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Quinceañera (pronounced: [kinseaˈɲeɾa]/[k̟ĩn̺s̺e̞äˈɲe̞ɾä]; feminine form of "fifteen-year-old"), also called fiesta de quince años, fiesta de quinceañera, quince años or simply quince, is a celebration of a girl's fifteenth birthday in parts of Latin America and elsewhere in communities of people from Latin America. This birthday is celebrated differently from any other as it marks the transition from childhood to young womanhood.[1] Latin myths and tradition tell about how girls were prepared to be married by the age of fifteen or become nuns. In the years prior to their fifteenth birthdays, girls were taught to cook, weave, and about child rearing by the elder women in their communities in preparation for their lives as married women.[2] The celebrations today vary significantly across countries; celebrations in some countries, for example, have taken on more religious overtones than in others.

 

In Brazil, a Portuguese-speaking country, the same celebration is called festa de debutantes, baile de debutantes or festa de quinze anos. In the French Caribbean and French Guiana, it is called fête des quinze ans. It is comparable to the debutante formerly common amongst the upper-class in the United Kingdom and the United States.

for more:

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quincea%C3%B1era

  

Contents

[hide] 1 In specific countries 1.1 Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay 1.1.1 Ceremony of the 15 Candles

 

1.2 Brazil

1.3 Cuba

1.4 Dominican Republic

1.5 Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia

1.6 French Guiana and French Caribbean

1.7 Mexico

1.8 Traditions from other hispanic countries

 

2 Quinceañera's new tradition

3 See also

4 References

5 External links

  

In specific countries[edit]

 

Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, Bolivia and Uruguay[edit]

 

In Argentina, Peru, Paraguay, and Uruguay[citation needed] the celebration (which is never referred to as a quinceañera but as a fiesta de quince) begins with the arrival of the teenager accompanied by her father, the girl wearing an elaborate, elegant dress she has chosen according to her preferences in colors and style, but still maintaining with the traditional dress. The location, if indoors, commonly has its entrance specially adorned for the occasion. The father and daughter make their entry through this front-door entrance, while music plays and friends and relatives customarily give flowers (usually roses) to the father. After this, the ceremony of the waltz begins, in which the girl first dances with her father—or the father figure—who then passes her on to her friends and relatives. Normally, the ball is divided into segments between which various food dishes are served in order to allow the guests—who are usually close family members and friends—to mingle and enjoy the celebration. The following order of events represents a typical program:

1.Entrance, which is usually accompanied by slow songs

2.Waltz

3.Entree

4.First period of dancing

5.Main meal course

6.Second period of dancing

7.Dessert and video playback of the recorded birthday with her friends

8.15-candle ceremony (optional)

9.Third period of dancing

10.Toast, cake cutting, and a ritual where each female friend/relative pulls a ribbon out of a bunch. The ribbons all have charms on the ends except for one which has a ring.

11.Last period of dancing

 

Ceremony of the 15 Candles[edit]

 

In this ceremony, the birthday girl hands a candle to each of fifteen people she considers were most influential in her life during her fifteen years. It is often accompanied by a speech, usually dedicated to each of the people that are given candles. This ceremony is also known as the Tree of Life. The 15 candles symbolize the 15 years the girl has "left behind". Each of the candles represents a special memory, a moment shared with any person who is invited to join the ritual. This is to give gratitude to these 15 people she will tell how they helped her.

 

Brazil[edit]

 

In Brazil the celebration is called festa de debutantes, baile de debutantes or festa de quinze anos. The following order of events represents a typical program:

1.Entrance

2.Mass (optional)

3.First period of dancing (usually to international music)

4.Ceremony with videos about the girl's life with friends' greeting

5.A dance with men from her family and one boy (either her boyfriend or her best friend)

6.Second period of dancing (usually to national music)

7.Cake cutting

8.Third period of dancing

 

Cuba[edit]

 

In Cuba, the party may include a choreographed group dance, in which 14 couples waltz around the quinceañera, who is accompanied by one of the main dancers, a boy of her choice, her boyfriend or friends of rights.[vague] The choreography often includes four or six dancers or escorts called experts, who are allowed to dance around the quinceañera. They are usually inexperienced dancers whose function is to highlight the central couple. The male dancers are also allowed to wear tuxedos in different colors.

 

Fifteenth birthday celebrations were very popular in Cuba until the late 1970s. This practice partly entered Cuba via Spain, but the greatest influence was the French.[citation needed] The wealthy families who could afford to rent expensive dining rooms in private clubs or hotels of four and five stars were the real precursors of quinceañeras, which they called quinces. These celebrations usually took place in the house of the girl or the more spacious house of a relative.

 

Dominican Republic[edit]

 

This celebration is very traditional and common. It begins with a Mass in the Catholic Church to receive the blessing of God and give thanks for another year of life. At the birthday party, the birthday girl makes her entrance to the place of the party accompanied by 14 additional pairs of guests, which together with the teenager's own are 15 pairs of people total. Usually, the quinceañera wears a bright color dress. Ladies wear long dresses and gentlemen wear suits and ties, which are often brightly colored, but never to overshadow the birthday girl's dress, which is the focal point of the celebration. Almost immediately the quinceañera birthday girl dances the waltz with her partner who usually waltzes in the middle and passes her to the hands of her father to finish the waltz.

 

It is customary for the quinceañera girl and her escorts to perform several choreographed dances, which may include rhythms like merengue, pop, or salsa. A buffet and drinks are usually served. As the party favors or memories are given to the guests, an album is signed by invited guests to record their presence at the party. One of the main attractions in the Dominican Republic is the traditional cake of fifteen years, which is usually of immense size and beauty, decorated with colorful designs. The cake is cut shortly after the dancing. Traditionally an artist or band participates in the celebration to bring it to life and give a musical touch.

     

A Nicaraguan girl celebrating her quince años. In Nicaragua, only the girl, and never the celebration itself, is referred to as quinceañera.

Ecuador, Venezuela and Colombia[edit]

 

In Ecuador, the quince starts with the arrival of the teenager, accompanied by her father, who is then received by her mother and other relatives and friends. Then father and daughter dance a waltz and other tunes.[3] The quinceañera birthday girl will dance with her brothers (if any) and their uncles and godparents. Then she performs the paso doble and the waltz with all members of the procession (then optional dances to other music, such as merengue or pop). For this occasion the teenager wears an evening dress in light colors or pastels, is dressed and made up slightly, and usually places a tiara in her hair and jewels on her neck and hands. All the guests dress in formal attire, including the teenager's peers.

 

After the original dance, the choreography begins with a setup by the teenager and her friends. After that, the festival begins with music from live bands, some famous artists, DJs, food, drink, and at one late point of the night a "crazy hour" is carried out, in which the attendants wear masks or funny wigs and make noise with whistles and rattles while fast-tempo music is played. It is optional to make some surprise dance performed by the quinceañera birthday girl (alone or accompanied), and also a dance that will give away her friends, cousins, and others. [4]

 

French Guiana and French Caribbean[edit]

 

In French Guiana and the French Caribbean the celebration is known as fête des quinze ans.

 

Mexico[edit]

  

File:Mexican Quinceanera.theora.ogvPlay media

   

A Mexican quinceañera celebration

    

Quinceañera with "chambelanes"

In Mexico the quinceañera is adorned with elegant jewelry and makeup. Traditionally, this would be the first time she would wear makeup, but this is no longer the case. The quinceañera is also expected to wear a formal evening dress, traditionally a long, elegant ball gown chosen by the girl and most often, her mother, according to her color and style of favor.[5]

 

In the Mexican tradition, when the teenager is Catholic, the quinceañera celebration begins with a thanksgiving mass.[5] She arrives at the celebration accompanied by her parents, godparents and court of honor. The court of honor is a group of her chosen peers consisting of paired-off girls and boys, respectively known as damas (dames) and chambelanes (chamberlains). Typically, the court consists of pairs ranging from seven to fifthteen damas and chambelanes. At this religious mass, a rosary, or sometimes a necklace with a locket or pendant depicting Mexico's patron saint, the Virgin of Guadalupe, is presented to the teenager by her godparents, the necklace having been previously blessed by the church clergy. She is also awarded a tiara, which serves as a reminder that to her loved ones, especially her immediate family, the quinceañera will always be a princess. Some also see it as denoting that she is a "princess" before God and the world. After this, the girl may leave her bouquet of flowers on the altar for the Virgin Mary.[5]

 

After the thanksgiving mass, guests gather for a reception where the remaining celebratory events meant to honor the quinceañera will take place, including the rendering of gifts. This reception may be held at the quinceañera's home, at venues (such as dining halls, banquet halls, or casinos), or in some cases, in more public places, similar to a block party. During the reception, the birthday girl usually dances a traditional waltz with her father to a song chosen by both that speaks about the occasion and their relationship. Then her father passes her over to the "chambelán de honor", who is her chosen escort, and afterwards continues the dance with the rest of her court of honor.[5] Often this section of the celebration is previously practiced and/or choreographed, often weeks in advance, sometimes even with months of anticipation.[5] The basic reception consists of six major parts[6] with dances taking place while a traditional Mexican meal is served:

1.The formal entry - A grand entrance made by the Quinceañera once most guests have been seated.

2.The formal toast - An optional but usually featured part of the reception, generally initiated by the parents or godparents of the birthday girl.

3.The first dance - Usually a waltz where the girl dances, starting with her father.

4.The family dance - Usually a waltz involving just the immediate relatives, the "chambelanes", godparents and the closest friends of the girl.

5.The preferred song - Any modern song particularly enjoyed by the Quinceañera is played and danced.

6.The general dance - Also usually a waltz, where everyone dances to a musical waltz tune.

 

Traditionally, Mexican girls could not dance in public until they turned fifteen, except at school dances or at family events. So the waltz with her "chambelanes" is choreographed and elaborate to celebrate what was meant to be the quinceañera's first public dance.

 

Some families may choose to add a ceremonial components to the celebration, depending on local customs. Among them are the ceremony of the Change of Shoes, in which a family member presents the quinceañera with her first pair of high heel shoes; the Crowning ceremony, in which a close relative vests her with a crown on her head; and ceremonia de la ultima muñeca (literally "ceremony of the last doll"), during which her father presents her with a doll usually wearing a dress similar to the quinceañera herself. The ceremony of the last doll is based on a Maya tradition and is related to the birthday girl's receipt and renouncement of the doll as she grows into womanhood. Likewise, the ceremony of the change of shoes symbolizes the girl's maturity.[5]

 

Once all symbolic gestures have taken place, the dinner is commenced. At this point, the celebration reaches its peak; contracted musical groups begin playing music, keeping the guests entertained. The music is played while the guests dine, chat, mingle, and dance. The next morning the family and closest friends may also attend a special breakfast, especially if they are staying with the family. Sometimes what is known as a recalentado (re-warming) takes place in which any food not consumed during the event of the night before is warmed again for a brunch type event.[7]

 

Traditions from other hispanic countries[edit]

 

Another tradition[where?] is to have 14 ladies (sometimes 7), and 14 escorts (sometimes 7) as a court.[citation needed] The escorts hold flowers (usually roses) and the ladies carry candles. As the quinceañera dances the waltz with her father she blows out one candle, then picks up one rose. This continues until all candles have been blown out and all roses have been picked up. The 14 candles blown out represent her 14 years of age. When the time comes to cut the cake the quinceañera will blow out her last candle thus completing her 15 wishes. The flowers are given to her mother. An English quinceañera waltz song especially made for the father and daughter dance is "Sure As The Wind" - www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yw520MtDw28 .

 

Quinceañera's new tradition[edit]

 

Nowadays, many young girls create their own Quinceañera celebrations. Whereas traditional dresses were formal and usually white or pink only, dress designs are now more detailed.[8] Also, instead of having the traditional seven damas and seven chambelanes, the Quinceañera now also has the choice to pick all damas or all chambelanes. Traditionally, girls were not allowed to dance in public until turning fifteen, but this taboo has also receded significantly. The ceremony of the Changing of the Shoes has also been modified. Instead of wearing slippers before ceremonially exchanging them for high heels, a girl may decide to wear shoes compatible with the color and style of her dress instead of donning the traditional slippers.

 

Frankreich / Provence - Gorges du Verdon

 

The Verdon Gorge (French: Gorges du Verdon Occitan: Gòrja de Verdon) is a river canyon located in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region of Southeastern France. It is about 25 km (15.5 mi) long and up to 700 metres (0.4 mi) deep. It was formed by the Verdon River, which is named for its turquoise-green colour, one of the location's distinguishing characteristics. In between the towns of Castellane and Moustiers-Sainte-Marie, the river has cut a ravine to a depth of 700 meters through the limestone mass. At the end of the canyon, the Verdon flows into the artificial Lake of Sainte-Croix.

 

The gorge is very popular with tourists, who can drive around its rim, rent kayaks to travel on the river, or hike. The limestone walls, which are several hundreds of metres high, attract many rock climbers. It is considered an outstanding destination for multi-pitch climbing, with 1,500 routes available ranging from 20 metres (65 feet) to over 400 metres (1,300 feet).

 

History

 

During the Triassic period, the Provence subsided and was covered by the sea, leaving thick layers of various limestone deposits. Several million years later, with the arrival of the Jurassic period, the area was covered by a warm shallow sea, which allowed the growth of various corals. The Cretaceous period saw what is now Basse Provence being raised and the sea reaching the current location of the Alps, which were themselves erected during the tertiary era. As a result of the large-scale geological activity, many of the Jurassic limestone deposits fractured, forming relief with valleys and other such features. The origins of the Verdon Gorge can be traced to this era.

 

The dawn of the Quaternary period had large-scale glaciation, transforming water pockets and lakes into rivers of ice, which remodeled the topography, scouring and striating the landscape. At the end of this activity, erosion by rivers continued, forming the Gorge as it is today. The Verdon's riverbed was scoured for a second time of the accumulated coral and limestone sediments, by a water delivery rate nearing 2000 to 3000 cubic metres per second.

 

Discovery

 

The gorge was described in printed form from 1782 and 1804. By the second half of the 19th century, it was featured in French tourist guides. According to Graham Robb's book The Discovery of France, the gorge did not become known outside France until 1906.

 

Recent developments

 

On 10 July 2006, the Council of State annulled the declaration of public use of a project by EDF relating to a proposed high-voltage line which would have had to pass through the Verdon Gorge. This decision ended 23 years of struggle by public groups and associations of environmental defence to preserve a site of exceptional natural interest, of which a part contains protected animal and plant species.

 

During the 2022 European drought, the water levels in the river were very low and dried up completely in some parts.

 

Geography

 

The source of the Verdon is close to the col d'Allos hill in the Trois Eveches mountain range, whence it continues, flowing into the Durance river near Vinon-sur-Verdon after traveling 175 kilometres. Between Castellane and the Galetas bridge, the river passes through the lake of Sainte-Croix, created by the construction of a dam of the same name. Before the dam was constructed, the village of Les Salles-sur-Verdon occupied the river plain. To create the reservoir, the village was destroyed in 1973. Les Salles-sur-Verdon was reconstructed as a more modern settlement higher up the valley. Today, it is the youngest village in France.

 

For some distance the Verdon Gorge forms the border between the départements of Var to the south and Alpes-de-Haute-Provence to the north in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur région.

 

This region between Castellane and the Lac de Sainte-Croix is called the Gorges du Verdon, or Verdon Gorge. It is split into three distinct parts:

 

"Prégorges" ('pre-gorge'), from Castellane to Pont de Soleils,

the deepest part of the Gorge, from Pont de Soleils to l'Imbut, and

the Canyon from l’Imbut to the Pont du Galetas.

 

The Verdon Gorge is narrow and deep, with depths of 250 to 700 metres and widths of 6 to 100 metres at the level of the Verdon river. It is 200 to 1500 metres wide from one side of the Gorge to the other at the summits. The Gorge has been compared to the Grand Canyon in the United States.

 

Hydro-electric dams

 

Between 1929 and 1975, five dams were erected on the course of the Verdon, between Castellane and Gréoux-les-Bains. These dams hold back water in the following reservoirs:

 

Lac de Castillon, which was created by flooding the village of the same name

Lac de Sainte-Croix, flooded the village of des Salles-sur-Verdon.

Lac d'Esparron-Gréoux, known locally as "lac d’Esparron".

Reservoir at Chaudanne

Reservoir at Quinson, sometimes improperly called the "lac de Montpezat", the name of the village over which it dominates.

 

Notable features

 

The Styx du Verdon, associated with the river Styx of Greek mythology, is an area of sub-canyon within the gorge.

 

The Imbut, also known as Embut or Embucq, is an area where the Verdon disappears underground, beneath enormous rock structures, before re-emerging above ground.

 

Tourism

 

The Verdon Gorge attracts numerous tourists, especially during the summer period. The river's turquoise colour is associated with glacial sources and the minerals of rock flour suspended in the water.

 

It is easily accessible on its right bank from the north (via route D952 from Castellane to Moustiers-Sainte-Marie), and on its left bank from the south (via routes D71, D90 and D955 from Aiguines to Castellane).

 

Sport

 

The Verdon Gorge attracts many rock climbers for its more than 1,500 climbing routes on good limestone rock.

The Verdon and its Gorge are also a favoured destination for fishermen, particularly for fly fishing.

Hiking, canoeing, paragliding, rafting, climbing and canyoning are some of the sports practised in the region.

 

Hiking and scenic walks

 

The most common hikes in the gorge include:

 

Le sentier (pathway) de Martel

Le sentier de l'Imbut

Le sentier du Bastidon

Le belvédère de Rancoumas par le pont de Tusset (the Rancoumas panoramic viewpoint near the Tusset Bridge)

 

The Sentier Martel, was laid out in 1928 by the Touring Club de France.[citation needed] It was named in 1930 to honor the explorer Édouard-Alfred Martel (1859–1938). Martel had visited the Verdon in 1905 as an employee of the Southeast Electricity Company, carrying out precise geological surveys of the river. On 11 August, he and his team (explorer Armand Janet, schoolmaster Isidore Blanc, geographer Cuvelier, plaus Baptistin Flory, Fernand Honorat, Prosper Marcel, and Tessier Zurcher) began an expedition of the region. Their successful arrival at the Pas de Galetas marked the completion of the first expedition of the Verdon Canyon.

 

Other expeditions to the Verdon included Martel's team the following year; followed by Robert de Joly, who in 1928 was the first to completely cross the Verdon Gorge.

 

(Wikipedia)

 

Die Verdonschlucht, französisch Gorges du Verdon, umgangssprachlich auch Grand Canyon du Verdon, ist eine Schlucht in der französischen Provence, Département Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. Sie beginnt flussabwärts nach der Stadt Castellane und endet nahe Moustiers-Sainte-Marie im Stausee Lac de Sainte-Croix. Durch den etwa 21 km langen und bis zu 700 Meter tiefen Canyon fließt der türkisfarbene Fluss Verdon. Die Gorges du Verdon sind neben der Tara-Schlucht einer der größten Canyons Europas und Hauptbestandteil des nach ihm benannten Regionalen Naturparks Verdon.

 

Geographische Lage

 

Der Verdon entspringt in der Nähe des Col d’Allos im Bergland Trois Évêchés und mündet nach etwa 175 km in der Nähe von Vinon-sur-Verdon in die Durance. Das interessanteste Stück seines Laufes befindet sich zwischen Castellane und der Galetas-Brücke kurz vor dem Lac de Sainte-Croix. Die Schlucht von Verdon definiert über weite Strecken die Grenze zwischen den Départements Var im Süden und Alpes-de-Haute-Provence im Norden. Das Gebiet ist in drei Teilabschnitte gegliedert:

 

Die „Prégorges“ zwischen Castellane und der Brücke bei Soleils

Die Schlucht zwischen der Brücke und l’Imbut

Der Canyon zwischen l’Imbut und der Brücke von Galetas

 

Die Schlucht ist am Grund zwischen 6 und 100 m breit, die gegenüberliegenden Flanken sind zwischen 200 und 1500 m voneinander entfernt und die Tiefe variiert zwischen 250 und 700 m.

 

Entstehung

 

In der Trias-Zeit senkte sich die Provence ab und wurde vom Meer bedeckt. In der Folge lagerten sich am Grund verschiedene Schichten von Kalk (abgestorbene Muscheln u. ä.) ab. Im Jura wurde die Provence erneut von einem warmen, wenig tiefen Meer überflutet, was die Entstehung mächtiger Korallenbänke begünstigte.

 

In der Kreidezeit hob sich die Provence, und das Meer zog sich in den Bereich der heutigen Alpen zurück. Erst im Tertiär wurden die Alpen aufgefaltet. Die in der Folge zerbrechenden Kalkmassive aus der Jurazeit bestimmten das Relief und die Täler. In dieser Zeit suchte sich auch der Verdon sein Bett.

 

Im Quartär überformten die eiszeitlichen Gletscher die Landschaft. Am Ende der Vereisung nehmen die Flüsse ihre Erosionstätigkeit wieder auf. Bedingt durch die Eisschmelze waren die Wassermengen gewaltig: bis zu 3000 m³/s. Diese Mengen ermöglichten die tiefen Einschnitte im weichen Gestein.

 

Jüngere Geschichte

 

Auf dem Gebiet des heutigen Stausees, der durch den Bau des Sainte-Croix-Staudamms entstand, befand sich vor 1973 die Ortschaft Les Salles-sur-Verdon, die kurz vor der Flutung des Tals vollständig zerstört und an anderer Stelle neu aufgebaut wurde. Heute ist sie eine der jüngsten Gemeinden Frankreichs.

 

Seit dem 7. Mai 1990 ist die Schlucht offizielles Naturschutzgebiet.

 

Am 10. Juli 2006 beschloss der Conseil d’État, dass die geplante 400.000-Volt-Hochspannungsleitung der Électricité de France durch den Canyon nicht gebaut werden dürfe. Damit endete ein über 23 Jahre andauernder Kampf verschiedener Umwelt- und Naturschutzorganisation, die sich für den Erhalt der ursprünglichen Schlucht einsetzen.

 

1905: Erste vollständige Durchquerung der Schlucht durch den Speläologen Martel

1929: Grundsteinlegung des Castillon-Staudamms

1932: Unterbrechung der Bauarbeiten

1936: Ein Brand beschädigt den Staudamm

1948: Fertigstellung des Castillon-Staudamms

1951: Fertigstellung des Chaudanne-Staudamms

1960: Fertigstellung des Esparron-Gréoux-Staudamms

1973: Flutung des Sainte-Croix-Stausees

1973: Wiederaufbau der gefluteten Ortschaft Les Salles-sur-Verdon etwa 400 m entfernt

1974: Beginn der Stromproduktion des Wasserkraftwerks in Sainte-Croix

1975: Flutung des Quinson-Stausees

 

Aktivitäten

 

Auf dem Wasser

 

Teilweise lässt sich die Verdonschlucht mit Wildwasser-Kajaks befahren, im Unterlauf am Lac de Sainte-Croix auch mit größeren Booten. Der Wasserabfluss der oberen Stauseen ist zumindest während der Hauptreisezeit Juli und August einheitlich festgelegt. Um den Wassersport wie Wildwasserschwimmen, Rafting etc. zu unterstützen, wird an zwei Tagen der Woche (meist dienstags und freitags) mehr Wasser abgelassen. Der Abfluss beträgt dann 10–16 Kubikmeter Wasser pro Sekunde, an den anderen Tagen ca. 0,5 Kubikmeter Wasser pro Sekunde. Es existiert eine Hotline zur Information über aktuelle Wasserstände. In der Vor- und Nachsaison hingegen wird deutlich unregelmäßiger Wasser abgelassen, in manchen Jahren wochenlang bis zu 40 Kubikmeter pro Sekunde, in anderen wochenlang nur 0,5 Kubikmeter pro Sekunde. Bei Wassermengen über 2 bis 3 Kubikmeter wird im Wildwasserschwimmen Ungeübten vom Baden in der Strömung abgeraten. Durch unberechenbare Hindernisse wie Siphone, Unterspülungen und Holzverblockungen besteht dann Lebensgefahr.

 

Wandern

 

Das Wandern in den unzugänglicheren Regionen der Schlucht ist beliebt und gilt als ungefährlich. Die bekannteste Wander-Route durch den Verdon-Canyon beginnt und endet in der Mitte des Canyons an einem Aussichtspunkt, von dem es relativ steil über Serpentinen bergab geht. Sie führt entlang des Sentier Martel (benannt nach dem Erstdurchquerer Martel). Der Abstieg beginnt von der Route de Crête, am Vereinshaus La Maline. Unten am Fluss angelangt sollte man sich an der dortigen Weggabelung nach Norden halten und dort zügig dem Wegverlauf stromaufwärts folgen. Im Verlauf der fast sechsstündigen Wanderung – ohne Möglichkeit eines Zwischenausstieges – führt der Wanderweg beständig bergauf-bergab und über einige künstlich angelegte Leitern und Treppen abwärts. Eine davon (Brèche Imbert) ist recht steil und führt über 252 Stufen von einem Aussichtspunkt hinunter. Kurz vor Ende der Route führt der Weg durch zwei hintereinander liegende Tunnel, die als einzige Möglichkeit weiterführen. Hier sollte ursprünglich der Fluss komplett umgeleitet werden, doch das Projekt wurde nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg aufgegeben. Die Länge des ersten Tunnels beträgt 110 m, die des zweiten 657 m.

 

Insgesamt ist für diese Bergwanderung mit etwa fünf bis sechs Stunden reiner Gehzeit zu rechnen. Am End- bzw. Ausgangspunkt Point Sublime im Norden befindet sich ein weiterer Parkplatz. Für die Rückfahrt zum Ausgangspunkt besteht die Möglichkeit, ein Schluchtentaxi oder einen allerdings selten verkehrenden Linienbus zu benutzen.

 

Klettern

 

Die Verdonschlucht war in den 1970er und 1980er Jahren eines der bedeutendsten Klettergebiete. In den 1970er Jahren wurden zahlreiche ausgesetzte technische Linien erstbegangen, in den 1980er Jahren gelang dann Kletterern wie Patrick Berhault und Patrick Edlinger die freie Begehung vieler dieser Routen. Auch heute wird in dem Gebiet noch intensiv geklettert.

