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We walked over the two tops that form the Screes, it rained low, snowed high, visibility on top was poor and then I decided to use the Screes path back to the car park at Wasdale. A big mistake in the wet, every boulder was deadly slippy. I only used the little G1X MK2, I carried the 5D but it stayed in my backpack for a change, there wasn't much to get excited about
We had a complete change this Christmas – we cancelled it! - we went walking in The Lakes, or Wasdale more precisely. We were staying at Irton Hall B & B, they had over 70 in for Christmas dinner but we ate jam bread on the slopes of Sca Fell Pike. Fantastic. We had a front wheel puncture on a run flat tyre on the new car with a 100 mile still to drive on the afternoon of Christmas eve on our way there. I drove straight to the nearest ATS – where I have an account – they shook their heads and directed me to Westhoughton Tyres, the lads there were fantastic and got us on our way in good time. BMW dealer advice was run on the flat tyre and then throw it away - £250! Where I would have got a tyre on the western side of the Lakes over Christmas I don’t know, ATS didn’t have one to sell me.
The weather was forecast good for Christmas day but after a fine start it was raining before we even left the car park in Wasdale. We headed up Lingmell and ran into snow on the summit. The path onto Sca Fell Pike was very icy, snow covered and visibility was low, the snow kept falling. We didn’t linger long, it was too cold to have dinner up there so we dropped down onto the Corridor Route, where we had our dinner. We went that way to stretch the walk out, having originally intended to cross to Great End. The tops were so icy, glazed, with not enough snow to get a grip on that we decide to leave it for another day. From Styhead we headed back to Wasdale and a dull but fine finish to the day. A drink in the bar at Irton Hall was on the radar.
Every morning we headed into Wasdale early, it got colder, icier and sunnier as the days went by. We went up Yewbarrow, it was an icy scramble up and I decided it was too dangerous to go down Stirrup Crag to Dore Head so went back the same way. It turned out to be the right decision as we lingered on the top, going to view points that we wouldn’t have and getting some decent photos. One morning we walked over the Screes tops, Illgill Head and Whin Rigg, dropping down the steep slope to The southern end of Wast Water. Having said that I would never walk the Screes path alongside Wast Water again the memory of how awful it is in the rain had faded. There is only really a quarter of a mile out of three miles that is really bad, every rock was like glass with the potential to break a leg every step. It seemed a long way and I was getting killer looks from Herself.
We made our way onto Sca Fell on a beautiful morning, clear blue sky. The snow line had got lower most nights but we never had the low level snow that caused problems in the rest of the country. I chose a, sometimes, pathless way to the summit, partly because I’d never been that way but also to stay in the sun, to keep the view and to avoid the ways that would be a touch dangerous, it was -4 and seared with ice for the last 600 feet. After 15 minutes on the summit wispy thin cloud came racing in, crossing the Lake District in minutes, the photos show it heading towards us and I was glad to have got the clear photos first. Looking out to sea a great mattress of cloud was heading straight for us. It was calm and sunny one minute and the next we were engulfed in thick cloud with 30 yards visibility at the most. I have never had a clear sky turn to cloud so fast – ever! We were going down to Slightside next which was OK, about a mile following the ridge down, the problem was getting back to Wasdale from there. We needed to get to Great Howe which meant a pathless trek a mile SW across Quagrigg Moss – a bog full of tarnlets, it would be a nightmare in low visibility. After getting some accurate compass bearings and heading down off Slightside we suddenly dropped out of the cloud and could see our target, brilliant, we legged it across the semi frozen bog and finally felt able to rest and grab a sandwich and cup of tea. We had to find our way down Raven Crags, which was interesting – and steep! We needed to get to the footbridge to get onto the Burnmoor Tarn path back to Wasdale. As we got closer to Burnmoor Tarn the light that I had been cursing gave us a gorgeous sunset. I had one eye on a gap in the cloud low down in the sky out at sea and I was hoping the sun would break through, it did. Burnmoor Tarn was like a mirror, reflecting the surrounding mountains, including Yewbarrow and parts of the Mosedale Horseshoe in the far distance. There was just the two of us, we had barely seen a soul all day, it was a fantastic end to a tough day. As we dropped into Wasdale I caught the deep pink and orange of the last of the sun, I was shooting into it but I had nothing to lose. There would have been quite a few tripods at the opposite end of the lake but I think I was in the better place – for a change.
On our final walking day we decided to head up Great Gable. It was clear of cloud for a change but ominously the surrounding tops, including the Sca Fells were cloud covered. Another beautiful but very cold morning, it was going to be very icy up there so we elected to go via Styhead and the tourist track. We would choose a way off once we were up there. Long before we got to the top, although we couldn’t see it, we knew the cloud was swirling in and out on the summit so it was going to be hit and miss for the photos. The cloud was down for the last 500 feet but once on the frozen top it kept clearing briefly – very briefly. There were more people up there than we had seen the entire trip previously. People were getting out after Christmas, many had parked at the top of Honister for the fairly easy walk in across Green Gable, some were not dressed for winter walking it has to be said. We left for an icy scramble down to Arron Slack, up onto Green Gable them we galloped down Arron Slack to Styhead and back to Wasdale.
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Reportage complet, "La Terre en direct avec Al Gore, ancien candidat à la présidentielle américaine et prix Nobel de la paix," le 13 novembre 2015 à Paris : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/albums/72157660980...
Reportage complet, COP21 2015 : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/albums/72157659891...
Albums Écologie, Éducation et Politiques : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/collections/721576...
Projets/Reportages Fondation Nicolas Hulot : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/collections/721576...
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A Paris, Al Gore donne le coup d'envoi d'une émission de 24h sur le climat
L’ancien candidat à la présidentielle américaine et prix Nobel de la paix a lancé vendredi une émission de 24 heures à Paris. A deux semaines de la Cop21, Al Gore veut mobiliser autour de la question climatique.
Le groupe Duran Duran a donné le coup d’envoi du show vendredi soir dans un studio éphémère en forme de bulle, sous la tour Eiffel. Al Gore est aux manettes de cette émission mondiale, diffusée en direct sur le site de The Climate Reality Project, une organisation dont il est le président fondateur.
Pendant ces 24 heures, scientifiques, politiques et chanteurs se relaient pour interpeller sur les enjeux du climat, à quelques jours de la Conférence sur climat de Paris. "Cette émission vise à mettre la pression sur les dirigeants mondiaux pour qu'ils concluent un accord sur le climat le plus solide possible à la prochaine conférence de l'ONU à Paris, et aussi pour encourager chacun à agir dans sa propre communauté", expliquent les organisateurs.
Baptisée "24 heures de réalité et la Terre en direct: le monde regarde" (24 Hours of Reality and Live Earth: the World is Watching), l'émission se déroule en direct depuis Paris mais aussi depuis d'autres régions du monde: Etats-Unis, Chine, Australie, Philippines, Afrique du Sud, Canada, Kenya, Antarctique, Mexique, Malaisie, Inde et Bangladesh.
Dans le studio de la tour Eiffel, François Hollande sera reçu samedi, seul avec Al Gore, "pour un entretien exclusif". Vendredi soir, Ségolène Royal, la ministre de l’Écologie est déjà intervenue sur le plateau de l’émission et a plaidé pour un accord mondial en faveur du climat. "Il faut que les pays les plus pollueurs de la planète améliorent leur contribution, a déclaré Ségolène Royal (…) et que les pays riches tiennent leurs engagements".
Des concerts de Pharrel Williams et Elton John.
Parmi les autres intervenants, les organisateurs ont annoncé le président mexicain Felipe Calderon, le Premier ministre du Québec, Philippe Couillard, le gouverneur de Californie Jerry Brown et l'ancien secrétaire général de l'ONU Kofi Annan. Ces 24 heures sont aussi animées par des concerts de plusieurs chanteurs. A l’affiche, Elton John, Pharrel Williams ou encore Neil Young, mais leurs concerts seront uniquement retransmis.
En 2007, Al Gore avait reçu le prix Nobel de la paix avec le Giec pour son engagement dans la lutte contre le dérèglement climatique. En 2006, il avait notamment réalisé Une vérité qui dérange, un documentaire sur les conséquences du dérèglement climatique, récompensé aux Oscars. Avec ce rendez-vous, l’ancien candidat à la présidence américaine souhaite de nouveau interpeller sur les enjeux climatiques.
Par C. B avec AFP
fr.news.yahoo.com/video/al-gore-sous-la-tour-193106906.html
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Dans ce nouveau diaporama (présenté pour la première fois à TED), Al Gore dévoile des preuves que la vitesse des changements climatiques est bien plus importante que ce que les scientifiques avaient prédit auparavant. Il nous enjoint à agir.
www.ted.com/talks/al_gore_the_case_for_optimism_on_climat...
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Samedi soir 13 novembre 2015. Suite aux attentats, Al Gore interrompt une émission mondiale sur le climat
L'ex-vice-président américain Al Gore, qui organisait vendredi et samedi au pied de la Tour Eiffel à Paris une émission mondiale de 24 heures sur le climat, diffusée sur internet, l'a interrompue en raison des attentats survenus en France, par "solidarité avec le peuple français".
"Nous interrompons notre émission en raison des tragédies qui se déroulent ici à Paris, en raison de l'état d'urgence mais surtout parce que nous voulons exprimer notre solidarité avec le peuple français et la ville de Paris", a-t-il déclaré.
"Nous voulons exprimer nos condoléances aux familles de ceux qui ont perdu la vie, ceux qui sont gravement blessés, ceux qui souffrent des conséquences de ces terribles attaques terroristes", a-t-il dit. "Nous sommes solidaires".
