my first form of liquid painting was on abstract spiritual forms in motion.

 

i finished that series in 1999 after a show in which no one seemed to be intrigued by the essential qualities of what our eyes show to us.

 

i switched over to REAL representational art.

 

but i kept the NOT GALLERY aspect of my work pretty strong -- using way more black, only tints and shades and full chroma colors. i painted my feelings with the colors i chose.

and "my feelings" weren't intended to be my own.

 

i love classical ideology.

form and beauty and also our modern understanding that the 1 percent is fetish and nazi/fascist by its nature.

so i'm not into perfection as much as the idea of things that are just obviously better or trying or engaged or activated.

arguments about perfection are weird.

why do people like to fight so much?

 

my eyes tend to see all things as rather ordinary and i want to show off the simple things i find, to revel in their nature and then to figure out an expression that suits the two -- the object itself and my attitudinal relationship with it. for me, more than ambiguous emotional terms, i favor HEAT and MOTION as the aspects of light that i choose to focus on.

 

because my life is so interlapped with photography, i am both a camera and a painter, a robot and a brain, a drone and brighter magick user.

 

i can't help this double nature and like prince said, you'd better know your dark side and your bright side and if they can get along and you end up bright, that is the path of the philosopher guide.

 

so if that's you, now is the time!

 

RISE up among the people.

 

use your intelligent power to untangle the ropes of darkness!

 

but i digress.

 

so through and along my urban and townsy journeys -- santa barbara, seattle, san francisco, santa fe, san diego, amsterdam, manhattan -- i eventually found my way to flowers.

 

they grow in the front yards of the people's homes wherever i walk, or in buckets at a florist shop along the street or a grocery store. the beauty of flowers is everywhere.

 

and flowers are a reminder that everything dies. but it can be beautiful.

 

and we cut flowers for their beauty.

 

for me, roses are wanton.

 

they are my third form/series of liquid paintings.

 

the second one, and the most explored/exploded, is the exploding rainbow dahlia.

 

and where roses are wanton and vain-glorious (really, i had no idea!), the dahlia is like a swiss community with its order and its architectural phenomenon.

 

my exposure to dahlias was limited before i arrived in san francisco. i had painted orchids, peonies, chinese rose, birds of paradise, cala lilies, california golden poppies, and tulips.

 

but dahlias and the rainbow seemed like they were made for each other. that those TWO THINGS were US. that we, as people were just like dahlias in the way we ordered and constructed our lives. the dahlia with its form for capturing and storing light and moisture, and the exploding rainbow with its blatant and broken spectrum of blasting color.

 

so i floated those dahlias in space where a million things were happening all at once. everything as one moved into a constellation. i added multiple sided die and glinty bits of ambiguous crow candy for the eye.

 

vanity and selfism, the star charisma of the rose's nature -- that of desire and death masked as finality -- was just another form of circustry in this new unexploited world of die and glinty, treasury bits spinning and rolling and falling through space, into space, as space. hitting and colliding, forcing loss and explosion and aiding decay.

 

and there was a war in these pieces which forced them into a liquidity.

 

that war was between the clarity of stasis and our fascination with movement.

 

the impressionists, aided ENTIRELY BY THE USE OF THE CAMERA, had learned that aperture values that the camera's limited technology could exploit at the time had shown new essentials.

 

aperture values taught the impressionists that they could DELETE things from the environment to increase the imaginative suggestibility of the viewers mind.

 

for example, if i have my focus on the nostrils of a racing horse and progressively blur and fade out the clarity as the horse goes away through foreshortening, the horse's nose will seem MUCH closer to the viewer and more three dimensional than it would if the receding part of the horse were in perfect detailed clarity.

 

people like manet realized even further, using the same deletion technique of the intelligence, that a glove could literally look MORE glove-like with just three strokes of a brush. indeed, that the SUGGESTION of a glove was infinitely more powerful and perfect to the impression of the piece than an actual glove ever could be.

 

so in my liquid painting, i envisioned a human circus as exploding rainbow dahlias. our vanity and self-love; our beauty and our grace; and our aging and exploding.

 

all with dreams of promise, jewelry in the sky, and an unending ability to NEVER grasp much of anything.

 

and we are constantly coming in and out of focus in our own lives, a living constellatory fascination with ourselves and others creating patterns and habits and occupations.

 

and that rabbit hole lasted for several years.

 

it started in 2010/11 as a discovery process and eventually ended up producing over 6,000 images of that world. enough to create an app that could endlessly recreate the world imagined.

 

and the goal was to document every conceivable color pattern that the human eye could see.

 

and i think it worked.

  

it also led to the conclusion of the PIXELWITHIN theory.

 

which i have elaborated over on torbakhopper's news outlet, lol. the merkaba is a beautiful thing!!

 

so now the rose.

 

sometimes slutty, sometimes regaling and proud. sometimes curvy, sometimes more than curvy or with torn edges and hot little shadows.

 

england had a war over roses.

 

just like the u.s. had a war over rubber. just kidding. it was all about democracy and partiotism.

 

and roses are more likely to cause trouble than dahlias.

 

dahlias are all about the community as a metaphor.

there is a fundamental "coming together" about dahlias.

 

whereas, honestly, roses are all about falling apart.

 

this large group of examples are all different now. just like the other forms of liquid painting, CHANGE is a part of the game.

 

Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles (5 kilometres) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for 407 years becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution in 1539 under the order of Henry VIII.

 

The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.

 

Foundation

 

After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey, in York, 13 monks were expelled (among them Saint Robert of Newminster) and, after unsuccessful attempts to form a new monastery were taken under the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York. He provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order which since the end of the previous century was a fast-growing reform movement that by the beginning of the 13th century was to have over 500 houses. So it was that in 1135, Fountains became the second Cistercian house in northern England, after Rievaulx. The Fountains monks became subject to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours according to Cistercian usage and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.

 

Consolidation

 

After Henry Murdac was elected abbot in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone and roofed in tile had been completed.

In 1146 an angry mob, annoyed at Murdac for his role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert as archbishop of York, attacked the abbey and burnt down all but the church and some surrounding buildings.The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned as abbot in 1147 upon becoming the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office. The next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was ably continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell, under whose rule the abbey gained a reputation for caring for the needy.

 

The next abbot was William, who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. During the European famine of 1194 Haget ordered the construction of shelters in the vicinity of the abbey and provided daily food rations to the poor enhancing the abbey's reputation for caring for the poor and attracting more grants from wealthy benefactors.

In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203–1211), John of Hessle (1211–1220) and John of Kent (1220–1247). They were burdened with an inordinate amount of administrative duties and increasing demands for money in taxation and levies but managed to complete another massive expansion of the abbey's buildings. This included enlarging the church and building an infirmary.

 

Difficulties

 

In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop, and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John le Romeyn in 1294. The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1348–1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.

A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409. Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England and consequently they became increasingly involved in internecine politics. In 1410, following the death of Abbot Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon, Abbot of Meaux, and Roger Frank, a monk of Fountains were locked in conflict until 1415 when Ripon was finally appointed, ruling until his death in 1434. Under abbots John Greenwell (1442–1471), Thomas Swinton (1471–8), John Darnton (1478–95), who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey, including notable work on the church, and Marmaduke Huby (1495–1526) Fountains regained stability and prosperity.

At Abbot Huby's death he was succeeded by William Thirsk who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy and was dismissed as abbot. He was replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences, testified against him and offered the authorities six hundred marks for the post of abbot. In 1539 it was Bradley who surrendered the abbey when its seizure was ordered under Henry VIII at the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

 

The abbey precinct covered 70 acres (28 ha) surrounded by an 11-foot (3.4 m) wall built in the 13th century, some parts of which are visible to the south and west of the abbey. The area consists of three concentric zones cut by the River Skell flowing from west to east across the site. The church and claustral buildings stand at the centre of the precinct north of the Skell, the inner court containing the domestic buildings stretches down to the river and the outer court housing the industrial and agricultural buildings lies on the river's south bank. The early abbey buildings were added to and altered over time, causing deviations from the strict Cistercian type. Outside the walls were the abbey's granges.[citation needed]

The original abbey church was built of wood and "was probably" two stories high; it was, however, quickly replaced in stone. The church was damaged in the attack on the abbey in 1146 and was rebuilt, in a larger scale, on the same site. Building work was completed c.1170.[11] This structure, completed around 1170, was 300 ft (91 m) long and had 11 bays in the side aisles. A lantern tower was added at the crossing of the church in the late 12th century. The presbytery at the eastern end of the church was much altered in the 13th century. The church's greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot John of York, 1203–11, and carried on by his successor terminates, like that of Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220–47. The 160-foot-tall (49 m) tower, which was added not long before the dissolution, by Abbot Huby, 1494–1526, is in an unusual position at the northern end of the north transept and bears Huby's motto 'Soli Deo Honor et Gloria'. The sacristry adjoined the south transept.

The cloister, which had arcading of black marble from Nidderdale and white sandstone, is in the centre of the precinct and to the south of the church. The three-aisled chapter-house and parlour open from the eastern walk of the cloister and the refectory, with the kitchen and buttery attached, are at right angles to its southern walk. Parallel with the western walk is an immense vaulted substructure serving as cellars and store-rooms, which supported the dormitory of the conversi (lay brothers) above. This building extended across the river and at its south-west corner were the latrines, built above the swiftly flowing stream. The monks' dormitory was in its usual position above the chapter-house, to the south of the transept. Peculiarities of this arrangement include the position of the kitchen, between the refectory and calefactory, and of the infirmary above the river to the west, adjoining the guest-houses.

 

The abbot's house, one of the largest in all of England,is located to the east of the latrine block, where portions of it are suspended on arches over the River Skell.It was built in the mid-twelfth century as a modest single-storey structure, then, from the fourteenth century, underwent extensive expansion and remodelling to end up in the 16th century as a grand dwelling with fine bay windows and grand fireplaces. The great hall was an expansive room 52 by 21 metres (171 by 69 ft).

Among other apartments, for the designation of which see the ground-plan, was a domestic oratory or chapel,

 

1⁄2-by-23-foot (14 by 7 m), and a kitchen, 50-by-38-foot (15 by 12 m)

 

Medieval monasteries were sustained by landed estates that were given to them as endowments and from which they derived an income from rents. They were the gifts of the founder and subsequent patrons, but some were purchased from cash revenues. At the outset, the Cistercian order rejected gifts of mills and rents, churches with tithes and feudal manors as they did not accord with their belief in monastic purity, because they involved contact with laymen. When Archbishop Thurstan founded the abbey he gave the community 260 acres (110 ha) of land at Sutton north of the abbey and 200 acres (81 ha) at Herleshowe to provide support while the abbey became established. In the early years the abbey struggled to maintain itself because further gifts were not forthcoming and Thurstan could not help further because the lands he administered were not his own, but part of the diocesan estate. After a few years of impoverished struggle to establish the abbey, the monks were joined by Hugh, a former dean of York Minster, a rich man who brought a considerable fortune as well as furniture and books to start the library.

By 1135 the monks had acquired only another 260 acres (110 ha) at Cayton, given by Eustace fitzJohn of Knaresborough "for the building of the abbey". Shortly after the fire of 1146, the monks had established granges at Sutton, Cayton, Cowton Moor, Warsill, Dacre and Aldburgh all within 6 mi (10 km) of Fountains. In the 1140s the water mill was built on the abbey site making it possible for the grain from the granges to be brought to the abbey for milling.Tannery waste from this time has been excavated on the site.

Further estates were assembled in two phases, between 1140 and 1160 then 1174 and 1175, from piecemeal acquisitions of land. Some of the lands were grants from benefactors but others were purchased from gifts of money to the abbey. Roger de Mowbray granted vast areas of Nidderdale and William de Percy and his tenants granted substantial estates in Craven which included Malham Moor and the fishery in Malham Tarn. After 1203 the abbots consolidated the abbey's lands by renting out more distant areas that the monks could not easily farm themselves, and exchanging and purchasing lands that complemented their existing estates. Fountains' holdings both in Yorkshire and beyond had reached their maximum extent by 1265, when they were an efficient and very profitable estate. Their estates were linked in a network of individual granges which provided staging posts to the most distant ones. They had urban properties in York, Yarm, Grimsby, Scarborough and Boston from which to conduct export and market trading and their other commercial interests included mining, quarrying, iron-smelting, fishing and milling.

The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was a factor that led to a downturn in the prosperity of the abbey in the early fourteenth century. Areas of the north of England as far south as York were looted by the Scots. Then the number of lay-brothers being recruited to the order reduced considerably. The abbey chose to take advantage of the relaxation of the edict on leasing property that had been enacted by the General Chapter of the order in 1208 and leased some of their properties. Others were staffed by hired labour and remained in hand under the supervision of bailiffs. In 1535 Fountains had an interest in 138 vills and the total taxable income of the Fountains estate was £1,115, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in England.

After the Dissolution

 

The Gresham family crest

The Abbey buildings and over 500 acres (200 ha) of land were sold by the Crown, on 1 October 1540, to Sir Richard Gresham, at the time a Member of Parliament and former Lord Mayor of London, the father of Sir Thomas Gresham. It was Richard Gresham who had supplied Cardinal Wolsey with the tapestries for his new house of Hampton Court and who paid for the Cardinal's funeral.

Gresham sold some of the fabric of the site, stone, timber, lead, as building materials to help to defray the cost of purchase. The site was acquired in 1597 by Sir Stephen Proctor, who used stone from the monastic complex to build Fountains Hall. Between 1627 and 1767 the estate was owned by the Messenger family who sold it to William Aislaby who was responsible for combining it with the Studley Royal Estate.

 

Burials

 

Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray

John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray

Abbot Marmaduke Huby (d. 1526)

Rose (daughter of Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester), wife of Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray

Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy

William II de Percy, 3rd feudal baron of Topcliffe

Becoming a World Heritage Site

The archaeological excavation of the site was begun under the supervision of John Richard Walbran, a Ripon antiquary who, in 1846, had published a paper On the Necessity of clearing out the Conventual Church of Fountains.In 1966 the Abbey was placed in the guardianship of the Department of the Environment and the estate was purchased by the West Riding County Council who transferred ownership to the North Yorkshire County Council in 1974. The National Trust bought the 674-acre (273 ha) Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estate from North Yorkshire County Council in 1983. In 1986 the parkland in which the abbey is situated and the abbey was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was recognised for fulfilling the criteria of being a masterpiece of human creative genius, and an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history. Fountains Abbey is owned by the National Trust and maintained by English Heritage. The trust owns Studley Royal Park, Fountains Hall, to which there is partial public access, and St Mary's Church, designed by William Burges and built around 1873, all of which are significant features of the World Heritage Site.

The Porter's Lodge, which was once the gatehouse to the abbey, houses a modern exhibition area with displays about the history of Fountains Abbey and how the monks lived.

In January 2010, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal became two of the first National Trust properties to be included in Google Street View, using the Google Trike.

 

Film location

 

Fountains Abbey was used as a film location by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark for their single "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" during the cold winter of December 1981. In 1980, Hollywood also came to the site to film the final scenes to the film Omen III: The Final Conflict.Other productions filmed on location at the abbey are the films Life at the Top, The Secret Garden, The History Boys, TV series Flambards, A History of Britain, Terry Jones' Medieval Lives, Cathedral, Antiques Roadshow and the game show Treasure Hunt. The BBC Television series 'Gunpowder' (2017) used Fountains Abbey as a location.

Kingfisher looking to defy authority. All these Kingfisher shots today are posted with huge thanks to Martin Webber's invaluable help and patience. (Webbyu61) We were expecting shots around the nest but the young had fledged (see "Hiding"). Martin knew where to find them

A visit to the National Trust property that is Penrhyn Castle

 

Penrhyn Castle is a country house in Llandygai, Bangor, Gwynedd, North Wales, in the form of a Norman castle. It was originally a medieval fortified manor house, founded by Ednyfed Fychan. In 1438, Ioan ap Gruffudd was granted a licence to crenellate and he founded the stone castle and added a tower house. Samuel Wyatt reconstructed the property in the 1780s.

 

The present building was created between about 1822 and 1837 to designs by Thomas Hopper, who expanded and transformed the building beyond recognition. However a spiral staircase from the original property can still be seen, and a vaulted basement and other masonry were incorporated into the new structure. Hopper's client was George Hay Dawkins-Pennant, who had inherited the Penrhyn estate on the death of his second cousin, Richard Pennant, who had made his fortune from slavery in Jamaica and local slate quarries. The eldest of George's two daughters, Juliana, married Grenadier Guard, Edward Gordon Douglas, who, on inheriting the estate on George's death in 1845, adopted the hyphenated surname of Douglas-Pennant. The cost of the construction of this vast 'castle' is disputed, and very difficult to work out accurately, as much of the timber came from the family's own forestry, and much of the labour was acquired from within their own workforce at the slate quarry. It cost the Pennant family an estimated £150,000. This is the current equivalent to about £49,500,000.

 

Penrhyn is one of the most admired of the numerous mock castles built in the United Kingdom in the 19th century; Christopher Hussey called it, "the outstanding instance of Norman revival." The castle is a picturesque composition that stretches over 600 feet from a tall donjon containing family rooms, through the main block built around the earlier house, to the service wing and the stables.

 

It is built in a sombre style which allows it to possess something of the medieval fortress air despite the ground-level drawing room windows. Hopper designed all the principal interiors in a rich but restrained Norman style, with much fine plasterwork and wood and stone carving. The castle also has some specially designed Norman-style furniture, including a one-ton slate bed made for Queen Victoria when she visited in 1859.

 

Hugh Napier Douglas-Pennant, 4th Lord Penrhyn, died in 1949, and the castle and estate passed to his niece, Lady Janet Pelham, who, on inheritance, adopted the surname of Douglas-Pennant. In 1951, the castle and 40,000 acres (160 km²) of land were accepted by the treasury in lieu of death duties from Lady Janet. It now belongs to the National Trust and is open to the public. The site received 109,395 visitors in 2017.

  

Grade I Listed Building

 

Penrhyn Castle

  

History

 

The present house, built in the form of a vast Norman castle, was constructed to the design of Thomas Hopper for George Hay Dawkins-Pennant between 1820 and 1837. It has been very little altered since.

 

The original house on the site was a medieval manor house of C14 origin, for which a licence to crenellate was given at an unknown date between 1410 and 1431. This house survived until c1782 when it was remodelled in castellated Gothick style, replete with yellow mathematical tiles, by Samuel Wyatt for Richard Pennant. This house, the great hall of which is incorporated in the present drawing room, was remodelled in c1800, but the vast profits from the Penrhyn slate quarries enabled all the rest to be completely swept away by Hopper's vast neo-Norman fantasy, sited and built so that it could be seen not only from the quarries, but most parts of the surrounding estate, thereby emphasizing the local dominance of the Dawkins-Pennant family. The total cost is unknown but it cannot have been less than the £123,000 claimed by Catherine Sinclair in 1839.

 

Since 1951 the house has belonged to the National Trust, together with over 40,000 acres of the family estates around Ysbyty Ifan and the Ogwen valley.

 

Exterior

 

Country house built in the style of a vast Norman castle with other later medieval influences, so huge (its 70 roofs cover an area of over an acre (0.4ha)) that it almost defies meaningful description. The main components of the house, which is built on a north-south axis with the main elevations to east and west, are the 124ft (37.8m) high keep, based on Castle Hedingham (Essex) containing the family quarters on the south, the central range, protected by a 'barbican' terrace on the east, housing the state apartments, and the rectangular-shaped staff/service buildings and stables to the north. The whole is constructed of local rubblestone with internal brick lining, but all elevations are faced in tooled Anglesey limestone ashlar of the finest quality jointing; flat lead roofs concealed by castellated parapets. Close to, the extreme length of the building (it is about 200 yards (182.88m) long) and the fact that the ground slopes away on all sides mean that almost no complete elevation can be seen. That the most frequent views of the exterior are oblique also offered Hopper the opportunity to deploy his towers for picturesque effect, the relationship between the keep and the other towers and turrets frequently obscuring the distances between them. Another significant external feature of the castle is that it actually looks defensible making it secure at least from Pugin's famous slur of 1841 on contemporary "castles" - "Who would hammer against nailed portals, when he could kick his way through the greenhouse?" Certainly, this could never be achieved at Penrhyn and it looks every inch the impregnable fortress both architect and patron intended it to be.

 

East elevation: to the left is the loosely attached 4-storey keep on battered plinth with 4 tiers of deeply splayed Norman windows, 2 to each face, with chevron decoration and nook-shafts, topped by 4 square corner turrets. The dining room (distinguished by the intersecting tracery above the windows) and breakfast room to the right of the entrance gallery are protected by the long sweep of the machicolated 'barbican' terrace (carriage forecourt), curved in front of the 2 rooms and then running northwards before returning at right-angles to the west to include the gatehouse, which formed the original main entrance to the castle, and ending in a tall rectangular tower with machicolated parapet. To the right of the gatehouse are the recessed buildings of the kitchen court and to the right again the long, largely unbroken outer wall of the stable court, terminated by the square footmen's tower to the left and the rather more exuberant projecting circular dung tower with its spectacularly cantilevered bartizan on the right. From here the wall runs at right-angles to the west incorporating the impressive gatehouse to the stable court.

 

West elevation: beginning at the left is the hexagonal smithy tower, followed by the long run of the stable court, well provided with windows on this side as the stables lie directly behind. At the end of this the wall turns at right-angles to the west, incorporating the narrow circular-turreted gatehouse to the outer court and terminating in the machicolated circular ice tower. From here the wall runs again at a lower height enclosing the remainder of the outer court. It is, of course, the state apartments which make up the chief architectural display on the central part of this elevation, beginning with a strongly articulated but essentially rectangular tower to the left, while both the drawing room and the library have Norman windows leading directly onto the lawns, the latter terminating in a slender machicolated circular corner tower. To the right is the keep, considerably set back on this side.

Interior

 

Only those parts of the castle generally accessible to visitors are recorded in this description. Although not described here much of the furniture and many of the paintings (including family portraits) are also original to the house. Similarly, it should be noted that in the interests of brevity and clarity, not all significant architectural features are itemised in the following description.

 

Entrance gallery: one of the last parts of the castle to be built, this narrow cloister-like passage was added to the main block to heighten the sensation of entering the vast Grand Hall, which is made only partly visible by the deliberate offsetting of the intervening doorways; bronze lamp standards with wolf-heads on stone bases. Grand Hall: entering the columned aisle of this huge space, the visitor stands at a cross-roads between the 3 principal areas of the castle's plan; to the left the passage leads up to the family's private apartments on the 4 floors of the keep, to the right the door at the end leads to the extensive service quarters while ahead lies the sequence of state rooms used for entertaining guests and displayed to the public ever since the castle was built. The hall itself resembles in form, style and scale the transept of a great Norman cathedral, the great clustered columns extending upwards to a "triforium" formed on 2 sides of extraordinary compound arches; stained glass with signs of the zodiac and months of the year as in a book of hours by Thomas Willement (completed 1835). Library: has very much the atmosphere of a gentlemen’s London club with walls, columned arches and ceilings covered in the most lavish ornamentation; superb architectural bookcases and panelled walls are of oak but the arches are plaster grained to match; ornamental bosses and other devices to the rich plaster ceiling refer to the ancestry of the Dawkins and Pennant families, as do the stained glass lunettes above the windows, possibly by David Evans of Shrewsbury; 4 chimneypieces of polished Anglesey "marble", one with a frieze of fantastical carved mummers in the capitals. Drawing room (great hall of the late C18 house and its medieval predecessor): again in a neo-Norman style but the decoration is lighter and the columns more slender, the spirit of the room reflected in the 2000 delicate Maltese gilt crosses to the vaulted ceiling. Ebony room: so called on account of its furniture and "ebonised" chimneypiece and plasterwork, has at its entrance a spiral staircase from the medieval house. Grand Staircase hall: in many ways the greatest architectural achievement at Penrhyn, taking 10 years to complete, the carving in 2 contrasting stones of the highest quality; repeating abstract decorative motifs contrast with the infinitely inventive figurative carving in the newels and capitals; to the top the intricate plaster panels of the domed lantern are formed in exceptionally high relief and display both Norse and Celtic influences. Next to the grand stair is the secondary stair, itself a magnificent structure in grey sandstone with lantern, built immediately next to the grand stair so that family or guests should not meet staff on the same staircase. Reached from the columned aisle of the grand hall are the 2 remaining principal ground-floor rooms, the dining room and the breakfast room, among the last parts of the castle to be completed and clearly intended to be picture galleries as much as dining areas, the stencilled treatment of the walls in the dining room allowing both the provision of an appropriately elaborate "Norman" scheme and a large flat surface for the hanging of paintings; black marble fireplace carved by Richard Westmacott and extremely ornate ceiling with leaf bosses encircled by bands of figurative mouldings derived from the Romanesque church of Kilpeck, Herefordshire. Breakfast room has cambered beam ceiling with oak-grained finish.

 

Grand hall gallery: at the top of the grand staircase is vaulted and continues around the grand hall below to link with the passage to the keep, which at this level (as on the other floors) contains a suite of rooms comprising a sitting room, dressing room, bedroom and small ante-chamber, the room containing the famous slate bed also with a red Mona marble chimneypiece, one of the most spectacular in the castle. Returning to the grand hall gallery and continuing straight on rather than returning to the grand staircase the Lower India room is reached to the right: this contains an Anglesey limestone chimneypiece painted to match the ground colour of the room's Chinese wallpaper. Coming out of this room, the chapel corridor leads to the chapel gallery (used by the family) and the chapel proper below (used by staff), the latter with encaustic tiles probably reused from the old medieval chapel; stained and painted glass by David Evans (c1833).

 

The domestic quarters of the castle are reached along the passage from the breakfast room, which turns at right-angles to the right at the foot of the secondary staircase, the most important areas being the butler's pantry, steward's office, servants' hall, housekeeper's room, still room, housekeeper's store and housemaids' tower, while the kitchen (with its cast-iron range flanked by large and hygienic vertical slabs of Penrhyn slate) is housed on the lower ground floor. From this kitchen court, which also includes a coal store, oil vaults, brushing room, lamp room, pastry room, larder, scullery and laundry are reached the outer court with its soup kitchen, brewhouse and 2-storey ice tower and the much larger stables court which, along with the stables themselves containing their extensive slate-partitioned stalls and loose boxes, incorporates the coach house, covered ride, smithy tower, dung tower with gardeners' messroom above and footmen's tower.

 

Reasons for Listing

 

Included at Grade I as one of the most important large country houses in Wales; a superb example of the relatively short-lived Norman Revival of the early C19 and generally regarded as the masterpiece of its architect, Thomas Hopper.

  

Clocks - went up a tower and they had thousands of clocks all over the place!

  

Harrison's Garden

 

An installation of over 5000 clocks creates an imagined landscape in the derelict 'unloved' rooms of the keep.

  

You needed a token to go up here, and only a certain number of people were allowed up here at each time.

Bicycle racks line the entire path on the street outside an MTR station in Hong Kong.

 

# SML Data

+ Date: 2013-02-22

+ Dimensions: 4766 x 3177

+ Exposure: 1/320 sec at f/5.6

+ Focal Length: 215 mm

+ ISO: 1000

+ Flash: Did not fire

+ Camera: Canon EOS 7D

+ Lens: Canon EF 70-200mm f/4L USM + Canon EF 1.4x Extender III

+ GPS: 22°25'8" N 114°13'34" E

+ Location: 中國香港馬鞍山馬鐵恆安站對出西沙路單車徑 中国香港马鞍山马铁恒安站对出西沙路自行车道 Bicycle lane at Sai Sha Road near the Heng On MTR Station in Ma On Shan, Hong Kong, China

+ Serial: SML.20130222.7D.24245

+ Workflow: Lightroom 4

+ Series: 人流 Human Logistics, 形 Forms

 

“單車架 Bicycle Racks” / 人流設施之形 Human Logistics Infrastructure Forms / SML.20130222.7D.24245

/ #人流 #HumanLogistics #形 #Forms #SMLForms #CCBY #SMLPhotography #SMLUniverse #SMLProjects

/ #中國 #中国 #China #香港 #HongKong #馬鞍山 #MaOnShan #街 #Street #城市 #Urban #攝影 #摄影 #photography #單車 #自行车 #Bicycle

Webb has pinpointed three galaxies actively forming when our 13.8 billion-years-old universe was in its infancy. The galaxies are surrounded by gas suspected to be almost purely hydrogen and helium, the earliest elements to exist in the cosmos.

 

These galaxies belong to the Era of Reionization, only several hundred million years after the big bang. During this period, gas between stars and galaxies was largely opaque. Stars contributed to heating and ionizing gas, eventually turning the gas transparent one billion years after the big bang.

 

By matching Webb’s data to models of star formation, researchers found that these galaxies are a unique window into future star formation. They primarily have populations of young stars, and the gas around them suggests they haven’t formed most of their stars yet.

 

More on this breakthrough: science.nasa.gov/missions/webb/galaxies-actively-forming-...

 

Galaxy artist concept credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Joseph Olmsted (STScI)

 

Image Description: This illustration is awash in bright blues, with only areas of the black background of space peeking out near the edges. Just above center is a large white spiral galaxy that is forming within a large cloud of blue gas. Its spiral arms twirl clockwise. Immediately around the galaxy’s edges are larger light blue dots. The gas appears thicker and brighter blue below the galaxy and toward the bottom left in what looks like a loose, extended column. Other wispy blue gas appears all around the galaxy, extending to every edge of the illustration. There are two additional spiral galaxies, though they are about half the size of the one at the center. They appear toward the top left and bottom right, and both are connected to regions of blue gas. Several bright knots dot the brightest blue areas near the center, and toward the top right. The background is clearer and more obviously black along a wider area at the left edge, a sliver along the top right, and in triangles toward the bottom right corner. In the bottom left is “Artist Concept” in white text.

 

This image: This artist concept shows a galaxy forming only a few hundred million years after the big bang, when gas was a mix of transparent and opaque during the Era of Reionization. Data from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope show that there is a lot of cold, neutral gas in the neighborhood of these early galaxies – and that the gas may be more dense than anticipated.

 

Webb observed these galaxies as part of its Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey a few months after it began taking observations in 2022. CEERS includes both images and data known as spectra from the microshutters aboard its NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph). Data from CEERS were released immediately to support discoveries like this as part of Webb’s Early Release Science (ERS) program.

 

Narasimha (Sanskrit: नरसिंह IAST: Narasiṁha, lit. man-lion), Narasingh, Narsingh and Narasingha in derivative languages is an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu and one of Hinduism's most popular deities, as evidenced in early epics, iconography, and temple and festival worship for over a millennium.

 

Narasiṁha is often visualised as having a human-like torso and lower body, with a lion-like face and claws. This image is widely worshipped in deity form by a significant number of Vaiṣṇava groups. Vishnu assumed this form on top of Himvat mountain (Harivamsa). He is known primarily as the 'Great Protector' who specifically defends and protects his devotees in times of need. Vishnu is believed to have taken the avatar to destroy the demon king Hiranyakashipu.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The word Narasimha means 'lion-man' which usually means 'half man and half lion'. His other names are:

 

- Agnilochana (अग्निलोचन) - the one who has fiery eyes

- Bhairavadambara (भैरवडम्बर) - the one who causes terror by roaring

- Karala (कराल) - the one who has a wide mouth and projecting teeth

- Hiranyakashipudvamsa (हिरण्यकशिपुध्वंस) - the one who killed Hiranyakashipu

- Nakhastra (नखास्त्र) - the one for whom nails are his weapons

- Sinhavadana (सिंहवदन) - the whose face is of lion

- Mrigendra (मृगेन्द्र) - king of animals or lion

 

SCRIPTURAL SOURCES

There are references to Narasiṁha in a variety of Purāṇas, with 17 different versions of the main narrative. The Bhagavata Purāṇa (Canto 7), Agni Purāṇa (4.2-3), Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa(2.5.3-29), Vayu Purāṇa (67.61-66), Harivaṁśa (41 & 3.41-47), Brahma-Purāṇa (213.44-79), Viṣṇudharmottara Purāṇa(1.54), Kūrma Purāṇa (1.15.18-72), Matsya Purāṇa(161-163), Padma Purāṇa(Uttara-khaṇḍa 5.42), Śiva Purāṇa (2.5.43 & 3.10-12), Liṅga Purāṇa (1.95-96), Skanda Purāṇa 7 (2.18.60-130) and Viṣṇu Purāṇa (1.16-20) all contain depictions of the Narasiṁha Avatāra. There is also a short reference in the Mahābhārata (3.272.56-60) and a Gopāla Tapani Upaniṣad (Narasiṁha tapani Upaniṣad), earliest of Vaiṣṇava Upaniṣads named in reference to him.