 

Weitere Aktivitäten

 

Auf der Ringstraße um den Verdon-Canyon sind immer wieder Aussichtspunkte zur Schlucht hin, aber auch auf die Lavendel-Felder, für die die Region berühmt ist, angelegt. Über der Schlucht kreisen häufig Paraglider, Drachen und Segelflieger, wenn das Wetter dies zulässt. Die Pont de l’Artuby wird sehr stark von Bungee-Jumpern frequentiert. Ebenso ist die Schlucht mit ihren Pässen Ziel vieler Motorradfahrer.

 

(Wikipedia)

Tiny sea creatures inhabit every tiny compartment

Shapes and designs with perfect form and proportion

Ancient history embedded in every shape

Historic episodes etched into every fold

Every crevice

Every mark....

I need to learn your codes

I need to understand how

You all came about???

50 George Square, Edinburgh University was designed by Robert Matthew, Johnston-Marshall and Partners, and completed in 1970. It is Category B listed and forms part of the Category A listed Modernist campus buildings which includes David Hume Tower.

Page/Park architects, Harley Haddow engineers, Thomson Bethune quantity surveyors and Balfour Beatty construction refurbished 50 George Square and the linked basement level of David Hume Tower as part of a £40m project (completed 2014). A new semi-circular glazed extension above the projecting lecture theatre provides a project room. The development has been designed to have a low energy and CO2 emissions to the BREEAM 2008 Education standard. The project won the building conservation category at the RICS Scotland Annual Awards 2015.

The School of Languages, Literatures & Cultures has relocated to 50 George Square with a central teaching hub formed in the DHT basement.

www.urbanrealm.com/buildings/981/50_George_Square.html

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"Contrapuntal Forms 1950-51" is carved from Irish blue limestone. It was commissioned for the Festival of Britain by the Arts Council and in 1953 was presented to the new town of Harlow where it still (normally) stands.

NON HINDUS

ARE NOT ALLOWED INSIDE THE TEMPLE

 

Lingaraj Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Harihara, a form of Shiva and is one of the oldest temples in Bhubaneswar, the capital of the East Indian state of Odisha (formerly Orissa). The temple is the most prominent landmark of the Bhubaneswar city and one of the major tourist attractions of the state.

 

The Lingaraj temple is the largest temple in Bhubaneswar. The central tower of the temple is 55 m tall. The temple represents the quintessence of the Kalinga Architecture and culminates the medieval stages of the architectural tradition at Bhubaneswar. The temple is believed to be built by the kings from the Somavamsi dynasty, with later additions from the Ganga rulers. The temple is built in the Deula style that has four components namely, vimana (structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), natamandira (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings), each increasing in the height to its predecessor. The temple complex has 50 other shrines and is enclosed by a large compound wall.

 

Bhubaneswar is called the Ekamra Kshetra as the deity of Lingaraj was originally under a mango tree (Ekamra) as noted in Ekamra Purana, a 13th-century Sanskrit treatise. The temple is active in worship practises, unlike most other temples in Bhubaneswar and Shiva is worshipped as Harihara, a combined form of Vishnu and Shiva. The temple has images of Vishnu, possibly because of the rising prominence of Jagannath cult emnating from the Ganga rulers who built the Jagannath Temple in Puri in the 12th century.

 

Lingaraj temple is maintained by the Temple Trust Board and the Archeological Survey of India (ASI). The temple has an average of 6,000 visitors per day and receives lakhs of visitors during festivals. Shivaratri festival is the major festival celebrated in the temple and event during 2012 witnessed 200,000 visitors.

 

HISTORY

Lingaraj means "The king of Lingam", the symbol of Saivism. Shiva was worshipped as Kirtivasa and later as Harihara and is commonly referred as Tribhuvaneshwara (also called Bhubaneswar), the master of three worlds, namely, heaven, earth and netherworld). His consort is called Bhuvaneshvari.

 

The temple is more than 1100 years old, dating back in its present form to the last decade of the eleventh century, though there is evidence that part of the temple was built during the sixth century CE as the temple has been emphasized in some of the seventh century Sanskrit texts. Fergusson believes the temple might have been initiated by Lelat Indra Kesari who reigned from 615 to 657 CE. The Assembly hall (jagamohana), sanctum and temple tower wer built during the eleventh century, while the Hall of offering (bhoga-mandapa) was built during the twelfth century. The natamandira was built by the wife of Salini between 1099 and 1104 CE. By the time the Lingaraj temple was completely constructed, the Jagannath (form of Vishnu) cult had been growing in the region, which historians believe is evidenced by the co-existence of Vishnu and Shiva worship at the temple. The Ganga dynasty kings were ardent followers of Vaishnavism and built the Jagannath Temple at Puri in the 12th century.

 

The temple is believed to be built by the Somavanshi king Jajati Keshari, in 11th century CE. Jajati Keshari had shifted his capital from Jajpur to Bhubaneswar which was referred to as Ekamra Kshetra in the Brahma Purana, an ancient scripture. One of the Somavamsi queens donated a village to the temple and the Brahmins attached to the temple received generous grants. An inscription from the Saka year 1094 (1172 CE) indicates gifts of gold coins to the temple by Rajaraja II. Another inscription of Narasimha I from the 11th century indicates offer of beetel leaves as tambula to the presiding deity. Other stone inscriptions in the temple indicate royal grants from Chodaganga to village people.

 

ARCHITECTURE

The Lingaraj temple is the largest temple in Bhubaneswar. James Ferugsson (1808–86), a noted critic and historian, rated the temple as "one of the finest examples of purely Hindu temple in India". It is enshrined within a spacious compound wall of laterite measuring 160 m by 142 m. The wall is 2.3 m thick and surmounted by a plain slant coping. Alongside the inner face of the boundary wall, there is a terrace to protect the compound wall against outside aggression. The tower is 55 m high and the complex has 150 smaller shrines in its spacious courtyard. Each inch of the 55 m tall tower is sculpted. The door in the gate of the entrance porch is made of sandalwood.

 

The Lingaraja temple faces east and is built of sandstone and laterite. The main entrance is located in the east, while there are small entrances in the north and south. The temple is built in the Deula style that has four components namely, vimana (structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), natamandira (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). The dance hall was associated with the raising prominence of the devadasi system that existed during the time. The various units from the Hall of offering to the tower of the sanctum increase in height.

 

The bhogamandapa (Hall of offering) measures 13 m by 13 m from the inside, 17.15 m by 17.25 m from the outside and has four doors in each of the sides. The exterior walls of the hall has decorative sculptures of men and beast. The hall has a pyramidal roof made of up several horizontal layers arranged in sets of two with intervening platform. It bears an inverted bell and a kalasa in the top. The natamandira (festival hall) measures 12 m by 12 m from the inside, 15 m by 15 m from the outside, has one main entrance and two side entrances. The side walls of the hall has decortive sculptures displaying women and couples. It has a flat roof sloping in stages. There are thick pylons inside the hall. The jagamohana (assembly hall) measures 11 m by 9.1 m from the inside, 17 m by 15 m from the outside, entrances from south and north and has a 30 metres tall roof. The hall has a pyramidal roof made of up several horizontal layers arranged in sets of two with intervening platform as in the Hall of offering. The facade to the entrances are decorated with perforated windows with lion sitting on hind legs. The inverted bell above second unit is adorned by kalasa and lions. The rekha deula has a 60 m tall pyramidal tower over the sanctum and measures 6.7 m from the inside, 16 m from the outside over the sanctum. It is covered with decorative design and seated lion projecting from the walls. The sanctum is square in shape from the inside. The tower walls are sculpted with female figures in different poses.

 

RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE

Bhubaneswar is called the Ekamra Kshetra as the deity of Lingaraj was originally under a mango tree (Ekamra). Ekamra Purana, a Sanskrit treatise of the 13th century mentions that the presiding deity was not seen as lingam (an aniconic form of Shiva) during the Satya and Treta yugas and only during the Dwapara and Kali yugas, it emerged as a lingam. The lingam in the temple is a natural unshaped stone that rests on a Sakti. Such a lingam is called Krutibasa or Swayambhu and is found in 64 places in different parts of India. With the advent of the Ganga dynasty in the early 12th century, who had Vaishnavaite orientation, a new movement started resulting in the synthesis of Saivism and Vaishnavism. The Ekamra was associated with Vaishanavite gods Krishna and Balaram during the period. It is attributed the raising prominence of Jagannath cult that became predominant during the construction of the temple. The Ganges remodelled the temple and introduced certain Vaishnavite elements like images of Vaishnava Dwarapalas namely Jaya and Prachanda, Jagannatha, Lakshmi Narayan and Garuda were installed. Tulsi leaves, which are favoured by Vishnu, was used along with Bela leaves for the worship of Lingaraj. Lingaraja was thus came to be known as Harihara, a combination of Shiva and Vishnu. The flag of the temple was fixed to a Pinaka bow instead of trident usually found in Shiva temples. The temple priests also changed the mark in their forehead from horizontal to a "U" sign with a dotted middle line. The Ganges also introduced certain fairs like Swing festival, Sun worship and mock quarell between priests after chariot festival, similar to the practises in Jagannath Temple in Puri. The influence of the Ganges dynasty has led to a cosmopolitan culture, that has reduced the status of Lingaraja temple as a distinct Saivite shrine.

 

FESTIVAL & WORSHIP PRACTISES

As per Hindu legend, an underground river originating from the Lingaraj temple fills the Bindusagar Tank (meaning ocean drop) and the water is believed to heal physical and spiritual illness. The water from the tank is thus treated sacred and pilgrims take a holy dip during festive occasions. The central deity of the temple, Lingaraj, is worshipped both as Shiva and Vishnu. The harmony between the two sects of Hinduism, Saivism and Vaishanvism, is seen in this temple where the deity is worshipped as Harihara, a combined form of Vishnu and Shiva.

 

Shivaratri is the main festival celebrated annually in Phalgun month when thousands of devotees visit the temple. Apart from a full day of fasting, bel leaves are offered to Lingaraj on this auspicious day. The main celebrations take place at night when devotees pray all night long. The devout usually break their fast after the Mahadipa (a huge lamp) is lit on the spire of the temple. Every year the chariot festival (Ratha-Yatra) of Lingaraja is celebrated on Ashokashtami. The deity is taken in a chariot to Rameshwar Deula temple. Thousands of devotees follow and pull brightly decorated chariots containing the idols of Lingaraj and his sister Rukmani. This chariot procession stays for five days at the Rameshwar Temple and then will be brought back. This festival commemorates Lord Lingaraj having slayed a demon. Thousands of bol bom pilgrims carry water from river Mahanadi and walk all the way to the temple during the month of Shravana every year. Sunian day is observed from royal times in the month of Bhandra, a day when temple servants, peasants and other holders of temple lands offer loyalty and tribute to Lingaraja. Candan Yatra (Sandalwood ceremony) is a 22-day festival celebrated in the temple when servants of the temple disport themselves in a specially made barge in Bindusagar tank. The deities and servants of the temples are anointed with sandalwood paste to protect from heat. Dances, communal feasts and merrymaking are arranged by the people associated with the temple.

 

The Lingaraja temple is active in worship practises, unlike the other ancient temples of Bhubaneshwar which are not active worship centres. Non Hindus are not allowed inside the temple, but it can be viewed from the viewing platform located outside the temple. The viewing platform and the back of the temple can be reached via a lineway located to the right of the main entrance of the temple. Sanctity of the temple is maitained by disallowing dogs, unbathed visitors, menstruating women and families that encountered birth or death in the preceding 12 days. In case of a foreign tresspass, the temple follows a purification ritual and dumping of prasad (food offering) in a well.

 

RELIGIOUS PRACTICES

The image of Lingaraja is abluted with water (called mahasnana) several times a day and decorated with flowers, sandal paste and cloth. Hemlock or hemlock flowers which are generally offered in other Shiva temples is not allowed in the Lingaraja temple. Bilva leaves (Aegle marmelos) and tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) are used in daily worship. Offerings of cooked rice, curries and sweet-meats are displayed in the bhogamandapa (hall of offering) and the divinity is invoked to accept them amidst scores of chanting of Sanskrit texts. Coconut, ripe plantains and kora-khai are generally offered to Lingaraja by the pilgrims. Bhang beverage is offered to Lingaraja by some devotees especially on the day of Pana Sankranti (Oriya new year).

 

The Lingaraja temple is open from 6 a.m. to about 9 p.m. and is intermittently closed during bhoga (food offering) to the deity. During early morning, lamps in the cella are lit to awaken Lingaraja from his sleep, ablution is performed, followed by adoration and arati (waving of light). The temple is closed at about 12 p.m. until about 3.30 P.M. A ceremony known as Mahasnana (ablution) is performed once the doors are closed, followed by pouring of Panchamrita (a mixture of milk, curdled milk, clarified butter, honey and ghee) upon the deity for purification. At about 1 P.M., a ripe plantain is divided into two, one half is offered to Sun god and the other half to Dwarapala (the guarding deities in the doorway). Between 1.00 and 1.30 P.M. the food offering called Ballabha Bhoga (breakfast containing curdled milk, curd and vegetables) is offered to the deity. The consecrated food is carried to the temple of Parvati and placed before her as an offering, a practice commonly observed by the orthodox Hindu housewives. At about 2 P.M., the Sakala Dhupa (morning's offering of food) takes place. After the food is offered to Lingaraja, the offerings are carried to the temple of Parvati to serve her. An offering called Bhanda Dhupa is carried out at 3.30 P.M. at the hall of offering. This food is later offered by the inmates to the pilgrims as Mahaprasad.

 

A light refreshment known as Ballabha Dhupa is offered to the deity at around 4.30 P.M. At around 5 P.M., Dwipahar Dhupa (mid day meal) is offered. At around 7 P.M., another offering called Palia Badu is placed before the deity. Sandhya arati (waving of lights in the evening) is performed during that time. Another light meal called Sahana Dhupa is offered at around 8:30 P.M. After the meals, the ceremony of waving light (arati) is performed before the deity. At 9.30 P.M, the last service of the day, Bada Singara (the great decoration) is performed when the deity is decorated with flowers and ornaments after which a light food offering is made. A wooden palanquin is laid in the room, incense is lighted, drinking water is served and prepared betel is placed. Panchabaktra Mahadeva comes to the palanquin and returns to his own abode after the arati is performed. This is a bronze image of Mahadeva having five faces and Parvati in his lap. Each of these ceremonies is accompanied by ritual observances and recitations of mantras (Sanskrit texts) specified for each occasion.

 

TEMPLE STAFF & ADMINISTRATION

King Jajati Keshari, believed to be the founder of the Lingaraja temple, deputed Dravidian Brahmins as temple priests over the local Brahmins on account of their increased knowledge of Saivism. The focus was to enhance the temple practises from tribal rites to Sanskritic. While the exact number of castes involved in the nijogas (practises) is not known, Brahmins, tribal worshippers and inmates from Untouchable castes are believed to be part of the setup. Bose (1958) identified 41 services with the involvement of 22 separate castes and Mahaptra (1978) identified 30 services. It is understood from the records that kings and temple managers of different times introduced or discontinued certain services, fairs, offerings and caste-centred core services during their regime. As of 2012, the temple practised 36 different services (nijogas).

 

In modern times, the Lingaraja temple priests are from two communities, namely Brahman Nijog and Badu Nijog. The Badu are non-Brahmin servant groups, whose origin is not ascertained due to unavailability of authentic records, while they are described as Vadu in chapter 62 of the Ekamrapurana. The caste group of Badu is called Niyoga, which elects the officers every year during the Sandalwood festival. Every Badu undergoes three distinct rites, namely, ear-piercing, marriage and god-touching. Historically, the Badus performed five different temple duties - Paliabadu and Pharaka, which were considered important and Pochha, Pahada and Khataseja, which were considered inferior. From 1962, only Paliabadu and Pharaka practises are followed and the others are discontinued. The Badus also carry out ablution and dressing of the images of Siddhaganesh and Gopalini. The temple is maintained by the Temple Trust Board and the Archeological Survey of India (ASI). The temple is guarded by security personnel deputed by the Police Commissioner of Bhubaneswar and security guards appointed by the temple administration. The temple has an average of 6,000 visitors every day and receives lakhs of visitors during festivals. The Shivaratri festival during 2012 witnessed 200,000 visitors. As of 2011, the annual income of Lingaraja temple from hundis (donation boxes) is around INR1.2 million per annum. Another INR4 million is collected annually from other sources like rents from shops, cycle stands and agriculture lands. Starting 2011, the temple charges an amount for six types of religious worship (special pujas) carried out by the devotees.

 

WIKIPEDIA

 

Harlem, Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States

  

The Roman Catholic Church of All Saints, with its lively and animated design and exceptionally fine ornament, was created by one of New York’s leading nineteenth century architects, James Renwick, Jr., of the firm of Renwick, Aspinwall and Russell. Among the many churches he designed during his long career, the Church of All Saints has been called his best. Constructed over the course of several years, the church (1883-93), parish house (188689) and school (1902-04) formed an important anchor for the rapidly expanding Harlem neighborhood when they were built, and continue that role today. Renwick, architect of the original Smithsonian building in Washington, designed many of New York City’s most beautiful and well-known churches, including Grace Church and St. Patrick’s Cathedral.

 

The Church of All Saints is his most fully evolved Italian Gothic Revival style design, an unusual stylistic choice for a late nineteenth century church in New York. The building displayed the texture, shape and color variations that were so important during that period due to the influence of the writings of John Ruskin. The facades of All Saints combine the mixed tones of light and dark brick, terra cotta and stone, with an assortment of window shapes and sizes in a building which is both spirited and inspiring. The neighboring parish house displays elements of the Venetian Gothic Revival style, with its stone balconies pierced by pinwheeling designs, and its narrow windows topped by filled gothic arches. The school building, located north of the church along 130 Street and completed several years later by Renwick’s nephew, William W. Renwick, displays a simpler version of the Gothic Revival style, with plain brick wall surfaces juxtaposed with light-colored stone and areas of elaborate terra-cotta ornament.

 

DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS

 

Development of Harlem

 

After the Civil War the population of New York increased dramatically, and development spread uptown. Although the New York and Harlem Railroad had begun to run trains and horsecars from lower Manhattan to Harlem in 1837, the trip was slow and unreliable. By 1881, three lines of the elevated railroad, along Second, Third, and Eighth Avenues as far north as 129 Street, created new neighborhoods for development. The introduction of electric cable car service in 1885, on Amsterdam Avenue and along 125 Street, made Harlem even more accessible. Many residential and institutional buildings were constructed, lining the area’s newly paved avenues and streets. Rows of brownstones and exclusive apartment houses seemed to appear overnight and speculators and developers made fortunes from the large numbers of New Yorkers who wanted to live in this more open, suburban area.

 

Many elegant homes, such as those developed by David King as the King Model Houses (1891, St. Nicholas Historic District) on West 138 and 139 Streets and Astor Row (1880-83, 8-62 West 130Street, designated New York City Landmarks) helped establish Harlem as a fashionable community, while banks, businesses and cultural institutions added to the area’s appeal. Realtors and newspapers predicted that it would become one of the finest neighborhoods in the city.

 

History of All Saints Church

 

As the population in Harlem increased, so did the need for more religious facilities to serve the neighborhood, since many residents of the area came originally from Ireland and Italy. In the late-19th and early20th centuries, the Church of All Saints was among seven Catholic parish churches that were constructed (or altered) in central Harlem to meet the religious needs of the burgeoning immigrant population in the area.

 

The area was a large one however, so that even as rural tracts and big estates began to be developed, there were still large open spaces. In 1879, New York’s Cardinal John McClosky created a new parish incorporating the blocks between Eighth Avenue and the East River, from 124 Street to 150 Street on the east side, and 124and 130 Streets on the west side. The congregation of this parish first met in the abandoned streetcar barns located at Third Avenue and 129 Street. The Reverend James W. Power, who had been serving at St. Theresa’s Church on Rutgers Street in Manhattan, was appointed rector of the new church. After several months, the congregation moved to Lincoln Hall, at 129 Street and Fourth Avenue, a site that they used for two years. In 1882, the site of their services was again relocated to the old Harlem Courthouse and Market, at 125 Street near Third Avenue.

 

The property at 129 Street and Madison Avenue, which would eventually be the site of the new church, was transferred by Cardinal McCloskey to the Roman Catholic Church of All Saints in 1882. The architectural firm of Renwick, Aspinwall & Russell was hired to create a design for the new building, and the foundation stone was laid in 1883. By 1886, a basement chapel was completed and the congregation met there for the next several years. Raising money for the new structure was difficult and slowed the construction of the church, which was not resumed until 1889. By that time, the local population had soared and the church had 5,000 members. Finally, on December 10, 1893, there was an elaborate dedication ceremony for the new church, presided over by Archbishop Michael Augustine Corrigan. Local critics called the structure “one of the handsomest in the city.”

 

During the break in the church construction, the same architectural firm designed and built the rectory, located just to the east of the church. It served as home to Rev. Power who led the church until his death in 1926. He oversaw the founding of a church school for boys and one for girls in 1900, and the construction of the school building located just to the north of the church, on the corner of 130 Street and Madison Avenue. It was designed by James Renwick’s nephew, W. W. Renwick and built between 1902 and 1904. The schools were run by the Sisters of Charity and the Christian Brothers of Ireland, as Rev. Power and many of the parishioners were of Irish origin.

 

The bell in the large tower was dedicated on September 13, 1908 in a ceremony led by Right Reverend Bishop Thomas F. Cusack from the Archdiocese of New York. The bell, which was inscribed “Queen of All Saints, pray for us” symbolized the important role of the church and its many services to its neighborhood. During the 1920s and 30s, the population of the area changed from Irish to African-American and although other area parishes were losing population, the fine reputation of All Saints school helped maintain its membership. In the early 1950s, there was a sharp increase in the black population in Harlem generally and particularly at All Saints. Urban unrest of the mid 1960s brought a sudden and steep decline in church membership and a threatened school closure, which ultimately did not happen. At that time and under the leadership of Msrg. Gerald Mahoney, the church also began to attract Hispanic members through the development of a Spanish Mass.

 

The Church of All Saints has continued its long tradition of serving the religious, educational and social needs of its parishioners as its Harlem neighborhood has undergone drastic social and economic changes. In 2004 the congregation celebrated the 125anniversary of its founding.

 

Architects

 

James Renwick, Jr. (1818-1895) was one of the most renowned New York architects of the nineteenth century. In his numerous church designs, he was a sophisticated practitioner of the nineteenth century Gothic Revival style, as it evolved from its Ecclesiological beginnings to the picturesque Victorian version. Never “much of a purist,” as Montgomery Schuyler described him, Renwick was also comfortable working in the Romanesque Revival, Italianate or “modern French” styles. In addition to ecclesiastical designs, Renwick’s large body of work includes numerous institutional buildings, such as museums and hospitals, as well as private homes.

 

James Renwick, Jr. was born into a wealthy and influential American family; his mother was a descendant of the Brevoort family, while his father was a successful merchant and engineer, and later professor of physics and chemistry at Columbia College. James Jr. was educated as an engineer at Columbia College, graduating in 1836, and then received a master’s degree in 1839. His early experience was as an engineer on the Erie Railroad and then as supervisor of construction of the Distributing Resevoir of the Croton Aqueduct system. In 1843, at the age of 24, James Renwick, Jr. received the commission to design Grace Church (1843-1846, 800 Broadway, a designated New York City Landmark). This white marble church and rectory complex shows the influence of French medieval churches and is said to be the earliest American church to have a cruciform plan.

 

Other church designs by Renwick in New York City followed, including the French-inspired Romanesque revival style Church of the Puritans (1846-47) and its contemporary Calvary Church (1846-47, located within the Gramercy Park Historic District), patterned after the twin-towered French cathedrals but executed in brownstone. Near the middle of his career, Renwick received the commission for St. Patrick’s Cathedral on Fifth Avenue (1858-69, a designated New York City Landmark). The front was based on the many twin-towered, triple portalled cathedrals in Europe, such as Rheims, Amiens and Cologne, while English cathedrals provided the source for the nave design. After this project, Italian Gothic and Romanesque buildings began to be more of a source for Renwick’s designs and he used a variety of “richly colored, highly textured materials providing dazzling polychromatic effects.” More concerned with a synthesis of form and fabric than stylistic purity, in the Clinton Avenue Congregational Church, Renwick set round-arched Romanesque windows into a Gothic Revival style building (1854-55, Brooklyn), while in his Church of the Covenant (1863-65) he used stone of alternating colors to outline the arched window openings, with a rose window and gables at all the roof terminations.

 

At St. Bartholomew’s Church (1871-72, a designated New York City Landmark) Renwick lavishly used polychromy inside and out in a style that has been described variously as “Lombardo-Gothic,” “Byzantine,” and “Italian Romanesque.” St. Ann’s Episcopal Church in Brooklyn (1868-69, a designated New York City Landmark) is an exemplary version of the finely-detailed, elaborately decorated High Victorian Gothic style advocated by John Ruskin. The brownstone walls are contrasted strongly with white stone bands which give a distinctly horizontal emphasis to the design. The Church of All Saints is in this same tradition.

 

In addition to ecclesiastical work, Renwick supplied designs for numerous types of buildings executed in a wide variety of styles. Among these, the most well-known of Renwick’s work is the symmetrical, Gothic Revival style Smithsonian Institution building in Washington, D.C., for which he won the design competition in 1846. Inspired by the work on the new Louvre in Paris, he worked in the Second Empire or “Modern French” style to create the Corcoran Gallery in Washington (1859-61 and 1870-71), later renamed the Renwick Gallery, where he was able to fully integrate the complex decorative and spatial characteristics of the new style.

 

His residential work included a Romanesque Revival style house for his parents on lower Fifth Avenue (demolished), a simple Gothic style cottage (West Haven, Connecticut, 1851), the elaborate mansarded Greystone in Riverdale (for William E. Dodge, 1863-64, a designated New York City Landmark), and an Italianate townhouse at Fifth Avenue and 53 Street (1881-83, for Almy and Frederic Gallatin, demolished).