"Nous continuerons à parler des sujets de cette émission, la crise du climat et ses solutions", a-t-il ajouté.
Dans cette émission organisée depuis vendredi en début de soirée sur un plateau installé sous un dôme transparent au pied de la Tour Eiffel, Al Gore accueillait scientifiques, politiques et chanteurs pour tenter de mobiliser la planète sur les enjeux du climat, à deux semaines de la Conférence de l'ONU sur le climat organisée à Paris à partir du 30 novembre.
Plus d'une centaine de chefs d'Etats sont attendus à l'ouverture de cette Conférence.
François Hollande devait intervenir dans l'émission d'Al Gore, samedi en début d'après-midi.
Le programme devait être diffusé pendant 24 heures sur le site de The Climate Reality Project, organisation fondée et présidée par M. Gore.
La conférence de l'ONU sur le climat (COP21), du 30 novembre au 11 décembre, est censée d’aboutir à un accord mondial pour limiter le réchauffement climatique.
AFP-LE MATIN 14 November 2015
lematin.ma/express/2015/al-gore-interrompt-l-emission-de-...
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La 21e Conférence des Parties
Chaque année, depuis la signature de la Convention-Cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques en 1992, les 195 Etats signataires se réunissent pour définir ensemble des objectifs concrets de lutte contre les dérèglements climatiques. Aux côtés des représentants des Etats, les ONG, les collectivités territoriales, les syndicats, les entreprises et la communauté scientifique, participent aux débats.
Du 29 novembre au 11 décembre, Paris accueillait la 21e Conférence des Parties (COP21). Cette conférence est une échéance cruciale qui représente la fin d’un cycle de négociations, en s’inscrivant dans le prolongement direct de la grande COP de 1997, qui avait permis l’adoption du protocole de Kyoto.
La COP21 a établi les bases d’un nouvel accord international applicable à tous les pays. Il engagera l’ensemble des Nations dans une réduction globale des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES), dans l’objectif de maintenir le réchauffement mondial à 1.5°C.
Conférence de Paris de 2015 sur le climat : fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conférence_de_Paris_de_2015_sur_le...
www.paris.fr/actualites/cop-21-paris-et-les-parisiens-mob...
Changements climatiques : quels enjeux pour la COP 21 ?
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3J7H7e2cMd4
www.fondation-nicolas-hulot.org/sites/default/files/press...
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François Hollande à ouvert la COP21, la conférence de Paris sur le climat. Le président Français a parlé d'un rendez-vous exceptionnel, un immense espoir : "Il s'agit de décider ici à Paris de l'avenir même de la planète" :
www.youtube.com/watch?v=V4VxTYg5AxQ
Sommet mondial sur le développement durable : discours de la France à l’ONU le 30 septembre 2015
François Hollande a évoqué les trois priorités après l’adoption du Programme de développement à l’horizon 2030 et en vue de la Conférence de Paris sur le climat en décembre. La première priorité est la préservation du climat, le Président français estimant qu’il faudrait signer un texte qui engagerait l’ensemble de la communauté internationale sur des décennies. Si notre planète subissait un réchauffement supérieur à 2°C, cela signifierait la disparition d’un certain nombre de pays, a prévenu le Président français, pour qui le caractère urgent de ce problème nécessitait des changements dans les modes de consommation et un financement approprié pour sa mise en œuvre. À son avis, 100 milliards de dollars seraient nécessaires pour assurer la transition énergétique et pour la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. La deuxième priorité est la lutte contre la pauvreté, qui devra être menée avec le fonds de la transition énergétique. La troisième priorité concerne la mobilisation de ressources pour la réalisation des trois piliers du développement durable pour assurer que tous les peuples de la planète jouissent pleinement de leurs droits fondamentaux en toute égalité et dignité dans un monde pacifique.
Le Président a par ailleurs annoncé que la France avait décidé d’augmenter son aide publique au développement à partir de 2020, à 4 milliards d’euros. Il a aussi annoncé la réforme de l’APD française en conjonction avec l’Agence française du développement et la Caisse des dépôts, qui deviendrait ainsi la plus grande banque européenne pour le développement. Il a également évoqué la mise en place de la taxe sur les transactions financières à partir de 2017, dont une partie serait affectée à la lutte contre les inégalités et contre la pauvreté.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=wVCamSbN53Q
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Le dérèglement climatique vu par Jean-Louis Etienne
En partenariat avec Universcience.tv, nous poursuivons la publication d’une série d’entretiens en vidéo sur le changement climatique, dans la perspective de la COP21, la conférence internationale qui se tiendra à Paris du 30 novembre au 11 décembre. Cette conférence tentera de parvenir à un accord contraignant sur la transition vers des économies sobres en carbone.
Dans cette vidéo, Jean-Louis Etienne, explorateur de l’Arctique et de l’Antarctique mais aussi médecin, voit le réchauffement climatique comme une maladie, une fièvre qui touche la planète et s’aggrave aux pôles. Il prescrit l’arrêt des énergies fossiles – tout particulièrement le charbon avec lequel les pays du Sud se développent – et se demande si l’homme saura stopper à temps son addiction à ces énergies.
Cet entretien a été réalisé à l’occasion de l’exposition temporaire « Climat, l’expo à 360 ° » qui vient d’ouvrir à la Cité des sciences et de l’industrie de Paris.
www.lemonde.fr/sciences/video/2015/10/14/le-dereglement-c...
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Le Sommet des Consciences pour le climat : www.dailymotion.com/video/x2yukt6
Lancé par Nicolas Hulot, envoyé spécial du président de la République pour la protection de la planète, le Sommet des Consciences réunit le 21 juillet 2015 à Paris, au CESE plus d'une quarantaine personnalités morales et religieuses du monde entier pour répondre à la question « The climate, why do I care ? » et lancer ensemble un « Appel des Consciences pour le climat ».
Une mobilisation des consciences de tous le habitants de la planète s’impose pour réussir le défi auquel l’humanité est confrontée : limiter le réchauffement du climat en diminuant sa consommation d’énergies fossiles et permettre à tous de s’adapter aux conditions nouvelles !
Le Temps est compté. Ce n’est plus seulement une question écologique, économique ou politique. C’est l’avenir de l’humanité qui est en jeu. Chacun de nous se doit de répondre maintenant à la question : est-ce qu’il m’importe que l’aventure de l’humanité sur Terre puisse se poursuivre ? Est-ce que je suis prêt à modifier dès aujourd’hui mon mode de vie pour que nos enfants et leurs enfants puissent vivre dans des conditions supportables ?
L'Appel des consciences
Il est fondamental que les consciences des hommes et des femmes de cette planète s'expriment ensemble, quelques soient leurs conditions, leurs religions, leurs philosophies.
La campagne "Why do I care ?" invite chacun à témoigner, et à faire savoir autour de lui, pourquoi la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique est importante et nous concerne chacun.
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Festival Science Frontières : Nicolas HULOT et Jean-Marie PELT, nous parlent des grands problèmes de notre planète mais aussi des grandes solutions...
www.youtube.com/watch?v=eo-YoX-nsKk
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Osons: la conférence du 07 octobre au Grand Rex à Paris
www.youtube.com/watch?v=cCUEcl6tqRM
OSONS
Plaidoyer d'un homme libre
« Les sommets sur le climat se succèdent, nous croulons sous l'avalanche de rapports plus alarmants les uns que les autres. Et l'on se rassure avec une multitude de déclarations d'intention et de bonnes résolutions. Si la prise de conscience progresse, sa traduction concrète reste dérisoire. L'humanité doit se ressaisir, sortir de son indifférence et faire naître un monde qui prend enfin soin de lui. »
Nicolas Hulot, Président de la Fondation Nicolas Hulot pour la Nature et l'Homme
Ce manifeste écrit par Nicolas Hulot est un cri du coeur, un plaidoyer pour l'action, un ultime appel à la mobilisation et un coup de poing sur la table des négociations climat avant le grand rendez-vous de la COP21. Il engage chacun à apporter sa contribution dans l'écriture d'un nouveau chapitre de l'aventure humaine, à nous changer nous mêmes et par ce biais à changer le monde.
Diagnostic implacable, constat lucide mais surtout propositions concrètes pour les responsables politiques et pistes d'action accessibles pour chacun d'entre nous, cet ouvrage est l'aboutissement de son engagement et de sa vision en toute liberté des solutions à « prescrire » avant et après la COP21. L'urgence est à l'action. En 12 propositions concrètes, Nicolas Hulot dresse, avec sa Fondation, une feuille de route alternative pour les États et suggère 10 engagements individuels pour que chacun puisse également faire bouger les lignes à son niveau.
Depuis 40 ans, Nicolas Hulot parcourt la planète. Témoin de sa lente destruction, il a décidé de devenir un des acteurs de sa reconstruction. Au côté de sa Fondation pour la Nature et l'Homme ou en parlant aux oreilles des décideurs, il contribue à faire évoluer les mentalités.
Broché - 96 pages - format : 12 x 19 cm.
Editions LLL Les liens qui libèrent.
boutique-solidaire.com/…/produits-…/26414-osons-.html
Nicolas Hulot - On n'est pas couché 31 octobre 2015 :
www.youtube.com/watch?v=3YjmXqOTqu0
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Le film "Le Syndrome du Titanic" : vimeo.com/64741962
Le Syndrome du Titanic est un film documentaire réalisé en 2008 par Nicolas Hulot et Jean-Albert Lièvre, sorti le 7 octobre 2009
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Syndrome_du_Titanic
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Le film "Une Vérité qui Dérange" : www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZ4izGzj9r0
Une vérité qui dérange (An Inconvenient Truth) est un documentaire américain de Davis Guggenheim sorti en 2006. Traitant du changement climatique, il est basé en grande partie sur une présentation multimédia que Al Gore, ancien vice-président des États-Unis et prix Nobel de la paix en 2007 (partagé avec le GIEC) a préparé pour sa campagne de sensibilisation sur le réchauffement planétaire
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Une_vérité_qui_dérange
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Photographie de Sébastien Duhamel, professionnel de l’image : www.sebastien-duhamel.com/présentation-références/
Derniers sujets photos : www.flickr.com/photos/sebastienduhamel/collections/721576...