 

REFERENCES FROM VEDAS

The Ṛg Veda contains an epithet that has been attributed to Narasiṁha. The half-man, half-lion avatāra is described as:

 

- like some wild beast, dread, prowling, mountain-roaming.

 

Source: (RV.I 154.2a).

 

There is an allusion to a Namuci story in RV.VIII 14.13:

 

- With waters' foam you tore off, Indra, the head of Namuci, subduing all contending hosts.

 

This short reference is believed to have culminated in the full puranic story of Narasiṁha.

 

LORD NARASIMHA AND PRAHLADA

Bhagavata Purāṇa describes that in his previous avatar as Varāha, Viṣṇu killed the asura Hiraṇayakṣa. The younger brother of Hirṇayakṣa, Hiraṇyakaśipu wanted revenge on Viṣṇu and his followers. He undertook many years of austere penance to take revenge on Viṣṇu: Brahma thus offers the demon a boon and Hiraṇyakaśipu asks for immortality. Brahma tells him this is not possible, but that he could bind the death of Hiraṇyakaśipu with conditions. Hiraṇyakaśipu agreed:

 

- O my lord, O best of the givers of benediction, if you will kindly grant me the benediction I desire, please let me not meet death from any of the living entities created by you.

 

- Grant me that I not die within any residence or outside any residence, during the daytime or at night, nor on the ground or in the sky. Grant me that my death not be brought about by any weapon, nor by any human being or animal.

- Grant me that I not meet death from any entity, living or nonliving created by you. Grant me, further, that I not be killed by any demigod or demon or by any great snake from the lower planets. Since no one can kill you in the battlefield, you have no competitor. Therefore, grant me the benediction that I too may have no rival. Give me sole lordship over all the living entities and presiding deities, and give me all the glories obtained by that position. Furthermore, give me all the mystic powers attained by long austerities and the practice of yoga, for these cannot be lost at any time.

 

Brahma said,

Tathāstu (so be it) and vanished. Hiraṇyakaśipu was happy thinking that he had won over death.

 

One day while Hiraṇyakaśipu performed austerities at Mandarācala Mountain, his home was attacked by Indra and the other devatās. At this point the Devarṣi (divine sage) Nārada intervenes to protect Kayādu, whom he describes as sinless. Following this event, Nārada takes Kayādu into his care and while under the guidance of Nārada, her unborn child (Hiraṇyakaśipu's son) Prahālada, becomes affected by the transcendental instructions of the sage even at such a young stage of development. Thus, Prahlāda later begins to show symptoms of this earlier training by Nārada, gradually becoming recognised as a devoted follower of Viṣṇu, much to his father's disappointment.

 

Hiraṇyakaśipu furious at the devotion of his son to Viṣṇu, as the god had killed his brother. Finally, he decides to commit filicide. but each time he attempts to kill the boy, Prahlāda is protected by Viṣṇu's mystical power. When asked, Prahlāda refuses to acknowledge his father as the supreme lord of the universe and claims that Viṣṇu is all-pervading and omnipresent.

 

Hiraṇyakaśipu points to a nearby pillar and asks if 'his Viṣṇu' is in it and says to his son Prahlāda:

O most unfortunate Prahlāda, you have always described a supreme being other than me, a supreme being who is above everything, who is the controller of everyone, and who is all-pervading. But where is He? If He is everywhere, then why is He not present before me in this pillar?

 

Prahlāda then answers,

He was, He is and He will be.

 

In an alternate version of the story, Prahlāda answers,

He is in pillars, and he is in the smallest twig.

 

Hiraṇyakaśipu, unable to control his anger, smashes the pillar with his mace, and following a tumultuous sound, Viṣṇu in the form of Narasiṁha appears from it and moves to attack Hiraṇyakaśipu. in defence of Prahlāda. In order to kill Hiraṇyakaśipu and not upset the boon given by Brahma, the form of Narasiṁha is chosen. Hiraṇyakaśipu can not be killed by human, deva or animal. Narasiṁha is neither one of these as he is a form of Viṣṇu incarnate as a part-human, part-animal. He comes upon Hiraṇyakaśipu at twilight (when it is neither day nor night) on the threshold of a courtyard (neither indoors nor out), and puts the demon on his thighs (neither earth nor space). Using his sharp fingernails (neither animate nor inanimate) as weapons, he disembowels and kills the demon.

 

Kūrma Purāṇa describes the preceding battle between the Puruṣa and demonic forces in which he escapes a powerful weapon called Paśupāta and it describes how Prahlāda's brothers headed by Anuhrāda and thousands of other demons were led to the valley of death (yamalayam) by the lion produced from the body of man-lion avatar. The same episode occurs in the Matsya Purāṇa 179, several chapters after its version of the Narasiṁha advent.

 

It is said that even after killing Hiraṇyakaśipu, none of the present demigods are able to calm Narasiṁha's wrath.So the demigods requested Prahlada to calm down the Lord,and Narasimha,who had assumed the all-powerful form of Gandaberunda returned to more benevolent form after that. In other stories,all the gods and goddesses call his consort, Lakṣmī, who assumes the form of Pratyangira and pacifies the Lord. According to a few scriptures, at the request of Brahma, Shiva took the form of Sharabha and successfully pacified him. Before parting, Narasiṁha rewards the wise Prahlāda by crowning him as the king.

 

NARASIMHA AND ADI SANKARA

Narasiṁha is also a protector of his devotees in times of danger. Near Śrī Śailaṁ, there is a forest called Hatakeśvanam, that no man enters. Śaṅkarācārya entered this place and did penance for many days. During this time, a Kāpālika, by name Kirakashan appeared before him.

 

He told Śrī Śaṅkara that he should give his body as a human-sacrifice to Kālī. Śaṅkara happily agreed. His disciples were shocked to hear this and pleaded with Śaṅkara to change his mind, but he refused to do so saying that it was an honor to give up his body as a sacrifice for Kālī and one must not lament such things. The Kāpālika arranged a fire for the sacrifice and Śaṅkara sat beside it. Just as he lifted his axe to severe the head of Śaṅkara, Viṣṇu as Narasiṁha entered the body of the disciple of Śaṅkarācārya and Narasiṁha devotee, Padmapada. He then fought the Kāpālika, slayed him and freed the forest of Kapalikas. Ādi Śaṅkara composed the powerful Lakṣmī-Narasiṁha Karāvalambaṁ Stotram at the very spot in front of Lord Narasiṁha.

 

MODE OF WORSHIP

Due to the nature of Narasiṁha's form (divine anger), it is essential that worship be given with a very high level of attention compared to other deities. In many temples only lifelong celibates (Brahmācārya) will be able to have the chance to serve as priests to perform the daily puja. Forms where Narasiṁha appears sitting in a yogic posture, or with the goddess Lakṣmī are the exception to this rule, as Narasiṁha is taken as being more relaxed in both of these instances compared to his form when first emerging from the pillar to protect Prahlāda.

 

PRAYERS

A number of prayers have been written in dedication to Narasiṁha avatāra. These include:

 

- The Narasiṁha Mahā-Mantra

- Narasiṁha Praṇāma Prayer

- Daśāvatāra Stotra by Jayadeva

- Kāmaśikha Aṣṭakam by Vedānta Deśika

- Divya Prabandham 2954

- Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Karavalamba Stotram by Sri Adi Sankara

 

THE NARASIMHA MAHA-MANTRA

- oṁ hrīṁ kṣauṁ

- ugraṁ viraṁ mahāviṣṇuṁ

- jvalantaṁ sarvatomukham ।

- nṛsiṁhaṁ bhīṣaṇaṁ bhadraṁ

- mṛtyormṛtyuṁ namāmyaham ॥

 

O' Angry and brave Mahā-Viṣṇu, your heat and fire permeate everywhere. O Lord Narasiṁha, you are everywhere. You are the death of death and I surrender to You.

 

NARASIMHA PRANAMA PRAYER

namaste narasiṁhāya,

prahlādahlāda-dāyine,

hiraṇyakaśipor vakṣaḥ,

śilā-ṭaṅka nakhālaye

 

I offer my obeisances to Lord Narasiṁha, who gives joy to Prahlāda Mahārāja and whose nails are like chisels on the stone like chest of the demon Hiraṇyakaśipu.

 

ito nṛsiṁhaḥ parato nṛsiṁho,

yato yato yāmi tato nṛsiṁhaḥ,

bahir nṛsiṁho hṛdaye nṛsiṁho,

nṛsiṁhaṁ ādiṁ śaraṇaṁ prapadye

 

Lord Nṛsiṁha is here and also there. Wherever I go Lord Narasiṁha is there. He is in the heart and is outside as well. I surrender to Lord Narasiṁha, the origin of all things and the supreme refuge.

 

DASAVATARA STOTRA BY JAYADEVA

tava kara-kamala-vare nakham adbhuta-śrṅgaṁ,

dalita-hiraṇyakaśipu-tanu-bhṛṅgam,

keśava dhṛta-narahari-rūpa jaya jagadiśa hare

 

O Keśava! O Lord of the universe. O Hari, who have assumed the form of half-man, half-lion! All glories to You! Just as one can easily crush a wasp between one's fingernails, so in the same way the body of the wasp-like demon Hiraṇyakaśipu has been ripped apart by the wonderful pointed nails on your beautiful lotus hands. (from the Daśāvatāra-stotra composed by Jayadeva)

 

KAMASIKHA ASTAKAM BY VEDANTA DESIKA

tvayi rakṣati rakṣakaiḥ kimanyaiḥ,

tvayi cārakṣāti rakṣākaiḥ kimanyaiḥ ।

iti niścita dhīḥ śrayāmi nityaṁ,

nṛhare vegavatī taṭāśrayaṁ tvam ॥8॥

 

O Kāmaśikhā Narasiṁha! you are sarva śakthan. When you are resolved to protect some one, where is the need to seek the protection of anyone else? When you are resolved not to protect some one, which other person is capable of protecting us?. There is no one. Knowing this fundamental truth, I have resolved to offer my śaraṇāgatī at your lotus feet alone that rest at the banks of Vegavatī river.

 

DIVYA PRABANDHAM 2954

āḍi āḍi agam karaindhu isai

pāḍip pāḍik kaṇṇīr malgi engum

nāḍi nāḍi narasingā endru,

vāḍi vāḍum ivvāl nuthale!

 

I will dance and melt for you, within my heart, to see you, I will sing in praise of you with tears in joy, I will search for Narasiṁha and I am a householder who still searches to reach you (to attain Salvation).

 

SYMBOLISM

Narasiṁha indicates God's omnipresence and the lesson is that God is everywhere. For more information, see Vaishnav Theology.

 

Narasiṁha demonstrates God's willingness and ability to come to the aid of His devotees, no matter how difficult or impossible the circumstances may appear to be.

 

Prahlāda's devotion indicates that pure devotion is not one of birthright but of character. Prahlāda, although born an asura, demonstrated the greatest bhakti to God, and endured much, without losing faith.

 

Narasiṁha is known by the epithet Mṛga-Śarīra in Sanskrit which translates to Animal-Man. From a philosophical perspective. Narasiṁha is the very icon of Vaiṣṇavism, where jñāna (knowledge) and Bhakti are important as opposed to Advaita, which has no room for Bhakti, as the object to be worshipped and the worshipper do not exist. As according to Advaita or Māyāvāda, the jīva is Paramātma.

 

SIGNIFICANCE

In South Indian art – sculptures, bronzes and paintings – Viṣṇu's incarnation as Narasiṁha is one of the most chosen themes and amongst [[Avatar] |Avatāra]]s perhaps next only to Rāma and Kṛṣṇa in popularity.

 

Lord Narasiṁha also appears as one of Hanuman's 5 faces, who is a significant character in the Rāmāyaṇa as Lord (Rāma's) devotee.

  

FORMS OF NARASIMHA

There are several forms of Narasiṁha, but 9 main ones collectively known as Nava-narasiṁha:

Ugra-narasiṁha

Kroddha-narasiṁha

Vīra-narasiṁha

Vilamba-narasiṁha

Kopa-narasiṁha

Yoga-narasiṁha

Aghora-narasiṁha

Sudarśana-narasiṁha

Lakṣmī-narasiṁha

 

In Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh, the nine forms are as follows:

Chātra-vata-narasiṁha (seated under a banyan tree)

Yogānanda-narasiṁha (who blessed Lord Brahma)

Karañja-narasiṁha

Uha-narasiṁha

Ugra-narasiṁha

Krodha-narasiṁha

Malola-narasiṁha (With Lakṣmī on His lap)

Jvālā-narasiṁha (an eight armed form rushing out of the pillar)

Pavana-narasiṁha (who blessed the sage Bharadvaja)

 

Forms from Prahlad story:

Stambha-narasiṁha (coming out of the pillar)

Svayam-narasiṁha (manifesting on His own)

Grahaṇa-narasiṁha (catching hold of the demon)

Vidāraṇa-narasiṁha (ripping open of the belly of the demon)

Saṁhāra-narasiṁha (killing the demon)

 

The following three refer to His ferocious aspect:

Ghora-narasiṁha

Ugra-narasiṁha

Candā-narasiṁha

 

OTHERS

Pañcamukha-Hanumān-narasiṁha, (appears as one of Śrī Hanuman's five faces.)

Pṛthvī-narasiṁha, Vayu-narasiṁha, Ākāśa-narasiṁha, Jvalana-narasiṁha, and

Amṛta-narasiṁha, (representing the five elements)

Jvālā-narasiṁha (with a flame-like mane)

Lakṣmī-narasiṁha (where Lakṣmī pacifies Him)

Prasāda/Prahlāda-varadā-narasiṁha (His benign aspect of protecting Prahlad)

Chatrā-narasiṁha (seated under a parasol of a five-hooded serpent)

Yoga-narasiṁha or Yogeśvara-narasiṁha (in meditation)

Āveśa-narasiṁha (a frenzied form)

Aṭṭahasa-narasiṁha (a form that roars horribly and majestically strides across to destroy evil)

Cakra-narasiṁha, (with only a discus in hand)

Viṣṇu-narasiṁha, Brahma-narasiṁha and Rudra-narasiṁha

Puṣṭi narasiṁha, (worshipped for overcoming evil influences)

 

EARLY IMAGES

In Andhra Pradesh, a panel dating to third-fourth century AD shows a full theriomorphic squatting lion with two extra human arms behind his shoulders holding Vaiṣṇava emblems. This lion, flanked by five heroes (vīra), often has been identified as an early depiction of Narasiṁha. Standing cult images of Narasiṁha from the early Gupta period, survive from temples at Tigowa and Eran. These sculptures are two-armed, long maned, frontal, wearing only a lower garment, and with no demon-figure of Hiraṇyakaśipu. Images representing the narrative of Narasiṁha slaying the demon Hiraṇyakaśipu survive from slightly later Gupta-period temples: one at Madhia and one from a temple-doorway now set into the Kūrma-maṭha at Nachna, both dated to the late fifth or early sixth century A.D.

 

An image of Narasiṁha supposedly dating to second-third century AD sculpted at Mathura was acquired by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1987. It was described by Stella Kramrisch, the former Philadelphia Museum of Art's Indian curator, as "perhaps the earliest image of Narasiṁha as yet known". This figure depicts a furled brow, fangs, and lolling tongue similar to later images of Narasiṁha, but the idol's robe, simplicity, and stance set it apart. On Narasiṁha's chest under his upper garment appears the suggestion of an amulet, which Stella Kramrisch associated with Visnu's cognizance, the Kauṣtubha jewel. This upper garment flows over both shoulders; but below Hiranyakasipu, the demon-figure placed horizontally across Narasiṁha's body, a twisted waist-band suggests a separate garment covering the legs. The demon's hair streams behind him, cushioning his head against the man-lion's right knee. He wears a simple single strand of beads. His body seems relaxed, even pliant. His face is calm, with a slight suggestion of a smile. His eyes stare adoringly up at the face of Viṣṇu. There is little tension in this figure's legs or feet, even as Narasiṁha gently disembowels him. His innards spill along his right side. As the Matsya purana describes it, Narasiṁha ripped "apart the mighty Daitya chief as a plaiter of straw mats shreds his reeds". Based on the Gandhara-style of robe worn by the idol, Michael Meiste altered the date of the image to fourth century AD.

 

Deborah Soifer, a scholar who worked on texts in relation to Narasiṁha, believes that "the traits basic to Viṣṇu in the Veda remain central to Viṣṇu in his avataras" and points out, however, that:

 

we have virtually no precursors in the Vedic material for the figure of a man-lion, and only one phrase that simply does not rule out the possibility of a violent side to the benign Viṣṇu.

 

Soifer speaks of the enigma of Viṣṇu's Narasiṁha avatāra and comments that how the myth arrived at its rudimentary form [first recorded in the Mahābhārata], and where the figure of the man-lion came from remain unsolved mysteries.

 

An image of Narasiṁha, dating to the 9th century, was found on the northern slope of Mount Ijo, at Prambanan, Indonesia. Images of Trivikrama and Varāha avatāras were also found at Prambanan, Indonesia. Viṣṇu and His avatāra images follow iconographic peculiarities characteristic of the art of central Java. This includes physiognomy of central Java, an exaggerated volume of garment, and some elaboration of the jewelry. This decorative scheme once formulated became, with very little modification, an accepted norm for sculptures throughout the Central Javanese period (circa 730–930 A.D.). Despite the iconographic peculiarities, the stylistic antecedents of the Java sculptures can be traced back to Indian carvings as the Chalukya and Pallava images of the 6th–7th centuries AD.

 

CULTURAL TRADITION OF PROCESSION (SRI NRSIMHA YATRA)

In Rājopadhyāya Brahmins of Nepal, there is a tradition of celebrating the procession ceremony of the deity Narasiṁha avatar, in Lalitpur district of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The Lunar fifth day of the waning phase of the moon, in the holy Soli-lunar Śrāvaṇa month i.e. on Śrāvaṇa Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī of the Hindu Lunar Calendar is marked as auspicious day for the religious procession, Nṛsiṁha Yātrā. This tradition of the holy procession has been held for more than a hundred years. This is one of the typical traditions of the Rājopadhyāya Bramhins, the Hindu Bramhans of the locality.

 

In this Nṛsiṁha Yātrā, each year one male member of the Rājopadhyāya community gets the chance to be the organizer each year in that particular day. He gets his turn according to the sequence in their record, where the names of Rājopadhyāya bramhins are registered when a brahmāṇa lad is eligible to be called as a Bramhan.

 

WIKIPEDIA

dosi per una teglia a forma di cuore o d.24:

per la frolla al cacao: 150 g zucchero di canna, 270 g farina 0, un cucchiaio liquore (brandy, rum o amaretto), un uovo, un cucchiaino di lievito per dolci, 10 g cacao amaro, 150 g burro a pezzetti, un pizzico di sale

per la crema: due tuorli, 200 g latte, 20 g farina 0, 50 g zucchero, 10 g liquore (brandy, rum o amaretto), 10 g cacao amaro

per la frolla: impastare insieme tutti gli ingredienti fino ad ottenere un panetto liscio. avvolgerlo nella pellicola e passare in frigorifero per mezz'ora. nel frattempo, riunire in un pentolino che andrà sul fuoco i tuorli con lo zucchero, la farina e il cacao e mescolare con la frusta, poi unire il latte tiepido a filo. cuocere a fiamma bassa mescolando continuamente fino a bollore, proseguire per qualche minuto in più poi togliere dal fuoco e lasciar raffreddare. riprendere l'impasto. stenderne 3/4 con il mattarello su un piano infarinato fino a 4 mm di spessore, posare la sfoglia nella teglia imburrata ed infarinata, lasciando un paio di cm di bordo. stendere anche il resto dell'ìmpasto e ricavare le striscioline. versare la crema sulla base, aggiungere le striscioline. cuocere in forno statico già a 180° per circa 25 min. sformare quando sarà freddo. a piacere aggiungere un po' di zucchero a velo in superficie.

+++ DISCLAIMER +++

Nothing you see here is real, even though the model, the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!

  

Some background:

The Royal Ceylon Air Force (RCyAF) was formed on 2 March 1951 with RAF officers and other personnel seconded to the RCyAF. Ceylonese were recruited to the new RCyAF and several Ceylonese who had served with the RAF during WWII were absorbed in the force. Initial objective was to train local pilots and ground crew, early administration and training was carried out by exclusively by RAF officers and other personnel on secondment. The first aircraft of the RCyAF were de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunks used as basic trainers to train the first batches of pilots locally while several cadets were sent to Royal Air Force College Cranwell. These were followed by Boulton Paul Balliol T.Mk.2s and Airspeed Oxford Mk.1s for advanced training of pilots and aircrew along with de Havilland Doves and de Havilland Herons for transport use, all provided by the British. By 1955 the RCyAF was operating two flying squadrons based at RAF Negombo. The first helicopter type to be added to the service was the Westland Dragonfly.

 

Following Prime Minister S. W. R. D. Bandaranaike's negotiated the closure of British air and naval bases in Ceylon in 1956, the RCyAF took over the former RAF stations; Katunayake and China Bay, becoming RCyAF operational stations while ancillary functions were carried out at Diyatalawa and Ekala. The RAF headquarters, Air HQ Ceylon, was disbanded on 1 November 1957. However, RAF officers remained with the RCyAF till 1962.

 

In 1959 de Havilland Vampire jet aircraft were acquired, five fighter bombers and five trainers. The Vampire was developed and manufactured by the de Havilland Aircraft Company and its development as an experimental aircraft began in 1941 during the Second World War, to exploit the revolutionary innovation of jet propulsion. From the company's design studies, it was decided to use a single-engine, twin-boom aircraft, powered by the Halford H.1 turbojet (later produced as the Goblin). Aside from its propulsion system and twin-boom configuration, it was a relatively conventional aircraft. In May 1944 it was decided to produce the aircraft as an interceptor for the Royal Air Force (RAF), but it came too late for operati9onal use in the war. It was eventually the second jet fighter to be operated by the RAF, after the Gloster Meteor, and the first to be powered by a single jet engine. In 1946 the Vampire entered operational service with the RAF, only months after the war had ended.

 

The Vampire quickly proved to be effective and was adopted as a replacement of wartime piston-engined fighter aircraft. During its early service it accomplished several aviation firsts and achieved various records, such as being the first jet aircraft to cross the Atlantic Ocean. The Vampire remained in front-line RAF service until 1953 when its transfer began to secondary roles such as ground attack and pilot training, for which specialist variants were produced. Many of these aircraft were sold to foreign air forces. The RAF retired the Vampire in 1966 when its final role of advanced trainer was filled by the Folland Gnat. The Royal Navy had also adapted the type as the Sea Vampire, a navalised variant suitable for operations from aircraft carriers. It was the service's first jet fighter.

The Vampire was exported to many nations and was operated worldwide in numerous theatres and climates. Several countries used the type in combat including the Suez Crisis, the Malayan Emergency and the Rhodesian Bush War. By the end of production, almost 3,300 Vampires had been manufactured, a quarter of these having been manufactured under licence abroad.

 

The Ceylonese Vampires received the official export designation FB.56, but they were in fact refurbished Fairey-built ex-RAF FB.9 fighter bombers, the last single seater fighter bomber variant to be produced. As such, they were tropicalised Goblin-3 powered F.5 fighter-bombers with air conditioning and retrofitted with ejection seats. They had the ability to carry bombs of up to 1.000 lb (454 kg) caliber under each wing, drop tanks or up to eight unguided 3-inch "60 lb" rockets againts ground targets. The trainers were newly-built T.55 export machines with ejection seats.

Following a RCyAF superstition, the machines were allocated tactical codes that the single numerals did not sum up to "13" or a multiple of it, a "tradition" that has been kept up until today. Even more weird: codes that openly sported a "13" were and are used - as long as the whole code number conforms to the cross total rule!

 

This small fleet formed the 'Jet Squadron' was soon supplemented with five Hunting Jet Provosts obtained from the British, and ten more Vampire FB.56 fighter bombers in 1959. In the 1960s, various other aircraft were procured, most notably American Bell JetRanger helicopters and a Hindustan HUL-26 Pushpak given by India. The force had grown gradually during its early years, reaching a little over 1,000 officers and recruits in the 1960s.

 

The Vampires' service did not last long, though. The trainers were replaced by the more modern and economic Jet Provosts and mothballed by 1963. In 1968, the Royal Ceylon Air Force started to look out for a more capable multi-role aircraft to replace the Vampire FB.56s and evaluated foreign types like the F-86 Sabre, the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk, the Hawker Hunter and AMD's Mystère IV as well as the SMB.2. The decision fell on the supersonic Super Mystère, which was offered as a bargain from French surplus stock since the fighter was at that time in the process of being gradually replaced by the 3rd generation Mirage III. A total of eight revamped SMB.2s were procured, which conformed to the Armée de l’Air’s standard. The machines arrived in early 1971 and were allocated to the newly established No. 3 Squadron, even though it took some months to make them fully operational, and the Vampires (eleven FB.56s were still operational at that time) soldiered on as a stopgap measure, due to innerpolitical tensions.

 

These got more and more tense and the Ceylonese Vampires were eventually deployed in a hot conflict in 1971. Together with the Jet Provosts, which had been mothballed since 1970 and quickly revamped, they were used in COIN missions during the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (JVP) insurrection, since the new SMB.2s were not ready yet and deemed too valuable and unsuited to be deployed in guerilla warfare. The JVP insurrection was the first of two unsuccessful armed revolts conducted by the communist JVP against the socialist United Front Government of Ceylon under Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike. The revolt began on 5 April 1971, and lasted until June of that year. The insurgents held towns and rural areas for several weeks, until the regions were recaptured by the armed forces, following strong support from friendly nations that sent men and material. Vampires and Jet Provosts flew from RCyAF Chinabay to RCyAF Katunayake, attacking rebel locations en route, and on the 12 April following a bombing run on a target in Polonnaruwa, one Jet Provost lost power and crashed on its approach to RCyAF Chinabay killing its pilot. Several weeks later, the Jet Provosts were joined by the Bell 47-G2 in ground attacks. After three weeks of fighting, the government regained control of all but a few remote areas. In most cases, the government regained control of townships; insurgent groups melted away into the jungle and continued to operate, with some groups operating into early 1972.

With Ceylon becoming a republic in 1972, the Royal Ceylon Air Force changed its name to the Sri Lanka Air Force (SLAF), along with all insignia, and the last RCyAF Vampire was retired in summer 1972.

  

General characteristics:

Crew: 1

Length: 30 ft 9 in (9.37 m)

Wingspan: 38 ft (12 m)

Height: 8 ft 10 in (2.69 m)

Wing area: 262 sq ft (24.3 m²)

Airfoil: root: EC1240/0640 (14%); tip: EC1240/0640 (9%)

Empty weight: 7,283 lb (3,304 kg)

Max takeoff weight: 12,390 lb (5,620 kg)

 

Powerplant:

1× de Havilland Goblin 3 centrifugal-flow turbojet engine, 3,350 lbf (14.9 kN) thrust

 

Performance:

Maximum speed: 548 mph (882 km/h, 476 kn)

Range: 1,220 mi (1,960 km, 1,060 nmi)

Service ceiling: 42,800 ft (13,000 m)

Rate of climb: 4,800 ft/min (24 m/s)

Wing loading: 39.4 lb/sq ft (192 kg/m²)

 

Armament:

4× 20 mm (0.79 in) Hispano Mk.V cannon with 600 rounds total (150 rounds per gun)

8× 3-inch "60 lb" rockets or 2× 1.000 lb (454 kg) bombs or two drop-tanks

  

The kit and its assembly:

A subtle what-if model, and despite the xotic markings the CeyloneseVampire is closer to reality than one might think. In fact, Ceylon actually received Vampire fighter bombers and trainer from the RAF when the country became independent and the RCyAF was founded, but they were never put into service. So, this whif depicts what might have been, and the type's use until the early Seventies is purely fictional.

 

The kit is the venerable Heller Vampire FB.5, which has been released under various brand labels (including Airfix and Revell) through the years. While it is a very simple model kit, the level of detail is not bad. You get a decent cockpit with a nice dashboard, separated canopy sections and even the landing gear wells feature details. You can hardly ask for more, even though the fit is rather mediocre - but this might be blamed on the molds' age. PSR was necessary on almost any major seam, and the fit of the tail booms to their adapters on the wings was really poor - the kit's engineers could have copme up with a better and more stable solution for the tail assembly. Another issue is the cockpit: while it's detailed, everything is much too small and tight - it turned out to be impossible to insert a pilot figure for the flight scenes, even just a torso!

 

Since I wanted to build a standard export Vampire fighter bomber, the kit was built OOB. I just added a gunsight behind the windscreen, replaced the rather massive pitot on the left fin and added some ordnance for the machine's COIN missions using the JVP insurrection. These comsist of a pair of vintage 500 lb iron bombs (from a Monogram F8F Bearcat) on pylons which probably come from an Academy P-47 Thunderbolt, plus four unguided 60 lb rockets and their launch rails from a Pioneer/Airfix Hawker Sea Fury.

  

Painting and markings:

Conservative. A real RCyAF Vampire would during the late Sixties probably have been painted overall silver, but I found this rather boring and thought that the role as s strike aircraft would justify camouflage. With its origins in the RAF I gave the Vampire consequently the British standard paint scheme in Dark Green/Dark Sea Grey from above, using Humbrol 163 and 156 (Dark Camouflage Grey BS381C/629, the latter on purpose as a lighter alternative to 164, for more contrast). For a slightly odd look I painted the undersides in RAF Azure Blue (Humbrol 157), what also makes a good contrast to the colorful RCyAF roundels.

The cockpit interior was painted in very dark grey (Anthracite, Revell 09) while the landing gear and the respective wells were painted in Humbrol 56 (Aluminum Dope), a metallic grey.

 

The kit received a lioght black ink washing and some panel shading, especuially from above to simulate sun-bleached paint - after all, the model depicts an aircraft that would soon be retired.

The roundels come from an Xtradecal aftermarket sheet for Jet Provosts, the fictional serial number was created with 3 and 10mm letters in black from TL Modellbau. A personal addition are the RAF-style white individual aircraft code letters on the fin and the front wheel cover. Due to their size, the fuselage roundels had to be placed under the cockpit, but that does not look bad or out of place at all - early Swedish Vampires used a similar solution. Unfortunately, the kit came without decal sheet, so that other details had to be procured elsewhere - but the decal heap provided ample material. The few stencils and the "No step" warnings were taken from a Model decal Vampire sheet; the ejection seat markings came from an Xtradecal Vampire trainer sheet.

 

After some light traces with dry-brushed silver on the wings' leading edges the model was eventually sealed with matt acrylic varnish.

  

Simple but exotic, and like the whiffy Sri Lankan SM2.B I built some time ago a very plausible result. I really like the fact that the model is, despite the camouflage and the subdued colors, quite colorful. outcome a lot. The paint scheme already looks unusual, even though it has been patterned after a real world benchmark. But together with the colorful SLAF markings and some serious weathering, the whole package looks pretty weird but also believable. A classic what-if model! 😉

Reseña de Bailes Tipicos de Bolivia

 

Las danzas propiamente originarias se distinguen a primera vista por el empleo de plumas y cueros de animales en la vestimenta. De estas las danzas que quedan son las siguientes: Kachua, cintakaniris, sicuris, choqquelas, chiriguanos,pallapallas, qquenaqquenas, lichihuayus, chunchus, callahuadas, llameros, huitiquis, liphis, cañeros, cullahuas, tarkafucus, salquis, pacpacu, tairari, etc.

 

La Kachua fue una danza del amor. La ejecutaba la juventud soltera de ambos sexos, formando una gran rueda de personas que giraban de uno a otro lado, en la cual cada varon seguido por la moza con quien mantenia realciones amorosas, al verificarse los rapidos y generales movimientos de la rueda, bailaba a su vez con ella, agarrandola, algunos momentos, de la mano y otros enganchandola del brazo y haciendola dar vueltas aisladas, pero sin desprenderse del circulo comun ni alterar su orden. Los instrumentos mas usados en la kachua y el cintakaniris son flautas y tambores tocados solo a ratos, porque mas se rigen en sus movimientos coreograficos por el canto.

