leste, Norte e Oeste, estipulando o documento que “as terras que vertam água para o lado de Penela serão de Penela, as que vertam para o lado da Ladeia serão do Germanelo”.
A definição dos limites do novo concelho, estabelecida com base na inclinação das vertentes, foi a seguinte: O limite a Norte ia de Traveira até Alfafar, descendo depois pela povoação até à frente de Alfafar.
Para Noroeste, seguia pelo Ribeiro de Alfafar, até à sua foz no Rio Caralio (ou rio do Mouros).
A Poente, os limites do Município situavam-se entre a Porta de Arcuzen (Garganta do rio dos Mouros na zona de Pega), até ao Alto do Medronhal, abarcando decerto, o Monte do Cruto sobranceiro à povoação do Furadouro, dando a volta à Lagoa do Algar (Algairan) até à Cova da Moura. A partir daí desceria, alcançando Quatro Lagoas e atingindo por fim o Vale de “Pelagio Galiuiz”.
Os limites estabelecidos por Afonso Henriques deixavam, no entanto, uma porta aberta.
A fronteira Sul não estava delimitada, ficando o caminho livre para que os Germaelenses mais ousados avançassem, conquistando novas terras que passavam a integrar o recém-criado concelho e ampliavam a ocupação cristã.
A estratégia resultou. Os Germanelenses, gente forte, aproveitando a hábil disposição régia, expandiram-se para Sul. Estabeleceram-se no vale do Nabão e ocuparam, ainda, uma parte considerável da Estremadura. Em 1220 o Concelho do Germanelo era limitado a Sul pelo Rio Zêzere.
D. Afonso Henriques estava empenhado em atrair novos povoadores para aquele local um pouco inóspito e território de fronteira estabelecendo condições únicas. O Monarca determinou que os criminosos (violadores, assassinos, ladrões e, outros fugitivos da lei), que na fuga alcançassem os limites do concelho do Germanelo, pudessem ver os seus crimes perdoados. Seria suficiente o castigo de viver ali. Fez-se do novo Concelho – um Couto de Homiziados.
Neste espaço temporal o concelho do Germanelo, através dos seus povoadores, constituiu um importante baluarte para travar o avanço do inimigo para Norte (através da via romana) contribuindo, de forma decisiva, para a fundação da nacionalidade.
ENQUADRAMENTO
O monte do Germanelo, também conhecido como Monte do Castelo, é uma pequena elevação a 367 metros de altitude, que abrange os Concelhos de Penela e Ansião, geologicamente constituído por uma zona cársica dominada por calcários margosos.
No castelo deparamo-nos em primeiro com o vale onde se situam, entre outras, as aldeias de Rabaçal e Zambujal.
Em segundo plano fica a Serra do Rabaçal, o Monte Maria Pares e o Monte da Pega. A Sul, observa-se a elevação suave e piramidal do monte gémeo, o Jerumelo seguido do Monte da Ateanha e do Monte de Vez. A Nascente, situa-se a Vila de Penela e a Serra do Espinhal.
A construção do castelo encontra-se ligada ao processo da Reconquista Cristã tendo sido erguido por D. Afonso Henriques em 1142. Propriedade da família do Prof. Doutor Salvador Dias Arnaut, que foi o responsável pela reconstrução da muralha Norte, este monumento foi objecto de um protocolo de cedência celebrado com o Município de Penela.
A LENDA DOS “IRMÃOZINHOS”
Conta a lenda que em cada um dos montes habitava um ferreiro – os irmãos Germanelo (a norte) e Jerumelo (a sul).
Os seus pais seriam pobres, não teriam mais que deixar a estes irmãos do que apenas duas forjas, um martelam e a arte de trabalhar.
Estando cada um em seu monte com a sua respectiva forja, o martelo serviria alternadamente.
A curta distância entre o topo dos dois montes permitia que os irmãos, dois gigantes, atirassem o martelo um ao outro quando dele precisavam.
Assim, nas redondezas escutar-se-ia com frequência os dois ferreiros a comunicarem entre si -“Germanelo passa para cá o martelo” e em contraposição - “Jerumelo, atira para cá outra vez o malho”.
Um dia, Jerumelo zangou-se com o irmão e atirou-lhe o martelo com tanta força que este se desconjuntou, caindo o ferro na encosta do monte Germanelo, fazendo brotar uma fonte de água férrea de onde surgiu a povoação da Fartosa (em 1160 dizia-se Ferratosa e em 1420 já era designada por Ferretosa). O cabo de madeira de zambujo, mais leve, foi espetar-se numa terra a dois quilómetros de distância, fazendo nascer um zambujo, originando o nome da povoação de Zambujal.
Informação Blibliográfica,
Câmara Municipal de Penela. www.rabacal.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=art...
"Since writing on toilet walls is done for neither financial reward or critical acclaim - it is the purest form of art. Discuss ---"
Fish, any of approximately 34,000 species of vertebrate animals (phylum Chordata) found in the fresh and salt waters of the world. Living species range from the primitive jawless lampreys and hagfishes through the cartilaginous sharks, skates, and rays to the abundant and diverse bony fishes. Most fish species are cold-blooded; however, one species, the opah (Lampris guttatus), is warm-blooded.