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www.dailymotion.com/user/Sebastien_Duhamel/1
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Photo / Conditions : www.sebastien-duhamel.com/conditions-tarifs/
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St Stephen's Church is a redundant Anglican church on Brunel Terrace, Low Elswick, Newcastle upon Tyne, England. It is recorded in the National Heritage List for England as a designated Grade II listed building, and is under the care of the Churches Conservation Trust.
History
The foundation stone of the church was laid by Sir William Armstrong on 19 November 1866. Building was completed in 1868 and it was dedicated by Charles Baring, Bishop of Durham, during that year. It was declared redundant on 1 January 1984 and was vested in the Trust on 18 March 1987.
The main part of the church building was found to have been suffering from dry rot and was demolished between 1987 and 1988. Only the tower of the church remains standing. Only the base of the tower is available for public access, by prior appointment.
Architecture
The church is constructed in sandstone with a Welsh slate roof. As built, its plan consisted of a nave with north and south aisles and a west porch, a north transept, a chancel with a north aisle, and a northwest tower. Its architectural style is Decorated Gothic Revival. The tower is in three stages with triple bell openings, a corbel table, and a battlemented parapet. Flying buttresses lead up to a tall octagonal spire with lucarnes. It contains a ring of eight bells which were cast in 1880 by John Taylor of Loughborough.
Elswick is a district and electoral ward of the city and metropolitan borough of Newcastle upon Tyne, in the county of Tyne and Wear, England, 1.9 miles west of the city centre, bordering the River Tyne. Historically in Northumberland, Elswick became part of Newcastle upon Tyne in 1835. Elswick is home to the Newcastle Utilita Arena; and Newcastle College, with approximately 45,000 students.
History
In Roman times the Vallum, a defensive barrier behind Hadrian's Wall, reached its easternmost limit in Elswick. The Wall itself carried on as far as Wallsend.
The township of Elswick had originally formed part of the Barony of Bolam and was owned by Tynemouth Priory from 1120-1539, with a fishery present on the site. One of the earliest references to the coal mining industry of the north east occurs in 1330, when it was recorded that the Prior of Tynemouth let a colliery, called Heygrove, at "Elstewyke" for a rent of £5 per year. Elswick Colliery had 3 pits working from 1860 onwards. Elswick was owned by the Crown from 1539 to 1628, until it was sold by Charles I.
The Priors held a mansion in the middle of Elswick which was later occupied by Elswick Hall. Having been rebuilt a number of times, the last rebuild took place in 1810. The grounds of Elswick Hall became Elswick Park in 1881. Elswick changed significantly in the late 19th century with the extension of the railway from Carlisle to Newcastle in 1839 and the establishment of Armstrong's manufacturing works in 1847. Population increased rapidly during this period, from about 300 in 1801 to 59,165 in 1901. Tyneside flats were built in the area around Scotswood Road to accommodate the workforce.
The Elswick works was founded in 1847 by engineer William George Armstrong. It manufactured hydraulic machinery, cranes and bridges and, later, artillery. In 1882 the company merged with the shipbuilding firm of Charles Mitchell to form Armstrong, Mitchell & Company. Armstrong Mitchell merged again with the engineering firm of Joseph Whitworth in 1897, forming Armstrong, Whitworth & Co.
Elswick railway station was opened in 1889 to serve the area. It was located at the western end of the Elswick Works, whose workforce made up a significant proportion of travellers. The area suffered as a result of the inter-war and subsequent depressions, culminating in the demolition of the Elswick works. The station was closed and then demolished in 1967.
Elswick was hit hard by the decline of Tyneside's shipbuilding industry during the second half of the 20th century, and by the 1990s was widely regarded as one of the worst parts of Tyneside, if not the whole of Britain. According to a report by The Independent newspaper, unemployment stood at nearly 30% and the area had a widespread problem with drug abuse and arson attacks.
Elswick was formerly a township in the parish of Newcastle-St. John, in 1866 Elswick became a separate civil parish, on 1 April 1914 the parish was abolished to form Newcastle upon Tyne. In 1911 the parish had a population of 58,352. It is now in the unparished area of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Elswick today
Present day Elswick consists of a number of distinct neighbourhoods including the Adelaide Terrace area, Bentinck Estate, Condercum and Denhill Park, Cruddas Park (part renamed Riverside Dene), Elswick Triangle, Gill Street and the Courts, Grainger Park, Jubilee Estate, North Benwell, and both from the St John's and St Paul's areas. The local authority ward also incorporates Newcastle College, and the Utilita Arena Newcastle. As of the 2011 census, Elswick had one of the lowest White populations in Newcastle at around 55% with a large Asian population of 33.4% (including 15.9% Bangladeshi, 8.3% Pakistani), and 5.6% Black or Black British. Elswick has a large Muslim population of 31.9% and a Christian population of 43.4%. In 2018 it had an estimated population of 15,869.
The ward profile shows Elswick is the ward with the highest percentage of children under 14 years in Newcastle and has a lower than average number of senior citizens (10%) than Newcastle as a whole. Elswick has a lower than average number of houses in owner-occupation (26.3% compared with 49.9% for Newcastle city).
Elswick's Location
Located at a height of 53.1m, Elswick overlooks the River Tyne and is a suburban area in the West End of Newcastle upon Tyne.
Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the River Tyne's northern bank, opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.
Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, the settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it separated and formed a county of itself. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.
Roman settlement
The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.
The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.
Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.
Anglo-Saxon development
The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.
Norman period
After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, William Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.
In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.
Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.
Middle Ages
Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.
The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.
Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor[8] and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.
In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.
In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.
Religious houses
During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.
The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.
The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.
The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.
The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.
The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.
All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.
An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.
Tudor period
The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.
During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).
With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.
Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.
The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.
In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.
Stuart period
In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.
In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.
In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.
In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.
In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.
A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.
Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.
In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.
In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.
Eighteenth century
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.
In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.
In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.
Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.
The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.
In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.
Victorian period
Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.
In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.
In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.
In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.
In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.
Industrialisation
In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.
Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:
George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.
George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.
Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.
William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.
The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:
Glassmaking
A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Locomotive manufacture
In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.
Shipbuilding
In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.
Armaments
In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.
Steam turbines
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.
Pottery
In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.
Expansion of the city
Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.
Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.
Twentieth century
In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.
During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.
In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.
Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.
As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.
In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.
As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.
Recent developments
Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.
Featured Image from Sonata Series
Sonata concentrates on seeing rather than looking. In our waking-state, we look at things all the time but consciously unless chosen to do we make the effort to see. This on-going series concentrates on the elements of design ; color, line, shape texture form and pattern. Each image composes of a singular point of interest to achieve photographic satisfaction. Here the visible, mundane & overlooked has its moment.
Nkosi.artiste@gmail.com
ABOUT THE ARTIST
Chance Nkosi Gomez known initiated by H.H Swami Jyotirmayanda as Sri Govinda walks an integral yogic path in which photography is the primary creative field of expression. The medium was introduced during sophomore year of high school by educator Dr. Devin Marsh of Robert Morgan Educational Center. Coming into alignment with light, its nature and articulating the camera was the focus during that time. Thereafter while completing a Photographic Technology Degree, the realization of what made an image “striking” came to the foreground of the inner dialogue. These college years brought forth major absorption and reflection as an apprentice to photographer and educator Tony A. Chirinos of Miami Dade College. The process of working towards a singular idea of interest and thus building a series became the heading from here on while the camera aided in cultivating an adherence to the present moment. The viewfinder resembles a doorway to the unified field of consciousness in which line, shape, form, color, value, texture all dissolve. It is here that the yogi is reminded of sat-chit-ananda (the supreme reality as all-pervading; pure consciousness). As of May 2024 Govinda has completed his 300hr yoga teacher training program at Sattva Yoga Academy studying from Master Yogi Anand Mehrotra in Rishikesh, India, Himalayas. This has strengthened his personal Sadhana and allows one to carry and share ancient Vedic Technology leading others in ultimately directing their intellect to bloom into intuition. As awareness and self-realization grows so does the imagery that is all at once divine in the mastery of capturing and controlling light. Over the last seven years he has self-published six photographic books, Follow me i’ll be right behind you (2017), Sonata - Minimal Study (2018), Birds Singing Lies (2018), Rwanda (2019), Where does the body begin? (2019) & Swayam Jyotis (2023). Currently, Govinda is employed at the Leica Store Miami as a camera specialist and starting his journey as a practitioner of yoga ॐ
Flaque du : 11 Mars 2011, 15h20
Pieds : 1 Seul (le droit)
Formes Principales Possibles : Visage de côté avec un gros œil (larme possible) et un pinch // une Silhouette d’un Homme (à l’envers) // Un oiseau qui tombe avec des plumes (juste le haut de la flaque) et une branche ou un serpent
Résidus d’eau : Beaucoup
État Physique : Normal, un peu fatigué
État Mental à la prise de vue : Neutre, un peu préoccupé, mais calme, impression de solitude
État Mental à la fin de la journée : Assez heureux, après une soirée entre amis
Évocation D’un Futur Possible : N/A
Évocation D’un Passé Possible : N/A
Autre : Oiseau : J’ai entendus les premiers corbeaux du printemps le matin suivant
Analyse :
Le visage : il me représente quand même bien … la larme et la barbe
La silhouette : elle est obscure et semble émané du noir… il lui manque une jambe et sa tête est rabaissée
L’oiseau : ressemble étrangement au signe du groupe de musique Insomnium… l’oiseau semble en chute libre, le reste de la flaque tente de le rejoindre … ou est-ce un serpent qui vient pour manger sa victime?