 

Los Sicuris o sopladores de zampoña son de tres clases: los suri-sicuris, los laquitas y los sulka-sicuris o yungueños. Los primeros llevan enormes plumeros sobre la cabeza en forma de paraguas adornados el centro por plumas de colores; visten pollerines de Genero blanco almidonado y planchado; sobre las espaldas les cubre diagonalmente un paño blanco. La musica es variada y es indudablemente una de las mejores y mas armoniosas del folklore boliviano.

  

Los laquitas llevan sombreros adornados de plumas, paños de colores sobre la espalda y tocan cuatro clases de zampoñas de gran tamaño de una sola fila. Son de numero indefinido y los preside un hombre que conduce sobre la cabeza un condor disecado con las alas extendidas (antiguamente); su musica es entusiasta.

 

Los Sulka-sicuris o yungueños visten ponchos vistosos y su mejor traje, tocan zampoñas de una sola fila de ocho flautas, y cajas pequeñas en forma de tambores; su musica es alegre, de ritmo vivo y energico. En estas danzas particularmente los suri-sicuris, las mujeres se presentan vestidas de chaquetillas de merino de colores y polleras de castilla, la cabeza con cintas y chaquiras, y en la mano derecha un pañuelo que se agita a menudo. La musica de los sicuris llamada ayarichi se destaca por sus notas variadas y su armoniosa ejecucion. En el canton de Italaque, de la antigua provincia Muñecas, se encuentran los mejores musicos de ese orden.

 

Los choqquelas llevan un cuero curtido de vicuña sobre la espalda, adornandose las extremidades con horlas de colores y pedazos de cintas. Visten pollerines de lienzo blanco, almidonados y encarrujados; la copa de los sombreros esta rodeada de plumas, unas veces blancas y otras rosadas. Dos o tres bailarines llevan colgados de las manos zorros y vicuñas disecadas, los que hacen representar en los intermedios.

 

Los lichihuayus, que anualmente bailan por la fiesta de Santiago en la region de Oruro, tocan la qquena y se compone cada grupo de seis o diez personas, vestidos con polleras blancas, una chaqueta de terciopelo bordada con lentejuelas y un sombrero plano que remata en un penacho de plumas.

 

Los llameros se diferencias por su traje, compuesto de un ponchillo matizado de diversos colores y guarnecido con flecos, de calcetas de lana blanca, que se las colocan como polainas, de un sombrero de copa aplastado por sus costados y terminado en punta. Se cubren el rostro con una mascara de yeso de aspecto agradable, en la cual la boca esta figurada en actitud de silbar. A cada varon sigue en el baile una moza con la rueca en la mano y un ovillo de hilo prendido al pecho en ademan de hilar. Los hombres a medida que bailan acostumbran agitar y hacer sonar la honda que traen consigo, aparentando espantar o arrear llamas. La musica es ejecutada con qquena, tocada con cierta dulzura, que se hace escuchar con agrado.

 

Con el nombre de chunchus, se conocia un baile establecido en epoca remotas por los indigenas del tropico sojuzgados por los kollas, que venian atavidos segun su costumbre a las fiestas de estos. Posteriormente les imitaron los kollas, cubriendose el cuerpo de plumas y simulando acciones propias de aquellos. Los bailarines llevaban flechas que descargaban segun la exigencia de la musica. Ultimamente han sustituido el uniforme de plumas con sayas de terciopelo cortas, de varios colores, bordadas con hilos de oro y plata y recargas de lentejuelas. Esta danza es propia de Tarija y es aun posible verla en la fiesta de San Roque.

 

Los callahuayas, se distinguen por las bolsas elegantes y grandes que traen bajo el brazo. Eran estas provenientes del ayllu de los curanderos y herbolarios del dominio kolla. Llevan sombreros comunes adornados con flores. El cuerpo cubierto de una camisa almidonada de genero blanco. La espalda y el pecho cruzados por bandas anchas, bordadas y acondicionadas en direcciones opuestas; encima de las bandas levan dos bolsas, cubiertas de monedas antiguas.

 

En varias de las danzas anteriores habia un actor que desempeñaba el papel comico con el nombre de kusillo o sea mono, haciendo cabriolas y visajes. El kusillo anima el buen humor de los danzantes, haciendo reir con frecuencia a los espectadores con sus dichos picarescos y las licencias que se toma. Ademas en las fiestas habia otro personaje bajo cuya autoridad se desenvolvian bailarines y concurrentes, era el brujo; y a falta de este el anciano mas caracterizado de la marca o pueblo.

 

Remontandonos a investigar el origen de estos bailes, considerados como propios de la raza, se nota que cada cual emana de la necesidad de venerar al animal u objeto material, bajo cuya proteccion se pone el ayllu (comunidad), y a quien suponia deber su existencia. Asi los qquenaqquenas, danza exclusivamente kolla, llevaban el cuero de tigre en señal de que provenian de el sus antepasados y de que, al usar esa piel se hacian invulnerables; los choqquelas se conceptuaban protegidos de la vicuña y el zorro, y se tendia a imitar la ligereza de la una y la estucia del ultimo. Los sicuris (baile kolla) era dedicado al suri y al condor, aves que entre ellos simbolizan la tormenta y la fuerza. Cada ayllu observa el uso de totems, segun la tradicion que tenian en su origen, pero el dios comunmente acatado por todos los ayllus kollas, fue el titi o tigre; por eso el cuero de este animal sagrado, rara vez dejaba de ser parte de sus disfraces en alguna forma. El baile entre los indigenas no constituia una simple diversion, tenia por objeto recordar su pasado y rendir culto a sus dioses penantes.

 

Algunas representaciones, a cual mas grotesca, tambien fueron introducidas por los españoles e impuestas a los indigenas. Como ejemplo esta la "mojiganga" que llamaban Juan de la Coba, se componia de tres negros vestidos con sacos y bonetes encarnados cabalgados en mulas o asnos, con timbales cubiertos de trapos del mismo color. Una multitud de muchachos andrajosos, de negros y sambos de mayor edad, hacian el acompañamiento con desordenada griteria. Entre Juan de la Coba y el pueblo habia una especie de dialogo compuesto de palabras toscas e indecentes.

 

De las muchas danzas implantadas en el regimen colonial, que han sobrevivido al tiempo, se distinguen la conocida con el nombre de huaca-tocoris o sea toros bailadores y los tinti caballos. El uniforme del huaca-tocoris consiste en un cuero de toro disecado sobre un fuste de madera, que tiene la forma de este animal, con una abertura circular en el lomo, por donde se introduce la persona y se sujeta a la cintura. Por delante va un indigena con la cara pintada de hollin, vestido de pantalon blanco; en una mano empuña una espada de madera y con la otra agita un pañuelo. Esta danza es la caricatura vulgar y ruda de la corrida de toros. La musica es monotona y estridente.

 

Los tinti caballos llevan fustes de caballitos de yeso, por cuyo centro se introduce un bailarin. Con una una mano agarra una campañilla y con la otra un pañuelo que segun las circunstancias las dan aplicacion. Siguen a los huaca-tocoris, con quiene forman la supuesta y burlesca cuadrilla de toreros.

 

Los danzantes es un baile en el que los bailarines se cubren las cabezas de grandes y pesados cascos de yeso, pintados de colores caprichosos. Se bailaba en Achacachi, en la fiesta de san Pedro. Este baile debio ser una derivacion de los Gigantones.

 

La diablada es una danza compuesta de individuos disfrazados todos ellos de diablos, con trajes vistosos y bordados con hilos de oro y plata, mascaras que representan figuras pintadas de vivos colores, y con grandes espuelas en los pies. Los grupos suelen constar de muchos miembros en cuyo centro domina el que esta disfrazado de arcangel San Miguel. Cuando mas soberbios y pagados de si mismos andan los diablos, se presenta San Miguel, reta a Satanas, lo humilla y lo abate; lo hace contemplar en el espejo que lleva consigo su rostro horroroso; luego se ponen a bailar juntos en una danza llena de satisfaccion y contento. Es un baile que encierra un simbolismo religioso propio del caracter y preocupacion de los españoles. La diablada tiene algo de satira porque refleja la rebeldia de los mitayos mineros contra la opresion y conquista española y la danza fue asi utilizada para expresar sus ansias de libertad. Su musica tiene cierto aire marcial pero esta llena de vitalidad. En la ciudad de Oruro es donde este baile se manifiesta con todo su esplendor.

 

Imitando y ridiculizando a la vez, el porte, vanidad y fanfarroneria de los soldados castellanos, los indigenas inventaron el baile de los ppakkacoches. En Oruro se llamaba palampas.

 

Los catripullis se diferencian por su indumento especial, formado por una saya de genero blanco almidonado y encarrujado, de una camisa del mismo genero y un pañuelo de madras verde que les cruza diagonalmente por la espalda. Sobre la cabeza llevan un casco de carton o lata. Bailan formando circulos, en cuyo centro hay dos indigenas disfrazados de negro y negra (con la cara pintada con betun), que hacen gracias y divierten a los demas.

 

Las danzas mestizas en las que predominan una mezcla de caracteristicas de bailes y notas indigenas con las extrañas venidas de afuera, como el misti-sicuris, compuesta de dos filas de bailarines, vestidos de chaquetas y pantalon corto, ambas piezas confeccionadas de generos de color, sombrero de falda ancha con plumas y toquilla de color. Tocan zampoñas; su musica es cadenciosa e impresiona agradablemente.

 

Las danzas indigenas cuando llegan a ser adoptadas por los mestizos son transformadas por completo en su indumento y aun en su musica. Algunos como los auqui-auquis se ponen grandes sombreros de paja tejida, con desproporcionadas faldas y caretas con lengua, barba balanca y rubia. Asi cada una de estas danzas se distingue por su traje, su musica y su significado.

 

Los hombres de color introducidos en el coloniaje en calidad de esclavos, tuvieron varios bailes peculiares. De estos, solo queda el tundiques y mururatas, que han llegado a popularizarse mucho. El vestido esta compuesto de un pantalon y saco de genero blanco y llevan en las manos dos pedazos de maderas, talladas y condentaduras apropiadas para producir un sonido aspero con el roce de ambas partes, y cascabeles en los pies. Entonan canciones que acompasan con el movimiento de los cascabeles y sonido de las maderas. Cantan y bailan con mucho donaire y mimica ritmica, sin perder un momento el compas

 

A los bailes españoles la influencia indigena les hizo adquirir nuevas formas y nuevas figuras, de mayor movimiento y de mas alegres cambios como en el Fandango, del que se derivaron el Khaluyu, la celebre Mecapaqueña.

 

El Khaluyu, como baile es distinto del huayñu , aunque la musica es semejante. La Mecapaqueña y el Khaluyu difieren un poco. La ultima es de menos figuras que la otra, pero mas animada y de mas constante zapateo. La Mecapaqueña fue el baile predilecto de la sociedad paceña y su nombre viene de haberse originado y ejecutado en el pueblo de Mecapaca, a donde en determinadas estaciones del año se retiraban las familias paceñas a descansar.

 

Actualmente la mecapaqueña ha sido olvidada y se le ha sustituido con un baile de extremados movimientos que ha tomado todas las figuras de la Cuadrilla francesa, son los movimientos y el compas del huayñu criollo.

 

De los numerosos bailes populares, que en otros tiempos se acostumbraban, solo tres han sobrevivido: el bailecito, el huayñu y la cueca . Los demas como los morenos mistti-sicuris y los auqui-auquis, son una derivacion de las danzas indigenas, con mezcla de figuras y vestimenta apropiada para su representacion y se desenvuelven al aire libre, en hileras y con movimientos agiles. Los tres primeros son ejecutados siempre al son de instrumentos de cuerda, acompañados estos de cantos o de flautas. La musica bailable mestiza se halla dominada por una profunda tristeza, en estos bailes se agita zapateando y se hace contorsiones con el cuerpo.

 

En el bailecito se colocan frente a frente hombre y mujer a una distancia apropiada, en seguida se mueve la pareja agitando los pañuelos, haciendo contorsiones con el cuerpo y diferentes pasos con los pies; dan dos vueltas enteras primero, dos medias vueltas despues y terminan la danza con una vuelta entera, en la que los movimientos de los danzantes son mas desenvueltos y animados por el jaleo y expresiones de aplauso de los concurrentes, por el furioso rasguear de la guitarra y por el entusiasmo de los cantores en levantar la voz.

 

El huayñu ha sido propiamente el baile originario de los indigenas. Lo ejecutaban en los intermedios de las demas danzas enfrentandose un hombre y una mujer en el centro de los bailarines que hacian rueda. Esta forma personal de bailar se llama huayñusiña. Actualmente se da el nombre de huayñu a una singular mezcla de las antiguas danzas denominadas agua de nieve, moza mala, bolero, en ciertas figuras y en otras se nota la influencia manifiesta de la muñcira gallega. Todas estas figuras han sido arregladas a la manera de ser y al tono del gusto nacional.

 

El huayñu lo bailan por parejas de hombres y mujeres colocadas en la misma forma que la anterior danza. Comienza por una vuelta entera, en seguida se para uno de los dos, mientras el otro comienza a danzar solo frente a su pareja el tiempo que considere necesario. Al terminar la figura la agarra de ambas manos y le hace dar una vuelta. Despues la pareja que ha permanecido quieta ejecuta a su vez otra figura distinta a la anterior y asi sucesivamente se van cambiando las figuras, cuidando que no se repitan . Es una danza de extremados movimientos en que las jovenes hacen excitantes quiebres de cintura y hacen diferentes pasos mientras se contonean y mueven los brazos.

 

La cueca fue el baile de preferencia de las clases aristocratas, durante el coloniaje y en los primeros años de la republica. Se enfrenta la pareja, suena la musica y comienza en canto; los bailarines avanzan y retroceden agitando los pañuelos. El hombre con una mano en la cadera y con otra batiendo el pañuelo acosa a su pareja; esta se hace la indiferente y baila seguida de aquel que continua asediandola. Dan vueltas enteras y medias vueltas, zapatenado y haciendo girar el hombre su pañuelo por sobre la cabeza de la mujer, o lo baja al nivel de sus rodillas. El hombre despliega toda su habilidad, redobla su donaire, ondula, zapatea hasta que la bailarina se para en medio de los palmoteos. El hombre hinca la rodilla a los pies de la mujer y termina el baile.

 

Otra danza al aire libre es la de los morenos o morenada , notable por el costoso traje que llevan. Este se compone de casaca de terciopelo de color, profusamente bordado con hilos de oro y de plata; chaleco y pantalon corto, igualmente bordados; medias de seda, calzado de charol, peluca y sombrero adornado con plumas.

Steller's Jay (Rocky Mountains - Interior form)

This is my finished model of the TARDIS in its original form. Although the ship doesn't have a base in 'The Name Of The Doctor' I felt that it looked unfinished without it. So I added a base and fitted a thicker, more sturdy door

This store opened in March 1993 as a Finast supermarket. This store was re-branded as Tops around 2000. This store was closed in December 2006 when the Tops chain pulled out of Ohio.

 

Giant Eagle purchased this store and planned to relocate from Southgate USA into this shopping center in 2007. However, Giant Eagle later chose to remain at the Southgate location after plans were released for a Walmart Supercenter in the same shopping center. The Target in this center also closed leaving this side of Meadowbrook Market Square dead.

Reseña de Bailes Tipicos de Bolivia

 

Las danzas propiamente originarias se distinguen a primera vista por el empleo de plumas y cueros de animales en la vestimenta. De estas las danzas que quedan son las siguientes: Kachua, cintakaniris, sicuris, choqquelas, chiriguanos,pallapallas, qquenaqquenas, lichihuayus, chunchus, callahuadas, llameros, huitiquis, liphis, cañeros, cullahuas, tarkafucus, salquis, pacpacu, tairari, etc.

 

La Kachua fue una danza del amor. La ejecutaba la juventud soltera de ambos sexos, formando una gran rueda de personas que giraban de uno a otro lado, en la cual cada varon seguido por la moza con quien mantenia realciones amorosas, al verificarse los rapidos y generales movimientos de la rueda, bailaba a su vez con ella, agarrandola, algunos momentos, de la mano y otros enganchandola del brazo y haciendola dar vueltas aisladas, pero sin desprenderse del circulo comun ni alterar su orden. Los instrumentos mas usados en la kachua y el cintakaniris son flautas y tambores tocados solo a ratos, porque mas se rigen en sus movimientos coreograficos por el canto.

 

Los Sicuris o sopladores de zampoña son de tres clases: los suri-sicuris, los laquitas y los sulka-sicuris o yungueños. Los primeros llevan enormes plumeros sobre la cabeza en forma de paraguas adornados el centro por plumas de colores; visten pollerines de Genero blanco almidonado y planchado; sobre las espaldas les cubre diagonalmente un paño blanco. La musica es variada y es indudablemente una de las mejores y mas armoniosas del folklore boliviano.

  

Los laquitas llevan sombreros adornados de plumas, paños de colores sobre la espalda y tocan cuatro clases de zampoñas de gran tamaño de una sola fila. Son de numero indefinido y los preside un hombre que conduce sobre la cabeza un condor disecado con las alas extendidas (antiguamente); su musica es entusiasta.

 

Los Sulka-sicuris o yungueños visten ponchos vistosos y su mejor traje, tocan zampoñas de una sola fila de ocho flautas, y cajas pequeñas en forma de tambores; su musica es alegre, de ritmo vivo y energico. En estas danzas particularmente los suri-sicuris, las mujeres se presentan vestidas de chaquetillas de merino de colores y polleras de castilla, la cabeza con cintas y chaquiras, y en la mano derecha un pañuelo que se agita a menudo. La musica de los sicuris llamada ayarichi se destaca por sus notas variadas y su armoniosa ejecucion. En el canton de Italaque, de la antigua provincia Muñecas, se encuentran los mejores musicos de ese orden.

 

Los choqquelas llevan un cuero curtido de vicuña sobre la espalda, adornandose las extremidades con horlas de colores y pedazos de cintas. Visten pollerines de lienzo blanco, almidonados y encarrujados; la copa de los sombreros esta rodeada de plumas, unas veces blancas y otras rosadas. Dos o tres bailarines llevan colgados de las manos zorros y vicuñas disecadas, los que hacen representar en los intermedios.

 

Los lichihuayus, que anualmente bailan por la fiesta de Santiago en la region de Oruro, tocan la qquena y se compone cada grupo de seis o diez personas, vestidos con polleras blancas, una chaqueta de terciopelo bordada con lentejuelas y un sombrero plano que remata en un penacho de plumas.

 

Los llameros se diferencias por su traje, compuesto de un ponchillo matizado de diversos colores y guarnecido con flecos, de calcetas de lana blanca, que se las colocan como polainas, de un sombrero de copa aplastado por sus costados y terminado en punta. Se cubren el rostro con una mascara de yeso de aspecto agradable, en la cual la boca esta figurada en actitud de silbar. A cada varon sigue en el baile una moza con la rueca en la mano y un ovillo de hilo prendido al pecho en ademan de hilar. Los hombres a medida que bailan acostumbran agitar y hacer sonar la honda que traen consigo, aparentando espantar o arrear llamas. La musica es ejecutada con qquena, tocada con cierta dulzura, que se hace escuchar con agrado.

 

Con el nombre de chunchus, se conocia un baile establecido en epoca remotas por los indigenas del tropico sojuzgados por los kollas, que venian atavidos segun su costumbre a las fiestas de estos. Posteriormente les imitaron los kollas, cubriendose el cuerpo de plumas y simulando acciones propias de aquellos. Los bailarines llevaban flechas que descargaban segun la exigencia de la musica. Ultimamente han sustituido el uniforme de plumas con sayas de terciopelo cortas, de varios colores, bordadas con hilos de oro y plata y recargas de lentejuelas. Esta danza es propia de Tarija y es aun posible verla en la fiesta de San Roque.

 

Los callahuayas, se distinguen por las bolsas elegantes y grandes que traen bajo el brazo. Eran estas provenientes del ayllu de los curanderos y herbolarios del dominio kolla. Llevan sombreros comunes adornados con flores. El cuerpo cubierto de una camisa almidonada de genero blanco. La espalda y el pecho cruzados por bandas anchas, bordadas y acondicionadas en direcciones opuestas; encima de las bandas levan dos bolsas, cubiertas de monedas antiguas.

 

En varias de las danzas anteriores habia un actor que desempeñaba el papel comico con el nombre de kusillo o sea mono, haciendo cabriolas y visajes. El kusillo anima el buen humor de los danzantes, haciendo reir con frecuencia a los espectadores con sus dichos picarescos y las licencias que se toma. Ademas en las fiestas habia otro personaje bajo cuya autoridad se desenvolvian bailarines y concurrentes, era el brujo; y a falta de este el anciano mas caracterizado de la marca o pueblo.

 

Remontandonos a investigar el origen de estos bailes, considerados como propios de la raza, se nota que cada cual emana de la necesidad de venerar al animal u objeto material, bajo cuya proteccion se pone el ayllu (comunidad), y a quien suponia deber su existencia. Asi los qquenaqquenas, danza exclusivamente kolla, llevaban el cuero de tigre en señal de que provenian de el sus antepasados y de que, al usar esa piel se hacian invulnerables; los choqquelas se conceptuaban protegidos de la vicuña y el zorro, y se tendia a imitar la ligereza de la una y la estucia del ultimo. Los sicuris (baile kolla) era dedicado al suri y al condor, aves que entre ellos simbolizan la tormenta y la fuerza. Cada ayllu observa el uso de totems, segun la tradicion que tenian en su origen, pero el dios comunmente acatado por todos los ayllus kollas, fue el titi o tigre; por eso el cuero de este animal sagrado, rara vez dejaba de ser parte de sus disfraces en alguna forma. El baile entre los indigenas no constituia una simple diversion, tenia por objeto recordar su pasado y rendir culto a sus dioses penantes.

 

Algunas representaciones, a cual mas grotesca, tambien fueron introducidas por los españoles e impuestas a los indigenas. Como ejemplo esta la "mojiganga" que llamaban Juan de la Coba, se componia de tres negros vestidos con sacos y bonetes encarnados cabalgados en mulas o asnos, con timbales cubiertos de trapos del mismo color. Una multitud de muchachos andrajosos, de negros y sambos de mayor edad, hacian el acompañamiento con desordenada griteria. Entre Juan de la Coba y el pueblo habia una especie de dialogo compuesto de palabras toscas e indecentes.

 

De las muchas danzas implantadas en el regimen colonial, que han sobrevivido al tiempo, se distinguen la conocida con el nombre de huaca-tocoris o sea toros bailadores y los tinti caballos. El uniforme del huaca-tocoris consiste en un cuero de toro disecado sobre un fuste de madera, que tiene la forma de este animal, con una abertura circular en el lomo, por donde se introduce la persona y se sujeta a la cintura. Por delante va un indigena con la cara pintada de hollin, vestido de pantalon blanco; en una mano empuña una espada de madera y con la otra agita un pañuelo. Esta danza es la caricatura vulgar y ruda de la corrida de toros. La musica es monotona y estridente.

 

Los tinti caballos llevan fustes de caballitos de yeso, por cuyo centro se introduce un bailarin. Con una una mano agarra una campañilla y con la otra un pañuelo que segun las circunstancias las dan aplicacion. Siguen a los huaca-tocoris, con quiene forman la supuesta y burlesca cuadrilla de toreros.

 

Los danzantes es un baile en el que los bailarines se cubren las cabezas de grandes y pesados cascos de yeso, pintados de colores caprichosos. Se bailaba en Achacachi, en la fiesta de san Pedro. Este baile debio ser una derivacion de los Gigantones.

 

La diablada es una danza compuesta de individuos disfrazados todos ellos de diablos, con trajes vistosos y bordados con hilos de oro y plata, mascaras que representan figuras pintadas de vivos colores, y con grandes espuelas en los pies. Los grupos suelen constar de muchos miembros en cuyo centro domina el que esta disfrazado de arcangel San Miguel. Cuando mas soberbios y pagados de si mismos andan los diablos, se presenta San Miguel, reta a Satanas, lo humilla y lo abate; lo hace contemplar en el espejo que lleva consigo su rostro horroroso; luego se ponen a bailar juntos en una danza llena de satisfaccion y contento. Es un baile que encierra un simbolismo religioso propio del caracter y preocupacion de los españoles. La diablada tiene algo de satira porque refleja la rebeldia de los mitayos mineros contra la opresion y conquista española y la danza fue asi utilizada para expresar sus ansias de libertad. Su musica tiene cierto aire marcial pero esta llena de vitalidad. En la ciudad de Oruro es donde este baile se manifiesta con todo su esplendor.

 

Imitando y ridiculizando a la vez, el porte, vanidad y fanfarroneria de los soldados castellanos, los indigenas inventaron el baile de los ppakkacoches. En Oruro se llamaba palampas.

 

Los catripullis se diferencian por su indumento especial, formado por una saya de genero blanco almidonado y encarrujado, de una camisa del mismo genero y un pañuelo de madras verde que les cruza diagonalmente por la espalda. Sobre la cabeza llevan un casco de carton o lata. Bailan formando circulos, en cuyo centro hay dos indigenas disfrazados de negro y negra (con la cara pintada con betun), que hacen gracias y divierten a los demas.

 

Las danzas mestizas en las que predominan una mezcla de caracteristicas de bailes y notas indigenas con las extrañas venidas de afuera, como el misti-sicuris, compuesta de dos filas de bailarines, vestidos de chaquetas y pantalon corto, ambas piezas confeccionadas de generos de color, sombrero de falda ancha con plumas y toquilla de color. Tocan zampoñas; su musica es cadenciosa e impresiona agradablemente.

 

Las danzas indigenas cuando llegan a ser adoptadas por los mestizos son transformadas por completo en su indumento y aun en su musica. Algunos como los auqui-auquis se ponen grandes sombreros de paja tejida, con desproporcionadas faldas y caretas con lengua, barba balanca y rubia. Asi cada una de estas danzas se distingue por su traje, su musica y su significado.

 

Los hombres de color introducidos en el coloniaje en calidad de esclavos, tuvieron varios bailes peculiares. De estos, solo queda el tundiques y mururatas, que han llegado a popularizarse mucho. El vestido esta compuesto de un pantalon y saco de genero blanco y llevan en las manos dos pedazos de maderas, talladas y condentaduras apropiadas para producir un sonido aspero con el roce de ambas partes, y cascabeles en los pies. Entonan canciones que acompasan con el movimiento de los cascabeles y sonido de las maderas. Cantan y bailan con mucho donaire y mimica ritmica, sin perder un momento el compas

 

A los bailes españoles la influencia indigena les hizo adquirir nuevas formas y nuevas figuras, de mayor movimiento y de mas alegres cambios como en el Fandango, del que se derivaron el Khaluyu, la celebre Mecapaqueña.

 

El Khaluyu, como baile es distinto del huayñu , aunque la musica es semejante. La Mecapaqueña y el Khaluyu difieren un poco. La ultima es de menos figuras que la otra, pero mas animada y de mas constante zapateo. La Mecapaqueña fue el baile predilecto de la sociedad paceña y su nombre viene de haberse originado y ejecutado en el pueblo de Mecapaca, a donde en determinadas estaciones del año se retiraban las familias paceñas a descansar.

 

Actualmente la mecapaqueña ha sido olvidada y se le ha sustituido con un baile de extremados movimientos que ha tomado todas las figuras de la Cuadrilla francesa, son los movimientos y el compas del huayñu criollo.

 

De los numerosos bailes populares, que en otros tiempos se acostumbraban, solo tres han sobrevivido: el bailecito, el huayñu y la cueca . Los demas como los morenos mistti-sicuris y los auqui-auquis, son una derivacion de las danzas indigenas, con mezcla de figuras y vestimenta apropiada para su representacion y se desenvuelven al aire libre, en hileras y con movimientos agiles. Los tres primeros son ejecutados siempre al son de instrumentos de cuerda, acompañados estos de cantos o de flautas. La musica bailable mestiza se halla dominada por una profunda tristeza, en estos bailes se agita zapateando y se hace contorsiones con el cuerpo.

 

En el bailecito se colocan frente a frente hombre y mujer a una distancia apropiada, en seguida se mueve la pareja agitando los pañuelos, haciendo contorsiones con el cuerpo y diferentes pasos con los pies; dan dos vueltas enteras primero, dos medias vueltas despues y terminan la danza con una vuelta entera, en la que los movimientos de los danzantes son mas desenvueltos y animados por el jaleo y expresiones de aplauso de los concurrentes, por el furioso rasguear de la guitarra y por el entusiasmo de los cantores en levantar la voz.

 

El huayñu ha sido propiamente el baile originario de los indigenas. Lo ejecutaban en los intermedios de las demas danzas enfrentandose un hombre y una mujer en el centro de los bailarines que hacian rueda. Esta forma personal de bailar se llama huayñusiña. Actualmente se da el nombre de huayñu a una singular mezcla de las antiguas danzas denominadas agua de nieve, moza mala, bolero, en ciertas figuras y en otras se nota la influencia manifiesta de la muñcira gallega. Todas estas figuras han sido arregladas a la manera de ser y al tono del gusto nacional.

 

El huayñu lo bailan por parejas de hombres y mujeres colocadas en la misma forma que la anterior danza. Comienza por una vuelta entera, en seguida se para uno de los dos, mientras el otro comienza a danzar solo frente a su pareja el tiempo que considere necesario. Al terminar la figura la agarra de ambas manos y le hace dar una vuelta. Despues la pareja que ha permanecido quieta ejecuta a su vez otra figura distinta a la anterior y asi sucesivamente se van cambiando las figuras, cuidando que no se repitan . Es una danza de extremados movimientos en que las jovenes hacen excitantes quiebres de cintura y hacen diferentes pasos mientras se contonean y mueven los brazos.

 

La cueca fue el baile de preferencia de las clases aristocratas, durante el coloniaje y en los primeros años de la republica. Se enfrenta la pareja, suena la musica y comienza en canto; los bailarines avanzan y retroceden agitando los pañuelos. El hombre con una mano en la cadera y con otra batiendo el pañuelo acosa a su pareja; esta se hace la indiferente y baila seguida de aquel que continua asediandola. Dan vueltas enteras y medias vueltas, zapatenado y haciendo girar el hombre su pañuelo por sobre la cabeza de la mujer, o lo baja al nivel de sus rodillas. El hombre despliega toda su habilidad, redobla su donaire, ondula, zapatea hasta que la bailarina se para en medio de los palmoteos. El hombre hinca la rodilla a los pies de la mujer y termina el baile.

 

Otra danza al aire libre es la de los morenos o morenada , notable por el costoso traje que llevan. Este se compone de casaca de terciopelo de color, profusamente bordado con hilos de oro y de plata; chaleco y pantalon corto, igualmente bordados; medias de seda, calzado de charol, peluca y sombrero adornado con plumas.

This doll was a gift for my boyfriend.

It is the cat form of a druid, from world of Warcraft (a game). It was made in incredible 14 days! I don't know how many hours it took.

  

About the doll: this is a handmade one of a kind ball jointed doll, entirely made from scratch of cold porcelain. The doll is made of purple clay and has some airbrushing and painted details. The eyes and the stones of the collar are handpainted glass cabochons and both glow in the dark. The rest of the collar and the bracelets are made from craft foam, and the bracelets has golden details made with 3d paint. And it also has some faux fur. The mark on it's back is made of clay but painted with a transparent ink that glows under UV light. Felt was used on some joints to protect the painting from scratch.

  

Character reference: www.examiner.com/images/blog/wysiwyg/image/druidcat(1).jpg

It is hard to find pictures of this character!