The term fish is applied to a variety of vertebrates of several evolutionary lines. It describes a life-form rather than a taxonomic group. As members of the phylum Chordata, fish share certain features with other vertebrates. These features are gill slits at some point in the life cycle, a notochord, or skeletal supporting rod, a dorsal hollow nerve cord, and a tail. Living fishes represent some five classes, which are as distinct from one another as are the four classes of familiar air-breathing animals—amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. For example, the jawless fishes (Agnatha) have gills in pouches and lack limb girdles. Extant agnathans are the lampreys and the hagfishes. As the name implies, the skeletons of fishes of the class Chondrichthyes (from chondr, “cartilage,” and ichthyes, “fish”) are made entirely of cartilage. Modern fish of this class lack a swim bladder, and their scales and teeth are made up of the same placoid material. Sharks, skates, and rays are examples of cartilaginous fishes. The bony fishes are by far the largest class. Examples range from the tiny seahorse to the 450-kg (1,000-pound) blue marlin, from the flattened soles and flounders to the boxy puffers and ocean sunfishes. Unlike the scales of the cartilaginous fishes, those of bony fishes, when present, grow throughout life and are made up of thin overlapping plates of bone. Bony fishes also have an operculum that covers the gill slits.
The study of fishes, the science of ichthyology, is of broad importance. Fishes are of interest to humans for many reasons, the most important being their relationship with and dependence on the environment. A more obvious reason for interest in fishes is their role as a moderate but important part of the world’s food supply. This resource, once thought unlimited, is now realized to be finite and in delicate balance with the biological, chemical, and physical factors of the aquatic environment. Overfishing, pollution, and alteration of the environment are the chief enemies of proper fisheries management, both in fresh waters and in the ocean. (For a detailed discussion of the technology and economics of fisheries, see commercial fishing.) Another practical reason for studying fishes is their use in disease control. As predators on mosquito larvae, they help curb malaria and other mosquito-borne diseases.
Fishes are valuable laboratory animals in many aspects of medical and biological research. For example, the readiness of many fishes to acclimate to captivity has allowed biologists to study behaviour, physiology, and even ecology under relatively natural conditions. Fishes have been especially important in the study of animal behaviour, where research on fishes has provided a broad base for the understanding of the more flexible behaviour of the higher vertebrates. The zebra fish is used as a model in studies of gene expression.
There are aesthetic and recreational reasons for an interest in fishes. Millions of people keep live fishes in home aquariums for the simple pleasure of observing the beauty and behaviour of animals otherwise unfamiliar to them. Aquarium fishes provide a personal challenge to many aquarists, allowing them to test their ability to keep a small section of the natural environment in their homes. Sportfishing is another way of enjoying the natural environment, also indulged in by millions of people every year. Interest in aquarium fishes and sportfishing supports multimillion-dollar industries throughout the world.
Fishes have been in existence for more than 450 million years, during which time they have evolved repeatedly to fit into almost every conceivable type of aquatic habitat. In a sense, land vertebrates are simply highly modified fishes: when fishes colonized the land habitat, they became tetrapod (four-legged) land vertebrates. The popular conception of a fish as a slippery, streamlined aquatic animal that possesses fins and breathes by gills applies to many fishes, but far more fishes deviate from that conception than conform to it. For example, the body is elongate in many forms and greatly shortened in others; the body is flattened in some (principally in bottom-dwelling fishes) and laterally compressed in many others; the fins may be elaborately extended, forming intricate shapes, or they may be reduced or even lost; and the positions of the mouth, eyes, nostrils, and gill openings vary widely. Air breathers have appeared in several evolutionary lines.
Many fishes are cryptically coloured and shaped, closely matching their respective environments; others are among the most brilliantly coloured of all organisms, with a wide range of hues, often of striking intensity, on a single individual. The brilliance of pigments may be enhanced by the surface structure of the fish, so that it almost seems to glow. A number of unrelated fishes have actual light-producing organs. Many fishes are able to alter their coloration—some for the purpose of camouflage, others for the enhancement of behavioral signals.
Fishes range in adult length from less than 10 mm (0.4 inch) to more than 20 metres (60 feet) and in weight from about 1.5 grams (less than 0.06 ounce) to many thousands of kilograms. Some live in shallow thermal springs at temperatures slightly above 42 °C (100 °F), others in cold Arctic seas a few degrees below 0 °C (32 °F) or in cold deep waters more than 4,000 metres (13,100 feet) beneath the ocean surface. The structural and, especially, the physiological adaptations for life at such extremes are relatively poorly known and provide the scientifically curious with great incentive for study.
Almost all natural bodies of water bear fish life, the exceptions being very hot thermal ponds and extremely salt-alkaline lakes, such as the Dead Sea in Asia and the Great Salt Lake in North America. The present distribution of fishes is a result of the geological history and development of Earth as well as the ability of fishes to undergo evolutionary change and to adapt to the available habitats. Fishes may be seen to be distributed according to habitat and according to geographical area. Major habitat differences are marine and freshwater. For the most part, the fishes in a marine habitat differ from those in a freshwater habitat, even in adjacent areas, but some, such as the salmon, migrate from one to the other. The freshwater habitats may be seen to be of many kinds. Fishes found in mountain torrents, Arctic lakes, tropical lakes, temperate streams, and tropical rivers will all differ from each other, both in obvious gross structure and in physiological attributes. Even in closely adjacent habitats where, for example, a tropical mountain torrent enters a lowland stream, the fish fauna will differ. The marine habitats can be divided into deep ocean floors (benthic), mid-water oceanic (bathypelagic), surface oceanic (pelagic), rocky coast, sandy coast, muddy shores, bays, estuaries, and others. Also, for example, rocky coastal shores in tropical and temperate regions will have different fish faunas, even when such habitats occur along the same coastline.