 

Among his many other designs were several Italianate style hotels from the 1850s (all demolished), the Renaissance Revival style main building of Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, NY (1861-65), and two structures on Blackwell’s Island (Lighthouse 1872, and Smallpox Hospital,1854-56, both designated New York City Landmarks).

 

As Renwick’s architectural practice expanded, especially with the increase in commercial commissions, he could no longer complete all the work himself. In 1858 he joined in partnership with Richard Tylden Auchmuty and two years later he partnered with Joseph Sands. Sands died in 1880 and in 1883 Renwick promoted his wife’s cousin, James Lawrence Aspinwall and William H. Russell to partnerships in the firm, which became Renwick, Aspinwall & Russell. Aspinwall (1854-1936), born in New York City, probably studied under French architect/engineer L. Colian, and had entered Renwick’s office as a draftsman in 1875.

 

William Whetten Renwick (1864-1933), a nephew of James Renwick, Jr., was born in Lenox, Mass., graduated from the Stevens Institute of Technology in 1885 after studying mechanical engineering, and entered the office of his uncle as a draftsman. He was admitted as a junior partner in 1890, and the firm became Renwick, [James Lawrence] Aspinwall & Renwick in 1892. After the senior Renwick's death in 1895, it changed to Renwick, Aspinwall & [Walter T.] Owen, with Aspinwall as senior partner.

 

In his uncle’s office, William Renwick had participated in the design and decoration of several churchs, including All Saints. In his independent practice after 1900, he specialized in ecclesiastical architecture and decoration. Among his major commissions were St. Aloysius (1902-04); All Saints Roman Catholic Church School (1902-04), Grace Church south porch and open-air pulpit (1910), and alterations to the Chantry (1879, Edward T. Potter); and the Cathedral of Saints Peter and Paul, Indianapolis. He is credited with developing the process of “fresco relief,” a type of mural decoration which combined both bas-relief sculpture and painting. All Saints Church has two of these murals, installed in 1918.

 

Gothic Revival Architecture

 

By the mid-nineteenth century in America, most people believed that “Gothic architecture is, in the highest sense, the only Christian architecture.” Whether based on English, French, German or Italian precedents, Gothic forms had become the standard for church building in the United States.

 

This came about due to a confluence of several trends, most notably the popular writings of a group of Anglican religious leaders at Oxford University who formed the Cambridge Camden Society. Writing as part of the Ecclesiological Movement in England in the 1830s, this group advocated “a reform movement in the Anglican Church which called for a return to traditional medieval forms both in ritual and church building” as a response to an increasing secularism within society. In design this meant that anything associated with the previous (eighteenth century) classic period was rejected in favor of nostalgia for an earlier, simpler, and “truer” time, the medieval era, including buildings and furniture in the Gothic style.

 

According to these theorists, the art and architecture of a particular period became associated with the society that created it, such that the “architecture of an age illustrates its inner nature, strengths and weaknesses, and that the architect may influence, for good or bad, the lives of those around him.” Thus art and architecture came to have associations over and above their basic function and these symbolic values took on a dominant role. Roman designs could be acceptable for civic buildings and Greek architecture could be used for courthouses and other buildings associated with democratic institutions. Egyptian designs suggested permanence and were used for jails, and Gothic was for religious buildings.

 

These ideas traveled rapidly across the Atlantic, where they were immediately accepted. Between 1840 and 1845, of the 10 major churches constructed in the United States, nine were in the Gothic Revival style, including Richard Upjohn’s Church of the Ascension (1840-41, 36-38 Fifth Avenue, located within the Greenwich Village Historic District), Christ Church, (1840-41, corner of Clinton and Kane Streets, Brooklyn, located within the Cobble Hill Historic District) and Trinity Church (1839-46, Boadway at Wall Street, a designated New York City Landmark).

 

While many of these churches (including Trinity) reflected the Ecclesiologist’s ideal of the English parish church, James Renwick’s Grace Episcopal Church was an elaborate expression of the later, Decorated Gothic period and showed the influence of the writings of English architect A.W.N. Pugin. Trinity and Grace Churches were extremely influential on subsequent church design and helped promote the English doctrine. Both Upjohn and Renwick were prolific architects, who designed many churches in variations of the Gothic Revival style, and whose work was widely known and emulated. Although Renwick’s earliest designs were more historically accurate, through study and travel abroad he was exposed to work beyond England. He began to incorporate the influences of many different historical precedents and combined them in original ways or made them more elaborate such as the twin-towered St. Patrick’s Cathedral.

 

After mid-century, American designers were less bound by religious doctrine and developed a greater emphasis on picturesque designs, accomplished by a mixing of forms, shapes, materials and textures on a single building. The writings of English critic John Ruskin helped establish the legitimacy of works from other countries beyond England as sources of inspiration, especially Italy, with a resulting interest in polychrome and more elaborate surface decoration. With time, designers worked to ensure that the detailing of a building in a revival style be historically accurate, while combining these details in new and unique ways. Thus “Christian” architecture, associated with the Gothic Revival style, was contrasted with the “pagan” classical traditions. This was especially true of denominations such as Episcopals and Roman Catholics who wanted to emphasize their differences from more evangelical sects.

 

Catholics also needed to adapt the plans of their churches to their particular liturgical needs, which were different from those of the early English churches. This historical melding of styles, planning, and details can be seen in Renwick’s last work, the Roman Catholic Church of All Saints, where he used a plan and surface decoration inspired by twelfth century Italian Gothic churches, combined them with façade details from other locations and eras, and adapted the ensemble for placement on an urban American streetscape, all the while still evoking the religious sentiments intended by the use of the Gothic style.

 

Roman Catholic Church of All Saints

 

A compact structure facing on a narrow side street, the Church of All Saints is a dramatically massed building, with forms derived from numerous sources. According to an article by Montgomery Schuler, it was designed by James Renwick, Jr. in 1875, and finely detailed later by Renwick’s nephew under his supervision.Renwick’s design for the church shares many similarities with the Italian Gothic cathedrals at Sienna, Orvieto, and Florence but it is rendered in more modern materials, rather than multi-colored stone, and is scaled to fit onto a New York street corner. Like the churches at Sienna and Orvieto, the front façade of All Saints has a tripartite division, but the New York church has a single, central entrance set in a molded, pointed archway instead of the three doors of the Italian churches. They all have a large, central traceried rose window above the main entrance.

 

In all of them, the three gabled bays are flanked by narrow piers topped by spires (although the spires were removed on All Saints). The Italian churches have lively facades composed of multi-colored stone and diverse ornamentation. On All Saints Church, the facades have different colors of brick, terra cotta and stone. The gables are faced with terra-cotta panels and projecting stars, and the horizontal bands are either flat or projecting, all working to enhance the textural diversity of the façade. The architectural terra cotta which faces the gables, as well as the spires, the mullions in the rose windows, and other decorative niches and string courses was manufactured by the New York Architectural Terra Cotta Company. Renwick began using architectural terra cotta as a recognizable building material beginning in the 1850s and promoted its use well before it was clearly accepted by many of his fellow architects.

 

Along the nave, the church sets back one bay to a series of round clerestory windows, a very unusual motif on American churches. There are precedents however, in churches in Florence and Bologna, as well as the English Southwell Collegiate Church. The rose window on the front facade has been compared to that in certain French churches, including Reims and Clermont Ferrand. The stained glass in the church was created by Franz Mayer of Munich, a company started in 1847 in Germany by Joseph Gabriel Mayer as the Institute for Christian Art Works. In 1888, they opened a branch in New York to promote their business which had become worldwide.

 

The arms of the transept extend in a multi-angled bay to give further variety and picturesqueness to the side facade. The tower, which is located next to the crossing, originally had a tall, hipped roof and four narrow pinnacles, as on the Siennese cathedral, although the proportions are much shorter. It does retain its horizontal banding, a simplified version of the campanile of the church at Sienna.

 

To the east is a five story rectory. Two bays wide, the entrance is reached by stairs on the eastern bay to a non-historic doorway. The stone and terra-cotta balconies of the second and third stories are fronted by unusual designs which evoke turning wheels. These balconies, as well as the narrow, pointed-arch windows on the second and third stories, and the dormers recall Venetian town houses but with more original details.

 

The school, which was built several years later and was designed by Renwick’s nephew William, continues the Gothic Revival style, but in a simplified, more orderly arrangement. The brick is lighter, and there is more use of plain stone bands. The ornament consists of many similar motifs to those on the church, including the terra-cotta quatrefoil motifs and the geometric light brick designs inset in the brick piers. It is more limited in its application however and is confined to specific areas on the Madison Avenue façade, and above the windows and doors of the first story of the 130Street façade. There are also several instances of the “triangular gable flanked by narrow spires” motif which is used throughout the church.

 

The terra-cotta moldings in ropes and foliate designs used around the main entrance on Madison Avenue are the same as those William Renwick used on St. Aloysius Roman Catholic Church on 132 Street, which he had designed at the same time. A highly embellished screen was built along Madison Avenue, in front of the apse, to connect the church to the new school. Composed of terra-cotta arches on a stone lintel, with a central niche, this area uses many of the same decorative motifs to create a visual as well as a physical link between the two buildings.

 

The school originally extended for four bays along 130 Street, but in 1907, an increasing enrollment created the need for a larger building. An addition was designed by the architectural firm of Neville & Bagge, which had its offices nearby on 125 Street. This architectural partnership was established in 1892 and lasted through the 1920s. They were an extremely prolific firm, known for their apartment and row house designs, which were familiar throughout the Upper West Side, Morningside Heights and Harlem. They added the fifth bay on 130 Street and extended the building back toward the rectory, which is not visible from the street. This bay is similar to the others on130th Street, but has only three windows instead of five, is set off by flanking piers, and extends up through five stories instead of four. A fifth story was also added along the southern half of the roof. This is barely visible over the church but is made evident by the copper screen of gothic arches at the top of the wall.

 

Description

 

Church: The church building fronts onto East 129 Street and extends north along Madison Avenue. Designed in a cruciform plan, the nave and western transept are visible on Madison Avenue, as is the tower, which is located over the crossing. The building retains almost all of its original façade material and details except that the tower and the four spires of the front elevation have been truncated. The building is faced primarily in dark, ironspot brick, with stone, terra-cotta and light brick ornament. Flat bands and string courses of terra cotta ring the building, creating horizontal divisions. The church sits on a raised basement faced with Manhattan schist in a random ashlar pattern and topped by a stone water table. The large basement windows, across open areaways, have brick arches and have been sealed closed. Two historic iron fences, one on each facade, separate the areaways from the sidewalk. The steeply pitched roof is covered with slate and has copper gutters, downspouts and ridgeline.

 

The 129 Street façade is divided into three bays, each flanked by four narrow piers that were originally topped by openwork spires. Each pier is now finished by a sheet metal cap with a hipped roof. The piers are distinguished by sting courses and geometric designs of light-colored brick that are embedded on each of their facades. The two piers closest to the center are taller than the outer ones and near the top of each façade of the taller piers there originally were two lancet openings which are now enclosed by bricks.

 

A short flight of stairs leads to the main entry portal in the center bay. The double wooden doors and transom are intricately carved and deeply recessed beneath a heavily molded entrance porch. Small, non-historic metal and glass light fixtures flank the entry. The arch is framed by a gothic hood resting on stone columns and filled with terra-cotta sexfoils. Terra-cotta crockets emerge from both angles of the hood, which is also crowned by an elaborate extended cross at its peak. Behind and just above the projecting hood is a blind arcade that runs across the central bay. This is topped by a large, traceried rose window featuring sexfoil shapes within it and in its spandrels. The center bay is crowned by a triangular pediment faced with light brick studded with projecting terracotta stars and edged in dark brick. In the center of the gable is a grille in an ovoid-shaped opening, framed by terra cotta. Crockets enhance the edges of the pediment, which is crowned by another cross.

 

The two side bays are identical. On the ground story is a pair of pointed-arch windows filled with traceried stained glass, set on a projecting string course, and topped by a narrow terra-cotta hood molding. A traceried rose window is located above this, framed by a wheel of alternating sections of light and dark brick. The four spandrels around this window are filled by foliate terra-cotta ornament. At the top of the bay is a triangular pediment faced with terra cotta in a diaper pattern with a Star of David in the center. The pediment is enhanced by crockets and a cross at the peak.

 

The nave on Madison Avenue has five bays, separated by projecting wall buttresses. The lower part of the wall is subdivided by horizontal flat terra-cotta bands and projecting string courses. On the main story, each bay has a large, pointed-arch window filled with traceried stained glass, set on a copper sill, crowned by a taller, triangular hood, enhanced by terra-cotta, quatrefoil ornament. The nave sets back one bay above this level, which is capped by a narrow terra-cotta parapet composed of open quatrefoil motifs. The projecting wall buttresses extend above the roofline and culminate in a four-sided gable ending in a pyramid.

 

The clerestory windows are round, traceried openings, similar to those in the side bays of the front. They are set within similar light and dark brick enframents with foliate terra cotta in their spandrels. Wall buttresses continue from below and extend with gabled tops above the terra-cotta parapet, similar to that on the level below. A steeply pitched roof rises over the nave with its ridgeline parallel to Madison Avenue.

 

A gabled entry porch extends from the southernmost bay of the nave, toward Madison Avenue. It is reached by a short flight of stairs that lead to a pair of carved wooden doors. The doors are located within a molded terra-cotta pointed arch set on stone columns. Above the door is terra-cotta quatrefoil ornament and the hood, crowned by a cross. Buttressed piers flank the doorway and are topped by small spires. The gabled end of the porch roof has crockets with an enhanced cross at its crest. The side walls of the porch have two small, pointed arch openings set on a continuous string course. The windows on the southern side have stained glass while those on the northern side have been closed.

 

Toward the northern end of this façade, the western arm of the transept extends toward Madison Avenue. It is composed of five bays that have similar decorative motifs to those on the nave as well as a similar, steeply, pitched and angled roofline. The terra-cotta parapet and wall buttresses are similar to those on the nave. The two bays, which project at right angles from the nave have round traceried windows at the second story. The three angled bays closest to the street have tall, pointed-arch windows filled with traceried stained glass, similar to those on the main story of the nave. At the center bay, this window is enriched by a tall, terra-cotta hood and crowned by a triangular gable and a cross. The gable is faced with terra cotta bearing a five pointed star, and the wall buttresses rise above the cornice line to form spires. At the ground story, two angled, projecting bays adjoin the transept close to Madison Avenue.

 

Both elevations of these bays have a small, pointed-arch window and are topped by a gable enriched by a terra-cotta quatrefoil motif and a copper roof. The front bay of the transept holds a terra-cotta niche flanked by buttressed piers with spires and topped by a pointed arch with crockets and other terra-cotta ornament.

 

North of the transept arm, an angled, multi-bay apse is visible above a highly decorated screen on the ground story. The apse continues the same decorative motifs of tall stained-glass windows in each bay at the clerestory level while beneath it are smaller, stained-glass windows -- two to each bay. Connecting the church to the school building is a screen formed by a series of decorated blind gothic arches in terra cotta set on a waist-high stone string course. At the center is a decorated niche reached by two stairs.

 

Rising beyond the crossing is the bell tower. Square in plan, it is faced with dark brick but is embellished by several horizontal bands of light brick. Each facade has a large, pointed arch opening and the corner piers are buttresses just above where it meets the church. A plain copper cornice completes the tower, which originally had a pointed roof with spires at each corner.

 

School: The school building adjoins the church on its northern façade. The main entrance to the school is centrally located on the Madison Avenue façade, and the building extends for five bays eastward along 130 Street where it is fronted by an historic iron fence. It is faced with orange brick highlighted by light stone and terra cotta and is four stories tall with a flat roof. All of the windows have 1/1 aluminum replacement sash. Numerous stone and terra cotta band courses wrap the building horizontally, on both visible facades.

 

The Madison Avenue façade is three bays wide, formed by two pairs of slightly projecting piers, flanking the central bay and on both ends of the façade. The piers are marked by the continuous band courses and cornices that wrap the building, as well as inset light brick geometric designs similar to those on the piers of the church. The facade is symmetrically arranged around a large gothic portal in the center bay. A pair of non-historic doors are set within an ornate enframement and topped by a highly detailed, molded pointed arch. The painted, terracotta moldings include twisted columns and foliate designs, similar to those on the front façade of St. Aloysius Church on West 132 Street. Two delicate, openwork spires arise from the piers that flank the entrance. The recessed bay to the north of the portal is blank, while that to the south holds a small window enframed by terracotta molding.

 

A terra-cotta cornice bearing quatrefoil motifs runs across the façade, above the main portal. A large pointed arch opening filled with several stained glass windows sits atop this cornice. It has a terra-cotta spandrel and is topped by an ornamented, pointed-arch hood. In each side bay is a niche framed by a terra-cotta gable and spire motif that echoes the main entrance and the roof-level pediment.

 

The front façade is crowned by a terra-cotta cornice above which rises a central gable flanked by two spires. The gable is faced with terra cotta and has a six pointed star in the middle and crockets along the angles. It is crowned by a cross. To each side of this gable, piers rise up above the cornice level. On the southern half of the roof, a copper arcade runs between the gable and the corner pier. The same area on the northern side is enclosed by a wire fence. The copper arcade continues around the corner on the southern façade of the school building. Beneath this cornice the southern façade above the church is mostly blank with a few irregularly placed windows.

 

The school building is five bays wide along 130 Street. All of the bays are identical except the easternmost bay. The building, set on a raised basement with segmentally-arched windows, is separated from it by a flat stone band. Each bay of the first story holds three recessed window openings, set on a continuous stone sill and separated from each other by a brick pier with a terra-cotta capital. Each rectangular window opening is topped by a pointed-arch terra-cotta molding filled with terra-cotta quatrefoil ornament. There is a small grille located beneath each window which is framed by a terra-cotta quatrefoil motif. Similar grilles are located in the spandrel areas between the windows, two to each bay.

 

The second, third and fourth stories have five plain windows in each bay. They are framed by a continuous stone sill and continuous stone lintel above them. Narrow stone piers separate each window, within the bays. Two small grilles are located between each floor. Above the fourth story is a terra-cotta cornice topped by a non-historic iron railing.

 

The easternmost bay is distinguished by two slightly projecting piers on each side that have light brick designs like those on the piers of the church inset in the darker brick. This bay is narrower than the others, with only three windows per floor, and three grilles between each floor. This bay has a gable-fronted fifth story with a single window set on a broad terra-cotta band and capped by a highly ornamented terra-cotta arched hood. The angles of the gable are finished by terra-cotta blocks and the flanking piers have copper caps.

 

The entrance is located on the ground story in the fourth bay from the west. It is comprised of two non-historic metal doors topped by a glass transom painted with the name of the school and fronted by a grille. This entrance is surrounded by a flat rectangular stone enframement with rope moldings and two non-historic light fixtures. Two angels’ heads and wings are located at the outside top corners of this enframent, which is also crowned by a cornice. Above this is a small rectangular window set within an elaborate, terra-cotta arch enriched by foliate and quatrefoil motifs and rope moldings, and flanked by small, elaborate spires.

 

Parish House: The parish house is located just east of the church, facing 129 Street. Two bays wide, it is faced in iron-spot brick, with terra-cotta trim. The entrance is in the eastern bay, reached by two steps up to a wide stoop. The stoop has been refaced, with iron fences atop the side walls. The double, wooden entrance doors are not historic nor is the first story window. Both the window and door are topped by traceried stained glass transoms framed by terra-cotta arched moldings carried on stone columns. The window has a non-historic metal grille in front of it and a non-historic brick wall beneath it. Flat terra-cotta bands run horizontally across the brickwork of the first story. In front of the western bay are steps down to a non-historic basement entrance.

 

The two windows of the second story are fronted by a continuous balcony carried on brackets. The base of the balcony is stone and the brackets are heavily ornamented terra cotta. The front of the balcony is composed of a series of openwork circles in terra cotta that create the impression of rolling wheels. The two original windows have wood-framed and leaded glass, double-hung sash, with pointed-arch transoms. They are set within vertical terra-cotta moldings creating separate areas above the windows that are faced with light brick.

 

The third story has two windows with separate balconies. The windows are plain glass, wood-framed, double-hung sash and the balcony motifs are circular, but different from those on the second story. A terra-cotta molding in a pointed arch motif rises above each window and is filled by terra-cotta ornament. The vertical moldings continue up from the second story on each side of the windows, reaching to the cornice, and framing light brick sections. Two circular disks faced in marble are located above the windows, near the cornice. Terra-cotta quoins finish the eastern edge of the building, on the second and third stories, along with a rope molding running vertically along the edge.

 

Above the third story is an elaborate cornice carried on terra-cotta brackets fronted by heads. The cornice is formed of copper-backed foliate swags and other terra-cotta moldings. A steeply pitched roof rises above the cornice. Two hipped-roof dormers are at the fourth story, with a similar one centered above them, at the fifth story. Each dormer is framed by terra-cotta moldings and is comprised of two narrow, double-hung windows separated by an engaged column and topped by pointed arches and terra-cotta quatrefoil infill. The upper dormer is identical but has been painted black. There is a brick chimney on the eastern side of the building and another one which rises from beyond the ridge of the roof. Terra-cotta tiles edge the sides of the roof, which also has copper gutters and ridge cap.

 

- From the 2007 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report

Hydrangea annabelle

Cristina D'Avena & Gem Boy

Carroponte - Sesto San Giovanni - Milano

11 Luglio 2013

  

© Mairo Cinquetti

 

© All rights reserved. Do not use my photos without my written permission. If you would like to buy or use this photo PLEASE message me or email me at mairo.cinquetti@gmail.com

 

Cristina D'Avena nasce a Bologna lunedì 6 luglio 1964 da Alfredo, medico, e da Ornella, casalinga. All'età di 3 anni e mezzo esordisce cantando "Il valzer del moscerino" alla decima edizione della rassegna canora per bambini Zecchino d'Oro; il brano si aggiudica il 3º posto. Dopo l'esperienza allo Zecchino d'Oro, rimane all'Antoniano come componente del Piccolo Coro fino al 1976, ma continuerà a frequentarlo per altri 5 anni accompagnando la sorella Clarissa, nata 10 anni dopo di lei e anche lei diventata nel frattempo componente del coro.

 

Nel 1981 Cristina è una diciassettenne studentessa di Liceo Classico che vede il canto solo come un hobby. In quel periodo, Alessandra Valeri Manera, l'allora responsabile della tv dei ragazzi della neonata Canale 5, era alla ricerca di una voce femminile che potesse interpretare la sigla della serie animata giapponese "Pinocchio": per questo motivo interpellò Augusto Martelli, direttore artistico-musicale della rete nonché figlio del maestro Giordano Bruno Martelli. Fu proprio Martelli padre, tramite il figlio, a segnalare a Valeri Manera il nome di Cristina D'Avena, avendo egli avuto modo di frequentarla fino a poco tempo prima presso il Piccolo Coro dell'Antoniano. Dopo essere stata sottoposta ad un provino discografico, Cristina, ancora minorenne, firma un contratto di esclusiva (a cui è legata ancora oggi) con l'etichetta discografica di Canale 5, la Five Record (in seguito ridenominata RTI Music, oggi inglobata in RTI s.p.a.), e diviene così l'interprete della canzone "Bambino Pinocchio" composta da Martelli figlio che di lei all'epoca disse: « Diventerà una grande cantante ». Il successo commerciale del relativo 45 giri diede effettivamente inizio alla carriera di Cristina: da allora non ha mai smesso di incidere e, grazie alla quantità di sigle da lei registrate, è l'unico personaggio dello spettacolo la cui voce è presente sulla tv italiana ininterrottamente dai primi anni '80 almeno una volta al giorno, 7 giorni su 7, 365 giorni l'anno.

 

Sempre da questo periodo inizia a pubblicare numerosi singoli ed album, che complessivamente venderanno un totale di circa 6 milioni di copie: nel 1983, infatti, Five Record dà vita a "Fivelandia", il primo volume di quella che diventerà una longeva collana destinata a contenere le sigle dei cartoni animati in onda sulle reti del biscione; un appuntamento fisso dell'autunno a cadenza annuale, a cui si aggiungerà, a partire dal febbraio 1987, la sua versione primaverile anch'essa a cadenza annuale dal titolo "Cristina D'Avena con i tuoi amici in tv". Tra le canzoni di maggior successo dei primi anni, particolare menzione per "Canzone dei Puffi" del 1982 (grazie alla quale verrà premiata con il suo primo Disco d'Oro per le oltre 500.000 copie vendute) e "Kiss me Licia" del 1985 (Disco di Platino per le oltre 100.000 copie vendute del relativo album): quest'ultima è la sigla a cui la cantante dichiarerà più volte di essere maggiormente legata.

 

A partire dal settembre 1986 raggiunge, tuttavia, una popolarità ulteriore a quella già acquisita in 5 anni con la sola interpretazione delle sigle, nonché una notevole visibilità, quando interpreta il ruolo di Licia nella prima di 4 serie di telefilm per ragazzi intitolata "Love me Licia": la serie è basata sulla protagonista e sui personaggi del cartone animato giapponese "Kiss me Licia" (che aveva fatto il suo debutto 12 mesi prima), del quale questa produzione italiana con attori in carne e ossa prosegue idealmente le vicende. È così che quella che fino a questo momento era quasi soltanto una voce (quel timbro così particolare che milioni di bambini italiani avevano già imparato a riconoscere) diventa di fatto un volto, il volto di una ragazza dall'aspetto più giovane dei suoi 22 anni che l'intero pubblico, anche quello più adulto, ora conosce e apprezza già. A "Love me Licia" seguiranno "Licia dolce Licia" nella primavera 1987, "Teneramente Licia" nell'autunno 1987 e "Balliamo e cantiamo con Licia" nella primavera 1988; le serie vengono trasmesse il lunedì, il mercoledì e il venerdì alle ore 20:00 su Italia Uno in diretta concorrenza coi telegiornali Rai e raggiungono insperati ascolti record.