  

The story: I was suffering to find a gift for my boyfriend to celebrate our dating anniversary. I had no ideas... After some long time thinking, I decided to make a doll for him. I never made him one before XD The idea was to have something to distract the mind when he wasn't being able to solve a problem while working, something to relax, to play. Then, there was a problem: which doll to make? Which character or whatever? More days thinking. I remember seeing he plays WoW, and that there was a druid that could transform itself in other critters, being a panther like the one I saw more frequently. That was called the cat form, even it looking like a big wild feline. More and more days passed thinking on which kind of doll to make. Chibi? Standard? Deluxe?! Chibi was not very poseable, so next. Deluxe was too hard and there wasn't enough time to finish. Standard was the chosen one. I was going to follow a cute style as well. But I wasn't being able to imagine how the doll would look, I couldn't draw it.... the time was passing.... How to make the open mouth? The accessories? Wow, and if I make the eyes and the collar, and that mark on the back glows like in the game? But how?? Well, Happens that there was only 14 days left to the dating anniversary and I started to freak out! So I just had to start even not knowing that the hell I was going to do and how! Sculpting like crazy XD The eyes needed 4 or five attempts, and paints and adhesives to find something that work fine to glow in the dark. I found a nail polish that glows under UV lamp for the marking at the back. But my boyfriend didn't have a UV light. So I discovered a tiny laser pen like thing that was originally made to check if money is real or not. The thing had a UV led. Bought it. In the middle of the craziness my boyfriend asked me if I was going to give him a coffee maker (espresso one). And I was like "crap! I forgot he want one of those!! XD" but I said it was indeed what I was going to give him, just to surprise in the end. Back to work, I wake up very early and laid down very late all days working on the doll. Go out to buy all the supplies, and still have to hide everything when he came to my place! He stays at my place like Friday, Saturday and Sunday. So, many days I couldn't work of the very few I already had when started! T___T Finished the sculpting process like crazy, still remade 4 pieces. Then I decided to airbrush the doll, you know, because weren't enough stress already. And when airbrushing, I had to cover every claw and the nose, and the pawpads, because those were in the correct color already................. I bought a latex mask (not sure if it is the word) for watercolor and it thank goddess worked!! But oh, soooo much work to cover all those tiny tiny things... And then after airbrushing and removing the mask, there was a gap around all the claws (the latex ran a bit..) and I needed to mask everything again, airbrush again..... Then paint all the little details. Seal everything, make all the accessories, glue all the faux fur.... Also, had to glue something on the joints to avoid scratching the paint. I found a felt - no kidding - that was exactly the same color as the light purple on the doll! Couldn't be better. I think you can barely see it on the pictures. Well, I still have to find a package for it. I wanted a treasure chest, but couldn't find one that suits. So I bought a plastic box similar to the ones I use, but with a funny shape. I designed the labels, with pictures from the game an all. Made the little drawstring bag, that I find on the stuffs I have since many years a blue stone that looks very "WoW" to use on the strings. I was literally finishing it in the day I had to give it to my boyfriend XD But not enough, I decided to fake it was the coffee maker. So I've found a box that had a good size, made fake labels (made very funny drawings, with "memes" and such, by hand with a black pen over craft paper), covered the box, put some rice bags inside to make it weight like a coffee maker, put the doll inside, and wrapped everything with gift wrapping paper. All packaged, it was a coffee maker! So I give it for him. And when he started to open and seeing the fake labels, his face was just like "WTF??!!" and while he was opening, removing lots of bubble wrapping, paper, and... rice bags, he was getting more and more confused, and I couldn't stop laughing! Until he finally found the little box (that was also wrapped in gift paper), opened and discovered the little doll inside, with a letter on which I told all the story you are also reading, but more detailed, and some cute things (by the way I had to write that letter, that has 2 or three pages too in this amount of time!). He got very touched I pass through all that to make a doll for him, and totally surprised because he never guessed what I was up to. In the end, beautiful doll, happy boyfriend, mission accomplished! XD Of course it isn't allll perfect as my dolls usually are. There are very small flaws that maybe just I and few people (my boyfriend isn't one of them) can see. But he is very different, and very detailed, and I am very very proud of this little guy!

  

Well, I hope you like my "little" adventure! I am glad I survived all of this! I doubt many people would read it anyway, but I decided to share n.n

  

All of this happened on 2014, months ago, but just now I took the pictures of the doll to show you.

 

Fountains Abbey is one of the largest and best preserved ruined Cistercian monasteries in England. It is located approximately 3 miles (5 kilometres) south-west of Ripon in North Yorkshire, near to the village of Aldfield. Founded in 1132, the abbey operated for 407 years becoming one of the wealthiest monasteries in England until its dissolution in 1539 under the order of Henry VIII.

 

The abbey is a Grade I listed building owned by the National Trust and part of the designated Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey UNESCO World Heritage Site.

 

Foundation

 

After a dispute and riot in 1132 at the Benedictine house of St Mary's Abbey, in York, 13 monks were expelled (among them Saint Robert of Newminster) and, after unsuccessful attempts to form a new monastery were taken under the protection of Thurstan, Archbishop of York. He provided them with land in the valley of the River Skell, a tributary of the Ure. The enclosed valley had all the natural features needed for the creation of a monastery, providing shelter from the weather, stone and timber for building, and a supply of running water. After enduring a harsh winter in 1133, the monks applied to join the Cistercian order which since the end of the previous century was a fast-growing reform movement that by the beginning of the 13th century was to have over 500 houses. So it was that in 1135, Fountains became the second Cistercian house in northern England, after Rievaulx. The Fountains monks became subject to Clairvaux Abbey, in Burgundy which was under the rule of St Bernard. Under the guidance of Geoffrey of Ainai, a monk sent from Clairvaux, the group learned how to celebrate the seven Canonical Hours according to Cistercian usage and were shown how to construct wooden buildings in accordance with Cistercian practice.

 

Consolidation

 

After Henry Murdac was elected abbot in 1143, the small stone church and timber claustral buildings were replaced. Within three years, an aisled nave had been added to the stone church, and the first permanent claustral buildings built in stone and roofed in tile had been completed.

In 1146 an angry mob, annoyed at Murdac for his role in opposing the election of William FitzHerbert as archbishop of York, attacked the abbey and burnt down all but the church and some surrounding buildings.The community recovered swiftly from the attack and founded four daughter houses. Henry Murdac resigned as abbot in 1147 upon becoming the Archbishop of York and was replaced first by Maurice, Abbot of Rievaulx then, on the resignation of Maurice, by Thorald. Thorald was forced by Henry Murdac to resign after two years in office. The next abbot, Richard, held the post until his death in 1170 and restored the abbey's stability and prosperity. In 20 years as abbot, he supervised a huge building programme which involved completing repairs to the damaged church and building more accommodation for the increasing number of recruits. Only the chapter house was completed before he died and the work was ably continued by his successor, Robert of Pipewell, under whose rule the abbey gained a reputation for caring for the needy.

 

The next abbot was William, who presided over the abbey from 1180 to 1190 and he was succeeded by Ralph Haget, who had entered Fountains at the age of 30 as a novice, after pursuing a military career. During the European famine of 1194 Haget ordered the construction of shelters in the vicinity of the abbey and provided daily food rations to the poor enhancing the abbey's reputation for caring for the poor and attracting more grants from wealthy benefactors.

In the first half of the 13th century Fountains increased in reputation and prosperity under the next three abbots, John of York (1203–1211), John of Hessle (1211–1220) and John of Kent (1220–1247). They were burdened with an inordinate amount of administrative duties and increasing demands for money in taxation and levies but managed to complete another massive expansion of the abbey's buildings. This included enlarging the church and building an infirmary.

 

Difficulties

 

In the second half of the 13th century the abbey was in more straitened circumstances. It was presided over by eleven abbots, and became financially unstable largely due to forward selling its wool crop, and the abbey was criticised for its dire material and physical state when it was visited by Archbishop John le Romeyn in 1294. The run of disasters that befell the community continued into the early 14th century when northern England was invaded by the Scots and there were further demands for taxes. The culmination of these misfortunes was the Black Death of 1348–1349. The loss of manpower and income due to the ravages of the plague was almost ruinous.

A further complication arose as a result of the Papal Schism of 1378–1409. Fountains Abbey along with other English Cistercian houses was told to break off any contact with the mother house of Citeaux, which supported a rival pope. This resulted in the abbots forming their own chapter to rule the order in England and consequently they became increasingly involved in internecine politics. In 1410, following the death of Abbot Burley of Fountains, the community was riven by several years of turmoil over the election of his successor. Contending candidates John Ripon, Abbot of Meaux, and Roger Frank, a monk of Fountains were locked in conflict until 1415 when Ripon was finally appointed, ruling until his death in 1434. Under abbots John Greenwell (1442–1471), Thomas Swinton (1471–8), John Darnton (1478–95), who undertook some much needed restoration of the fabric of the abbey, including notable work on the church, and Marmaduke Huby (1495–1526) Fountains regained stability and prosperity.

At Abbot Huby's death he was succeeded by William Thirsk who was accused by the royal commissioners of immorality and inadequacy and was dismissed as abbot. He was replaced by Marmaduke Bradley, a monk of the abbey who had reported Thirsk's supposed offences, testified against him and offered the authorities six hundred marks for the post of abbot. In 1539 it was Bradley who surrendered the abbey when its seizure was ordered under Henry VIII at the Dissolution of the Monasteries.

 

The abbey precinct covered 70 acres (28 ha) surrounded by an 11-foot (3.4 m) wall built in the 13th century, some parts of which are visible to the south and west of the abbey. The area consists of three concentric zones cut by the River Skell flowing from west to east across the site. The church and claustral buildings stand at the centre of the precinct north of the Skell, the inner court containing the domestic buildings stretches down to the river and the outer court housing the industrial and agricultural buildings lies on the river's south bank. The early abbey buildings were added to and altered over time, causing deviations from the strict Cistercian type. Outside the walls were the abbey's granges.[citation needed]

The original abbey church was built of wood and "was probably" two stories high; it was, however, quickly replaced in stone. The church was damaged in the attack on the abbey in 1146 and was rebuilt, in a larger scale, on the same site. Building work was completed c.1170.[11] This structure, completed around 1170, was 300 ft (91 m) long and had 11 bays in the side aisles. A lantern tower was added at the crossing of the church in the late 12th century. The presbytery at the eastern end of the church was much altered in the 13th century. The church's greatly lengthened choir, commenced by Abbot John of York, 1203–11, and carried on by his successor terminates, like that of Durham Cathedral, in an eastern transept, the work of Abbot John of Kent, 1220–47. The 160-foot-tall (49 m) tower, which was added not long before the dissolution, by Abbot Huby, 1494–1526, is in an unusual position at the northern end of the north transept and bears Huby's motto 'Soli Deo Honor et Gloria'. The sacristry adjoined the south transept.

The cloister, which had arcading of black marble from Nidderdale and white sandstone, is in the centre of the precinct and to the south of the church. The three-aisled chapter-house and parlour open from the eastern walk of the cloister and the refectory, with the kitchen and buttery attached, are at right angles to its southern walk. Parallel with the western walk is an immense vaulted substructure serving as cellars and store-rooms, which supported the dormitory of the conversi (lay brothers) above. This building extended across the river and at its south-west corner were the latrines, built above the swiftly flowing stream. The monks' dormitory was in its usual position above the chapter-house, to the south of the transept. Peculiarities of this arrangement include the position of the kitchen, between the refectory and calefactory, and of the infirmary above the river to the west, adjoining the guest-houses.

 

The abbot's house, one of the largest in all of England,is located to the east of the latrine block, where portions of it are suspended on arches over the River Skell.It was built in the mid-twelfth century as a modest single-storey structure, then, from the fourteenth century, underwent extensive expansion and remodelling to end up in the 16th century as a grand dwelling with fine bay windows and grand fireplaces. The great hall was an expansive room 52 by 21 metres (171 by 69 ft).

Among other apartments, for the designation of which see the ground-plan, was a domestic oratory or chapel,

 

1⁄2-by-23-foot (14 by 7 m), and a kitchen, 50-by-38-foot (15 by 12 m)

 

Medieval monasteries were sustained by landed estates that were given to them as endowments and from which they derived an income from rents. They were the gifts of the founder and subsequent patrons, but some were purchased from cash revenues. At the outset, the Cistercian order rejected gifts of mills and rents, churches with tithes and feudal manors as they did not accord with their belief in monastic purity, because they involved contact with laymen. When Archbishop Thurstan founded the abbey he gave the community 260 acres (110 ha) of land at Sutton north of the abbey and 200 acres (81 ha) at Herleshowe to provide support while the abbey became established. In the early years the abbey struggled to maintain itself because further gifts were not forthcoming and Thurstan could not help further because the lands he administered were not his own, but part of the diocesan estate. After a few years of impoverished struggle to establish the abbey, the monks were joined by Hugh, a former dean of York Minster, a rich man who brought a considerable fortune as well as furniture and books to start the library.

By 1135 the monks had acquired only another 260 acres (110 ha) at Cayton, given by Eustace fitzJohn of Knaresborough "for the building of the abbey". Shortly after the fire of 1146, the monks had established granges at Sutton, Cayton, Cowton Moor, Warsill, Dacre and Aldburgh all within 6 mi (10 km) of Fountains. In the 1140s the water mill was built on the abbey site making it possible for the grain from the granges to be brought to the abbey for milling.Tannery waste from this time has been excavated on the site.

Further estates were assembled in two phases, between 1140 and 1160 then 1174 and 1175, from piecemeal acquisitions of land. Some of the lands were grants from benefactors but others were purchased from gifts of money to the abbey. Roger de Mowbray granted vast areas of Nidderdale and William de Percy and his tenants granted substantial estates in Craven which included Malham Moor and the fishery in Malham Tarn. After 1203 the abbots consolidated the abbey's lands by renting out more distant areas that the monks could not easily farm themselves, and exchanging and purchasing lands that complemented their existing estates. Fountains' holdings both in Yorkshire and beyond had reached their maximum extent by 1265, when they were an efficient and very profitable estate. Their estates were linked in a network of individual granges which provided staging posts to the most distant ones. They had urban properties in York, Yarm, Grimsby, Scarborough and Boston from which to conduct export and market trading and their other commercial interests included mining, quarrying, iron-smelting, fishing and milling.

The Battle of Bannockburn in 1314 was a factor that led to a downturn in the prosperity of the abbey in the early fourteenth century. Areas of the north of England as far south as York were looted by the Scots. Then the number of lay-brothers being recruited to the order reduced considerably. The abbey chose to take advantage of the relaxation of the edict on leasing property that had been enacted by the General Chapter of the order in 1208 and leased some of their properties. Others were staffed by hired labour and remained in hand under the supervision of bailiffs. In 1535 Fountains had an interest in 138 vills and the total taxable income of the Fountains estate was £1,115, making it the richest Cistercian monastery in England.

After the Dissolution

 

The Gresham family crest

The Abbey buildings and over 500 acres (200 ha) of land were sold by the Crown, on 1 October 1540, to Sir Richard Gresham, at the time a Member of Parliament and former Lord Mayor of London, the father of Sir Thomas Gresham. It was Richard Gresham who had supplied Cardinal Wolsey with the tapestries for his new house of Hampton Court and who paid for the Cardinal's funeral.

Gresham sold some of the fabric of the site, stone, timber, lead, as building materials to help to defray the cost of purchase. The site was acquired in 1597 by Sir Stephen Proctor, who used stone from the monastic complex to build Fountains Hall. Between 1627 and 1767 the estate was owned by the Messenger family who sold it to William Aislaby who was responsible for combining it with the Studley Royal Estate.

 

Burials

 

Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray

John de Mowbray, 2nd Baron Mowbray

Abbot Marmaduke Huby (d. 1526)

Rose (daughter of Richard de Clare, 6th Earl of Gloucester), wife of Roger de Mowbray, 1st Baron Mowbray

Henry de Percy, 1st Baron Percy

William II de Percy, 3rd feudal baron of Topcliffe

Becoming a World Heritage Site

The archaeological excavation of the site was begun under the supervision of John Richard Walbran, a Ripon antiquary who, in 1846, had published a paper On the Necessity of clearing out the Conventual Church of Fountains.In 1966 the Abbey was placed in the guardianship of the Department of the Environment and the estate was purchased by the West Riding County Council who transferred ownership to the North Yorkshire County Council in 1974. The National Trust bought the 674-acre (273 ha) Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal estate from North Yorkshire County Council in 1983. In 1986 the parkland in which the abbey is situated and the abbey was designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It was recognised for fulfilling the criteria of being a masterpiece of human creative genius, and an outstanding example of a type of building or architectural or technological ensemble or landscape which illustrates significant stages in human history. Fountains Abbey is owned by the National Trust and maintained by English Heritage. The trust owns Studley Royal Park, Fountains Hall, to which there is partial public access, and St Mary's Church, designed by William Burges and built around 1873, all of which are significant features of the World Heritage Site.

The Porter's Lodge, which was once the gatehouse to the abbey, houses a modern exhibition area with displays about the history of Fountains Abbey and how the monks lived.

In January 2010, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal became two of the first National Trust properties to be included in Google Street View, using the Google Trike.

 

Film location

 

Fountains Abbey was used as a film location by Orchestral Manoeuvres in the Dark for their single "Maid of Orleans (The Waltz Joan of Arc)" during the cold winter of December 1981. In 1980, Hollywood also came to the site to film the final scenes to the film Omen III: The Final Conflict.Other productions filmed on location at the abbey are the films Life at the Top, The Secret Garden, The History Boys, TV series Flambards, A History of Britain, Terry Jones' Medieval Lives, Cathedral, Antiques Roadshow and the game show Treasure Hunt. The BBC Television series 'Gunpowder' (2017) used Fountains Abbey as a location.

NON HINDUS

ARE NOT ALLOWED INSIDE THE TEMPLE

 

Lingaraj Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Harihara, a form of Shiva and is one of the oldest temples in Bhubaneswar, the capital of the East Indian state of Odisha (formerly Orissa). The temple is the most prominent landmark of the Bhubaneswar city and one of the major tourist attractions of the state.

 

The Lingaraj temple is the largest temple in Bhubaneswar. The central tower of the temple is 55 m tall. The temple represents the quintessence of the Kalinga Architecture and culminates the medieval stages of the architectural tradition at Bhubaneswar. The temple is believed to be built by the kings from the Somavamsi dynasty, with later additions from the Ganga rulers. The temple is built in the Deula style that has four components namely, vimana (structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), natamandira (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings), each increasing in the height to its predecessor. The temple complex has 50 other shrines and is enclosed by a large compound wall.

 

Bhubaneswar is called the Ekamra Kshetra as the deity of Lingaraj was originally under a mango tree (Ekamra) as noted in Ekamra Purana, a 13th-century Sanskrit treatise. The temple is active in worship practises, unlike most other temples in Bhubaneswar and Shiva is worshipped as Harihara, a combined form of Vishnu and Shiva. The temple has images of Vishnu, possibly because of the rising prominence of Jagannath cult emnating from the Ganga rulers who built the Jagannath Temple in Puri in the 12th century.

 

Lingaraj temple is maintained by the Temple Trust Board and the Archeological Survey of India (ASI). The temple has an average of 6,000 visitors per day and receives lakhs of visitors during festivals. Shivaratri festival is the major festival celebrated in the temple and event during 2012 witnessed 200,000 visitors.

 

HISTORY

Lingaraj means "The king of Lingam", the symbol of Saivism. Shiva was worshipped as Kirtivasa and later as Harihara and is commonly referred as Tribhuvaneshwara (also called Bhubaneswar), the master of three worlds, namely, heaven, earth and netherworld). His consort is called Bhuvaneshvari.

 

The temple is more than 1100 years old, dating back in its present form to the last decade of the eleventh century, though there is evidence that part of the temple was built during the sixth century CE as the temple has been emphasized in some of the seventh century Sanskrit texts. Fergusson believes the temple might have been initiated by Lelat Indra Kesari who reigned from 615 to 657 CE. The Assembly hall (jagamohana), sanctum and temple tower wer built during the eleventh century, while the Hall of offering (bhoga-mandapa) was built during the twelfth century. The natamandira was built by the wife of Salini between 1099 and 1104 CE. By the time the Lingaraj temple was completely constructed, the Jagannath (form of Vishnu) cult had been growing in the region, which historians believe is evidenced by the co-existence of Vishnu and Shiva worship at the temple. The Ganga dynasty kings were ardent followers of Vaishnavism and built the Jagannath Temple at Puri in the 12th century.

 

The temple is believed to be built by the Somavanshi king Jajati Keshari, in 11th century CE. Jajati Keshari had shifted his capital from Jajpur to Bhubaneswar which was referred to as Ekamra Kshetra in the Brahma Purana, an ancient scripture. One of the Somavamsi queens donated a village to the temple and the Brahmins attached to the temple received generous grants. An inscription from the Saka year 1094 (1172 CE) indicates gifts of gold coins to the temple by Rajaraja II. Another inscription of Narasimha I from the 11th century indicates offer of beetel leaves as tambula to the presiding deity. Other stone inscriptions in the temple indicate royal grants from Chodaganga to village people.

 

ARCHITECTURE

The Lingaraj temple is the largest temple in Bhubaneswar. James Ferugsson (1808–86), a noted critic and historian, rated the temple as "one of the finest examples of purely Hindu temple in India". It is enshrined within a spacious compound wall of laterite measuring 160 m by 142 m. The wall is 2.3 m thick and surmounted by a plain slant coping. Alongside the inner face of the boundary wall, there is a terrace to protect the compound wall against outside aggression. The tower is 55 m high and the complex has 150 smaller shrines in its spacious courtyard. Each inch of the 55 m tall tower is sculpted. The door in the gate of the entrance porch is made of sandalwood.

 

The Lingaraja temple faces east and is built of sandstone and laterite. The main entrance is located in the east, while there are small entrances in the north and south. The temple is built in the Deula style that has four components namely, vimana (structure containing the sanctum), jagamohana (assembly hall), natamandira (festival hall) and bhoga-mandapa (hall of offerings). The dance hall was associated with the raising prominence of the devadasi system that existed during the time. The various units from the Hall of offering to the tower of the sanctum increase in height.

 

The bhogamandapa (Hall of offering) measures 13 m by 13 m from the inside, 17.15 m by 17.25 m from the outside and has four doors in each of the sides. The exterior walls of the hall has decorative sculptures of men and beast. The hall has a pyramidal roof made of up several horizontal layers arranged in sets of two with intervening platform. It bears an inverted bell and a kalasa in the top. The natamandira (festival hall) measures 12 m by 12 m from the inside, 15 m by 15 m from the outside, has one main entrance and two side entrances. The side walls of the hall has decortive sculptures displaying women and couples. It has a flat roof sloping in stages. There are thick pylons inside the hall. The jagamohana (assembly hall) measures 11 m by 9.1 m from the inside, 17 m by 15 m from the outside, entrances from south and north and has a 30 metres tall roof. The hall has a pyramidal roof made of up several horizontal layers arranged in sets of two with intervening platform as in the Hall of offering. The facade to the entrances are decorated with perforated windows with lion sitting on hind legs. The inverted bell above second unit is adorned by kalasa and lions. The rekha deula has a 60 m tall pyramidal tower over the sanctum and measures 6.7 m from the inside, 16 m from the outside over the sanctum. It is covered with decorative design and seated lion projecting from the walls. The sanctum is square in shape from the inside. The tower walls are sculpted with female figures in different poses.

 

RELIGIOUS SIGNIFICANCE

Bhubaneswar is called the Ekamra Kshetra as the deity of Lingaraj was originally under a mango tree (Ekamra). Ekamra Purana, a Sanskrit treatise of the 13th century mentions that the presiding deity was not seen as lingam (an aniconic form of Shiva) during the Satya and Treta yugas and only during the Dwapara and Kali yugas, it emerged as a lingam. The lingam in the temple is a natural unshaped stone that rests on a Sakti. Such a lingam is called Krutibasa or Swayambhu and is found in 64 places in different parts of India. With the advent of the Ganga dynasty in the early 12th century, who had Vaishnavaite orientation, a new movement started resulting in the synthesis of Saivism and Vaishnavism. The Ekamra was associated with Vaishanavite gods Krishna and Balaram during the period. It is attributed the raising prominence of Jagannath cult that became predominant during the construction of the temple. The Ganges remodelled the temple and introduced certain Vaishnavite elements like images of Vaishnava Dwarapalas namely Jaya and Prachanda, Jagannatha, Lakshmi Narayan and Garuda were installed. Tulsi leaves, which are favoured by Vishnu, was used along with Bela leaves for the worship of Lingaraj. Lingaraja was thus came to be known as Harihara, a combination of Shiva and Vishnu. The flag of the temple was fixed to a Pinaka bow instead of trident usually found in Shiva temples. The temple priests also changed the mark in their forehead from horizontal to a "U" sign with a dotted middle line. The Ganges also introduced certain fairs like Swing festival, Sun worship and mock quarell between priests after chariot festival, similar to the practises in Jagannath Temple in Puri. The influence of the Ganges dynasty has led to a cosmopolitan culture, that has reduced the status of Lingaraja temple as a distinct Saivite shrine.

 

FESTIVAL & WORSHIP PRACTISES

As per Hindu legend, an underground river originating from the Lingaraj temple fills the Bindusagar Tank (meaning ocean drop) and the water is believed to heal physical and spiritual illness. The water from the tank is thus treated sacred and pilgrims take a holy dip during festive occasions. The central deity of the temple, Lingaraj, is worshipped both as Shiva and Vishnu. The harmony between the two sects of Hinduism, Saivism and Vaishanvism, is seen in this temple where the deity is worshipped as Harihara, a combined form of Vishnu and Shiva.

 

Shivaratri is the main festival celebrated annually in Phalgun month when thousands of devotees visit the temple. Apart from a full day of fasting, bel leaves are offered to Lingaraj on this auspicious day. The main celebrations take place at night when devotees pray all night long. The devout usually break their fast after the Mahadipa (a huge lamp) is lit on the spire of the temple. Every year the chariot festival (Ratha-Yatra) of Lingaraja is celebrated on Ashokashtami. The deity is taken in a chariot to Rameshwar Deula temple. Thousands of devotees follow and pull brightly decorated chariots containing the idols of Lingaraj and his sister Rukmani. This chariot procession stays for five days at the Rameshwar Temple and then will be brought back. This festival commemorates Lord Lingaraj having slayed a demon. Thousands of bol bom pilgrims carry water from river Mahanadi and walk all the way to the temple during the month of Shravana every year. Sunian day is observed from royal times in the month of Bhandra, a day when temple servants, peasants and other holders of temple lands offer loyalty and tribute to Lingaraja. Candan Yatra (Sandalwood ceremony) is a 22-day festival celebrated in the temple when servants of the temple disport themselves in a specially made barge in Bindusagar tank. The deities and servants of the temples are anointed with sandalwood paste to protect from heat. Dances, communal feasts and merrymaking are arranged by the people associated with the temple.

 

The Lingaraja temple is active in worship practises, unlike the other ancient temples of Bhubaneshwar which are not active worship centres. Non Hindus are not allowed inside the temple, but it can be viewed from the viewing platform located outside the temple. The viewing platform and the back of the temple can be reached via a lineway located to the right of the main entrance of the temple. Sanctity of the temple is maitained by disallowing dogs, unbathed visitors, menstruating women and families that encountered birth or death in the preceding 12 days. In case of a foreign tresspass, the temple follows a purification ritual and dumping of prasad (food offering) in a well.

 

RELIGIOUS PRACTICES

The image of Lingaraja is abluted with water (called mahasnana) several times a day and decorated with flowers, sandal paste and cloth. Hemlock or hemlock flowers which are generally offered in other Shiva temples is not allowed in the Lingaraja temple. Bilva leaves (Aegle marmelos) and tulasi (Ocimum sanctum) are used in daily worship. Offerings of cooked rice, curries and sweet-meats are displayed in the bhogamandapa (hall of offering) and the divinity is invoked to accept them amidst scores of chanting of Sanskrit texts. Coconut, ripe plantains and kora-khai are generally offered to Lingaraja by the pilgrims. Bhang beverage is offered to Lingaraja by some devotees especially on the day of Pana Sankranti (Oriya new year).

 

The Lingaraja temple is open from 6 a.m. to about 9 p.m. and is intermittently closed during bhoga (food offering) to the deity. During early morning, lamps in the cella are lit to awaken Lingaraja from his sleep, ablution is performed, followed by adoration and arati (waving of light). The temple is closed at about 12 p.m. until about 3.30 P.M. A ceremony known as Mahasnana (ablution) is performed once the doors are closed, followed by pouring of Panchamrita (a mixture of milk, curdled milk, clarified butter, honey and ghee) upon the deity for purification. At about 1 P.M., a ripe plantain is divided into two, one half is offered to Sun god and the other half to Dwarapala (the guarding deities in the doorway). Between 1.00 and 1.30 P.M. the food offering called Ballabha Bhoga (breakfast containing curdled milk, curd and vegetables) is offered to the deity. The consecrated food is carried to the temple of Parvati and placed before her as an offering, a practice commonly observed by the orthodox Hindu housewives. At about 2 P.M., the Sakala Dhupa (morning's offering of food) takes place. After the food is offered to Lingaraja, the offerings are carried to the temple of Parvati to serve her. An offering called Bhanda Dhupa is carried out at 3.30 P.M. at the hall of offering. This food is later offered by the inmates to the pilgrims as Mahaprasad.

 

A light refreshment known as Ballabha Dhupa is offered to the deity at around 4.30 P.M. At around 5 P.M., Dwipahar Dhupa (mid day meal) is offered. At around 7 P.M., another offering called Palia Badu is placed before the deity. Sandhya arati (waving of lights in the evening) is performed during that time. Another light meal called Sahana Dhupa is offered at around 8:30 P.M. After the meals, the ceremony of waving light (arati) is performed before the deity. At 9.30 P.M, the last service of the day, Bada Singara (the great decoration) is performed when the deity is decorated with flowers and ornaments after which a light food offering is made. A wooden palanquin is laid in the room, incense is lighted, drinking water is served and prepared betel is placed. Panchabaktra Mahadeva comes to the palanquin and returns to his own abode after the arati is performed. This is a bronze image of Mahadeva having five faces and Parvati in his lap. Each of these ceremonies is accompanied by ritual observances and recitations of mantras (Sanskrit texts) specified for each occasion.

 

TEMPLE STAFF & ADMINISTRATION

King Jajati Keshari, believed to be the founder of the Lingaraja temple, deputed Dravidian Brahmins as temple priests over the local Brahmins on account of their increased knowledge of Saivism. The focus was to enhance the temple practises from tribal rites to Sanskritic. While the exact number of castes involved in the nijogas (practises) is not known, Brahmins, tribal worshippers and inmates from Untouchable castes are believed to be part of the setup. Bose (1958) identified 41 services with the involvement of 22 separate castes and Mahaptra (1978) identified 30 services. It is understood from the records that kings and temple managers of different times introduced or discontinued certain services, fairs, offerings and caste-centred core services during their regime. As of 2012, the temple practised 36 different services (nijogas).

 

In modern times, the Lingaraja temple priests are from two communities, namely Brahman Nijog and Badu Nijog. The Badu are non-Brahmin servant groups, whose origin is not ascertained due to unavailability of authentic records, while they are described as Vadu in chapter 62 of the Ekamrapurana. The caste group of Badu is called Niyoga, which elects the officers every year during the Sandalwood festival. Every Badu undergoes three distinct rites, namely, ear-piercing, marriage and god-touching. Historically, the Badus performed five different temple duties - Paliabadu and Pharaka, which were considered important and Pochha, Pahada and Khataseja, which were considered inferior. From 1962, only Paliabadu and Pharaka practises are followed and the others are discontinued. The Badus also carry out ablution and dressing of the images of Siddhaganesh and Gopalini. The temple is maintained by the Temple Trust Board and the Archeological Survey of India (ASI). The temple is guarded by security personnel deputed by the Police Commissioner of Bhubaneswar and security guards appointed by the temple administration. The temple has an average of 6,000 visitors every day and receives lakhs of visitors during festivals. The Shivaratri festival during 2012 witnessed 200,000 visitors. As of 2011, the annual income of Lingaraja temple from hundis (donation boxes) is around INR1.2 million per annum. Another INR4 million is collected annually from other sources like rents from shops, cycle stands and agriculture lands. Starting 2011, the temple charges an amount for six types of religious worship (special pujas) carried out by the devotees.

 

WIKIPEDIA

 

Images on the box may be slightly misleading. Read my review here: Clay for the Kiddos: Fun Forms Piggy Bank Review

DB Schenker Rail (UK) Ltd's class 66 (JT42CWR) number 66129 in English, Welsh and Scottish Railway maroon livery with zigzag gold band, large number and EWS logo is photographed working 4E26 from Dollands Moor sidings to Scunthorpe Redbourne sidings on 10 October 2014. This service returns empty FIA 'Multifret' twin intermodal flat wagons used to transport steel for export in billet form from Tata Steels Scunthorpe complex on South Humberside in Lincolnshire (see Andy Pictons photo) to a freight yard at Ebange in Eastern France via Dollands Moor and Calais Fréthun through the Channel Tunnel (click here for the route ). Laurent Knop photographed Euro Cargo Rail's loco number E 186-317 at Valenciennes (Nord - department 59) hauling loaded wagons working from Calais Fréthun to Ebange on 2 April 2014. Nicolas Tomaszewski also videoed a loaded train passing Beuvrages hauled by Euro Cargo Rail's E186 162-4. Once in Ebange the steel is used at Tata's Hayange rail mill to produce rail for SNCF's LGV Est européenne construction programme to extend the French high-speed rail network. 66129 (works number 968702-129) was built by General Motors Electro-Motive Division, London, Ontario, Canada in 1998 and unloaded from the Heavy Lift Ship MV "Gajah Borneo" at Newport Docks on 18 July 1999.

