Lush were an English alternative rock band, formed in 1987 and disbanded in 1996. They were one of the first bands to attract the "shoegazing" label, later moving toward Britpop.

In 1989, the band signed to 4AD Records and released Scar, a 6-track mini-album. Critical praise for Scar and a wildly popular live show established Lush as one of the most written about groups of the early 1990s UK indie scene. Anderson told Everett True in Melody Maker, "I remember when I couldn't play, I wasn't in a band, didn't know anyone else who could play, and now we've got a record out on 4AD. I sometimes find it impossible to come to terms with what's happening."[2]

 

Not long after, the British music press tagged them with the "shoegazing" label. The following year, the EP Mad Love (produced by Robin Guthrie of Cocteau Twins) and the single "Sweetness and Light" (produced by Tim Friese-Greene) were released.[3] All three releases were eventually combined into the Gala compilation album which was produced mainly for the US and Japanese markets. The band recorded a live session for John Peel's BBC Radio 1 show in 1990 and contributed a cover version of "Chirpy Chirpy Cheep Cheep" to the anti-poll tax album Alvin Lives (in Leeds).[1]

 

The band's profile was raised by extensive touring, including an appearance at the Glastonbury Festival and tours of Japan and the United States (with Ride).[1] Lush's first full-length album of completely new material was Spooky, released in January 1992. Again produced by Guthrie, Spooky featured a sound very similar to Guthrie's band Cocteau Twins, with walls of sound and a great deal of guitar effects. Reviews were mixed and critics of the album hold that Guthrie's production brought the sound away from the band's original creative vision; although the album sold well, reaching number 7 in the UK Albums Chart.[1] The album was preceded by the band's first UK top 40 single, "For Love."[1] Rippon left the band during the final mixing of the album in order to concentrate on writing, though his book Cold Turkey Sandwich—a fictionalized chronicle of his time touring—was rejected by publishers. He was replaced by Phil King.[2] Also in 1992, Lush toured America as part of the Lollapalooza festival.[1] Lush was eagerly added to the inaugural Lollapalooza roster in 1992 by its organizer, Perry Farrell, the Jane's Addiction/Porno for Pyros frontman, who personally requested Lush for his new tour program.[

Punto di partenza, il sito storico dei Frigoriferi Milanesi.

1899, un pesante edificio utilitaristico in pietra e mattoni spunta da terra, in forma di parallelepipedo, al limite geografico della città di Milano di quel tempo. Impostazione solida, muri spessi, aperture a forma di feritoia, con un’altezza di quattro piani e una sobrietà di buon gusto, i Magazzini Refrigeranti e Ghiaccio Gondrand Mangili di via Piranesi non hanno semplicemente un aspetto fiero. Con una allusione diretta, esprimono l’audacia economica di Milano, città di banche, dell’artigianato tessile di qualità e dell’armeria nel momento in cui la Rivoluzione Industriale italiana si agita lungo il Po, in Liguria, a Torino e Bologna. Questo pionieristico deposito refrigerato all’epoca è uno dei più grandi in Europa, simbolo dello spirito imprenditoriale lombardo.

1923, la seconda tappa. Alla struttura utilizzata come deposito viene aggiunto, affiancando la sua parte est, il Palazzo del Ghiaccio. Questo elegante edificio di forma circolare diventerà la pista di pattinaggio di Milano. Verrà visto un altro simbolo nella sua edificazione, all’epoca del Dopolavoro realizzato dallo Stato fascista: quello del tempo libero. Concepita dagli ingegneri Sandro Carnelli, Carlo Banfi e Ettore Redaelli, questa costruzione in forma ovale dalle fondamenta in cemento armato, riprende l’archetipo del circo classico dotato di pista centrale delimitata da tribune circostanti. La sua copertura in legno leggero appoggiata su sottili putrelle metalliche si ispira all’architettura dei capannoni e dei locali tecnici tipici agli albori della Rivoluzione Industriale, segno di una tensione palpabile tra ingegneri e architetti. La pista di pattinaggio del Palazzo del Ghiaccio, a lungo una delle più importanti d’Italia e d’Europa, fin dalla sua apertura funziona come polo attrattivo, al punto da rendere ai milanesi familiare via Piranesi, allora decentrata. Le folle si accalcano. Qui trovano una pista di pattinaggio larga e ben presto vi ammireranno le prodezze del pattinatore Alberto Bonacossa, prima di quelle dei Diavoli Rossoneri, una delle migliori squadre del campionato nazionale di hockey su ghiaccio.

La decisione di aggiungere al deposito refrigerato già esistente il Palazzo del Ghiaccio fu, all’epoca, un’operazione visionaria. Si fabbrica del freddo? Perché allora non approfittare di questa attività, che permette lo stoccaggio di prodotti alimentari, con un altro scopo, anche diverso dalla originaria vocazione dell’attività? Il sorprendente ibrido architettonico del tandem monumentale Frigoriferi Milanesi – Palazzo del Ghiaccio è il risultato di una concezione assolutamente rivoluzionaria per l’epoca, quella della costruzione di uno spazio polifunzionale – una formula, va ricordato, in quel periodo duramente contestata. Il modernismo in voga negli anni 1920-1950 ama soprattutto gli edifici dedicati, indirizzati a un’unica funzione: l’alloggio, l’attività artigianale, industriale o commerciale, l’amministrazione, lo studio, senza miscugli di competenze né confusioni topografiche. Questo fervore per il monotipo proviene da una militanza favorevole allo “zoning”, che viene valorizzato all’epoca dai Congressi Internazionali d’Architettura Moderna (C.I.A.M.). Credo della razionalizzazione spaziale: a ogni attività deve corrispondere una costruzione specifica, insediata in una zona contrassegnata. In virtù di questo dogma, le zone residenziali, quelle destinate al lavoro, al consumo, alla conservazione e allo scambio, separate e distinte le une dalle altre, non si sovrappongono mai. L’intercontestualità, di fatto, è bandita – questa intercontestualità di cui il complesso Frigoriferi Milanesi – Palazzo del Ghiaccio appare al contrario una esempio eloquente, se non un manifesto.

 

Una storia evolutiva

Frigoriferi Milanesi, Palazzo del Ghiaccio – una stessa area, due architetture mantenute comunque scollegate nel corso di decenni.

Le due costruzioni, tra il 1923 e il 1999, data nella quale se ne è decisa la ristrutturazione, coesistono senza comunicare. Le funzioni del primo, i Frigoriferi Milanesi, si piegano alle necessità d’adattamento che esige l’evoluzione economica: da principio la conservazione alimentare, poi il deposito di pellicce destinate all’industria dell’abbigliamento, per arrivare infine all’inserimento di attività di servizio destinate alla conservazione o alla ristrutturazione di beni privati o di natura artistica. Quanto al secondo edificio, il Palazzo del Ghiaccio, conserva in maniera continuativa una destinazione ludica, che continua malgrado il graduale abbandono dell’attività di pattinaggio, ben presto sostituito, e con una certa frequenza, da manifestazioni sportive, proiezioni cinematografiche, concerti e sfilate di moda. La divisione strutturale di questo spazio costruito in due blocchi distinti, oltre alla doppia funzione storica, sembrano voler condannare i Frigoriferi a una separazione definitiva. Sdoppiamento anche visivo: i Frigoriferi Milanesi e il Palazzo del Ghiaccio non si somigliano affatto. Sdoppiamento funzionale: una tendenza dissociativa, le loro differenti attività agiscono a priori a favore di una differenziazione.

L’attuale spazio chiamato Frigoriferi Milanesi – il Palazzo dei Frigoriferi e il Palazzo del Ghiaccio – è gestito dalla società Open Care, del Gruppo Cabassi, conosciuto a Milano per le importanti operazioni immobiliari e di sviluppo. Un’attività che propone diversi servizi riguardanti “la riconversione, la conservazione e la valorizzazione del patrimonio artistico”. Open Care amministra entrambe le strutture e le loro mansioni. Alla fine degli anni Novanta, mentre la società si realizza, i responsabili propongono a 5+1AA un rimaneggiamento dell’intero sito, Frigoriferi Milanesi più Palazzo del Ghiaccio. Una vera sfida, tanto le modifiche registrate dall’inizio del XX secolo (riguardanti in particolare l’edificio dei Frigoriferi) complicano il progetto e l’organizzazione degli spazi. Tra gli anni 1900 e 1970, le attività svolte in questi spazi hanno iniziato a diversificarsi: la produzione di ghiaccio prima, poi la conservazione allargata: alimentare all’inizio (dopo la Seconda Guerra Mondiale qui si trova il più importante deposito di uova di tutta la penisola), stoccaggio e manutenzione di pellicce per il settore tessile in un secondo tempo. Queste peculiarità hanno comportato delle modifiche sostanziali nella disposizione interna, che rendono improbabile una sintesi compiuta.

Il padre, Giuseppe Cabassi, acquisì i Frigoriferi negli anni Settanta. La sua fobia per lo spazio vuoto è leggendaria: il vuoto, secondo questo imprenditore radicale, non esiste che per essere riempito, utilizzato, fatto fruttare. Non appena divenuto proprietario degli spazi, Cabassi padre aggiunse, alla struttura esistente, il suo tocco personale. Nello spazio sotterraneo delle fondamenta dei Frigoriferi e del Palazzo del Ghiaccio, fa installare delle casseforti, e crea un’area per depositi in sicurezza a disposizione di banche e privati. Raccogliendo il testimone dal padre dopo la sua prematura scomparsa, i fratelli Cabassi intendono anch’essi accrescere la funzionalità del sito. Pur continuando a occuparsi delle precedenti attività, ne aggiungono tuttavia numerose nuove. Una parte dello spazio è trasformato in magazzino per opere d’arte e mobili di valore. Sotto la loro guida, le diverse prestazioni di servizi altamente specializzati – organizzazione di trasporti d’opere d’arte ma anche restauro di mobili, tappeti e dipinti – ampliano presto la loro attività di mero deposito. L’abbandono graduale della filiera del freddo ha implicato, alla fine, il cambiamento del Palazzo del Ghiaccio, che è diventato sede per esposizioni e spazio dedicato a eventi e manifestazioni musicali o festival, funzioni che implicano a loro volta una gestione specifica e rinnovata.

 

Nella Milano di ieri, di oggi, di domani

Quando formulano il progetto di una ristrutturazione totale dei due edifici, Frigoriferi Milanesi e Palazzo del Ghiaccio, il desiderio dei Cabassi, committenti dell’operazione, è assolutamente chiaro, economicamente e simbolicamente parlando. Avere più spazio, come prima cosa, e se possibile con costi inferiori. Rendere luminose e trasparenti e modernizzare tutte le zone di lavoro. Soprattutto mettere in ordine, unificare e rendere coerenti tra loro le molteplici attività esercitate qui, raggruppandole nonostante la loro natura eterogenea. Quello che ci si aspetta dalla ristrutturazione architettonica, in questo senso, è decisivo. L’edificio rifondato – e, insieme, la sua architettura – deve esprimere in maniera leggibile l’identità e le attività della nuova impresa.

Appena messi a confronto con la richiesta di Open Care, Alfonso Femia e Gianluca Peluffo hanno un’intuizione: la ristrutturazione dei Frigoriferi è qualcosa di più che una semplice rimessa a nuovo. È una sfida contestuale, l’occasione insperata di produrre un “effetto quartiere” per mezzo di un edificio rinnovato. 5+1AA, studio fondato nel 1995 (e che quindi non è alle prese con la sua prima ristrutturazione), agisce l’architettura come “un dispositivo che serva a rivelare lo spazio e i suoi significati”, secondo le parole di Femia e Peluffo. Qualunque posto, ogni località, ogni palazzo ha un vissuto, si inscrive nella storia, nella cronaca del tempo. Niente esiste di per sé e fuori dal tempo, tutto si lega, l’autonomia è una favola. L’“esistente”, per pensare a questa storia, si rivela determinante. Ma cosa si intende qui con “esistente”? La costruzione da recuperare e i suoi dintorni, vicini e lontani. Ma anche le realtà, a volte problematiche, che rivelano l’appartenenza di un edificio al suo contesto. Dov’è situato l’immobile su cui l’architetto andrà a intervenire? In quale quartiere della città? A che epoca appartiene, come si è evoluto? Che cosa ci insegna della città stessa, dei suoi sviluppi, delle sue tensioni, delle sue fatiche? L’importanza decisiva del contesto. Ogni fabbricato è materia di un doppio segnale – oggetto funzionale e indizio d’altro.

Presa senza esitazioni, la prima decisione dei 5+1AA è di conservare la doppia costruzione dei Frigoriferi. Non si parla di distruggere: i Frigoriferi Milanesi e il Palazzo del Ghiaccio sono stati concepiti e costruiti in maniera eccellente. Al massimo si tratta di riadattarli alle attività diversificate, ad alcune particolarmente sofisticate e a quelle di natura terziaria, installate recentemente tra questi muri. Facendo attenzione, tuttavia, a come tutta l’operazione di recupero debba avere un’anima particolare, in accordo con lo spirito originale dell’edificio di cui ci si occupa.

Per breve che sia (un secolo), la storia del complesso formato dai Frigoriferi Milanesi e del Palazzo del Ghiaccio non è meno ricca e violenta a un tempo. Una storia ricca: il luogo esprime il fervore milanese a cavallo del XX secolo, quando si sviluppa la seconda Rivoluzione Industriale, quella dell’elettricità, e la capitale lombarda parte alla conquista del suo hinterland agricolo, presto divorato in favore delle stimolanti attività industriali – tessili ma anche chimiche, come di costruzione meccanica e automobilistica (Alfa-Romeo). Una storia violenta: il quartiere di via Piranesi, appena un secolo dopo questo decollo glorioso, si è declassato. Un tempo animato, ora sembra addormentato, avvolto in un’atmosfera di inerzia, rinunciataria. La disindustrializzazione iniziata alla fine degli anni Settanta, qualche strada più in là, graffia senza riguardo il paesaggio, inscrivendo una disperazione lancinante: è cupo, debole, sfatto. Il terreno industriale abbandonato, terra di nessuno percorsa da binari incustoditi ricoperti d’erbaccia, depositi residuali di cui si percepisce la prossima demolizione parlano della fine di un mondo e di un’epoca, oltre che della necessaria riconversione di questa periferia dell’est milanese. Luoghi spettrali. A confronto l’area della Fiera di Milano e quella di Assago, in pieno sviluppo, sono la prova di tutt’altro magnetismo economico e di una vitalità differente. Quanto al brillante futuro prossimo di Milano, che vede arrivare l’Esposizione Universale nel 2015, dà di che rammaricarsi per quanto poco venga presa in considerazione via Piranesi. L’evento di portata mondiale che la città degli Sforza si prepara a accogliere farà brillare le sue luci a Rozzano, lontano dalla zona dei vecchi Frigoriferi – una periferia di Milano, questa, prescelta e non rifiutata.

Per i 5+1AA, restaurare i Frigoriferi Milanesi e il Palazzo del Ghiaccio è questione di rianimazione e di polarizzazione. Rianimazione? Rinnovato per se stesso, il complesso dovrà essere recuperato anche con la funzione di animare la zona circostante. Polarizzazione? Posto su una delle soglie della città, lo spazio dei Frigoriferi deve tornare a essere in questo punto un segnale di raccordo visivo, percettibile e simbolico – in particolare quando si arriva da Linate, l’aeroporto più vicino a Milano, e quando si entra costeggiando il centro da via Corsica, vasta strada d’accesso al cuore assoluto della città. Se si pensa in maniera astratta alle nuove periferie di cui si è appena parlato (Milano Fiera, Assago, Rozzano, arricchite da architetture di tendenza siglate da nomi prestigiosi), la parte storica della città di Milano ha solo pochi edifici “firmati”: la cattedrale, il Pirellone, la Torre Velasca – eredità, rispettivamente, dell’età classica, dello stile internazionale, dello slancio neomodernista. L’ambizione dei nuovi Frigoriferi nella versione dei 5+1AA è di essere alla periferia della città un segno complementare. Capiamoci: un segno saggiamente posizionato in cesura con il passato, che incarna l’ipercentro e la nuova economia del futuro, che simboleggi in modo chiaro e forte l’attuale sviluppo energico di tutte le periferie di Milano.

Formando los colores sportinguistas en la grada

18 cm diameter. Cherry

twitter.com/Memoire2cite Les 30 Glorieuses . com et la carte postale.. Il existe de nos jours, de nombreux photographes qui privilégient la qualité artistique de leurs travaux cartophiles. A vous de découvrir ces artistes inconnus aujourd’hui, mais qui seront peut-être les grands noms de demain.(Mémoire2Ville) #chercheur #archiviste #maquettiste dans l #histoire des #logementssociaux #logement #HLM #logementsocial #Patrimoine À Saint-Étienne comme ailleurs, les raisons de la réalisation de constructions si modernes durant les Trente Glorieuses relèvent en partie de la réponse donnée à la crise du logement et de la réorganisation industrielle du pays (fixation de la main-d’œuvre, industrialisation du BTP). Mais il faut aussi y voir la traduction physique d’un projet sociopolitique moderne porté par un État centralisateur et des pouvoirs publics puissants (Tomas et al. 2003 ; Dufaux et Fourcaut 2004 ; Veschambre 2011). Le pays est alors dans une période où les aspirations et idéologies portent vers la construction d’une nouvelle ère urbaine, avec ses ambitions (le bien-être, l’hygiène…), et en rupture avec les difficultés d’alors (le taudis, la maladie, l’individualisme…). www.metropolitiques.eu/Les-representations-complexes-des.... les textes de Rachid KADDOUR @ Le logement, jusqu’ici inconfortable et insuffisant, devient l’un des axes majeurs d’intervention : plus de huit millions d’unités sont construites durant la période. La forme de ces logements se doit d’être aussi moderne que le projet. De grands noms et une nouvelle génération d’architectes sont mobilisés. Ceux-ci dessinent des formes géométriques épurées et, dans les opérations importantes, les évolutions techniques leur permettent de multiplier les signaux que sont les longues barres ou hautes tours autour desquelles se structurent les autres immeubles. Comment la tour Plein-Ciel a-t-elle pu passer de symbole de modernité à « emblème d’un désastre urbain » condamné à la démolition ? Tout d’abord, une partie des équipements de la ZUP et la moitié seulement des logements sont réalisés, du fait de prévisions démographiques non atteintes (Vant 1981 ; Tomas et al. 2003). L’inachèvement accentue les désagréments de la situation à six kilomètres du centre, derrière des infrastructures lourdes. Ensuite, tout au long des années 1980 et 1990, la population de Montreynaud se paupérise (départ des plus aisés vers la propriété, montée du chômage) et « s’ethnicise », avec pour effet, suivant des mécanismes analysés ailleurs (Tissot 2003 ; Masclet 2005), que le regard porté sur elle change : dans les discours politiques et la presse, Montreynaud acquiert l’image d’un quartier dangereux. Dès lors, le quartier entre dans les réhabilitations puis la rénovation [6], mais sans effet important sur la vacance, la pauvreté, l’échec scolaire, la délinquance ou les discriminations. Pour de nombreux Stéphanois, il devient un « là‑haut » [7] relégué. La tour devient le symptôme visible de cette dégradation. Des rumeurs se diffusent dès les années 1970 sur sa stabilité et l’isolation du château d’eau [8]. Dix ans après sa livraison, seuls 50 des 90 appartements sont vendus. Cette vacance conduit à l’aménagement d’un « foyer de logements » pour personnes dépendantes psychiatriques qui accentue l’image d’un quartier de relégation. La gestion difficile du foyer et les problèmes financiers d’une partie des propriétaires amènent à classer la copropriété comme « fragile » en 2002. Une étude indique que la démolition « aurait un impact positif sur la requalification du parc de logements du quartier et permettrait également de promouvoir un changement d’image du site » [9]. Le dernier habitant est relogé fin 2008. Acte 3 : la tour Plein-Ciel, monument symbole de Saint-Étienne D’autres images du corpus indiquent toutefois que, à partir des années 2000, l’image stigmatisée de la tour Plein-Ciel comme emblème d’un grand ensemble en difficulté entre en tension avec une autre image plus valorisante d’édifice symbole de Saint-Étienne. En en faisant l’un des théâtres stéphanois de sa saga, Sabri Louatah reconnaît à la tour Plein-Ciel une place particulière dans la ville. Cette représentation se retrouve, de manière beaucoup plus consciente et militante, dans d’autres productions artistiques durant les années 2000. La tour est notamment représentée sur les affiches du festival Gaga Jazz. Si le festival se veut d’ampleur régionale, son nom montre un ancrage stéphanois – le « gaga » désigne le parler local. Le choix d’identité visuelle va dans le même sens : il s’agit « d’utiliser l’image d’un bâtiment symbole à Saint-Étienne » [10]. Pour les graphistes, la tour s’impose, parce qu’elle est « un monument connu de tous les Stéphanois ». Un monument qui a les honneurs d’une carte postale en 1987 [11], et qui, comme il se doit, est abondamment photographié. Jacques Prud’homme, par exemple, la montre sur plusieurs sténopés visibles sur son blog [12]. Pour lui aussi, la tour est l’un des « symboles de Saint-Étienne ». Saint-Étienne, ville industrielle durement frappée par la crise du logement, est exemplaire du mouvement. Les grands ensembles s’y multiplient. Implantés sur des sommets de collines aux entrées de la ville, ils doivent signifier le renouveau. Montreynaud, « nouvelle petite ville à part entière » [3], joue de ce point de vue un rôle clé. Sa tour, en sommet de colline et dont le château d’eau est illuminé la nuit, en est l’emblème, un « symbole de la modernité » [4]. La tour doit son nom au fait de proposer « des appartements en plein-ciel » [5], et l’on peut voir dans cette dénomination une valorisation de la verticalité, à la fois comme source d’oxygène et de lumière, mais aussi comme signal urbain.