 

Nel 1987, mentre i brani da lei incisi ammontano già ad un centinaio, Cristina registra un brano in lingua francese: si tratta della versione francofona della sigla italiana "Lovely Sara" (da lei già interpretata pochi mesi prima), destinata ad accompagnare la messa in onda di "Princesse Sarah" che sarà il primo cartone animato ad essere trasmesso su La Cinq, rete televisiva francese di proprietà di Silvio Berlusconi costruita sul modello di Canale 5. Grazie a questa sua incisione la cantante, che per la prima volta vide apparire il proprio nome sulla copertina di un disco pubblicato e distribuito esclusivamente all'estero, è conosciuta e ricordata ancora oggi dai bambini francesi degli anni '80.

 

Conclusasi la saga di Licia nella primavera 1988, dall'autunno Italia Uno decide di mettere in scena proprio Cristina e la sua realtà quotidiana, costantemente impegnata tra gli studi universitari alla Facoltà di Medicina e il lavoro di cantante. Non a caso, durante l'ultima puntata dei telefilm di Licia, Cristina D'Avena compare nel ruolo di se stessa annunciando la sua intenzione di metter su una band musicale. Pochi mesi dopo viene infatti trasmessa su Italia Uno "Arriva Cristina", a cui seguiranno "Cristina" nell'autunno 1989, "Cri Cri" nell'autunno 1990 e "Cristina, l'Europa siamo noi" nell'autunno 1991. "Cri Cri" si compone di due serie da 36 episodi l'una, mentre "Cristina, l'Europa siamo noi" viene trasmessa da Retequattro anziché da Italia Uno e alle ore 19:00 anziché al consueto orario delle 20:00. Come già avvenuto per le 4 serie di Licia, per ognuno di questi telefilm Five Record pubblica un disco contenente la sigla e tutti i brani cantati all'interno degli episodi: i primi tre album diventano Dischi di Platino.

 

Tra i suoi concerti più riusciti quelli realizzati nel novembre 1989 e 1990 al PalaTrussardi di Milano, a cui assistettero un totale di circa 20.000 spettatori, e quello del 1992 al FilaForum di Assago (13.000 persone in sala e 3.000 all'esterno) i cui incassi sono stati interamente devoluti alla Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro.

 

Con alle spalle la stessa autrice-produttrice degli esordi ed una casa discografica che, grazie solamente alle sue canzoni, nel 1991 ottiene un fatturato di oltre 9 miliardi di lire, negli anni '90 la cantante prosegue, regolarmente e senza interruzioni, ad incidere nuove sigle e a pubblicare CD; numeri, i suoi, che tanti artisti blasonati, ancora oggi, le invidiano. Persino la cantante Mina, nel 1994, inciderà ed inserirà in uno dei suoi album una cover di una canzone di Cristina del 1988 dal titolo "Sempre attento al regolamento"; per l'occasione, testo e titolo furono modificati e la canzone divenne "Tu dimmi che città".

 

All'attività musicale e discografica si aggiunge l'attività di conduttrice e co-conduttrice televisiva (nonché radiofonica) iniziata già nel 1989 col varietà del sabato sera di Canale 5 "Sabato al circo", esperienza grazie alla quale Cristina, insieme a tutto il cast del programma, si aggiudicherà il Telegatto nella categoria "Programmi per ragazzi". Il programma andrà avanti per quattro anni, fino al 1992, quando cambia titolo, rete e giorno di programmazione e diventa "Il Grande Circo di Retequattro", in onda per 16 settimane da mercoledì 7 ottobre. Assieme a Gerry Scotti presenta per due anni lo speciale di Capodanno di Canale 5, in onda il 31 dicembre 1989 con il titolo "L'allegria fa 90" e il 31 dicembre 1990 con il titolo "Evviva l'allegria". Dall'8 novembre 1992 conduce su Italia Uno "Cantiamo con Cristina", la versione per bambini del "Karaoke" di Fiorello che va in onda alle ore 20:00 della domenica: in ogni puntata si affrontano due squadre che si sfidano sulle note delle sigle di Cristina. Nella stagione 1993/94 farà parte del cast della sesta edizione di "Buona Domenica", al fianco di Gerry Scotti e Gabriella Carlucci: qui, tra le altre cose, conduce la rubrica "Radio Cristina" dove commenta lettere e fax inviati dai più piccini e si esibisce in alcuni numeri musicali e di danza (in questi spazi avrà anche modo di eseguire le canzoni dell'album "Cristina canta Disney" fresco di pubblicazione). Avrà poi il ruolo di inviata speciale in giro per l'Italia nella quinta edizione di "La sai l'ultima?", in onda su Canale 5 nella stagione televisiva 1995/96 e condotta da Gerry Scotti assieme a Paola Barale. A partire dal 15 settembre 1996, invece, conduce per due anni di seguito, alternandosi settimanalmente col doppiatore ed amico Pietro Ubaldi, il contenitore di cartoni animati e giochi telefonici "Game Boat", in onda tutti i giorni nel preserale di Retequattro; in questo periodo, tra l'altro, viene pubblicato il quattordicesimo capitolo di "Fivelandia", premiato con il Disco di Platino per le oltre 100.000 copie vendute. Nel 1998, nel 1999 e nel 2000 ritorna allo Zecchino d'Oro in qualità di co-conduttrice al fianco di Cino Tortorella e Milly Carlucci. Nell'autunno 1998 è chiamata da Fabio Fazio per condurre con Andrea Pezzi il varietà del venerdì sera di Rai Due "Serenate", ideato dallo stesso Fazio che inizialmente doveva esserne il conduttore. Su Rai Uno, invece, condurrà il tradizionale "Concerto di Primavera", sia ad aprile 1999 che ad aprile 2000, oltre che lo special natalizio "Buon Natale a tutto il mondo" di cui sarà la presentatrice sia nell'edizione del 1999 che in quella del 2000.

 

Nel 1998 debutta anche al cinema, seppur con un cameo: interpreta infatti se stessa in una scena del film "Cucciolo" di Neri Parenti accanto a Massimo Boldi, con il quale aveva già lavorato ai tempi di "Sabato al circo".

 

Nel dicembre 2002 Cristina festeggia ufficialmente 20 anni di carriera (sebbene l'incisione di "Bambino Pinocchio", la sua prima sigla per un cartone animato, risalga al secondo semestre del 1981) con la pubblicazione di un doppio CD dal titolo "Cristina D'Avena: Greatest Hits" (ma il titolo inizialmente previsto è "Cristina D'Avena: Vent'anni"), che raccoglie i più grandi successi della cantante (il CD 1 è relativo agli anni 1981-1990, il CD 2 agli anni 1991-2002) e include una nuova versione, riarrangiata e reinterpretata per l'occasione, della sua prima sigla. Proprio nel giorno d'uscita del disco, il 6 dicembre, dall'auditorium di Cologno Monzese la rete televisiva satellitare Video Italia le dedica, in prima serata e in diretta contemporanea su Radio Italia, una puntata di oltre 2 ore della sua trasmissione "Serata con...", durante la quale la cantante esegue dal vivo gran parte dei brani dell'album, in quella che si rivela essere una vera e propria festa-concerto a cui prendono parte fan storici, amici e collaboratori di vecchia data.

 

Il suo nome per oltre 20 anni è stato professionalmente associato in modo indissolubile a quello di Alessandra Valeri Manera: responsabile dei programmi per ragazzi delle tv del biscione dal 1980 al 2001 e a conti fatti talent scout e creatrice del personaggio "Cristina D'Avena", Valeri Manera è stata anche ideatrice, autrice, direttrice artistica e produttrice di tutti i lavori della cantante alla quale è legata da una sincera amicizia, sebbene dal 2001 la sua attività si sia ridotta ad una composizione saltuaria dei testi di sigle. In coppia con Valeri Manera, nel 2002 Cristina firma per la prima volta come autrice una sua canzone dal titolo "I colori del cuore". Nel 2007 firma da sola il testo di una sua sigla per un cartone animato (il titolo del brano, e della serie, è "Dolce piccola Remì") e da allora, di tanto in tanto, alcune delle sigle da lei interpretate portano il suo nome come unica autrice delle parole.

 

Il 14 aprile 2007, al Roxy Bar di Bologna, Cristina celebra 25 anni di successi con un grande concerto, accompagnata dall'irriverente gruppo dei Gem Boy con il quale inaugura una collaborazione che dura ancora oggi. In questa occasione riceve da Red Ronnie il prestigioso riconoscimento "Gandhi 9.11", un totem luminoso creato dall'artista Marco Lodola e destinato a quei personaggi che si sono maggiormente distinti come portatori di pace. Nello stesso anno, poi, si verifica un vero e proprio record per la cantante: alla cifra di 1.210 euro si chiude l'asta online del CD del 1989 "Cristina D'Avena e... i tuoi amici in TV 3", venduto sul portale eBay il 10 settembre. La vendita viene resa nota e definita dalla divisione italiana del sito come « il primato mai raggiunto online da un CD in Italia »; non a caso, la versione CD dell'album è considerata uno tra i pezzi più rari nella produzione discografica della cantante, non tanto per le 14 sigle in esso contenute (reperibili comunque su altre pubblicazioni successive) ma poiché, nella sua versione digitale, venne stampato in un numero limitatissimo di copie rispetto ai classici formati utilizzati all'epoca (sebbene per ancora pochi anni), vale a dire l'LP e l'MC. Il record è stato addirittura superato il 10 novembre del 2011, quattro anni dopo, quando un'altra copia messa all'asta è stata venduta alla cifra di 3.010,00 euro.

 

In questa fase della sua carriera, nonostante da tempo non abbia più un programma tutto suo, la cantante continua a farsi vedere dal pubblico televisivo accettando l'invito di numerose trasmissioni Rai o Mediaset che la chiamano per intervistarla o per vederla esibirsi; nella puntata del 16 febbraio 2008 del programma di prima serata di Rai Uno "I Migliori Anni" si registrerà un picco di ascolti pari a 7.618.000 telespettatori proprio nel momento della sua partecipazione al programma in cui dal vivo canta la sigla di "Kiss me Licia". Nello stesso anno pubblica due libri per bambini, di cui la cantante è autrice e narratrice, dal titolo "Le fiabe di Fata Cri: Fata Cri e i draghetti pasticcioni" e "Le fiabe di Fata Cri: Fata Cri e il ballo degli scoiattoli": quest'ultimo venderà 37.500 copie.

 

Dopo aver scritto e interpretato la sigla della serie animata "Twin Princess - Principesse Gemelle" che diverrà il suo primo singolo ad essere commercializzato come download digitale, nel 2009 realizza un disco che si distacca dalle sigle tv per le quali è da sempre conosciuta: per la prima volta infatti si rivolge al grande pubblico, non solo a quello dell'infanzia, e lo fa con un album dal titolo "Magia di Natale", in cui reinterpreta 12 brani della tradizione natalizia, classici e moderni, tutti arrangiati dal maestro Valeriano Chiaravalle. Il disco è anche l'occasione, per la cantante, di incidere per la prima volta in lingua inglese. Nell'album figura anche una cover di "Childhood", brano di Michael Jackson con il quale l'artista ha voluto rendere omaggio al Re del Pop.

 

Da giovedì 21 gennaio 2010 torna a lavorare in tv: è nel cast della seconda edizione del programma di prima serata di Italia Uno "Matricole & Meteore". Nello show, composto da 8 puntate e condotto da Nicola Savino e Juliana Moreira, ha il doppio ruolo di ospite fisso e inviata speciale nei panni di una principessa alla ricerca del Principe Azzurro; nelle varie puntate si esibisce anche in alcuni medley di sigle fra le tante incise nel corso della sua carriera. Dal 28 febbraio dello stesso anno è testimonial di Intervita ONLUS, organizzazione umanitaria internazionale impegnata in progetti di sviluppo nel Terzo Mondo attraverso il sostegno a distanza, per la quale registrerà 15 messaggi promozionali trasmessi da Canale 5. A partire dal periodo autunnale, le serie di telefilm che la videro protagonista tra l'86 e il '91 riacquistano visibilità nonché rinnovata fortuna grazie alla loro riproposizione da parte del canale Hiro di Mediaset Premium e, poco tempo dopo, anche per mano di La5 che le trasmette, tutte le sere, allo stesso orario della prima messa in onda, vale a dire alle 20. Visto il grande successo riscosso (la fascia oraria in cui vengono trasmessi risulta essere la più seguita per la rete), la casa discografica della cantante decide di ristampare, per la prima volta su CD e dopo oltre due decadi di assenza dal mercato discografico, le colonne sonore di ciascuna delle 8 serie, raccogliendole in due box multidisco intitolati "Licia e i Bee Hive Story" e "Arriva Cristina Story", che appassionati vecchi e nuovi accoglieranno con straordinario entusiasmo.

 

Anche nel nuovo millennio la cantante ha continuato e continua a tenere concerti in tutta Italia, sia da sola che accompagnata dal gruppo dei Gem Boy; uno dei suoi ultimi concerti più fortunati è sicuramente quello tenuto ad Avellino nel maggio del 2010 dove, tra bambini e adulti, ha raccolto oltre 15.000 spettatori.

 

Nel gennaio 2011 incide una sigla per la prima volta in duetto con una voce femminile: quella di Alessia Volpicelli, piccola paziente del C.R.O. (Centro di Riferimento Oncologico) di Aviano; il brano, di cui la D'Avena è anche autrice, si intitola "Emily della Luna Nuova". Nello stesso periodo firma anche il testo di una canzone per uno dei concorrenti del programma televisivo "Io Canto": si tratta del brano "Tutto quello che ho" incluso nell'album d'esordio di Simone Frulio dal titolo "Tredici".

 

L'anno successivo la cantante torna in tv e approda su Super!: per tutta l'estate è infatti la conduttrice di "Karaoke Super Show!", la prima produzione del canale televisivo per ragazzi edito da De Agostini. In onda nel week-end dalle più belle piazze della riviera romagnola, il programma prevede la partecipazione di due squadre composte da bambini, genitori e nonni che si sfidano interpretando i grandi tormentoni estivi, le canzoni dello Zecchino d'Oro più amate e naturalmente le più famose sigle dei cartoni animati di Cristina. Ma il 2012 è anche l'anno del 30º anniversario del debutto artistico di Cristina D'Avena: per festeggiare questa ricorrenza viene messa in atto una serie di celebrazioni a partire già dal dicembre 2011, quando apre il fanclub ufficiale della cantante che gli ammiratori chiedevano insistentemente da tempo. Ad aprile del 2012 i festeggiamenti proseguono con l'inaugurazione del suo negozio online, all'interno del quale è possibile trovare gran parte della sua sempre più abbondante produzione discografica oltre a tanti prodotti e gadget esclusivi, scelti e ideati direttamente da Cristina in persona. Le celebrazioni di questo importante traguardo si materializzano anche a livello discografico con la nascita di un grande progetto in due parti dal titolo "30 e poi...", che debutta nei negozi di dischi il 27 novembre 2012 con l'uscita del triplo CD "30 e poi... Parte Prima". L'album è composto da 3 CD che racchiudono un totale di ben 70 sigle originali dei cartoni animati più famosi degli anni '80, '90 e 2000; la scaletta è impreziosita dalla presenza di tre sigle inedite (una risalente al '95, una al '99 e un'altra ancora al 2009) qui pubblicate per la prima volta in assoluto e di una ora disponibile per la prima volta su CD, da una reinterpretazione di Cristina del classico natalizio "O Holy Night", da un megamix dei suoi storici successi anni '80 e infine da una cover del brano "L'anno che verrà" di Lucio Dalla, con la quale l'artista vuole rendere omaggio al cantautore suo concittadino. Il progetto "30 e poi..." prosegue quindi nel 2013 con una serie di iniziative a tema e si concluderà nell'autunno dello stesso anno con l'uscita di "30 e poi... Parte Seconda".

Any theories?

Firoz's true form

 

Imagen capturada en la plaza del Pilar y centrada en el "Altar de los Caídos" instalado de forma efímera ante la fachada sur de la basílica del Pilar, con motivo de los actos organizados en el tercer aniversario de la fundación del partido político Falange Española en el Teatro de la Comedia de Madrid (29 de octubre de 1933).

Tras una misas matutinas en homenaje a los falangistas muertos, por este espacio procesionaron los falangistas locales acompañados por varios miles llegados de Logroño. Este fue un destacado acto de reafirmación de la "Patria tan escarnecida por el marxismo y tan defendida con tesón por estos hombres de las flechas y la camisa azul", celebrado en la Zaragoza levantada en armas contra la democracia a mediados de julio de ese año.

El exento conjunto simbólico de la imagen fue instalado en el centro de la soleada fachada sur del templo del Pilar, entre las dos zonas ajardinadas y arboladas que entonces definían el espacio de la recoleta plaza homónima, confrontando directamente con el desemboque de la calle de Alfonso I. Presiden un enorme yugo y flechas como símbolos del partido político Falange Española, y la leyenda "Presente" como muestra del recuerdo al "Ausente" José Antonio Primo de Rivera..

En la década siguiente esta fachada sur sería objeto de una monumental reforma proyectada por Teodoro Ríos Balaguer que incluiría una imagen de la Virgen del Pilar en este mismo emplazamiento.

 

Fuente visual: "Aragón: revista gráfica de cultura aragonesa" (1936).

 

Proyecto GAZA ("Gran Archivo Zaragoza Antigua"),

es un compendio de imágenes de la antigua Zaragoza (España), acompañadas de textos creados por José María Ballestín Miguel

y la colaboración de Antonio Tausiet.

adioszaragoza.blogspot.com

second rounded form; smoked céramic

antroji apvalaina forma

 

céramique enfumée, env. 20x25cm

 

mon blog inspirations -- įkvėpimai

 

Saumur (Maine-et-Loire)

 

Le château des ducs d'Anjou

 

Dominant la ville, le château de tuffeau forme un quadrilatère avec une tour à chaque angle; il succède à plusieurs édifices, dont une forteresse construite par Louis IX (Saint-Louis) vers 1230.

  

Le château actuel fut édifié à partir de 1360 par Louis Ier, frère de Charles V (il était le deuxième fils du roi de France Jean le Bon), comte puis duc d'Anjou.

 

Le duc d'Anjou voulut avant tout édifier une demeure de plaisance, demeure que l'on voit sur la miniature des Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry (Jean de Berry était le troisème fils de Jean le Bon, donc frère de Louis d'Anjou).

 

Louis d'Anjou fit élever des tours polygonales sur la base des tours circulaires précédentes.

 

Le roi René d'Anjou (petit-fils de Louis Ier d'Anjou), fit faire des modifications pour améliorer le confort du château, entre 1454 et 1472. Il nommera le château "le château d'amour".

 

Duplessis-Mornay, qui habita le château de 1596 à 1621, fit édifier par l'italien Bartolomeo les défenses extérieures qui annoncent la forme en étoile des fortifications de Vauban. L'ensemble forme un quadrilatère dont l'angle nord-est est occupé par le château.

 

Sous Louis XIV, l'édifice est utilisé comme prison. Il sera transformé en prison d'État sous l'Empire.

 

Au XIXe siècle, le château est occupé par l'armée. Au début du XXe siècle, il est racheté par la ville, dans un état alarmant. La municipalité confiera la restauration du château à l'architecte Lucien Magne. Des musées y sont installés en 1912.

 

Le 22 avril 2001, la partie ouest du rempart nord s'est effondrée. Le chantier de reconstruction du rempart s'est achevé en 2007.

  

L'entrée dans la cour se fait par un petit châtelet flanqué de deux échauguettes. L'aile nord-ouest, qui a disparu au XVIIIe siècle, a été remplacée par une terrasse qui domine la ville. Dans les soubassements de l'aile sud-est, subsistent les cachots utilisés sous l'Ancien Régime où furent enfermés le marquis de Sade en 1768, et l'amiral de Kerguelen, l'explorateur des mers australes, de 1774 à 1778. Une salle souterraine, creusée sous la cour, est l'ancienne salle basse du donjon du XIIe siècle.

 

saumur-jadis.pagesperso-orange.fr/lieux/chateau.htm

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 8, Nos. 1-4, 1914

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1914

Language: eng

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The application of psychiatry to certain military problems, by W. A.

White, M. D 1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Schistosomiasis on the Yangtze River, with report of cases, by R. H.

Laning, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 16</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A brief discussion of matters pertaining to health and sanitation,

observed on the summer practice cruise of 1913 for midshipmen of the third

class, by J. L. Neilson, surgeon, United States Navy 36</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Technique of neosalvarsan administration, and a brief outline of the

treatment for syphilis used at the United States Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Va., by

W. Chambers, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 45</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some notes on the disposal of wastes, by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States

Navy 47</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical department on expeditionary duty, by R. E. Hoyt, surgeon, United

States Navy 51</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new brigade medical outfit, by T. W. Richards, surgeon, United States

Navy 62</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early diagnosis of cerebrospinal meningitis; report of 10 cases, by G.

F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 65</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comments on mistakes made with the Nomenclature, 1913, Abstract of patients

(Form F), and the Statistical report (Form K), by C. E. Alexander, pharmacist,

United States Navy 70</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Classification of the United States Navy Nomenclature, 1913, by C. E. Alexander,

pharmacist, United States Navy 75</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On the methods employed for the detection and determination of

disturbances in the sense of equilibrium of flyers. Translated by H. G. Beyer,

medical director, United States Navy, retired 87</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 107</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 107</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A portable air sampling apparatus for use aboard ship, by E. W. Brown, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 109</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new design for a sanitary pail 111</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of paresis, with apparent remission, following neosalvarsan, by R.

F. Sheehan, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 113</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from Guam, by E. O. J. Eytinge, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 116</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Stab wound of ascending colon; suture; recovery, by H. C. Curl,

surgeon, United States Navy 123</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perforation of a duodenal ulcer, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United

States Navy 124</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of bone surgery, by R. Spear, surgeon, United States Navy 125</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Brig. Gen. George II. Torney, Surgeon General United States Army 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical ethics in the Navy 127</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical officers in civil practice 128</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Some anatomic and physiologic principles concerning

pyloric ulcer. By H. C. Curl. Low-priced clinical thermometers; a warning. By.

L. W. Johnson. The value of X-ray examinations in the</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">diagnosis of ulcer of the stomach and duodenum. The primary cause of

rheumatoid arthritis. Strychnine in heart failure. On the treatment of

leukaemia with benzol. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow 131</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Surgical aspects of furuncles and carbuncles. Iodine

idiosyncrasy. By L. W. Johnson. Rectus transplantation for deficiency of

internal oblique muscle in certain cases of inguinal hernia. The technic of

nephro- pyelo- and ureterolithotomy. Recurrence of inguinal hernia. By H. C.

Curl and R. A. Warner 138</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Ozone: Its bactericidal, physiologic and

deodorizing action. The alleged purification of air by the ozone machine. By E.

W. Brown. The prevention of dental caries. Gun-running operations in the

Persian Gulf in 1909 and 1910. The croton bug (Ectobia germanica) as a factor

in bacterial dissemination. Fumigation of vessels for the destruction of rats.

Improved moist chamber for mosquito breeding. The necessity for international

reforms in the sanitation of crew spaces on</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">merchant vessels. By C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 143</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —The transmissibility of the lepra bacillus by the

bite of the bedbug. By L. W. Johnson. A note on a case of loa loa. Cases of

syphilitic pyrexia simulating tropical fevers. Verruga peruviana, oroya fever

and uta. Ankylostomiasis in Nyasaland. Experimental entamoebic dysentery. By E.

R. Stitt ... 148</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The relation of the spleen

to the blood destruction and regeneration and to hemolytic jaundice: 6, The

blood picture at various periods after splenectomy. The presence of tubercle

bacilli in the feces. By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark 157</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Detection of bile pigments in urine. Value of the

guaiacum test for bloodstains. New reagent for the detection of traces of

blood. Estimation of urea. Estimation of uric acid in urine. By E. W. Brown and

O. G. Ruge 158</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Probable deleterious effect of salvarsan

on the eye. Effect of salvarsan on the eye. Fate of patients with

parenchymatous keratitis due to hereditary lues. Trachoma, prevalence of, in

the United States. The exploratory needle puncture of the maxillary antrum in

100 tuberculous individuals. Auterobic organisms associated with acute

rhinitis. Toxicity of human tonsils. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 160</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous. —Yearbook of the medical association of

Frankfurt-am-Main. By R. C. Ransdell 163</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on the Clinical Congress of Surgeons. By G. F. Cottle, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 167</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of the fourteenth annual meeting of the American Roentgen Ray Society,

by J. R. Phelps, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy. 171</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid perforation; five operations with three recoveries, by G. G.

Holladay, assistant surgeon, Medic al Reserve Corps, United States Navy 238</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A satisfactory method for easily obtaining material from syphilitic

lesions, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United States Navy 242</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An epidemic of measles and mumps in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon,

United States Navy 243</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The feeble-minded from a military standpoint, by A. R. Schier, acting assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 247</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Towne-Lambert elimination treatment of drug addictions, by W. M. Kerr,

passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 258</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical experiences in the Amazonian Tropics, by C. C. Ammerman, assistant

surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 270</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 281</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthologieal collection 281</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An easy method for obtaining blood cultures and for preparing blood

agar, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, and G. F. Clark, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 283</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Humidity regulating device on a modern battleship, by R. C. Ransdell, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 284</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lateral sinus thrombosis, report of case, by G. F. Cottle, passed

assistant surgeon. United States Navy 287</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Twenty-two cases of poisoning by the seeds of Jatropha curcai, by J. A.

Randall, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 290</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Shellac bolus in the stomach in fatal case of poisoning by weed

alcohol, by H. F. Hull and O. J. Mink, passed assistant surgeons, United States

Navy 291</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of pneumonia complicated by gangrenous endocarditis, by G. B. Crow,

passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 292</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —On progressive paralysis in the imperial navy during

the years 1901-1911. By H. G. Beyer. An etiological study of Hodgkin's disease.

The etiology and vaccine treatment of Hodgkin's dis</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">ease. Coryncbacterium hodgkini in lymphatic leukemia and Hodgkin's disease.