 

According to Realtime Trains the route and timings were;

Dollands Moor Sidings .......0750........................0903......................73L

Ashford International ..........0804........................0916 1/4.................72L

Maidstone East [MDE] 1.......0832 1/2..................0941 1/2.................69L

Otford Junction[XOT]...........0859 1/2.................1001 3/4.................62L

Swanley [SAY] 1.....................0911 1/2....................1013 3/4.................62L

St Mary Cray Junction..........0921.........................1018........................57L

Bickley Junction[XLY]..........0925 1/2.................1019 1/4..................53L

Bromley South [BMS]...........0930........................1023.......................53L

Shortlands [SRT]....................0932........................1028 1/4.................56L

Shortlands Junction.............0933........................1029 1/4.................56L

Bellingham [BGM].................0936........................1031 1/2..................55L

Nunhead [NHD] 1...................0950........................1038 3/4................48L

Peckham Rye [PMR] 3..........0953 1/2..................1040 1/2.................47L

Crofton Road Junction........0955........................1042 3/4................47L

Denmark Hill [DMK] 1............0957........................1043.......................46L

Voltaire Road Junction .......1002 1/2..................1047........................44L

Latchmere Junction.............1010 1/2....................1054.......................43L

Imperial Wharf [IMW] 2........1014..........................1056 1/2.................42L

West Brompton [WBP] 4......1016 1/2....................1058 3/4................42L

Kensington Olympia ............1020.........................1102 1/2..................42L

North Pole Junction..............1020 1/2..................1106 1/2..................46L

Mitre Bridge Junction..........1026.........................1109 1/4..................43L

Willesden Junction 4............1030/1032...............1112 1/4/1113 1/2......41L

Kensal Green Junction........1034.........................1116.........................42L

Brondesbury Park [BSP] 1...1038.........................1118 1/4...................40L

West Hampstead 2...............1040 1/2...................1120........................39L

Hampstead Heath 2.............1044 1/2...................1124........................39L

Gospel Oak [GPO] 2.............1046 1/2...................1126........................39L

Kentish Town West 2...........1048.........................1128 1/4..................40L

Camden Road Junction.......1049 1/2...................1131 3/4..................42L

Holloway South Junction....1058 1/2...................1142........................43L

Finsbury Park [FPK] 6...........1101 1/2/1111 1/2.......1143 3/4/1144 1/4..32L

Harringay [HGY] 2.................1114...........................1147 1/2..................33L

Hornsey [HRN] 2...................1115...........................1149........................33L

Alexandra Palace [AAP] 3...1117...........................1151.........................34L

New Southgate [NSG] 4......1119 1/2.....................1153 1/2..................33L

Oakleigh Park [OKL] 4.........1123 1/2....................1156........................32L

New Barnet [NBA] 4.............1125..........................1156 3/4..................31L

Hadley Wood [HDW] 4.........1127 1/2....................1158........................30L

Potters Bar [PBR] 4...............1131 1/2.....................1202.......................30L

Brookmans Park [BPK] 4.....1134 1/2....................1205.......................30L

Welham Green [WMG] 2.....1136 1/2....................1207.......................30L

Hatfield [HAT] 3.....................1140..........................1211..........................31L

Welwyn Garden City 3.........1144 1/2....................1220 1/2.................36L

Digswell Junction..................1146 1/2....................1222.......................35L

Welwyn North [WLW] 2........1147...........................1223.......................35L

Woolmer Green Junction....1149..........................1224 1/2.................35L

Knebworth [KBW] 4..............1151...........................1225 3/4................35L

Stevenage [SVG] 4...............1154 1/2....................1228.......................33L

Hitchin [HIT] 2........................1200.........................1231 1/2...................31L

Arlesey [ARL] 2......................1204.........................1236........................31L

Biggleswade [BIW] 4............1207 1/2...................1241 3/4.................34L

Sandy [SDY] 2........................1210..........................1244.......................34L

St Neots [SNO] 1....................1218..........................1250 1/4.................32L

Huntingdon [HUN] 3.............1225 1/2...................1256.......................30L

Holme Junction [XHO].........1234 1/2...................1304 1/4.................29L

Peterborough [PBO] 4.........1243.........................1310 1/2..................27L

Werrington Junction............1246 1/2...................1312 1/2..................25L

Helpston Junction.................1249 1/2...................1314 1/2..................25L

Tallington Junction...............1254.........................1317 3/4..................23L

Stoke Junction.......................1308/1308 1/2........NoRep/1339.........30L

Grantham [GRA] 2.................1315 1/2....................1345 1/4.................29L

Claypole Loop........................1324.........................1353........................29L

Newark North Gate 1............1328.........................1357 1/4.................29L

Newark F.C. [XNK]................1331..........................1358.......................27L

Carlton On Trent Loop.........1338/1424 1/2.........1402/1424...............RT

Retford [RET]..........................1440 1/2...................1436 3/4..................3E

Loversall Carr Junction........1452 1/2...................1447 1/2...................4E

Doncaster [DON] 2WG........1458 1/2/1530 1/2..1510 1/4/1512 1/2...17E

Adwick [AWK] 2.....................1536 1/2...................1537 1/2.....................1L

Thorpe Marsh Junction.......1547 1/2...................1545.........................2E

Thorne Junction....................1601..........................1555 1/4...................5E

Crowle [CWE] 2......................1609.........................1603 1/4...................5E

Althorpe [ALP] 1.....................1615 1/2....................1609 3/4..................5E

Gunhouse Loop.....................1617 1/2....................1610 3/4...................6E

Scunthorpe [SCU] 1...............1621 1/2....................1614 1/2....................6E

Scunthorpe West Jn.............1622 1/2...................1615 1/4.....................7E

Scunthorpe Redbourne.......1635.........................1629.........................6E

 

Sala Capitular

Por iniciativa del Cardenal Cisneros se crea esta nueva sala capitular con dos estancias, una antesala y la sala propiamente dicha, sustituyendo la antigua que estaba en la Capilla Mozárabe.

 

La antesala capitular fue edificada por Enrique Egas y Pedro Gumiel entre los años 1504- 1512, con una portada esculpida por Copín de Holanda. Su interior es de estilo “Cisneros”, combinación del gótico flamígero y último mudéjar. De forma rectangular donde los laterales están cubiertos por armarios, que sirven para archivar las actas capitulares. Los del muro izquierdo, labrados entre 1549 y 1551, por Gregorio Pardo a instancias del cardenal Silíceo, los de enfrente son copia de 1780 realizados por Gregorio López. Las pinturas murales del friso tienen una decoración vegetal realizado por Luis Medina, Diego López y Alonso Sánchez según las trazas de Juan de Borgoña en 1511. La portada de entrada a la sala capitular realizada en 1510, es de yeserías moriscas o mudéjares.

 

Entrando en la Sala Capitular destaca el artesonado dorado y policromado, realizado por el famoso tracista y tratadista Diego López de Arenas y ejecutado por Francisco Lara. Está rodeada esta sala por pinturas al óleo sobre el muro de yeso, que representan trece escenas de la Vida de la Virgen y la Pasión de Cristo, separadas por columnas fingidas, pintados por Juan de Borgoña en 1508. Debajo de estas la serie de 32 retratos de los primeros Arzobispos toledanos, pintados por Juan de Borgoña. A partir del Cardenal Tavera, lo ejecutaron insignes pintores, como: Comontes, Carvajal, Tristán, Rizi, Goya ó Vicente López, entre otros. La silla Arzobispal es obra de Copín de Holanda realizada en 1509.ado y la ruina de la ciudad recién conquistada.

Urbano II, mediante la bula Cunctis Sanctorum, reconoció la condición de primada a la catedral y diócesis de Toledo

 

El asunto fue que el día 25 de octubre de 1087, el arzobispo (de acuerdo con la reina Constanza) envió gente armada para que se adueñara por la fuerza del recinto de la mezquita. Después de este lance, instalaron un altar provisional y colocaron una campana en el alminar, siguiendo la costumbre cristiana para «arrojar las suciedades de la ley de Mahoma».4 Cuenta el padre Mariana que el rey Alfonso VI se enfadó tanto cuando se enteró de lo acontecido que ni el arzobispo ni la reina consiguieron aplacarle y que dictó sentencia de muerte para casi todos los implicados. La leyenda cuenta que fueron los musulmanes los verdaderos intermediarios para conseguir la paz, con la figura del negociador y alfaquí Abu Walid quien llevó al rey un mensaje de tolerancia en el que se decía que aceptaban como legítima la usurpación. En recuerdo y gratitud de este gesto, el Cabildo catedralicio del siglo XV le dedicó un homenaje y encargó su efigie para colocarla en uno de los pilares de la capilla mayor, perpetuando de esta manera su recuerdo. Este hecho no está documentado y muchos historiadores de arte ven en la efigie un sacerdote de aspecto musulmán. Como consecuencia de aquel suceso, la mezquita toledana quedó consagrada y convertida en catedral cristiana, sin hacer apenas cambios en su estructura.

 

No se conservan los planos de lo que fue la mezquita ni se sabe cómo era esta construcción, pero teniendo en cuenta los vestigios conservados en otras ciudades (Sevilla, Jaén, Granada, Málaga y la propia Mezquita de Córdoba) puede suponerse que sería un edificio columnario, con arquería de herradura sobre columnas tal vez aprovechadas de otras construcciones romanas y visigodas. Es posible que se pareciese bastante a la iglesia de El Salvador de Toledo, antigua mezquita.

 

El rey Alfonso VI hizo importantes donaciones al nuevo templo. El 18 de diciembre de 1086 fue puesta la catedral bajo la advocación de María y se le concedieron villas, aldeas, molinos y un tercio de los ingresos de todas las demás iglesias de la ciudad. El primer privilegio real que se conserva reza en latín en su inicio:

Se hicieron las obras necesarias para establecer el culto cristiano romano, entre otras el cambio de orientación del presbiterio y capilla mayor. Urbano II le reconoció en 1088 su condición de catedral primada sobre las demás del reino. La mezquita-catedral se mantuvo casi intacta hasta el siglo XIII, año de 1222, en que una bula del Papa Honorio III autorizó a emprender las obras de la nueva fábrica que se iniciaron en 1224 (o 1225) y cuya ceremonia oficial de colocación de la primera piedra tuvo lugar en 1226 (otras fuentes dicen 1227), con la presencia del rey Fernando III el Santo.6 A lo largo del siglo XIII se aumentaron las rentas catedralicias al integrarse en su patrimonio Alcalá de Henares.7

La catedral del arzobispo Ximénez de Rada

El edificio de la catedral tal y como hoy se contempla es obra del siglo XIII, época del arzobispo de Toledo Rodrigo Ximénez de Rada y del rey Fernando III el Santo. La ceremonia oficial de la puesta de la primera piedra se retrasó con respecto al comienzo de las obras, en espera de que el rey pudiera hacer acto de presencia (1227). Ximénez de Rada había sido elegido arzobispo de Toledo en 1209 y desde el principio de su mandato defendió ante el Papa la primacía de la sede toledana. En su mente estaba la construcción de una gran catedral digna de esta ciudad que él gobernaba. Por entonces, la mezquita-catedral se mostraba bastante vieja y ruinosa; incluso algunas secciones habían sido demolidas por su antecesor. La mezquita-catedral disponía de un amplio espacio, pero era de poca altura y le faltaba la esbeltez de otros templos de similar importancia. Ximénez de Rada fue el entusiasta promotor de la nueva catedral que se edificaría al gusto de la época, en estilo gótico. Tan entusiasta fue con el proyecto y tanto se involucró en él, que se llegó a decir que fue el autor-arquitecto de las trazas de la nueva catedral; afirmación totalmente fuera de lugar según los historiadores y arquitectos. El arzobispo pasó unos años manteniendo y reforzando el antiguo templo a la espera de que su sueño fuera realizado.

El edificio de la catedral actual

 

La estructura del edificio tiene gran influencia del mejor gótico francés del siglo XIII pero adaptado al gusto español. Mide 120 m de longitud por 59 m de ancho. Consta de 5 naves más crucero y doble girola. Las naves externas presentan una anomalía extraña al ser algo más anchas que las otras dos. La parte más antigua del templo es la cabecera que mantiene en su arquitectura los triforios originales que se extendían a lo largo de las naves de donde fueron suprimidos en una de tantas reformas y evoluciones que sufrió la catedral. Todavía en época del gótico, estos triforios fueron sustituidos por los grandes ventanales-vidrieras. Los que se conservan de la cabecera son de influencia mudéjar. El más bajo está compuesto de arquillos lobulados que descansan en columnas pareadas y el alto presenta unos arcos entrecruzados típicos del mudéjar. No se sabe si estos temas mudéjares existían en la anterior mezquita y fueron copiados como recuerdo o bien se añadieron en una de las mejoras y enriquecimiento de la fábrica, como algo original y de buen gusto.

 

En la cabecera se encuentra la doble girola que es doble como corresponde a una planta de 5 naves. Esta doble girola es de proporciones grandiosas y está enriquecida por elementos arquitectónicos y por un original abovedamiento.

Cabecera de la catedral de Le Mans donde pueden apreciarse los rectángulos y los triángulos en los tramos de la girola.

 

Los tramos de la girola correspondientes a las distintas capillas se solucionaron con plantas alternativas de rectángulos y triángulos, lo que hizo que cada capilla fuera de distinto tamaño, más grandes las rectangulares y más pequeñas las triangulares. Esta manera de distribuir la cabecera puede verse en las catedrales francesas de Notre Dame en París, Bourges y Le Mans, siendo esta última la más parecida aunque las tres son más esbeltas en conjunto que la española. Las distintas reformas que se hicieron a través del tiempo alteraron la disposición de algunas de las capillas; en algún caso se reconstruyó una sola capilla en un espacio de tres. (Véase capilla de Santiago nº 7 en el plano y capilla de San Ildefonso nº 8 en el plano).

 

Las bóvedas de las naves son cuatripartitas excepto en el crucero y capilla mayor en que se refuerzan con terceletes.

This young woman poses in Henry Moore's Large Two Forms, outside of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

 

Large Two Forms. 1969.

Henry Moore.

Outside of the Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

 

View "Third Form" on black or on white.

 

Copyright © 2011, Jeff Stewart.

All rights reserved.

digital composition

www.dabasformumebeles.lv - mirror frames from wood

  

Nature form furniture - Unique furniture and design elements:

Harijs Stradiņš - a craftsman working with natural shape wood processing, has been designing furniture and other interior design elements since 1997 selecting the best parts of the tree from top to root. In his works Harijs uses such materials as stone, glass, hammered works, fabric, clay and other natural materials to be able to make common design for a particular room.

 

Мебель природных форм - Уникальная мебель и элементы дизайна:

С 1997 года мастер по обработке природных форм дерева Харий Cтрадиньш, работая с деревом, изпользует его с корня до верхушки, отбирая самые интерессные части для создания своей мебели и елементов дизайна. Думая об общем дизайне помещения, в своих работах Xaрий изпользует также камень, ковку, лён, стекло, глину и другие природные елементы.

 

Dabas formu mēbeles - Unikālas mēbeles un dizaina elementi:

Kopš 1997. gada dabiska koka formu apstrādes meistars Harijs Stradiņš sadarbojas ar koku, kā dabas elementu, mēbeļu un dizaina elementu radīšanā, izmantojot to pēc iespējas pilnīgi (no saknes līdz gaotnei). Domājot par telpas kopējā dizaina risinājumu, savos darbos Harijs Stradiņš izmanto arī akmeni, stiklu, metālkalumus, audumu, mālu un citus dabas elementus.

  

COPYRIGHT - Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works:

- This image is licensed under Creative Commons, this means you can use it on your site (blog) if you credit the author (or authors website).

www.dabasformumebeles.lv - shelves from natural forms of wood

  

Nature form furniture - Unique furniture and design elements:

Harijs Stradiņš - a craftsman working with natural shape wood processing, has been designing furniture and other interior design elements since 1997 selecting the best parts of the tree from top to root. In his works Harijs uses such materials as stone, glass, hammered works, fabric, clay and other natural materials to be able to make common design for a particular room.

 

Мебель природных форм - Уникальная мебель и элементы дизайна:

С 1997 года мастер по обработке природных форм дерева Харий Cтрадиньш, работая с деревом, изпользует его с корня до верхушки, отбирая самые интерессные части для создания своей мебели и елементов дизайна. Думая об общем дизайне помещения, в своих работах Xaрий изпользует также камень, ковку, лён, стекло, глину и другие природные елементы.

 

Dabas formu mēbeles - Unikālas mēbeles un dizaina elementi:

Kopš 1997. gada dabiska koka formu apstrādes meistars Harijs Stradiņš sadarbojas ar koku, kā dabas elementu, mēbeļu un dizaina elementu radīšanā, izmantojot to pēc iespējas pilnīgi (no saknes līdz gaotnei). Domājot par telpas kopējā dizaina risinājumu, savos darbos Harijs Stradiņš izmanto arī akmeni, stiklu, metālkalumus, audumu, mālu un citus dabas elementus.

  

COPYRIGHT - Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works:

- This image is licensed under Creative Commons, this means you can use it on your site (blog) if you credit the author (or authors website).

Flowers in the rain are beautiful

A visit to the National Trust property that is Penrhyn Castle

 

Penrhyn Castle is a country house in Llandygai, Bangor, Gwynedd, North Wales, in the form of a Norman castle. It was originally a medieval fortified manor house, founded by Ednyfed Fychan. In 1438, Ioan ap Gruffudd was granted a licence to crenellate and he founded the stone castle and added a tower house. Samuel Wyatt reconstructed the property in the 1780s.

 

The present building was created between about 1822 and 1837 to designs by Thomas Hopper, who expanded and transformed the building beyond recognition. However a spiral staircase from the original property can still be seen, and a vaulted basement and other masonry were incorporated into the new structure. Hopper's client was George Hay Dawkins-Pennant, who had inherited the Penrhyn estate on the death of his second cousin, Richard Pennant, who had made his fortune from slavery in Jamaica and local slate quarries. The eldest of George's two daughters, Juliana, married Grenadier Guard, Edward Gordon Douglas, who, on inheriting the estate on George's death in 1845, adopted the hyphenated surname of Douglas-Pennant. The cost of the construction of this vast 'castle' is disputed, and very difficult to work out accurately, as much of the timber came from the family's own forestry, and much of the labour was acquired from within their own workforce at the slate quarry. It cost the Pennant family an estimated £150,000. This is the current equivalent to about £49,500,000.

 

Penrhyn is one of the most admired of the numerous mock castles built in the United Kingdom in the 19th century; Christopher Hussey called it, "the outstanding instance of Norman revival." The castle is a picturesque composition that stretches over 600 feet from a tall donjon containing family rooms, through the main block built around the earlier house, to the service wing and the stables.

 

It is built in a sombre style which allows it to possess something of the medieval fortress air despite the ground-level drawing room windows. Hopper designed all the principal interiors in a rich but restrained Norman style, with much fine plasterwork and wood and stone carving. The castle also has some specially designed Norman-style furniture, including a one-ton slate bed made for Queen Victoria when she visited in 1859.

 

Hugh Napier Douglas-Pennant, 4th Lord Penrhyn, died in 1949, and the castle and estate passed to his niece, Lady Janet Pelham, who, on inheritance, adopted the surname of Douglas-Pennant. In 1951, the castle and 40,000 acres (160 km²) of land were accepted by the treasury in lieu of death duties from Lady Janet. It now belongs to the National Trust and is open to the public. The site received 109,395 visitors in 2017.

  

Grade I Listed Building

 

Penrhyn Castle

  

History

 

The present house, built in the form of a vast Norman castle, was constructed to the design of Thomas Hopper for George Hay Dawkins-Pennant between 1820 and 1837. It has been very little altered since.

 

The original house on the site was a medieval manor house of C14 origin, for which a licence to crenellate was given at an unknown date between 1410 and 1431. This house survived until c1782 when it was remodelled in castellated Gothick style, replete with yellow mathematical tiles, by Samuel Wyatt for Richard Pennant. This house, the great hall of which is incorporated in the present drawing room, was remodelled in c1800, but the vast profits from the Penrhyn slate quarries enabled all the rest to be completely swept away by Hopper's vast neo-Norman fantasy, sited and built so that it could be seen not only from the quarries, but most parts of the surrounding estate, thereby emphasizing the local dominance of the Dawkins-Pennant family. The total cost is unknown but it cannot have been less than the £123,000 claimed by Catherine Sinclair in 1839.

 

Since 1951 the house has belonged to the National Trust, together with over 40,000 acres of the family estates around Ysbyty Ifan and the Ogwen valley.

 

Exterior

 

Country house built in the style of a vast Norman castle with other later medieval influences, so huge (its 70 roofs cover an area of over an acre (0.4ha)) that it almost defies meaningful description. The main components of the house, which is built on a north-south axis with the main elevations to east and west, are the 124ft (37.8m) high keep, based on Castle Hedingham (Essex) containing the family quarters on the south, the central range, protected by a 'barbican' terrace on the east, housing the state apartments, and the rectangular-shaped staff/service buildings and stables to the north. The whole is constructed of local rubblestone with internal brick lining, but all elevations are faced in tooled Anglesey limestone ashlar of the finest quality jointing; flat lead roofs concealed by castellated parapets. Close to, the extreme length of the building (it is about 200 yards (182.88m) long) and the fact that the ground slopes away on all sides mean that almost no complete elevation can be seen. That the most frequent views of the exterior are oblique also offered Hopper the opportunity to deploy his towers for picturesque effect, the relationship between the keep and the other towers and turrets frequently obscuring the distances between them. Another significant external feature of the castle is that it actually looks defensible making it secure at least from Pugin's famous slur of 1841 on contemporary "castles" - "Who would hammer against nailed portals, when he could kick his way through the greenhouse?" Certainly, this could never be achieved at Penrhyn and it looks every inch the impregnable fortress both architect and patron intended it to be.

 

East elevation: to the left is the loosely attached 4-storey keep on battered plinth with 4 tiers of deeply splayed Norman windows, 2 to each face, with chevron decoration and nook-shafts, topped by 4 square corner turrets. The dining room (distinguished by the intersecting tracery above the windows) and breakfast room to the right of the entrance gallery are protected by the long sweep of the machicolated 'barbican' terrace (carriage forecourt), curved in front of the 2 rooms and then running northwards before returning at right-angles to the west to include the gatehouse, which formed the original main entrance to the castle, and ending in a tall rectangular tower with machicolated parapet. To the right of the gatehouse are the recessed buildings of the kitchen court and to the right again the long, largely unbroken outer wall of the stable court, terminated by the square footmen's tower to the left and the rather more exuberant projecting circular dung tower with its spectacularly cantilevered bartizan on the right. From here the wall runs at right-angles to the west incorporating the impressive gatehouse to the stable court.

 

West elevation: beginning at the left is the hexagonal smithy tower, followed by the long run of the stable court, well provided with windows on this side as the stables lie directly behind. At the end of this the wall turns at right-angles to the west, incorporating the narrow circular-turreted gatehouse to the outer court and terminating in the machicolated circular ice tower. From here the wall runs again at a lower height enclosing the remainder of the outer court. It is, of course, the state apartments which make up the chief architectural display on the central part of this elevation, beginning with a strongly articulated but essentially rectangular tower to the left, while both the drawing room and the library have Norman windows leading directly onto the lawns, the latter terminating in a slender machicolated circular corner tower. To the right is the keep, considerably set back on this side.

Interior

 

Only those parts of the castle generally accessible to visitors are recorded in this description. Although not described here much of the furniture and many of the paintings (including family portraits) are also original to the house. Similarly, it should be noted that in the interests of brevity and clarity, not all significant architectural features are itemised in the following description.

 

Entrance gallery: one of the last parts of the castle to be built, this narrow cloister-like passage was added to the main block to heighten the sensation of entering the vast Grand Hall, which is made only partly visible by the deliberate offsetting of the intervening doorways; bronze lamp standards with wolf-heads on stone bases. Grand Hall: entering the columned aisle of this huge space, the visitor stands at a cross-roads between the 3 principal areas of the castle's plan; to the left the passage leads up to the family's private apartments on the 4 floors of the keep, to the right the door at the end leads to the extensive service quarters while ahead lies the sequence of state rooms used for entertaining guests and displayed to the public ever since the castle was built. The hall itself resembles in form, style and scale the transept of a great Norman cathedral, the great clustered columns extending upwards to a "triforium" formed on 2 sides of extraordinary compound arches; stained glass with signs of the zodiac and months of the year as in a book of hours by Thomas Willement (completed 1835). Library: has very much the atmosphere of a gentlemen’s London club with walls, columned arches and ceilings covered in the most lavish ornamentation; superb architectural bookcases and panelled walls are of oak but the arches are plaster grained to match; ornamental bosses and other devices to the rich plaster ceiling refer to the ancestry of the Dawkins and Pennant families, as do the stained glass lunettes above the windows, possibly by David Evans of Shrewsbury; 4 chimneypieces of polished Anglesey "marble", one with a frieze of fantastical carved mummers in the capitals. Drawing room (great hall of the late C18 house and its medieval predecessor): again in a neo-Norman style but the decoration is lighter and the columns more slender, the spirit of the room reflected in the 2000 delicate Maltese gilt crosses to the vaulted ceiling. Ebony room: so called on account of its furniture and "ebonised" chimneypiece and plasterwork, has at its entrance a spiral staircase from the medieval house. Grand Staircase hall: in many ways the greatest architectural achievement at Penrhyn, taking 10 years to complete, the carving in 2 contrasting stones of the highest quality; repeating abstract decorative motifs contrast with the infinitely inventive figurative carving in the newels and capitals; to the top the intricate plaster panels of the domed lantern are formed in exceptionally high relief and display both Norse and Celtic influences. Next to the grand stair is the secondary stair, itself a magnificent structure in grey sandstone with lantern, built immediately next to the grand stair so that family or guests should not meet staff on the same staircase. Reached from the columned aisle of the grand hall are the 2 remaining principal ground-floor rooms, the dining room and the breakfast room, among the last parts of the castle to be completed and clearly intended to be picture galleries as much as dining areas, the stencilled treatment of the walls in the dining room allowing both the provision of an appropriately elaborate "Norman" scheme and a large flat surface for the hanging of paintings; black marble fireplace carved by Richard Westmacott and extremely ornate ceiling with leaf bosses encircled by bands of figurative mouldings derived from the Romanesque church of Kilpeck, Herefordshire. Breakfast room has cambered beam ceiling with oak-grained finish.

 

Grand hall gallery: at the top of the grand staircase is vaulted and continues around the grand hall below to link with the passage to the keep, which at this level (as on the other floors) contains a suite of rooms comprising a sitting room, dressing room, bedroom and small ante-chamber, the room containing the famous slate bed also with a red Mona marble chimneypiece, one of the most spectacular in the castle. Returning to the grand hall gallery and continuing straight on rather than returning to the grand staircase the Lower India room is reached to the right: this contains an Anglesey limestone chimneypiece painted to match the ground colour of the room's Chinese wallpaper. Coming out of this room, the chapel corridor leads to the chapel gallery (used by the family) and the chapel proper below (used by staff), the latter with encaustic tiles probably reused from the old medieval chapel; stained and painted glass by David Evans (c1833).

 

The domestic quarters of the castle are reached along the passage from the breakfast room, which turns at right-angles to the right at the foot of the secondary staircase, the most important areas being the butler's pantry, steward's office, servants' hall, housekeeper's room, still room, housekeeper's store and housemaids' tower, while the kitchen (with its cast-iron range flanked by large and hygienic vertical slabs of Penrhyn slate) is housed on the lower ground floor. From this kitchen court, which also includes a coal store, oil vaults, brushing room, lamp room, pastry room, larder, scullery and laundry are reached the outer court with its soup kitchen, brewhouse and 2-storey ice tower and the much larger stables court which, along with the stables themselves containing their extensive slate-partitioned stalls and loose boxes, incorporates the coach house, covered ride, smithy tower, dung tower with gardeners' messroom above and footmen's tower.

 

Reasons for Listing

 

Included at Grade I as one of the most important large country houses in Wales; a superb example of the relatively short-lived Norman Revival of the early C19 and generally regarded as the masterpiece of its architect, Thomas Hopper.

  

Merryweather and Sons Fire Engine.

 

The Merryweather fire pump.

  

The Merryweather Greenwich Gem, horse drawn fire pump was purchased in 1898 to safe guard Lord Penrhyn's vast house and gardens. Made of mainly brass, with a copper and wrought iron boiler, the fire pump supported a brave crew of 7 people and a pair of horses.

  

This was in a room not far from the Ice Tower (opposite that) and not far from the Victorian Kitchens entrance.

  

sign - Merryweather and Sons Fire Engine Makers

Narasimha (Sanskrit: नरसिंह IAST: Narasiṁha, lit. man-lion), Narasingh, Narsingh and Narasingha in derivative languages is an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu and one of Hinduism's most popular deities, as evidenced in early epics, iconography, and temple and festival worship for over a millennium.

 

Narasiṁha is often visualised as having a human-like torso and lower body, with a lion-like face and claws. This image is widely worshipped in deity form by a significant number of Vaiṣṇava groups. Vishnu assumed this form on top of Himvat mountain(Harivamsa). He is known primarily as the 'Great Protector' who specifically defends and protects his devotees in times of need. Vishnu is believed to have taken the avatar to destroy the demon king Hiranyakashipu.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The word Narasimha means 'lion-man' which usually means 'half man and half lion'. His other names are:

- Agnilochana (अग्निलोचन) - the one who has fiery eyes

- Bhairavadambara (भैरवडम्बर) - the one who causes terror by roaring

- Karala (कराल) - the one who has a wide mouth and projecting teeth

- Hiranyakashipudvamsa (हिरण्यकशिपुध्वंस) - the one who killed Hiranyakashipu

- Nakhastra (नखास्त्र) - the one for whom nails are his weapons

- Sinhavadana (सिंहवदन) - the whose face is of lion

- Mrigendra (मृगेन्द्र) - king of animals or lion

 

SCRIPTURAL SOURCES

There are references to Narasiṁha in a variety of Purāṇas, with 17 different versions of the main narrative. The Bhagavata Purāṇa (Canto 7), Agni Purāṇa (4.2-3), Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa(2.5.3-29), Vayu Purāṇa (67.61-66), Harivaṁśa (41 & 3.41-47), Brahma-Purāṇa (213.44-79), Viṣṇudharmottara Purāṇa(1.54), Kūrma Purāṇa (1.15.18-72), Matsya Purāṇa(161-163), Padma Purāṇa(Uttara-khaṇḍa 5.42), Śiva Purāṇa (2.5.43 & 3.10-12), Liṅga Purāṇa (1.95-96), Skanda Purāṇa 7 (2.18.60-130) and Viṣṇu Purāṇa (1.16-20) all contain depictions of the Narasiṁha Avatāra. There is also a short reference in the Mahābhārata (3.272.56-60) and a Gopāla Tapani Upaniṣad (Narasiṁha tapani Upaniṣad), earliest of Vaiṣṇava Upaniṣads named in reference to him.

 

REFERENCES FROM VEDAS

The Ṛg Veda contains an epithet that has been attributed to Narasiṁha. The half-man, half-lion avatāra is described as:

- like some wild beast, dread, prowling, mountain-roaming.

Source: (RV.I 154.2a).

 

There is an allusion to a Namuci story in RV.VIII 14.13:

- With waters' foam you tore off, Indra, the head of Namuci, subduing all contending hosts.

 

This short reference is believed to have culminated in the full puranic story of Narasiṁha.