Although much is known about the present geographical distribution of fishes, far less is known about how that distribution came about. Many parts of the fish fauna of the fresh waters of North America and Eurasia are related and undoubtedly have a common origin. The faunas of Africa and South America are related, extremely old, and probably an expression of the drifting apart of the two continents. The fauna of southern Asia is related to that of Central Asia, and some of it appears to have entered Africa. The extremely large shore-fish faunas of the Indian and tropical Pacific oceans comprise a related complex, but the tropical shore fauna of the Atlantic, although containing Indo-Pacific components, is relatively limited and probably younger. The Arctic and Antarctic marine faunas are quite different from each other. The shore fauna of the North Pacific is quite distinct, and that of the North Atlantic more limited and probably younger. Pelagic oceanic fishes, especially those in deep waters, are similar the world over, showing little geographical isolation in terms of family groups. The deep oceanic habitat is very much the same throughout the world, but species differences do exist, showing geographical areas determined by oceanic currents and water masses.
All aspects of the life of a fish are closely correlated with adaptation to the total environment, physical, chemical, and biological. In studies, all the interdependent aspects of fish, such as behaviour, locomotion, reproduction, and physical and physiological characteristics, must be taken into account.
Correlated with their adaptation to an extremely wide variety of habitats is the extremely wide variety of life cycles that fishes display. The great majority hatch from relatively small eggs a few days to several weeks or more after the eggs are scattered in the water. Newly hatched young are still partially undeveloped and are called larvae until body structures such as fins, skeleton, and some organs are fully formed. Larval life is often very short, usually less than a few weeks, but it can be very long, some lampreys continuing as larvae for at least five years. Young and larval fishes, before reaching sexual maturity, must grow considerably, and their small size and other factors often dictate that they live in a habitat different than that of the adults. For example, most tropical marine shore fishes have pelagic larvae. Larval food also is different, and larval fishes often live in shallow waters, where they may be less exposed to predators.
After a fish reaches adult size, the length of its life is subject to many factors, such as innate rates of aging, predation pressure, and the nature of the local climate. The longevity of a species in the protected environment of an aquarium may have nothing to do with how long members of that species live in the wild. Many small fishes live only one to three years at the most. In some species, however, individuals may live as long as 10 or 20 or even 100 years.
Fish behaviour is a complicated and varied subject. As in almost all animals with a central nervous system, the nature of a response of an individual fish to stimuli from its environment depends upon the inherited characteristics of its nervous system, on what it has learned from past experience, and on the nature of the stimuli. Compared with the variety of human responses, however, that of a fish is stereotyped, not subject to much modification by “thought” or learning, and investigators must guard against anthropomorphic interpretations of fish behaviour.
Fishes perceive the world around them by the usual senses of sight, smell, hearing, touch, and taste and by special lateral line water-current detectors. In the few fishes that generate electric fields, a process that might best be called electrolocation aids in perception. One or another of these senses often is emphasized at the expense of others, depending upon the fish’s other adaptations. In fishes with large eyes, the sense of smell may be reduced; others, with small eyes, hunt and feed primarily by smell (such as some eels).
Specialized behaviour is primarily concerned with the three most important activities in the fish’s life: feeding, reproduction, and escape from enemies. Schooling behaviour of sardines on the high seas, for instance, is largely a protective device to avoid enemies, but it is also associated with and modified by their breeding and feeding requirements. Predatory fishes are often solitary, lying in wait to dart suddenly after their prey, a kind of locomotion impossible for beaked parrot fishes, which feed on coral, swimming in small groups from one coral head to the next. In addition, some predatory fishes that inhabit pelagic environments, such as tunas, often school.
Sleep in fishes, all of which lack true eyelids, consists of a seemingly listless state in which the fish maintains its balance but moves slowly. If attacked or disturbed, most can dart away. A few kinds of fishes lie on the bottom to sleep. Most catfishes, some loaches, and some eels and electric fishes are strictly nocturnal, being active and hunting for food during the night and retiring during the day to holes, thick vegetation, or other protective parts of the environment.
Communication between members of a species or between members of two or more species often is extremely important, especially in breeding behaviour (see below Reproduction). The mode of communication may be visual, as between the small so-called cleaner fish and a large fish of a very different species. The larger fish often allows the cleaner to enter its mouth to remove gill parasites. The cleaner is recognized by its distinctive colour and actions and therefore is not eaten, even if the larger fish is normally a predator. Communication is often chemical, signals being sent by specific chemicals called pheromones.
Many fishes have a streamlined body and swim freely in open water. Fish locomotion is closely correlated with habitat and ecological niche (the general position of the animal to its environment).
Many fishes in both marine and fresh waters swim at the surface and have mouths adapted to feed best (and sometimes only) at the surface. Often such fishes are long and slender, able to dart at surface insects or at other surface fishes and in turn to dart away from predators; needlefishes, halfbeaks, and topminnows (such as killifish and mosquito fish) are good examples. Oceanic flying fishes escape their predators by gathering speed above the water surface, with the lower lobe of the tail providing thrust in the water. They then glide hundreds of yards on enlarged, winglike pectoral and pelvic fins. South American freshwater flying fishes escape their enemies by jumping and propelling their strongly keeled bodies out of the water.