Acte 2 : la tour Plein-Ciel, symbole d’un grand ensemble en difficulté Si l’on classe chronologiquement le corpus d’images identifiées, la tour Plein-Ciel ressurgit significativement dans les champs de la communication institutionnelle et des arts au tournant des années 2000‑2010. Dans la littérature, l’intrigue de la saga Les Sauvages de Sabri Louatah débute à Saint-Étienne, et la tour Plein-Ciel en est un cadre important :

Pourquoi la tour Plein-Ciel a-t-elle pu être ainsi considérée comme « un monument ancré dans le paysage stéphanois » [13] ? La combinaison peut-être unique en France d’une tour d’habitation à un château d’eau en fait un édifice singulier. Couplée avec son implantation en sommet de colline, cette singularité fait de la tour un point de repère important pour les Stéphanois, mais aussi pour les nombreux supporters de l’AS Saint-Étienne qui se rendent au stade, dont elle est voisine. D’ailleurs, la tour est utilisée comme édifice emblème de la ville sur au moins un autocollant et un tifo de supporters, aux côtés des symboles miniers (chevalement, « crassiers ») et du stade Geoffroy-Guichard. Cette représentation faisant de la tour un « monument » aurait pu sauver l’édifice, suivant un mécanisme, classique dans l’histoire du patrimoine, de défense devant une menace de démolition. De nombreux Stéphanois réagissent, et, pour l’association Gaga Jazz, « les affiches et flyers invitant les Stéphanois aux concerts de jazz font aussi office d’actes de revendication pour la conservation ». La nouvelle équipe municipale socialiste de Maurice Vincent, élue en 2008, reconnaît que la tour « représente un symbole » [14]. Elle soumet en 2010 au vote des habitants de Montreynaud deux possibilités : développer la valeur et la fonction de repère de la tour en la transformant en « symbole artistique de la ville de Saint-Étienne » [15] via l’intervention d’un plasticien, ou bien la démolir et aménager un parc : 71 % des votants se prononcent pour la démolition, soit 230 personnes sur les 318 votants. Les défenseurs de la conservation expriment un double regret : l’ouverture du vote aux seuls habitants de Montreynaud, et la très faible mobilisation de ces derniers. La démolition de la tour a lieu le 24 novembre 2011. Son foudroyage la met une dernière fois sous les projecteurs des nombreux appareils audiovisuels présents. Les images produites s’ajoutent à celles existantes, et constituent autant de traces d’un immeuble dont il n’en reste plus aucune sur le terrain. Cette fin dramatique donne à cette chronique des allures de représentation théâtrale, en trois actes : naissance puis mort de l’édifice, avec un ultime soubresaut sous la forme d’une tentative vaine de sauvetage au nom du patrimoine. C’est une troisième définition du terme de représentation qui est mobilisée dans cette conclusion. Ce sont en effet des représentations, en images et en mots, qui ont permis de constituer cette chronique de la tour. Cette dernière révèle que trois représentations mentales sont associées à l’édifice et à sa verticalité : pour la puissance publique ayant commandé sa réalisation et pour les premiers résidents, la tour est un symbole de modernité ; pour une partie des Stéphanois, mais aussi pour les acteurs ayant décidé sa démolition, elle est l’emblème d’un grand ensemble stigmatisé ; et enfin, pour d’autres Stéphanois, habitants de Montreynaud ou artistes entre autres, la tour est un objet phare et patrimonial dans le paysage de Saint-Étienne. Aux côtés, par exemple, de la Tour panoramique à la Duchère (à Lyon), qui a été profondément rénovée, cette mise en évidence de la trajectoire des perceptions de la tour Plein-Ciel permet d’expliciter que la verticalité dont nos villes ont hérité, tout du moins celle présente dans les grands ensembles, fait l’objet d’un système de représentations complexe et en tout cas plus varié que celui présenté dans les discours de légitimation de la rénovation urbaine.

Bibliographie Dufaux, F. et Fourcaut A. (dir.). 2004. Le Monde des grands ensembles, Paris : Créaphis.

Louatah, S. 2011. Les Sauvages, tome 1, Paris : Flammarion–Versilio. Masclet, O. 2005. « Du “bastion” au “ghetto”, le communisme municipal en butte à l’immigration », Actes de la recherche en sciences sociales, n° 159, p. 10‑25.

Tissot, S. 2003. « De l’emblème au “problème”, histoire des grands ensembles dans une ville communiste », Les Annales de la recherche urbaines, n° 93, p. 123‑129.

Tomas, F., Blanc, J.-N. et Bonilla, M. 2003. Les Grands Ensembles, une histoire qui continue, Saint-Étienne : Publications de l’université de Saint-Étienne.

Vant, A. 1981. Imagerie et urbanisation, recherches sur l’exemple stéphanois, Saint-Étienne : Centre d’études foréziennes. Veschambre, V. 2011. « La rénovation urbaine dans les grands ensembles : de la monumentalité à la banalité ? », in Iosa, I. et Gravari-Barbas, M. (dir.), Monumentalité(s) urbaine(s) aux XIXe et XXe siècles. Sens, formes et enjeux urbains, Paris : L’Harmattan, p. 193‑206.

Notes

[1] Extraits tirés du film Saint-Étienne, on en parle (Atlantic Film, 1970) associé à l’exposition.

[2] Dont Les grands travaux à Saint-Étienne, ville de Saint-Étienne, 1974.

[3] Brochure publicitaire Montreynaud, Saint-Étienne, résidence les Hellènes, non daté.

[4] Propos tenus par un habitant installé dès l’époque.

[5] Brochure publicitaire Des appartements en plein-ciel. La tour de Montreynaud, non daté.

[6] Avec, dans un premier temps, le grand projet de ville (GPV) en 2001, puis la convention avec l’Agence nationale pour la rénovation urbaine (ANRU) en 2005.

[7] Expression régulièrement entendue lors des entretiens.

[8] « Le château d’eau : mille m³ qui ne fuiront pas », La Tribune, 17 novembre 1978, p. 14.

[9] Lettre d’information aux habitants de Montreynaud, ville de Saint-Étienne, mai 2003.

[10] Entretien avec Damien et Sébastien Murat (DMS photo), graphistes.[14] Propos de l’adjoint à l’urbanisme, « Tour Plei

« La tour Plein-Ciel se dressait avec une majesté sinistre au sommet de la colline de Montreynaud […]. À l’aube du XXIe siècle, sa démolition avait été plébiscitée par les riverains […]. La célèbre tour au bol était visible depuis la gare en arrivant de Lyon, et beaucoup de Stéphanois la considéraient […] comme le point doublement culminant de la ville : du haut de ses soixante-quatre mètres qui dominaient les six autres collines mais aussi en tant qu’emblème, d’un désastre urbain éclatant et d’une ville résignée à la désindustrialisation » (Louatah 2011, p. 89).Cette description exprime bien la situation dans laquelle la tour se trouve à la rédaction du roman : en attente de démolition. En 2011, les photographies de Pierre Grasset (voir un exemple ci-dessous), missionné par la ville, montrent l’édifice moribond. L’image de la tour est en France encore fortement attachée à celle du logement populaire, du fait notamment de la présence de ce type d’édifice dans les grands ensembles. Or, si l’on parle des tours d’habitat populaire depuis 2003, c’est essentiellement à propos des démolitions : l’Agence nationale pour la rénovation urbaine (ANRU) incite les bailleurs à détruire prioritairement dans les zones urbaines sensibles les immeubles les plus imposants, dont les tours les plus hautes. Mais l’image négative du « problème des banlieues » et de ses dysfonctionnements est-elle la seule associée aux tours d’habitat populaire ? Ne tend-elle pas à laisser dans l’ombre d’autres représentations attachées à ces édifices ?Une réflexion sur la tour Plein-Ciel à Saint-Étienne est, sur ces points, riche d’enseignements. Tenant une place prépondérante dans le paysage stéphanois, emblématique de l’image des grands ensembles, cette tour édifiée en 1972 est démolie en 2011. La constitution et l’analyse d’un corpus d’une dizaine d’images promotionnelles et artistiques (films, photographies de communication) la mettant en scène permet d’en établir une chronique. Cette dernière met en évidence un système de représentations complexe : tout au long de ses quarante ans d’histoire, l’édifice est en effet perçu comme symbole de modernité, emblème de grand ensemble en difficulté et monument dans le paysage stéphanois. Ces deux dernières représentations, l’une stigmatisée, l’autre valorisée, coexistent même lors des dernières années de la vie de l’édifice. Dans toutes ces représentations différenciées et concurrentes, la verticalité de l’édifice tient un rôle essentiel.Acte 1 : la tour Plein-Ciel, symbole de modernité L’image la plus ancienne identifiée date de 1970. Il s’agit d’un cliché de la maquette de la zone à urbaniser en priorité (ZUP) de Montreynaud, pris sur le stand de l’exposition « Saint-Étienne demain » de la Foire économique. Cette exposition vante les grandes opérations d’urbanisme en cours dans la ville, et vise à montrer « les transformations de la cité et son nouveau visage », afin de rompre avec la « légende de ville noire, industrielle et fixée dans le XIXe siècle » [1]. L’exposition fait partie d’une communication orchestrée par le maire Michel Durafour (1964‑1977). À partir de 1973, les reportages photographiques ou les films [2] mettent à l’honneur Montreynaud (jusqu’à 4 400 logements prévus) et en particulier sa tour Plein-Ciel (par l’architecte Raymond Martin), avec sa verticalité (18 niveaux), le château d’eau qui la coiffe et sa situation en rupture avec la ville ancienne. -La Tour Réservoir Plein Ciel était un immeuble de logement situé à Saint-Étienne, dans le quartier de Montreynaud, classé en zone urbaine sensible. Elle culminait à 63 mètres de haut (92 avec l'antenne).

La tour avait été construite en 1972 par l'architecte Raymond Martin, l'antenne de 63 mètres de haut reste jusqu'en 1992 avant de retour en 1996 afin de répondre à la demande considérable en logements. Elle était considérée comme un symbole du quartier. Visible de loin, elle permettait de repérer le quartier dans la ville.Sa destruction a été effectuée le 24 novembre 2011 à 10 h 45 par foudroyage, après le vote majoritaire (73 %) en faveur. --------------------------------------- Sotteville Construction de l’Anjou, le premier immeuble de la Zone Verte sottevilleaufildutemps.fr/2017/05/04/construction-de-limm... - www.20minutes.fr/paris/diaporama-7346-photo-854066-100-an... - www.ladepeche.fr/article/2010/11/02/940025-140-ans-en-arc... dreux-par-pierlouim.over-blog.com/article-chamards-1962 ..missionphoto.datar.gouv.fr/fr/photographe/7639/serie/7695... Mémoire2cité Mémoire2Ville Mémoire de l'Habitat,içi la page listant mes 43 albums photos disponibles, çe x 1000 pour chacuns d'entre eux ..Merci aux 5859 followers qui porte une attention particuliere à nos quartiers..la Grande Borne 91, le Vaudreuil 27, Avoriaz, Avenue de Flandres à Paris, tours Picasso à Nanterre, vues de la défense, Benghazi Libye 1975 Réalisateur : Sydney Jézéquel, Karenty

Ministère de l'Équipement et de l'Aménagement du Territoire - Dotation par la France d'autoroutes modernes "nécessité vitale" pour palier à l'inadaptation du réseau routier de l'époque voué à la paralysie : le reportage nous montre des images d'embouteillages. Le ministre de l'Équipement et de l'Aménagement du Territoire dans les deux gouvernements de Pierre Messmer, de 1972 à 1974, Olivier Guichard explique les ambitions du programme de construction qui doit atteindre 800 km par ans en 1978. L'ouverture de section nouvelles va bon train : Nancy / Metz par exemple. Le reportage nous montre l'intérieur des bureaux d'études qui conçoivent ces autoroute dont la conception est assistée par ordinateurs dont le projet d'ensemble en 3D est visualisé sur un écran. La voix off nous informe sur le financement de ces équipements. Puis on peut voir des images de la construction du pont sur la Seine à Saint Cloud reliant l'autoroute de Normandie au périphérique, de l'échangeur de Palaiseau sur 4 niveau : record d'Europe précise le commentaire. Le reportage nous informe que des sociétés d'économies mixtes ont étés crées pour les tronçons : Paris / Lille, Paris / Marseille, Paris / Normandie. Pour accélérer la construction l’État a eu recours à des concessions privées par exemple pour le tronçon Paris / Chartres. "Les autoroutes changent le visage de la France : artères économiques favorisant le développement industriel elles permettent de revitaliser des régions en perte de vitesse et de l'intégrer dans le mouvement général de l'expansion" Sur le plan européen elles vont combler le retard de la France et réaliser son insertion. Images de l'inauguration de l'autoroute entre Paris et Bruxelles par le président Georges Pompidou. Le reportage rappel que l'autre fonction capitale des autoroute est de favoriser la sécurité. La question de la limitation de vitesse est posée au ministre de l’Équipement, qui n'y est favorable que sur certains tronçons. Un des facteur de sécurité selon le commentaire est l'humanisation des autoroutes : aires de repos, restaurants, signalisation touristiques... "Rien n'est impossible aux techniques modernes" nous apprend la voix off qui prend comme exemple le déplacement sur rail de 65 mètres d'un château classé afin de faire passer l'autoroute Lille / Dunkerque.Durée : 4 minutes 30 secondes Sur les routes de France les ponts renaissent 1945 reconstruction de la France après la Seconde Guerre mondiale www.dailymotion.com/video/xuxrii?playlist=x34ije , Quelques mois après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, un triste constat s'impose : 5 944 passages sont coupés, soit plus de 110 km de brèches ; de nombreuses villes se trouvent isolées.Les chantiers s'activent dans toute la France pour "gagner la bataille des communications routières". Mais outre la pénurie de main d’œuvre, il faut faire face au manque de matériaux (béton, métal) et donc déployer des trésors d'imagination pour reconstruire les ponts détruits. Si le savoir faire des tailleurs de pierre est exploité, le plus spectaculaire est le relevage des ponts, comme le pont de Galliéni à Lyon, où 7 à 800 tonnes d'acier sont sorti de l'eau avec des moyens de l'époque. En avril 1945, il reste 5 700 ponts à reconstruire soit 200 000 tonnes d'acier, 600 000 tonnes de ciment, 250 000 m3 de bois, 10 millions de journées d'ouvrier, prix de l'effort de reconstruction.1945

Auteurs / réalisateurs : images : G.Delaunay, A.Pol, son : C.Gauguier Production : Direction Technique des Services des Ponts et Chaussées / Ministère des Travaux Publics et des Transports Support original : 16 mm noir et blanc Durée : 14 min Thèmes principaux : infrastructures-ouvrages d'art Mot clés : chantier, pont, Reconstruction, restauration, béton précontraint, ministère des travaux publics et des transportsLieux : Lyon, Tournon, Caen - Le Bosquel, un village renait 1947 l'album cinématographique de la reconstruction, réalisation Paul de Roubaix production ministère de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme, village prototype, architecte Paul Dufournet, www.dailymotion.com/video/xx5tx8?playlist=x34ije - Demain Paris 1959 dessin animé présentant l'aménagement de la capitale dans les années 60, Animation, dessin animé à vocation pédagogique visant à promouvoir la politique d’aménagement suivie dans les années 60 à Paris. Un raccourci historique sur l’extension de Paris du Moyen Âge au XIXe siècle (Lutèce, œuvres de Turgot, Napoléon, Haussmann), ce dessin animé retrace la naissance de la banlieue et de ses avatars au XXe siècle. Il annonce les grands principes d’aménagement des villes nouvelles et la restructuration du centre de Paris (référence implicite à la charte d’Athènes). Le texte est travaillé en rimes et vers. Une chanson du vieux Paris conclut poétiquement cette vision du futur. Thèmes principaux : Aménagement urbain / planification-aménagement régional Mots-clés : Banlieue, extension spatiale, histoire, quartier, ville, ville nouvelle Lieu géographique : Paris 75 Architectes ou personnalités : Eugène Haussmann, Napoléon, Turgot Réalisateurs : André Martin, Michel Boschet Production : les films Roger Leenhardt

www.dailymotion.com/video/xw6lak?playlist=x34ije - Rue neuve 1956 la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, villes, villages, grands ensembles réalisation : Jack Pinoteau , Panorama de la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, ce film de commande évoque les villes et villages français détruits puis reconstruits dans un style respectant la tradition : Saint-Malo, Gien, Thionville, Ammerschwihr, etc. ainsi que la reconstruction en rupture avec l'architecture traditionnelle à Châtenay-Malabry, Arles, Saint Étienne, Évreux, Chambéry, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Abbeville, Le Havre, Marseille, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Dunkerque. Le documentaire explique par exemple la manière dont a été réalisée la reconstruction de Saint-Malo à l'intérieur des rempart de la vieille ville : "c'est la fidélité à l'histoire et la force du souvenir qui a guidé l'architecte". Dans le même esprit à Gien, au trois quart détruite en 1940, seul le château construit en 1494 pour Anne de Beaujeu, fille aînée de Louis XI, fut épargné par les bombardements. La ville fut reconstruite dans le style des rares immeubles restant. Gien est relevé de ses ruines et le nouvel ensemble harmonieux est appelé « Joyau de la Reconstruction française ». Dans un deuxième temps est abordé le chapitre de la construction des cités et des grands ensembles, de l’architecture du renouveau qualifiée de "grandiose incontestablement". S’il est précisé "on peut aimer ou de ne pas aimer ce style", l’emporte au final l’argument suivant : les grands ensembles, c'est la campagne à la ville, un urbanisme plus aéré, plus vert." les films caravelles 1956, Réalisateur : Jack Pinoteau (connu pour être le metteur en scène du film Le Triporteur 1957 qui fit découvrir Darry Cowl) www.dailymotion.com/video/xuz3o8?playlist=x34ije , Levittown: The Construction and Systematic Execution of Discrimination in Modern Suburbia (NHD 2018) www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_KrD6PkX0M … … 17000 maisons en 2 ans un record dans l histoire des annees 60 @ la grande Acceleration @ Un point de bascule avec le changement de regime d'existence les 30 glorieuses americaine @ la constructions de masse.., ici LEVITTOWN a LONGISLAND, 17000 pavillons en 2 ans un Record...Yes this is it my Our Home Town: Levittown, PA (1954) - www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_KrD6PkX0M les 30 glorieuses atomique @ le projet PLOWSHARE de 1957 LE FILM ICI www.youtube.com/watch?v=kpjFU_kBaBE … STRAUSS le promoteur du nucleaire Americain les 30 glorieuses Américaine @ quand celles çi ratent le coche sur le developpement solaire... les occasions manquées de soigner notre humanité..www.dailymotion.com/video/xuxrii?playlist=x34ije Lyon, Tournon, Caen - Le Bosquel, un village renait 1947 l'album cinématographique de la reconstruction, réalisation Paul de Roubaix production ministère de la Reconstruction et de l'Urbanisme, village prototype, architecte Paul Dufournet, www.dailymotion.com/video/xx5tx8?playlist=x34ije - Demain Paris 1959 dessin animé présentant l'aménagement de la capitale dans les années 60, Animation, dessin animé à vocation pédagogique visant à promouvoir la politique d’aménagement suivie dans les années 60 à Paris. Un raccourci historique sur l’extension de Paris du Moyen Âge au XIXe siècle (Lutèce, œuvres de Turgot, Napoléon, Haussmann), ce dessin animé retrace la naissance de la banlieue et de ses avatars au XXe siècle. Il annonce les grands principes d’aménagement des villes nouvelles et la restructuration du centre de Paris (référence implicite à la charte d’Athènes). Le texte est travaillé en rimes et vers. Une chanson du vieux Paris conclut poétiquement cette vision du futur. Thèmes principaux : Aménagement urbain / planification-aménagement régional Mots-clés : Banlieue, extension spatiale, histoire, quartier, ville, ville nouvelle Lieu géographique : Paris 75 Architectes ou personnalités : Eugène Haussmann, Napoléon, Turgot Réalisateurs : André Martin, Michel Boschet Production : les films Roger Leenhardt