 

LORD NARASIMHA AND PRAHLADA

Bhagavata Purāṇa describes that in his previous avatar as Varāha, Viṣṇu killed the asura Hiraṇayakṣa. The younger brother of Hirṇayakṣa, Hiraṇyakaśipu wanted revenge on Viṣṇu and his followers. He undertook many years of austere penance to take revenge on Viṣṇu: Brahma thus offers the demon a boon and Hiraṇyakaśipu asks for immortality. Brahma tells him this is not possible, but that he could bind the death of Hiraṇyakaśipu with conditions. Hiraṇyakaśipu agreed:

- O my lord, O best of the givers of benediction, if you will kindly grant me the benediction I desire, please let me not meet death from any of the living entities created by you.

- Grant me that I not die within any residence or outside any residence, during the daytime or at night, nor on the ground or in the sky. Grant me that my death not be brought about by any weapon, nor by any human being or animal.

- Grant me that I not meet death from any entity, living or nonliving created by you. Grant me, further, that I not be killed by any demigod or demon or by any great snake from the lower planets. Since no one can kill you in the battlefield, you have no competitor. Therefore, grant me the benediction that I too may have no rival. Give me sole lordship over all the living entities and presiding deities, and give me all the glories obtained by that position. Furthermore, give me all the mystic powers attained by long austerities and the practice of yoga, for these cannot be lost at any time.

 

Brahma said, Tathāstu (so be it) and vanished. Hiraṇyakaśipu was happy thinking that he had won over death.

 

One day while Hiraṇyakaśipu performed austerities at Mandarācala Mountain, his home was attacked by Indra and the other devatās. At this point the Devarṣi (divine sage) Nārada intervenes to protect Kayādu, whom he describes as sinless. Following this event, Nārada takes Kayādu into his care and while under the guidance of Nārada, her unborn child (Hiraṇyakaśipu's son) Prahālada, becomes affected by the transcendental instructions of the sage even at such a young stage of development. Thus, Prahlāda later begins to show symptoms of this earlier training by Nārada, gradually becoming recognised as a devoted follower of Viṣṇu, much to his father's disappointment.

 

Hiraṇyakaśipu furious at the devotion of his son to Viṣṇu, as the god had killed his brother. Finally, he decides to commit filicide. but each time he attempts to kill the boy, Prahlāda is protected by Viṣṇu's mystical power. When asked, Prahlāda refuses to acknowledge his father as the supreme lord of the universe and claims that Viṣṇu is all-pervading and omnipresent.

 

Hiraṇyakaśipu points to a nearby pillar and asks if 'his Viṣṇu' is in it and says to his son Prahlāda:

O most unfortunate Prahlāda, you have always described a supreme being other than me, a supreme being who is above everything, who is the controller of everyone, and who is all-pervading. But where is He? If He is everywhere, then why is He not present before me in this pillar?

 

Prahlāda then answers,

He was, He is and He will be.

 

In an alternate version of the story, Prahlāda answers,

He is in pillars, and he is in the smallest twig.

 

Hiraṇyakaśipu, unable to control his anger, smashes the pillar with his mace, and following a tumultuous sound, Viṣṇu in the form of Narasiṁha appears from it and moves to attack Hiraṇyakaśipu. in defence of Prahlāda. In order to kill Hiraṇyakaśipu and not upset the boon given by Brahma, the form of Narasiṁha is chosen. Hiraṇyakaśipu can not be killed by human, deva or animal. Narasiṁha is neither one of these as he is a form of Viṣṇu incarnate as a part-human, part-animal. He comes upon Hiraṇyakaśipu at twilight (when it is neither day nor night) on the threshold of a courtyard (neither indoors nor out), and puts the demon on his thighs (neither earth nor space). Using his sharp fingernails (neither animate nor inanimate) as weapons, he disembowels and kills the demon.

 

Kūrma Purāṇa describes the preceding battle between the Puruṣa and demonic forces in which he escapes a powerful weapon called Paśupāta and it describes how Prahlāda's brothers headed by Anuhrāda and thousands of other demons were led to the valley of death (yamalayam) by the lion produced from the body of man-lion avatar. The same episode occurs in the Matsya Purāṇa 179, several chapters after its version of the Narasiṁha advent.

 

It is said that even after killing Hiraṇyakaśipu, none of the present demigods are able to calm Narasiṁha's wrath.So the demigods requested Prahlada to calm down the Lord,and Narasimha,who had assumed the all-powerful form of Gandaberunda returned to more benevolent form after that. In other stories,all the gods and goddesses call his consort, Lakṣmī, who assumes the form of Pratyangira and pacifies the Lord. According to a few scriptures, at the request of Brahma, Shiva took the form of Sharabha and successfully pacified him. Before parting, Narasiṁha rewards the wise Prahlāda by crowning him as the king.

 

NARASIMHA AND ADI SANKARA

Narasiṁha is also a protector of his devotees in times of danger. Near Śrī Śailaṁ, there is a forest called Hatakeśvanam, that no man enters. Śaṅkarācārya entered this place and did penance for many days. During this time, a Kāpālika, by name Kirakashan appeared before him.

 

He told Śrī Śaṅkara that he should give his body as a human-sacrifice to Kālī. Śaṅkara happily agreed. His disciples were shocked to hear this and pleaded with Śaṅkara to change his mind, but he refused to do so saying that it was an honor to give up his body as a sacrifice for Kālī and one must not lament such things. The Kāpālika arranged a fire for the sacrifice and Śaṅkara sat beside it. Just as he lifted his axe to severe the head of Śaṅkara, Viṣṇu as Narasiṁha entered the body of the disciple of Śaṅkarācārya and Narasiṁha devotee, Padmapada. He then fought the Kāpālika, slayed him and freed the forest of Kapalikas. Ādi Śaṅkara composed the powerful Lakṣmī-Narasiṁha Karāvalambaṁ Stotram at the very spot in front of Lord Narasiṁha.

 

MODE OF WORSHIP

Due to the nature of Narasiṁha's form (divine anger), it is essential that worship be given with a very high level of attention compared to other deities. In many temples only lifelong celibates (Brahmācārya) will be able to have the chance to serve as priests to perform the daily puja. Forms where Narasiṁha appears sitting in a yogic posture, or with the goddess Lakṣmī are the exception to this rule, as Narasiṁha is taken as being more relaxed in both of these instances compared to his form when first emerging from the pillar to protect Prahlāda.

 

PRAYERS

A number of prayers have been written in dedication to Narasiṁha avatāra. These include:

- The Narasiṁha Mahā-Mantra

- Narasiṁha Praṇāma Prayer

- Daśāvatāra Stotra by Jayadeva

- Kāmaśikha Aṣṭakam by Vedānta Deśika

- Divya Prabandham 2954

- Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Karavalamba Stotram by Sri Adi Sankara

 

THE NARASIMHA MAHA-MANTRA

- oṁ hrīṁ kṣauṁ

- ugraṁ viraṁ mahāviṣṇuṁ

- jvalantaṁ sarvatomukham ।

- nṛsiṁhaṁ bhīṣaṇaṁ bhadraṁ

- mṛtyormṛtyuṁ namāmyaham ॥

- O' Angry and brave Mahā-Viṣṇu, your heat and fire permeate everywhere. O Lord Narasiṁha, you are everywhere. You are the death of death and I surrender to You.

 

NARASIMHA PRANAMA PRAYER

- namaste narasiṁhāya,

- prahlādahlāda-dāyine,

- hiraṇyakaśipor vakṣaḥ,

- śilā-ṭaṅka nakhālaye

- I offer my obeisances to Lord Narasiṁha, who gives joy to Prahlāda Mahārāja and whose nails are like chisels on the stone like chest of the demon Hiraṇyakaśipu.

- ito nṛsiṁhaḥ parato nṛsiṁho,

- yato yato yāmi tato nṛsiṁhaḥ,

- bahir nṛsiṁho hṛdaye nṛsiṁho,

- nṛsiṁhaṁ ādiṁ śaraṇaṁ prapadye

- Lord Nṛsiṁha is here and also there. Wherever I go Lord Narasiṁha is there. He is in the heart and is outside as well. I surrender to Lord Narasiṁha, the origin of all things and the supreme refuge.

 

DASAVATARA STOTRA BY JAYADEVA

- tava kara-kamala-vare nakham adbhuta-śrṅgaṁ,

- dalita-hiraṇyakaśipu-tanu-bhṛṅgam,

- keśava dhṛta-narahari-rūpa jaya jagadiśa hare

- O Keśava! O Lord of the universe. O Hari, who have assumed the form of half-man, half-lion! All glories to You! Just as one can easily crush a wasp between one's fingernails, so in the same way the body of the wasp-like demon Hiraṇyakaśipu has been ripped apart by the wonderful pointed nails on your beautiful lotus hands. (from the Daśāvatāra-stotra composed by Jayadeva)

 

KAMASIKHA ASTAKAM BY VEDANTA DESIKA

- tvayi rakṣati rakṣakaiḥ kimanyaiḥ,

- tvayi cārakṣāti rakṣākaiḥ kimanyaiḥ ।

- iti niścita dhīḥ śrayāmi nityaṁ,

- nṛhare vegavatī taṭāśrayaṁ tvam ॥8॥

- O Kāmaśikhā Narasiṁha! you are sarva śakthan. When you are resolved to protect some one, where is the need to seek the protection of anyone else? When you are resolved not to protect some one, which other person is capable of protecting us?. There is no one. Knowing this fundamental truth, I have resolved to offer my śaraṇāgatī at your lotus feet alone that rest at the banks of Vegavatī river.

 

DIVYA PRABANDHAM 2954

- āḍi āḍi agam karaindhu isai

- pāḍip pāḍik kaṇṇīr malgi engum

- nāḍi nāḍi narasingā endru,

- vāḍi vāḍum ivvāl nuthale!

- I will dance and melt for you, within my heart, to see you, I will sing in praise of you with tears in joy, I will search for Narasiṁha and I am a householder who still searches to reach you (to attain Salvation).

 

SYMBOLISM

Narasiṁha indicates God's omnipresence and the lesson is that God is everywhere. For more information, see Vaishnav Theology.

 

Narasiṁha demonstrates God's willingness and ability to come to the aid of His devotees, no matter how difficult or impossible the circumstances may appear to be.

 

Prahlāda's devotion indicates that pure devotion is not one of birthright but of character. Prahlāda, although born an asura, demonstrated the greatest bhakti to God, and endured much, without losing faith.

 

Narasiṁha is known by the epithet Mṛga-Śarīra in Sanskrit which translates to Animal-Man. From a philosophical perspective. Narasiṁha is the very icon of Vaiṣṇavism, where jñāna (knowledge) and Bhakti are important as opposed to Advaita, which has no room for Bhakti, as the object to be worshipped and the worshipper do not exist. As according to Advaita or Māyāvāda, the jīva is Paramātma.

 

SIGNIFICANCE

In South Indian art – sculptures, bronzes and paintings – Viṣṇu's incarnation as Narasiṁha is one of the most chosen themes and amongst [[Avatar]|Avatāra]]s perhaps next only to Rāma and Kṛṣṇa in popularity.

 

Lord Narasiṁha also appears as one of Hanuman's 5 faces, who is a significant character in the Rāmāyaṇa as Lord (Rāma's) devotee.

 

FORMS OF NARASIMHA

There are several forms of Narasiṁha, but 9 main ones collectively known as Nava-narasiṁha:

- Ugra-narasiṁha

- Kroddha-narasiṁha

- Vīra-narasiṁha

- Vilamba-narasiṁha

- Kopa-narasiṁha

- Yoga-narasiṁha

- Aghora-narasiṁha

- Sudarśana-narasiṁha

- Lakṣmī-narasiṁha

 

In Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh, the nine forms are as follows:

- Chātra-vata-narasiṁha (seated under a banyan tree)

- Yogānanda-narasiṁha (who blessed Lord Brahma)

- Karañja-narasiṁha

- Uha-narasiṁha

- Ugra-narasiṁha

- Krodha-narasiṁha

- Malola-narasiṁha (With Lakṣmī on His lap)

- Jvālā-narasiṁha (an eight armed form rushing out of the pillar)

- Pavana-narasiṁha (who blessed the sage Bharadvaja)

 

Forms from Prahlad story:

- Stambha-narasiṁha (coming out of the pillar)

- Svayam-narasiṁha (manifesting on His own)

- Grahaṇa-narasiṁha (catching hold of the demon)

- Vidāraṇa-narasiṁha (ripping open of the belly of the demon)

- Saṁhāra-narasiṁha (killing the demon)

 

The following three refer to His ferocious aspect:

- Ghora-narasiṁha

- Ugra-narasiṁha

- Candā-narasiṁha

 

OTHERS

- Pañcamukha-Hanumān-narasiṁha, (appears as one of Śrī Hanuman's five faces.)

- Pṛthvī-narasiṁha, Vayu-narasiṁha, Ākāśa-narasiṁha, Jvalana-narasiṁha, and

- Amṛta-narasiṁha, (representing the five elements)

- Jvālā-narasiṁha (with a flame-like mane)

- Lakṣmī-narasiṁha (where Lakṣmī pacifies Him)

- Prasāda/Prahlāda-varadā-narasiṁha (His benign aspect of protecting Prahlad)

- Chatrā-narasiṁha (seated under a parasol of a five-hooded serpent)

- Yoga-narasiṁha or Yogeśvara-narasiṁha (in meditation)

- Āveśa-narasiṁha (a frenzied form)

- Aṭṭahasa-narasiṁha (a form that roars horribly and majestically strides across to destroy evil)

- Cakra-narasiṁha, (with only a discus in hand)

- Viṣṇu-narasiṁha, Brahma-narasiṁha and Rudra-narasiṁha

- Puṣṭi narasiṁha, (worshipped for overcoming evil influences)

 

EARLY IMAGES

In Andhra Pradesh, a panel dating to third-fourth century AD shows a full theriomorphic squatting lion with two extra human arms behind his shoulders holding Vaiṣṇava emblems. This lion, flanked by five heroes (vīra), often has been identified as an early depiction of Narasiṁha. Standing cult images of Narasiṁha from the early Gupta period, survive from temples at Tigowa and Eran. These sculptures are two-armed, long maned, frontal, wearing only a lower garment, and with no demon-figure of Hiraṇyakaśipu. Images representing the narrative of Narasiṁha slaying the demon Hiraṇyakaśipu survive from slightly later Gupta-period temples: one at Madhia and one from a temple-doorway now set into the Kūrma-maṭha at Nachna, both dated to the late fifth or early sixth century A.D.

 

An image of Narasiṁha supposedly dating to second-third century AD sculpted at Mathura was acquired by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1987. It was described by Stella Kramrisch, the former Philadelphia Museum of Art's Indian curator, as "perhaps the earliest image of Narasiṁha as yet known". This figure depicts a furled brow, fangs, and lolling tongue similar to later images of Narasiṁha, but the idol's robe, simplicity, and stance set it apart. On Narasiṁha's chest under his upper garment appears the suggestion of an amulet, which Stella Kramrisch associated with Visnu's cognizance, the Kauṣtubha jewel. This upper garment flows over both shoulders; but below Hiranyakasipu, the demon-figure placed horizontally across Narasiṁha's body, a twisted waist-band suggests a separate garment covering the legs. The demon's hair streams behind him, cushioning his head against the man-lion's right knee. He wears a simple single strand of beads. His body seems relaxed, even pliant. His face is calm, with a slight suggestion of a smile. His eyes stare adoringly up at the face of Viṣṇu. There is little tension in this figure's legs or feet, even as Narasiṁha gently disembowels him. His innards spill along his right side. As the Matsya purana describes it, Narasiṁha ripped "apart the mighty Daitya chief as a plaiter of straw mats shreds his reeds". Based on the Gandhara-style of robe worn by the idol, Michael Meiste altered the date of the image to fourth century AD.

 

Deborah Soifer, a scholar who worked on texts in relation to Narasiṁha, believes that "the traits basic to Viṣṇu in the Veda remain central to Viṣṇu in his avataras" and points out, however, that:

- we have virtually no precursors in the Vedic material for the figure of a man-lion, and only one phrase that simply does not rule out the possibility of a violent side to the benign Viṣṇu.

 

Soifer speaks of the enigma of Viṣṇu's Narasiṁha avatāra and comments that how the myth arrived at its rudimentary form [first recorded in the Mahābhārata], and where the figure of the man-lion came from remain unsolved mysteries.

 

An image of Narasiṁha, dating to the 9th century, was found on the northern slope of Mount Ijo, at Prambanan, Indonesia. Images of Trivikrama and Varāha avatāras were also found at Prambanan, Indonesia. Viṣṇu and His avatāra images follow iconographic peculiarities characteristic of the art of central Java. This includes physiognomy of central Java, an exaggerated volume of garment, and some elaboration of the jewelry. This decorative scheme once formulated became, with very little modification, an accepted norm for sculptures throughout the Central Javanese period (circa 730–930 A.D.). Despite the iconographic peculiarities, the stylistic antecedents of the Java sculptures can be traced back to Indian carvings as the Chalukya and Pallava images of the 6th–7th centuries AD.

 

CULTURAL TRADITION OF PROCESSION (SRI NRSIMHA YATRA)

In Rājopadhyāya Brahmins of Nepal, there is a tradition of celebrating the procession ceremony of the deity Narasiṁha avatar, in Lalitpur district of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The Lunar fifth day of the waning phase of the moon, in the holy Soli-lunar Śrāvaṇa month i.e. on Śrāvaṇa Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī of the Hindu Lunar Calendar is marked as auspicious day for the religious procession, Nṛsiṁha Yātrā. This tradition of the holy procession has been held for more than a hundred years. This is one of the typical traditions of the Rājopadhyāya Bramhins, the Hindu Bramhans of the locality.

 

In this Nṛsiṁha Yātrā, each year one male member of the Rājopadhyāya community gets the chance to be the organizer each year in that particular day. He gets his turn according to the sequence in their record, where the names of Rājopadhyāya bramhins are registered when a brahmāṇa lad is eligible to be called as a Bramhan.

 

WIKIPEDIA

thebass.org/art/haegue-yang/

HAEGUE YANG

IN THE CONE OF UNCERTAINTY

 

NOV 2,2019-APR 5,2020

 

In the Cone of Uncertainty foregrounds Haegue Yang’s (b. 1971, Seoul) consistent curiosity about the world and tireless experimentation with materializing the complexity of identities in flux. Living between Seoul and Berlin, Yang employs industrially produced quotidian items, digital processes, and labor-intensive craft techniques. She mobilizes and enmeshes complex, often personal, histories and realities vis-à-vis sensual and immersive works by interweaving narrative with form. Often evoking performative, sonic and atmospheric perceptions with heat, wind and chiming bells, Yang’s environments appear familiar, yet engender bewildering experiences of time and place.

 

The exhibition presents a selection of Yang’s oeuvre spanning the last decade – including window blind installations, anthropomorphic sculptures, light sculptures, and mural-like graphic wallpaper – taking its title from an expression of the South Florida vernacular, that describes the predicted path of hurricanes. Alluding to our eagerness and desperation to track the unstable and ever-evolving future, this exhibition addresses current anxieties about climate change, overpopulation and resource scarcity. Framing this discourse within a broader consideration of movement, displacement and migration, the exhibition contextualizes contemporary concerns through a trans-historical and philosophical meditation of the self.

 

Given its location in Miami Beach, The Bass is a particularly resonant site to present Yang’s work, considering that over fifty percent[1] of the population in Miami-Dade County is born outside of the United States, and it is a geographical and metaphorical gateway to Latin America. Yang has been commissioned by the museum to conceive a site-specific wallpaper in the staircase that connects the exhibition spaces across The Bass’ two floors. This wallpaper will be applied to both transparent and opaque surfaces to accompany the ascending and descending path of visitors within the exhibition. Informed by research about Miami Beach’s climatically-precarious setting, the wallpaper, titled Coordinates of Speculative Solidarity (2019), will play with meteorological infographics and diagrams as vehicles for abstraction. Interested in how severe weather creates unusual access to negotiations of belonging and community, as well as the human urge to predict catastrophic circumstances, the work reflects a geographic commonality that unconsciously binds people together through a shared determination to face a challenge and react in solidarity.

 

Yang’s exhibition encompasses galleries on both the first and second floors of the museum and exemplifies an array of Yang’s formally, conceptually ambitious and rigorous body of work. Considered an important ‘Light Sculpture’ work and one of the last made in the series, Strange Fruit (2012-13) occupies one of the first spaces in the exhibition. The group of anthropomorphic sculptures take their title from Jewish-American Abel Meeropol’s poem famously vocalized by Billie Holiday in 1939. Hanging string lights dangling from metal clothing racks intertwined with colorfully painted papier-mâché bowls and hands that hold plants resonate with the poem’s subject matter. The work reflects a recurring interest within Yang’s practice, illuminating unlikely, less-known connections throughout history and elucidating asymmetrical relationships among figures of the past. In the story of Strange Fruit, the point of interest is in a poem about the horrors and tragedy of lynching of African-Americans in the American South born from the empathies of a Jewish man and member of the Communist party. Yang’s interests are filtered through different geopolitical spheres with a keen concentration in collapsing time and place, unlike today’s compartmentalized diasporic studies.

 

Central to In the Cone of Uncertainty is the daring juxtaposition of two major large-scale installations made of venetian blinds. Yearning Melancholy Red and Red Broken Mountainous Labyrinth are similar in that they are both from 2008, a year of significant development for Yang, and their use of the color red: one consists of red blinds, while the other features white blinds colored by red light. With its labyrinthine structure, Red Broken Mountainous Labyrinth bears a story of the chance encounter between Korean revolutionary Kim San (1905-1938) and American journalist Nym Wales (1907-1997), without which a chapter of Korean history would not survive to this day. Yearning Melancholy Red references the seemingly apolitical childhood of French writer and filmmaker Marguerite Duras (1914-1996). While living in French Indochina (present-day Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos), Duras and her family experienced a type of double isolation in material and moral poverty, by neither belonging to the native communities nor to the French colonizers, embodying the potentiality for her later political engagement. Despite their divergent subject matter, both works continue to envelop an interest in viewing histories from different perspectives and the unexpected connections that arise. By staging the two works together, what remains is Yang’s compelling constellation of blinds, choreographed moving lights, paradoxical pairings of sensorial devices – fans and infrared heaters – and our physical presence in an intensely charged field of unspoken narratives.

 

A third space of the exhibition will feature work from Yang’s signature ‘Sonic Sculpture’ series titled, Boxing Ballet (2013/2015). The work offers Yang’s translation of Oskar Schlemmmer’s Triadic Ballet (1922), transforming the historical lineage of time-based performance into spatial, sculptural and sensorial abstraction. Through elements of movement and sound, Yang develops an installation with a relationship to the Western Avant-Garde, investigating their understanding in the human body, movement and figuration.

 

Observing hidden structures to reimagine a possible community, Yang addresses themes that recur in her works such as migration, diasporas and history writing. Works presented in In the Cone of Uncertainty offer a substantial view into Yang’s rich artistic language, including her use of bodily experience as a means of evoking history and memory.

 

Haegue Yang lives and works in Berlin, Germany and Seoul, South Korea. She is a Professor at the Staedelschule in Frankfurt am Main. Yang has participated in major international exhibitions including the 21st Biennale of Sydney (2018), La Biennale de Montréal (2016), the 12th Sharjah Biennial (2015), the 9th Taipei Biennial (2014), dOCUMENTA (13) in Kassel (2012) and the 53rd Venice Biennale (2009) as the South Korean representative.

 

Recipient of the 2018 Wolfgang Hahn Prize, she held a survey exhibition titled ETA at the Museum Ludwig in Cologne in the same year, which displayed over 120 works of Yang from 1994-2018. Her recent solo exhibitions include Tracing Movement, South London Gallery (2019); Chronotopic Traverses, La Panacée-MoCo, Montpellier (2018); Tightrope Walking and Its Wordless Shadow, La Triennale di Milano (2018); Triple Vita Nestings, Govett-Brewster Art Gallery, New Plymouth, which travelled from the Institute of Modern Art, Brisbane (2018); VIP’s Union, Kunsthaus Graz (2017); Silo of Silence – Clicked Core, KINDL – Centre for Contemporary Art, Berlin (2017); Lingering Nous, Centre Pompidou, Paris (2016); Quasi-Pagan Serial, Hamburger Kunsthalle (2016); Come Shower or Shine, It Is Equally Blissful, Ullens Center for Contemporary Art, Beijing (2015); and Shooting the Elephant 象 Thinking the Elephant, Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art, Seoul (2015). Forthcoming projects include the Museum of Modern Art (October 2019), Tate St. Ives (May 2020) and Art Gallery of Ontario in Toronto (2020).

 

Yang’s work is included in permanent collections such as the Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA; M+, Hong Kong, China; National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, South Korea; Tate Modern, London, UK; The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, USA; and The Walker Art Center, Minneapolis, USA. Her work has been the subject of numerous monographs, such as Haegue Yang: Anthology 2006–2018: Tightrope Walking and Its Wordless Shadow (2019); Haegue Yang: ETA 1994–2018 (2018); Haegue Yang – VIP’s Union (2017); and Haegue Yang: Family of Equivocations (2013).

Original Caption: Notary Form with Seal for John Karl, 08/10/1857

 

U.S. National Archives' Local Identifier: 6016146

 

Created by: Department of the Treasury. Customs Service. Collection District of New Orleans (Louisiana). (1804 - 1913)

 

From: Series: Letters Received, compiled 1804 - 1868

 

Production Date: 08/10/1857

 

Persistent URL: arcweb.archives.gov/arc/action/ExternalIdSearch?id=6016146

 

Repository: National Archives at Fort Worth, TX.

 

Access Restrictions Unrestricted

Use Restrictions: Unrestricted

 

Form Factory

 

location: Poznań

category: store

 

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www.twitter.com/Memoire2cite le Logement Collectif* 50,60,70's dans tous ses états..Histoire & Mémoire de l'Habitat / Rétro-Villes / HLM / Banlieue / Renouvellement Urbain / Urbanisme URBANISME S’imaginer Paris et le Grand Paris @ URBANISME S’imaginer Paris et le Grand Paris @ Les 50ans d'Apur 50ans.apur.org/#intro @ Les films du MRU @ les AUTOROUTES - Les liaisons moins dangereuses 1972 la construction des autoroutes en France - Le réseau autoroutier 1960 Histoire de France Transports et Communications - dailymotion.com/video/xxi0ae?playlist=x34ije … Trente ans d’histoire de l’habitat : de la

Reconstruction à l’urbanisation intensive, puis raisonnée. La région parisienne connaît alors un développement

exceptionnel façonnant le paysage de l’Îlede-France actuelle.

Réalisée à l’initiative de la DRAC Île-deFrance, une exposition regroupant une quarantaine de photographies d’ensembles de logements édifiés en Île-de-France entre 1945 et 1975 et sélectionnés pour la qualité de leur forme urbaine, leur valeur d’usage ou leurs spécificités techniques, a été présentée, du 5 juillet au 15 septembre 2011, à La Maison de l’architecture en Île-de-France. Cette exposition a fait l’objet d’une publication dans la revue Beaux Arts Editions. @ Où en est l'histoire urbaine des sociétés contemporaines ? Cet ouvrage, inspiré par Annie Fourcaut, qui contribua de manière décisive à son développement, propose un état des lieux de ce champ et explore des pistes de recherche ouvrant l'histoire urbaine à une variété de " genres ".où en est l'histoire urbaine des sociétés contemporaines ? Cet ouvrage, inspiré par Annie Fourcaut, qui contribua de manière décisive à son développement, propose un état des lieux de ce champ. De Femmes à l'usine (1981), Bobigny, banlieue rouge (1986), à La banlieue en morceaux (2000), en passant par les publications collectives qu'elle a coordonnées et les travaux qu'elle a encadrés, la trajectoire de cette historienne a conduit l'histoire sociale et politique – telle qu'on la pratiquait dans les années 1970 – vers une histoire urbaine renouvelée. Le livre revient sur cette évolution et explore des pistes de recherche ouvrant l'histoire urbaine à une variété de " genres ". Les auteurs, historiennes et historiens, sociologues, politistes, géographes, architectes, urbanistes et décideurs politiques proposent une histoire urbaine à la fois interdisciplinaire et ancrée dans la fabrique de la ville et ses représentations, portant la marque de sa dédicataire. Les quatre sections de l'ouvrage dessinent les chantiers qu'Annie Fourcaut a investis : " Du social à l'urbain " met en avant la conviction qu'étudier l'histoire des villes, c'est toujours faire de l'histoire sociale ; " Qu'elle était belle la banlieue " est centré sur les banlieues, son territoire d'étude de prédilection ; " Les habits neufs des politiques de la ville " interroge les politiques urbaines successives et leur transformation ; enfin, " Banc d'essai des modernités " propose une analyse historique de l'urbanisme, comme discipline et comme pratique.Le thème du logement. « Il s’agit du premier label Patrimoine XXe siècle attribué en Île-de-France. La DRAC, qui l’a mise en œuvre, a choisi de s’intéresser en tout premier lieu à cette production de

logements de masse d’une ampleur inégalée construits dans notre région après la guerre. Ce sont des créations emblématiques d’une architecture contemporaine dépréciée ; à ce titre, elles sont au premier chef concernées par les recommandations du Conseil de l’Europe. De plus, par l’ampleur des programmes, les étendues qu’ils recouvrent, ces ensembles sont sont plus éloignés du champ

traditionnel des monuments historiques. L’outil label a semblé approprié. Le choix de labelliser les ensembles de logements est donc audacieux : nous espérons que le regard porté sur ces immeubles Change. » Valérie Gaudard, Conservation régionale des monuments historiques, DRAC-Île-de-France.