Autointoxication and subinfection. Studies of syphilis. The treatment of the

pneumonias. Whooping cough: Etiolcgy, diagnosis, and vaccine treatment. A new

and logical treatment for alcoholism. Intraspinous injection of salvarsanized

serum in the treatment of syphilis of the nervous system, including tabes and

paresis. On the infective nature of certain cases of splenomegaly and Banti's

disease. The etiology and vaccine treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Cultural

results in Hodgkin's disease. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow 295</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery- Interesting cases of gunshot injury treated at Hankow during

the revolution of 1911 and 1912 in China. The fool's paradise stage in

appendicitis. By L. W. Johnson. The present status of bismuth paste treatment

of suppurative sinuses and empyema. The inguinal route operation for femoral

hernia; with supplementary note on Cooper's ligament. By R. Spear and R. A.

Warner 307</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — A contribution to the chemistry of

ventilation. The use of ozone in ventilation. By E. \V. Brown. Pulmonary

tuberculosis in the royal navy, with special reference to its detection and

prevention. An investigation into the keeping properties of condensed milks at

the temperature of tropical climates. By C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 313</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Seven days fever of the Indian ports. By L. W.

Johnson. Intestinal schistosomiasis in the Sudan. Disease carriers in our army

in India. Origin and present status of the emetin treatment of amebic

dysentery. The culture of leishmania from the finger blood of a case of Indian

kala-azar. By E. R. Stitt 315</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —The isolation of

typhoid bacilli from feces by means of brilliant green in fluid medium. By C.

N. Fiske. An efficient and convenient stain for use in the eeneral examination

of blood films. By 0. B. Crow. A contribution to the epidemiology of

poliomyelitis. A contribution to the pathology of epidemic poliomyelitis. A

note on the etiology of epidemic<span> 

</span>oliomyelitis. Transmutations within the streptococcus-pneumococcus

group. The etiology of acute rheumatism, articular and muscular. By A. B.

Clifford and G. F. Clark 320</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.— Centrifugal method for estimating albumin in

urine. Detection of albumin in urine. New indican reaction A report on the

chemistry, technology, and pharmacology of and the legislation pertaining to

methyl alcohol. By E. W. Brown and O. O. Ruge. . 325</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —The use of local anesthesia in

exenteration of the orbit. Salvarsan in<span> 

</span>ophthalmic practice. The effect of salvarsan on the eye. Total blindness

from the toxic action of wood alcohol, with recovery of vision under negative

galvanism. Furunculosis of the external auditory canal; the use of alcohol as a

valuable aid in treatment. Local treatment of Vincent's angina with salvarsan.

Perforated ear drum may be responsible for sudden death in water. The indications

for operating in acute mastoiditis. Turbinotomy. Why is nasal catarrh so

prevalent in the United States? By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible 330</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous. — The organization and work of the hospital ship Re d’

Italia. ByG. B. Trible 333</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Correspondence concerning the article "Some aspects of the

prophylaxis of typhoid fever by injection of killed cultures," by Surg. C.

S. Butler, United States Navy, which appeared in the Bulletin, October, 1913

339</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malaria on the U. S. S. Tacoma from February, 1913, to February, 1914.

by I. S. K. Reeves, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 344</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports for 1913 345</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Economy and waste in naval hospitals, by E. M. Shipp, surgeon, and P.

J. Waldner, chief pharmacist, United States Navy 357</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The new method of physical training in the United States Navy, by J. A.

Murphy, surgeon, United States Navy 368</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A study of the etiology of gangosa in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger,

surgeon, United States Navy 381</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unreliability of Wassermann tests using unheated serum, by E. R. Stitt,

medical inspector, and G. F. Clark, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 410</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory note on antigens, by G. F. Clark, pasted assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 411</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Prevention of mouth infection, by Joseph Head, M. D., D. D. S 411</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Medical Department at general quarters and preparations for battle,

by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States Navy 421</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A bacteriological index for dirt in milk, by J. J. Kinyoun, assistant

surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 435</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Brief description of proposed plan of a fleet hospital ship, based upon

the type auxiliary hull, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 442</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The diagnostic value of the cutaneous tuberculin test in recruiting, by

E. M. Brown, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy, retired 448</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 453</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A sanitary mess table for hospitals, by F. M. Bogan, surgeon, United

States Navy 455</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A suggested improvement of the Navy scuttle butt, by E. M. Blackwell,

surgeon, United States Navy 455</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malaria cured by neosalvarsan, by F. M. Bogan, surgeon, United States

Navy 457</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of rupture of the bladder with fracture of the pelvis, by H. F.

Strine, surgeon, and M. E. Higgins, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy. 458</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical observations on the use of succinimid of mercury, by T. W.

Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 459</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Points in the post-mortem ligation of the lingual artery, by O. J.

Mink, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 462</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on the wounded at Vera Cruz, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, and M. E.

Higgins, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 464</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the Naval Hospital, Portsmouth, N. H., by F. M.

Bogan, surgeon, United States Navy 469</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The mouth in the etiology and symptomatology of

general systemic disturbances. Statistique m£dicale de la marine, 1909. By L.

W. Johnson. Antityphoid inoculation. Vaccines from the standpoint of the

physician. The treatment of sciatica. Chronic gastric ulcer and its relation to

gastric carcinoma. The nonprotein nitrogenous constituents of the blood in

chronic vascular nephritis<span> 

</span>(arteriosclero-iis) as influenced by the level of protein metabolism.

The influence of diet on hepatic necrosis and toxicity of chloroform. The

rational treatment of tetanus. The comparative value of cardiac remedies. By A.

W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Psychiatry. —Abderhalden's method. Precis de psychiatric Constitutional

immorality. Nine years' experience with manic-depressive insanity. The pupil

and its reflexes in insanity. By R. F. Sheehan.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —On the occurrence of traumatic dislocations (luxationen) in

the Imperial German Navy during the last 20 years. By H. G. Beyer. The wounding

effects of the Turkish sharp-pointed bullet. By T. W. Richards. Intestinal

obstruction: formation and absorption of toxin. By G. B. Crow </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Relation of oysters to the transmission of

infectious diseases. The proper diet in the Tropics, with some pertinent remarks

on the use of alcohol. By E. W. Brown. Report of committee</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">upon period of isolation and exclusion from school in cases of

communicable disease. Resultats d'une enquete relative a la morbidity venerienne

dans la division navale d'Extreme-Orient et aux moyens susceptibles de la

restreindre. Ship's hygiene in the middle of the seventeenth century- Progress in

ship's hygiene during the nineteenth century. The origin of some of the

streptococci found in milk. On the further perfecting of mosquito spraying. By

C. N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Le transport, colloidal de medicaments dans le cholera.

By T. W. Richards. Cholera in the Turkish Army. A supposed case of yellow fever

in Jamaica. By L. W. Johnson. Note on a new geographic locality for balantidiosis.

Brief note on Toxoplasma pyroqenes. Note on certain protozoalike bodies in a

case of protracted fever with splenomegaly. The emetine and other treatment of

amebic dysentery and hepatitis, including liver abscess. A study of epidemic dysentery

in the Fiji Islands. By E. R. Stitt</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — The best method of staining

Treponema pallidum. By C. N. Fiske. Bacteriological methods of meat analysis.

By R. C. Ransdell. Primary tissue lesions in the heart produced by Spirochete

pallida. Ten tests by which a physician may determine when p patient is cured

of gonorrhea. Diagnostic value of percutaneous tuberculin test (Moro). Some

causes of failure of vaccine therapy. A method of increasing the accuracy and

delicacy of the Wassermann reaction: By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Quantitative test of pancreatic function. A comparison

of various preservatives of urine. A clinical method for the rapid estimation

of the quantity of dextrose in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Intraocular pressure. Strauma as an

important factor in diseases of the eye. Carbonic cauterization "in the

treatment of granular ophthalmia. Ocular and other complications of syphilis treated

by salvarsan. Some notes on hay fever. A radiographic study of the mastoid. Ear

complications during typhoid fever. Su di un caso di piccola sanguisuga

cavallina nel bronco destro e su 7 casi di grosse sanguisughe cavalline in

laringe in trachea e rino-faringe. By E. J. Grow and G. B. Trible</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American medico-psychological association, by R. F. Sheehan, passed assistant

surgeon, United States Navy 517</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of 11 cases of asphyxiation from coal gas, by L. C. Whiteside,

passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 522</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extracts from annual sanitary reports for 1913 — United States Naval

Academy, Annapolis, Md., by A. M. D. McCormick, medical director, United States

Navy 523</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Arkansas, by W. B. Grove, surgeon, United States Navy 524 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Marine barracks, Camp Elliott, Canal Zone, Panama, by B. H. Dorsey, passed

assistant surgeon, United States Navy 525</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Cincinnati, by J. B. Mears, passed assistant surgeon. United States

Navy 526</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Florida, by M. S. Elliott, surgeon, United States Navy 527</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval training station, Great Lakes, Ill., by J. S. Taylor, surgeon, United

States Navy 527</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval station, Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United States Navy

528</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo., by G. H. Barber, medical inspector, United

States Navy 532</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Nebraska, by E. H. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 533</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. North Dakota, by J. C. Pryor, surgeon, United States Navy. .

534</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy yard, Olongapo, P. L, by J. S. Woodward, passed assistant surgeon,

United States Navy 536</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. San Francisco, by T. W. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 537</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Saratoga, by H. R. Hermesch, assistant surgeon, United States Navy

538</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. Scorpion, by E. P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon, United States

Navy 538</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. S. West Virginia, by O. J. Mink, passed assistant surgeon, United

States Navy 539</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface V</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some prevailing ideas regarding the treatment of tuberculosis, by

Passed Asst. Surg. G. B. Crow 541</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Training School for the Hospital Corps of the Navy, by Surg. F. E. McCullough

and Passed Asst. Surg. J. B. Kaufman 555</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Khaki dye for white uniforms, by Passed Asst. Surg. W. E. Eaton 561</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some facts and some fancies regarding the unity of yaws and syphilis,

by Surg. C. S. Butler 561</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Quinine prophylaxis of malaria, by Passed Asst. Surg. L. W. McGuire 571</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The nervous system and naval warfare, translated by Surg. T. W.

Richards. 576</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Measles, by Surg. G. F. Freeman 586</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Smallpox and vaccination, by Passed Asst. Surg. T. W. Raison 589</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rabies; methods of diagnosis and immunization, by Passed Asst. Surg. F.

X. Koltes 597</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphilis aboard ship, by Passed Asst. Surg. G. F. Cottle 605</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Systematic recording and treatment of syphilis, by Surg. A. M.

Fauntleroy and Passed Asst. Surg. E. H. H. Old 620</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization and station bills of the U. S. naval hospital ship Solace,

by Surg. W. M. Garton 624</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 647</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Succinimid of mercury in pyorrhea alveolaris, by Acting Asst. Dental Surg.

P. G. White 649</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of pityriasis rosea, by Surg. R. E. Ledbetter 651</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Emetin in the treatment of amebic abscess of the liver, by Surg. H. F. Strine

and Passed Asst. Surg. L. Sheldon, jr 653 </p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in a case of amebic dysentery, by Passed Asst. Surg. O. J.

Mink. . 653</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laceration of the subclavian artery and complete severing of brachial plexus,

by Surg. H. C. Curl and Passed Asst. Surg. C. B. Camerer 654</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malarial infection complicating splenectomy, by Surg. H. F. Strine 655</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of gastric hemorrhage; operative interference impossible, by

Passed Arst. Surg. G. E. Robertson 656</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operation for strangulated hernia, by Passed Asst. Surg. W. S. Pugh 657</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of bronchiectasis with hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy,

by Passed Asst. Surg. L. C. Whiteside 658</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Systematic recording and treatment of syphilis 665</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences: <span> </span></p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —A note of three cases of enteric fever inoculated

during the incubation period. By T. W. Richards. The modern treatment of

chancroids. The treatment of burns. By W. E. Eaton. Experiments on the curative

value of the intraspinal administration of tetanus antitoxin. Hexamethylenamin.

<span> </span>Hexamethylenamin as an internal

antiseptic in other fluids of the body than urine. Lumbar puncture as a special

procedure for controlling headache in the course of infectious diseases.

Cardiospasm. Acromion auscultation; a new and delicate test in the early

diagnosis of incipient pulmonary tuberculosis.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diabetes mellitus and its differentiation from alimentary glycosuria.

The complement fixation test in typhoid fever; its comparison with the

agglutination test and blood culture method. By C. B. Crow.. 671</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —A voice sign in chorea. By G. B. Crow.

Wassermann reaction and its application to neurology. Epilepsy: a theory of

causation founded upon the clinical manifestations and the therapeutic and

pathological data. Salvarsanized serum (Swift-Ellis treatment) in syphilitic diseases

of the central nervous system. Mental manifestations in tumors of the brain.

Some of the broader issues of the psycho-analytic n movement. Mental disease

and defect in United States troops. By R. Sheehan 6S1</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Infiltration anesthesia. War surgery. Tenoplasty; tendon transplantation;

tendon substitution; neuroplasty. Carcinoma of the male breast. Visceral

pleureotomy for chronic empyema. By A. M. Fauntleroy and E. H. H. Old 6S8</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — Further experiences with the Berkefold filter

in the purifying of lead-contaminated water. By T. W. Richards. Experiments in

the destruction of fly larvae in horse manure. By A. B. Clifford. Investigation

relative to the life cycle, brooding, and tome practical moans of reducing the

multiplication of flies in camp. By W. E. Eaton, Humidity and heat stroke;

further observations on an<span>  </span>analysis of

50 cases. By C. N. Fiske 693</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The treatment of aneylostoma anemia. Latent dysentery

or dysentery carriers. Naphthalone for the destruction of mosquitoes. Emetin in

amebic dysentery. By E. R. Stitt 704</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Meningitis by

injection of pyogenic microbes in the peripheral nerves. The growth of pathogenic

intestinal bacteria in bread. Present status of the complement fixation test in

the diagnosis of gonorrheal infections. Practical application of the luetin

test. By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark 707</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — Misting of eyeglasses. By E. L. Sleeth.

The treatment of ocular syphilis by salvarsan and neo salvarsan. The moving

picture and the eye. Treatment of various forms of ocular syphilis with

salvarsan. Rapid, painless, and bloodless method for removing the inferior

turbinate. Hemorrhage from the superior petrosal sinus. The frequency of

laryngeal tuberculosis in Massachusetts.</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Intrinsic cancer of larynx. Treatment of hematoma of the auricle. By E.

J. Grow and G. B. Trible 709</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Care of wounded at Mazatlan and at Villa Union, by Medical Inspector S.

G. Evans 713</p>

 

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medico-military reports of the occupation of Vera Cruz 715</p>

 

If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.

 

Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.

 

Read/Download from the Internet Archive

 

See all images from this book

See all MHL images published in the same year

A visit to the National Trust property that is Penrhyn Castle

 

Penrhyn Castle is a country house in Llandygai, Bangor, Gwynedd, North Wales, in the form of a Norman castle. It was originally a medieval fortified manor house, founded by Ednyfed Fychan. In 1438, Ioan ap Gruffudd was granted a licence to crenellate and he founded the stone castle and added a tower house. Samuel Wyatt reconstructed the property in the 1780s.

 

The present building was created between about 1822 and 1837 to designs by Thomas Hopper, who expanded and transformed the building beyond recognition. However a spiral staircase from the original property can still be seen, and a vaulted basement and other masonry were incorporated into the new structure. Hopper's client was George Hay Dawkins-Pennant, who had inherited the Penrhyn estate on the death of his second cousin, Richard Pennant, who had made his fortune from slavery in Jamaica and local slate quarries. The eldest of George's two daughters, Juliana, married Grenadier Guard, Edward Gordon Douglas, who, on inheriting the estate on George's death in 1845, adopted the hyphenated surname of Douglas-Pennant. The cost of the construction of this vast 'castle' is disputed, and very difficult to work out accurately, as much of the timber came from the family's own forestry, and much of the labour was acquired from within their own workforce at the slate quarry. It cost the Pennant family an estimated £150,000. This is the current equivalent to about £49,500,000.

 

Penrhyn is one of the most admired of the numerous mock castles built in the United Kingdom in the 19th century; Christopher Hussey called it, "the outstanding instance of Norman revival." The castle is a picturesque composition that stretches over 600 feet from a tall donjon containing family rooms, through the main block built around the earlier house, to the service wing and the stables.

 

It is built in a sombre style which allows it to possess something of the medieval fortress air despite the ground-level drawing room windows. Hopper designed all the principal interiors in a rich but restrained Norman style, with much fine plasterwork and wood and stone carving. The castle also has some specially designed Norman-style furniture, including a one-ton slate bed made for Queen Victoria when she visited in 1859.

 

Hugh Napier Douglas-Pennant, 4th Lord Penrhyn, died in 1949, and the castle and estate passed to his niece, Lady Janet Pelham, who, on inheritance, adopted the surname of Douglas-Pennant. In 1951, the castle and 40,000 acres (160 km²) of land were accepted by the treasury in lieu of death duties from Lady Janet. It now belongs to the National Trust and is open to the public. The site received 109,395 visitors in 2017.

  

Grade I Listed Building

 

Penrhyn Castle

  

History

 

The present house, built in the form of a vast Norman castle, was constructed to the design of Thomas Hopper for George Hay Dawkins-Pennant between 1820 and 1837. It has been very little altered since.

 

The original house on the site was a medieval manor house of C14 origin, for which a licence to crenellate was given at an unknown date between 1410 and 1431. This house survived until c1782 when it was remodelled in castellated Gothick style, replete with yellow mathematical tiles, by Samuel Wyatt for Richard Pennant. This house, the great hall of which is incorporated in the present drawing room, was remodelled in c1800, but the vast profits from the Penrhyn slate quarries enabled all the rest to be completely swept away by Hopper's vast neo-Norman fantasy, sited and built so that it could be seen not only from the quarries, but most parts of the surrounding estate, thereby emphasizing the local dominance of the Dawkins-Pennant family. The total cost is unknown but it cannot have been less than the £123,000 claimed by Catherine Sinclair in 1839.

 

Since 1951 the house has belonged to the National Trust, together with over 40,000 acres of the family estates around Ysbyty Ifan and the Ogwen valley.

 

Exterior

 

Country house built in the style of a vast Norman castle with other later medieval influences, so huge (its 70 roofs cover an area of over an acre (0.4ha)) that it almost defies meaningful description. The main components of the house, which is built on a north-south axis with the main elevations to east and west, are the 124ft (37.8m) high keep, based on Castle Hedingham (Essex) containing the family quarters on the south, the central range, protected by a 'barbican' terrace on the east, housing the state apartments, and the rectangular-shaped staff/service buildings and stables to the north. The whole is constructed of local rubblestone with internal brick lining, but all elevations are faced in tooled Anglesey limestone ashlar of the finest quality jointing; flat lead roofs concealed by castellated parapets. Close to, the extreme length of the building (it is about 200 yards (182.88m) long) and the fact that the ground slopes away on all sides mean that almost no complete elevation can be seen. That the most frequent views of the exterior are oblique also offered Hopper the opportunity to deploy his towers for picturesque effect, the relationship between the keep and the other towers and turrets frequently obscuring the distances between them. Another significant external feature of the castle is that it actually looks defensible making it secure at least from Pugin's famous slur of 1841 on contemporary "castles" - "Who would hammer against nailed portals, when he could kick his way through the greenhouse?" Certainly, this could never be achieved at Penrhyn and it looks every inch the impregnable fortress both architect and patron intended it to be.

 

East elevation: to the left is the loosely attached 4-storey keep on battered plinth with 4 tiers of deeply splayed Norman windows, 2 to each face, with chevron decoration and nook-shafts, topped by 4 square corner turrets. The dining room (distinguished by the intersecting tracery above the windows) and breakfast room to the right of the entrance gallery are protected by the long sweep of the machicolated 'barbican' terrace (carriage forecourt), curved in front of the 2 rooms and then running northwards before returning at right-angles to the west to include the gatehouse, which formed the original main entrance to the castle, and ending in a tall rectangular tower with machicolated parapet. To the right of the gatehouse are the recessed buildings of the kitchen court and to the right again the long, largely unbroken outer wall of the stable court, terminated by the square footmen's tower to the left and the rather more exuberant projecting circular dung tower with its spectacularly cantilevered bartizan on the right. From here the wall runs at right-angles to the west incorporating the impressive gatehouse to the stable court.

 

West elevation: beginning at the left is the hexagonal smithy tower, followed by the long run of the stable court, well provided with windows on this side as the stables lie directly behind. At the end of this the wall turns at right-angles to the west, incorporating the narrow circular-turreted gatehouse to the outer court and terminating in the machicolated circular ice tower. From here the wall runs again at a lower height enclosing the remainder of the outer court. It is, of course, the state apartments which make up the chief architectural display on the central part of this elevation, beginning with a strongly articulated but essentially rectangular tower to the left, while both the drawing room and the library have Norman windows leading directly onto the lawns, the latter terminating in a slender machicolated circular corner tower. To the right is the keep, considerably set back on this side.

Interior

 

Only those parts of the castle generally accessible to visitors are recorded in this description. Although not described here much of the furniture and many of the paintings (including family portraits) are also original to the house. Similarly, it should be noted that in the interests of brevity and clarity, not all significant architectural features are itemised in the following description.

 

Entrance gallery: one of the last parts of the castle to be built, this narrow cloister-like passage was added to the main block to heighten the sensation of entering the vast Grand Hall, which is made only partly visible by the deliberate offsetting of the intervening doorways; bronze lamp standards with wolf-heads on stone bases. Grand Hall: entering the columned aisle of this huge space, the visitor stands at a cross-roads between the 3 principal areas of the castle's plan; to the left the passage leads up to the family's private apartments on the 4 floors of the keep, to the right the door at the end leads to the extensive service quarters while ahead lies the sequence of state rooms used for entertaining guests and displayed to the public ever since the castle was built. The hall itself resembles in form, style and scale the transept of a great Norman cathedral, the great clustered columns extending upwards to a "triforium" formed on 2 sides of extraordinary compound arches; stained glass with signs of the zodiac and months of the year as in a book of hours by Thomas Willement (completed 1835). Library: has very much the atmosphere of a gentlemen’s London club with walls, columned arches and ceilings covered in the most lavish ornamentation; superb architectural bookcases and panelled walls are of oak but the arches are plaster grained to match; ornamental bosses and other devices to the rich plaster ceiling refer to the ancestry of the Dawkins and Pennant families, as do the stained glass lunettes above the windows, possibly by David Evans of Shrewsbury; 4 chimneypieces of polished Anglesey "marble", one with a frieze of fantastical carved mummers in the capitals. Drawing room (great hall of the late C18 house and its medieval predecessor): again in a neo-Norman style but the decoration is lighter and the columns more slender, the spirit of the room reflected in the 2000 delicate Maltese gilt crosses to the vaulted ceiling. Ebony room: so called on account of its furniture and "ebonised" chimneypiece and plasterwork, has at its entrance a spiral staircase from the medieval house. Grand Staircase hall: in many ways the greatest architectural achievement at Penrhyn, taking 10 years to complete, the carving in 2 contrasting stones of the highest quality; repeating abstract decorative motifs contrast with the infinitely inventive figurative carving in the newels and capitals; to the top the intricate plaster panels of the domed lantern are formed in exceptionally high relief and display both Norse and Celtic influences. Next to the grand stair is the secondary stair, itself a magnificent structure in grey sandstone with lantern, built immediately next to the grand stair so that family or guests should not meet staff on the same staircase. Reached from the columned aisle of the grand hall are the 2 remaining principal ground-floor rooms, the dining room and the breakfast room, among the last parts of the castle to be completed and clearly intended to be picture galleries as much as dining areas, the stencilled treatment of the walls in the dining room allowing both the provision of an appropriately elaborate "Norman" scheme and a large flat surface for the hanging of paintings; black marble fireplace carved by Richard Westmacott and extremely ornate ceiling with leaf bosses encircled by bands of figurative mouldings derived from the Romanesque church of Kilpeck, Herefordshire. Breakfast room has cambered beam ceiling with oak-grained finish.

 

Grand hall gallery: at the top of the grand staircase is vaulted and continues around the grand hall below to link with the passage to the keep, which at this level (as on the other floors) contains a suite of rooms comprising a sitting room, dressing room, bedroom and small ante-chamber, the room containing the famous slate bed also with a red Mona marble chimneypiece, one of the most spectacular in the castle. Returning to the grand hall gallery and continuing straight on rather than returning to the grand staircase the Lower India room is reached to the right: this contains an Anglesey limestone chimneypiece painted to match the ground colour of the room's Chinese wallpaper. Coming out of this room, the chapel corridor leads to the chapel gallery (used by the family) and the chapel proper below (used by staff), the latter with encaustic tiles probably reused from the old medieval chapel; stained and painted glass by David Evans (c1833).

 

The domestic quarters of the castle are reached along the passage from the breakfast room, which turns at right-angles to the right at the foot of the secondary staircase, the most important areas being the butler's pantry, steward's office, servants' hall, housekeeper's room, still room, housekeeper's store and housemaids' tower, while the kitchen (with its cast-iron range flanked by large and hygienic vertical slabs of Penrhyn slate) is housed on the lower ground floor. From this kitchen court, which also includes a coal store, oil vaults, brushing room, lamp room, pastry room, larder, scullery and laundry are reached the outer court with its soup kitchen, brewhouse and 2-storey ice tower and the much larger stables court which, along with the stables themselves containing their extensive slate-partitioned stalls and loose boxes, incorporates the coach house, covered ride, smithy tower, dung tower with gardeners' messroom above and footmen's tower.

 

Reasons for Listing

 

Included at Grade I as one of the most important large country houses in Wales; a superb example of the relatively short-lived Norman Revival of the early C19 and generally regarded as the masterpiece of its architect, Thomas Hopper.

  

Victorian Kitchens

 

Private stairs (I used flash here).

 

sign

This item forms part of the collection of Mrs. Moore, of Rusholme, Manchester. Ada was Mrs. Moore's mother.