The Secondary school at Buttershaw has had a number of name changes since its opening in 1956.
In 1956 it opened as Buttershaw Secondary School , since then it has been Buttershaw Comprehensive, Buttershaw Upper School and Buttershaw High School. Currently it enjoys the name of Buttershaw Business and Enterprise College.
The original 1956 buildings were extended in the early 1960. Further building work continued during the 70’s 80’ and 90’s.
In 2008 the new building was opened and the old building demolished.
La quebrada de Las Flechas, es un accidente geográfico (precísamente una quebrada) ubicado en el km 4380 de la Ruta Nacional 40 (tramo que une las localidades de Cafayate y Cachi) en el Departamento San Carlos de la provincia de Salta, norte de la República Argentina, extendiéndose por 20 km dentro de los Valles Calchaquíes, desde Angastaco hasta el Río Calchaquí. En 1995, la Legislatura de Salta lo incorporó como uno de sus símbolos.
Distante aproximadamente de 260 km de la ciudad de Salta (por Cafayate), se trata de formaciones rocosas puntiagudas inclinadas que forman estrechos desfiladeros con paredes de 20 m de altura, convirtiéndose en uno de los puntos turísticos y más atractivos de la ruta nacional 40.
Mientras se atraviesan las formaciones, destacan el «paso del Ventisquero» y en especial el «paso de la Flecha», que se asemeja a un glaciar petrificado de puntas agudas, que fue declarado Monumento Natural de Angastaco por medio de la ley provincial Nº 6808 en el año 1995.
En su trayectoria, ubicada en el km 4420 de la ruta 40, se encuentra la iglesia jesuítica más antigua de todo el Valle Calchaquí la que data del año 1780. Fue restaurada en 1969 por los actuales propietarios del lugar (Finca El Carmen); hecha de adobe y techo de caña, con dos altares coloridos, la iglesia parece pender de un barranco, mirando el valle en toda su extensión. Desde el lugar, y cruzando el río, puede ingresarse entre rocas milenarias donde se encuentran vestigios arqueológicos como restos de urnas funerarias y vasija de la cultura santamariana (o cultura de Santa María), que habitó estas tierras antes de la llegada de los españoles.
La quebrada está incluida en una amplia región incluida entre las áreas importantes para la conservación de las aves en Argentina
Este tramo de 150 km de la Ruta nacional 40 que une las localidades de Cafayate y Cachi puede transitarse sin ninguna dificultad con cualquier tipo de vehículo. El camino consolidado es de ripio en buen estado y en permanente conservación, el que se encuentra trazado medio de estas angulosas formaciones donde la tierra señala el cielo. Con velocidad moderada para el ripio lleva aproximadamente 5 horas completarla.
El camino encajonado comienza a abrirse si uno va en sentido a Angastaco y sucederá lo contrario si uno viaja en dirección Norte-Sur, ya que el pueblo es la puerta de entrada a la Quebrada.
Los colores de las formaciones rotan a lo largo del día según la posición del sol. Brillantes por la mañana y ocres por la tarde, por lo que se recomienda siempre transitarlo antes del atardecer, aunque también bajo la luz de la luna llena hay quienes se animan a surcarlas a caballo, ya no por la ruta sino por la quebrada del río Calchaquí.
Si bien son muchos los ciclistas que realizan esta travesía en verano, es aconsejable no realizarla a pleno sol de mediodía debido a las elevadas temperaturas, a la gran amplitud térmico y por ser el terreno pedregoso y polvoriento, el que se complejiza en verano durante la época de lluvia.
Su origen se remonta de entre 15 a 20 millones de años cuando grandes bloques de rocas comenzaron a elevarse en el borde de la Puna. (rocas duras y cristalinas originadas en el Precámbrico); Profundas fallas en la corteza terrestre fueron levantando rocas graníticas y metamórficas formando un contrafuerte montañoso. Las placas sedimentarias (areniscas pardo rojizas que sedimentaron antes que los Andes existieran) que se encontraron en algún momento a ras del suelo se quebraron por el surgimiento de las montañas y sus extremos quedaron inclinados apuntando al cielo armando desfiladeros angostos con paredes de aproximadamente 20 m de alto. Posteriormente la erosión las afiló y ahora se asemejan cuchillas o puntas de flecha una al lado de la otra.
Estos estratos fueron plegados y fracturados al recibir el empuje de las orogenia andina; con el tiempo estos materiales se convirtieron en rocas que quedaron clasificadas con el nombre de Formación Angastaco, por ser el lugar donde alcanzan su mejor expresión.
Dentro de la Formación Angastaco se distinguen tres secciones . La sección inferior predominantemente arenosa de color gris y pardo rojizo claro, la sección media con areniscas gruesas y conglomerado de color gris y la sección superior esencialmente arenosa con pelitas subordinadas.
Texto: es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebrada_de_Las_Flechas
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La quebrada de Las Flechas, é um acidente geográfico (precísamente uma quebrada) localizado no km 4380 da Ruta Nacional 40 (tramo que uma as localidades de Cafayate e Cachi) no Departamento San Carlos da província de Salta, norte da República Argentina, extendido por 20 km dentro dos Valles Calchaquíes, desde Angastaco até o Rio Calchaquí. En 1995, a Legislatura de Salta para incorporar como um de seus símbolos.
Distante cerca de 260 km da cidade de Salta (por Cafayate), se trata de formações rochosas que se deslocam a partir de 20 metros de altura, convertendo-se em um dos pontos turísticos e mais atractivos da rota nacional.
Durante o período de vigência, destacam o «passo do Ventisquero» e em especial o «passo da Flecha», que se assemelha a um glaciar petrificado de puntas agudas, que foi declarado Monumento Natural de Angastaco por meio da lei provincial Nº 6808 En el año 1995.
En su trayectoria, localizado no km 4420 da rota 40, se encontra a igreja jesuítica mais antiga de todo o Valle Calchaquí que data do ano de 1780. Foi restaurado em 1969 pelos proprietários do lugar (Finca El Carmen); Hecha de adobe e teto de caña, com dos altares coloridos, a igreja parece pender de um barranco, olhando o vale em toda sua extensão. Desde o lugar, e cruzando o rio, pode entrar em rocas milenarias onde se encontra vestígios arqueológicos como restos de urnas funerárias e vasija da cultura santa mariana (o cultura de Santa María), que é habitado estas terras antes da chegada dos españoles.
A quebrada está incluída em uma ampla região entre as áreas importantes para a conservação das aves em Argentina
Este tramo de 150 quilômetros da roda nacional 40 que uma das localidades de Cafayate e Cachi pode transitarse sem nenhuma dificuldade com todo o tipo do veículo. O caminho consolidado é de ripio em bom estado e em permanente conservação, o que se encontra o meio de estas formas angulosas onde a terra indicam o céu. Com velocidade moderada para o ripio carrega aproximadamente 5 horas completala.
El camino encajonado comienza a abrir e se vai em sentido a Angastaco e sucede no sentido contrário e viaja em direcção Norte-Sur, e que o povo é a porta de entrada na Quebrada.
Os cores das formações rotan um o largo do dia segundo a posição do sol. Brillantes para a manhã e ocres pela tarde, pelo que recomendaram Sempre recomendado antes do atardecer, mas também sob a luz da lua Calchaquí.
Si bien los muchos ciclistas que realizan esta travesía en verano, es aconsejable no realizarla a pleno sol de mediodía devido a las elevadas temperaturas, a gran amplitude térmica y por el terreno pedregoso y polvoriento, el que se complejiza en verano durante la Época de chuva
Su origem se remonta de entre 15 a 20 milhões de anos quando grandes bloques de rocas começaram a elevarse no borde da Puna. (Rochas duras e cristalinas originadas no pré-fabricado); Profundas fallas na corteza terrestre levantando rocas graníticas e metamórficas formando un contrafuerte montañoso. As placas sedimentarias (areniscas pardo rojizas que sedimentaron antes que os Andes existieran) que se encontrou em algum momento um ras do solo quebraram para o recolhimento das montanhas e os extremos ficaram inclinados apuntando ao céu armando desfiladeros angostos com paredes aproximadamente 20 m De alto. Posteriormente a erosão é afiado e agora é uma parte de uma outra.
Estes estratos foram plegados e fracturados para receber o empuje de orogenia andina; Con el tiempo estos materiales se convirtieron en rocas que quedaron clasificadas con el nombre de Formación Angastaco, por ser el lugar donde alcanzan su mejor expresión.
Dentro da Formação Angastaco se distinguen tres secciones. A seção inferior predominantemente arenosa da cor cinzenta e parecem rojizo claro, a seção meios com areniscas gruesas e conglomerado de cor cinzenta ea seção superior essencialmente arenosa com pelitas subordinadas.
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The Las Flechas gorge is a geographical accident (located at a distance of 4380 km. From the National Route 40 (section connecting the towns of Cafayate and Cachi) in the San Carlos Department of the province of Salta, north of the Argentina, extending for 20 km within the Calchaquíes Valleys, from Angastaco to the Calchaquí River. In 1995, the Legislature of Salta incorporated it as one of its symbols.
Distant approximately 260 km from the city of Salta (by Cafayate), these are pointed rocky formations that form narrow gorges with walls of 20 m in height, becoming one of the tourist attractions and more attractive of the national route 40.