So-called mid-water swimmers, the most common type of fish, are of many kinds and live in many habitats. The powerful fusiform tunas and the trouts, for example, are adapted for strong, fast swimming, the tunas to capture prey speedily in the open ocean and the trouts to cope with the swift currents of streams and rivers. The trout body form is well adapted to many habitats. Fishes that live in relatively quiet waters such as bays or lake shores or slow rivers usually are not strong, fast swimmers but are capable of short, quick bursts of speed to escape a predator. Many of these fishes have their sides flattened, examples being the sunfish and the freshwater angelfish of aquarists. Fish associated with the bottom or substrate usually are slow swimmers. Open-water plankton-feeding fishes almost always remain fusiform and are capable of rapid, strong movement (for example, sardines and herrings of the open ocean and also many small minnows of streams and lakes).
Bottom-living fishes are of many kinds and have undergone many types of modification of their body shape and swimming habits. Rays, which evolved from strong-swimming mid-water sharks, usually stay close to the bottom and move by undulating their large pectoral fins. Flounders live in a similar habitat and move over the bottom by undulating the entire body. Many bottom fishes dart from place to place, resting on the bottom between movements, a motion common in gobies. One goby relative, the mudskipper, has taken to living at the edge of pools along the shore of muddy mangrove swamps. It escapes its enemies by flipping rapidly over the mud, out of the water. Some catfishes, synbranchid eels, the so-called climbing perch, and a few other fishes venture out over damp ground to find more promising waters than those that they left. They move by wriggling their bodies, sometimes using strong pectoral fins; most have accessory air-breathing organs. Many bottom-dwelling fishes live in mud holes or rocky crevices. Marine eels and gobies commonly are found in such habitats and for the most part venture far beyond their cavelike homes. Some bottom dwellers, such as the clingfishes (Gobiesocidae), have developed powerful adhesive disks that enable them to remain in place on the substrate in areas such as rocky coasts, where the action of the waves is great.
The methods of reproduction in fishes are varied, but most fishes lay a large number of small eggs, fertilized and scattered outside of the body. The eggs of pelagic fishes usually remain suspended in the open water. Many shore and freshwater fishes lay eggs on the bottom or among plants. Some have adhesive eggs. The mortality of the young and especially of the eggs is very high, and often only a few individuals grow to maturity out of hundreds, thousands, and in some cases millions of eggs laid.
Males produce sperm, usually as a milky white substance called milt, in two (sometimes one) testes within the body cavity. In bony fishes a sperm duct leads from each testis to a urogenital opening behind the vent or anus. In sharks and rays and in cyclostomes the duct leads to a cloaca. Sometimes the pelvic fins are modified to help transmit the milt to the eggs at the female’s vent or on the substrate where the female has placed them. Sometimes accessory organs are used to fertilize females internally—for example, the claspers of many sharks and rays.
In the females the eggs are formed in two ovaries (sometimes only one) and pass through the ovaries to the urogenital opening and to the outside. In some fishes the eggs are fertilized internally but are shed before development takes place. Members of about a dozen families each of bony fishes (teleosts) and sharks bear live young. Many skates and rays also bear live young. In some bony fishes the eggs simply develop within the female, the young emerging when the eggs hatch (ovoviviparous). Others develop within the ovary and are nourished by ovarian tissues after hatching (viviparous). There are also other methods utilized by fishes to nourish young within the female. In all live-bearers the young are born at a relatively large size and are few in number. In one family of primarily marine fishes, the surfperches from the Pacific coast of North America, Japan, and Korea, the males of at least one species are born sexually mature, although they are not fully grown.
Some fishes are hermaphroditic—an individual producing both sperm and eggs, usually at different stages of its life. Self-fertilization, however, is probably rare.
Successful reproduction and, in many cases, defense of the eggs and the young are assured by rather stereotypical but often elaborate courtship and parental behaviour, either by the male or the female or both. Some fishes prepare nests by hollowing out depressions in the sand bottom (cichlids, for example), build nests with plant materials and sticky threads excreted by the kidneys (sticklebacks), or blow a cluster of mucus-covered bubbles at the water surface (gouramis). The eggs are laid in these structures. Some varieties of cichlids and catfishes incubate eggs in their mouths.
Some fishes, such as salmon, undergo long migrations from the ocean and up large rivers to spawn in the gravel beds where they themselves hatched (anadromous fishes). Some, such as the freshwater eels (family Anguillidae), live and grow to maturity in fresh water and migrate to the sea to spawn (catadromous fishes). Other fishes undertake shorter migrations from lakes into streams, within the ocean, or enter spawning habitats that they do not ordinarily occupy in other ways.
The basic structure and function of the fish body are similar to those of all other vertebrates. The usual four types of tissues are present: surface or epithelial, connective (bone, cartilage, and fibrous tissues, as well as their derivative, blood), nerve, and muscle tissues. In addition, the fish’s organs and organ systems parallel those of other vertebrates.
The typical fish body is streamlined and spindle-shaped, with an anterior head, a gill apparatus, and a heart, the latter lying in the midline just below the gill chamber. The body cavity, containing the vital organs, is situated behind the head in the lower anterior part of the body. The anus usually marks the posterior termination of the body cavity and most often occurs just in front of the base of the anal fin. The spinal cord and vertebral column continue from the posterior part of the head to the base of the tail fin, passing dorsal to the body cavity and through the caudal (tail) region behind the body cavity. Most of the body is of muscular tissue, a high proportion of which is necessitated by swimming. In the course of evolution this basic body plan has been modified repeatedly into the many varieties of fish shapes that exist today.