(extrait d’un entretien publié dans Beaux Arts éditions « 1945-1975, Une histoire de l’habitat – 40 ensembles « patrimoine du XXe siècle »). Créé en 1999 par le ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, le label Patrimoine du XXe siècle

vise à signaler au public, aux décideurs et aux aménageurs, "les édifices et ensembles urbains qui sont autant de témoins matériels de l’évolution technique économique, sociale, politique et culturelle de notre société". Liens Le label patrimoine XXe - www.culturecommunication.gouv.fr/Regions/DRAC-Ile-de-Fran... La Maison de l'architecture - www.maisonarchitecture-idf.org/spip.php

www.twitter.com/Memoire2cite www.beauxarts.com/produit/une-histoire-de-lhabitat/ @ LES GRANDS ENSEMBLES @ L EXEMPLE DE DIJON «LE BILLARDON, HISTOIRE D’UN GRAND ENSEMBLE»Sylvain TABOURY, sociologue, enseignant à l’école d’architecture de Versailles. Co-auteur avec Karine Gougerot, photographe, de Billardon, histoire d’un grand ensemble, paru aux éditions Créaphis en 2004. Texte communiqué à partir de la rencontre-débat du 20 mai 2005 Organisée par le Centre de Ressources Politique de la Ville en Essonne en partenariat avec Maison de Banlieue et de l’Architecture, le CAUE 91 et CINEAM dans le cadre de l’exposition «Des ensembles assez grands: mémoire et projets en Essonne». Cet ouvrage retrace l’histoire de la cité Jean-Billardon, barre de 14 étages et de 250 logements, à Dijon, premier grand ensemble de la ville, construit entre 1953 et 1955, démoli en 2003. Sélectionné parmi les immeubles significatifs de l’architecture du XXe siècle par la direction de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine (DAPA) du ministère de la Culture, Billardon était un symbole incontournable de l’histoire du quartier des Grésilles et de l’agglomération dijonnaise, ainsi qu’un formidable témoin de l’architecture novatrice de l’après-guerre. Sollicités par le service Inventaire de la Direction régionale des affaires culturelles de Bourgogne (Drac) et par l’Office public d’aménagement et de construction de Dijon (Opac), dans le cadre de l’opération de renouvellement urbain (ORU) du quartier des Grésilles, nous avons collecté et rassemblé, de janvier à juillet 2003, les traces de cette histoire, les archives, mais aussi les témoignages, recomposant des trajectoires familiales, professionnelles, des documents iconographiques et sonores. La restitution auprès des habitants et des partenaires du projet en octobre 2004, accompagnée d’une table ronde avec différents intervenants et acteurs du quartier, a été un moment fort, inscrit dans le processus de transformation engagé sur le quartier des Grésilles. Une exposition, intitulée «Mémoires de Billardon, fragments de vies», a également été présentée dans les locaux prestigieux du musée de la Vie bourguignonne de Dijon, du 14 octobre 2004 au 31 janvier 2005.Garder une trac De fait, la démolition de la Cité Billardon, le 4 juillet 2003, restera sans aucun doute un événement sensible dans la mémoire de nombre d’habitants de l’agglomération dijonnaise. Cette barre fut la première construction d’un tout nouveau quartier – le quartier des Grésilles –, à Dijon, où près de 4000 logements ont été construits Centre de Ressources Politique de la Ville en Essonne entre 1953 et 1966 – 14970 habitants en 1968, 8263 en 2003 – sur un terrain agricole demeuré nu, à l’est du territoire communal. Les 14 étages et 250 logements de l’immeuble, élevés au milieu des champs et des jardins familiaux, où un écriteau «Chasse interdite» était encore visible quelques années auparavant, faisaient alors l’admiration des très nombreux badauds venus visiter cette toute nouvelle Cité radieuse, construite tel un

Meccano de béton et d’acier. « Immeuble révolutionnaire», «Meccano géant à l’échelle du monde moderne», les titres de la presse de l’époque donnent un aperçu de l’impact national et international de l’événement. «Des visiteurs étaient venus de toute la France et même de l’étranger, jeter un coup d’œil au chantier», rappelait un article de la presse locale le jour de la démolition. Cette « barre » de 14 étages et de 250 logements, desservis par des coursives placées tous les trois niveaux, était une déclinaison appauvrie du modèle de la Cité radieuse du Corbusier, inaugurée le 14 octobre 1952. Les appartements étaient de deux types: les uns de deux et trois pièces, situés dans les ailes, de disposition traditionnelle, orientés au sud et pourvus de loggias; les autres, de cinq pièces, situés au centre du bâtiment, du type « duplex ». Huit espaces commerciaux avaient été aménagés en rez-dechaussée. Cependant, en dépit des ressemblances et de la qualité architecturale de l’édifice, l’immeuble n’était pas une unité d’habitation au sens où Le Corbusier l’entendait. L’originalité de la Cité Billardon tient en réalité au procédé constructif qui fut utilisé lors de son édification. Elle fut la toute première à expérimenter en France le procédé de préfabrication Estiot, réutilisé par la suite pour la construction de plusieurs grands ensembles, comme le Noyer-Renard à AthisMons, la Cité des 4000 à la Courneuve, la Grâce-de-Dieu à Caen, la Croixdes-Oiseaux et Champ-Fleury à Avignon, le Gros Buisson à Épinay, SainteBarbe à Metz, le Haut-du-Lièvre à Nancy, les tours du Lancy à Genève ou encore des bâtiments d’habitation à Alger. Le mode constructif, repris sur celui des gratte-ciel américains, associait l’acier en ossature et le béton en pré-enrobage avec une majeure partie réalisée en atelier. Le procédé donnait des résultats évidents: précision remarquable, rapidité d’exécution, peu ou pas d’installations de chantier – suppression des coffrages, des étayages, des échafaudages – et surtout économie considérable de main-d’œuvre. Il s’agissait des prémices d’industrialisation dite lourde du bâtiment. Forte de cette première expérience, la commune avait ensuite réalisé deux autres cités de même type, Épirey, puis Lochères. Mais le modèle de Billardon fut perverti: dans une logique de réduction des coûts de production et de rapidité d’exécution, tous les espaces peu productifs comme les logements en duplex, les cellules commerciales, ou les très grands halls, ont été supprimés. Les deux cités comprennent 348 logements, relativement mal desservis et sans attrait, des petits logements sur un seul niveau La démolition de Billardon n’a donc évidemment pas la même signification, Centre de Ressources Politique de la Ville en Essonne « BILLARDON, HISTOIRE D’UN GRAND ENSEMBLE » Centre de Ressources Politique de la Ville en Essonne ni les mêmes conséquences que celles d’Épirey ou des Lochères, déjà démolies en 1992 et 2000. Cet immeuble possédait une fonction symbolique incontestable, une place à part dans la vie des résidents qui s’y sont succédé, comme dans la mémoire des habitants du quartier. Les récits que nous avons pu recueillir auprès d’une trentaine d’anciens résidents de l’immeuble nous offrent différentes représentations de l’histoire de

Billardon, et des personnes qui y ont vécu ou travaillé d’avril 1955 à décembre 2002. Les témoignages des plus anciens, arrivés parmi les premiers, en 1955, répondent aux histoires des plus jeunes, derniers occupants du rafiot, aujourd’hui démoli. Ils sont venus d’horizons divers, de Côte-d’Or, de Bretagne, d’Alsace, de la région parisienne, du Maroc, d’Algérie, du Portugal, du Cambodge ou d’ailleurs et leurs paroles traduisent l’enracinement profond de leurs souvenirs de Billardon, que certains n’auraient jamais voulu quitter. Bien sûr, la mémoire n’est pas «objective». Le discours s’élabore toujours à partir d’un présent et la disparition engendre certainement une nostalgie conduisant à magnifier les bons moments et à tempérer les plus pénibles. Mais en faisant imploser Billardon, c’est bien tout un pan de leur vie que l’on a réduit en poussière. Chaque témoin traduit avec ses mots ces petits faits de la vie quotidienne, souvent jugés sans importance, petits riens ou traumatismes, anecdotes ou événements tragiques, qui ont marqué leur sensibilité.« Une verrue dans le quartier»C’est pour ces différentes raisons esthétiques, historico-culturelles – témoignage de l’histoire des villes – et socio-symboliques – mémoire des hommes – que la Direction de l’Architecture et du Patrimoine (DAPA) du ministère de la

Culture avait décidé de répertorier la Cité Billardon parmi les immeubles représentatifs de l’architecture du XXe siècle. L’immeuble avait reçu le label «Patrimoine du XXe siècle» à la fin des années 1990. Or, ce processus de «patrimonialisation» était inconcevable pour de nombreuses personnalités locales, voire de nombreux habitants du quartier. Stigmatisé comme une «verrue» dans le quartier, l’immeuble était devenu un véritable cauchemar: dégradations, violence, difficultés et «mal-vivre» constituaient le quotidien de locataires excédés, souvent «assignés à résidence». Bagarres, agressions, cambriolages, drogue, vitres brisées, ascenseurs en panne, alimentaient manchettes de journaux et témoignages, décrivant le naufrage d’un immeuble à la dérive, devenu symbole de tous les maux. La démolition paraissait donc inéluctable, comme une délivrance, la promesse d’un avenir meilleur. Les partenaires institutionnels se devaient de mettre en scène leur capacité à changer la vie des habitants du quartier, réparer les erreurs d’une période de l’urbanisation contemporaine, dont Billardon était l’un des symboles les plus représentatifs. L’idée d’une enquête ethnographique sur l’édifice et ses locataires avait donc « BILLARDON, HISTOIRE D’UN GRAND ENSEMBLE » Centre de Ressources Politique de la Ville en Essonne du mal à passer dans la réflexion de certains décideurs. La mise en œuvre du projet, initié par le service Inventaire de la Direction régionale des affaires culturelles (Drac) de Bourgogne, sur les budgets de l’opération de renouvellement urbain du quartier, fut bloquée administrativement pendant plusieurs mois. Entre-temps, tous les locataires de l’immeuble avaient été relogés… (la dernière famille quitte son logement le 23 décembre 2002).

Une histoire des grands ensembles? Le travail de recherche historique sur les grands ensembles est rendu aujourd’hui d’autant plus difficile à faire comprendre que la ville issue des Trente Glorieuses est souvent considérée, avec la politique publique qui l’a programmée, comme une vaste erreur collective (A. Fourcaut). L’architecture des «tours» et des «barres», du «chem« BILLARDON, HISTOIRE D’UN GRAND ENSEMBLE » Centre de Ressources Politique de la Ville en Essonne. Photographie, histoire et sociologie, de monographies locales – Saint-Étienne, Villeurbanne, etc. – publiés ces dernières années sur ce thème en témoigne clairement.Cependant, on est encore loin du compte. Si plusieurs urbanistes, historiens, géographes ou sociologues1 ont récemment contribué à une meilleure connaissance du sujet au niveau national et international, l’histoire de ces quartiers d’habitat collectif reste un terrain largement méconnu, à peine exploré par les historiens locaux. En Essonne, à quelques exceptions près – Draveil, Viry-Châtillon, les Ulis, Athis-Mons ou Grigny –, rares sont les monographies ou les études locales à accorder une place de choix à l’analyse et à la présentation de ces bouleversements. Les mauvaises volontés, auxquelles nous avons parfois été confrontés dans le cadre de nos recherches dans le département témoignent des réticences que continue de susciter toute démarche d’enquête et d’analyse sur la mémoire et le devenir des grands ensembles.

La transformation en cours ou à venir d’une vingtaine de sites en Essonne dans le cadre du Programme national de rénovation urbaine, institué par la loi Borloo du 1er août 2003, et la priorité donnée à la démolition-reconstruction,

sur fond de crise du logement social, devraient pourtant poser avec plus d’acuité la question de l’appréciation de ce patrimoine départemental. De nombreuses communes mobilisées dans des programmes d’intervention n’ont qu’une vision très partielle de l’histoire de ces quartiers, de leurs évolutions, dont les conséquences ne sont envisagées le plus souvent qu’à travers le prisme d’une crise sociale impossible à juguler. Or, n’est-il pas singulier, voire dangereux, d’entreprendre des opérations de transformation urbaine aussi radicales, sans même commencer par chercher à comprendre comment, par qui et pour quelles raisons ces espaces ont été construits ou transformés, sans évaluer dans certains cas l’impact des politiques précédemment engagées?Richesse patrimoniale ou héritage encombrant, définir une nouvelle vision de la ville exige un travail d’enquête, d’expertise, une capitalisation des expériences, rarement mis en œuvre.Et c’est sans doute là le talon d’Achille d’une politique de transformation

urbaine menée dans l’urgence, qui ne peut se nourrir de capitalisation critique, et occulte le rôle crucial de l’accompagnement qualitatif et de la sensibilisation et/ou de la formation des élus, des services de l’État et des collectivités, des opérateurs et des aménageurs, des bailleurs.Ces images devenues presque ordinaires de parpaings, pans de bétons fracassés, vitres brisées laissent songeur: quel regard les résidents – et notamment

les plus jeunes – pourront-ils bien porter à l’avenir sur un environnement si violemment rejeté? Pourquoi respecter ce qui n’est bon qu’à être démoli?

Pour n’en citer que quelques-uns : FORTIN J-P., Grands ensembles. L’espace et ses raisons, Plan Urbanisme Construction Architecture (PUCA), 1997 ; PEILLON P., Utopie et désordre urbains. Essai sur les grands ensembles d’habitation, La Tour d’Aigues, Editions de l’Aube, 2001 ; DUFAUX F., FOURCAUT A., SKOUTELSKY R., Faire l’histoire des grands ensembles. Bibliographie 1950-1980, ENS éditions, 2003 ; TOMAS F., BLANC J-N., BONILLA M., Les grands ensembles, une histoire qui continue…, Publications de l’université de Saint-Etienne, 2003 ; DUFAUX F., FOURCAUT A. (dir.), Le monde des grands

ensembles, Créaphis, 2004.« Pour une histoire des grands ensembles en Essonne », Les Cahiers de la Maison de Banlieue et de l’Architecture, n° 11, mai 2005« BILLARDON, HISTOIRE D’UN GRAND ENSEMBLE »

Centre de Ressources Politique de la Ville en Essonne

Les enjeux du projet

À Dijon, le projet a mis de long mois à se concrétiser. L’enjeu de ce travail était double:

■ Un enjeu de connaissance et d’analyse de l’histoire et des différentes étapes de l’évolution urbaine et sociale de l’immeuble et du quartier, des vécus, trajectoires résidentielles et familiales des habitants de la cité. Il a été réalisé à travers:

– une recherche historique dans les archives du bailleur, de la commune, des journaux locaux, de l’agence d’urbanisme, etc., replaçant l’étude dans le contexte général de l’histoire de la France de la Reconstruction et des quarante dernières années;– une écoute, dévoilant les différentes représentations de ce quartier, non plus

à partir de critères ou de théories de spécialistes, mais en suivant pas à pas(mot à mot) les trajets, les images qu’y déposent les habitants et les acteursdu quartier. Le travail artistique – photographies, textes – ayant alors pour fonction de réintroduire ces regards croisés dans la circulation de la ville,d’en faire des éléments de partage, de réflexio« BILLARDON, HISTOIRE D’UN GRAND ENSEMBLE »Centre de Ressources Politique de la Ville en EssonneCes recherches ont permis de retracer les différentes étapes de construction et de transformation de cet immeuble dans son territoire, ainsi que l’évolution d sa composition socio-démographique. Une iconographie importante a pu être collectée et répertoriée sur CD-Rom. Une présence longue – deux à trois jours par semaine pendant cinq mois – a été assurée sur le terrain, favorisant notre immersion et l’observation du quotidien des habitants du quartier, le recueil d’une parole informelle, permettant d’expliciter notre démarche, ses objectifs, son intérêt, l’instauration d’une quotidienneté, de relations de confiance. Pour cela, une présence régulière aux différentes manifestations, aux réunions et aux événements publics liés au quartier et une fréquentation de lieux de rencontre et d’échanges préalablement identifiés ont été nécessaires.Des rencontres collectives et individuelles ont été organisées avec les partenaires – associations, structures et personnes-relais sur le quartier – nous permettant d’être rapidement identifiés et de baliser précisément notre rôle – le rôle de chacun – dans le projet, de recueillir leur connaissance du terrain, leurs représentations et leurs réflexions sur le projet. Les ateliers avec les techniciens, les élus et les associations concernées devaient définir précisément: ● les objectifs à court, moyen et, le cas échéant, long terme;

● les actions à court, moyen et long terme;

● les modalités de leur déroulement.

Ces rencontres avaient également pour objectif de faire fonctionner le«bouche-à-oreille», qui demeure bien souvent le principal vecteur d’information pour ce type de démarche. Elles nous permettaient également de nouer des premiers contacts avec les habitants et les personnes-relais impliqués dans la vie du quartier. Ont été mis en œuvre:

● un moment de rencontre-discussion avec les habitants sous la forme d’une soirée projection-débat: présentation du travail de recueil de mémoire, personnes et structures porteuses, méthodes, finalités; définition en commundes modalités de leur participation au projet.

● sollicitation et information de la presse locale (journaux, radio, télévision), des bulletins associatifs, de la communication institutionnelle (ville, communauté

d’agglomération, bailleur, etc.) pour relayer et présenter le plus précisément possible la démarche entreprise et les personnes en charge de ce travail;

● des entretiens compréhensifs, individuels, en couple ou en petits groupes sous la forme d’entretiens semi-directifs de type «récits de vie(s)», recueillisauprès d’habitants ou d’anciens habitants du quartier, de professionnels travaillant ou ayant exercé leur activité dans le quartier, d’élus ou de responsables associatifs.

« BILLARDON, HISTOIRE D’UN GRAND ENSEMBLE »

Centre de Ressources Politique de la Ville en Essonne

Les entretiens ont été enregistrés et traités sur support numérique – mini-disc –, et les documents et les objets soigneusement inventoriés et/ou scannés.Ces entretiens avaient pour objectifs d’enregistrer non pas l’histoire de ce quartier, mais la manière qu’avaient nos interlocuteurs de dire leur propre histoire, cequi faisait mémoire pour ces personnes en contact étroit avec le quartier, natifs ou de passage, enracinés ou nouveaux venus. Il s’agissait de souvenirs, d’impressions d’enfance, de petits faits de la vie quotidienne parfois jugés sans importance, d’événements heureux ou tragiques, qui ont marqué leur sensibilité. Cela supposait donc que l’on prenne le temps, précisément de parler et d’écouter. Les entretiens se sont déroulés de préférence au domicile des personnes, pas dans la rue ou une salle impersonnelle, mais dans la sphère privée plus à même de laisser subvenir ces épopées de l’intime. L’objectif n’était pas de faire une archéologie du quartier, ni même d’enfermer nos interlocuteurs dans la norme de la personne-type qui habite un grand ensemble, mais bien de montrer que cet immeuble était composé de fragmentsde vies, de destins d’hommes et de femmes singuliers. Il s’agissait de montrer

comment, à un moment donné, ces personnes, venues parfois d’horizons lointains, se sont arrêtées là et ont enrichi ce lieu de leurs histoires et de leurs trajectoires particulières.

Nous avons donc insisté sur les trajectoires familiales et professionnelles de chacun: origines, parcours résidentiels, étapes et ruptures de vies – mariage, naissances, emplois successifs, divorces, décès, etc. –, points de repères autour desquels chacun construit «son temps», étapes qui organisent la durée, le vécu familial, domestique, les faits d’une vie et les événements de l’histoire. Le souvenir trouve également un support concret dans l’espace et les multiplesbouleversements du bâti et du cadre de vie. Démolitions, reconstructions,aménagements, suscitent une perte de repères, et invitent d’autant plus à faireun travail de mémoire. Dans cette perspective, ont été évoqués les souvenirs attachés plus précisément au quartier des Grésilles et à l’immeuble Billardon.Les personnes interrogées ont été invitées à s’appuyer le plus largement possible sur des descriptions détaillées (déménagement, logements successifs, accessibilité au travail ou aux équipements et services, nombre et identité des commerces, relations de voisinage, espaces collectifs), leurs pratiques (loisirs, vie scolaire, pratiques commerciales, etc.), les événements (fêtes, accidents, etc.) ou personnes marquantes; leurs perceptions du quartier et de son évolution – qu’ils y habitent toujours ou pas –, leurs projections éventuelles dans l’avenir (liste de thèmes non exhaustive).De février à juin 2003, une quinzaine d’entretiens ont pu être réalisés auprès d’une trentaine d’anciens locataires de l’immeuble, des premiers résidents de

Billardon dans les années 1950 aux derniers occupants, récemment relogés. « BILLARDON, HISTOIRE D’UN GRAND ENSEMBLE » Centre de Ressources Politique de la Ville en Essonne Des outils pour l’action: la restitution Tout au long de l’étude, nous avons rencontré et consulté régulièrement l’ensemble des institutions et des partenaires concernés par la démarche, afin de leur soumettre les premiers éléments de notre travail, recueillir leurs commentaires, leurs suggestions et critiques. Ces rencontres ont été l’occasion de partager une réflexion, d’élaborer des propositions de restitution aux différents publics.Malgré nos craintes initiales, une restitution de qualité a pu être proposée aux habitants, grâce à l’implication très forte de l’Opac de Dijon, véritable porteur du projet, et dans une moindre mesure du service Inventaire de la Direction régionale des affaires culturelles de Bourgogne. Leur implication a permis de trouver différents partenaires financiers, comme la Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations ou la communauté d’agglomération.

De notre côté, sur la base du rapport et du reportage photographique que nous avions remis à nos commanditaires, nous avons pu convaincre les éditions

Créaphis, reconnues pour la qualité de leurs publications de documents d’histoire, de sciences sociales et de photographie, de formuler une proposition éditoriale de qualité. Sur la base de nos recommandations, deux pistes de restitution ont été privilégiées:

● une exposition, événement fort et fédérateur, pouvant susciter des échanges,des moments de rencontre entre habitants du quartier et résidents extérieurs,

dans une optique d’ouverture du quartier au reste de la ville, les productions de certains groupes d’habitants pouvant être également valorisées, ainsi que les objets ou films recueillis dans le cadre du projet;

● une publication, associant textes et documents d’archives sur l’histoire du quartier, une sélection de témoignages et de photographies professionnelles

et amateurs, et accompagnant cette exposition, pour une diffusion plus large des résultats de l’opération, et une appropriation durable du projet par les habitants du quartier et les autres résidents de l’agglomération.Cette restitution avait également pour objectif de mettre en lumière les différentes préoccupations des habitants, permettant aux acteurs de terrain de disposer d’une base de connaissances pour définir et programmer leurs interventions, à court, moyen et long terme. Un tel travail fait émerger des représentations collectives, des divergences, des tensions qu’il faut savoir analyser et traiter pour améliorer les rapports sociaux et les conditions de vie des habitants.Encore faut-il que ces paroles soient prises en compte pour permettre aux institutions de redéfinir leurs modes d’intervention sur la ville: vaste chantier… Sylvain TABOURY,sociologue, enseignant à l’école d’architecture de Versailles Les 30 Glorieuses . com et la carte postale.. Il existe de nos jours, de nombreux photographes qui privilégient la qualité artistique de leurs travaux cartophiles. A vous de découvrir ces artistes inconnus aujourd’hui, mais qui seront peut-être les grands noms de demain. Jérôme (Mémoire2Ville) #chercheur #archiviste #maquettiste dans l #histoire des #logementssociaux #logement #HLM #logementsocial #Patrimoine @ Les films du MRU -Industrialiser la construction, par le biais de la préfabrication.Cette industrialisation a abouti, dans les années 1950, à un choix politique de l'Etat, la construction massive de G.E. pour résoudre la très forte crise du logement dont souffrait la France www.youtube.com/watch?v=zR_jxCANYac&fbclid=IwAR2IzWlM... … Le temps de l'urbanisme, 1962, Réalisation : Philippe Brunet www.dailymotion.com/video/xgj2zz?playlist=x34ije … … … … -Les grands ensembles en images Les ministères en charge du logement et leur production audiovisuelle (1944-1966) MASSY - Les films du MRU - La Cité des hommes, 1966, Réalisation : Fréderic Rossif, Albert Knobler www.dailymotion.com/video/xgiqzr?playlist=x34i - Les films du MRU @ les AUTOROUTES - Les liaisons moins dangereuses 1972 la construction des autoroutes en France - Le réseau autoroutier 1960 Histoire de France Transports et Communications - www.dailymotion.com/video/xxi0ae?playlist=x34ije … - A quoi servaient les films produits par le MRU ministère de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme ? la réponse de Danielle Voldman historienne spécialiste de la reconstruction www.dailymotion.com/video/x148qu4?playlist=x34ije … -les films du MRU - Bâtir mieux plus vite et moins cher 1975 l'industrialisation du bâtiment et ses innovations : la préfabrication en usine, le coffrage glissant... www.dailymotion.com/video/xyjudq?playlist=x34ije … - TOUT SUR LA CONSTRUCTION DE NOTRE DAME LA CATHEDRALE DE PARIS Içi www.notredamedeparis.fr/la-cathedrale/histoire/historique... -MRU Les films - Le Bonheur est dans le béton - 2015 Documentaire réalisé par Lorenz Findeisen produit par Les Films du Tambour de Soie içi www.dailymotion.com/video/x413amo?playlist=x34ije Noisy-le-Sec le laboratoire de la reconstruction, 1948 L'album cinématographique de la reconstruction maison préfabriquée production ministère de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme, 1948 L'album cinématographique içi www.dailymotion.com/video/xwytke archipostcard.blogspot.com/search?updated-max=2009-02-13T... - - PRESQU'ILE DE GENNEVILLIERS...AUJOURD'HUI...DEMAIN... (LA video içi parcours.cinearchives.org/Les-films-PRESQU-ILE-DE-GENNEVI... … ) Ce film de la municipalité de Gennevilliers explique la démarche et les objectifs de l’exposition communale consacrée à la presqu’île, exposition qui se tint en déc 1972 et janvier 1973 - le mythe de Pruitt-Igoe en video içi nextcity.org/daily/entry/watch-the-trailer-for-the-pruitt... … - 1964, quand les loisirs n’avaient (deja) pas le droit de cité poke @Memoire2cite youtu.be/Oj64jFKIcAE - Devenir de la ZUP de La Paillade youtu.be/1qxAhsqsV8M v - Regard sur les barres Zum' youtu.be/Eow6sODGct8 v - MONTCHOVET EN CONSTRUCTION Saint Etienne, ses travaux - Vidéo Ina.fr www.ina.fr/video/LXF99004401 … via - La construction de la Grande Borne à Grigny en 1969 Archive INA www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=12&v=t843Ny2p7Ww (discours excellent en seconde partie) -David Liaudet : l'image absolue, c'est la carte postale" phothistory.wordpress.com/2016/04/27/david-liaudet-limage... … l'architecture sanatoriale Histoire des sanatoriums en France (1915-1945). Une architecture en quête de rendement thérapeutique..

passy-culture.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/Les-15-Glori... … … & hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01935993/document Gwenaëlle Le Goullon (LAHRA), auteur du livre "la genèse des grands ensembles",& Danièle Voldman (CHS, Centre d'Histoire Sociale), expliquent le processus qui a conduit l'Etat, et le ministère de l'urbanisme &de la reconstruction à mener des chantiers exp www.youtube.com/watch?v=zR_jxCANYac&fbclid=IwAR2IzWlM... mémoire2cité & l'A.U.A. - Jacques Simon (1929 - 26 septembre 2015) est un architecte paysagiste formé à l'École des beaux-arts de Montréal et à l'École nationale supérieure du paysage de Versailles. Fasciné par la campagne qui témoigne d'une histoire de labeur, celle des agriculteurs "ses amis", "les génies de la terre", Jacques SIMON, paysagiste dplg, Premier Grand Prix du Paysage en 1990*, réalise avec eux des installations paysagères éphémères principalement dans des champs et visibles du ciel. Avec sa palette d'artiste, Jacques SIMON réinvente des paysages comme les agriculteurs eux-aussi à leur façon les créent et les entretiennent. Le CAUE du Rhône vous invite à venir découvrir ses travaux au travers d'un kaléidoscope de photographies empreintes de spontanéité, de fraîcheur et d'humour. Cette exposition nous interpelle sur le caractère essentiel d'une nature changeante, fragile, sur l'importance d'une activité agricole diversifiée et sur la nécessaire évolution du métier de paysan. Elle nous amène aussi à voir et à interpréter ce que l'on voit, elle éveille en nous le sens de la beauté du paysage en conjuguant les différentes échelles de perception et de lecture; à pied et à vol d'oiseau, à la fois l'échelle humaine, terrestre, géologique, forestière, hydrologique, biologique mais aussi esthétique et symbolique. Jacques Simon, paysagiste cosmopolite est l'un des principaux acteurs du renouveau de la pensée paysagère en France dans les années 60 et 70 conjuguant avec cohérence sa pratique de paysagiste, de voyageur, d'éditeur, d'enseignant avec son approche plus artistique du paysage, subtile, sensible et humaine de la nature avec la réalisation de "performances". Ses projets paysagers comme ses interventions paysagères éphémères sont marqués par la mobilité, la fragilité, une empathie avec le lieu, par la dualité même du voyage : découverte / évanouissement, création / disparition. Jacques Simon dessine, écrit sur le paysage, "une surface", un peu à la manière du land'art avec les techniques et les outils du jardinier, du cultivateur. Il ne s'agit plus de représenter la nature mais de l'utiliser en créant avec et dans le paysage. L'intention de Jacques Simon n'est pas d'apposer sa marque sur le paysage mais de travailler instinctivement avec lui afin que ses travaux-installations manifestent même brièvement un contact en harmonie avec le monde naturel. "On dit qu'il a bouleversé l'esprit du paysage, il a remis les choses essentielles à leur place. Il rit de l'importance qu'on veut bien lui donner, fils de l'air, il ne veut rien de plus que passer dans les cerveaux pour les ventiler, les rafraîchir et non pour les modeler; son "importance", il l'a ailleurs et autrement; il est historique parce que dans son temps, dans celui qui s'écoule et non dans celui qui passe". Extrait de "Jacques Simon, tous azimuts", Jeanne-Marie Sens et Hubert Tonka, Pandora Editions, 1991. Il a introduit une nouvelle conception de l'art du paysage proche du Land art, Jacques Simon est l'auteur d'une série d'ouvrages sur différents aspects du paysage et abordés d'un point de vue technique. Il a travaillé de 1964 à 1966 en collaboration avec Michel Corajoud. Il a conçu le Parc de la Deûle (qui lui a valu le Grand Prix national du Paysage en 2006, après l'avoir reçu une première fois en 19901).

Il est mort le 29 septembre 20151 et a été incinéré à Auxerre Le paysagiste Jacques Simon s'est éteint le 26 septembre dernier à l'âge de 86 ans. Diplômé de Versailles en 1959, il fut sans doute l'une des figures les plus emblématiques, les plus géniales et les plus originales du paysagisme contemporain. Premier grand prix du paysage et prix du Conseil de l'Europe pour le parc de la Deule, on lui doit des principes de compositions très forts, autour du nivellement, du traitement du végétal ou de la place laissée au vide. Ses intuitions comme ses travaux ont inspiré tous les paysagistes avec lesquels il a travaillé, à commencer par Michel Corajoud ou Gilles Vexlard. On lui doit un profond renouvellement dans la composition des grands ensembles, ses réalisations -comme le parc Saint-John Perse à Reims- restant des modèles pour tous les professionnels. Jacques Simon développa également une production d'œuvres plus éphémères, attentif aux mouvements et aux transformations. Pédagogue talentueux et généreux, il le fut autant par les documents techniques et la revue qu'il publia, que par ses interventions en atelier devant plusieurs générations d'étudiants de l'école. Les paysagistes perdent un de leurs plus féconds inspirateurs. L'ENSP s'associe au deuil de sa famille et de ses proches. Témoignages à la mémoire de Jacques Simon

Dans les années 1990 à l'école du Paysage de Versailles, lorsque nous entrions en première année, la première satisfaction était d'acquérir du nouveau matériel d'expression plastique. Encre, feutres, supports en grand format et sur papier calque...mais aussi découvrir des livres de notre professeur Jacques Simon : des carnets de dessins et de croquis, des photomontages découpés aux ciseaux.