www.dailymotion.com/video/xw6lak?playlist=x34ije - Rue neuve 1956 la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, villes, villages, grands ensembles réalisation : Jack Pinoteau , Panorama de la reconstruction de la France dix ans après la fin de la seconde guerre mondiale, ce film de commande évoque les villes et villages français détruits puis reconstruits dans un style respectant la tradition : Saint-Malo, Gien, Thionville, Ammerschwihr, etc. ainsi que la reconstruction en rupture avec l'architecture traditionnelle à Châtenay-Malabry, Arles, Saint Étienne, Évreux, Chambéry, Villeneuve-Saint-Georges, Abbeville, Le Havre, Marseille, Boulogne-sur-Mer, Dunkerque. Le documentaire explique par exemple la manière dont a été réalisée la reconstruction de Saint-Malo à l'intérieur des rempart de la vieille ville : "c'est la fidélité à l'histoire et la force du souvenir qui a guidé l'architecte". Dans le même esprit à Gien, au trois quart détruite en 1940, seul le château construit en 1494 pour Anne de Beaujeu, fille aînée de Louis XI, fut épargné par les bombardements. La ville fut reconstruite dans le style des rares immeubles restant. Gien est relevé de ses ruines et le nouvel ensemble harmonieux est appelé « Joyau de la Reconstruction française ». Dans un deuxième temps est abordé le chapitre de la construction des cités et des grands ensembles, de l’architecture du renouveau qualifiée de "grandiose incontestablement". S’il est précisé "on peut aimer ou de ne pas aimer ce style", l’emporte au final l’argument suivant : les grands ensembles, c'est la campagne à la ville, un urbanisme plus aéré, plus vert." les films caravelles 1956, Réalisateur : Jack Pinoteau (connu pour être le metteur en scène du film Le Triporteur 1957 qui fit découvrir Darry Cowl) www.dailymotion.com/video/xuz3o8?playlist=x34ije - www.dailymotion.com/video/xk1g5j?playlist=x34ije Brigitte Gros - Urbanisme - Filmer les grands ensembles 2016 - par Camille Canteux chercheuse au CHS -Centre d'Histoire Sociale - Jeanne Menjoulet - Ce film du CHS daté de 2014 www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDUBwVPNh0s … L'UNION SOCIALE POUR L'HABITAT le Musée des H.L.M. musee-hlm.fr/ union-habitat.org/ - EXPOSITION :LES 50 ANS DE LA RESIDENCe SALMSON POINT-Du JOUR www.salmsonlepointdujour.fr/pdf/Exposition_50_ans.pdf - Sotteville Construction de l’Anjou, le premier immeuble de la Zone Verte sottevilleaufildutemps.fr/2017/05/04/construction-de-limm... - www.20minutes.fr/paris/diaporama-7346-photo-854066-100-an... - www.ladepeche.fr/article/2010/11/02/940025-140-ans-en-arc... dreux-par-pierlouim.over-blog.com/article-chamards-1962-9... missionphoto.datar.gouv.fr/fr/photographe/7639/serie/7695.. A partir des années 1950, le trafic de la banlieue parisienne suit l’urbanisation galopante et les dessertes ferroviaires doivent s’adapter et se moderniser.Quelques amateurs ont su immortaliser un monde ferroviaire qui était alors en voie de disparition. Dans ce film, nous retrouvons les dessertes 750 volts par troisième rail en rames « Standard » sur les lignes de Versailles-RD, sur la ligne d’Auteuil et entre Puteaux et Issy-Plaine mais aussi les derniers trains à vapeur à St Lazare, à La Bastille et sur le Nord et quelques ultimes voyages sur les lignes de Ceinture --------------De la révolution industrielle à aujourd’hui, un décryptage minutieux de la course au développement qui a marqué le point de départ de l’ère de l'anthropocène (ou l'ère de l'Homme) et de la déterioration continue de la planète. www.arte.tv/fr/videos/073938-000-A/l-homme-a-mange-la-terre/ Quelque 1 400 milliards de tonnes de CO2 sont aujourd’hui prisonnières de la basse atmosphère. Réchauffement climatique, déforestation, inondations, épuisement des ressources, pollutions, déchets radioactifs... : en deux siècles, la course au progrès et à la croissance a durablement altéré la planète, la crise environnementale se doublant d’une rupture géologique, avec l’avènement de l’ère anthropocène. Portée par l’exploitation des énergies fossiles – du charbon de la révolution industrielle en Angleterre au tout-pétrole de la domination économique des États-Unis –, l’industrialisation et ses corollaires, taylorisme et colonialisme, entraînent une exponentielle production de masse. Un processus qu’accélère la Première Guerre mondiale, les firmes chimiques mobilisées pour tuer l’ennemi se reconvertissant dans la destruction du vivant avec les herbicides, insecticides et fertilisants de l’agriculture intensive. Alors que l’urbanisation s’étend, la voiture, qui sonne le glas du tramway, se généralise, et l’Amérique s’inspire du modèle autoroutier nazi. La Seconde Guerre mondiale engendre une nouvelle organisation du travail, laquelle devient la norme, et annonce l’ère nucléaire de la guerre froide. Dans sa démesure, l’homme rêve déjà d’usages civils de l’atome (y compris pour l’abattement de montagnes et la dissolution des calottes glaciaires !). Le plastique et le béton deviennent les piliers de la consommation de masse, dévoreuse de matières premières et antidote à la contestation sociale, jusqu’à la révolution numérique. Liaisons dangereuses En balayant, avec de formidables archives issues du monde entier, deux siècles de progrès jusqu’à l’ère du big data, le film remonte aux sources de la crise écologique, en interrogeant avec précision les enjeux scientifiques, économiques et politiques qui y ont conduit. Fourmillant d’informations, il éclaire l’histoire de cette marche folle, et les liaisons dangereuses entre industries militaire et civile. Entre capitalisme et mondialisation imposés par les grandes puissances, un décryptage passionnant du basculement dans l’anthropocène, funeste asservissement de la nature par l’homme. le Logement Collectif* 50,60,70's dans tous ses états..Histoire & Mémoire de l'Habitat / Rétro-Villes / HLM / Banlieue / Renouvellement Urbain / Urbanisme URBANISME S’imaginer Paris et le Grand Paris @ Les 50ans d'Apur (link: 50ans.apur.org/#intro) 50ans.apur.org/#intro @ Où en est l'histoire urbaine des sociétés contemporaines ? Cet ouvrage, inspiré par Annie Fourcaut, qui contribua de manière décisive à son développement, propose un état des lieux de ce champ et explore des pistes de recherche ouvrant l'histoire urbaine à une variété de " genres ". Où en est l'histoire urbaine des sociétés contemporaines ? Cet ouvrage, inspiré par Annie Fourcaut, qui contribua de manière décisive à son développement, propose un état des lieux de ce champ. De Femmes à l'usine (1981), Bobigny, banlieue rouge (1986), à La banlieue en morceaux (2000), en passant par les publications collectives qu'elle a coordonnées et les travaux qu'elle a encadrés, la trajectoire de cette historienne a conduit l'histoire sociale et politique – telle qu'on la pratiquait dans les années 1970 – vers une histoire urbaine renouvelée. Le livre revient sur cette évolution et explore des pistes de recherche ouvrant l'histoire urbaine à une variété de " genres ". Les auteurs, historiennes et historiens, sociologues, politistes, géographes, architectes, urbanistes et décideurs politiques proposent une histoire urbaine à la fois interdisciplinaire et ancrée dans la fabrique de la ville et ses représentations, portant la marque de sa dédicataire.Les quatre sections de l'ouvrage dessinent les chantiers qu'Annie Fourcaut a investis : " Du social à l'urbain " met en avant la conviction qu'étudier l'histoire des villes, c'est toujours faire de l'histoire sociale ; " Qu'elle était belle la banlieue " est centré sur les banlieues, son territoire d'étude de prédilection ; " Les habits neufs des politiques de la ville " interroge les politiques urbaines successives et leur transformation ; enfin, " Banc d'essai des modernités " propose une analyse historique de l'urbanisme, comme discipline et comme pratique. www.benjamingibeaux.fr/portfolio/petite-histoire-de-lhabi... Le Label « Patrimoine du XXe siècle » créé en 1999 par le ministère de la Culture et de la Communication a pour but de faire connaître l’architecture de cette période. La comparaison des labellisations réalisées par les DRAC d’Île-de-France et d’Occitanie (ex Languedoc-Roussillon et de Midi-Pyrénées) montre la variété des méthodes employées pour rendre compte soit de l’importance numérique des édifices remarquables soit de la difficulté à établir ce corpus et de la nécessité de s’appuyer sur les inventaires ou études thématiques ou monographiques. Si l’attribution du label, désormais appelé "Architecture contemporaine remarquable" s’est faite depuis vingt ans de façon très diverse selon les régions, elle est toujours l’occasion de mettre en lumière et de porter à la connaissance du public des œuvres architecturales remarquables, notamment via une augmentation impressionnante des publications de qualité sur l'architecture du XXe siècle. En 1999, le ministère de la Culture et de la Communication propose la mise en place d’un nouvel outil pour permettre la reconnaissance et la sauvegarde des constructions élevées au cours du siècle qui s’achève. Le label « Patrimoine du XXe siècle » est une déclinaison nationale de la recommandation du conseil de l’Europe sur la prise en compte de l’architecture du XXe siècle. Ce dernier évoque, pour la conservation de ce patrimoine « moins reconnu », une absence d’intérêt « en raison de sa proximité dans l’Histoire, de l’abondance de ses témoignages et de son caractère hétérogène » et sa crainte de « pertes irréparables »2 . Le label mis en place par la France vise à appeler « l’attention des décideurs, des aménageurs, mais aussi et surtout de ses usagers et du public sur les productions remarquables de ce siècle » Chargées de mettre en place le label, les directions régionales des affaires culturelles (Drac), services déconcentrés du ministère de la Culture, ont à cette date déjà construit, chacune à sa manière, leur approche de la préservation du patrimoine du XXe siècle. Elles s’emparent alors diversement du label, appliquant de facto des labellisations aux immeubles de ce siècle déjà protégés au titre des monuments historiques4 ou mettant en place de véritables stratégies pour répondre pleinement aux attendus de la directive nationale. À partir de nos expériences, il nous a paru intéressant de montrer la diversité de la mise en place du label dans trois Drac parmi d’autres, l’Île-de-France ainsi que Languedoc-Roussillon et Midi-Pyrénées qui composent aujourd’hui la région Occitanie5. Pour chacune de ces Drac, il s’agit de montrer comment la connaissance de ce patrimoine, mais aussi ses particularités territoriales ont joué un rôle important dans le choix des méthodologies de sélection des œuvres à labelliser ainsi que la détermination de critères, et de présenter les résultats et les actions de valorisation menées pour faire connaître et apprécier ces créations architecturales récentes. Le label « Patrimoine du XXe siècle » en Île-de-France : gérer l’abondance La Drac Île-de-France s’est emparée tardivement du label « Patrimoine du XXe siècle », pour plusieurs raisons. Parmi les freins à l’action, il faut citer la question du pilotage de la mise en place du label entre différents services de la Drac, les interrogations liées à l’opportunité de ce nouveau dispositif et un relatif scepticisme quant à son efficacité, l’ampleur de la tâche au vu du corpus concerné, le plus important de France en quantité et sans doute en qualité, mais surtout l’engagement pris de longue date par cette Drac et les membres de sa commission régionale du patrimoine et des sites (CRPS) en faveur du patrimoine du XXe siècle. En effet, c’est sans doute dans cette région que l’on protège le plus grand nombre d’édifices contemporains au titre des monuments historiques : dans la première décennie du XXIe siècle, selon les années, 50 à 70 % des protections concernent des édifices construits au siècle précédent. Ainsi, ce nouveau dispositif, dépourvu de dispositions contraignantes, étranger à la culture de la conservation régionale des monuments historiques (CRMH) dont l’action est liée à la protection, peinait à démontrer son intérêt au regard de ce qu’offre la législation sur les monuments historiques. Cependant, au vu de l’enjeu que constitue la préservation de l’architecture contemporaine en Île-de-France, lié à la fois à l’ampleur de la production et aux évolutions urbaines et réglementaires constantes engageant sa conservation, la question de la mise en place du label était régulièrement posée à la Drac. Pilotée par la CRMH, la première expérience de labellisation y fut menée en 2004. Elle s’inscrivait dans la suite de l’étude menée par le groupe d’experts dirigé par Bernard Toulier, conservateur du Patrimoine au département du pilotage de la recherche et de la politique scientifique du ministère de la Culture, qui avait produit une liste d’édifices du XXe siècle repérés en bibliographie, inventaire devant servir de base à la constitution de propositions de labellisations. Selon la méthode suivie par ce groupe d’experts, on fit le choix de présenter tous les immeubles concernés regroupés par larges typologies. Les membres de la CRPS, devant lesquels fut présentée cette liste d’édifices, rejetèrent en bloc la sélection où voisinaient l’aérogare 1 de l’aéroport Roissy-Charles de Gaulle et la modeste mairie du 17e arrondissement de Paris présentée à la demande de son maire, arguant de l’impossibilité à valider le choix d’édifices que rien ne rapprochait. De plus, nombre des immeubles retenus étaient candidats à la protection au titre des monuments historiques, brouillant de fait l’identité du label et réfutant du même coup la conception un temps énoncée du label comme « antichambre » de la protection. En effet, si la grande qualité de la plupart des édifices sélectionnés montrait toute la richesse des créations contemporaines franciliennes, la seule présentation des plus remarquables d’entre eux résultait d’une absence de sélection argumentée, selon l’esprit du label. La présentation de cette première liste en CRPS tourna donc court. - La question des critères de sélection a été débattue à la lumière de l’expérience de la labellisa (...) En 2008, toujours sous l’impulsion du service des monuments historiques, une nouvelle orientation fut prise. Un pilotage, un groupe de travail, un objectif furent mis en place. Trois orientations furent définies : selon les recommandations de la CRMH de la région PACA, procéder par thématiques typologiques, méthode propice à l’élaboration de critères de sélection ; cibler un patrimoine déprécié ou en danger, pour répondre parfaitement aux attendus de la directive européenne ; pour cette première campagne de labellisation, choisir un champ vierge de reconnaissance patrimoniale, éloigné de la protection au titre des monuments historiques afin d’éviter toute confusion entre les édifices labellisés et les édifices protégés. Le thème des ensembles de logements, nombreux dans cette région, s’est naturellement dégagé. À géométrie variable, le groupe de travail dirigé par la cellule protection était formé d’un premier cercle pérenne, garant de la cohérence de la démarche de labellisation et des choix des thématiques, et d’un second, composé de spécialistes de chaque thématique retenue. Le premier cercle était constitué d’agents de la Drac (conservation des monuments historiques, service architecture, un architecte des bâtiments de France, chargé de faire le lien avec l’ensemble des services départementaux de l’architecture et du patrimoine de la région), de représentants du monde universitaire et de la recherche dans le domaine de l’architecture du XXe siècle.

Pour les ensembles de logements, le second cercle du groupe de travail a permis d’associer des acteurs de terrain, des représentants des bailleurs sociaux, des experts. Le sujet fut restreint chronologiquement (1945-1975), son acception précisée (habitat collectif et individuel) et le corpus, basé sur les inventaires existants et la bibliographie, fut établi à partir des critères élaborés par le groupe de travail : histoire, forme urbaine, valeur d’usage, technique, style - Composée d’environ un tiers de ses membres, la délégation permanente est une émanation de la CRPS (...) De façon exceptionnelle, la liste des ensembles de logements fut en premier lieu présentée devant les membres de la délégation permanente de la CRPS7 pour en valider les orientations et s’assurer de l’adhésion des membres, à la fois pour ne pas risquer de réitérer l’expérience malheureuse de 2004 mais surtout pour interroger la commission sur le bien-fondé à distinguer ces ensembles de logements d'après-guerre, constructions parmi les plus décriées du XXe siècle.

La méthodologie proposée a conduit à la labellisation d’une première série d’immeubles, quarante ensembles de logements en 2010 (fig. 2, 3), puis d’une seconde série de soixante-quinze lieux de culte en 2011 (fig. 4, 5). Les critères peuvent être adaptés ou précisés selon le thème retenu : pour les édifices religieux, la qualité et l’originalité du décor furent ajoutés et la valeur d’usage exclue.La méthode choisie a été vertueuse : elle a permis de labelliser un grand nombre d’édifices, d’associer largement les services patrimoniaux de l’État et des collectivités, de créer des synergies avec l’université et les chercheurs, de valoriser l’action de l’État par des présentations en CRPS, des publications, des journées d’études, des expositions, actions relayées par la presse généraliste et spécialisée8 (fig. 6 et 7). Un partenariat pérenne s’est développé avec l’éditeur Beaux-Arts pour la publication de chaque campagne de labellisation, avec diffusion en kiosque au plus près du public concerné pour un prix inférieur à 15 €. Elle a également permis d’impliquer les acteurs de terrain, répondant ainsi à l’objectif visé de sensibilisation du public à cette architecture mal aimée Depuis 2016, la Drac Île-de-France a conduit trois nouvelles campagnes, toutes thématiques, fondées sur des partis méthodologiques diversifiés, adaptés aux sujets d’étude.

- Note méthodologique « Étude du patrimoine du XXe siècle de la métropole du Grand Paris », La manu (...) - La loi relative à la liberté de la création, à l’architecture et au patrimoine (LCAP) promulguée (...) Une campagne vise à identifier les édifices et ensembles contribuant à structurer le territoire de la récente métropole du Grand Paris. L’établissement d’une critériologie et la sélection ont été confiés à un bureau d’études, la Manufacture du patrimoine, associé à un groupe de travail conduit par la Drac. Des critères dits généraux, divisés en critères primaires et complémentaires, ont été retenus. Pour la thématique étudiée, se sont ajoutés sept critères spécifiques répondant aux enjeux de « l’émergence et du rayonnement de la métropole »10. Les grands travaux présidentiels ont été concernés dans un premier temps, aboutissant à la labellisation de dix édifices en novembre 2016, avant une présentation plus large d’édifices emblématiques, retenus pour l’obtention d’un label « Architecture contemporaine remarquable »11 en juin 2018.

- Introduite par la loi relative à la liberté de la création, à l’architecture et au patrimoine (LC (...) De façon innovante, la Drac a conclu un partenariat avec l’école nationale supérieure d’architecture (ENSA) Paris-Belleville avec laquelle elle s’est associée dès l’élaboration du premier label (colloque, exposition, travaux avec l’IPRAUS). Le thème choisi, inscrit dans la droite ligne du précédent, s’attache à l’étude des villes nouvelles. Par son caractère récent et spécifique dans l’histoire de la planification urbaine, cet objet d’étude implique une nouvelle approche, menée dans le cadre d’une convention triennale de chaire partenariale avec l’ENSA Paris-Belleville. La méthodologie s’appuie sur la grille d’analyse habituellement employée par la Drac, enrichie pour inclure davantage l’espace public. Des édifices de la ville d’Évry (Essonne), qui manifesta en 2016 son souhait de voir son patrimoine labellisé, ont été présentés en novembre 2018 aux membres de la commission régionale de l’architecture et du patrimoine (CRPA)12 en vue d’une labellisation.- Valérie Gaudard remercie vivement Mmes Agnès Chauvin, cheffe du bureau de la protection, et Maria (...)Enfin, le champ de l’architecture scolaire est abordé dès 2010. Au vu de l’immensité du corpus, la Drac a choisi en 2016 de s’attacher dans un premier temps aux lycées, en lien avec le service de l’Inventaire de la région Île-de-France Le label en Languedoc-Roussillon : une succession d’opportunités V- La Poste Art Nouveau de Tuchan, l’hôtel du Belvédère à Cerbère. - Certains construits vers 1900 relèvent davantage d’une esthétique encore XIXe comme la villa Las (...) - Le 3 octobre 2001, une CRPS dédiée a examiné onze propositions de protection, dont deux seulement (...)