The skeleton forms an integral part of the fish’s locomotion system, as well as serving to protect vital parts. The internal skeleton consists of the skull bones (except for the roofing bones of the head, which are really part of the external skeleton), the vertebral column, and the fin supports (fin rays). The fin supports are derived from the external skeleton but will be treated here because of their close functional relationship to the internal skeleton. The internal skeleton of cyclostomes, sharks, and rays is of cartilage; that of many fossil groups and some primitive living fishes is mostly of cartilage but may include some bone. In place of the vertebral column, the earliest vertebrates had a fully developed notochord, a flexible stiff rod of viscous cells surrounded by a strong fibrous sheath. During the evolution of modern fishes the rod was replaced in part by cartilage and then by ossified cartilage. Sharks and rays retain a cartilaginous vertebral column; bony fishes have spool-shaped vertebrae that in the more primitive living forms only partially replace the notochord. The skull, including the gill arches and jaws of bony fishes, is fully, or at least partially, ossified. That of sharks and rays remains cartilaginous, at times partially replaced by calcium deposits but never by true bone.
The supportive elements of the fins (basal or radial bones or both) have changed greatly during fish evolution. Some of these changes are described in the section below (Evolution and paleontology). Most fishes possess a single dorsal fin on the midline of the back. Many have two and a few have three dorsal fins. The other fins are the single tail and anal fins and paired pelvic and pectoral fins. A small fin, the adipose fin, with hairlike fin rays, occurs in many of the relatively primitive teleosts (such as trout) on the back near the base of the caudal fin.
The skin of a fish must serve many functions. It aids in maintaining the osmotic balance, provides physical protection for the body, is the site of coloration, contains sensory receptors, and, in some fishes, functions in respiration. Mucous glands, which aid in maintaining the water balance and offer protection from bacteria, are extremely numerous in fish skin, especially in cyclostomes and teleosts. Since mucous glands are present in the modern lampreys, it is reasonable to assume that they were present in primitive fishes, such as the ancient Silurian and Devonian agnathans. Protection from abrasion and predation is another function of the fish skin, and dermal (skin) bone arose early in fish evolution in response to this need. It is thought that bone first evolved in skin and only later invaded the cartilaginous areas of the fish’s body, to provide additional support and protection. There is some argument as to which came first, cartilage or bone, and fossil evidence does not settle the question. In any event, dermal bone has played an important part in fish evolution and has different characteristics in different groups of fishes. Several groups are characterized at least in part by the kind of bony scales they possess.
Scales have played an important part in the evolution of fishes. Primitive fishes usually had thick bony plates or thick scales in several layers of bone, enamel, and related substances. Modern teleost fishes have scales of bone, which, while still protective, allow much more freedom of motion in the body. A few modern teleosts (some catfishes, sticklebacks, and others) have secondarily acquired bony plates in the skin. Modern and early sharks possessed placoid scales, a relatively primitive type of scale with a toothlike structure, consisting of an outside layer of enamel-like substance (vitrodentine), an inner layer of dentine, and a pulp cavity containing nerves and blood vessels. Primitive bony fishes had thick scales of either the ganoid or the cosmoid type. Cosmoid scales have a hard, enamel-like outer layer, an inner layer of cosmine (a form of dentine), and then a layer of vascular bone (isopedine). In ganoid scales the hard outer layer is different chemically and is called ganoin. Under this is a cosminelike layer and then a vascular bony layer. The thin, translucent bony scales of modern fishes, called cycloid and ctenoid (the latter distinguished by serrations at the edges), lack enameloid and dentine layers.
Skin has several other functions in fishes. It is well supplied with nerve endings and presumably receives tactile, thermal, and pain stimuli. Skin is also well supplied with blood vessels. Some fishes breathe in part through the skin, by the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the surrounding water and numerous small blood vessels near the skin surface.
Skin serves as protection through the control of coloration. Fishes exhibit an almost limitless range of colours. The colours often blend closely with the surroundings, effectively hiding the animal. Many fishes use bright colours for territorial advertisement or as recognition marks for other members of their own species, or sometimes for members of other species. Many fishes can change their colour to a greater or lesser degree, by movement of pigment within the pigment cells (chromatophores). Black pigment cells (melanophores), of almost universal occurrence in fishes, are often juxtaposed with other pigment cells. When placed beneath iridocytes or leucophores (bearing the silvery or white pigment guanine), melanophores produce structural colours of blue and green. These colours are often extremely intense, because they are formed by refraction of light through the needlelike crystals of guanine. The blue and green refracted colours are often relatively pure, lacking the red and yellow rays, which have been absorbed by the black pigment (melanin) of the melanophores. Yellow, orange, and red colours are produced by erythrophores, cells containing the appropriate carotenoid pigments. Other colours are produced by combinations of melanophores, erythrophores, and iridocytes.
The major portion of the body of most fishes consists of muscles. Most of the mass is trunk musculature, the fin muscles usually being relatively small. The caudal fin is usually the most powerful fin, being moved by the trunk musculature. The body musculature is usually arranged in rows of chevron-shaped segments on each side. Contractions of these segments, each attached to adjacent vertebrae and vertebral processes, bends the body on the vertebral joint, producing successive undulations of the body, passing from the head to the tail, and producing driving strokes of the tail. It is the latter that provides the strong forward movement for most fishes.