While traversing the formations, the "passage of the Ventisquero" and especially the "passage of the Arrow", which resembles a petrified glacier with sharp points, was declared a Natural Monument of Angastaco by provincial law No. 6808 In the year 1995.
Located in km 4420 of route 40, there is the oldest Jesuit church in the entire Calchaquí Valley dating from 1780. It was restored in 1969 by the present owners of the place (Finca El Carmen); Made of adobe and cane roof, with two colorful altars, the church seems to hang from a ravine, looking at the valley in all its extension. From the place, and crossing the river, you can enter between ancient rocks where there are archaeological remains such as remains of funerary urns and a vessel of Santamarian culture (or culture of Santa María), which inhabited these lands before the arrival of the Spanish.
The ravine is included in a wide region included among the areas important for the conservation of birds in Argentina
This stretch of 150 km of the National Route 40 that connects the towns of Cafayate and Cachi can travel without any difficulty with any type of vehicle. The consolidated road is gravel in good condition and in permanent conservation, which is traced half of these angular formations where the earth points to the sky. With moderate speed for the rubble takes approximately 5 hours to complete it.
The boxed road begins to open if one goes in direction to Angastaco and the opposite will happen if one travels in a North-South direction, since the town is the gateway to the Quebrada.
The colors of the formations rotate throughout the day according to the position of the sun. Bright in the morning and ocher in the afternoon, so it is recommended to always walk before sunset, although also under the light of the full moon there are those who are encouraged to ride them on horseback, not by the route but by the river ravine Calchaqui.
Although there are many cyclists who make this trip in summer, it is advisable not to do it in the midday sun because of the high temperatures, the great thermal amplitude and because it is the stony and dusty terrain, which becomes complex in summer during the Rainy season
Its origin goes back from 15 to 20 million years when large blocks of rocks began to rise on the edge of the Puna. (Hard and crystalline rocks originated in the Precambrian); Deep faults in the earth's crust were lifting granite and metamorphic rocks forming a mountainous buttress. The sedimentary plates (reddish brown sandstones that sediment before the Andes existed) that were found at some point below the ground were broken by the rise of the mountains and their ends were inclined pointing to the sky by arming narrow gorges with walls of approximately 20 m High. Later erosion sharpened them and now resemble blades or arrowheads next to each other.
These strata were folded and fractured when receiving the thrust of the Andean orogeny; With time these materials became rocks that were classified with the name of Angastaco Formation, for being the place where they reach their best expression.
Within the Angastaco Formation three sections are distinguished. The lower section is predominantly sandy in gray and light reddish brown, the middle section with thick sandstones and gray conglomerate and the upper section is essentially sandy with subordinate pellets.
Winning form returns against CIYMS
by Roger Corbett
In this important fixture, it was Bangor who took the victory against CIYMS by 22-5 resulting in the two sides swapping places in the league.
Bangor got the game underway, kicking off into a stiff breeze. Within 3 minutes, Bangor conceded the first penalty of the game, which CIYMS elected to kick for goal, but failed to convert. The Bangor back line looked sharp, with Davy Charles coming in from full back to break the CIYMS line and set up a promising attack. James Henly came close but the CIYMS defence was sound.
The Bangor pack had seen a number of changes as the result of ongoing injury problems, but it performed well in both scrum and lineout set pieces. In fact it was from a lineout after just 9 minutes that the ball was cleanly won and passed quickly to Jason Morgan at out half, who produced another great line to wrong foot the CIYMS defence and ghost in to score under the posts. The conversion was successfully taken by Neil Cuthbertson, putting Bangor into the lead by 7-0.
This gave Bangor the boost they needed, and they continued to dominate play. After a further 6 minutes, from a scrum just inside the CIYMS half, scrum half Craig Harper passed to Morgan who then off-loaded to Mike Aspley in the centre. Although tackled, he managed to get the ball to Phil Whyte who had followed up from propping in the scrum. Drawing the defending tacklers, he then passed to flanker James Henly who burst through to run in unopposed for Bangor’s second try under the posts. Again, the simple kick was converted by Cuthbertson, doubling the lead to 14-0.
CIYMS responded well, using the wind advantage wisely to bring play repeatedly back into Bangor’s territory, but mistakes at crucial periods of play denied them any meaningful scoring opportunities. Bangor, on the other hand, stuck to their plan and continued to apply pressure. This soon forced CIYMS to concede a kickable penalty, which Cuthbertson converted to increase the lead to 17-0 after 23 minutes of play.
However, just 3 minutes later, the referee showed the yellow card to captain Jamie Clegg after he was judged to have deliberately knocked on the ball while defending a CIYMS attack. From the subsequent penalty, CIYMS passed the ball wide to the left and made a push for the line. What looked like a certain try was prevented by great Bangor defending, as they managed to hold the ball up and win the turnover.
Within minutes of Clegg’s return from the sin bin, the circumstances that led to his penalty were repeated, this time by Jason Morgan who similarly was shown the referee’s yellow card. From this penalty, the CIYMS players didn’t make the same mistake as before, and finally managed to touch down for a try in the left hand corner. The difficult kick was missed, but CIYMS were now on the scoreboard, reducing Bangor’s lead to 17-5 as the first half drew to a close.
As the teams turned around and CIYMS got the second half underway, hopes were high that Bangor would build on their first half tries and use the wind to keep their opponents pinned down in their own twenty two. However, it’s fair to say that CIYMS came out the stronger and frustrated Bangor’s attacks, while moving the ball through their backs with more purpose and accuracy.
It was not until 30 minutes had been played that the second half deadlock was broken. From a long CIYMS clearance kick, the ball was safely taken by Harper inside his own half. Two long and quickly made passes, saw the ball move via Jason Morgan to Davy Charles whose pace was too much for the thinly spread CIYMS defence. Running wide, he rounded the final CIYMS players to score on the right hand side. Cuthbertson’s kick was just wide of the posts, but Bangor were now 3 tries to the good, and within sight of another bonus point victory.
However, just 2 minutes later, and with CIYMS moving back into Bangor territory, the game produced another sting for the home side. In his attempt to intercept a long CIYMS pass, he knocked the ball forward and stopped the CIYMS attack. The referee deemed this to be deliberate once again and produced a second yellow card which in turn led to a red card, and Morgan was to take no further part in the game. Stung by this set-back, and with just 8 minutes remaining, Bangor re-grouped and wisely focussed on defending their lead and denying CIYMS any further scoring chances. This they did, and as the final whistle was blown, they could celebrate a return to winning ways, and a return to their previously held 3rd position in the league.
This was an encouraging team performance that should give added confidence as the players now set their sights on the first round of the Towns Cup (next weekend, at home to City of Derry 2nds), followed by a challenging journey to league leaders Clogher Valley in the league afterwards.
Bangor side: P Whyte, A Jackson, J Leary (J Harrison), A Rushe, D Kelly, J Henly, R Latimer, J Clegg (c), C Harper, J Morgan, M Widdowson, M Aspley, C Morgan (G Caughey), N Cuthbertson, D Charles
Subs: J Harrison, G Caughey
Bangor scores: J Morgan (1T), J Henly (1T), D Charles (1T), N Cuthbertson (2C, 1P)
Winning form returns against CIYMS
by Roger Corbett
In this important fixture, it was Bangor who took the victory against CIYMS by 22-5 resulting in the two sides swapping places in the league.
Bangor got the game underway, kicking off into a stiff breeze. Within 3 minutes, Bangor conceded the first penalty of the game, which CIYMS elected to kick for goal, but failed to convert. The Bangor back line looked sharp, with Davy Charles coming in from full back to break the CIYMS line and set up a promising attack. James Henly came close but the CIYMS defence was sound.
The Bangor pack had seen a number of changes as the result of ongoing injury problems, but it performed well in both scrum and lineout set pieces. In fact it was from a lineout after just 9 minutes that the ball was cleanly won and passed quickly to Jason Morgan at out half, who produced another great line to wrong foot the CIYMS defence and ghost in to score under the posts. The conversion was successfully taken by Neil Cuthbertson, putting Bangor into the lead by 7-0.
This gave Bangor the boost they needed, and they continued to dominate play. After a further 6 minutes, from a scrum just inside the CIYMS half, scrum half Craig Harper passed to Morgan who then off-loaded to Mike Aspley in the centre. Although tackled, he managed to get the ball to Phil Whyte who had followed up from propping in the scrum. Drawing the defending tacklers, he then passed to flanker James Henly who burst through to run in unopposed for Bangor’s second try under the posts. Again, the simple kick was converted by Cuthbertson, doubling the lead to 14-0.
CIYMS responded well, using the wind advantage wisely to bring play repeatedly back into Bangor’s territory, but mistakes at crucial periods of play denied them any meaningful scoring opportunities. Bangor, on the other hand, stuck to their plan and continued to apply pressure. This soon forced CIYMS to concede a kickable penalty, which Cuthbertson converted to increase the lead to 17-0 after 23 minutes of play.
However, just 3 minutes later, the referee showed the yellow card to captain Jamie Clegg after he was judged to have deliberately knocked on the ball while defending a CIYMS attack. From the subsequent penalty, CIYMS passed the ball wide to the left and made a push for the line. What looked like a certain try was prevented by great Bangor defending, as they managed to hold the ball up and win the turnover.
Within minutes of Clegg’s return from the sin bin, the circumstances that led to his penalty were repeated, this time by Jason Morgan who similarly was shown the referee’s yellow card. From this penalty, the CIYMS players didn’t make the same mistake as before, and finally managed to touch down for a try in the left hand corner. The difficult kick was missed, but CIYMS were now on the scoreboard, reducing Bangor’s lead to 17-5 as the first half drew to a close.