Dans ce territoire riche en monuments anciens, l’attention pour l’architecture du XXe siècle s’observe dès les années 1980 avec la décentralisation. La commission régionale du patrimoine historique archéologique et ethnologique (Corephae) du 15 décembre 1986 a examiné les premiers dossiers14. Parmi des édifices de la première moitié du siècle, bénéficiant du recul et bien documentés, plus faciles à appréhender15, on peut citer les cliniques Saint-Charles à Montpellier, exemple d’architecture des années 1930, ornées des sculptures monumentales de Joachim Costa et des verrières d’Émile Brière, sauvées in extremis de la démolition. En l’an 2000, une campagne de protection thématique est lancée16, distinguant des bâtiments majeurs de l’entre-deux-guerres, comme le théâtre municipal de Carcassonne, le Palais des Arts et du Travail de Narbonne, le lycée technique Dhuoda à Nîmes, l’église Sainte-Thérèse à Montpellier mais également le centre d’apprentissage pour garçons, actuel lycée Mermoz à Béziers, œuvre de Pierre Jeanneret, à laquelle ont collaborés Jean Prouvé et Charlotte Perriand.

- Monument inscrit MH en 2009 Toujours à Odeillo, un petit collectif de maisons solaires, initiativ (...) Plus récemment ont été inscrits au titre des monuments historiques, le centre de vol à voile de la Montagne Noire, à Labécède-Lauragais, haut lieu de formation des pilotes entre 1932 et 1980 ou des installations solaires en Cerdagne, liées à la personnalité de Félix Trombe dont les recherches aboutissent à la construction entre 1962 et 1968 par le CNRS du four solaire d’Odeillo à Font-Romeu-Odeillo-Via Pourtant, cette architecture du XXe siècle, représentant un nombre de réalisations jamais atteint, restait mal appréciée, mal aimé.

© Mazur/catholicnews.org.uk

Washington DC, Saturday March 24, 2018. Hundreds of thousands gathered here today to protest the ever more frequent gun massacres that have sadly become one of the defining features of life in the USA over the past thirty years. The shootings have evolved into increasingly more deadly events because of the ease of obtaining semi-automatic rifles, high capacity ammo magazines and other weapons of war. Organizations like the National Rifle Associations have successfully bribed our national legislators to beat back most attempts to enact sane gun laws that would ban civilian sales of these military munitions. In the wake of the Parkland, Florida high school mass shooting a youth led movement* has become energized and is pushing back against the gun lobby status quo and, it has to be noted, against the entire immoral agenda of Trumpism and 21st Century Republicanism. President Trump spent today at his golf resort in Mar a Lago, Florida. Again.

*There has been an active black led movement against gun violence and other forms of vigilante and police violence in America for many decades but it has been ignored or unfairly reported on by corporate media and actively harassed by police wherever it appeared. The most recent example is the Black Lives Matter movement.

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Seoul – officially the Seoul Special City – is the capital and largest metropolis of the Republic of Korea (commonly known as South Korea), forming the heart of the Seoul Capital Area, which includes the surrounding Incheon metropolis and Gyeonggi province, the world's 16th largest city. It is home to over half of all South Koreans along with 678,102 international residents.

 

Situated on the Han River, Seoul's history stretches back more than two thousand years when it was founded in 18 BCE by Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. It continued as the capital of Korea under the Joseon Dynasty. The Seoul Capital Area contains five UNESCO World Heritage Sites: Changdeok Palace, Hwaseong Fortress, Jongmyo Shrine, Namhansanseong and the Royal Tombs of the Joseon Dynasty. Seoul is surrounded by mountains, the tallest being Mt. Bukhan, the world's most visited national park per square foot. Modern landmarks include the iconic N Seoul Tower, the gold-clad 63 Building, the neofuturistic Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Lotte World, the world's second largest indoor theme park, Moonlight Rainbow Fountain, the world's longest bridge fountain and the Sevit Floating Islands. The birthplace of K-pop and the Korean Wave, Seoul received over 10 million international visitors in 2014, making it the world's 9th most visited city and 4th largest earner in tourism.

 

Today, Seoul is considered a leading and rising global city, resulting from an economic boom called the Miracle on the Han River which transformed it to the world's 4th largest metropolitan economy with a GDP of US$845.9 billion in 2014 after Tokyo, New York City and Los Angeles. In 2015, it was rated Asia's most livable city with the second highest quality of life globally by Arcadis. A world leading technology hub centered on Gangnam and Digital Media City, the Seoul Capital Area boasts 15 Fortune Global 500 companies such as Samsung, the world's largest technology company, as well as LG and Hyundai-Kia. In 2014, the city's GDP per capita (PPP) of $39,786 was comparable to that of France and Finland. Ranked sixth in the Global Power City Index and Global Financial Centres Index, the metropolis exerts a major influence in global affairs as one of the five leading hosts of global conferences.

 

Seoul is the world's most wired city and ranked first in technology readiness by PwC's Cities of Opportunity report. It is served by the KTX high-speed rail and the Seoul Subway, providing 4G LTE, WiFi and DMB inside subway cars. Seoul is connected via AREX to Incheon International Airport, rated the world's best airport nine years in a row (2005–2013) by Airports Council International. Lotte World Tower, a 556-metre supertall skyscraper with 123 floors, has been built in Seoul and become the OECD's tallest in 2016, with the world's tallest art gallery. Its Lotte Cinema houses the world's largest cinema screen. Seoul's COEX Mall is the world's largest underground shopping mall.

 

Seoul hosted the 1986 Asian Games, 1988 Summer Olympics, 2002 FIFA World Cup, the Miss Universe 1980 pageant, and the 2010 G-20 Seoul summit. A UNESCO City of Design, Seoul was named the 2010 World Design Capital.

 

ETYMOLOGY

The city has been known in the past by the names Wirye-seong (Hangul: 위례성; Hanja: 慰禮城, during the Baekje era), Hanju (Hangul: 한주; Hanja: 漢州, during the Silla era), Namgyeong (Hangul: 남경; Hanja: 南京, during the Goryeo era), Hanseong (Hangul: 한성; Hanja: 漢城, during both the Baekje and Joseon eras), Hanyang (Hangul: 한양; Hanja: 漢陽, during the Joseon era), Gyeongseong (京城, during the colonial era).

 

During Japan's annexation in Korea, "Hanseong" (Hangul: 한성; Hanja: 漢城) was renamed to "Keijō" (京城, or Template:Korean 한국, Gyeongseong) by the Imperial authorities to prevent confusion with the hanja '漢', as it also refers to the Han Chinese. In reality, the ancient name of Seoul, Hanseong (Hangul: 한성; Hanja: 漢城), originally had the meaning of "big" or "vast".

 

Its current name originated from the Korean word meaning "capital city," which is believed to be derived from the word Seorabeol (Hangul: 서라벌; Hanja: 徐羅伐), which originally referred to Gyeongju, the capital of Silla.

 

Unlike most place names in Korea, "Seoul" has no corresponding hanja (Chinese characters used in the Korean language). On January 18, 2005, Seoul government officially changed its official Chinese language name to Shou'er (simplified Chinese: 首尔; traditional Chinese: 首爾; pinyin: Shǒu'ěr) from the historic Hancheng (simplified Chinese: 汉城; traditional Chinese: 漢城; pinyin: Hànchéng), of which use is becoming less common.

 

HISTOY

Settlement of the Han River area, where present-day Seoul is located, began around 4000 BC.

 

Seoul is first recorded as Wiryeseong, the capital of Baekje (founded in 18 BC) in the northeastern Seoul area. There are several city walls remaining in the area that date from this time. Pungnaptoseong, an earthen wall just outside Seoul, is widely believed to have been at the main Wiryeseong site. As the Three Kingdoms competed for this strategic region, control passed from Baekje to Goguryeo in the 5th century, and from Goguryeo to Silla in the 6th century.

 

In the 11th century Goryeo, which succeeded Unified Silla, built a summer palace in Seoul, which was referred to as the "Southern Capital". It was only from this period that Seoul became a larger settlement. When Joseon replaced Goryeo, the capital was moved to Seoul (also known as Hanyang and later as Hanseong), where it remained until the fall of the dynasty. The Gyeongbok Palace, built in the 14th century, served as the royal residence until 1592. The other large palace, Changdeokgung, constructed in 1405, served as the main royal palace from 1611 to 1872.

 

Originally, the city was entirely surrounded by a massive circular stone wall to provide its citizens security from wild animals, thieves and attacks. The city has grown beyond those walls and although the wall no longer stands (except along Bugaksan Mountain (Hangul: 북악산; Hanja: 北岳山), north of the downtown area), the gates remain near the downtown district of Seoul, including most notably Sungnyemun (commonly known as Namdaemun) and Heunginjimun (commonly known as Dongdaemun). During the Joseon dynasty, the gates were opened and closed each day, accompanied by the ringing of large bells at the Bosingak belfry. In the late 19th century, after hundreds of years of isolation, Seoul opened its gates to foreigners and began to modernize. Seoul became the first city in East Asia to introduce electricity in the royal palace, built by the Edison Illuminating Company and a decade later Seoul also implemented electrical street lights.

 

Much of the development was due to trade with foreign countries like France and United States. For example, the Seoul Electric Company, Seoul Electric Trolley Company, and Seoul Fresh Spring Water Company were all joint Korean–American owned enterprises. In 1904, an American by the name of Angus Hamilton visited the city and said, "The streets of Seoul are magnificent, spacious, clean, admirably made and well-drained. The narrow, dirty lanes have been widened, gutters have been covered, roadways broadened. Seoul is within measurable distance of becoming the highest, most interesting and cleanest city in the East.

"After the annexation treaty in 1910, the Empire of Japan annexed Korea and renamed the city Gyeongseong ("Kyongsong" in Korean and "Keijo" in Japanese). Japanese technology was imported, the city walls were removed, some of the gates demolished. Roads became paved and Western-style buildings were constructed. The city was liberated at the end of World War II.

 

In 1945, the city was officially named Seoul, and was designated as a special city in 1949.

 

During the Korean War, Seoul changed hands between the Russian/Chinese-backed North Korean forces and the American-backed South Korean forces several times, leaving the city heavily damaged after the war. The capital was temporarily relocated to Busan. One estimate of the extensive damage states that after the war, at least 191,000 buildings, 55,000 houses, and 1,000 factories lay in ruins. In addition, a flood of refugees had entered Seoul during the war, swelling the population of the city and its metropolitan area to an estimated 1.5 million by 1955.

 

Following the war, Seoul began to focus on reconstruction and modernization. As Korea's economy started to grow rapidly from the 1960s, urbanization also accelerated and workers began to move to Seoul and other larger cities. From the 1970s, the size of Seoul administrative area greatly expanded as it annexed a number of towns and villages from several surrounding counties.

 

According to 2012 census data, the population of the Seoul area makes up around 20% of the total population of South Korea, Seoul has become the economic, political and cultural hub of the country, with several Fortune Global 500 companies, including Samsung, SK Holdings, Hyundai, POSCO and LG Group headquartered there.

 

Seoul was the host city of the 1986 Asian Games and 1988 Summer Olympics as well as one of the venues of the Football World Cup 2002.

 

GEOGRAPHY

Seoul is in the northwest of South Korea. Seoul proper comprises 605.25 km2, with a radius of approximately 15 km, roughly bisected into northern and southern halves by the Han River. The Han River and its surrounding area played an important role in Korean history. The Three Kingdoms of Korea strove to take control of this land, where the river was used as a trade route to China (via the Yellow Sea). The river is no longer actively used for navigation, because its estuary is located at the borders of the two Koreas, with civilian entry barred. Historically, the city was during the Joseon Dynasty bounded by the Seoul Fortress Wall, which stretched between the four main mountains in central Seoul: Namsan, Naksan, Bukaksan and Inwangsan. The city is bordered by eight mountains, as well as the more level lands of the Han River plain and western areas. Due to its geography and to economic development policies, Seoul is a very polycentric city. The area that was the old capital in the Joseon Dynasty, and mostly comprises Jongno District and Jung District, constitutes the historical and political center of the city. However, for example, the city's financial capital is widely considered to be in Yeouido, while its economic capital is Gangnam District.

 

CLIMATE

Seoul is either classified as a humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cwa), using the −3 °C isotherm of the original Köppen scheme, or a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwa), using the 0 °C isotherm preferred by some climatologists. Summers are generally hot and humid, with the East Asian monsoon taking place from June until September. August, the warmest month, has average high and low temperatures of 29.6 and 22.4 °C with higher temperatures possible. Winters are often cold to freezing with average January high and low temperatures of 1.5 and −5.9 °C and are generally much drier than summers, with an average of 28 days of snow annually. Sometimes, temperatures do drop dramatically to below −10.0 °C, in odd occasions rarely as low as −15.0 °C in the mid winter period between January and February.

  

ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS

Seoul is divided into 25 gu (Hangul: 구; Hanja: 區) (district). The gu vary greatly in area (from 10 to 47 km2) and population (from fewer than 140,000 to 630,000). Songpa has the most people, while Seocho has the largest area. The government of each gu handles many of the functions that are handled by city governments in other jurisdictions. Each gu is divided into "dong" (Hangul: 동; Hanja: 洞) or neighbourhoods. Some gu have only a few dong while others like Jongno District have a very large number of distinct neighbourhoods. Gu of Seoul consist of 423 administrative dongs (Hangul: 행정동) in total. Dong are also sub-divided into 13,787 tong (Hangul: 통; Hanja: 統), which are further divided into 102,796 ban in total.

 

DEMOGRAPHICS

Seoul proper is noted for its population density, which is almost twice that of New York and eight times greater than Rome. Its metropolitan area was the most densely populated in the OECD in Asia in 2012, and second worldwide after that of Paris. As of December 2013, the population was 10.14 million, in 2012, it was 10,442,426. As of the end of June 2011, 10.29 million Republic of Korea citizens lived in the city. This was a 24% decrease from the end of 2010. The population of Seoul has been dropping since the early 1990s, the reasons being the high costs of living and an aging population.

 

The number of foreigners living in Seoul is 255,501 in 2010 according to Seoul officials.[58] As of June 2011, 281,780 foreigners were located in Seoul. Of them, 186,631 foreigners (66%) were Chinese citizens of Korean ancestry. This was an 8.84% increase from the end of 2010 and a 12.85% increase from June 2010. The next largest group was Chinese citizens who are not of Korean ethnicity; 29,901 of them resided in Seoul. The next highest group consisted of the 9,999 United States citizens who were not of Korean ancestry. The next highest group were the Republic of China (Taiwan) citizens, at 8,717.

 

The two major religions in Seoul are Christianity and Buddhism. Other religions include Muism (indigenous religion) and Confucianism. Seoul is home to one of the world's largest Christians congregations, Yoido Full Gospel Church , which has around 830,000 members. Seoul is home to the world's largest modern university founded by a Buddhist Order, Dongguk University. Other Christian faiths like The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormons) maintains a presence in the city.

 

ECONOMY

Seoul is the business and financial hub of South Korea. Although it accounts for only 0.6 percent of the nation's land area, 48.3 percent of South Korea's bank deposits were held in Seoul in 2003, and the city generated 23 percent of the country's GDP overall in 2012. In 2008 the Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index ranked Seoul No.9. The Global Financial Centres Index in 2015 listed Seoul as the 6th financially most competitive city in the world. The Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Seoul 15th in the list of "Overall 2025 City Competitiveness" regarding future competitiveness of cities.

 

MANUFACTURING

The traditional, labour-intensive manufacturing industries have been continuously replaced by information technology, electronics and assembly-type of industries; however, food and beverage production, as well as printing and publishing remained among the core industries. Major manufacturers are headquartered in the city, including Samsung, LG, Hyundai, Kia and SK. Notable food and beverage companies include Jinro, whose soju is the most sold alcoholic drink in the world, beating out Smirnoff vodka; top selling beer producers Hite (merged with Jinro) and Oriental Brewery. It also hosts food giants like Seoul Dairy Cooperative, Nongshim Group, Ottogi, CJ, Orion, Maeil Dairy, Namyang dairy and Lotte.

 

FINANCE

Seoul hosts large concentration of headquarters of International companies and banks, including 15 companies on fortune 500 list such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai. Most bank headquarters and the Korea Exchange are located in Yeouido (Yeoui island), which is often called "Korea's Wall Street" and has been serving as the financial center of the city since the 1980s. The Seoul international finance center & SIFC MALL, Hanhwa 63 building, the Hanhwa insurance company head office. Hanhwa is one of the three largest Korean insurance companies, along with Samsung Life and Gangnam & Kyob life insurance group.

 

COMMERCE

The largest wholesale and retail market in South Korea, the Dongdaemun Market, is located in Seoul. Myeongdong is a shopping and entertainment area in downtown Seoul with mid- to high-end stores, fashion boutiques and international brand outlets. The nearby Namdaemun Market, named after the Namdaemun Gate, is the oldest continually running market in Seoul.

 

Insadong is the cultural art market of Seoul, where traditional and modern Korean artworks, such as paintings, sculptures and calligraphy are sold. Hwanghak-dong Flea Market and Janganpyeong Antique Market also offer antique products. Some shops for local designers have opened in Samcheong-dong, where numerous small art galleries are located. Itaewon caters mainly to foreign tourists and American soldiers based in the city. The Gangnam district is one of the most affluent areas in Seoul and is noted for the fashionable and upscale Apgujeong-dong and Cheongdam-dong areas and the COEX Mall. Wholesale markets include Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market and Garak Market.

 

The Yongsan Electronics Market is the largest electronics market in Asia. Electronics markets are Gangbyeon station metro line 2 Techno mart, ENTER6 MALL & Shindorim station Technomart mall complex.

 

Times Square is one of Seoul's largest shopping malls featuring the CGV Starium, the world's largest permanent 35 mm cinema screen.

 

KOREA WORLD TRADE CENTER COMPLEX which comprises COEX mall, congress center, 3 Inter-continental hotels, Business tower (Asem tower), Residence hotel,Casino and City airport terminal was established in 1988 Seoul Olympic . 2nd World trade trade center is planning at Seoul Olympic stadium complex as MICE HUB by Seoul city. Ex-Kepco head office building was purchased by Hyundai motor group with 9billion USD to build 115-storey Hyundai GBC & hotel complex until 2021. Now ex-kepco 25-storey building is under demolition.

 

ARCHITECTURE

The traditional heart of Seoul is the old Joseon Dynasty city, now the downtown area, where most palaces, government offices, corporate headquarters, hotels, and traditional markets are located. Cheonggyecheon, a stream that runs from west to east through the valley before emptying into the Han River, was for many years covered with concrete, but was recently restored by an urban revival project in 2005. Jongno street, meaning "Bell Street," has been a principal street and one of the earliest commercial steets of the city, on which one can find Bosingak, a pavilion containing a large bell. The bell signaled the different times of the day and controlled the four major gates to the city. North of downtown is Bukhan Mountain, and to the south is the smaller Namsan. Further south are the old suburbs, Yongsan District and Mapo District. Across the Han River are the newer and wealthier areas of Gangnam District, Seocho District and surrounding neighborhoods.

 

HISTORICAL ARCHITECTURE

Seoul has many historical and cultural landmarks. In Amsa-dong Prehistoric Settlement Site, Gangdong District, neolithic remains were excavated and accidentally discovered by a flood in 1925.

 

Urban and civil planning was a key concept when Seoul was first designed to serve as a capital in the late 14th century. The Joseon Dynasty built the "Five Grand Palaces" in Seoul – Changdeokgung, Changgyeonggung, Deoksugung, Gyeongbokgung and Gyeonghuigung – all of which are located in the district of Jongno District and Jung District. Among them, Changdeokgung was added to the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1997 as an "outstanding example of Far Eastern palace architecture and garden design". The main palace, Gyeongbokgung, underwent a large-scale restoration project. The palaces are considered exemplary architecture of the Joseon period. Beside the palaces, Unhyeongung is known for being the royal residence of Regent Daewongun, the father of Emperor Gojong at the end of the Joseon Dynasty.