The digestive system, in a functional sense, starts at the mouth, with the teeth used to capture prey or collect plant foods. Mouth shape and tooth structure vary greatly in fishes, depending on the kind of food normally eaten. Most fishes are predacious, feeding on small invertebrates or other fishes and have simple conical teeth on the jaws, on at least some of the bones of the roof of the mouth, and on special gill arch structures just in front of the esophagus. The latter are throat teeth. Most predacious fishes swallow their prey whole, and the teeth are used for grasping and holding prey, for orienting prey to be swallowed (head first) and for working the prey toward the esophagus. There are a variety of tooth types in fishes. Some fishes, such as sharks and piranhas, have cutting teeth for biting chunks out of their victims. A shark’s tooth, although superficially like that of a piranha, appears in many respects to be a modified scale, while that of the piranha is like that of other bony fishes, consisting of dentine and enamel. Parrot fishes have beaklike mouths with short incisor-like teeth for breaking off coral and have heavy pavementlike throat teeth for crushing the coral. Some catfishes have small brushlike teeth, arranged in rows on the jaws, for scraping plant and animal growth from rocks. Many fishes (such as the Cyprinidae or minnows) have no jaw teeth at all but have very strong throat teeth.
Some fishes gather planktonic food by straining it from their gill cavities with numerous elongate stiff rods (gill rakers) anchored by one end to the gill bars. The food collected on these rods is passed to the throat, where it is swallowed. Most fishes have only short gill rakers that help keep food particles from escaping out the mouth cavity into the gill chamber.
Once reaching the throat, food enters a short, often greatly distensible esophagus, a simple tube with a muscular wall leading into a stomach. The stomach varies greatly in fishes, depending upon the diet. In most predacious fishes it is a simple straight or curved tube or pouch with a muscular wall and a glandular lining. Food is largely digested there and leaves the stomach in liquid form.
Between the stomach and the intestine, ducts enter the digestive tube from the liver and pancreas. The liver is a large, clearly defined organ. The pancreas may be embedded in it, diffused through it, or broken into small parts spread along some of the intestine. The junction between the stomach and the intestine is marked by a muscular valve. Pyloric ceca (blind sacs) occur in some fishes at this junction and have a digestive or absorptive function or both.
The intestine itself is quite variable in length, depending upon the fish’s diet. It is short in predacious forms, sometimes no longer than the body cavity, but long in herbivorous forms, being coiled and several times longer than the entire length of the fish in some species of South American catfishes. The intestine is primarily an organ for absorbing nutrients into the bloodstream. The larger its internal surface, the greater its absorptive efficiency, and a spiral valve is one method of increasing its absorption surface.
Sharks, rays, chimaeras, lungfishes, surviving chondrosteans, holosteans, and even a few of the more primitive teleosts have a spiral valve or at least traces of it in the intestine. Most modern teleosts have increased the area of the intestinal walls by having numerous folds and villi (fingerlike projections) somewhat like those in humans. Undigested substances are passed to the exterior through the anus in most teleost fishes. In lungfishes, sharks, and rays, it is first passed through the cloaca, a common cavity receiving the intestinal opening and the ducts from the urogenital system.
Oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve in water, and most fishes exchange dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide in water by means of the gills. The gills lie behind and to the side of the mouth cavity and consist of fleshy filaments supported by the gill arches and filled with blood vessels, which give gills a bright red colour. Water taken in continuously through the mouth passes backward between the gill bars and over the gill filaments, where the exchange of gases takes place. The gills are protected by a gill cover in teleosts and many other fishes but by flaps of skin in sharks, rays, and some of the older fossil fish groups. The blood capillaries in the gill filaments are close to the gill surface to take up oxygen from the water and to give up excess carbon dioxide to the water.
Most modern fishes have a hydrostatic (ballast) organ, called the swim bladder, that lies in the body cavity just below the kidney and above the stomach and intestine. It originated as a diverticulum of the digestive canal. In advanced teleosts, especially the acanthopterygians, the bladder has lost its connection with the digestive tract, a condition called physoclistic. The connection has been retained (physostomous) by many relatively primitive teleosts. In several unrelated lines of fishes, the bladder has become specialized as a lung or, at least, as a highly vascularized accessory breathing organ. Some fishes with such accessory organs are obligate air breathers and will drown if denied access to the surface, even in well-oxygenated water. Fishes with a hydrostatic form of swim bladder can control their depth by regulating the amount of gas in the bladder. The gas, mostly oxygen, is secreted into the bladder by special glands, rendering the fish more buoyant; the gas is absorbed into the bloodstream by another special organ, reducing the overall buoyancy and allowing the fish to sink. Some deep-sea fishes may have oils, rather than gas, in the bladder. Other deep-sea and some bottom-living forms have much-reduced swim bladders or have lost the organ entirely.
The swim bladder of fishes follows the same developmental pattern as the lungs of land vertebrates. There is no doubt that the two structures have the same historical origin in primitive fishes. More or less intermediate forms still survive among the more primitive types of fishes, such as the lungfishes Lepidosiren and Protopterus.