 

Mrs. Moore's maternal great-grandfather born in Birmingham and eloped to Manchester in the 1870's with a girl fifteen years his junior, they married and he started a tailoring business in the Hulme/Moss Side area, (he eventually had three shops). Mrs. Moore's grandmother (1879) and mother (1899) were born in Manchester and lived all their lives in Hulme/Moss Side, Mrs. Moore's grandmother put to work in the shops hand-stitching button-holes on waistcoats. Mrs. Moore's paternal great great-grandfather was `in cotton' in Manchester. Her great great grandfather and grandfather were solicitors. Her father was a regular soldier and was killed in the First World War aged 39. Mrs. Moore and her daughter ran a florist's in Rusholme. Her husband was killed during the Second World War.

Spinning is an ancient textile art in which plant, animal or synthetic fibers are drawn out and twisted together to form yarn. For thousands of years, fiber was spun by hand using simple tools, the spindle and distaff. Only in the High Middle Ages did the spinning wheel increase the output of individual spinners, and mass-production only arose in the 18th century with the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. Hand-spinning remains a popular handicraft.

 

Characteristics of spun yarn vary according to the material used, fiber length and alignment, quantity of fiber used, and degree of twist.

 

HISTORY

HAND SPINNING

The origins of spinning fiber to make string or yarn are lost in time, but archaeological evidence in the form of representation of string skirts has been dated to the Upper Paleolithic era, some 20,000 years ago. In the most primitive type of spinning, tufts of animal hair or plant fiber are rolled down the thigh with the hand, and additional tufts are added as needed until the desired length of spun fiber is achieved. Later, the fiber is fastened to a stone which is twirled round until the yarn is sufficiently twisted, whereupon it is wound upon the stone and the process repeated over and over.

 

The next method of spinning yarn is with the spindle, a straight stick eight to twelve inches long on which the yarn is wound after twisting. At first the stick had a cleft or split in the top in which the thread was fixed. Later, a hook of bone was added to the upper end. The bunch of wool or plant fibers is held in the left hand. With the right hand the fibers are drawn out several inches and the end fastened securely in the slit or hook on the top of the spindle. A whirling motion is given to the spindle on the thigh or any convenient part of the body. The twisted yarn is then wound on to the upper part of the spindle. Another bunch of fibers is drawn out, the spindle is given another twirl, the yarn is wound on the spindle, and so on.

 

The distaff was used for holding the bunch of wool, flax, or other fibers. It was a short stick, on one end of which was loosely wound the raw material. The other end of the distaff was held in the hand, under the arm or thrust in the girdle of the spinner. When held thus, one hand was left free for drawing out the fibers.

 

A spindle containing a quantity of yarn rotates more easily, steadily, and continues longer than an empty one; hence, the next improvement was the addition of a weight called a spindle whorl at the bottom of the spindle. These whorls are discs of wood, stone, clay, or metal with a hole in the center for the spindle, which keep the spindle steady and promote its rotation. Spindle whorls appeared in the Neolithic era. They allowed the spinner to slowly lower, or drop, the spindle as it was spinning, thus allowing a greater quantity of yarn to be created before it had to be wound onto the spindle; hence the name "drop spindle," which is now most commonly used for the hand spindle with whorl attached.

 

In mediæval times, poor families had such a need for yarn to make their own cloth and clothes that practically all girls and unmarried women would keep busy spinning, and "spinster" became synonymous with an unmarried woman. Subsequent improvements with spinning wheels and then mechanical methods made hand-spinning increasingly uneconomic, but as late as the twentieth century hand-spinning remained widespread in poor countries: in conscious rejection of international industrialization, Gandhi was a notable practitioner. The hand spinning movement that he initiated as a part of the Indian freedom struggle has made the handwoven cloth known as "Khadi" made from handspun cotton yarn world famous. Women spinners of cotton yarn still continue to work to produce handspun yarn for the weaving of Khadi in Ponduru, a village in South India.

 

A great wheel (also called a wool wheel, high wheel or walking wheel) is advantageous when using the long-draw technique to spin wool or cotton because the high ratio between the large wheel and the whorl (sheave) enables the spinner to turn the bobbin faster, thus significantly speeding up production.

 

A Saxony wheel (also called a flax wheel) or an upright wheel (also called a castle wheel), can be used to spin wool or cotton, but are invaluable when spinning flax (linen). The ends of flax fibers tend to stick out from the thread unless wetted while being spun. The spinner typically keeps a bowl of water handy when spinning flax, and on these types of wheels, both hands are free (since the wheel is turned with a treadle, rather than by hand), so the spinner can use one hand to draft the fibers and the other to wet them.

 

INDUSTRIAL SPINNING

Modern powered spinning, originally done by water or steam power but now done by electricity, is vastly faster than hand-spinning.

 

The spinning jenny, a multi-spool spinning wheel invented c. 1764 by James Hargreaves, dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn of high consistency, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once. At roughly the same time, Richard Arkwright and a team of craftsmen developed the spinning frame, which produced a stronger thread than the spinning jenny. Too large to be operated by hand, a spinning frame powered by a waterwheel became the water frame.

 

In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined elements of the spinning jenny and water frame to create the spinning mule. This produced a stronger thread, and was suitable for mechanisation on a grand scale. A later development, from 1828/29, was Ring spinning.

 

In the 20th century, new techniques including Open End spinning or rotor spinning were invented to produce yarns at rates in excess of 40 meters per second.

 

CHARACTERISTICS OF SPUN YARNS

MATERIALS

Yarn can be, and is, spun from a wide variety of materials, including natural fibers such as animal, plant, and mineral fibers, and synthetic fibers. It was probably first made from plant fibers, but animal fibers soon followed.

 

TWIST AND PLY

The direction in which the yarn is spun is called twist. Yarns are characterized as S-twist or Z-twist according to the direction of spinning (see diagram). Tightness of twist is measured in TPI (twists per inch or turns per inch).

 

Two or more spun yarns may be twisted together or plied to form a thicker yarn. Generally, handspun single plies are spun with a Z-twist, and plying is done with an S-twist. This is a cultural preference differing in some areas but surprisingly common.

 

PLYING METHODS

Yarns can be made of two, three, four, or more plies, or may be used as singles without plying. Two-ply yarn can also be plied from both ends of one long strand of singles using a center-pull ball, where one end feeds from within a ball of yarn while the other end feeds from the outside. So-called "Andean" plying, in which the single is first wound around one hand in a specific manner that allows unwinding both ends at once without tangling, is another way to ply smaller amounts of yarn. The name comes from a method used by Andean spinners to manage and splice unevenly matched singles being plied from multiple spindles. "Navajo" (aka "chain-") plying is another method of producing a three-ply yarn, in which one strand of singles is looped around itself in a manner similar to crochet and the resulting three parallel strands twisted together. This method is often used to keep colors together on singles dyed in sequential colors. Cabled yarns are usually four-ply yarns made by plying two strands of two-ply yarn together in the direction opposite to the plying direction for the two-ply yarns.

 

CONTEMPORARY HAND SPINNING

Hand-spinning is still an important skill in many traditional societies. Hobby or small scale artisan spinners spin their own yarn to control specific yarn qualities and produce yarn that is not widely available commercially. Sometimes these yarns are made available to non-spinners online and in local yarn stores. Handspinners also may spin for self-sufficiency, a sense of accomplishment, or a sense of connection to history and the land. In addition, they may take up spinning for its meditative qualities.

 

Within the recent past, many new spinners have joined into this ancient process, innovating the craft and creating new techniques. From using new dyeing methods before spinning, to mixing in novelty elements (Christmas Garland, eccentric beads, money, etc.) that would not normally be found in traditional yarns, to creating and employing new techniques like coiling, this craft is constantly evolving and shifting.

 

To make various yarns, besides adding novelty elements, spinners can vary all the same things as in a machined yarn, i.e., the fiber, the preparation, the color, the spinning technique, the direction of the twist, etc. A common misconception is yarn spun from rolags may not be as strong, but the strength of a yarn is actually based on the length of hair fiber and the degree of twist. When working with shorter hairs, such as llama or angora rabbit, the spinner may choose to integrate longer fibers, such as mohair, to prevent yarn breakage. Yarns made of shorter fibers are also given more twist than yarns of longer fibers, and are generally spun with the short draw technique.

 

The fiber can be dyed at any time, but is often dyed before carding or after the yarn has been spun.

 

Wool may be spun before or after washing, although excessive amounts of lanolin may make spinning difficult, especially when using a drop-spindle. Careless washing may cause felting. When done prior to spinning, this often leads to unusable wool fiber. In washing wool the key thing to avoid is too much agitation and fast temperature changes from hot to cold. Generally, washing is done lock by lock in warm water with dish-soap.

 

EDUCATION

There are number of guilds and educational institutions which offer certificate programs in handspinning. The Handweavers Guild of America (HGA) offers a Certificate of Excellence in Handspinning. Olds College in Alberta, Canada, offers a Master Spinner program both on campus and by distance education. The Ontario Handweavers & Spinners offer both a Spinning Certificate as well as a Master Spinning Certificate. These programs feature in-depth examinations of handspinning topics, as well as extensive assignments and skill evaluations.

 

TECHNIQUES

A tightly spun wool yarn made from fiber with a long staple length in it is called worsted. It is hand spun from combed top, and the fibers all lie in the same direction as the yarn. A woolen yarn, in contrast, is hand spun from a rolag or other carded fiber (roving, batts), where the fibers are not as strictly aligned to the yarn created. The woolen yarn, thus, captures much more air, and makes for a softer and generally bulkier yarn. There are two main techniques to create these different yarns: short draw creates worsted yarns, and long draw creates woolen yarns. Often a spinner will spin using a combination of both techniques and thus make a semi-worsted yarn.

 

Short draw spinning is used to create worsted yarns. It is spun from combed roving, sliver or wool top. The spinner keeps his/her hands very close to each other. The fibers are held, fanned out, in one hand, and the other hand pulls a small number from the mass. The twist is kept between the second hand and the wheel. There is never any twist between the two hands.

 

Long draw is spun from a carded rolag. The rolag is spun without much stretching of the fibers from the cylindrical configuration. This is done by allowing twist into a short section of the rolag, and then pulling back, without letting the rolag change position in one's hands, until the yarn is the desired thickness. The twist will concentrate in the thinnest part of the roving; thus, when the yarn is pulled, the thicker sections with less twist will tend to thin out. Once the yarn is the desired thickness, enough twist is added to make the yarn strong. Then the yarn is wound onto the bobbin, and the process starts again.

 

SPINNING IN THE GREASE

Handspinners are split, when spinning wool, as to whether it is better to spin it 'in the grease' (with lanolin still in) or after it has been washed. More traditional spinners are more willing to spin in the grease, as it is less work to wash the wool after it is in yarn form. Spinners who spin very fine yarn may also prefer to spin in the grease as it can allow them to spin finer yarns with more ease. Spinning in the grease covers the spinner's hands in lanolin and, thus, softens the spinner's hands.

 

Spinning in the grease works best if the fleece is newly sheared. After several months, the lanolin becomes sticky, which makes the wool harder to spin using the short-draw technique, and almost impossible to spin using the long-draw technique. In general, spinners who use the long-draw technique do not spin in the grease.

 

Such spinners generally buy their fibers pre-washed and carded, in the form of roving, sliver, or batts. This means less work for the spinners, as they do not have to wash out the lanolin. Spinners then have available predyed fiber, or blends of fibers, which are hard to create when the wool is still in the grease. As machine carders cannot card wool in the grease, pre-carded yarn generally is not spun in the grease. Some spinners use spray-on lanolin-like products to get the same feel of spinning in the grease with carded fiber.

 

WIKIPEDIA

1976 - Walter J. Diethelm

South Africa.

Eastern Cape

Graaff-Reinet

 

Graaff-Reinet Museum or “Reinet House”

The museum houses a fine array of period furniture and kitchen utensils, doll collection, medical and dental collection, haberdashery and clothing collection, wagon and transport collection as well as a blacksmith collection.

www.graaffreinet.co.za/listing/reinet_house

 

This image is a B&W copy of the original painting by Alfred W. Dufty. This formed part of the generous colleague Graeme Andrews who has, over his lifetime, made an incredible collection of images of ships. It was Graeme's wish that his images be made availale to all.

 

This report has been prepared by Chris Borough, Graham Nicholson and Philip Pope

 

DETAILS

Name: Wauchope

Official Number: 121103

Type: Steamer – ketch rigged

Register 1: Sydney 30/1905

Register 2: Melbourne 1/1912

Builder: Denis Sullivan, Coopernook

Materials: North Coast Hardwood and Kauri (bulwarks)

Launch: Coopernook, Saturday 20th May 1905

Length: 127.5 ft.

Breadth: 25.5 ft.

Depth in Hold: 9.2 ft.

Tonnage: (n.b. 1 shipping ton = 100 cubic ft. or 2.83 cubic metres)

Gross: 269.12 tons

Nett or Register: 161.62 tons (457.38 cu. m.)

Engines: Two-cylinder Compounding Surface Condensing - Mort’s Dock and Engineering Co. Ltd.

Propeller: one

 

OWNERS

1905 – Sept 1905 - Nicholas Cain, Wauchope, NSW

Sept 1905 - June 1910 - N. Cain’s Coastal Co-operative Steamship Co. Ltd., Sydney

June 1910 – October 1911 Francis Henry Stephenson, King Island & Thomas Gunn of Launceston Tasmania (n.b. Thomas Gunn died in August 1910)

October 1911 – December 1911 William Thomas Traill Appleton of Melbourne (n.b. died in the Somme 1916)

December 1911 – August 1919 – King Island Steamers Ltd., Launceston (subsidiary of W. Holyman and Sons); W. Holyman and Sons operated as agents)

 

LAUNCH

Launch of a Steamer.

Mr, N. CAINS NEW STEAMER.

THE S.S. WAUCHOPE.

The launching of Mr. N. Cain's new boat for the Hastings River trade took place[on 20th May] at Coopernook in the presence of about 800 per sons, and was a most successful function.

As the vessel glided gracefully into the water with about 100 persons on board, Miss Priscilla Cain, daughter of the Owner, aged 10 years, broke a bottle of "Douglas Vale" wine over her bow, christening her the ''Wauchope." She is the sixth, boat built at Coopernook by Mr. D. Sullivan, and is said to reflect very much credit on the builder. Her dimensions are as follows :— 135 feet overall, 35 feet beam, and 9 feet 3 inches

moulded. The cabins are to accommodate 32 saloon passengers, whilst the steerage will carry 8. Her engines are to be fitted by the Mort's Dock Engineering Co., and her speed is expected to average 10 knots an hour whilst her carrying capacity will about 2000 bags maize. The Port Macquarie News and Hastings River Advocate (NSW : 1882 - 1950) - Sat 27 May 1905

 

TRIALS

THE STEAMER WAUCHOPE

For the Coastal Trade.

An excellent sped of 11-knotp was obtained by the new coastal steamer Wauchope on her official trial trip over the measured mile yesterday, and she will therefore rank as one of the smartest vessels in the northern river timber and produce trade.

The Wauchope was especially designed and built for the passenger and cargo trade between Sydney and Port Macquarie, and was described by the large number of guests who accompanied her on the trial as one of the best appointed steamers of her size ever built in Australian waters. A run was taken down the harbour, and the new vessel, gaily decorated with bunting, given her first taste of the deep sea by steaming out between the Heads. She made several trips over the mile and each time did better, as the engines became tuned up, finally accomplishing 11 knots, which was eminently satisfactory to builders, owners, and engineers alike.

The Wauchope has accommodation of the highest class for 32 first-class and five second-class passengers, comprising two and four berth cabins. A pretty little saloon is situated well aft, and nicely furnished and upholstered. The new steamer, too, has the advantage of electric light installed throughout, and is replete with all the most modern life-saving appliances. The Australian Star (Sydney, NSW : 1887 - 1909) - Fri 22 Sep 1905

 

1908 - WAUCHOPE AGROUND

PORT MACQUARIE, Tuesday.

The steamer Wauchope grounded entering to-day [7th April]. The passengers were taken off. There is no immediate danger. She is in shallow water, with a jobbly sea. Attempts will be made at midnight to float her.

The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954) - Wed 8 Apr 1908

PORT MACQUARIE, Thursday.

The steamer Wauchope, which went aground on the bar on Monday, was successfully floated this afternoon with the assistance of the pilot crew and the tug Undaunted. She was towed to the wharf.

The Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 - 1954) Fri 10 Apr 1908

 

1910 WAUCHOPE SOLD TO STEPHENSON AND GUNN – FOR TASMANIA

SALE OF A STEAMER.

-By Telegraph.)

SYDNEY. Monday.

The coastal steamer Wauchope has been sold to Messrs. Stephens [Stephenson] and Gunn for the Melbourne-Tasmania trade. Daily Mercury (Mackay, Qld. 1906 - 1954) - Tue 14 Jun 1910

 

The Wauchope was primarily trading between Burnie. Launceston and King Island. This was unfortunately a very short period under control of Stephenson and Gunn as the Tasmanian partner (Thomas Gunn) died on 15th August 1910.

 

1911 WAUCHOPE SOLD TO KING ISLAND STEAMERS LTD.

After a brief ownership by William Appleton, the Wauchope was sold to King Island Steamers Ltd. (A company owned by W. Holyman and Sons, Launceston).

 

KING ISLAND SERVICE.

LAUNCESTON, Saturday. — The steamers Yambacoona and Wauchope lave been taken over by a company known as the King Island Steamers Limited, and the vessels will run between King Island and Launceston via Burnie. Messrs. W. Holyman and Sons will be the managing agents.

The Wauchope will take the first trip under the new running on Thursday. When

the Yambacoona returns to Launceston from King Island she will be laid up for a short while until final arrangements are completed, and the Wauchope will maintain the service in the meantime. The North Western Advocate and the Emu Bay Times (Tas. : 1899 - 1919) Mon 9 Oct 1911

 

1914 CLOSE CALL FOR WAUCHOPE AT CURRIE

WAUCHOPE'S NARROW ESCAPE - A STARTLING DISCOVERY.

One of the narrowest escapes from marine disasters recorded within recent years in relation to Tasmanian shipping, must be accredited to Messrs. Holyman and Sons' steamer Wauchope, which is now on the slip to undergo repairs necessitated by her recent mishap at Currie Harbour, (King Island). The discovery of how close was the call to the Wauchope and those aboard was only, made when the vessel was slipped.

"It was while we were in the fair way that the accident happened," was the story told an "Examiner" representative, "and at night the vessel swung on to the beach, where she stayed until Monday, at 5 a.m. She must have struck the bottom of the channel with considerable force, judging by the amount of water shipped. At the rising of the tide we got her off, and after coming alongside the wharf she was relieved of the water and all her cargo. We left Currie on Monday Morning, and as the Wauchope was leaking badly, pumping operations were not suspended during the entire voyage, the pumps being manned by 'every mother's son on board.' We arrived here on Tuesday, and put her on the mud bank alongside the dock. It was then discovered that a piece of rock bigger than a man's hand had forced itself into the keel, keeping the water out of the hole it had made. Had the piece of rock, which was kept in place by the pressure of the water, fallen out, the pumps would never have saved us, and it is extremely probable that the vessel would have gone to the bottom. Three or four planks were damaged considerably, and the necessary work will entail a stay of two or three days in dock.' Such was a sailor's thrilling narrative of an occurrence which might have easily eventuated far more seriously to all concerned.

Examiner (Launceston, Tas. : 1900 - 1954) Sat 17 Oct 1914

 

STRIKE IN VICTORIA RESULTS IN CREW OF WAUCHOPE QUITTING

POSITION in VICTORIA - MORE MEN STRIKE, OTHERS RESUME.

MELBOURNE, September 3.

There were a few minor extensions of the strike in Victoria to-day, owing to the refusal of the union of Storemen and Carters to handle "black"' goods and merchandise, which were to be placed on a steamer by loyalists.

The crew of the King Island trading steamer, Wauchope, resigned to-day

The Mercury (Hobart, Tas. : 1860 - 1954) Tue 4 Sep 1917

 

A STRIKE LEVY - WAUCHOPE'S CREW GIVE NOTICE.

A meeting of the Victorian branch of the Seamen's Federation of Australia was held in the wharf laborer's' building last evening. Many seamen, the married men particularly, are beginning to feel acutely the financial aspect of the strike. The meeting was informed that 'relief money' would be paid out on Wednesday next, and the official assurance was given that it would not be less than £1 per week. A levy was also struck upon the seamen at present in work at the rate of one day's pay per week.

Early yesterday morning the crew of the steamer Wauchope, which arrived from King Island on Sunday, gave the formal 24 hours' notice of their intention to leave the ship. Representatives of J. B. Ellerker Pty. Ltd., agent for the steamer Wareatea, stated yesterday that no difficulty had been experienced in obtaining the necessary crew, and the steamer would sail for Tasmania to-day. With regard to the Wauchope, it is not anticipated that she will be detained in port for any length of time, but her departure for King Island to-day is doubtful.

While some members of crews, after leaving their ships, have signed on again, others are said to have accepted work on the wharfs with the 'national service' volunteers.

The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954) Tue 4 Sep 1917

 

The widely adopted term “loyalists” refers to volunteer crews comprised of non-union members. The loyalists were often subject to verbal and physical abuse by Union members.

 

1919 - WAUCHOPE DESTROYED BY FIRE

A SHIP ON FIRE - S.S. WAUCHOPE DESTROYED

DISASTER IN QUARANTINE. - ALL CARGO LOST.

PASSENGERS AND CREW SAVED.

Another unfortunate loss has been sustained by the inter-State mercantile marine, the steamer Wauchope, a well-known Bass Strait trader, having been destroyed as the result of a spectacular and disastrous outbreak of fire during the early hours of Saturday morning. Bound for Launceston and King Island, the Wauchope left Melbourne wharf last Tuesday,

and subsequently anchored in Port Phillip quarantine station, where passengers and crew were expecting at least seven days' monotonous idleness, but the monotony was rudely disturbed in an unexpected and sensational fashion. Fortunately, no serious casualty occurred amongst passengers or crew. The cargo, however, was completely destroyed, while the vessel now lies a burned wreck on the sand bank at Port King.

Loud explosions disturbed the residents of Sorrento and Queenscliff.

Fires have occurred on vessels in the port of Melbourne during recent years, but it is long since an outbreak of fire has succeeded in getting such complete hold of a vessel. The Wauchope, according to the opinion of its officers and crew, is beyond repair.

She was not amongst the fleet of vessels requisitioned by the Government controlling authority, and had recently been recommissioned in Tasmania with the aid of a volunteer crew, commanded by Captain G. Bennett.

Melbourne shipping circles were advised of the fire early on Saturday through the medium of an official telegram from Queenscliff lookout station, which apparently observed the burning ship drifting about 4 a.m. In a telegram from Sorrento to the Shipping and Trading Agency, agent for the Wauchope's owners, it was stated that the fire had commenced in the forward end of the vessel about 9.30 p.m. Pumping plant had failed to overcome the outbreak. Passengers had been landed, and the Wauchope had eventually drifted ashore "gutted from stem to stem " to a position about a quarter of a mile from Sorrento pier. She was not in the fairway.

In the meantime, an application for fire-fighting assistance had been made to the Harbor Trust, which possesses two thoroughly equipped fire-fighting vessels.

Apparently, in order to afford protection if needed for the Wauchope's "loyalist" crew, a strong force of police was detailed off to No. 4 North Wharf at 6.30 p.m., the hour, at which the tug was to arrive. The tug did not arrive until nearly 8.30, and when she moored on the south side the man in charge of the rowing boat ferry at little dock experienced an unexpected rush of traffic, conveying constables and some civilians across in one

direction and a collection of ship-wrecked passengers in the other.

The Age (Melbourne, Vic. : 1854 - 1954) Mon 4 Aug 1919

 

WRECK SOLD

Daily Commercial News and Shipping List (Sydney, NSW : 1891 - 1954) Thu 14 Aug 1919

THE WRECKED STEAMER WAUCHOPE SOLD.

£182 REALISED.

All that remains of the s.s. Wauchope, which was burnt to the water's edge by a fire which occurred on board at Melbourne on Friday, August 4, as the vessel was lying in quarantine at Point Nepean, was, together with the cargo disposed of by public auction at the rooms of Messrs. G. B. Appleton & Co. on Monday. There was an at tendance of about 50 speculators, and the bidding, which started at £100, was brisk until £130 was reached, at which price the wreck was purchased by a syndicate consisting of Messrs. W. Brown, J. E. Stone and G. Hill. There was a loud protest from Mr. Brown when the auctioneer announced, "Now for the two lifeboats," but when Mr. Appleton said, ''Very well, as there is a dispute we will put the wreck up again.' Mr. Brown insisted that he had bought the vessel, and a separate bid being made for the lifeboats the sale proceeded. From £5, which was the first offer, bidders competed keenly, and the lifeboats were ultimately bought for £52 by Mr. J. Shaw, boat builder of Yarra Bank Road. The lifeboats, which were not touched by the fire, are at present at the quarantine station. The wreck is now in about 8ft. of water, near Sorrento, and experts have reported that her engines are in comparatively good order.

 

Acknowledgements: The assistance of Mori Flapan (Mori Flapan boatregister) by providing access to his extensive database is greatly appreciated.

 

Image Source: Dufty Collection - courtesy Graeme Andrews

 

Image Enhancement - Philip Pope

 

All Images in this photostream are Copyright - Great Lakes Manning River Shipping and/or their individual owners as may be stated above and may not be downloaded, reproduced, or used in any way without prior written approval.

 

GREAT LAKES MANNING RIVER SHIPPING, NSW - Flickr Group --> Alphabetical Boat Index --> Boat builders Index --> Tags List

Volkswagen (en alemán ‘automóvil del pueblo’) es un fabricante de automóviles con sede en Wolfsburgo, Alemania.[1] Forma parte del Grupo Volkswagen, mayor fabricante de automóviles de Europa.