 

Seoul has been surrounded by walls that were built to regulate visitors from other regions and protect the city in case of an invasion. Pungnap Toseong is a flat earthen wall built at the edge of the Han River which is widely believed to be the site of Wiryeseong. Mongchon Toseong (Hangul: 몽촌토성; Hanja: 蒙村土城) is another earthen wall built during the Baekje period which is now located inside the Olympic Park. The Fortress Wall of Seoul was built early in the Joseon Dynasty for protection of the city. After many centuries of destruction and rebuilding, approximately ⅔ of the wall remains, as well as six of the original eight gates. These gates include Sungnyemun and Heunginjimun, commonly known as Namdaemun (South Great Gate) and Dongdaemun (East Great Gate). Namdaemun was the oldest wooden gate until a 2008 arson attack, and was re-opened after complete restoration in 2013. Situated near the gates are the traditional markets and largest shopping center, Namdaemun Market and Dongdaemun Market.

 

There are also many buildings constructed with international styles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Independence Gate was built in 1897 to inspire an independent spirit. Seoul Station was opened in 1900 as Gyeongseong Station.

 

MODERN ARCHITECTURE

Various high-rise office buildings and residential buildings, like the Gangnam Finance Center, the Tower Palace, N Seoul Tower and Jongno Tower, dominate the city's skyline. A series of new high rises are under construction, including the Lotte World Tower, scheduled to be completed by 2016. As of July 2016, and excluding the still unopened Lotte World Tower, the tallest building in the city is the 279-metre-high Three International Finance Center.

 

The World Trade Center Seoul, located in Gangnam District, hosts various expositions and conferences. Also in Gangnam District is the COEX Mall, a large indoor shopping and entertainment complex. Downstream from Gangnam District is Yeouido, an island that is home to the National Assembly, major broadcasting studios, and a number of large office buildings, as well as the Korea Finance Building and the Yoido Full Gospel Church. The Olympic Stadium, Olympic Park, and Lotte World are located in Songpa District, on the south side of the Han River, upstream from Gangnam District. Two new modern landmarks of Seoul are Dongdaemun Design Plaza & Park, designed by Zaha Hadid, and the new wave-shaped Seoul City Hall, by Yoo Kerl of iArc.

 

In 2010 Seoul was designated the World Design Capital for the year.

 

CULTURE

TECHNOLOGY

Seoul has a very technologically advanced infrastructure. It has the world's highest fibre-optic broadband penetration, resulting in the world's fastest internet connections with speeds up to 1 Gbps. Seoul provides free Wi-Fi access in outdoor spaces. This 47.7 billion won ($44 million) project will give residents and visitors Internet access at 10,430 parks, streets and other public places by 2015.

 

MUSEUMS

Seoul is home to 115 museums, including four national and nine official municipal museums. Amongst the city's national museum, The National Museum of Korea is the most representative of museums in not only Seoul but all of South Korea. Since its establishment in 1945, the museum has built a collection of 220,000 artifacts. In October 2005, the museum moved to a new building in Yongsan Family Park. The National Folk Museum is situated on the grounds of the Gyeongbokgung Palace in the district of Jongno District and uses replicas of historical objects to illustrate the folk history of the Korean people. The National Palace Museum of Korea is also located on the grounds of the Gyeongbokgung Palace. Finally, the Seoul branch of the National Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art, whose main museum is located in Gwacheon, opened in 2013, in Sogyeok-dong.

 

Bukchon Hanok Village and Namsangol Hanok Village are old residential districts consisting of hanok Korean traditional houses, parks, and museums that allows visitors to experience traditional Korean culture.

 

The War Memorial, one of nine municipal museums in Seoul, offers visitors an educational and emotional experience of various wars in which Korea was involved, including Korean War themes. The Seodaemun Prison is a former prison built during the Japanese occupation, and is currently used as a historic museum.The Seoul Museum of Art and Ilmin Museum of Art have preserved the appearance of the old building that is visually unique from the neighboring tall, modern buildings. The former is operated by Seoul City Council and sits adjacent to Gyeonghuigung Palace, a Joseon dynasty royal palace. Leeum, Samsung Museum of Art, is widely regarded as one of Seoul's largest private museum. For many Korean film lovers from all over the world, the Korean Film Archive is running the Korean Film Museum and Cinematheque KOFA in its main center located in Digital Media City (DMC), Sangam-dong. The Tteok & Kitchen Utensil Museum and Kimchi Field Museum provide information regarding Korean culinary history.

 

RELIGIOUS MONUMENTS

There are also religious buildings that take important roles in Korean society and politics. The Wongudan altar was a sacrificial place where Korean rulers held heavenly rituals since the Three Kingdoms period. Since the Joseon Dynasty adopted Confucianism as its national ideology in the 14th century, the state built many Confucian shrines. The descendants of the Joseon royal family still continue to hold ceremonies to commemorate ancestors at Jongmyo. It is the oldest royal Confucian shrine preserved and the ritual ceremonies continue a tradition established in the 14th century. Munmyo and Dongmyo were built during the same period. Although Buddhism was suppressed by the Joseon state, it has continued its existence. Jogyesa is the headquarters of the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism. Hwagyesa and Bongeunsa are also major Buddhist temples in Seoul.

 

The Myeongdong Cathedral is a landmark of the Myeongdong, Jung District and the biggest Catholic church established in 1883. It is a symbol of Catholicism in Korea. It was also a focus for political dissent in the 1980s. In this way the Roman Catholic Church has a very strong influence in Korean society.

 

There are many Protestant churches in Seoul. The most numerous are Presbyterian, but there are also many Methodist, Baptist, and Lutheran churches. Yoido Full Gospel Church is a Pentecostal church affiliated with the Assemblies of God on Yeouido in Seoul. With approximately 830,000 members (2007), it is the largest Pentecostal Christian congregation in the world, which has been recognized by the Guinness Book of World Records.

 

FESTIVALS

In October 2012 KBS Hall in Seoul hosted major international music festivals – First ABU TV and Radio Song Festivals within frameworks of Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union 49th General Assembly. Hi! Seoul Festival is a seasonal cultural festival held four times a year every spring, summer, autumn, and winter in Seoul, South Korea since 2003. It is based on the "Seoul Citizens' Day" held on every October since 1994 to commemorate the 600 years history of Seoul as the capital of the country. The festival is arranged under the Seoul Metropolitan Government. As of 2012, Seoul has hosted Ultra Music Festival Korea, an annual dance music festival that takes place on the 2nd weekend of June.

 

TRANSPORTATION

Seoul features one of the world's most advanced transportation infrastructures that is constantly under expansion. Its system dates back to the era of the Korean Empire, when the first streetcar lines were laid and a railroad linking Seoul and Incheon was completed. Seoul's most important streetcar line ran along Jongno until it was replaced by Line 1 of the subway system in the early 1970s. Other notable streets in downtown Seoul include Euljiro, Teheranno, Sejongno, Chungmuro, Yulgongno, and Toegyero. There are nine major subway lines stretching for more than 250 km, with one additional line planned. As of 2010, 25% of the population has a commute time of an hour or more.

 

BUS

Seoul's bus system is operated by the Seoul Metropolitan Government (S.M.G.), with four primary bus configurations available servicing most of the city. Seoul has many large intercity/express bus terminals. These buses connect Seoul with cities throughout South Korea. The Seoul Express Bus Terminal, Central City Terminal and Seoul Nambu Terminal are located in the district of Seocho District. In addition, East Seoul Bus Terminal in Gwangjin District and Sangbong Terminal in Jungnang District operate in the east of the city.

 

SUBWAY

Seoul has a comprehensive urban railway network that interconnects every district of the city and the surrounding areas. With more than 8 million passengers per day, Seoul has one of the busiest subway systems in the world. The Seoul Metropolitan Subway has 19 total lines which serve Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi province, western Gangwon province, and northern Chungnam province. In addition, in order to cope with the various modes of transport, Seoul's metropolitan government employs several mathematicians to coordinate the subway, bus, and traffic schedules into one timetable. The various lines are run by Korail, Seoul Metro, Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, NeoTrans Co. Ltd., AREX, and Seoul Metro Line 9 Corporation.

 

TRAIN

Seoul is connected to every major city in South Korea by rail. Seoul is also linked to most major South Korean cities by the KTX high-speed train, which has a normal operation speed of more than 300 km/h. Major railroad stations include:

 

Seoul Station, Yongsan District: Gyeongbu line (KTX/Saemaul/Mugunghwa-ho), Gyeongui line (Saemaul/Commuter)

Yongsan Station, Yongsan District: Honam line (KTX/Saemaul/Mugunghwa), Jeolla/Janghang lines (Saemaul/Mugunghwa)

Yeongdeungpo Station, Yeongdeungpo District: Gyeongbu/Honam/Janghang lines (Saemaul/Mugunghwa)

Cheongnyangni Station, Dongdaemun District: Gyeongchun/Jungang/Yeongdong/Taebaek lines (Mugunghwa)

 

In addition, Suseo Station,in Gangnam District, is scheduled to open in late 2016, and offer KTX service on the newly built Suseo High Speed Railway.

 

AIRPORTS

Two international airports serve Seoul. Gimpo International Airport, formerly in Gimpo but annexed to Seoul in 1963, was for many years (since its original construction during the Korean War) the only international airport serving Seoul. Other domestic airports were also built around the time of the war, including Yeouido.

 

When it opened in March 2001, Incheon International Airport on Yeongjong island in Incheon changed the role of Gimpo Airport significantly. Incheon is now responsible for almost all international flights and some domestic flights, while Gimpo serves only domestic flights with the exception of flights to Haneda Airport in Tokyo, Osaka Kansai International Airport, Taipei Songshan Airport in Taipei, Hongqiao Airport in Shanghai, and Beijing Capital International Airport in Beijing. This has led to a significant drop in flights from Gimpo Airport, though it remains one of South Korea's busiest airports.

 

Meanwhile, Incheon International Airport has become, along with Hong Kong, a major transportation center for East Asia.

 

Incheon and Gimpo are linked to Seoul by highways, and to each other by the Incheon International Airport Railroad, which is also linked to Incheon line #1. Gimpo is also linked by subway (line No. 5 and #9). The Incheon International Airport Railroad, connecting the airport directly to Seoul Station in central Seoul, was recently opened. Shuttle buses also transfer passengers between Incheon and Gimpo airports.

 

CYCLING

Cycling is becoming increasingly popular in Seoul and in the entire country. Both banks of the Han River have cycling paths that run all the way across the city along the river. In addition, Seoul introduced in 2015 a bicycle-sharing system named Ddareungi.

 

EDUCATION

UNICERSITIES

Seoul is home to the majority of South Korea's most prestigious universities, including Seoul National University, Yonsei University, Korea University, Sungkyunkwan University, Sogang University, Hanyang University, Chung-Ang University, Ewha Womans University, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Hongik University, Kyung Hee University, Soongsil University, Sookmyung Women's University, Korea Military Academy, and the University of Seoul.

 

SECONDARY EDUCATION

Education from grades 1–12 is compulsory. Students spend six years in elementary school, three years in middle school, and three years in high school. Secondary schools generally require that the students wear uniforms. There is an exit exam for graduating from high school and many students proceeding to the university level are required to take the College Scholastic Ability Test that is held every November. Although there is a test for non-high school graduates, called school qualification exam, most of Koreans take the test

 

Seoul is home to various specialized schools, including three science high schools (Hansung Science High School, Sejong Science High School and Seoul Science High School), and six foreign language High Schools (Daewon Foreign Language High School, Daeil Foreign Language High School, Ewha Girls' Foreign Language High School, Hanyoung Foreign Language High School, Myungduk Foreign Language High School and Seoul Foreign Language High School). Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education comprises 235 College-Preparatory High Schools, 80 Vocational Schools, 377 Middle Schools, and 33 Special Education Schools as of 2009.

 

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Seoul is a member of the Asian Network of Major Cities 21 and the C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group.

 

WIKIPEDIA

Work inspired by Peter Randall Page

www.circlegardencooperative.org/2015/08/08/form-drawing-p...

L'intérieur de la mosquée Juma Masjid, construite au 18ème siècle.

 

De nombreuses colonnes en bois sculpté soutiennent le plafond de la "mosquée du vendredi" Juma Masjid.

 

Certains piliers sont très anciens, leur style décoratif est caractéristique de Khiva.

 

Sur la partie inférieure de ce pilier consacré aux religions, on décèle la forme du Bouddha.

A visit to the National Trust property that is Penrhyn Castle

 

Penrhyn Castle is a country house in Llandygai, Bangor, Gwynedd, North Wales, in the form of a Norman castle. It was originally a medieval fortified manor house, founded by Ednyfed Fychan. In 1438, Ioan ap Gruffudd was granted a licence to crenellate and he founded the stone castle and added a tower house. Samuel Wyatt reconstructed the property in the 1780s.

 

The present building was created between about 1822 and 1837 to designs by Thomas Hopper, who expanded and transformed the building beyond recognition. However a spiral staircase from the original property can still be seen, and a vaulted basement and other masonry were incorporated into the new structure. Hopper's client was George Hay Dawkins-Pennant, who had inherited the Penrhyn estate on the death of his second cousin, Richard Pennant, who had made his fortune from slavery in Jamaica and local slate quarries. The eldest of George's two daughters, Juliana, married Grenadier Guard, Edward Gordon Douglas, who, on inheriting the estate on George's death in 1845, adopted the hyphenated surname of Douglas-Pennant. The cost of the construction of this vast 'castle' is disputed, and very difficult to work out accurately, as much of the timber came from the family's own forestry, and much of the labour was acquired from within their own workforce at the slate quarry. It cost the Pennant family an estimated £150,000. This is the current equivalent to about £49,500,000.

 

Penrhyn is one of the most admired of the numerous mock castles built in the United Kingdom in the 19th century; Christopher Hussey called it, "the outstanding instance of Norman revival." The castle is a picturesque composition that stretches over 600 feet from a tall donjon containing family rooms, through the main block built around the earlier house, to the service wing and the stables.

 

It is built in a sombre style which allows it to possess something of the medieval fortress air despite the ground-level drawing room windows. Hopper designed all the principal interiors in a rich but restrained Norman style, with much fine plasterwork and wood and stone carving. The castle also has some specially designed Norman-style furniture, including a one-ton slate bed made for Queen Victoria when she visited in 1859.

 

Hugh Napier Douglas-Pennant, 4th Lord Penrhyn, died in 1949, and the castle and estate passed to his niece, Lady Janet Pelham, who, on inheritance, adopted the surname of Douglas-Pennant. In 1951, the castle and 40,000 acres (160 km²) of land were accepted by the treasury in lieu of death duties from Lady Janet. It now belongs to the National Trust and is open to the public. The site received 109,395 visitors in 2017.

  

Grade I Listed Building

 

Penrhyn Castle

  

History

 

The present house, built in the form of a vast Norman castle, was constructed to the design of Thomas Hopper for George Hay Dawkins-Pennant between 1820 and 1837. It has been very little altered since.

 

The original house on the site was a medieval manor house of C14 origin, for which a licence to crenellate was given at an unknown date between 1410 and 1431. This house survived until c1782 when it was remodelled in castellated Gothick style, replete with yellow mathematical tiles, by Samuel Wyatt for Richard Pennant. This house, the great hall of which is incorporated in the present drawing room, was remodelled in c1800, but the vast profits from the Penrhyn slate quarries enabled all the rest to be completely swept away by Hopper's vast neo-Norman fantasy, sited and built so that it could be seen not only from the quarries, but most parts of the surrounding estate, thereby emphasizing the local dominance of the Dawkins-Pennant family. The total cost is unknown but it cannot have been less than the £123,000 claimed by Catherine Sinclair in 1839.

 

Since 1951 the house has belonged to the National Trust, together with over 40,000 acres of the family estates around Ysbyty Ifan and the Ogwen valley.

 

Exterior

 

Country house built in the style of a vast Norman castle with other later medieval influences, so huge (its 70 roofs cover an area of over an acre (0.4ha)) that it almost defies meaningful description. The main components of the house, which is built on a north-south axis with the main elevations to east and west, are the 124ft (37.8m) high keep, based on Castle Hedingham (Essex) containing the family quarters on the south, the central range, protected by a 'barbican' terrace on the east, housing the state apartments, and the rectangular-shaped staff/service buildings and stables to the north. The whole is constructed of local rubblestone with internal brick lining, but all elevations are faced in tooled Anglesey limestone ashlar of the finest quality jointing; flat lead roofs concealed by castellated parapets. Close to, the extreme length of the building (it is about 200 yards (182.88m) long) and the fact that the ground slopes away on all sides mean that almost no complete elevation can be seen. That the most frequent views of the exterior are oblique also offered Hopper the opportunity to deploy his towers for picturesque effect, the relationship between the keep and the other towers and turrets frequently obscuring the distances between them. Another significant external feature of the castle is that it actually looks defensible making it secure at least from Pugin's famous slur of 1841 on contemporary "castles" - "Who would hammer against nailed portals, when he could kick his way through the greenhouse?" Certainly, this could never be achieved at Penrhyn and it looks every inch the impregnable fortress both architect and patron intended it to be.

 

East elevation: to the left is the loosely attached 4-storey keep on battered plinth with 4 tiers of deeply splayed Norman windows, 2 to each face, with chevron decoration and nook-shafts, topped by 4 square corner turrets. The dining room (distinguished by the intersecting tracery above the windows) and breakfast room to the right of the entrance gallery are protected by the long sweep of the machicolated 'barbican' terrace (carriage forecourt), curved in front of the 2 rooms and then running northwards before returning at right-angles to the west to include the gatehouse, which formed the original main entrance to the castle, and ending in a tall rectangular tower with machicolated parapet. To the right of the gatehouse are the recessed buildings of the kitchen court and to the right again the long, largely unbroken outer wall of the stable court, terminated by the square footmen's tower to the left and the rather more exuberant projecting circular dung tower with its spectacularly cantilevered bartizan on the right. From here the wall runs at right-angles to the west incorporating the impressive gatehouse to the stable court.

 

West elevation: beginning at the left is the hexagonal smithy tower, followed by the long run of the stable court, well provided with windows on this side as the stables lie directly behind. At the end of this the wall turns at right-angles to the west, incorporating the narrow circular-turreted gatehouse to the outer court and terminating in the machicolated circular ice tower. From here the wall runs again at a lower height enclosing the remainder of the outer court. It is, of course, the state apartments which make up the chief architectural display on the central part of this elevation, beginning with a strongly articulated but essentially rectangular tower to the left, while both the drawing room and the library have Norman windows leading directly onto the lawns, the latter terminating in a slender machicolated circular corner tower. To the right is the keep, considerably set back on this side.

Interior

 

Only those parts of the castle generally accessible to visitors are recorded in this description. Although not described here much of the furniture and many of the paintings (including family portraits) are also original to the house. Similarly, it should be noted that in the interests of brevity and clarity, not all significant architectural features are itemised in the following description.

 

Entrance gallery: one of the last parts of the castle to be built, this narrow cloister-like passage was added to the main block to heighten the sensation of entering the vast Grand Hall, which is made only partly visible by the deliberate offsetting of the intervening doorways; bronze lamp standards with wolf-heads on stone bases. Grand Hall: entering the columned aisle of this huge space, the visitor stands at a cross-roads between the 3 principal areas of the castle's plan; to the left the passage leads up to the family's private apartments on the 4 floors of the keep, to the right the door at the end leads to the extensive service quarters while ahead lies the sequence of state rooms used for entertaining guests and displayed to the public ever since the castle was built. The hall itself resembles in form, style and scale the transept of a great Norman cathedral, the great clustered columns extending upwards to a "triforium" formed on 2 sides of extraordinary compound arches; stained glass with signs of the zodiac and months of the year as in a book of hours by Thomas Willement (completed 1835). Library: has very much the atmosphere of a gentlemen’s London club with walls, columned arches and ceilings covered in the most lavish ornamentation; superb architectural bookcases and panelled walls are of oak but the arches are plaster grained to match; ornamental bosses and other devices to the rich plaster ceiling refer to the ancestry of the Dawkins and Pennant families, as do the stained glass lunettes above the windows, possibly by David Evans of Shrewsbury; 4 chimneypieces of polished Anglesey "marble", one with a frieze of fantastical carved mummers in the capitals. Drawing room (great hall of the late C18 house and its medieval predecessor): again in a neo-Norman style but the decoration is lighter and the columns more slender, the spirit of the room reflected in the 2000 delicate Maltese gilt crosses to the vaulted ceiling. Ebony room: so called on account of its furniture and "ebonised" chimneypiece and plasterwork, has at its entrance a spiral staircase from the medieval house. Grand Staircase hall: in many ways the greatest architectural achievement at Penrhyn, taking 10 years to complete, the carving in 2 contrasting stones of the highest quality; repeating abstract decorative motifs contrast with the infinitely inventive figurative carving in the newels and capitals; to the top the intricate plaster panels of the domed lantern are formed in exceptionally high relief and display both Norse and Celtic influences. Next to the grand stair is the secondary stair, itself a magnificent structure in grey sandstone with lantern, built immediately next to the grand stair so that family or guests should not meet staff on the same staircase. Reached from the columned aisle of the grand hall are the 2 remaining principal ground-floor rooms, the dining room and the breakfast room, among the last parts of the castle to be completed and clearly intended to be picture galleries as much as dining areas, the stencilled treatment of the walls in the dining room allowing both the provision of an appropriately elaborate "Norman" scheme and a large flat surface for the hanging of paintings; black marble fireplace carved by Richard Westmacott and extremely ornate ceiling with leaf bosses encircled by bands of figurative mouldings derived from the Romanesque church of Kilpeck, Herefordshire. Breakfast room has cambered beam ceiling with oak-grained finish.