As the teams turned around and CIYMS got the second half underway, hopes were high that Bangor would build on their first half tries and use the wind to keep their opponents pinned down in their own twenty two. However, it’s fair to say that CIYMS came out the stronger and frustrated Bangor’s attacks, while moving the ball through their backs with more purpose and accuracy.
It was not until 30 minutes had been played that the second half deadlock was broken. From a long CIYMS clearance kick, the ball was safely taken by Harper inside his own half. Two long and quickly made passes, saw the ball move via Jason Morgan to Davy Charles whose pace was too much for the thinly spread CIYMS defence. Running wide, he rounded the final CIYMS players to score on the right hand side. Cuthbertson’s kick was just wide of the posts, but Bangor were now 3 tries to the good, and within sight of another bonus point victory.
However, just 2 minutes later, and with CIYMS moving back into Bangor territory, the game produced another sting for the home side. In his attempt to intercept a long CIYMS pass, he knocked the ball forward and stopped the CIYMS attack. The referee deemed this to be deliberate once again and produced a second yellow card which in turn led to a red card, and Morgan was to take no further part in the game. Stung by this set-back, and with just 8 minutes remaining, Bangor re-grouped and wisely focussed on defending their lead and denying CIYMS any further scoring chances. This they did, and as the final whistle was blown, they could celebrate a return to winning ways, and a return to their previously held 3rd position in the league.
This was an encouraging team performance that should give added confidence as the players now set their sights on the first round of the Towns Cup (next weekend, at home to City of Derry 2nds), followed by a challenging journey to league leaders Clogher Valley in the league afterwards.
Bangor side: P Whyte, A Jackson, J Leary (J Harrison), A Rushe, D Kelly, J Henly, R Latimer, J Clegg (c), C Harper, J Morgan, M Widdowson, M Aspley, C Morgan (G Caughey), N Cuthbertson, D Charles
Subs: J Harrison, G Caughey
Bangor scores: J Morgan (1T), J Henly (1T), D Charles (1T), N Cuthbertson (2C, 1P)
La Plaza Bolívar Chávez, forma parte de un proyecto de reconstrucción del eje costero que incluye una serie de obras de infraestructura que se extienden desde La Guaira hasta Macuto. Cuenta con 36.000 metros cuadrados y sectores comunicados por caminerías, bulevares y ciclovías, cuenta con un espacio de 1.220 metros cuadrados con juegos de caídas y espejos de agua.
La Guaira es considerada la puerta de entrada de Venezuela y está separada de Caracas por tan sólo 30 km. Fueron los indios Arauacos quienes primero marcaron con su huella el litoral central venezolano. La ciudad antiguamente conocida como Huaira, por ser un asentamiento indígena, fue fundada oficialmente en el año 1589 por Diego de Osorio con el nombre de San Pedro de La Guaira. Su importancia marítima no viene de hace poco, desde el comienzo la ciudad fue el más importante centro naval del país, pues fue allí donde se estableció la Compañía Guipuzcoana, cuya casa hasta hoy se mantiene en su casco histórico, habiendo sobrevivido a terremotos (como el de 1810), así como las inundaciones de 1999.
En está ciudad han nacido importantes proceres de la independencia venezolana, como José María España y Manuel Gual; dos presidentes de la república como Carlos Soublette y José María Vargas, además el héroe venezolano-curazoleño, Manuel Piar, quien pasó buena parte de su vida en La Guaira.
The Shard, also referred to as the Shard of Glass, Shard London Bridge and formerly London Bridge Tower, is a 95-storey skyscraper in Southwark, London, that forms part of the London Bridge Quarter development.
Standing 309.6 metres (1,016 ft) high, the Shard is the tallest building in the United Kingdom, the 105th tallest building in the world, and the fourth tallest building in Europe. It is also the second-tallest free-standing structure in the United Kingdom, after the concrete tower at the Emley Moor transmitting station.
The Shard's construction began in March 2009; it was topped out on 30 March 2012 and inaugurated on 5 July 2012. Practical completion was achieved in November 2012. Its privately operated observation deck, the View from the Shard, opened to the public on 1 February 2013.
The glass-clad pyramidal tower has 72 habitable floors, with a viewing gallery and open-air observation deck on the 72nd floor, at a height of 244.3 metres (802 ft). It was designed by the Italian architect Renzo Piano and replaced Southwark Towers, a 24-storey office block built on the site in 1975. The Shard was developed by Sellar Property Group on behalf of LBQ Ltd, and is jointly owned by Sellar Property and the State of Qatar. Source: en.wikipedia.org
Geometric Forms, Alexandra Wejchert. Polished stainless steel and consists of six identical elements connected at the centre. Each of the semi-crescent elements is cut from a 6mm flat plate with the edges stiffened by 200 x 100mm plates welded to it. 7.0m x 4.5m - Located in front of the Robert Schuman Building
Pennsylvania Railroad Form 47, commuter timetable for trains between Pittsburgh and Schenley, and Pittsburgh and Kiskiminetas Jct. This service was discontinued November 27, 1964.
Another neat find, a Yes & Know game book from 1985. This one features Walt Disney Fun Forms picture puzzles. As soon as I saw it & the 'Yes & Know' logo I remembered these game books with orange & yellow markers that we'd get for family trips. There are a total of 5 of the original 8 sheets of stickers still intact with jumbled pictures of Donald Duck, Mickey Mouse, Scrooge McDuck and Goofy.
Rome - Forma / La città moderna e il suo passato (2004).
www.electaweb.it/catalogo/scheda/978883703189/it?language...
Abstract
Proposal by Fuksas and Mandrelli to transform Via dei Fori Imperiali,
the street that bisects the archaeological park that encompasses the
Republican and Imperial forums, into a viaduct hovering above the
ruins.
Subject/Artist
Fuksas, Massimiliano, 1944-; Mandrelli, Doriana O; Mussolini, Benito,
1883-1945; Streets -- Alterations and additions -- Italy -- Rome --
Via dei Fori Imperiali; Fascism and architecture -- Italy -- Rome
______________
Al Colosseo e' aperta una mostra, "Forma. La città moderna e il suo passato", al cui termine e' esposto il progetto dell'architetto Fuksas per la sistemazione dell'area archeologica centrale e di via dei Fori Imperiali.
www.architettiroma.it/dettagli.asp?id=5940
www.architettiroma.it/dettagli-p.asp?id=5931
www.kwart.kataweb.it/kwart/ita/recensionidett.jsp?idConte...
** Comments regarding the Fuksas Project in Rome (Aug. 2004), by an Italian archaeologist in Rome affiliated with the Imperial Fora excavations and studies (1989-present). **
In sintesi (forse eccessiva) via dei Fori Imperiali, ormai storicizzata,
resta, pedonalizzata per sei mesi l'anno (l'estate si prevede solo il
passaggio dei mezzi pubblici), ma su una serie di arcate che scavalcano
le aree archeologiche Queste formano dunque un unico spazio, senza
soluzione di continuità, tra Fori Imperiali e il Foro Romano (e oltre,
fino al Colosseo e al Circo Massimo, Delle passerelle, sempre
sopraelevate, tagliano qua e la' l'area dei Fori Imperiali, seguendo
(più o meno) il tracciato delle vie del quartiere alessandrino, quello
buttato giù da Mussolini negli anni '30. Dalle passerelle delle rampe
in corrispondenza delle attuali aree alberate con pini, che vengono
mantenute, scendono nell'area archeologica. Ci sono poi anche delle
piattaforme che si dipartono dalle passerelle, coperte in materiale
trasparente e che possono essere utilizzate come belvedere, come centri
informativi e/o espositivi, ma anche per caffe', librerie, ecc., in
mododa rendere questo percorso aereo anche un posto dove stare, da
raggiungere, e non solo vie di passaggio. Piattaforme e (suppongo)
passerelle poggiano su sostegni sottili. A quanto si dice le opere previste sono comunque reversibili e di costo abbastanza limitato (ovvio, tutto e' relativo).
Si tratta come sottolinea lo stesso architetto non di un progetto
definitivo, per ora, ma di un'idea, di un concetto, sebbene già
tradotto in immagini. E' bene sottolinearlo perche' ci sono, almeno per l'occhio
di chi conosca bene le aree, alcune incongruenze e non sembra calibrata
in funzione quanto meno *anche* dei resti antichi, la posizione di
questi elementi moderni. Ma sono ovviamente tutte cose che si possono
meglio calibrare in un progetto vero e proprio.
La mia impressione sul progetto? non l'ho ancora ben chiara.
Le piattaforme sembrano piccoli grappoli di oblunghe bolle trasparenti,
delle astronavi sospese in aria Le forme sono bellissime, ma
onestamente mi lasciano un po' "stranita" delle astronavi aliene che si
librano sopra l'area archeologica dei Fori, davanti alle colonne del tempio di
Marte Ultore o della Basilica Ulpia. Non so, puo' essere che mi debba
abituare all'idea e che sia un'operazione simile a quella della
piramide nel cortile del Louvre (che a me personalmente piace molto). O forse
effettivamente finiscono per lasciare un segno moderno dove forse
avrebbe senso essere il più possibile sommessi. Insomma se devo fare
una balaustra di protezione, o un elemento a servizio della visita, che
ovviamente sono in parte inevitabili, e' giustissimo dare a questi
oggetti una qualità estetica, anche a contrasto (e forse meglio a
contrasto, per rendere immediatamente evidente che di aggiunte si
tratta). Ma diventa giusto se questa vista distrae il visitatore dalla
percezione delle architetture antiche? (la piramide del Louvre non lo
fa, mi sembra, e lo stesso palazzo del Louvre, nonostante il prestigio
del suo museo, non e' i Fori Imperiali...).