The circulatory, or blood vascular, system consists of the heart, the arteries, the capillaries, and the veins. It is in the capillaries that the interchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and other substances such as hormones and waste products takes place. The capillaries lead to the veins, which return the venous blood with its waste products to the heart, kidneys, and gills. There are two kinds of capillary beds: those in the gills and those in the rest of the body. The heart, a folded continuous muscular tube with three or four saclike enlargements, undergoes rhythmic contractions and receives venous blood in a sinus venosus. It passes the blood to an auricle and then into a thick muscular pump, the ventricle. From the ventricle the blood goes to a bulbous structure at the base of a ventral aorta just below the gills. The blood passes to the afferent (receiving) arteries of the gill arches and then to the gill capillaries. There waste gases are given off to the environment, and oxygen is absorbed. The oxygenated blood enters efferent (exuant) arteries of the gill arches and then flows into the dorsal aorta. From there blood is distributed to the tissues and organs of the body. One-way valves prevent backflow. The circulation of fishes thus differs from that of the reptiles, birds, and mammals in that oxygenated blood is not returned to the heart prior to distribution to the other parts of the body.
The primary excretory organ in fishes, as in other vertebrates, is the kidney. In fishes some excretion also takes place in the digestive tract, skin, and especially the gills (where ammonia is given off). Compared with land vertebrates, fishes have a special problem in maintaining their internal environment at a constant concentration of water and dissolved substances, such as salts. Proper balance of the internal environment (homeostasis) of a fish is in a great part maintained by the excretory system, especially the kidney.
The kidney, gills, and skin play an important role in maintaining a fish’s internal environment and checking the effects of osmosis. Marine fishes live in an environment in which the water around them has a greater concentration of salts than they can have inside their body and still maintain life. Freshwater fishes, on the other hand, live in water with a much lower concentration of salts than they require inside their bodies. Osmosis tends to promote the loss of water from the body of a marine fish and absorption of water by that of a freshwater fish. Mucus in the skin tends to slow the process but is not a sufficient barrier to prevent the movement of fluids through the permeable skin. When solutions on two sides of a permeable membrane have different concentrations of dissolved substances, water will pass through the membrane into the more concentrated solution, while the dissolved chemicals move into the area of lower concentration (diffusion).
The kidney of freshwater fishes is often larger in relation to body weight than that of marine fishes. In both groups the kidney excretes wastes from the body, but the kidney of freshwater fishes also excretes large amounts of water, counteracting the water absorbed through the skin. Freshwater fishes tend to lose salt to the environment and must replace it. They get some salt from their food, but the gills and skin inside the mouth actively absorb salt from water passed through the mouth. This absorption is performed by special cells capable of moving salts against the diffusion gradient. Freshwater fishes drink very little water and take in little water with their food.
Marine fishes must conserve water, and therefore their kidneys excrete little water. To maintain their water balance, marine fishes drink large quantities of seawater, retaining most of the water and excreting the salt. Most nitrogenous waste in marine fishes appears to be secreted by the gills as ammonia. Marine fishes can excrete salt by clusters of special cells (chloride cells) in the gills.
There are several teleosts—for example, the salmon—that travel between fresh water and seawater and must adjust to the reversal of osmotic gradients. They adjust their physiological processes by spending time (often surprisingly little time) in the intermediate brackish environment.
Marine hagfishes, sharks, and rays have osmotic concentrations in their blood about equal to that of seawater and so do not have to drink water nor perform much physiological work to maintain their osmotic balance. In sharks and rays the osmotic concentration is kept high by retention of urea in the blood. Freshwater sharks have a lowered concentration of urea in the blood.
Endocrine glands secrete their products into the bloodstream and body tissues and, along with the central nervous system, control and regulate many kinds of body functions. Cyclostomes have a well-developed endocrine system, and presumably it was well developed in the early Agnatha, ancestral to modern fishes. Although the endocrine system in fishes is similar to that of higher vertebrates, there are numerous differences in detail. The pituitary, the thyroid, the suprarenals, the adrenals, the pancreatic islets, the sex glands (ovaries and testes), the inner wall of the intestine, and the bodies of the ultimobranchial gland make up the endocrine system in fishes. There are some others whose function is not well understood. These organs regulate sexual activity and reproduction, growth, osmotic pressure, general metabolic activities such as the storage of fat and the utilization of foodstuffs, blood pressure, and certain aspects of skin colour. Many of these activities are also controlled in part by the central nervous system, which works with the endocrine system in maintaining the life of a fish. Some parts of the endocrine system are developmentally, and undoubtedly evolutionarily, derived from the nervous system.
As in all vertebrates, the nervous system of fishes is the primary mechanism coordinating body activities, as well as integrating these activities in the appropriate manner with stimuli from the environment. The central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, is the primary integrating mechanism. The peripheral nervous system, consisting of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to various body organs, carries sensory information from special receptor organs such as the eyes, internal ears, nares (sense of smell), taste glands, and others to the integrating centres of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system also carries information via different nerve cells from the integrating centres of the brain and spinal cord. This coded information is carried to the various organs and body systems, such as the skeletal muscular system, for appropriate action in response to the original external or internal stimulus. Another branch of the nervous system, the autonomic nervous system, helps to coordinate the activities of many glands and organs and is itself closely connected to the integrating centres of the brain.
The brain of the fish is divided into several anatomical and functional parts, all closely interconnected but each serving as the primary centre of integrating particular kinds of responses and activities. Several of these centres or parts are primarily associated with one type of sensory perception, such as sight, hearing, or smell (olfaction).