 

Grand hall gallery: at the top of the grand staircase is vaulted and continues around the grand hall below to link with the passage to the keep, which at this level (as on the other floors) contains a suite of rooms comprising a sitting room, dressing room, bedroom and small ante-chamber, the room containing the famous slate bed also with a red Mona marble chimneypiece, one of the most spectacular in the castle. Returning to the grand hall gallery and continuing straight on rather than returning to the grand staircase the Lower India room is reached to the right: this contains an Anglesey limestone chimneypiece painted to match the ground colour of the room's Chinese wallpaper. Coming out of this room, the chapel corridor leads to the chapel gallery (used by the family) and the chapel proper below (used by staff), the latter with encaustic tiles probably reused from the old medieval chapel; stained and painted glass by David Evans (c1833).

 

The domestic quarters of the castle are reached along the passage from the breakfast room, which turns at right-angles to the right at the foot of the secondary staircase, the most important areas being the butler's pantry, steward's office, servants' hall, housekeeper's room, still room, housekeeper's store and housemaids' tower, while the kitchen (with its cast-iron range flanked by large and hygienic vertical slabs of Penrhyn slate) is housed on the lower ground floor. From this kitchen court, which also includes a coal store, oil vaults, brushing room, lamp room, pastry room, larder, scullery and laundry are reached the outer court with its soup kitchen, brewhouse and 2-storey ice tower and the much larger stables court which, along with the stables themselves containing their extensive slate-partitioned stalls and loose boxes, incorporates the coach house, covered ride, smithy tower, dung tower with gardeners' messroom above and footmen's tower.

 

Reasons for Listing

 

Included at Grade I as one of the most important large country houses in Wales; a superb example of the relatively short-lived Norman Revival of the early C19 and generally regarded as the masterpiece of its architect, Thomas Hopper.

  

Victorian Kitchens

 

Dry Larder

 

sign

spent the weekend at a workshop for studio lighting for the figure. 12 photographers, 3 models, 3 assistants, 1 instructor, and 2 days worth of images to process.

This is the obama birth cetificate of birth released April 25th on www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/rss_viewer/birth-c...

 

here it is with the layers moved from the background together.

 

as you can see the original comes directly from the official whitehouse website.

 

to see the layers open the pdf on adobe illustrator and 'release clipping mask' with a right click of the mouse.

 

alternatively you can see the parts that make up the document here:

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www.flickr.com/photos/62313570@N08/5663134244/in/photostream

www.flickr.com/photos/62313570@N08/5662567407/in/photostream

Alitalia—a combination of the Italian words for “Air Italy” and the Italian flag carrier airline—was formed in September 1946 as Aerolinee Italiane Internazionali at the request of the Italian postwar government. Alitalia was meant from the start to be the Italian flag carrier, and the Italian government held a 48% controlling interest in the airline; British European Airways (BEA), who was to assist the establishment of Alitalia, held another 40%. It did not begin operations until 1947, with a mixed fleet of Fiat G.12s, Savoia-Marchetti SM.95s, and Avro Lancastrians—all converted World War II-era aircraft, with the latter converted from bombers. Despite the distance involved, the Lancastrians were used to immediately establish international routes to South America. More modern equipment arrived in 1949 in the form of dedicated airliners—Douglas DC-3s for domestic routes and DC-4s for international service.

 

Eleven years after its foundation, Alitalia absorbed its main rival, Italian Airlines (Linee Aeree Italiane), formally taking the name Alitalia-Linee Aeree Italiane. By this time, it had acquired turboprop Vickers Viscounts for European service, and in 1960 Alitalia entered the jet age by putting into service the Douglas DC-8 and Sud-Aviation Caravelle on the same day. In 1961, BEA relinquished its holdings in Alitalia, with the Italian government acquiring slightly more shares; other shares were acquired by Trans World Airlines (TWA) and Air France, with the remainder going to private investment.

 

It continued to expand its network and modernize its fleet, which by 1970 included wide-bodied airliners such as the 747. Alitalia also became one of the world’s largest users of the DC-9, as no less than 43 DC-9s were in service with the airline on domestic routes by the 1980s. It adopted its current livery in 1973 and became known in the 1980s as the “Pope’s airline,” as Alitalia usually flew Pope John Paul II on his frequent overseas trips.

 

By 1987, Alitalia was also known for its financial problems: continued problems with labor unions and Italy’s volatile politics left the airline constantly in debt (it would only turn a profit for one year of the 20th Century, 1998), and the Italian government was forced to increase its share to 83% to keep Alitalia from going bankrupt. A major restructuring occurred that at least lowered the debt for some time. The post 9/11 airline downturn made Alitalia’s ongoing troubles worse, and by 2006, Italy’s government, itself facing financial crisis, could no longer afford to keep loaning billions of euros to Alitalia. Attempts to privatize the airline failed, as did an attempted merger with KLM. Making matters worse, Alitalia was embroiled in several lawsuits from other airlines after a failed attempt to take over Air Europe and its move to the larger Milan-Malpensa airport, which the other airlines felt gave Alitalia too much of an advantage in the southern European market. (It was a moot point: by 2007, Alitalia instead moved most of its operations to Rome.)

 

In 2008, the Italian government announced that Alitalia was bankrupt and put its shares up for sale. The airline—which never ceased operations—was acquired by Compagnia Aerea Italiana (CAI), which already owned Alitalia’s biggest competitor, the low-cost airline Air One. Under the terms of the agreement, CAI acquired 75% of Alitalia, leaving the other 25% in the hands of Air France-KLM. Air One continued to exist, now taking over some of Alitalia’s domestic routes and acting as a low-cost subsidiary. Alitalia consolidated its fleet and routes, but while it has done better under CAI ownership, it continues to face financial difficulty. Nonetheless, this troubled airline remains the Italian flag carrier and the 19th largest airline in the world.

 

Đà Lạt (Vietnamese pronunciation: [ɗâː làːt], or Dalat (pop. 206,105 as of 2009, of which 185,509 are urban inhabitants), is the capital of Lâm Đồng Province in Vietnam. The city is located 1,500 m above sea level on the Langbian Plateau in the southern parts of the Central Highlands region. In Vietnam, Da Lat is a popular tourist destination.

 

Da Lat's specific sights are pine wood (forming the name: "City of thousands of pine trees") with twisting roads and tree marigold (Vietnamese: dã quỳ) blossom in the winter. The city’s temperate weather stands in contrast to Vietnam's otherwise tropical climate. Mist covering the valleys almost year-round leads to its name "City of Eternal Spring".

 

Da Lat is also known as an area for scientific research in the fields of biotechnology and nuclear physics.

 

With its year-round cool weather, Da Lat supplies temperate agriculture products for all over Vietnam, for example: cabbage and cauliflower. Its flower industry produces two typical flowers: hydrangea (Vietnamese: cẩm tú cầu) and golden everlasting (Vietnamese: hoa bất tử). The confectionery industry offers a wide range of mứt, a kind of fruit preserve that closely resembles varenie, made from strawberry, mulberry, sweet potato, and/or rose.

 

NAME

According to some sources, the name derives from the acronym of the Latin phrase 'Dat Aliis Laetitiam Aliis Temperiem' ("It Gives Pleasure to Some, Freshness to Others"), which the French colonial government used in their official emblem of Đà Lạt. In reality, the name Da Lat derived from the language of the local ethnic group Lạt and its original meaning is "Stream of the Lạt", and the acronym above is in fact a backcronym.

 

HISTORY

During the 1890s, explorers in the area (including the noted bacteriologist Alexandre Yersin, protégé of the renowned French chemist Louis Pasteur), which was then part of the French colony of Cochinchina, asked the French governor-general, Paul Doumer, to create a resort center in the highlands. The governor agreed. The original intended site for the hill station was Dankia, but Étienne Tardif, a member of the road-building expedition of 1898-99, proposed the current site instead. In 1907, the first hotel was built. Urban planning was carried out by Ernest Hébrard.

 

The French endowed the city with villas and boulevards, and its Swiss charms remain today. Hébrard included the requisite health complex, golf course, parks, schools, and homes but no industry. The legacy of boarding schools where children from the whole of Indochina were taught by French priests, nuns, and expatriates still existed as late as 1969. In 1929, the Christian and Missionary Alliance established a school (Dalat International School) for Canadian and American children of missionaries serving in south-east Asia. In 1965, the school moved to Bangkok, Thailand; then in 1966 to the Cameron Highlands in Malaysia and then, in June 1971, moved to its present location in Georgetown, Malaysia. There were seminaries of Jesuits (such as Pius X Pontifical College) and other orders. The elite Vietnamese National Military Academy graduated its first class of future leaders in 1950. There was an aviation school at Cam Ly Airport.

 

During World War II, Đà Lạt was the capital of the Federation of Indochina, from 1939 to 1945.

 

In the mid-1950s, the Vietnamese Scout Association established their national training grounds at Đà Lạt.

 

The only major involvement Da Lat had during the Vietnam War was within the 1968 Tet Offensive. Fierce battles raged from January 31 to February 9, 1968. Most of the fighting took place between the South Vietnamese MP units stationed in Đà Lạt and the Việt Cộng (VC) forces. American MPs were also involved in the fighting and suffered several KIAs during a rocket attack on their compound. Defeats and victories alternated between the two during the sporadic-yet-intense battles. However, the South Vietnamese MPs were eventually able to regain control of Đà Lạt. It is stated that around 200 VC were killed-in-action (KIAs) during this battle. Although South Vietnamese MP forces were known to have significantly fewer KIAs, their injured list grew steadily throughout the engagement because of periods of low supplies and support. What ultimately saved the South Vietnamese MPs was the fact that they held strong defensive positions throughout Đà Lạt from the beginning to the end of the battles.

 

GEOGRAPHY

Đà Lạt is located 1,500 m (4,900 ft) above sea level on the Langbian Plateau in the southern parts of the Central Highlands (in Vietnamese, Tây Nguyên). The constructed Xuan Huong Lake - measuring 5 square kilometres - is located in central Đà Lạt and, following repair work, the lake is completely filled as of October 2011.

 

GEOLOGY

Đà Lạt is a source area for pyroxene from the Australasian strewnfield.

 

ADMINISTRATIVE

Đà Lạt is divided into 12 wards which are numbered 1 to 12, and 4 communes: Ta Nung, Xuan Truong, Xuan Tho and Tram Hanh.

 

CLIMATE

Da Lat features a subtropical highland climate under the Köppen climate classification (Cwb) and is mostly mild year round.

 

Da Lat's year-round temperate weather, standing in contrast to central & southern Vietnam’s otherwise-tropical climate, has led it to be nicknamed the “City of eternal spring”. The average temperature is 14 °C - 23 °C. The highest temperature ever in Da Lat was 31.5 °C, and the lowest was −0.6 °C. Mist covers the adjoining valleys almost year-round. Its temperate climate also makes it ideal for agriculture. Indeed, Da Lat is renowned for its orchids, roses, vegetables, and fruits. There are nascent wine-making and flower-growing industries in the region.

 

There are two separate seasons in Da Lat. The rainy season lasts from May to October, and the dry season is from November to April. The average annual precipitation is 1.770mm.

 

ARCHITECTUE

The architecture of Đà Lạt is dominated by the style of the French colonial period. Đà Lạt Railway Station, built in 1938, was designed in the Art Deco architectural style by French architects Moncet and Reveron, although it incorporates the high, pointed roofs characteristic of the Cao Nguyen communal buildings of Vietnam’s Central Highlands. The three gables represent an art deco version of Normandy’s Trouville-Deauville Station. The station’s unique design - with its roofs, arching ceiling, and coloured glass windows - earned it recognition as a national historical monument in 2001. They designed the Lycée Yersin, which opened in 1927. The Dominion of Mary Church and Convent, home to Roman Catholic nuns of the Mission of Charity, were built in 1938 with a similar pointed-roof style.Of particular note is the unconventional architecture of the Hằng Nga guesthouse, popularly known as the “Crazy House”. Described as a “fairy tale house”, its overall design resembles a giant banyan tree, incorporating sculptured design elements representing natural forms such as animals, mushrooms, spider webs and caves. Its architecture, consisting of complex, organic, non-rectilinear shapes, has been described as expressionist. Its creator, Vietnamese architect Dang Viet Nga (also known as Hằng Nga), who holds a PhD in architecture from Moscow State University, has acknowledged the inspiration of Catalan Spanish architect Antoni Gaudí in the building’s design. Visitors have variously drawn parallels between the guesthouse and the works of artists such as Salvador Dalí and Walt Disney. Since its opening in 1990, the building has gained recognition for its unique architecture, having been highlighted in numerous guidebooks and listed as one of the world’s ten most “bizarre” buildings in the Chinese People’s Daily. While superficially amusing, the compound is let down by the construction debris and household refuse behind the facades, and the lack of attention to safety issues.

 

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS

PARTNERSHIP CITIES

Dalat has special partnership relations with:

 

Canada Mississauga, Ontario, Canada

Thailand Chiang Mai, Thailand

 

WIKIPEDIA

A book formed of seven pages enclosed by a cover with a veiled woman's head and a bearded man. On the inside pages, engraved on both sides, a couple of human and animal figures are depicted probably at a latter date. Even the date, rich of magic signs (charaktères), does not seem to make sense.

 

Origin unknown, already in the Kircherian museum - IV-V century AD?

 

(text from museum placard)

 

ryanfb.github.io/etc/2015/02/10/a_curious_metal_codex_in_...

Architect: Kell Åström and Åke Ahlström

Built in: 1965

Client: Svenska Sockerfabriks AB

 

In 1956, the company, Svenska Sockerfabriks AB, decided to close the sugar mill which was located on this site and concentrate their operations to Skåne in the south of Sweden. In 1962 the demolitions of the mill and the other buildings within the factory area began. The company had built five high and curved houses with Åke Ahlström and Kell Åström as architects. Construction work was carried out between the years 1962-1965.

 

The houses were built by the construction company, Skånska Cementgjuteriet. Svenska Sockerfabriks AB (later AB Cardo) owned and managed houses until 1980, when the housing association Tanto was formed. The association has over 700 apartments divided in the five rounded building bodies with between nine and fifteen storeys facing south and the view of Årsta islets and the Årsta bridge. The facades consist of white and black concrete.

Pillbox formed by a metal turret, which could be rotated through a full 360 degrees, set above a steel and brick-lined pit. It was designed for a machine gun to be fired either through the front loophole which was further protected by shutters, or through the circular opening in the roof in a light anti-aircraft role. According to the manufacturer, it was suitable for Vickers, Bren, Hotchkiss or Lewis machine guns in either a ground defence or anti-aircraft role, or a Boys anti-tank rifle or rifle grenade for ground defence. Weapon change requires selection of appropriate bracket. The army did not favour the design, most were installed at airfields.

 

The turret was designed by A.H. Williams in conjunction with Colonel V.T.R. Ford and Lieutent Williamson. Williams was the Managing Director of Rustproof Metal Windows Company in Saltney, Chester where the turrets were produced.

The company had been engaged in war work since 1939, mainly manufacturing ammunition boxes for the Admiralty using a patented galvanising process.

 

The turret had a garrison of two men or, if necessary three men, for whom there were folding seats inside.One man can rotate the cupola which is on roller bearings and requires 15 lb of force to move it.

 

According to the manufacturer, four men could dig the position out and erect the turret ready for firing in two hours and remove it completely removed in 30 minutes.[64] Cost about £125.

 

Nearly 200 Allan Williams Turrets were made and installed, salvaging of the metal after the war means that today very are few

 

Frontier Airlines began life as Monarch Airlines, formed in 1946 with two Douglas DC-3s to fly local routes in Colorado, from its base in Denver. Over the next four years, Monarch took over two other regional airlines, Challenger Airlines and Arizona Airways, and changed its name to Frontier in 1950.

 

Frontier soon distinguished itself by serving small cities and towns in the Rocky Mountains region, expanding from Billings, Montana in the north to El Paso, Texas in the south. To replace its aging DC-3s, the Convair 340 was ordered in the late 1950s; to extend the life of these aircraft, they were converted to turboprop power as the Convair 580, for which Frontier was the launch customer and one of the largest operators.

 

In 1968, Frontier acquired its first jets, Boeing 727s, the same year that it bought out Central Airlines, moving Frontier out of the Rocky Mountain West for the first time. The 727s proved inefficient for the small airports Frontier served, and the fleet standardized on the 737, which was better suited.

 

Frontier gained a reputation for friendliness and closeness to the airports it served, though by 1970, it was second only to Pan American in number of airports served for an American carrier. It also became the first domestic American airline to hire a female pilot.

 

Deregulation was to hurt Frontier, beginning in 1980: whereas the airline enjoyed a near monopoly on small Western destinations, many of these small towns were not economically viable for business. In the larger towns, Frontier soon faced competition from Continental, United and smaller startup airlines. An effort to expand service to the US East Coast, Mexico and Canada had mixed results, pitting a regional carrier against the bigger national airlines. Frontier employees voluntarily took pay cuts to keep the airline viable, and were not pleased when Frontier launched Frontier Horizon in 1984. This was an effort to create a low-cost airline associated with Frontier that offered nonstop service to the cities of the East and Midwest—a market already dominated by Delta and United. Frontier Horizon only lasted a year before it was shut down.

 

By 1985, Frontier was in dire straits. In an effort to save it, Frontier was bought by People Express, who intended to keep it a separate entity concentrated in the West, while People Express served the East. This might have worked, if People Express had itself not been bought by Continental in 1986; Continental was buying out several small airlines, and all of them were absorbed into the parent airline. Frontier shut down operations in September 1986.

 

Frontier’s story was not yet over, however. Continental, itself facing bankruptcy, shut down its Denver operations in 1993 to save money, leaving many Western destinations without service. A group of former Frontier employees began a new Frontier Airlines, also with Boeing 737s. This Frontier began operations in 1994. It soon became known for each one of its aircraft having a unique animal photograph on the tail, each representing an animal of the American West. Frontier transitioned to an all-Airbus A319/320 fleet by 2001, survived a bankruptcy in 2008 and brief ownership by Republic Airways (at the time, part of US Airways) before once more becoming an independent airline. Frontier continues in operation today

 

This 727, N1973, was one of Frontier Horizon's seven aircraft. While Frontier Horizon retained Frontier's logo and its red/orange cheatline, it used overall bare metal rather than Frontier's white tops. Originally built for American Airlines in 1964, it went to World Airways after its brief service with Frontier Horizon. Later converted to a freighter, it ended its days in an Angolan scrapyard in 2000. I may have flown in this aircraft from Atlanta to Denver in 1983.

'Nuff said.

part 3

Urban Backyard a triptech

 

a pair of spiral staircases. Back entrance of two shophouses in Neil Road, Singapore

Fronds of ice formed on glass. We had a few cold days (falling to -28 C) which allowed these fronds or feathers of ice to form on a glass outer door.

Photo: Calle Huth / Studio Illegal

Design: Snøhetta

Publisher: Press

Author: Renate Nedregård

D’Leedon Condominium | Singapore

 

Designed by internationally renowned Pritzker Architecture Prize winner Zaha Hadid, D’Leedon Condominium is shaped into sweeping fluid forms—a style that characterizes the intricate work of one of the greatest Architects of our time.

 

Having found this vantage point, I was in awe of the masterpiece in front of me and was stoked to have finally immortalized it in a frame.