L'idea di cui si propone questa realizzazione non e' sbagliata: sia il
fatto di lasciare la via dei Fori Imperiali su arcate, ma di lasciarla
(e io non la chiuderei al traffico, mi sembra sufficiente e sensato
farlo per la domenica e i di' di festa. Oppure, all'interno di
un'operazione urbanistica (oddio, forse impossibile) che comprenda
viabilità alternative la renderei pedonale tutto l'anno....). Non e'
peraltro un'idea nuovissima, e veniva abbastanza spontanea come
soluzione, essendoci i soldi per farlo e trovando le soluzioni tecniche.
Anche l'idea delle passerelle sopraelevate (reversibili, leggere) non
mi sembra sbagliata. Ottima anche l'idea di tracciare con questo percorso
aereo il tracciato delle strade del quartiere distrutto e riproporre
dunque la stratificazione storica ora scomparsa.
Pero' il percorso e la quantità di queste passerelle forse andrebbe
meglio valutato. Nelle ricostruzioni (proposte rapidamente in
diapositive che scorrevano, e dunque difficilmente percepibili nei
particolari) ne ho colto una che passava tra le colonne del tempio di
Venere Genitrice e le colonne dei portici della piazza del Foro di
Cesare che io onestamente non avrei messo, anche se fosse sulla
linea di una di queste perdute strade (e posto che lo sia: dovrei
controllare, ma non mi pare che i percorsi storici siano rispecchiati con
precisione). E mi chiedo che senso abbia demolire l'esistente via
Alessandrina, per rimpiazzarla con una passerella, varrebbe forse piu'
la pena aprire, come e' stato fatto per alcuni passaggi, tutte le
arcate del muro di recinzione moderno e lasciarla anch'essa su arcate
(ovviamente non ho le competenze per capirne la difficoltà tecnica,
magari non si puo'), con il vantaggio di avere per la funzione che
serve l'elemento originale, la strada, ancora conservatasi pur senza le sue
case intorno, invece che un elemento nuovo che la ricalchi. O forse
sbaglio e forse la strada cosi' mutiliata in effetti non ha senso e
sarebbe meglio un segno moderno, ma più lineare e più leggero che si
limitasse a ricordarne la memoria.
Un'altra idea che condivido e' quella di rendere viva la zona, un punto
di arrivo e non solo di passaggio, aprendovi, caffe', librerie, centri
informativi, gallerie, e via dicendo. Ma magari farlo proprio in mezzo
alle aree archeologiche, ancorche' in posizione sopraelevata, non so,
e' davvero necessario? se uno usasse, che so, zone dei marciapiedi di via
dei Fori dove sono più larghi? chioschi nelle aree alberate che
giustamente si vogliono conservare? E dei belvedere, magari giusto ci
siano (sebbene i Fori, visti dall'alto si possano capire, ma non
percepire e sentire, starci dentro), ma al limite degli allargamenti
delle passerelle, che belvedere lo sarebbero poi le passerelle stesse.
Delle cose dette dall'architetto progettista e dal Soprintendente La
Regina, condivido assolutamente la necessità di porre il problema: gli
scavi delle aree sono stati fatti, ma occorre per renderli davvero
"fruibili" a tutti pensare, con attenzione, ad una loro
sistemazione. La faccenda e' delicata: quali delle testimonianze dei secoli
successivi trovate in gran copia nell'area della piazza del Foro Traiano, ad
esempio, abbiamo diritto di demolire? Possiamo probabilmente farlo con
le cantine delle case cinquecentesche, ma i resti del convento
duecentesco di S.Urbano? il laboratorio del ceramista rinascimentale? e
penso che a nessuno venga in mente di demolire l'unico esempio di una
casa signorile di età carolingia, trovato nell'area del Foro di Nerva.
Siccome tutte queste cose, piu' e meno importanti, una volta demolite
saranno perse per sempre (nonostante tutta la documentazione, ovvio),
credo sia necessario valutare con molta attenzione, lasciarsi anche il
tempo di farlo bene. Ci sono anche legate tutta una serie di faccende
pratiche (tipo il luogo di deposito dei materiali archeologici, o
l'installazione dei servizi tecnologici, dei bagni e di altri servizi
indispensabili in un'area archeologica cosi' vasta (solo sulle
piattaforme sopraelevate? e cosa, bagni chimici? o altrimenti dove
dovrebbero scaricare? E poi, se vogliamo permettere il libero accesso
su tutta l'area, quanti custodi ci serviranno? e come si salvaguardano, in
modo che non vadano perdute per il calpestio, le tracce della
pavimentazione marmorea della piazza del Foro Traiano?
A proposito poi dell'accesso gratuito. Ottima cosa, naturalmente.
Permette ai cittadini di riappropriarsi delle aree, e probabilmente,
anche solo attraverso una percezione non ragionata, di trasmettere il
valore della cultura e della conoscenza del passato.
Pero'.... e qui forse sbaglio, non so: intanto la mancanza di supporti
didattici (che secondo il Soprintendente non servono perche' tanto c'e'
*altrove* una messe enorme di informazioni e chi si vuole informare ha
dunque ampie possibilità di farlo), ma anche l'inevitabile tracciare
percorsi obbligati, chiudendo le aree più delicate (cosi' e' avvenuto
nel Foro Romano: non si entra più nella Basilica Emilia, non si entra
più nella Casa delle Vestali, praticamente si puo' solo seguire la
strada) appiattisce tutti i visitatori su un'unica possibile
frequentazione "di base", generica e impedisce ogni
approfondimento. Ho dei dubbi (e' vero, non sono sicura) che sia davvero meglio per la diffusione della cultura, tendere ad appiattire tutto "verso il basso", verso un utilizzo più diffuso e più in fondo, superficiale, invece di
cercare di portare tutti verso "l'alto".
Ecco, queste sono le mie (prolisse) impressioni.
Voi, che ne pensate?
Guardate che io, personalmente, avrei proprio bisogno di confrontarmi
con qualcuno che magari sia un po' meno legato di me alle aree in
questione, per capire se il fatto di lavorarci non alteri le mie
impressioni......
The Sky Form of Shaynim only available in Pokemon Platinum and can be captured on the Pokemon Ranger tracks of light(not release yet)
Site from the same site seen in my Latias and Latios pic at the bottom
The Albertina
The architectural history of the Palais
"It is my will that the expansion of the inner city of Vienna with regard to a suitable connection of the same with the suburbs as soon as possible is tackled and at this on Regulirung (regulation) and beautifying of my Residence and Imperial Capital is taken into account. To this end I grant the withdrawal of the ramparts and fortifications of the inner city and the trenches around the same".
This decree of Emperor Franz Joseph I, published on 25 December 1857 in the Wiener Zeitung, formed the basis for the largest the surface concerning and architecturally most significant transformation of the Viennese cityscape. Involving several renowned domestic and foreign architects a "master plan" took form, which included the construction of a boulevard instead of the ramparts between the inner city and its radially upstream suburbs. In the 50-years during implementation phase, an impressive architectural ensemble developed, consisting of imperial and private representational buildings, public administration and cultural buildings, churches and barracks, marking the era under the term "ring-street style". Already in the first year tithe decided a senior member of the Austrian imperial family to decorate the facades of his palace according to the new design principles, and thus certified the aristocratic claim that this also "historicism" said style on the part of the imperial house was attributed.
It was the palace of Archduke Albrecht (1817-1895), the Senior of the Habsburg Family Council, who as Field Marshal held the overall command over the Austro-Hungarian army. The building was incorporated into the imperial residence of the Hofburg complex, forming the south-west corner and extending eleven meters above street level on the so-called Augustinerbastei.
The close proximity of the palace to the imperial residence corresponded not only with Emperor Franz Joseph I and Archduke Albert with a close familial relationship between the owner of the palace and the monarch. Even the former inhabitants were always in close relationship to the imperial family, whether by birth or marriage. An exception here again proves the rule: Don Emanuel Teles da Silva Conde Tarouca (1696-1771), for which Maria Theresa in 1744 the palace had built, was just a close friend and advisor of the monarch. Silva Tarouca underpins the rule with a second exception, because he belonged to the administrative services as Generalhofbaudirektor (general court architect) and President of the Austrian-Dutch administration, while all other him subsequent owners were highest ranking military.
In the annals of Austrian history, especially those of military history, they either went into as commander of the Imperial Army, or the Austrian, later kk Army. In chronological order, this applies to Duke Carl Alexander of Lorraine, the brother-of-law of Maria Theresa, as Imperial Marshal, her son-in-law Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen, also field marshal, whos adopted son, Archduke Charles of Austria, the last imperial field marshal and only Generalissimo of Austria, his son Archduke Albrecht of Austria as Feldmarschalil and army Supreme commander, and most recently his nephew Archduke Friedrich of Austria, who held as field marshal from 1914 to 1916 the command of the Austro-Hungarian troops. Despite their military profession, all five generals conceived themselves as patrons of the arts and promoted large sums of money to build large collections, the construction of magnificent buildings and cultural life. Charles Alexander of Lorraine promoted as governor of the Austrian Netherlands from 1741 to 1780 the Academy of Fine Arts, the Théâtre de Ja Monnaie and the companies Bourgeois Concert and Concert Noble, he founded the Academie royale et imperial des Sciences et des Lettres, opened the Bibliotheque Royal for the population and supported artistic talents with high scholarships. World fame got his porcelain collection, which however had to be sold by Emperor Joseph II to pay off his debts. Duke Albert began in 1776 according to the concept of conte Durazzo to set up an encyclopedic collection of prints, which forms the core of the world-famous "Albertina" today.