The sense of smell is important in almost all fishes. Certain eels with tiny eyes depend mostly on smell for location of food. The olfactory, or nasal, organ of fishes is located on the dorsal surface of the snout. The lining of the nasal organ has special sensory cells that perceive chemicals dissolved in the water, such as substances from food material, and send sensory information to the brain by way of the first cranial nerve. Odour also serves as an alarm system. Many fishes, especially various species of freshwater minnows, react with alarm to a chemical released from the skin of an injured member of their own species.
Many fishes have a well-developed sense of taste, and tiny pitlike taste buds or organs are located not only within their mouth cavities but also over their heads and parts of their body. Catfishes, which often have poor vision, have barbels (“whiskers”) that serve as supplementary taste organs, those around the mouth being actively used to search out food on the bottom. Some species of naturally blind cave fishes are especially well supplied with taste buds, which often cover most of their body surface.
Sight is extremely important in most fishes. The eye of a fish is basically like that of all other vertebrates, but the eyes of fishes are extremely varied in structure and adaptation. In general, fishes living in dark and dim water habitats have large eyes, unless they have specialized in some compensatory way so that another sense (such as smell) is dominant, in which case the eyes will often be reduced. Fishes living in brightly lighted shallow waters often will have relatively small but efficient eyes. Cyclostomes have somewhat less elaborate eyes than other fishes, with skin stretched over the eyeball perhaps making their vision somewhat less effective. Most fishes have a spherical lens and accommodate their vision to far or near subjects by moving the lens within the eyeball. A few sharks accommodate by changing the shape of the lens, as in land vertebrates. Those fishes that are heavily dependent upon the eyes have especially strong muscles for accommodation. Most fishes see well, despite the restrictions imposed by frequent turbidity of the water and by light refraction.
Fossil evidence suggests that colour vision evolved in fishes more than 300 million years ago, but not all living fishes have retained this ability. Experimental evidence indicates that many shallow-water fishes, if not all, have colour vision and see some colours especially well, but some bottom-dwelling shore fishes live in areas where the water is sufficiently deep to filter out most if not all colours, and these fishes apparently never see colours. When tested in shallow water, they apparently are unable to respond to colour differences.
Sound perception and balance are intimately associated senses in a fish. The organs of hearing are entirely internal, located within the skull, on each side of the brain and somewhat behind the eyes. Sound waves, especially those of low frequencies, travel readily through water and impinge directly upon the bones and fluids of the head and body, to be transmitted to the hearing organs. Fishes readily respond to sound; for example, a trout conditioned to escape by the approach of fishermen will take flight upon perceiving footsteps on a stream bank even if it cannot see a fisherman. Compared with humans, however, the range of sound frequencies heard by fishes is greatly restricted. Many fishes communicate with each other by producing sounds in their swim bladders, in their throats by rasping their teeth, and in other ways.
A fish or other vertebrate seldom has to rely on a single type of sensory information to determine the nature of the environment around it. A catfish uses taste and touch when examining a food object with its oral barbels. Like most other animals, fishes have many touch receptors over their body surface. Pain and temperature receptors also are present in fishes and presumably produce the same kind of information to a fish as to humans. Fishes react in a negative fashion to stimuli that would be painful to human beings, suggesting that they feel a sensation of pain.
An important sensory system in fishes that is absent in other vertebrates (except some amphibians) is the lateral line system. This consists of a series of heavily innervated small canals located in the skin and bone around the eyes, along the lower jaw, over the head, and down the mid-side of the body, where it is associated with the scales. Intermittently along these canals are located tiny sensory organs (pit organs) that apparently detect changes in pressure. The system allows a fish to sense changes in water currents and pressure, thereby helping the fish to orient itself to the various changes that occur in the physical environment.
Fun event raises money for our Advent Appeal
Another very successful Sixth Form fancy dress day was recently held at St. Mary’s Menston. Over 250 students and staff arrived for lessons in multi-coloured costumes, each one donating £10 to the school’s annual Advent Appeal, proceeds from which will be sent to St. Gemma’s Hospice, CAFOD, Catholic Care and Martin House. A total of £1700 was raised on the day. This year again there were many different imaginative and creative costumes, some made by the students themselves including Aladdin on his magic carpet, nuns, sheiks, pirates, elves, flower pot men, gorillas, bears and cup-cakes to name but a few. The staff, not to be outdone, also joined in with some departments following a particular theme.
“Standing at the front of the hall delivering an assembly can sometimes be an off-putting experience; looking up from your notes and seeing Bill and Ben, the flowerpot men, bananas in pyjamas, giant-sized tetras boxes or a row of cupcakes, might be enough to put anyone off their lines. Congratulations to Paddy Spiller, our guest speaker from CAFOD who didn’t miss a beat when addressing a Year 11 and Year 13 assembly on Friday, our Fancy Dress day! Each student is to be commended for their generosity and for creating a very happy day for all in our school.”
Mr Sinnett, Director of Sixth Form
This event is not the only one planned by the Sixth Form students to raise as much money as possible this year. A Rich Man Poor Man lunch is planned for the end of the week where pupils and staff purchasing a ‘rich’ ticket win a hearty meal whilst a ‘poor’ ticket merits a cup of soup. A Sixth Form 5-a-side Football match also raised £150.
Over the course of the Advent period, the whole school community will be involved in fund raising activities with the aim of raising £10,000 for our four charities.
www.stmarysmenston.org/News/Pages/Sixth-Form-Fancy-Dress-...