 

instagram.com/LemjayLucas

 

© Lemjay Lucas

pencil, water, color on 6" x 6" watercolor paper

 

www.etsy.com/listing/56479804/forming-4

Ceratinas occur world-wide and really have the color/form/sculpturing thing down. They are the definition of crispness and elegance in my book. Expect more to come. This one comes from another worn-torn part of the world, the Crimean peninsula, but, really, bees, the study of natural history, pretty neutral ground that all can appreciate. Haven't figured out the species yet, but this is a big one. From Laurence Packer's Lab.

  

~~~~~~~~~~{{{{{{0}}}}}}~~~~~~~~~~

  

All photographs are public domain, feel free to download and use as you wish.

  

Photography Information: Canon Mark II 5D, Zerene Stacker, Stackshot Sled, 65mm Canon MP-E 1-5X macro lens, Twin Macro Flash in Styrofoam Cooler, F5.0, ISO 100, Shutter Speed 200

  

The murmuring of bees has ceased;

But murmuring of some

Posterior, prophetic,

Has simultaneous come,--

  

The lower metres of the year,

When nature's laugh is done,--

The Revelations of the book

Whose Genesis is June.

  

-Emily Dickinson

  

Want some Useful Links to the Techniques We Use? Well now here you go Citizen:

   

Basic USGSBIML set up:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=S-_yvIsucOY

  

USGSBIML Photoshopping Technique: Note that we now have added using the burn tool at 50% opacity set to shadows to clean up the halos that bleed into the black background from "hot" color sections of the picture.

www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bdmx_8zqvN4

  

PDF of Basic USGSBIML Photography Set Up:

ftp://ftpext.usgs.gov/pub/er/md/laurel/Droege/How%20to%20Take%20MacroPhotographs%20of%20Insects%20BIML%20Lab2.pdf

  

Google Hangout Demonstration of Techniques:

plus.google.com/events/c5569losvskrv2nu606ltof8odo

or

www.youtube.com/watch?v=4c15neFttoU

  

Excellent Technical Form on Stacking:

www.photomacrography.net/

 

Contact information:

Sam Droege

sdroege@usgs.gov

301 497 5840

 

La neve deriva dall'acqua e come tale non ha una forma, assume quella accumulata sopra e contro gli ostacoli.

interior design by www.fixonic.com

 

photography by www.dennislo.com

Dipper on the Exe in an ideal habitat, a weir which diverts water to a mill stream. More shots to follow but I'm on limited WiFi with analogue TV and no phone signal being all of 20 miles from a major British city in a river valley

Students formed the word "PRIDE" by lying on the grass during Pride week, which ran from April 27 through May 3. (Photo by Eli Burakian '00)

 

Stay connected to Dartmouth:

Facebook | Twitter | YouTube | Google+ | Instagram

FORM AND BRANCH Icons –www.philippzm.com/form-and-branch

The last decade has not been kind to Sevington. A busy dual carriageway now sits to it's west end, and to the east is the new Inland Border Facility, thanks to Brexit.

 

So what was once a tiny out of the way kind of place is now surrounded on three sides by modern encroachment and harsh modern street lights.

 

We were last inside on a hot summer's day in 2009, when the church was being prepared for a wedding. I remember a church full of light and flowers.

 

13 years on and the church is neglected, badly damaged by damp and water ingress.

 

It is the visit I have felt the most sadness in. Sad to see my memories be so far from what it is now, and that it may not be long in use.

 

Plaster is crumbling, there are buckets in place to catch water falling through the roof. I feel sad writing about it three weeks later.

 

There is a service on the 1st, 3rd and 5th Sunday of each month.

 

-------------------------------------------

 

A lovely atmospheric church, dating in the main from the thirteenth century. Lancet windows abound (many with rere-arches, a sign of wealth) although the later Perpendicular windows vie for attention. The tall west tower with spire is a beacon to the new dual carriageway whose motors mean that the church is now never silent - but as long as the road acts as a barrier to the further growth of Ashford the church will continue to stand aloof on its windy hill. Inside there is no chancel arch and one is struck by the narrowness of the south aisle - little more than a corridor leading to a charming chapel. Nineteenth century texts cover every arch, even the low one between chapel and chancel! There is a very simple sedilia and piscina in the chancel and the east window is formed of a pair of lancets - very different to the standard `group of three` for which this part of Kent is famous. Nineteenth century glass comes from Jones and Willis and C Evans of London (1882) but there are also some lovely jumbles of medieval fragments. Apparently they do not belong here but were given in 1880.A large Royal Arms is fixed toa tie beam in the traditional location. All in all a church worth going a long way to visit - but you will need to get the key.

 

www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Sevington

 

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SEVINGTON

LIES the next parish to Willesborough south-eastward. It is a very small parish, having only eleven houses in it. The church stands on rising ground, overlooking the Weald, which lies in the vale below the hill southward, where the clay is again very deep, and the like country through the woods as that below Great Chart and Bethersden, already described. One of the principal heads of the river Stour, which rises at Postling, flows across the southern part of this parish, and having been joined by some other branches of it goes on to Ashford bridge, having through the course of it acquired the name of the Old Stour, to distinguish it from that branch of this river which rises at Lenham, and flowing through Little and Great Chart runs on towards Ashford bridge.

 

THE MANOR OF CONINGSBROOK claims paramount over the greatest part of this parish, by the name of THE YOKE OF DEVELAND; subordinate to which is The Manor Of Sevington, which was most probably part of those possessions belonging to the abbot and convent of St. Augustine, taken from them at the Norman conquest by Hugo de Montfort, as mentioned before, but whether included in the description of those lands belonging to him in the general survey of Domesday, inserted before under Hinxhill parish, I dare not ascertain; only that it certainly was part of his possessions, and that on the voluntary exile of his grandson Robert de Montfort in king Henry I.'s reign, this, among the rest of his estates, came into the hands of the crown, of which it was afterwards held, with others of them in this neighbourhood; by the family of Criol, and Maud, widow of Simon de Criol, as was found by inquisition, died anno 52 Henry III. possessed of it, with lands in Essetesforde, Vetersture, and Pakemanston. How it passed afterwards, I do not find; but the next owners that appear are the family of Scott, of Scotts-hall, who held it as of the honor of Dover, by ward to the castle there; in them it continued for many generations, and till at length George Scott, esq. of Scottshall, about the latter end of king George I.'s reign, passed this manor away by sale to Sir Philip Boteler, bart. of Teston, and his son of the same name died possessed of it in 1772, having by will given one moiety of his estates to Mrs. Elizabeth Bouverie, then of Chart Sutton, but late of Teston; and the other moiety to Elizabeth, viscountess dowager Folkestone, and her son-in-law, William Bouverie, earl of Radnor; (fn. 1) and on the partition made by the two latter, of their moiety, this manor of Sevington was, with others, allotted to the latter, who died in 1776, and by will devised this manor, with the rest of the abovementioned estates in this county, to his eldest son by his second wife, the Hon. William-Henry Bouverie, who is the present owner of it, but there is neither house nor demesne lands belonging to it.

 

THE MOAT is a manor, situated in this parish below the hill, almost adjoining to Willesborough, somewhat more than half a mile westward from the church of Sevington; this mansion was, in very early times, the residence of a family which took their name from hence. Sir John de Sevington, said to be descended from an ancestor of the same name, a Saxon born, who lived in the time of king Edward the Confessor, and in great authority under earl Godwin, was possessed of this manor and resided here in the reign of Henry III. bearing for his arms, Argent, on a fess wavy, sable, three escallops, or, between three trefoils, slipt of the second. He left a sole daughter and heir Maud, who entitled her husband Sir John Barrey, to the possession of it, who afterwards resided here, as did his several descendants down to Richard Barrey, esq. of Sevington, lieutenant of Dover castle in the memorable year 1588, being descended from Sir Audrian Barray, of the district of Barray, in Normandy, and came into England with king Richard I. who placed him in the north country. His descendants were of respectable account at the times in which they lived, as conservators of the peace, knights of the shire, and sheriffs, keeping their several shrievalties at this seat of the Moat; two of them were lieutenants of Dover castle, and their alliances by marriages were with some of the most eminent families in this county, of Haut, Malmaines, St. John, Aucher, and Fogge. They bore for their arms, Argent, a fess, gules, between six fleurs de lis, sable. These arms were in the windows of Milton church, near Sittingborne, and are still on the roof of the cloysters at Canterbury. Weever mentions several of them, whose monuments and inscriptions were remaining in this church in his time. Several of them had their figures on their grave-stones, habited in armour; but they have been all long since gone. Sir John Barrey before-mentioned, left two daughters his coheirs, one of whom, Elizabeth, married Vincent Boys, of Bekesborne, who in her right became afterwards entitled to this manor. He was fourth son of William Boys, of Fredville, by Mary, sister and heir of Sir Edward Ringesley, of Knolton, and bore for his arms, Or, a griffin segreant, sable, within a bordure, gules: being the arms of Boys; and for difference, On the bordure, acorns and crosses, formee fitchee, or, alternatley. His son Edward Boys, of Betshanger, alienated this manor to Mr. John Alcock, who had been steward to the Barrey family, and was afterwards tenant of this estate under Mr. Edward Boys; so that, steward-like, his wealth increased in proportion as that of his respective masters wasted; insomuch, that when they were necessitated to sell, he was enabled to purchase; too frequent an example even in these times; his sole daughter and heir Margaret carried it in marriage back again to the family of Boys, by her union with Thomas Boys, gent. of Willesborough, descended from Thomas Boys, of Bonnington, in Goodnestone, who lived in the reign of Henry VIII. and was a younger son of William Boys, by Isabella, daughter and heir of Phallop, of Nonington. He pulled down this antient seat, which stood in the bottom, just within the western boundary of this parish, where the moat, filled with water, now remains entire, inclosing strictly the scite only of it, and removed the materials of it to rebuild his house at Willesborough. He died possessed of this manor, with the scite of the antient mansion of it in 1659, and was succeeded in it by his son John Boys, gent. of Willesborough, in whose descendants it has continued down to Mr. Edward Boys, gent. now of Willesborough, the present proprietor of it.

 

NEW HARBOUR, usually called New Arbour, was once a manor and seat of some account here, which in king Henry VII.'s reign was the property of the family of Elys, of Kennington; but it did not continue long with them, for in the next reign of Henry VIII. I find it in the possession of Henry Goulding, who resided here, as did his son Robert Goulding in the reign of queen Elizabeth, bearing for his arms, A cross voided, between four lions passant, gules; which was confirmed by Robert Cooke, clarencieux, in 1572, (fn. 2) but he alienated it to Sir Edward Radcliffe, physician to James I. who afterwards resided at it. He was descended out of Lancashire, where his ancestors were antiently seated, bearing for their arms, Argent, two bendlets ingrailed, sable. (fn. 3) Ralph Radcliffe, a younger brother of the above family, purchased Hitchin priory in the reign of Henry VIII. where his descendants afterwards continued; one of whom was Sir Edward Radcliffe, the purchaser of this estate of New Harbour, in whose descendants it continued down to John Radcliffe, esq. of Hitchin priory, in Hertfordshire, who dying in 1783, s. p. this estate, among others, came to Sir Charles Farnabye, bart. of Sevenoke, in right of his wife Penelope, sister and heir-at-law of the before-mentioned John Radcliffe, and widow of Mr. Charlton, merchant, of London. Sir Charles Farnabye, afterwards named Radcliffe, removed into Hertfordshire, where he died s.p. in October 1798, and his heirs are now entitled to it.

 

IN THE BOOK OF AID, anno 20 Edward III. for the making of the black prince a knight, mention is made of the manor of Hawkyswell, in this parish, which Isabel de Hawkyswell then held by knight's service, and which Walter de Rokeslye before held in Hawkyswell of the honor of Folkestone. In the 33d year of king Henry VIII. it was found by inquisition, taken after the death of Edward Barrey, that he died possesed of it, holding it by ward to the castle of Dover, so that having the same owners, it most probably merged in the manor of the Moat, and continues so at this time.

 

Charities.

MRS. ELIZABETH, MAY, of Sittingborne, by will in 1721, gave 9l. every third year, chargeable on the estate of the Rev. Mr. Lushington, called Bilham-sarm, in Kingsnoth, Mersham, and Sevington, to be paid, clear of deductions, to this parish in turn, for a term of years therein mentioned; twenty years of which were unexpired in 1786; to be applied for the binding out yearly a child an apprentice, of the poorest people in these three parishes, to be approved of from time to time by such persons as should be owners of the estate. This charity did not take place till the year 1784. One girl only has as yet been put out apprentice from this charity by this parish.

 

HALF AN ACRE of land, called the Church spot, in this parish, was given by persons unknown; the rent of which is expended in the repairs of the church.

 

The poor constantly relieved are about ten, casually not more than two or three.

 

SEVINGTON is situated within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Limne.

 

¶The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is very small, consisting of two isles, one much larger than the other, and one chancel. At the west end is a spire steeple, shingled, in which are four bells. There are several gravestones in this church, all which have been robbed of their brasses. In the chancel is a memorial for Edward Boys, rector, eldest son of Thomas Boys, gent. of Mersham, obt. 1723. Weever mentions several memorials for the family of Barrey, in his time, and one for John Fynch, esq. obt. 1442; none of which are now remaining.

 

This church is a rectory, which seems antiently to have been in the patronage of the owners of the Moat manor in this parish, and to have continued so till Mr. Edward Boys, the owner of that manor, about the year 1776, conveyed the patronage of it, by sale to Edward Norwood, gent. of Ashford, the present patron of it.

 

This rectory is valued in the king's books at 8l. 14s. 0½d. It is now a discharged living, of the clear yearly certified value of thirty-five pounds.

 

In 1570 it was valued at forty pounds, communicants sixty. In 1640 it had the like number of communicants, and it was valued at fifty-five pounds. It is now of the value of about one hundred and thirty pounds per annum.

 

www.british-history.ac.uk/survey-kent/vol7/pp576-583

El total de participantes fue de 27 personas (12 hombres y 15 mujeres), de

edades comprendidas entre los 25 y los 50 años. El grupo estaba formado por

responsables políticos/as, técnicos/as de los distintos Ayuntamientos y la

Mancomunidad: presidente, gerente, dinamizadores/as deportivos/as y

socioculturales, representando así a los diferentes Municipios de la

Mancomunidad: Valencia de Alcántara, San Vicente de Alcántara, Santiago de

Alcántara, Cedillo y Herreruela.

 

Por lo que respecta a la representación institucional, en este grupo de debate

contamos con la presencia de la Directora del Instituto de la Juventud de

Extremadura, Susana Martín Gijón, el Presidente de la Mancomunidad Sierra de

San Pedro, Juan Garlito Batalla y el Alcalde de Valencia de Alcántara, Cándido

Moreno Morgado.

 

A. CONOCIMIENTO DE LA REALIDAD JUVENIL

¿Cómo ven a los/as jóvenes de la Mancomunidad?

 

La mayoría de los/as técnicos/as, responsables políticos/as y agentes sociales

afirman que los/as jóvenes de la Mancomunidad son pasivos/as, no tienen

objetivos claros y son despreocupados/as.

 

Consideran que están desorientados/as por su futuro laboral, por no saber

cuáles son los estudios idóneos que les garanticen una estabilidad en el futuro.

Una juventud apática y desilusionada, con pocas habilidades sociales,

desorganizada y conformista, con poca iniciativa y sin responsabilidades.

 

No obstante, otro grupo considera que tenemos una juventud muy preparada y

bastante emprendedora, activa y responsable, sincera, participativa y con

mucho potencial.

 

Unos/as jóvenes inquietos/as, inteligentes y con una energía que necesitan

encauzar en alternativas que se ajusten a sus demandas, intereses e

inquietudes.

  

En general, podemos afirmar que había dos grupos perfectamente

diferenciados, el primero de ellos representado por los/las técnicos/as,

responsables políticos y/o agentes sociales que tienen una percepción bastante

negativa de los/las jóvenes de la Mancomunidad y el otro, el de los/las

técnicos/as, responsables políticos/as y/o agentes sociales que tienen una

percepción más positiva de la juventud de la Mancomunidad y la consideran

dinámica, dispuesta y comprometida.

 

B. PROGRAMAS Y RECURSOS DISPONIBLES

En este bloque se exponen las conclusiones del grupo en torno a tres

cuestiones: ¿existen programas comarcales de juventud? ¿en qué consisten? ¿y

estructuras de juventud?

 

Al igual que con el primer bloque del debate, también en este hubo dos grupos

con opiniones diferentes, por un lado están los/as participantes que opinan que

no existen programas comarcales de juventud, alegando como motivos la falta

de medios y de interés por parte de las autoridades y de los/as técnicos/as. Por

otro lado se encuentra el grupo que expone que a nivel local y mancomunado

existen los siguientes programas: Pueblos (aunque éste concretamente

suscitó el reproche de que son actuaciones puntuales y con una duración muy

limitada para ver resultados concretos), dinamización deportiva, orientación

laboral y autoempleo, diferentes actividades de ocio y tiempo libre, educación

en valores, fomento del asociacionismo juvenil, jornadas de educación y

seguridad vial, planes de fomento de la lectura, actividades culturales, viajes,

convivencias y encuentros comarcales, talleres de verano, sala de ordenadores

y biblioteca.

 

La mayoría de los/las participantes señalan como una importante y nueva

creación en su Mancomunidad, el Consejo Comarcal de la Juventud, que está

comenzando a preparar sus actividades y en el que tienen puesta mucha

confianza de cara al futuro.

 

C. PROPUESTAS DE ACCIONES, COMPROMISOS

(Trascripción literal de las propuestas)

 

o

Según los/as dinamizadores/as deportivos/as se necesita personal

especializado en deportes o bailes de moda que roten por los pueblos,

porque ellos/as no los dominan y es difícil impartirlos.

o

Proponen que todas las asociaciones, concejalías de juventud, técnicos/as,

etc. deben unirse y trabajar juntos/as, por este motivo confían en el Consejo

Comarcal de Juventud.

o

Solicitan más personal técnico y mejores infraestructuras, al igual que sacar

más partido a las infraestructuras que ya existen y que no se potencian

demasiado.

 

o

Las diferencias materiales entre las distintas localidades de la

Mancomunidad también preocupaba a los/las participantes, insistieron en

que deberían organizarse actividades que se extiendan por todos los

municipios y no sólo por los más grandes. Por este motivo, solicitan la

puesta en marcha de actividades que no dependan del número de

jóvenes existentes, porque hay que tener en cuenta la escasez de

niños/as en algunos municipios.

o

Pasar encuestas para ver si los/as principales beneficiarios/as conocen los

programas, porque hay buenos programas, pero los desconocen.

o

El técnico de juventud de la Mancomunidad opina que los/as jóvenes

necesitan más información y acceso a actividades para su edad, además

añade que a las instituciones les falta presupuesto.

o

El Presidente de la Mancomunidad está muy preocupado por el elevado

índice de jóvenes de la Mancomunidad que pese a estar muy bien

formados/as se marchan a trabajar fuera. Él cree que hay que potenciar de

alguna manera diferentes programas que provoquen que los/as jóvenes se

queden a trabajar en la Mancomunidad. Insiste en elaborar un plan

formativo que desarrolle una política económica y proponer desde ahí una

serie de actividades de formación para intentar que los/as jóvenes no se

vayan fuera.

o

En cuanto a los compromisos: El presidente de la Mancomunidad afirma “la

juventud es el futuro, porque es lo que tenemos en casa y hay que