 

El Grupo Volkswagen, con sede en Wolfsburg, es uno de los grupos líderes de automoción en el mundo. En el año 2009 el grupo aumentó el número de entregas de vehículos a sus clientes a 6,34 millones de coches (2008: 6,26 millones). El Grupo está constituido por nueve marcas procedentes de siete países europeos: Volkswagen, Audi, SEAT, Škoda, Volkswagen Vehículos Comerciales, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini y Scania. El Grupo opera en 61 plantas de producción en quince países europeos y en más de seis países en América, Asia y África, contando alrededor del mundo con unos 370,000 empleados produciendo unos 26,000 vehículos o involucrados en servicios relacionados con los productos del Grupo. El Grupo Volkswagen vende sus vehículos en más de 153 países.

              

[editar] Historia[editar] Inicios de la fábricaEl nombre Volkswagen se debe a que en los años 1930 surgió en Alemania el proyecto de construir un automóvil que fuese accesible para un gran número de personas. Cuando Adolf Hitler se alza con el poder en 1933, decide poner en marcha un plan de fomento de la industria del automóvil, con el objetivo de relanzar sus fábricas y hacerlas más competitivas frente a las inglesas y las francesas. De este modo se lanza un concurso a los empresarios para la concesión de la fabricación del denominado 'automóvil del pueblo' (Volks Wagen). Ferdinand Porsche fue el encargado de llevar a cabo el proyecto cuyo fin era construir un vehículo sencillo y barato que pudiese estar al alcance de la mayoría de los alemanes.[2]

 

Hitler pretendía construir la fábrica más grande de Europa para la fabricación del automóvil del pueblo. Para ello, el requisito era tener acceso a una vía fluvial navegable. También era necesaria una central eléctrica propia, que abasteciera tanto a la fábrica como a la nueva ciudad. Hitler escogió el pueblo de Fallersleben, a orillas del canal de Mittelland. El lugar formaba parte desde el siglo XIV del Condado de Schloss Wolfsburg, propiedad del conde von Schulenburg. Según las ideas de Hitler, la fábrica debía disponer de su propia ciudad anexada a la misma, para alojar a los trabajadores y sus familias.

 

El nombre escogido por Hitler para el automóvil fue Kdf-Wagen (Kraft durch Freude: ‘fuerza a través de la alegría’) y la ciudad, Kdf-Stadt. Sin embargo, ni en la fábrica ni en toda Alemania nadie empleó otro nombre que no fuese el de Volkswagen para referirse al Escarabajo. El nombre Kdf-Wagen sólo fue utilizado en los catálogos y por los militares nazis.

 

El partido nazi facilitó a Ferdinand Porsche la infraestructura necesaria para la construcción de la que sería posteriormente la fábrica encargada del proyecto. Para la realización de este proyecto, se fundó la nueva ciudad el 26 de mayo de 1938. La ceremonia de tan importante acontecimiento para el régimen nazi, buscaba claramente impresionar al pueblo alemán, un pueblo que se mostraba confiado con su dirigente. Más de 70.000 personas llegadas de todos los rincones de Alemania acudieron a la ceremonia. Lógicamente, Ferdinand Porsche estuvo presente, junto a los generales nazis y al mismísimo Führer. En dicha ceremonia, Hitler subió a bordo de un Kdf-Wagen descapotable, conducido por Ferdinand Porsche.

 

[editar] Segunda Guerra MundialCon el propósito de financiar todo este proyecto de dotar al pueblo alemán de un automóvil de bajo costo, el gobierno alemán ideó un sistema en el que los ahorradores deseosos de poseer un Volkswagen (automóvil del pueblo), aportaban 5 marcos semanalmente. Así se reunieron alrededor de 286 millones de marcos. Ninguna de estas personas recibió su Kdf-Wagen, ya que los proyectos militares monopolizaban la atención del país tras el inicio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en septiembre de 1939. La fábrica de Fallersleben se destinó a la producción militar, y después de 6 años de guerra, el dinero del Kdf-Wagen fue requisado por los rusos en concepto de reparaciones de guerra.

 

Comenzada la guerra, la fábrica se convirtió en objetivo militar, a pesar de que el propio Hitler le auguró a Porsche: ”La fábrica no tendrá importancia estratégica” en obvia referencia a la exclusiva construcción del Kdf civil y la victoria relámpago que se obtendría con la Blitzkrieg. No bien iniciadas las hostilidades, la planta pasó a la órbita del Ministerio de Armamentos y de la Luftwaffe. De esa suerte, además de los ya conocidos Kdf; Kübelwagen; y Schwimmwagen, se produjeron allí alas y fuselajes para el Schnellbomber Junkers Ju-88; motores BMW 801 D para el caza Focke-Wulf Fw 190; granadas de mano; minas; y aproximadamente un millón y medio de calefactores para las tropas en Rusia. Asimismo a partir de septiembre de 1943, se ensamblaron también las bombas voladoras Fieseler Fi 103, popularmente conocidas como V-1 (Vergeltungswaffe 1: ‘arma de represalia n.º 1’).

 

Los aliados dieron prioridad a los ataques a la planta del Kdf en razón de su contribución al esfuerzo bélico enemigo. Años antes, por su parte, expertos de la Luftwaffe (Fuerza Aérea Alemana) habían sugerido su prudente dispersión en los bosques aledaños. Sin embargo, hasta el momento mismo de las primeras incursiones no se había tomado la más mínima precaución en ese sentido

 

Al tiempo de las primeras incursiones en abril de 1944 aún se carecía de camuflaje, defensa antiaérea, y refugios subterráneos para los trabajadores. El enemigo podía ver fácilmente la masiva mole rectangular a un lado del Mittellandkanal.

 

El 8 de abril de 1944 cincuenta y seis bombardeos descargaron allí 146 toneladas de bombas incendiarias y de alto poder explosivo. Aunque no se causaron grandes daños materiales, trece personas murieron y cuarenta resultaron heridas. Tres semanas después, un Boeing B-17 sin tripulación, se estrelló en los techos del Hall 1 de la planta ocasionando graves destrozos en toda esa área. A ello le siguieron otros tres importantes raides: El 20 de junio, 137 Fortalezas Volantes lanzaron 500 toneladas de bombas incendiarias y de alto poder explosivo. De éstas aproximadamente 582 hicieron blanco en la fábrica causando la muerte de veintisiete trabajadores y heridas a noventa y tres más. Nueve días después, sesenta y cinco aviones atacaron con 826 bombas, matando a 14 personas y dañando en forma considerable a la planta, ciudad y barracas de prisioneros. Por último el 5 de agosto, ochenta y cinco Liberator dejaron caer 300 toneladas de bombas de alto poder explosivo, consiguiendo un estimativo de 300 aciertos en la planta de ensamblado, cocinas, barracas y calles. Murieron 7 personas y 27 fueron heridas. Todas las incursiones se realizaron de noche conforme la modalidad operativa de la Octava Fuerza Aérea Estadounidense.

 

El 10 de abril de 1945, tropas estadounidenses dirigieron su avance en dirección a la ciudad del Volkswagen. Sin embargo no llegaron a entrar en ella pues desconocían su existencia. La ciudad era demasiado nueva y no figuraba aún en sus más recientes mapas. El 18 de abril tomaron posesión de la fábrica y ciudad varios tanques Sherman apoyados por doscientos soldados estadounidenses.

 

Los estadounidenses originariamente tenían la intención de desguazar y luego destruir toda la fábrica debido a su connotación nazi. Enterado el inspector-jefe de la planta, Rudolf Brörmann, se les opuso tenazmente evitando la planeada demolición durante los meses de primavera y verano de 1945. Su gestión en esa crítica época, ha sido olvidada por la historia oficial de la Volkswagenwerk. Así entonces el 25 de mayo, con la venia estadounidense, se resolvió rebautizar a la antigua Stadt des KdF-Wagen con el nombre de Wolfsburgo, tomado del castillo vecino de Von Schulemburg.

 

El 28 de mayo Rudolf Brörmann fue puesto en la función de director ejecutivo de la planta. Para fines de ese mismo mes se habían armado manualmente 110 Kübelwagen con piezas sobrantes.

 

Hitler nunca llegó a ver su Kdf-Wagen salir de las líneas de producción. Con el fin de la guerra, Ferdinand Porsche fue encarcelado por su vinculación con el régimen nazi y los ingleses tomaron el control de la factoría. El 27 de diciembre se comenzó la producción en serie del escarabajo.[2]

 

[editar] Desde los años cincuentaAunque sus primeros pasos comenzaron antes de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, no fue hasta los años cincuenta cuando el Escarabajo se convierte en un vehículo de gran aceptación social tanto en Europa como América. En 1955 salió de la fábrica el ejemplar un millón,[2] y en 1972 el Escarabajo, como ya se le conocía en todo el mundo, superó el récord de unidades fabricadas de un automóvil, que ostentaba Ford con su modelo "T", al alcanzar la cifra de 15.007.034 Volkswagen fabricados.

 

En 1978 el Escarabajo dejó de fabricarse en Alemania al bajar la demanda en la mayoría de los países,[2] ya que habían aparecido en el mercado mundial automóviles equivalentes, pero de diseño y tecnología mucho más actuales. Siguió produciéndose, no obstante, en Brasil continuò su producción hasta 1985, reintroduciéndose en aquel país por mandato presidencial en 1993, descontinuándose en 1996.[3] En México la producción del Volkswagen Sedán continuó de forma ininterrumpida hasta 30 de junio de 2003[4] cuando se produce el último Volkswagen Sedán Última Edición,[5] el cual portaba equipamiento distintivo. La última unidad producida se encuentra en el Museo de Volkswagen en Wolfsburgo, y otro de estos codiciados ejemplares fue obsequiado al Papa Juan Pablo II por un grupo de concesionarios de la marca en México.[6]

 

Durante finales del siglo pasado, el Volkswagen Sedán (escaabajo) fue considerado «el automóvil del siglo».

 

Volkswagen no se quedó atrás en la evolución de los automóviles y presentó en 1974 el modelo Golf, que de inmediato tuvo un gran éxito. Volkswagen fue ampliando paso a paso su gama de modelos, abandonando su anterior política de modelo único. Así fue incorporando en primer lugar el Passat, un poco antes que el Golf, y a continuación el Polo y el Lupo, modelos más pequeños. En 1997 aparece el New Beetle, que ofrece un diseño basado en el antiguo Escarabajo, pero totalmente modernizado, al igual que la tecnología. Este automóvil está destinado principalmente al mercado estadounidense, donde sigue existiendo un gran número de conductores nostálgicos del Escarabajo. La aparición de este modelo, unida a un descenso de la demanda también en los países latinoamericanos, lleva en el año 2003 al cierre de la fabricación del clásico "Vocho" en México.[2] Con anterioridad han ido saliendo otros modelos nuevos, como el Phaeton, buque insignia de la marca, el Touran, un monovolumen de siete plazas, y el Touareg, un todoterreno para uso en ciudad, carretera y en terrenos difíciles.

 

En el año 2002 Volkswagen entregó casi 5.000.000 de vehículos. El número de empleados y trabajadores fue de 325.000. Su participación en el mercado mundial fue del 12,1%. También en 2002 y después de 28 años de producción, el Golf superó en ventas al legendario Escarabajo

WIKIPEDIA

Athens Olympic Sports Complex, Marousi, Athens, Attica, Greece

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Ilford delta yashica T4

Magdeburg, Germany

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Forming footings at the Harvard Street Bridge.

 

Doncaster is a large market town in South Yorkshire, England. Together with its surrounding suburbs and settlements, the town forms part of the Metropolitan Borough of Doncaster, which had a mid-2014 est. population of 304,185. The town itself has a population of 109,805. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, Doncaster is about 20 miles (30 km) from Sheffield, with which it is served jointly by an international airport, Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield in Finningley. The Doncaster Urban Area had a population of 158,141 in 2011 and includes Doncaster and the neighbouring small town of Bentley as well as some other villages.

Re:Form School NYC

The Royal Air Force Comforts Committee (RAF Comforts Committee) was formed by the Air Council in October 1939 to determine the type and quantities of ‘knitted comforts’ required for the RAF as well as arrange for their collection, storage and distribution through their depots. Local knitting parties or groups were organised mainly by the Women’s Institute (WI) and the Women’s Voluntary Service (WVS) according to guidance issued by the Committee. Anyone who could knit was roped into these knitting parties and that included many men too (it was commonplace back then for men to be competent knitters). Groups needed to be registered with the Comforts Committee to ensure they got supplies of free wool and badges/certificates. As the war drew to a close in 1945, knitted comforts were also made for needy children in the liberated countries and distributed by the Red Cross.

 

The main forms of knitted RAF Comforts were mittens, pullovers (preferably with polo necks), woollen helmets (balaclavas) and gum-boot stockings (of oiled wool). Other items such as ordinary socks and gloves were knitted in smaller quantities as required by the RAF and only to supplement regulation uniform issues. The official colour was a grey/blue but by 1941 there was a shortage of wool as it was required in ever increasing quantities and so wool of many shades of blue and sometimes other colours were supplied for the knitted comforts. The RAF had issued a standard book containing instructions for knitting parties with approved patterns.

 

This badge issued by the RAF Comforts Committee was given free to each registered local knitting party but only the first badge (usually the party leader), additional badges required were supplied according to the amount of work done by an individual and at the cost of 1/- (one shilling) each, accompanied by the certificate. All this would have been monitored by the Comforts Committee.

 

Knitted garments and ‘Comforts’ were an important wartime contribution for the men and women of the Defence Forces, whether it was the Royal Navy, RAF, Army or Auxiliary forces. Invariably, these garments were hand-knitted in wool by countless volunteer throughout Britain who helped ensure those at war would be wearing their extra ‘comforts’ and make the endurance that bit more bearable. Regulation clothing issue was generally considered basic and not the most comfortable. Besides, standard issue may not have included sufficient protection against harsh weather conditions and ‘comforts’ were seen as filling that gap.

 

Knitting wool was sourced and purchased by The Board of Trade according to a set specification and colour (blue/grey for the RAF & Royal Navy blue) to be stored at their depots. Since the beginning of the war, the number of knitted items grew to the extent it had become more difficult to source wool in the quantities required and its cost went up. Funds to purchase the wool came mainly from the Penny-a-Week savings schemes and Comforts Fund collections – all voluntary donations in aid of the War Effort. Some figures quoted in the Hansard Parliamentary report (link below) give an indication of the huge quantities of wool required and its increased rate of usage.

 

Figures stated are the total number of finished garments distributed regardless of type:

 

Feb 1 1940 – 31 Jan 1941 – 152,737

Feb 1 1941 – 31 Jan 1942 – 392,191

Feb 1 1942 – Jan 31 1943 – 599,246

 

.

When the Comforts knitting scheme started up at the beginning of the War, it was very much on an ad-hoc basis with individual women and groups knitting garments to supply their own men away at war. The schemes were quickly integrated into the general Home Front organisation and their potential harnesses by the various Comforts Committees to ensure more efficient supply, quality and upkeep of morale. The official line was generally that the ‘individual’s reward was the satisfaction in knowing the men’s appreciation’ to encourage the volunteers to greater effort. Anyone who could knit were encouraged to join a knitting group, officially known as ‘parties, a word used to engender a greater feeling of solidarity. By April 1943, there were between 6,000 and 7,000 knitting ‘parties’ across Britain (see Hansard link below).

  

References:

 

ticketybootupney.blogspot.ie/2012/10/knitting-for-raf.html (Knitting for the RAF, official booklet issued 1940 by the Royal Air Force Comforts Committee costing one shilling each).

 

www.sentimentaljourney.co.uk/tl/comfort.htm (About knitted comforts for the defence forces).

 

hansard.millbanksystems.com/lords/1943/aug/03/merchant-na... (Parliamentry proposal to extent clothing coupon scheme to cover knitted comforts for the Merchant Navy. Aim is to ensure fairer and more efficient distribution of Comforts packs and eliminate possible abuses but the order was withdrawn. Give an insight into how the scheme works.)

 

barbaraknitsagain.blogspot.com/2012/02/knitting-for-army.... (Short article about WW2 knitted comforts and the 1940 booklet Knitting for the Army, Official Guide issued by authority of the Director of Voluntary Organizations during 1940. Notice the image of the ‘Volunteer Worker for the Forces’ badge on the cover.)

  

Enamels: 1 (blue).

Finish: Chrome plated.

Material: Brass.

Fixer: Pin.

Size: 15/16” x 15/16” (24mm x 24mm).

Process: Die-stamped.

Imprint: THOMAS FATTORINI LTD. REGENT ST. BIRMINGHAM.

 

October 2006, Ottawa County, Ohio

..wood form I made from some scape soft-wood to confirm a concept for creation of a camera grip that never passed presentation and ideas because there was newer ideas that did not require optical pin-registrations and vertical/horizontal referencing etcetera

  

comment

Aythya collaris

Porron Collarejo

Hotel Los Lagos, La Fortuna

 

Historia Natural

 

Alimentación

 

Se zambullen en busca de plantas acuáticas, insectos y moluscos para alimentarse.

 

Comportamiento

 

Generalmente forman bandadas.

Toleran aguas menos profundas que Aythya affinis y permanecen bien avanzada la estación seca.

 

Ciclo anual

 

Es una especie migratoria neártica (ver Distribución en Costa Rica). Asimismo, efectúa movimientos estacionales pronunciados, relacionados con el cambio del nivel del agua en su hábitat.

 

Habitat y Distribución

 

Habitat

 

Prefieren aguas abiertas y profundas de pantanos de agua dulce, estanques y lagos.

 

Distribución

 

Es una especie residente invernal entre poco común y común en ciertas localidades, sobre todo en Guanacaste (principalmente la cuenca del Tempisque). Es rara y local en la vertiente del Caribe y el Valle Central. Llega a finales de octubre o en noviembre y permanece a lo largo de enero y a veces hasta marzo, según el nivel de las aguas.

 

Distribución fuera de Costa Rica

 

Se reproduce desde el este de Alaska y la parte central de Canadá hasta el norte y parte central de E.U.A. Invierna hacia el sur hasta Panamá.

 

Distribución de Area de conservación

 

TempisqueAmistad CaribeAmistad PacificoHuetar NorteArenalCordillera Volcanica CentralGuanacasteOsaPacifico CentralTortugueroIsla del Coco

 

Usos y Manejos

 

Usos

 

Es una especie apreciada por los cazadores para la caza deportiva y también para aprovechar su carne.

 

Descripción

 

Descripción científica

 

Mide 41 cm. y pesa 700 grs. Son diagnósticos la lista alar gris larga y el pico oscuro con un anillo claro cerca de la punta.

En el macho adulto la cabeza, cuello, pecho y espalda son de color negro lustroso (rara vez es obvio el collar castaño alrededor del cuello). El costado y los flancos son grises. El abdomen y la barra en la parte delantera del ala son blancos y el iris es amarillo.

En las hembras, casi todo es café opaco oscuro, incluso la coronilla. La cara y la parte anterior del cuello es café grisáceo y gradualmente pasa a blanco en la base del pico. El anillo ocular y la lista del ojo es de color blanco. El abdomen es blanco y el iris es oscuro.

Sobre el agua, su línea de flotación es más baja que la de los otros patos (Anas spp.), como es típico de los Aythya.

 

Información taxonómica

 

Reino: Animalia

Filo: Chordata

Clase: Aves

Orden: Anseriformes

Familia: Anatidae

Género: Aythya

Early juveniles in August when all or most adults dead. Similar form to adults, but periostracum thinner and paler, and spire protrudes less.

Maximum dimension 4.1 mm and 3.3 mm, Portlethen, north-east Scotland, August 1970.

 

Full SPECIES DESCRIPTION BELOW

Revised PDF available at www.researchgate.net/publication/372768813_Lacuna_pallidu....

Sets of OTHER SPECIES at: www.flickr.com/photos/56388191@N08/collections/

  

Lacuna pallidula (da Costa, 1778)

 

Synonyms: Cochlea pallidula da Costa, 1778; Lacuna neritoidea Gould, 1840; Lacuna patula Thorpe, 1844; Lacuna retusa Brown.

Current taxonomy: WoRMS www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=140168

Vernacular: Pallid chink shell; Pale lacuna; Gwichiad agennog gwelw (Welsh); Lacuna pâle (French); Lavspiret grubesnegl (Danish); Bleke scheefhoren (Dutch); Blek lagunsnäcka (Swedish).

 

Shell description

The largest dimension of female shells is up to about 12 mm fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc and males grow to 6 mm. The species has an annual life cycle; all or most adults are dead by June. Their small juvenile offspring occur in summer fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2kGH2G9 , growing to full size in winter. The body whorl forms the great majority of the shell, and the very small spire is sunk below the upper margin in most views. Juveniles are similar in form with a slightly lower spire. Sutures between the whorls are distinct. The smooth surface has no sculpture apart from numerous, growth lines.

One face of the hollow columella is missing, exposing a long wide columellar groove (lacuna, chink or canal), leading to a large funnel-like umbilicus fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2kNL1YB . On some specimens the columellar groove is indistinct and the umbilicus reduced fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2kNPCc9 and fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2oQ83ra .

The very large ‘D’ shape aperture is as high as the whole shell, and it occupies about 75% of the area in apertural-view images fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc . The palatal lip is semi-circular, and it continues along the abapertural side of the columellar groove. The wide, white columellar lip forms the adapertural edge of the groove fig. 03 flic.kr/p/2kNL1YB .

The ‘D’ shape operculum is a rapidly expanding oligogyrous spiral with its off-centre nucleus close to the base of the columellar lip. It is transparent, tinted yellow fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2kNPCc9 & fig. 06 flic.kr/p/2kNL1Ut or nearly colourless fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2oQ83ra . The substantial periostracum is olive-brown with distinct growth lines on large specimens fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2kNQ773, and it usually extends beyond the lip of the aperture fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2kNPCc9 . Under the periostracum, the calcareous shell is white or yellowish white fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc . Live adults with a thick opaque periostracum are olive-green/brown in water fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2kNPC3g becoming dull brown when dead and dried fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc . There are no coloured bands or variegation at any stage.

 

Body description

The flesh is translucent white with varying amounts of yellow or pink tinting fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2kNQ773 and fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2oQ83ra . The snout is ventrally slit fig.06 flic.kr/p/2kNL1Ut and usually rolled into a cylinder fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2oQ92WM . The extended cephalic tentacles are long, smooth, translucent whitish and taper to a blunt tip. When contracted they wrinkle and any yellow tint is intensified fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2kNPC3g . There is a black eye on a slight bulge at the base of each tentacle fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2kNQ773 . The roof of the mantle cavity is whitish translucent showing the colour of the shell except for the mantle edge which is thick and sometimes yellowish fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2oQ92WM . The foot is white with varying amounts of yellow or pink fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2kNQ773 , especially on the opercular disc which supports, and is visible under and through, the transparent operculum fig. 05 flic.kr/p/2oQ83ra and fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2oQ92WM . The two small, flat metapodial tentacles protrude beyond the posterior of the operculum fig. 09 flic.kr/p/2oQ92WM .

 

Key identification features

Lacuna pallidula

1) Columellar groove (lacuna or chink) leads to umbilicus fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc but is sometimes sealed over fig. 04 flic.kr/p/2kNPCc9 .

2) Largest dimensions up to 12 mm (female) and 6 mm (male). Hardly any of the spire protrudes beyond the body whorl fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc

3) Very large ‘D’ shape aperture equals shell height and occupies about 75% of area in apertural view fig. 01 flic.kr/p/2kNQ7pc.

4) Shell olive-brown with no spiral bands fig. 08 flic.kr/p/2kNPC3g .

5) Body white fig. 07 flic.kr/p/2kNQ773 , sometimes yellowish or pinkish; no grey stipple.

6) Found mainly on Fucus serratus and sometimes on Laminaria.

 

Similar species

Lacuna parva (da Costa, 1778) fig. 10 flic.kr/p/2kNL1A2 .

1) Columellar groove (“lacuna” or “chink) leads to umbilicus. 2) Usual maximum height 4 mm; sometimes 6 mm. Spire 30% to 40% of shell height.

3) Aperture occupies about 50% of area in apertural-view images.

4) Body whorl has three brown spiral bands; basal band 1 easily overlooked if base of shell not examined. Some shells are uniform white or brown with no bands.

5) Body translucent white, usually stippled grey.

6) Found mainly, especially when young, on small red weeds. Sometimes on fucoids.

 

Littorina fabalis (W. Turton, 1825) and

L. obtusata (Linnaeus, 1758) fig. 11 flic.kr/p/2kNPBJk .

1) No columellar groove or umbilicus.

2) Maximum dimension up to 17 mm. Very large body whorl and small spire.

3) Aperture occupies about 50% of area in apertural-view images.

4) Shell of L. obtusata is sometimes greenish olive.

5) Body varied shades of yellow, brown or black.

6) Found on Fucus serratus (L. fabalis) or Ascophyllum (L. obtusata) and on Fucus vesiculosus (both).

 

Lacuna vincta (Montagu, 1803) fig. 12 flic.kr/p/2kNQ6PK .

1) Columellar groove (“lacuna” or “chink”) leads to umbilicus. 2) Maximum height about 10 mm. Well developed spire about 50% of adult shell height, and about 30% on juveniles less than 3 mm high.

3) Aperture occupies about 30% of area in apertural-view images of full grown adults.

4) Body whorl has four brown spiral bands.

5) Body whitish with grey, yellow, orange and/or aquamarine parts.

6) Found on Laminaria and, especially juveniles, on small red weeds. Also on Zostera and sometimes on fucoids.

 

Lacuna crassior (Montagu, 1803) fig. 13 flic.kr/p/2kGH26u

1) Wide white columellar shelf. Usually no groove or umbilicus but sometimes small ones present.

2) Distinct spire about 50% of mature shell height, about 45% when younger.

3) Aperture occupies about 30% of area in apertural view.

4) Shell when live, has translucent, yellowish-brown spire and brownish-white body whorl. Thick periostracum has distinct, raised, transverse (costal) ridges. Dead dry shells are dull yellowish-brown if periostracum retained, yellowish white with faint spiral lines if periostracum worn off.

5) Body translucent whitish.

6) A rare species which often associates with the bryozoan Alcyonidium diaphanum.