En amphithéâtre lors de conférences et séances de projections de diapositives, Jacques Simon évoquait surtout sa capacité à piloter un hélicoptère. Je viens de retrouver un extrait d'un article à ce sujet..« (...) Car depuis une dizaine d'années, le Bourguignon a trouvé une solution à son imagination en bourgeonnement permanent. Jacques Simon crée ‘pour lui tout seul'. Ni commande ni concours. Mais des messages géants écrits dans les champs et seulement visibles d'avion ou d'hélicoptère. Un art éphémère et privé dont il s'amuse, les veilles de moissons, tout autour de sa ferme de Turny, dans l'Yonne.Et là, plus rien ne l'arrête. Les agriculteurs du coin ont pris l'habitude de le voir faucher des allées entières de luzerne. De l'apercevoir écraser d'interminables chemins de phacelia, un graminé californien qui existe en trois couleurs (blanc, bleu, rouge). De l'observer dans son hélicoptère photographiant le résultat. Ses messages sont des hommages ou des avertissements. L'un prévient : ‘Hé, si tu n'as plus de forêt t'es foutu.' Un autre : 'Sans les paysans, je m'emmerde. Signé : la Terre.' Même l'hiver, Jacques Simon s'adonne à cette calligraphie paysagère. (...) ».Extrait paru dans La Croix l'événement du dimanche 11 et lundi 12 juin 1995, par Frédéric Potet, rubrique Culture. son site simonpaysage.free.fr/

file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/B_Blanchon_AUA.pdf Interview to Jacques Simon incleded on the dvd that accompanies book "Metropoles en Europe", from the exhibition "Lille - Metropoles en Europe". The French landscape architect Jacques Simon's love for nature first developed on his father's tree farm and then deepened when he traveled as a young man to Sweden and then Canada, where he attended art school in Montreal while working as a lumberjack. Between 1957 and 1959, Simon studied at the École Nationale de Horticulture. He has since become an important link in the renewal of French landscape architecture, combining the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian garden cultures he absorbed in his travels with classic Latin structures. He works as often as possible in situ, and does not shy away from driving the tractor himself.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=OyBnqrUlK9U turny.chez.com/A0archives/jSIMMON.htm Jacques Simon, Il crée la revue Espaces verts en 1968, l’anime jusqu’en 1982, publie des cahiers spéciaux dédiés à « l’Aménagement des espaces libres ». Même l'hiver, il s'adonne à cette calligraphie paysagère».La Croix dimanche 11 et lundi 12 juin 1995, simonpaysage.free.fr/ Jacques Simon écrit ses premiers articles dès la fin des années 1950 pour des revues comme Maison et Jardin et Urbanisme. En 1965, il signe l’un de ses premiers livres, L’Art de connaître les arbres. strabic.fr/Jacques-Simon-Gilles-Vexlard … jacques simon & Le parc des Coudrays - Élancourt-Maurepas, 1970 strabic.fr/Jacques-Simon-Gilles-Vexlard … simonpaysage.free.fr/ Jacques Simon - Espaces verts n° 27, avril-mai-juin 1971, p. 44-45 Fasciné par la campagne qui témoigne d'une histoire de labeur, celle des agriculteurs "ses amis", "les génies de la terre" paysagiste dplg, Premier Grand Prix du Paysage en 1990*, www.youtube.com/watch?v=OyBnqrUlK9U …ici es EDITIONS DU CABRI PRESENTE PARIS LA BANLIEUE 1960-1980 -La video Içi www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDEQOsdGjsg ,

A partir des années 1950, le trafic de la banlieue parisienne suit l’urbanisation galopante et les dessertes ferroviaires doivent s’adapter et se moderniser.Quelques amateurs ont su immortaliser un monde ferroviaire qui était alors en voie de disparition. Dans ce film, nous retrouvons les dessertes 750 volts par troisième rail en rames « Standard » sur les lignes de Versailles-RD, sur la ligne d’Auteuil et entre Puteaux et Issy-Plaine mais aussi les derniers trains à vapeur à St Lazare, à La Bastille et sur le Nord et quelques ultimes voyages sur les lignes de Ceinture --------------De la révolution industrielle à aujourd’hui, un décryptage minutieux de la course au développement qui a marqué le point de départ de l’ère de l'anthropocène (ou l'ère de l'Homme) et de la déterioration continue de la planète. www.arte.tv/fr/videos/073938-000-A/l-homme-a-mange-la-terre/ Quelque 1 400 milliards de tonnes de CO2 sont aujourd’hui prisonnières de la basse atmosphère. Réchauffement climatique, déforestation, inondations, épuisement des ressources, pollutions, déchets radioactifs... : en deux siècles, la course au progrès et à la croissance a durablement altéré la planète, la crise environnementale se doublant d’une rupture géologique, avec l’avènement de l’ère anthropocène. Portée par l’exploitation des énergies fossiles – du charbon de la révolution industrielle en Angleterre au tout-pétrole de la domination économique des États-Unis –, l’industrialisation et ses corollaires, taylorisme et colonialisme, entraînent une exponentielle production de masse. Un processus qu’accélère la Première Guerre mondiale, les firmes chimiques mobilisées pour tuer l’ennemi se reconvertissant dans la destruction du vivant avec les herbicides, insecticides et fertilisants de l’agriculture intensive. Alors que l’urbanisation s’étend, la voiture, qui sonne le glas du tramway, se généralise, et l’Amérique s’inspire du modèle autoroutier nazi. La Seconde Guerre mondiale engendre une nouvelle organisation du travail, laquelle devient la norme, et annonce l’ère nucléaire de la guerre froide. Dans sa démesure, l’homme rêve déjà d’usages civils de l’atome (y compris pour l’abattement de montagnes et la dissolution des calottes glaciaires !). Le plastique et le béton deviennent les piliers de la consommation de masse, dévoreuse de matières premières et antidote à la contestation sociale, jusqu’à la révolution numérique. Liaisons dangereuses

En balayant, avec de formidables archives issues du monde entier, deux siècles de progrès jusqu’à l’ère du big data, le film remonte aux sources de la crise écologique, en interrogeant avec précision les enjeux scientifiques, économiques et politiques qui y ont conduit. Fourmillant d’informations, il éclaire l’histoire de cette marche folle, et les liaisons dangereuses entre industries militaire et civile. Entre capitalisme et mondialisation imposés par les grandes puissances, un décryptage passionnant du basculement dans l’anthropocène, funeste asservissement de la nature par l’homme. le Logement Collectif* 50,60,70's dans tous ses états..Histoire & Mémoire de l'Habitat / Rétro-Villes / HLM / Banlieue / Renouvellement Urbain / Urbanisme URBANISME S’imaginer Paris et le Grand Paris @ Les 50ans d'Apur (link: 50ans.apur.org/#intro) 50ans.apur.org/#intro @ Où en est l'histoire urbaine des sociétés contemporaines ? Cet ouvrage, inspiré par Annie Fourcaut, qui contribua de manière décisive à son développement, propose un état des lieux de ce champ et explore des pistes de recherche ouvrant l'histoire urbaine à une variété de " genres ". Où en est l'histoire urbaine des sociétés contemporaines ? Cet ouvrage, inspiré par Annie Fourcaut, qui contribua de manière décisive à son développement, propose un état des lieux de ce champ. De Femmes à l'usine (1981), Bobigny, banlieue rouge (1986), à La banlieue en morceaux (2000), en passant par les publications collectives qu'elle a coordonnées et les travaux qu'elle a encadrés, la trajectoire de cette historienne a conduit l'histoire sociale et politique – telle qu'on la pratiquait dans les années 1970 – vers une histoire urbaine renouvelée. Le livre revient sur cette évolution et explore des pistes de recherche ouvrant l'histoire urbaine à une variété de " genres ". Les auteurs, historiennes et historiens, sociologues, politistes, géographes, architectes, urbanistes et décideurs politiques proposent une histoire urbaine à la fois interdisciplinaire et ancrée dans la fabrique de la ville et ses représentations, portant la marque de sa dédicataire.Les quatre sections de l'ouvrage dessinent les chantiers qu'Annie Fourcaut a investis : " Du social à l'urbain " met en avant la conviction qu'étudier l'histoire des villes, c'est toujours faire de l'histoire sociale ; " Qu'elle était belle la banlieue " est centré sur les banlieues, son territoire d'étude de prédilection ; " Les habits neufs des politiques de la ville " interroge les politiques urbaines successives et leur transformation ; enfin, " Banc d'essai des modernités " propose une analyse historique de l'urbanisme, comme discipline et comme pratique. www.benjamingibeaux.fr/portfolio/petite-histoire-de-lhabi... Le Label « Patrimoine du XXe siècle » créé en 1999 par le ministère de la Culture et de la Communication a pour but de faire connaître l’architecture de cette période. La comparaison des labellisations réalisées par les DRAC d’Île-de-France et d’Occitanie (ex Languedoc-Roussillon et de Midi-Pyrénées) montre la variété des méthodes employées pour rendre compte soit de l’importance numérique des édifices remarquables soit de la difficulté à établir ce corpus et de la nécessité de s’appuyer sur les inventaires ou études thématiques ou monographiques. Si l’attribution du label, désormais appelé "Architecture contemporaine remarquable" s’est faite depuis vingt ans de façon très diverse selon les régions, elle est toujours l’occasion de mettre en lumière et de porter à la connaissance du public des œuvres architecturales remarquables, notamment via une augmentation impressionnante des publications de qualité sur l'architecture du XXe siècle. En 1999, le ministère de la Culture et de la Communication propose la mise en place d’un nouvel outil pour permettre la reconnaissance et la sauvegarde des constructions élevées au cours du siècle qui s’achève. Le label « Patrimoine du XXe siècle » est une déclinaison nationale de la recommandation du conseil de l’Europe sur la prise en compte de l’architecture du XXe siècle. Ce dernier évoque, pour la conservation de ce patrimoine « moins reconnu », une absence d’intérêt « en raison de sa proximité dans l’Histoire, de l’abondance de ses témoignages et de son caractère hétérogène » et sa crainte de « pertes irréparables »2 . Le label mis en place par la France vise à appeler « l’attention des décideurs, des aménageurs, mais aussi et surtout de ses usagers et du public sur les productions remarquables de ce siècle » Chargées de mettre en place le label, les directions régionales des affaires culturelles (Drac), services déconcentrés du ministère de la Culture, ont à cette date déjà construit, chacune à sa manière, leur approche de la préservation du patrimoine du XXe siècle. Elles s’emparent alors diversement du label, appliquant de facto des labellisations aux immeubles de ce siècle déjà protégés au titre des monuments historiques4 ou mettant en place de véritables stratégies pour répondre pleinement aux attendus de la directive nationale. À partir de nos expériences, il nous a paru intéressant de montrer la diversité de la mise en place du label dans trois Drac parmi d’autres, l’Île-de-France ainsi que Languedoc-Roussillon et Midi-Pyrénées qui composent aujourd’hui la région Occitanie5. Pour chacune de ces Drac, il s’agit de montrer comment la connaissance de ce patrimoine, mais aussi ses particularités territoriales ont joué un rôle important dans le choix des méthodologies de sélection des œuvres à labelliser ainsi que la détermination de critères, et de présenter les résultats et les actions de valorisation menées pour faire connaître et apprécier ces créations architecturales récentes. Le label « Patrimoine du XXe siècle » en Île-de-France : gérer l’abondance La Drac Île-de-France s’est emparée tardivement du label « Patrimoine du XXe siècle », pour plusieurs raisons. Parmi les freins à l’action, il faut citer la question du pilotage de la mise en place du label entre différents services de la Drac, les interrogations liées à l’opportunité de ce nouveau dispositif et un relatif scepticisme quant à son efficacité, l’ampleur de la tâche au vu du corpus concerné, le plus important de France en quantité et sans doute en qualité, mais surtout l’engagement pris de longue date par cette Drac et les membres de sa commission régionale du patrimoine et des sites (CRPS) en faveur du patrimoine du XXe siècle. En effet, c’est sans doute dans cette région que l’on protège le plus grand nombre d’édifices contemporains au titre des monuments historiques : dans la première décennie du XXIe siècle, selon les années, 50 à 70 % des protections concernent des édifices construits au siècle précédent. Ainsi, ce nouveau dispositif, dépourvu de dispositions contraignantes, étranger à la culture de la conservation régionale des monuments historiques (CRMH) dont l’action est liée à la protection, peinait à démontrer son intérêt au regard de ce qu’offre la législation sur les monuments historiques. Cependant, au vu de l’enjeu que constitue la préservation de l’architecture contemporaine en Île-de-France, lié à la fois à l’ampleur de la production et aux évolutions urbaines et réglementaires constantes engageant sa conservation, la question de la mise en place du label était régulièrement posée à la Drac. Pilotée par la CRMH, la première expérience de labellisation y fut menée en 2004. Elle s’inscrivait dans la suite de l’étude menée par le groupe d’experts dirigé par Bernard Toulier, conservateur du Patrimoine au département du pilotage de la recherche et de la politique scientifique du ministère de la Culture, qui avait produit une liste d’édifices du XXe siècle repérés en bibliographie, inventaire devant servir de base à la constitution de propositions de labellisations. Selon la méthode suivie par ce groupe d’experts, on fit le choix de présenter tous les immeubles concernés regroupés par larges typologies. Les membres de la CRPS, devant lesquels fut présentée cette liste d’édifices, rejetèrent en bloc la sélection où voisinaient l’aérogare 1 de l’aéroport Roissy-Charles de Gaulle et la modeste mairie du 17e arrondissement de Paris présentée à la demande de son maire, arguant de l’impossibilité à valider le choix d’édifices que rien ne rapprochait. De plus, nombre des immeubles retenus étaient candidats à la protection au titre des monuments historiques, brouillant de fait l’identité du label et réfutant du même coup la conception un temps énoncée du label comme « antichambre » de la protection. En effet, si la grande qualité de la plupart des édifices sélectionnés montrait toute la richesse des créations contemporaines franciliennes, la seule présentation des plus remarquables d’entre eux résultait d’une absence de sélection argumentée, selon l’esprit du label. La présentation de cette première liste en CRPS tourna donc court. - La question des critères de sélection a été débattue à la lumière de l’expérience de la labellisa (...) En 2008, toujours sous l’impulsion du service des monuments historiques, une nouvelle orientation fut prise. Un pilotage, un groupe de travail, un objectif furent mis en place. Trois orientations furent définies : selon les recommandations de la CRMH de la région PACA, procéder par thématiques typologiques, méthode propice à l’élaboration de critères de sélection ; cibler un patrimoine déprécié ou en danger, pour répondre parfaitement aux attendus de la directive européenne ; pour cette première campagne de labellisation, choisir un champ vierge de reconnaissance patrimoniale, éloigné de la protection au titre des monuments historiques afin d’éviter toute confusion entre les édifices labellisés et les édifices protégés. Le thème des ensembles de logements, nombreux dans cette région, s’est naturellement dégagé. À géométrie variable, le groupe de travail dirigé par la cellule protection était formé d’un premier cercle pérenne, garant de la cohérence de la démarche de labellisation et des choix des thématiques, et d’un second, composé de spécialistes de chaque thématique retenue. Le premier cercle était constitué d’agents de la Drac (conservation des monuments historiques, service architecture, un architecte des bâtiments de France, chargé de faire le lien avec l’ensemble des services départementaux de l’architecture et du patrimoine de la région), de représentants du monde universitaire et de la recherche dans le domaine de l’architecture du XXe siècle.

Pour les ensembles de logements, le second cercle du groupe de travail a permis d’associer des acteurs de terrain, des représentants des bailleurs sociaux, des experts. Le sujet fut restreint chronologiquement (1945-1975), son acception précisée (habitat collectif et individuel) et le corpus, basé sur les inventaires existants et la bibliographie, fut établi à partir des critères élaborés par le groupe de travail : histoire, forme urbaine, valeur d’usage, technique, style - Composée d’environ un tiers de ses membres, la délégation permanente est une émanation de la CRPS (...) De façon exceptionnelle, la liste des ensembles de logements fut en premier lieu présentée devant les membres de la délégation permanente de la CRPS7 pour en valider les orientations et s’assurer de l’adhésion des membres, à la fois pour ne pas risquer de réitérer l’expérience malheureuse de 2004 mais surtout pour interroger la commission sur le bien-fondé à distinguer ces ensembles de logements d'après-guerre, constructions parmi les plus décriées du XXe siècle.

La méthodologie proposée a conduit à la labellisation d’une première série d’immeubles, quarante ensembles de logements en 2010 (fig. 2, 3), puis d’une seconde série de soixante-quinze lieux de culte en 2011 (fig. 4, 5). Les critères peuvent être adaptés ou précisés selon le thème retenu : pour les édifices religieux, la qualité et l’originalité du décor furent ajoutés et la valeur d’usage exclue.La méthode choisie a été vertueuse : elle a permis de labelliser un grand nombre d’édifices, d’associer largement les services patrimoniaux de l’État et des collectivités, de créer des synergies avec l’université et les chercheurs, de valoriser l’action de l’État par des présentations en CRPS, des publications, des journées d’études, des expositions, actions relayées par la presse généraliste et spécialisée8 (fig. 6 et 7). Un partenariat pérenne s’est développé avec l’éditeur Beaux-Arts pour la publication de chaque campagne de labellisation, avec diffusion en kiosque au plus près du public concerné pour un prix inférieur à 15 €. Elle a également permis d’impliquer les acteurs de terrain, répondant ainsi à l’objectif visé de sensibilisation du public à cette architecture mal aimée Depuis 2016, la Drac Île-de-France a conduit trois nouvelles campagnes, toutes thématiques, fondées sur des partis méthodologiques diversifiés, adaptés aux sujets d’étude.

- Note méthodologique « Étude du patrimoine du XXe siècle de la métropole du Grand Paris », La manu (...) - La loi relative à la liberté de la création, à l’architecture et au patrimoine (LCAP) promulguée (...) Une campagne vise à identifier les édifices et ensembles contribuant à structurer le territoire de la récente métropole du Grand Paris. L’établissement d’une critériologie et la sélection ont été confiés à un bureau d’études, la Manufacture du patrimoine, associé à un groupe de travail conduit par la Drac. Des critères dits généraux, divisés en critères primaires et complémentaires, ont été retenus. Pour la thématique étudiée, se sont ajoutés sept critères spécifiques répondant aux enjeux de « l’émergence et du rayonnement de la métropole »10. Les grands travaux présidentiels ont été concernés dans un premier temps, aboutissant à la labellisation de dix édifices en novembre 2016, avant une présentation plus large d’édifices emblématiques, retenus pour l’obtention d’un label « Architecture contemporaine remarquable »11 en juin 2018.

- Introduite par la loi relative à la liberté de la création, à l’architecture et au patrimoine (LC (...) De façon innovante, la Drac a conclu un partenariat avec l’école nationale supérieure d’architecture (ENSA) Paris-Belleville avec laquelle elle s’est associée dès l’élaboration du premier label (colloque, exposition, travaux avec l’IPRAUS). Le thème choisi, inscrit dans la droite ligne du précédent, s’attache à l’étude des villes nouvelles. Par son caractère récent et spécifique dans l’histoire de la planification urbaine, cet objet d’étude implique une nouvelle approche, menée dans le cadre d’une convention triennale de chaire partenariale avec l’ENSA Paris-Belleville. La méthodologie s’appuie sur la grille d’analyse habituellement employée par la Drac, enrichie pour inclure davantage l’espace public. Des édifices de la ville d’Évry (Essonne), qui manifesta en 2016 son souhait de voir son patrimoine labellisé, ont été présentés en novembre 2018 aux membres de la commission régionale de l’architecture et du patrimoine (CRPA)12 en vue d’une labellisation.- Valérie Gaudard remercie vivement Mmes Agnès Chauvin, cheffe du bureau de la protection, et Maria (...)Enfin, le champ de l’architecture scolaire est abordé dès 2010. Au vu de l’immensité du corpus, la Drac a choisi en 2016 de s’attacher dans un premier temps aux lycées, en lien avec le service de l’Inventaire de la région Île-de-France13.

Le label en Languedoc-Roussillon : une succession d’opportunités V- La Poste Art Nouveau de Tuchan, l’hôtel du Belvédère à Cerbère. - Certains construits vers 1900 relèvent davantage d’une esthétique encore XIXe comme la villa Las (...) - Le 3 octobre 2001, une CRPS dédiée a examiné onze propositions de protection, dont deux seulement (...)

14Dans ce territoire riche en monuments anciens, l’attention pour l’architecture du XXe siècle s’observe dès les années 1980 avec la décentralisation. La commission régionale du patrimoine historique archéologique et ethnologique (Corephae) du 15 décembre 1986 a examiné les premiers dossiers14. Parmi des édifices de la première moitié du siècle, bénéficiant du recul et bien documentés, plus faciles à appréhender15, on peut citer les cliniques Saint-Charles à Montpellier, exemple d’architecture des années 1930, ornées des sculptures monumentales de Joachim Costa et des verrières d’Émile Brière, sauvées in extremis de la démolition. En l’an 2000, une campagne de protection thématique est lancée16, distinguant des bâtiments majeurs de l’entre-deux-guerres, comme le théâtre municipal de Carcassonne, le Palais des Arts et du Travail de Narbonne, le lycée technique Dhuoda à Nîmes, l’église Sainte-Thérèse à Montpellier mais également le centre d’apprentissage pour garçons, actuel lycée Mermoz à Béziers, œuvre de Pierre Jeanneret, à laquelle ont collaborés Jean Prouvé et Charlotte Perriand.

- Monument inscrit MH en 2009 Toujours à Odeillo, un petit collectif de maisons solaires, initiativ (...) Plus récemment ont été inscrits au titre des monuments historiques, le centre de vol à voile de la Montagne Noire, à Labécède-Lauragais, haut lieu de formation des pilotes entre 1932 et 1980 ou des installations solaires en Cerdagne, liées à la personnalité de Félix Trombe dont les recherches aboutissent à la construction entre 1962 et 1968 par le CNRS du four solaire d’Odeillo à Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via Pourtant, cette architecture du XXe siècle, représentant un nombre de réalisations jamais atteint, restait mal appréciée, mal aimé.

 

Form 5 Confirmation Mass 2021

English session 1

16 Confirmants

Celebrated by Father Andrew Wong

The original much older control tower probably dating back to the very early days of the base. RAF Swinderby closed on the 1st April 1993.

31268 (MR) - 1P18 (0814 SO Leeds - Great Yarmouth [to Norwich], which was formed of 9 coaches) - March West Jn - 1153 - 18/06/83.

 

This was the second of three trains hauled by Class 31's in just 6 minutes, with 31114 on 2B71 five minutes earlier:-

www.flickr.com/photos/151904976@N08/26691521138/in/photol...

& 31290 on 1E73 one minute later:-

www.flickr.com/photos/151904976@N08/26691521138/in/photol...

 

Haus Tietz, former Japanese Embassy Object ID: 40845

Schottenring 10

Inner City. This in 1870/71 by Carl Tietz in strict historical forms of the New Viennese Renaissance built palace-like house with ionic pillar balcony portal presents in all floors significant ceiling furnishings (stucco work by Johann Hutterites, Josef Pokorny and Franz Schoenthaler, oil paintings by August Eisenmenger and Karl Geiger.)

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_denkmalgesch%C3%BCtzten_O...

Prehistory

From 13th Century on a wall surrounded the city. After the first Turkish siege of 1529 and the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), this fortification was further expanded and strengthened. In addition, outside the fortifications a glacis, a strip of meadow, was created that can not be obstructed and the defense impeding growth is not allowed. The strip with construction ban was originally 95 meters wide and has been extended till 1683 to 450 meters width. The with projecting gun terraces - so-called bastions - equipped city walls proved during the second Turkish siege in 1683 very much, but then lost in importance and were from the late 18th Century outdated military technology.

Therefore, Emperor Joseph II from 1770 let add pedestrian walkways and driveways on the glacis, lanterns set up in 1776 and since 1781 about 3,000 alley trees plant. The glacis was now an open-air workshop for artisans, stalls were set up. 1809, the castle bastion was blown up by Napoleon's troops, in 1820 the outer castle gate in this area erected, which served the representation.

After the revolution of 1848, the city walls and outlying forts were also standing the urban development of the rapidly growing metropolis in the way: Because 1850, the suburbs were incorporated as districts II to VIII (from 1861 II -IX), so that the fortifications constituted a noticeable obstacle to traffic. The park-like Glacis, with its refreshment pavilions, however, was widely appreciated as a recreational area.

Demolition of the city wall and laying ot the ring road

On 20 December 1857 took Emperor Franz Joseph I. the decision to "abandon the ramparts and fortifications of the inner city, like the ditches around the same" and he ordered the construction of a boulevard at this point. In his "Most High Handwritten Letter" to Interior Minister Alexander von Bach, which begins with the oft-quoted words, "It is my will" and on 25 December was published in full on page 1 of the official "Wiener Zeitung", the Emperor decreed the exact size and use of the area newly acquired and announced a design competition. In March 1858 began at the Rotenturmtor by the Danube Canal the demolition work that was completed only in 1874. By the summer of 1858 85 projects for the basic plan of the ring road had been received.

The new road was planned as a representation Boulevard; therefore for the load carts has been provided a parallel "load road". This traffic control exists until today. The originally different names bearing load road is now known as a two line, the from the tram operation borrowed name referred to the herein till 1980 running tram lines E2, G2 and H2 and is since then the between Karlsplatz and Alserstraße under the street passing subway line U2.

After conflicts of competence between the government and the city council in 1858 the city expansion fund was created, who belonged to the Aerar, managed by the Government Treasury. In 1859 it received the order to take over the project, sold the by the demolition of the city walls and the elimination of the defense become vacant land to private investors, which financed with it the representational buildings of the state. Only the New Town Hall, as it was called until 1960, was planned by the city administration. Because the city went empty-handed away with this large-scale real estate operation, it represented with even greater determination the partial preservation of the existing recreation areas. Up to the present, there are comparatively large green areas with City Park, Castle Garden, Public Garden, City Hall Park and Sigmund Freud Park along the ring road.

The expansion of the Stubenring stood for a long time the Franz Josef Barracks in the way, that with the north of the old city situated Rossauer Barracks should control the city center. Construction began in 1854 and was completed in 1857, the same year the emperor chose the conveyance of the fortifications. The Aspern Bridge as a connection from the Stubenring to the Leopoldstadt, the 2nd District, was indeed already opened in 1864, but not until 1900/1901, the barracks were demolished. On its former area standing the until 1913 built quarter around the former Imperial Post Office Savings Bank (built from 1904 to 1906, later extended), 1909/1910, the Urania was put as completion of ring road next to the Aspernbrücke, only in 1913 vis-à-vis the Post Office Savings Bank the new imperial War Office opened and the Stubenring with this completed.

The ring road was on 1 May 1865 by Emperor Franz Joseph I inaugurated in the presence of Empress Elisabeth, many Archdukes, ministers and representatives of the City of Vienna, Mayor Andreas Zelinka at the top. The ceremony took place in front of the castle gate outside the castle ring, in the subsequent voyage of the guests of honor for the royal table in the Prater, more than 100 carriages have been involved. At the time of the opening of the road (today's name) Stubenring, Burgring, Dr.-Karl -Renner-Ring, Universitätsring (former Dr.Karl-Lueger-Ring) and Scots ring (Schottenring) were still largely undeveloped. From the wool line (Wollzeile) to Babenbergerstraße, however, builders of aristocracy and bourgeoisie had already many "stately" homes built.

Buildings

Along the ring road numerous public and private buildings were erected. Aristocrats and other wealthy individuals who hastened to build representative Palais (Ringstraßenpalais).

One of the first buildings was the Heinrichhof (historical spelling without s) of the brick manufacturer Heinrich von Drasche-Wartinberg, who, lately damaged by war, stood till 1954 opposite the Opera House.

Noteworthy are most of all the K.K. Court Opera (now the State Opera ) in the Neo-Renaissance style by August Sicard von Sicardsburg and Eduard van der Null, the Parliament in neo-Attic style (a reference to the altathenische (pertaining to ancient Athens) democracy) and the Palais Epstein of Theophil von Hansen, the then New Town Hall in the Flemish Gothic style by Friedrich von Schmidt , the Burgtheater by Karl von Hasenauer and Gottfried Semper and the new university building by Heinrich von Ferstel . The Votive Church is the only religious building in neo-Gothic style (by Heinrich von Ferstel), which was founded in 1853 on the occasion of the deliverance of the Emperor Franz Joseph of assassination and for decades was under construction.

Cross to the ring road should be built before the historic Hofburg, the imperial residence, the monumental imperial forum to demonstrate the power of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, the project remained a torso. Was built up to the First World War within the ring road, the Neue Hofburg, in which now the Austrian National Library, the Ethnographic Museum, the collection of ancient musical instruments, the Ephesus Museum and the Collection of Arms and Armory are housed. Other parts of the realized Imperial Forum are outside the ring road, the Kunsthistorisches Museum (Art History Museum) and the Natural History Museum.

According to the original opposite the New Hofburg should have been built a symmetric wing to the older parts of the Hofburg, which ought to connect with the Natural History Museum. Thus, the Heldenplatz and the Maria-Theresien-Platz would have been part of the from the ring road through archways between the museums and the new parts of the Hofburg crossed Imperial Monumental Forum. This plan came to a halt for lack of money, furthermore was at the beginning of the First World War not even the interior of the "New Castle" completed. The changed political situation after 1918 made ​​the project obsolete.

The completion of the representative construction activity on the ring was not until 1913 with the finalisation of the Imperial War Department achieved, as the Ringstrassen style had become a bit unfashionable, as the about at the same time by Otto Wagner in Art Nouveau style built facing Post Office Savings Bank shows.

The biggest disaster of the ring road was the fire at the Ring Theatre in 1881, which claimed hundreds of lives. In lieu of the theater was built the Sühnhaus (expiation house), which in turn was destroyed in the Second World War and was offering space for the new construction of the Vienna Police Headquarters (Schottenring 7-9) to replace the existing as well destroyed police headquarters (Scots ring 11).

de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiener_Ringstra%C3%9Fe

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Crews carry forms to place next to the sidewalk before pouring concrete for the new bus-only lane on Montlake Boulevard.

 

Construction crews were busy along the SR 520 corridor during the June 26 - 29 weekend closure of SR 520. Crews on the SR 520 West Approach Bridge North Project completed the concrete pour for the deck of the new, temporary westbound SR 520 off-ramp to Montlake Boulevard, continued drainage installation on the westbound and eastbound SR 520 ramps to and from Montlake Boulevard, and began work on a new bus-only lane on Montlake Boulevard. WSDOT tolling crews and crews from the Floating Bridge and Landings Project installed temporary tolling equipment, and Eastside Transit & HOV crews continued to complete finishing touches on the Eastside of the SR 520 corridor. Find out more about the new SR 520 on our website.

Southwest USA aboard SW Airlines.

www.dabasformumebeles.lv - shelves from natural forms of wood

  

Nature form furniture - Unique furniture and design elements:

Harijs Stradiņš - a craftsman working with natural shape wood processing, has been designing furniture and other interior design elements since 1997 selecting the best parts of the tree from top to root. In his works Harijs uses such materials as stone, glass, hammered works, fabric, clay and other natural materials to be able to make common design for a particular room.

 

Мебель природных форм - Уникальная мебель и элементы дизайна:

С 1997 года мастер по обработке природных форм дерева Харий Cтрадиньш, работая с деревом, изпользует его с корня до верхушки, отбирая самые интерессные части для создания своей мебели и елементов дизайна. Думая об общем дизайне помещения, в своих работах Xaрий изпользует также камень, ковку, лён, стекло, глину и другие природные елементы.

 

Dabas formu mēbeles - Unikālas mēbeles un dizaina elementi:

Kopš 1997. gada dabiska koka formu apstrādes meistars Harijs Stradiņš sadarbojas ar koku, kā dabas elementu, mēbeļu un dizaina elementu radīšanā, izmantojot to pēc iespējas pilnīgi (no saknes līdz gaotnei). Domājot par telpas kopējā dizaina risinājumu, savos darbos Harijs Stradiņš izmanto arī akmeni, stiklu, metālkalumus, audumu, mālu un citus dabas elementus.

  

COPYRIGHT - Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works:

- This image is licensed under Creative Commons, this means you can use it on your site (blog) if you credit the author (or authors website).

The steel arches forming the Veterans Drive Tunnel for eastbound traffic inch ever closer to the median wall.

 

Construction crews excavated the median of I-5 in SeaTac to build the tunnel as part of the SR 509 Completion Project.

 

The tunnel will provide a link between a new off-ramp (barely visible to the right of the interstate) and Military Road on the east side of I-5.

 

The SR 509 Completion Project is part of the Puget Sound Gateway Program which completes critical missing links in Washington state's highway and freight network.

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Highway sign at former JM Fields/Jefferson Ward/Bradlees in West Deptford, NJ.

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Kodak Gold MAX 400

Porirua Harbour was formed by river valleys which were cut four to six million years ago, when the sea level was much lower than it is today. The sea level rose after the glaciations of the Pleistocene Period one to two million years ago and flooding the river valleys, creating the harbour.

Earthquakes since then have raised Whitireia head four to five metres above sea level. The most recent uplift of around a metre was in January 1855. It created the marshland at Te Onepoto Bay and the beach along the western coastline. Porirua Harbour was also rendered too shallow for sailing ships by the 1855 earthquake.

 

Whitireia Park has a long history of Maori occupation. From the mid-1820s the area was dominated by the Ngati Toa tribe of Te Rauparaha who had come south from Kawhia and conquered the area. Evidence of Maori occupation, in the form of kumara-growing terraces above the cliffs, can still be seen today.

 

The anchor stone of the canoe of legendary Maori explore Kupe is believed to have lain near Paremata for centuries. Kupe left the stone, named Maungaroa, to mark the spot where his canoe returned after floating out to sea. The stone was respected by Maori tribes over the centuries, but during the 1840s British troops stationed at Porirua broke chips off it. When some of them later drowned in the harbour it was seen by some Maori as punishment for their act of sacrilege. The stone is now housed in the National Museum in Wellington.

 

Te Onepoto Bay provides good habitat for many water birds, the estuary being a rich feeding ground. Kingfishers frequent the bay, eating insects, crabs and small fish and shellfish which are exposed at low tide.

 

White-faced herons can usually be seen around Te Onepoto Bay. They were rarely seen in New Zealand before 1940 but, like the kingfisher, have thrived in the landscape created by the European and are now the most common heron in the country. Little shags, black shags and black backed gulls are also commonly seen around the coastline and harbour.

 

Whitireia Park is administered by the Whitireia Park Board as a recreation reserve, allowing for walking, swimming and quiet enjoyment of the coast rather than major development.

 

The park was set up by land acquisition from the Otaki and Porirua Trust Board and the Broadcasting Corporation of New Zealand with the generous co-operation of the Raukawa Trustees and the Ngati Toa people. A substantial donation by Smith and Smith Ltd, celebrating their centenary in 1975, enabled the purchase and development of the park to proceed, and it was established in 1976.

 

Since then Trust Porirua has contributed funding for track upgrades, and the Defence Force has removed abandoned motor vehicle bodies from the park.

 

Radio New Zealand controls 53 hectares of the park for its radio station there. The station was established in 1936. Its main mast is 220 metres high. Radio New Zealand leases part of its land to the park board which in turn leases much of the park for grazing, to keep the land in pasture and reduce the fire risk.