mantenerlo”. Asimismo, el concejal de Herreruela, dice que las políticas de

juventud existen en los ayuntamientos y que ellos/as están elaborando un

plan de juventud, fomentan las inquietudes de los y las jóvenes y el

asociacionismo juvenil.

Sesión con Jóvenes

   

PERFIL DEL GRUPO DE JÓVENES

 

Participaron un total de 42 personas, 22 chicas y 20 chicos, con edades

comprendidas entre los 13 y los 26 años. La mayoría son estudiantes y algún/a

trabajador/a. Los municipios representados fueron: Valencia de Alcántara, San

Vicente de Alcántara, Santiago de Alcántara, Cedillo y Herreruela.

 

A. VALORACIÓN DEL III PLAN DE JUVENTUD

Actividades en las que han participado:

 

Los/as participantes manifestaron haber participado en las siguientes

actividades: el Día de la Mancomunidad, excursiones, rutas nocturnas,

actividades deportivas (torneo de fútbol), manualidades, talleres de graffiti,

educación vial, conciertos: extremúsica y otros, camping, el botellón dicen que

es una de las cosas que más les divierte, etc.

 

Valoración de las actividades:

 

Les gustó mucho el Día de la Mancomunidad, al igual que todas las actividades

deportivas, por lo que insisten en que continúen e incluyan más variedad.

 

Los conciertos también tienen mucho éxito entre ellos/as aunque les gustaría

que hubiera más y con diferentes estilos de música.

 

Todos/as valoran muy positivamente las actividades que han realizado en el

marco del III Plan de Juventud.

 

B. ANÁLISIS DE LA REALIDAD JOVEN

Principales problemas de los y las jóvenes:

 

Se repite con frecuencia que existe “escasa información sobre recursos y pocas

actividades de ocio en los pueblos pequeños”. Destacan también la escasez de

empleo para todos y todas las/los jóvenes que lo demandan, el tener que

abandonar los pueblos por la ausencia de trabajo, no poder independizarse, les

preocupa mucho la existencia de empresas que no les dan de alta en la

seguridad social.

 

Opinan que la Mancomunidad, Concejalías y Ayuntamientos deberían poner

más de su parte porque tienen pocos recursos y lugares de ocio y tiempo libre,

  

además, cuando la Mancomunidad prepara actividades no tienen muy en

cuenta los gustos de la juventud y no hay talleres en las casas de cultura.

 

También afirman que la mayoría de los/as jóvenes no quieren asumir

responsabilidades y que sí hay actividades, pero tienen poco interés en ellas.

Añaden que tampoco se implican con el medio ambiente.

 

C. PROPUESTAS Y COMPROMISOS EN RELACIÓN CON LOS EJES DEL

IV PLAN INTEGRAL DE JUVENTUD

(Trascripción literal de propuestas por ejes)

 

Eje 1. Emancipación y autonomía

 

-Vivienda más barata, ayudas para acceder a las viviendas, bajar el alquiler

 

de los pisos.

-Facilidades de acceso al primer empleo, más empleos y más accesibles.

-Más empresas en las zonas rurales.

-Más ayudas para estudiantes.

-Becas más generalizadas y para segundos estudios.

-Se repiten: sueldos más altos, más cursos de orientación laboral y de

 

formación, aprender inglés.

 

Eje 2. Ciudadanía y diálogo

 

-Convivencias y acampadas entre jóvenes de la mancomunidad, Cooperación.

 

-Recaudar fondos para distintas organizaciones, campañas solidarias:

mercadillos, conciertos, etc.

-Compartir actividades, intercambios con otras asociaciones de la

mancomunidad y fuera de ella.

-Fomentar y dinamizar el Asociacionismo.

-Viajes al extranjero.

 

-Promover la democracia participativa, organizando para ello reuniones

abiertas con los/as responsables de las instituciones para que escuchen las

propuestas y necesidades de los/as jóvenes.

 

Eje 3. Responsabilidad cívica

 

-Más información, cursos, charlas y actividades sobre salud: Campaña sobre

la droga, educación sexual, enfermedades de transmisión sexual, trastornos

alimentarios, desayuno saludable.

 

-Campañas sobre educación vial orientadas tanto a mayores como a niños/as

en colegios (circuitos sobre señalización, charlas para prevenir

accidentes,...), carné de conducir más barato.

  

-Que haya una buena distribución de contenedores para el reciclaje además

de más cantidad de ellos.

 

Eje 4. Ocio y creación

 

-Construcción de un espacio joven o punto de información.

-Creación de espacios para las asociaciones, boletines juveniles, publicidad.

-Exposiciones, conciertos, excursiones, ludoteca, cine, discoteca.

-Competiciones deportivas a nivel de mancomunidad, Variedad de

  

actividades deportivas, cursos de distintos tipos de baile, torneo de fútbol,

piscina climatizada, creación de un gimnasio, circuito de motocross, pista

para Karting y monopatín, gymkhana.

 

-Centro de conexión inalámbrica, zona wifi, cibercafé.

-Rutas de senderismo e históricas por los pueblos cercanos.

-Zona de recreativos, campeonatos de juegos.

-Habilitar más zonas para el botellón (repiten 4 grupos)

.

-Concursos, más actividades de ocio, socioculturales y deportivas.

-Discotecas, césped artificial y de mejor calidad en el campo de fútbol.

-Festivales de música, un cine y una piscina en buenas condiciones.

-Renovar los centros de salud para evitar trasladarse lejos para poder ir al

  

médico.

-Campamentos e intercambios juveniles.

 

COMPROMISOS

 

Los/as jóvenes se comprometen a:

 

-Participar más en las actividades que se realizan en el pueblo y en

 

algunas especialmente para que sigan adelante.

-Estudiar una carrera.

-Actuar con juicio y no abusar de los consumos.

-Ayudar en las tareas del hogar para irse habituando.

-Crear una asociación de fútbol.

-Una asociación tiene el proyecto de hacer un centro joven.

-Consumir menos energía, reciclar y ahorrar agua.

 

El total de participantes fue de 27 personas (12 hombres y 15 mujeres), de

edades comprendidas entre los 25 y los 50 años. El grupo estaba formado por

responsables políticos/as, técnicos/as de los distintos Ayuntamientos y la

Mancomunidad: presidente, gerente, dinamizadores/as deportivos/as y

socioculturales, representando así a los diferentes Municipios de la

Mancomunidad: Valencia de Alcántara, San Vicente de Alcántara, Santiago de

Alcántara, Cedillo y Herreruela.

 

Por lo que respecta a la representación institucional, en este grupo de debate

contamos con la presencia de la Directora del Instituto de la Juventud de

Extremadura, Susana Martín Gijón, el Presidente de la Mancomunidad Sierra de

San Pedro, Juan Garlito Batalla y el Alcalde de Valencia de Alcántara, Cándido

Moreno Morgado.

 

A. CONOCIMIENTO DE LA REALIDAD JUVENIL

¿Cómo ven a los/as jóvenes de la Mancomunidad?

 

La mayoría de los/as técnicos/as, responsables políticos/as y agentes sociales

afirman que los/as jóvenes de la Mancomunidad son pasivos/as, no tienen

objetivos claros y son despreocupados/as.

 

Consideran que están desorientados/as por su futuro laboral, por no saber

cuáles son los estudios idóneos que les garanticen una estabilidad en el futuro.

Una juventud apática y desilusionada, con pocas habilidades sociales,

desorganizada y conformista, con poca iniciativa y sin responsabilidades.

 

No obstante, otro grupo considera que tenemos una juventud muy preparada y

bastante emprendedora, activa y responsable, sincera, participativa y con

mucho potencial.

 

Unos/as jóvenes inquietos/as, inteligentes y con una energía que necesitan

encauzar en alternativas que se ajusten a sus demandas, intereses e

inquietudes.

  

En general, podemos afirmar que había dos grupos perfectamente

diferenciados, el primero de ellos representado por los/las técnicos/as,

responsables políticos y/o agentes sociales que tienen una percepción bastante

negativa de los/las jóvenes de la Mancomunidad y el otro, el de los/las

técnicos/as, responsables políticos/as y/o agentes sociales que tienen una

percepción más positiva de la juventud de la Mancomunidad y la consideran

dinámica, dispuesta y comprometida.

 

B. PROGRAMAS Y RECURSOS DISPONIBLES

En este bloque se exponen las conclusiones del grupo en torno a tres

cuestiones: ¿existen programas comarcales de juventud? ¿en qué consisten? ¿y

estructuras de juventud?

 

Al igual que con el primer bloque del debate, también en este hubo dos grupos

con opiniones diferentes, por un lado están los/as participantes que opinan que

no existen programas comarcales de juventud, alegando como motivos la falta

de medios y de interés por parte de las autoridades y de los/as técnicos/as. Por

otro lado se encuentra el grupo que expone que a nivel local y mancomunado

existen los siguientes programas: Pueblos (aunque éste concretamente

suscitó el reproche de que son actuaciones puntuales y con una duración muy

limitada para ver resultados concretos), dinamización deportiva, orientación

laboral y autoempleo, diferentes actividades de ocio y tiempo libre, educación

en valores, fomento del asociacionismo juvenil, jornadas de educación y

seguridad vial, planes de fomento de la lectura, actividades culturales, viajes,

convivencias y encuentros comarcales, talleres de verano, sala de ordenadores

y biblioteca.

 

La mayoría de los/las participantes señalan como una importante y nueva

creación en su Mancomunidad, el Consejo Comarcal de la Juventud, que está

comenzando a preparar sus actividades y en el que tienen puesta mucha

confianza de cara al futuro.

 

C. PROPUESTAS DE ACCIONES, COMPROMISOS

(Trascripción literal de las propuestas)

 

o

Según los/as dinamizadores/as deportivos/as se necesita personal

especializado en deportes o bailes de moda que roten por los pueblos,

porque ellos/as no los dominan y es difícil impartirlos.

o

Proponen que todas las asociaciones, concejalías de juventud, técnicos/as,

etc. deben unirse y trabajar juntos/as, por este motivo confían en el Consejo

Comarcal de Juventud.

o

Solicitan más personal técnico y mejores infraestructuras, al igual que sacar

más partido a las infraestructuras que ya existen y que no se potencian

demasiado.

 

o

Las diferencias materiales entre las distintas localidades de la

Mancomunidad también preocupaba a los/las participantes, insistieron en

que deberían organizarse actividades que se extiendan por todos los

municipios y no sólo por los más grandes. Por este motivo, solicitan la

puesta en marcha de actividades que no dependan del número de

jóvenes existentes, porque hay que tener en cuenta la escasez de

niños/as en algunos municipios.

o

Pasar encuestas para ver si los/as principales beneficiarios/as conocen los

programas, porque hay buenos programas, pero los desconocen.

o

El técnico de juventud de la Mancomunidad opina que los/as jóvenes

necesitan más información y acceso a actividades para su edad, además

añade que a las instituciones les falta presupuesto.

o

El Presidente de la Mancomunidad está muy preocupado por el elevado

índice de jóvenes de la Mancomunidad que pese a estar muy bien

formados/as se marchan a trabajar fuera. Él cree que hay que potenciar de

alguna manera diferentes programas que provoquen que los/as jóvenes se

queden a trabajar en la Mancomunidad. Insiste en elaborar un plan

formativo que desarrolle una política económica y proponer desde ahí una

serie de actividades de formación para intentar que los/as jóvenes no se

vayan fuera.

o

En cuanto a los compromisos: El presidente de la Mancomunidad afirma “la

juventud es el futuro, porque es lo que tenemos en casa y hay que

mantenerlo”. Asimismo, el concejal de Herreruela, dice que las políticas de

juventud existen en los ayuntamientos y que ellos/as están elaborando un

plan de juventud, fomentan las inquietudes de los y las jóvenes y el

asociacionismo juvenil.

Sesión con Jóvenes

   

PERFIL DEL GRUPO DE JÓVENES

 

Participaron un total de 42 personas, 22 chicas y 20 chicos, con edades

comprendidas entre los 13 y los 26 años. La mayoría son estudiantes y algún/a

trabajador/a. Los municipios representados fueron: Valencia de Alcántara, San

Vicente de Alcántara, Santiago de Alcántara, Cedillo y Herreruela.

 

A. VALORACIÓN DEL III PLAN DE JUVENTUD

Actividades en las que han participado:

 

Los/as participantes manifestaron haber participado en las siguientes

actividades: el Día de la Mancomunidad, excursiones, rutas nocturnas,

actividades deportivas (torneo de fútbol), manualidades, talleres de graffiti,

educación vial, conciertos: extremúsica y otros, camping, el botellón dicen que

es una de las cosas que más les divierte, etc.

 

Valoración de las actividades:

 

Les gustó mucho el Día de la Mancomunidad, al igual que todas las actividades

deportivas, por lo que insisten en que continúen e incluyan más variedad.

 

Los conciertos también tienen mucho éxito entre ellos/as aunque les gustaría

que hubiera más y con diferentes estilos de música.

 

Todos/as valoran muy positivamente las actividades que han realizado en el

marco del III Plan de Juventud.

 

B. ANÁLISIS DE LA REALIDAD JOVEN

Principales problemas de los y las jóvenes:

 

Se repite con frecuencia que existe “escasa información sobre recursos y pocas

actividades de ocio en los pueblos pequeños”. Destacan también la escasez de

empleo para todos y todas las/los jóvenes que lo demandan, el tener que

abandonar los pueblos por la ausencia de trabajo, no poder independizarse, les

preocupa mucho la existencia de empresas que no les dan de alta en la

seguridad social.

 

Opinan que la Mancomunidad, Concejalías y Ayuntamientos deberían poner

más de su parte porque tienen pocos recursos y lugares de ocio y tiempo libre,

  

además, cuando la Mancomunidad prepara actividades no tienen muy en

cuenta los gustos de la juventud y no hay talleres en las casas de cultura.

 

También afirman que la mayoría de los/as jóvenes no quieren asumir

responsabilidades y que sí hay actividades, pero tienen poco interés en ellas.

Añaden que tampoco se implican con el medio ambiente.

 

C. PROPUESTAS Y COMPROMISOS EN RELACIÓN CON LOS EJES DEL

IV PLAN INTEGRAL DE JUVENTUD

(Trascripción literal de propuestas por ejes)

 

Eje 1. Emancipación y autonomía

 

-Vivienda más barata, ayudas para acceder a las viviendas, bajar el alquiler

 

de los pisos.

-Facilidades de acceso al primer empleo, más empleos y más accesibles.

-Más empresas en las zonas rurales.

-Más ayudas para estudiantes.

-Becas más generalizadas y para segundos estudios.

-Se repiten: sueldos más altos, más cursos de orientación laboral y de

 

formación, aprender inglés.

 

Eje 2. Ciudadanía y diálogo

 

-Convivencias y acampadas entre jóvenes de la mancomunidad, Cooperación.

 

-Recaudar fondos para distintas organizaciones, campañas solidarias:

mercadillos, conciertos, etc.

-Compartir actividades, intercambios con otras asociaciones de la

mancomunidad y fuera de ella.

-Fomentar y dinamizar el Asociacionismo.

-Viajes al extranjero.

 

-Promover la democracia participativa, organizando para ello reuniones

abiertas con los/as responsables de las instituciones para que escuchen las

propuestas y necesidades de los/as jóvenes.

 

Eje 3. Responsabilidad cívica

 

-Más información, cursos, charlas y actividades sobre salud: Campaña sobre

la droga, educación sexual, enfermedades de transmisión sexual, trastornos

alimentarios, desayuno saludable.

 

-Campañas sobre educación vial orientadas tanto a mayores como a niños/as

en colegios (circuitos sobre señalización, charlas para prevenir

accidentes,...), carné de conducir más barato.

  

-Que haya una buena distribución de contenedores para el reciclaje además

de más cantidad de ellos.

 

Eje 4. Ocio y creación

 

-Construcción de un espacio joven o punto de información.

-Creación de espacios para las asociaciones, boletines juveniles, publicidad.

-Exposiciones, conciertos, excursiones, ludoteca, cine, discoteca.

-Competiciones deportivas a nivel de mancomunidad, Variedad de

  

actividades deportivas, cursos de distintos tipos de baile, torneo de fútbol,

piscina climatizada, creación de un gimnasio, circuito de motocross, pista

para Karting y monopatín, gymkhana.

 

-Centro de conexión inalámbrica, zona wifi, cibercafé.

-Rutas de senderismo e históricas por los pueblos cercanos.

-Zona de recreativos, campeonatos de juegos.

-Habilitar más zonas para el botellón (repiten 4 grupos)

.

-Concursos, más actividades de ocio, socioculturales y deportivas.

-Discotecas, césped artificial y de mejor calidad en el campo de fútbol.

-Festivales de música, un cine y una piscina en buenas condiciones.

-Renovar los centros de salud para evitar trasladarse lejos para poder ir al

  

médico.

-Campamentos e intercambios juveniles.

 

COMPROMISOS

 

Los/as jóvenes se comprometen a:

 

-Participar más en las actividades que se realizan en el pueblo y en

 

algunas especialmente para que sigan adelante.

-Estudiar una carrera.

-Actuar con juicio y no abusar de los consumos.

-Ayudar en las tareas del hogar para irse habituando.

-Crear una asociación de fútbol.

-Una asociación tiene el proyecto de hacer un centro joven.

-Consumir menos energía, reciclar y ahorrar agua.

Don Stephen Senanayake (October 20, 1884–22 March 1952) was an independence activist who formed the Sri Lankan United National Party, which demanded independence from Britain. He became the first Prime Minister of what was then Ceylon (later called Sri Lanka) from 1947 to 1952.

 

Brought up in a devout Buddhist family, he entered a Christian school on his father's orders, and converted to Christianity. An intelligent student, he quickly found work in the Surveyor General's office before working as a supervisor on his father's plantation.

 

He entered politics at the age of thirty-eight, and in 1931 became Minister of Agriculture and Lands. He combatted Sri Lanka's agricultural problems effectively, and established the LDO, an agricultural policy that countered Sri Lanka's rice problems. This policy earned him respect, and he continued to be a minister for fifteen years. He also enforced "Agricultural Modernisation", which increased production output. However, he resigned in 1946 and fought for Sri Lanka's independence. In only a year he succeeded, and was elected as Sri Lanka's first Prime Minister. He refused a knighthood, but maintained good relations with Britain. He boldly made plans to spread out the population, and his Gal Oya scheme relocated over 250,000 people. His other plans included the increase of hydroelectric power, but he was killed in an unexpected horse-riding accident at the age of sixty-eight.

 

His son, Dudley Shelton Senanayake (1911–1973), succeeded him as Prime Minister in 1952, followed by another relative, Sir John Kotelawala (1897–1980) in 1953, but this nine-year family dynasty was ended by a landslide victory for Solomon West Ridgeway Dias Bandaranaike in 1956, campaigning under the "Sinhala Only" slogan. Dudley Senanayake regained the Prime Ministership in 1960, and again from 1965 to 1970).

 

D.S Senanayake is respected by Sinhalese and some muslims. However, Tamils were not happy with his citizenship laws that disenfanchised virtually all Tamils of recent Indian origin living in the central highlands. His bold agricultural plans and pro-Western policies, however, attracted criticism for their modern and untraditional nature. Under his family's leadership, Sri Lanka's economy flourished, and D.S Senanayake holds is still known as "The Father of Sri Lanka". He was however later linked to the Church of Scienttology, and theories exist suggesting that his death was far more sinister than first thought.

Insulating foam ends for all you diy laggers out there.

Name: Kamen Rider Kuuga (仮面ライダークウガ)

Form: Dragon form

Series: Kamen Rider Kuuga

 

Official Video: www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9fEMLIRtnk&t=2s

This is my channel: www.youtube.com/channel/UC9ZlM…

Facebook page: www.facebook.com/demon1408/

Twitter: twitter.com/demon14082000

SECTION Hoplandra Verm 2008

 

Distribution: New Guinea (43 NWG)

Lifeform: Pseudobulb epiphyte

 

Heterotypic Synonyms:

Bulbophyllum streptosepalum Schltr., Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. Beih. 1: 779 (1913).

La cathédrale Notre-Dame-de-l'Assomption de Clermont est une cathédrale gothique située à Clermont-Ferrand. Elle a été édifiée à partir de 1248 au centre de la ville de Clermont, la capitale historique de l'Auvergne. Elle a remplacé une cathédrale romane située au même endroit qui elle-même avait été précédée par deux autres sanctuaires chrétiens. Son patronage initial est celui de saint-Vital et saint-Agricol. La majeure partie de la construction actuelle date de la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle, c'est le premier exemple d'utilisation en architecture de la pierre de Volvic. La façade occidentale et d'autres rénovations ont été effectuées par Eugène Viollet-le-Duc au cours de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle.

© Peter Methven 2011

 

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Eine andere Sicht auf die bunten Werke von Sheila Hicks, von draussen durch die alten Fenster der Lokremise, überlagert von allerlei Spiegelungen.

 

Sheila Hicks

a little bit of a lot of things

 

4. Februar – 14. Mai 2023, LOK

  

Sheila Hicks’ (*1934 Hastings, Nebraska) Erfindungsreichtum ist unermesslich. Die in Paris lebende Amerikanerin spielt mit Naturmaterialien in atemberaubenden Farben. Aus Wolle, Leinen oder Seide knüpft, webt oder spinnt sie immer wieder neue Formen. Dabei ist die Künstlerin zum einen durch ihr Malerei--Studium bei Bauhausmeister Josef Albers an der Yale University von der Moderne beeinflusst. Zum anderen prägt auch die präkolumbianische Weberei, welche sie während einer Studienreise in Chile kennenlernte, ihr Schaffen.

 

Kuratiert von Gianni Jetzer