 

Habits and ecology

L. pallidula feeds on the surface of Fucus serratus (Smith, 1973) and Laminaria (Lebour, 1937) near low water on rocky shores and to 70 metres depth. It is usually absent where turbidity or soft substrate prevents growth of F. serratus. It cannot survive desiccation. Some populations live in the Baltic in salinity down to 12‰.

It moves with a bipedal stepping motion, lifting alternately the right and left sides of the foot. It breeds in late winter and spring, sometimes extending into summer and autumn, with a maximum in February to May in Britain, but precise dates vary regionally. The spawn mass is a low gelatinous dome with an almost circular, oval base (not kidney-shape), diameter 3.9 mm to 5.3 mm (Lebour, 1937), laid on fronds of F. serratus or Laminaria. There are up to about 200 ova per spawn mass fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2kNQ71M . In the low salinity Øresund, Denmark, the masses are smaller with as few as 13 ova (Thorson, 1946 in Fretter & Graham, 1962).

Fretter and Graham (1962) reported confusion with the spawn of “Littorina littoralis” (the name mistakenly used formerly by British authors for an aggregate of Littorina obtusata and L. fabalis). The limited material examined for this account suggests the confusion is with L. fabalis which lives on F. serratus at the same shore level and lays similar, almost circular oval spawn masses, while L. obtusata lives higher up the shore, favouring Ascophyllum, and often lays kidney-shaped spawn masses up to 7 mm long. The difference between the spawn masses of L. fabalis and Lacuna pallidula may be that the latter has a distinctly bevelled peripheral rim while the surface of the former slopes to the substrate without a break in slope fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2kNQ71M . But more investigation is required to test these suggestions; the difference might be due to age of spawn mass. Lacuna parva also has similar spawn but it is found on red algae and is smaller, about 2.5 mm diameter with about 50 ova in Britain fig. 14 flic.kr/p/2kNQ71M ; 2.2 mm to 2.5 mm with 6 to16 ova in the brackish Øresund (Ockelmann & Nielsen, 1981 in Wigham & Graham, 2017).

The individual egg capsules of L. pallidula become angular as they swell and become crowded and compressed. There is no planktonic veliger stage; young emerge as tiny crawling snails. Through a microscope, just before hatching, two tentacular extensions of the opercular disc protruding beyond the operculum may be detected on the embryos within the clear capsules (Fretter & Graham, 1962). Males die after mating, and the females about a month later, so all or most adults breeding in the main period are dead by June or July, and few specimens over 5 mm high can be found in August fig. 02 flic.kr/p/2kGH2G9 . Both sexes grow rapidly until October. From October to February males grow slowly, but females at three times their rate so that by breeding time they are over twice as high as males (Thorson, 1946 in Fretter & Graham, 1962). When mating, the small male rides on the female’s shell near the aperture with his penis inserted into her mantle cavity 15Lp flic.kr/p/2rSk89j.

 

Distribution and status

L. pallidula occurs from northern Norway and Iceland to Atlantic Spain and New England (USA). GBIF map www.gbif.org/species/2301181

It is found all around Britain and Ireland, but is scarce or absent in the north-eastern Irish Sea and southern North Sea where lack of hard substrate and/or turbidity hinder the growth of Fucus serratus and Laminaria. UK distribution map NBN species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0000175975#tab_mapView

 

Acknowledgements

For use of images, I thank Sarah Charles and Rob Durrant.

 

References and links

Forbes, E. & Hanley S. 1849-53. A history of the British mollusca and their shells. vol. 3 (1853), London, van Voorst. archive.org/details/historyofbritish03forbe/page/56/mode/2up

Also plate LXX11 at end of vol.4, fig. 1 & 2, also fig. 3 & 4 labelled “L. patula” archive.org/details/historyofbritish04forbe/page/n459/mod...

 

Fretter, V. and Graham, A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs. London, Ray Society.

 

Graham, A. 1988. Molluscs: prosobranch and pyramidellid gastropods. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.2 (Second edition). Leiden, E.J.Brill/Dr. W. Backhuys. 662 pp.

 

Jeffreys, J.G. 1862-69. British conchology. vol. 3 (1865). London, van Voorst.

archive.org/details/britishconcholog03jeffr/page/350/mode...

 

Lebour, M.V. 1937. The eggs and larvae of the British prosobranchs with special reference to those living in the plankton. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 22: 105 – 166. plymsea.ac.uk/953/

 

Ockelmann, K. W. and Nielsen, C. 1981. On the biology of the prosobranch Lacuna parva in the Øresund. Ophelia 20: 1-16.

Abstract at www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00785236.1981.10426559

 

Smith, D. A. S. 1973. The population biology of Lacuna pallidula (da Costa) and Lacuna vincta (Montagu) in north-east England. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 53: 493-520.

 

Thorson, G. 1946. Reproduction and larval development of the Danish marine bottom invertebrates. Meddelelser fra Kommissionen for Danmarks Fiskeri- og Havundersøgelser, Serie Plankton 4: 1-523.

 

Wigham, G.D. & Graham, A. 2017. Marine gastropods 2: Littorinimorpha and other, unassigned, Caenogastropoda. Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) no.61. (344 pages). Field Studies Council, Telford, England.

 

Glossary

‰ = (salinity) parts salt per thousand parts water (brackish <30‰).

abapertural = away from the aperture.

abapical = away from the apex of the shell.

adapertural = towards the aperture

adapical = towards the apex of the shell.

aperture = mouth of gastropod shell; outlet for head and foot.

apical = at or near the apex.

chink = (see columellar groove).

columella = solid or hollow axis around which gastropod shell spirals; concealed except next to aperture where hollow ones may end in an umbilicus, slit or siphonal canal.

 

columellar = (adj.) of or near central axis of spiral gastropod,

columellar groove = Groove where one face of hollow columella missing, terminates in umbilicus. Also called “lacuna” or “chink.

 

columellar lip = lower (abapical) part of inner lip of aperture.

cephalic = (adj.) of the head.

costa = (pl. costae) rib crossing a whorl of a gastropod shell at about 90° to direction of coiling and any spiral ribs or lines.

 

costal = (adj.) of, or arranged like, costae.

ctenidium = comb-like molluscan gill; usually an axis with a row of filaments either side.

height = (of gastropod shells) distance from apex of spire to base of aperture.

lacuna = (see columellar groove).

mantle = sheet of tissue that secretes the shell and forms a cavity for the gill.

oligogyrous = (of a spiral) having few turns.

operculum = plate of horny conchiolin used to close shell aperture.

palatal lip = outer lip of gastropod aperture.

parietal lip = upper (adapical) part of inner lip of gastropod aperture that lies, often as a glaze, on surface of whorl.

 

periostracum = thin horny layer of conchiolin often coating shells.

plankton = animals and plants that drift in pelagic zone (main body of water).

protoconch = apical whorls produced during embryonic and larval stages of gastropod; often different in form from other whorls.

 

suture = groove or line where whorls adjoin.

umbilicus = cavity up axis of some gastropods, open as a hole or chink on base of shell, sometimes sealed over.

 

umbilical groove = narrow slit opening of umbilicus on some gastropods.

veliger = shelled larva of marine gastropod or bivalve mollusc which swims by beating cilia of a velum (bilobed flap).

  

I seek refuge in Allah from Satan, the outcast.

In the name of Allah, the Beneficent, the Merciful.

Allah’s peace be upon Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), the glorious Prophet of Islam, and on his Companions and his followers.

  

TASAWWUF

"There is no doubt that Tasawwuf is an important branch of Islam. The word itself may have been derived form the Arabic word "Soof" (Wool) or from "Safa" (cleanliness), but its foundation lies in one’s personal sincerity in seeking Allah’s nearness and trying to live a life pleasing to Him. Study of the Quran, the Hadith, and the practical life of the holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) and his faithful Companions provide unmistakable support to this reality." (Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A)

 

SUFISM, AN ESSENTIAL PART OF ISLAM

Doubts exist not only in the minds of the Muslim faithful but also among the Ulema, notably the exoteric about Tasawwuf and its votaries. Often they lead to misunderstanding, as if Shariah and Tariqah were two separate entries, or that Tasawwuf was some obscure discipline foreign to Islam, or that it was altogether above the established laws and injunctions of our Religion. To help remove these misgivings and to reassure seekers, as well as scholars, our Sheikh Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A), Sheikh Silsila Naqshbandia Awaisia, wrote Al-Jamal Wal Kamal, Aqaid-O-Kamalaat Ulmai-e-Deoband, Binat-e-Rasool (S.A.W), Daamad-e-Ali (R.A), Dalael-us-Salook, Ejaad-e-Mazhab Shia, Hayat-un-Nabi (S.A.W), Hayat Barzakhia, Ilm-o-Irfan, Niffaz-e-Shariat Aur Fiqah-e-Jaferia, Saif-e-Owaisi, Shikast-e-Ahdai Hussain and Tahkeek Halal Haram books.

 

BIOGRAPHY

Sheikh Allah Yar Khan was born in Chakrala, a remote village of Mianwali District of Pakistan, in 1904. He completed his religious education in 1934. The very year, he met Shaykh Abdul Rahim, who took him to the shrine of Shaykh Allah Deen Madni. By Divine Will his spiritual connection was right away established with the saint of the 10th century Hijra (sixteenth century) and he started receiving spiritual beneficence. His sublime education in Sufism, signifying progressive spiritual growth and advancement, continued for about twenty-five years. In 1962 he was directed to carry out the propagation of Prophetic blessings - a noble mission that he accomplished with singular enthusiasm and devotion for a period spanning half a century. Anybody who visited him was duly rewarded with a share of spiritual bliss as per his/her sincerity and capacity. Shaykh Allah Yar Khan's mission produced men and women of deep spiritual vision and distinction.

 

Although Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A) have lived a major portion of his life as a scholar, with the avowed mission of illuminating the truth of Islam and the negation of fallacious sects, and this would appear quite removed from Tasawwuf, yet the only practical difference between the two, namely the use of the former as a media to expound the truth, and the latter to imbue people with positive faith. Nevertheless, people are amazed that a man, who until the other day, was known as a dialectician and a preacher of Islam, is not only talking of Mystic Path, but is also claiming spiritual bonds with the veteran Sufi Masters of the Past. This amazement is obviously out of place in the view of Quranic injunction: This is the bounty of Allah which He gives to whom He wills. (62:4)

 

THE PURIFICATION OF THE SOUL

The purification of the soul always formed part of the main mission of the Prophets; that is, the dissemination and propagation of the Devine Message. This responsibility later fell directly on the shoulders of the true Ulema in the Ummah of the last Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), who, as his genuine successors, have continued to shed brave light in every Dark Age of materialism and sacrilege. In the present age of ruinous confusion, the importance of this responsibility has increased manifold; of the utter neglect of Islam by Muslims has not only driven them to misery, but also grievously weakened their bonds of faith in Allah and His Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). The decay in their belief and consequent perversion in their conduct has reached a stage that any attempt to pull them out of the depth of ignominy and the heedless chaos of faithlessness, attracts grave uncertainties and apprehensions rather than a encouraging will to follow the Shariah, to purify the soul and to reform within. The Quranic Verse: Layers upon layers of darkness… (24:40) provides the nearest expression of their present state.

 

SHARIAH & SUFISM

Any action against the Sunnah (Prophet’s way of life) cannot be called Sufism. Singing and dancing, and the prostration on tombs are not part of Sufism. Nor is predicting the future and predicting the outcome of cases in the courts of law, a part of Sufism. Sufis are not required to abandon their worldly possessions or live in the wilderness far from the practical world. In fact these absurdities are just its opposites. It is an established fact that Tazkiyah (soul purification) stands for that inner purity which inspires a person’s spirit to obey the holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). If a false claimant of Sufism teaches tricks and jugglery, ignoring religious obligations, he is an impostor. A true Sheikh will lead a believer to the august spiritual audience of the holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). If you are fortunate enough to be blessed with the company of an accomplished spiritual guide and Sheikh of Sufism, and if you follow his instructions, you will observe a positive change in yourself, transferring you from vice to virtue.

 

ISLAM, AS A COMPLETE CODE OF LIFE

Islam, as a complete code of life or Deen, was perfected during the life of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W). He was the sole teacher and his mosque was the core institution for the community. Although Islam in its entirety was practiced during that blessed era, the classification and compilation of its knowledge into distinct branches like ‘Tafsir’ (interpretation of the Quran), Hadith (traditions or sayings of the holy Prophet- SAWS), Fiqh (Islamic law), and Sufism (the soul purification) were undertaken subsequently. This Deen of Allah passed from the holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) to his illustrious Companions in two ways: the outward and the inward. The former comprised the knowledge defined by speech and conduct, i.e., the Quran and Sunnah. The latter comprised the invisible blessings or the Prophetic lights transmitted by his blessed self. These blessings purified the hearts and instilled in them a passionate desire to follow Islam with utmost love, honesty and loyalty.

 

WHAT’S SUFISM

Sufism is the attempt to attain these Barakah (Blessings). The Companions handed down Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) teachings as well as blessings to the Taba’een. Their strong hearts were capable of infusing these blessings into the hearts of their followers. Both aspects of Islam were similarly passed on by the Taba’een to the Taba Taba’een. The compilation of knowledge and its interpretation led to the establishment of many schools of religious thought; famous four being the Hanafi, the Hanbali, the Maliki, and the Shafa'i, all named after their founders. Similarly, in order to acquire, safeguard and distribute his blessings, an organized effort was initiated by four schools of Sufism: The Naqshbandia, the Qadria, the Chishtia, and the Suharwardia. These schools were also named after their organizers and came to be known as Sufi Orders. All these Orders intend to purify the hearts of sincere Muslims with Prophetic lights. These Sufi Orders also grew into many branches with the passage of time and are known by other names as well. The holy Quran has linked success in this life and the Hereafter with Tazkiyah (soul purification). He, who purified, is successful. (87: 14) Sufi Orders of Islam are the institutions where the basics of Tazkiyah (soul purification) and its practical application are taught. They have graded programs in which every new seeker is instructed in Zikr-e Lisani (oral Zikr) and is finally taught the Zikr-e Qalbi (Remembrance in heart).

 

ZIKR-E QALBI

However, in the Naqshbandia Order, Zikr-e Qalbi is practiced from the very beginning. Adherence to the Sunnah (Prophet’s way of life) is greatly emphasized in this Order, because the seeker achieves greater and quicker progress through its blessings. The essence of Zikr is that the Qalb should sincerely accept Islamic beliefs and gain the strength to follow the Sunnah with even greater devotion. ‘If the heart is acquainted with Allah and is engaged in His Zikr; then it is filled with Barakaat-e Nabuwwat (Prophetic blessings) which infuse their purity in the mind and body. This not only helps in controlling sensual drives but also removes traces of abhorrence, voracity, envy and insecurity from human soul. The person therefore becomes an embodiment of love, both for the Divine and the corporeal. This is the meaning of a Hadith, “There is a lump of flesh in the human body; if it goes astray the entire body is misguided, and if it is reformed the entire body is reformed. Know that this lump is the Qalb”.’

 

PAS ANFAS

Recent History Khawajah Naqshband (d. 1389 CE) organized the Naqshbandia Order at Bukhara (Central Asia). This Order has two main branches – the Mujaddidia and the Owaisiah. The former is identified with Sheikh Ahmed Sirhindi, known as Mujaddid Alif Sani (literally: reviver of the second Muslim millennium), a successor to Khawajah Baqi Billah, who introduced the Order to the Indo- Pakistan sub-continent. The Owaisiah Order employs a similar method of Zikr but acquires the Prophetic blessings in the manner of Khawajah Owais Qarni, who received this beneficence from the Holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) without a formal physical meeting. The Zikr employed by the Naqshbandia is ‘Zikr-e Khafi Qalbi’ (remembrance of Allah’s Name within the heart) and the method is termed ‘Pas Anfas’, which (in Persian) means guarding every breath. The Chain of Transmission of these Barakah, of course, emanates from the holy Prophet- SAWS.

 

SPIRITUAL BAI’AT (OATH OF ALLEGIANCE

It is necessary in all Sufi Orders that the Sheikh and the seekers must be contemporaries and must physically meet each other for the transfer of these blessings. However, the Naqshbandia Owaisiah Order goes beyond this requirement and Sufis of this Order receive these Barakah regardless of physical meeting with their Sheikh or even when the Sheikh is not their contemporary. Yet, it must be underscored that physical meeting with the Sheikh of this Order still holds great importance in dissemination of these Barakah. Sheikh Sirhindi writes about the Owaisiah Order in his book ‘Tazkirah’: ‘It is the most sublime, the most exalted, and the most effective…and the highest station of all others is only its stepping stone.’ By far the greatest singular distinction of the Naqshbandia Owaisiah Order is the honor of Spiritual Bai’at (Oath of Allegiance) directly at the blessed hands of the holy Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W).

 

SHEIKH HAZRAT MOULANA ALLAH YAR KHAN (R.A)

The Reviver Sheikh Allah Yar Khan was born in Chikrala, a remote village of Mianwali District of Pakistan, in 1904. He completed his religious education in 1934. The same year, he met Sheikh ‘Abdul Rahim, who took him to the shrine of Sheikh Allah Deen Madni. By Divine Will his spiritual connection was immediately established with the saint of the 10th century Hijra (sixteenth century CE) and he started receiving spiritual beneficence. His sublime education in Sufism, signifying progressive spiritual growth and advancement, continued for about twenty-five years, after which he was directed to undertake the propagation of Prophetic blessings - a noble mission that he accomplished with singular zeal and dedication for a period spanning half a century. Anybody who visited him was duly rewarded with a share of spiritual bliss commensurate with his/her sincerity and capacity. Sheikh Allah Yar Khan’s mission produced men and women of deep spiritual vision and eminence. He authored eighteen books, the most distinguished being Dalael us-Sulook (Sufism - An Objective Appraisal), Hayat-e Barzakhiah (Life Beyond Life) and Israr ul- Haramain (Secrets of the two holy Mosques). He was undoubtedly one of the most distinguished Sufi saints of the Muslim Ummah and a reviver of the Naqshbandia Owaisiah Order. He passed away on 18 February 1984 in Islamabad at the age of eighty.

 

THE CHAIN OF TRANSMISSION OF NAQSHBANDIA OWAISIAH

1. Hazrat Muhammad ur-Rasool Allah (Sall Allah-o Alaihi wa Sallam), 2. Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddiq (Radhi Allah-o Unho), 3. Hazrat Imam Hassan Basri (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 4. Hazrat Daud Tai (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 5. Hazrat Junaid Baghdadi (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 6. Hazrat Ubaid Ullah Ahrar (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 7. Hazrat Abdur Rahman Jami (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 8. Hazrat Abu Ayub Muhammad Salih (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 9. Hazrat Allah Deen Madni (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi), 10. Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (Rahmat Ullah Alaihi).

 

THE SPIRIT OR RUH

The spirit or Ruh of every person is a created reflection of the Divine Attributes and it originates in Alam-e Amar (Realm of Command). Its food is the Light of Allah or the Divine Refulgence, which it acquires from the Realm of Command through the holy Prophet Muhammad (may Allah’s choicest favors and peace be upon him), whose status in the spiritual world is like that of the sun in the solar system. The Quran refers to him as the ‘bright lamp’. Indeed, he is the divinely selected channel of all Barakah. All Exalted Messengers themselves receive these Barakah from him.

 

LATAIF

The human Ruh also possesses vital organs like the physical body; through which it acquires its knowledge, food and energy. These are called Lataif (singular Latifah: subtlety). Scholars of various Sufi Orders have associated them with specific areas of the human body. The Naqshbandia Owaisiah Order identifies these Lataif as follows. First - Qalb: This spiritual faculty is located within the physical heart. Its function is Zikr. Its strength increases one’s capacity for Allah’s Zikr. Second – Ruh: The site of this Latifah, which is a distinct faculty of the human Ruh, is on the right side of the chest at the level of Qalb. Its primary function is concentration towards Allah. Third – Sirri: This is located above the Qalb and functions to make possible Kashf. Forth – Khaffi: This is located above the Ruh and functions to perceive the omnipresence of Allah. Fifth – Akhfa: This is located in the middle of chest, at the centre of the first four Lataif and makes it possible for the Ruh to perceive the closeness of Allah, Who is closer to us than our own selves. Sixth – Nafs: This Latifah is located at the forehead and functions to purify the human soul. Seventh – Sultan al-Azkar: This Latifah is located at the top centre of the head and serves to absorb the Barakah of Allah into the entire body, so that every cell resonates with Zikr.

 

FIVE EXALTED MESSENGERS OF GOD

There are Five Exalted Messengers among the many known and unknown Messengers of Allah. They are Hazrat Muhammad, Hazrat Nuh (Noah), Hazrat Ibrahim (Abraham), Hazrat Musa (Moses), and Hazrat Esa (Jesus), peace be upon them all. Hazrat Adam is the first Prophet of Allah and the father of mankind. Each Latifah is associated with a particular Prophet. The Barakah and lights from Hazrat Adam (peace be upon him), descend on the first Latifah Qalb; its lights are reflected from the first heaven and are yellowish. The second Latifah is associated with Hazrat Nuh and Hazrat Ibrahim (peace be upon them). Its lights descend from the second heaven and appear as golden red. The lights descending upon the third Latifah are from Hazrat Musa (peace be upon him) and are white. One the fourth Latifah, the lights of Hazrat Esa (peace be upon him) descend from the fourth heaven and are deep blue. The fifth Latifah receives its Barakah directly from the holy Prophet Muhammad (may Allah’s choicest favors and peace be upon him). The lights associated with this Latifah are green, descend from the fifth heaven, and overwhelm all the first four Lataif. The Lights descending upon the sixth and seventh Lataif are the Divine Lights, whose color and condition cannot be determined. These are like flashes of lightening that defy comprehension. If Allah blesses a seeker with Kashf, he can observe all of this. The vision is slightly diffused in the beginning, but gradually the clarity improves.

 

SULOOK

Stages of the Path After all seven Lataif of a seeker have been illuminated with Divine Lights through Tawajjuh of the Sheikh and his Ruh has acquired the ability to fly, the Sheikh initiates its journey on the sublime Path of Divine nearness. The Path is known as Sulook, and its stages are not hypothetical imaginations but real and actually existing stations on the spiritual Path. These are also referred to as Meditations, because a seeker mentally meditates about a station while his/her Ruh actually ascends towards it. The first three stations that form the base of whole Sulook are described as; Ahadiyyat, a station of Absolute Unity of Divinity. It is above and beyond the seven heavens. It is so vast a station that the seven heavens and all that they encompass are lost within Ahadiyyat as a ring is lost in a vast desert. Its lights are white in color. Maiyyat station denotes Divine Company, ‘He is with you, wherever you might be.’ This station is so vast that Ahadiyyat along with the seven heavens beneath are lost within it as a ring is lost in a desert. Its lights are green in color. Aqrabiyyat station denotes Divine Nearness, ‘He is nearer to you than your life- vein.’ Again, Aqrabiyyat is vast as compared to Maiyyat in the same proportion. Its lights are golden red and are reflected from the Divine Throne. It is indeed the greatest favor of Almighty Allah that He blesses a seeker with an accomplished Sheikh, who takes him to these sublime stations. The final station that a seeker attains to during his/her lifetime becomes his/her Iliyyeen (blessed abode) in Barzakh and his/her Ruh stays at this station after death.

  

ZIKR

Why is Zikr Necessary for Everyone? Allah ordains every soul in the Quran to Perform Zikr. This not only means reciting the Quran and Tasbeeh but also Zikr-e Qalb. It is only through Zikr-e Qalbi that Prophetic Lights reach the depths of human soul and purify it from all vice and evil. Zikr infuses a realization of constant Divine Presence and a seeker feels great improvement in the level of sincerity and love towards Allah and the holy Prophet- SAWS. Such levels of sincerity, love and feelings of Divine Presence can never be obtained without Zikr. It would be a mistake to believe that Zikr may be a requirement only for the very pious and virtuous people. Zikr provides the Prophetic blessings which are in effect the life line of every human soul. It transforms even the most corrupted humans into virtuous souls by bringing out the best in them. The fact is that Zikr is the only way to achieve true contentment and satisfaction in life. The holy Quran has pointed to this eternal fact that it is only through Zikr Allah that hearts can find satisfaction. Such satisfaction and peace are the ultimate requirements of every person, regardless of religion, race and ethnicity. Practicing Zikr regularly removes all traces of anxiety and restlessness, and guides the human soul to eternal bliss and peace.

 

KHALIFA MAJAZEEN

Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A), during his life time in 1974, presented a nomination list to Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), during Maraqba, of expected Khalifa Majazeen for Silsila Naqshbandia Awaisia. Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W) approved some names, deleted some of the names, and added down the name of Major Ghulam Muhammad as also Khalifa Majaaz of Silsila Naqshbandia Awaisia (which was not previously included in the list)

 

The approved names at that time included:

1. Mr. Muhammad Akram Awan Sahib,

2. Mr. Sayed Bunyad Hussain Shah Sahib,

3. Mr. Major Ahsan Baig Sahib,

4. Mr. Col. Matloob Hussain Sahib,

5. Mr. Major Ghulam Muhammad Sahib of Wan Bhachran Mianwali,

6. Mr. Molvi Abdul Haq Sahib,

7. Mr. Hafiz Abdul Razzaq Sahib,

8. Mr. Hafiz Ghulam Qadri Sahib,

9. Mr. Khan Muhammad Irani Sahib,

10. Mr. Maolana Abdul Ghafoor Sahib,

11. Mr. Syed Muhammad Hassan Sahib of Zohb.

 

These Majazeen were authorized to; held Majalis of Zikar (Pas Anfas) in their respective areas, arrange Majalis of Zikar in neighboring areas, train them on the way of Sulook, prepare them for Spiritual Bai’at (Oath of Allegiance), and present them to Sheikh Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan for Spiritual Bai’at at the Hand of Prophet Muhammad (S.A.W), in the life of Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A), and were all equal in status as Khalifa Majaaz of Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A).

 

Presently we are following Hazrat Major ® Ghulam Muhammad Sahib, Khalifa Majaaz of Hazrat Moulana Allah Yar Khan (R.A).