1816 declared to Fideikommiss and thus in future indivisible, inalienable and inseparable, the collection 1822 passed into the possession of Archduke Carl, who, like his descendants, it broadened. Under him, the collection was introduced together with the sumptuously equipped palace on the Augustinerbastei in the so-called "Carl Ludwig'schen fideicommissum in 1826, by which the building and the in it kept collection fused into an indissoluble unity. At this time had from the Palais Tarouca by structural expansion or acquisition a veritable Residenz palace evolved. Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen was first in 1800 the third floor of the adjacent Augustinian convent wing adapted to house his collection and he had after 1802 by his Belgian architect Louis de Montoyer at the suburban side built a magnificent extension, called the wing of staterooms, it was equipped in the style of Louis XVI. Only two decades later, Archduke Carl the entire palace newly set up. According to scetches of the architect Joseph Kornhäusel the 1822-1825 retreaded premises presented themselves in the Empire style. The interior of the palace testified from now in an impressive way the high rank and the prominent position of its owner. Under Archduke Albrecht the outer appearance also should meet the requirements. He had the facade of the palace in the style of historicism orchestrated and added to the Palais front against the suburbs an offshore covered access. Inside, he limited himself, apart from the redesign of the Rococo room in the manner of the second Blondel style, to the retention of the paternal stock. Archduke Friedrich's plans for an expansion of the palace were omitted, however, because of the outbreak of the First World War so that his contribution to the state rooms, especially, consists in the layout of the Spanish apartment, which he in 1895 for his sister, the Queen of Spain Maria Christina, had set up as a permanent residence.
The era of stately representation with handing down their cultural values found its most obvious visualization inside the palace through the design and features of the staterooms. On one hand, by the use of the finest materials and the purchase of masterfully manufactured pieces of equipment, such as on the other hand by the permanent reuse of older equipment parts. This period lasted until 1919, when Archduke Friedrich was expropriated by the newly founded Republic of Austria. With the republicanization of the collection and the building first of all finished the tradition that the owner's name was synonymous with the building name:
After Palais Tarouca or tarokkisches house it was called Lorraine House, afterwards Duke Albert Palais and Palais Archduke Carl. Due to the new construction of an adjacently located administration building it received in 1865 the prefix "Upper" and was referred to as Upper Palais Archduke Albrecht and Upper Palais Archduke Frederick. For the state a special reference to the Habsburg past was certainly politically no longer opportune, which is why was decided to name the building according to the in it kept collection "Albertina".
This name derives from the term "La Collection Albertina" which had been used by the gallery Inspector Maurice von Thausing in 1870 in the Gazette des Beaux-Arts for the former graphics collection of Duke Albert. For this reason, it was the first time since the foundation of the palace that the name of the collection had become synonymous with the room shell. Room shell, hence, because the Republic of Austria Archduke Friedrich had allowed to take along all the movable goods from the palace in his Hungarian exile: crystal chandeliers, curtains and carpets as well as sculptures, vases and clocks. Particularly stressed should be the exquisite furniture, which stems of three facilities phases: the Louis XVI furnitures of Duke Albert, which had been manufactured on the basis of fraternal relations between his wife Archduchess Marie Christine and the French Queen Marie Antoinette after 1780 in the French Hofmanufakturen, also the on behalf of Archduke Charles 1822-1825 in the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory by Joseph Danhauser produced Empire furnitures and thirdly additions of the same style of Archduke Friedrich, which this about 1900 at Portois & Ffix as well as at Friedrich Otto Schmidt had commissioned.
The "swept clean" building got due to the strained financial situation after the First World War initially only a makeshift facility. However, since until 1999 no revision of the emergency equipment took place, but differently designed, primarily the utilitarianism committed office furnitures complementarily had been added, the equipment of the former state rooms presented itself at the end of the 20th century as an inhomogeneous administrative mingle-mangle of insignificant parts, where, however, dwelt a certain quaint charm. From the magnificent state rooms had evolved depots, storage rooms, a library, a study hall and several officed.
Worse it hit the outer appearance of the palace, because in times of continued anti-Habsburg sentiment after the Second World War and inspired by an intolerant destruction will, it came by pickaxe to a ministerial erasure of history. In contrast to the graphic collection possessed the richly decorated facades with the conspicuous insignia of the former owner an object-immanent reference to the Habsburg past and thus exhibited the monarchial traditions and values of the era of Francis Joseph significantly. As part of the remedial measures after a bomb damage, in 1948 the aristocratic, by Archduke Albert initiated, historicist facade structuring along with all decorations was cut off, many facade figures demolished and the Hapsburg crest emblems plunged to the ground. Since in addition the old ramp also had been cancelled and the main entrance of the bastion level had been moved down to the second basement storey at street level, ended the presence of the old Archduke's palace after more than 200 years. At the reopening of the "Albertina Graphic Collection" in 1952, the former Hapsburg Palais of splendour presented itself as one of his identity robbed, formally trivial, soulless room shell, whose successful republicanization an oversized and also unproportional eagle above the new main entrance to the Augustinian road symbolized. The emocratic throw of monuments had wiped out the Hapsburg palace from the urban appeareance, whereby in the perception only existed a nondescript, nameless and ahistorical building that henceforth served the lodging and presentation of world-famous graphic collection of the Albertina. The condition was not changed by the decision to the refurbishment because there were only planned collection specific extensions, but no restoration of the palace.
This paradigm shift corresponded to a blatant reversal of the historical circumstances, as the travel guides and travel books for kk Residence and imperial capital of Vienna dedicated itself primarily with the magnificent, aristocratic palace on the Augustinerbastei with the sumptuously fitted out reception rooms and mentioned the collection kept there - if at all - only in passing. Only with the repositioning of the Albertina in 2000 under the direction of Klaus Albrecht Schröder, the palace was within the meaning and in fulfillment of the Fideikommiss of Archduke Charles in 1826 again met with the high regard, from which could result a further inseparable bond between the magnificent mansions and the world-famous collection. In view of the knowing about politically motivated errors and omissions of the past, the facades should get back their noble, historicist designing, the staterooms regain their glamorous, prestigious appearance and culturally unique equippment be repurchased. From this presumption, eventually grew the full commitment to revise the history of redemption and the return of the stately palace in the public consciousness.
The smoothed palace facades were returned to their original condition and present themselves today - with the exception of the not anymore reconstructed Attica figures - again with the historicist decoration and layout elements that Archduke Albrecht had given after the razing of the Augustinerbastei in 1865 in order. The neoclassical interiors, today called after the former inhabitants "Habsburg Staterooms", receiving a meticulous and detailed restoration taking place at the premises of originality and authenticity, got back their venerable and sumptuous appearance. From the world wide scattered historical pieces of equipment have been bought back 70 properties or could be returned through permanent loan to its original location, by which to the visitors is made experiencable again that atmosphere in 1919 the state rooms of the last Habsburg owner Archduke Frederick had owned. The for the first time in 80 years public accessible "Habsburg State Rooms" at the Palais Albertina enable now again as eloquent testimony to our Habsburg past and as a unique cultural heritage fundamental and essential insights into the Austrian cultural history. With the relocation of the main entrance to the level of the Augustinerbastei the recollection to this so valuable Austrian Cultural Heritage formally and functionally came to completion. The vision of the restoration and recovery of the grand palace was a pillar on which the new Albertina should arise again, the other embody the four large newly built exhibition halls, which allow for the first time in the history of the Albertina, to exhibit the collection throughout its encyclopedic breadh under optimal conservation conditions.
The palace presents itself now in its appearance in the historicist style of the Ringstrassenära, almost as if nothing had happened in the meantime. But will the wheel of time should not, cannot and must not be turned back, so that the double standards of the "Albertina Palace" said museum - on the one hand Habsburg grandeur palaces and other modern museum for the arts of graphics - should be symbolized by a modern character: The in 2003 by Hans Hollein designed far into the Albertina square cantilevering, elegant floating flying roof. 64 meters long, it symbolizes in the form of a dynamic wedge the accelerated urban spatial connectivity and public access to the palace. It advertises the major changes in the interior as well as the huge underground extensions of the repositioned "Albertina".
Christian Benedictine
Art historian with research interests History of Architecture, building industry of the Hapsburgs, Hofburg and Zeremonialwissenschaft (ceremonial sciences). Since 1990 he works in the architecture collection of the Albertina. Since 2000 he supervises as director of the newly founded department "Staterooms" the restoration and furnishing of the state rooms and the restoration of the facades and explores the history of the palace and its inhabitants.
"Enduring Forms" by Duncan Rawlinson features abstract forms and vibrant colors converging in a captivating composition. Created using a blend of contemporary photography and AI techniques, this piece explores the latent space between traditional art and modern technology. The interplay of light, color, and reflective surfaces invites viewers to engage with the timeless beauty of abstract visual art.
Studies in Nature
This group of images: "Nature" is part of an academic work done from nature "objects" bringing by architecture students to the design studio in the University. It's goal is to discover in these objects, some intrinsec caracteristics like: proportion, harmony, geometry, ritm, patron of develop, etc.
We look for undestand such nature virutes to apply them on their own designs.
Some of these images have photographic value by theirsevelsand for this reason I want to share them in this stream
Este conjunto de imagenes: "Nature" forman parte de un trabajo academico hecho a partir de objetos de la naturaleza aportados estudiantes de Arquitectura al taller de diseño en la Universidad y que tiene como objetivo el descubrir en ellos ciertas características implicitas como: proporción, armonía, geometría, ritmo, patrón de desarrollo etc.
Se busca con ello el comprender estas virtudes en la naturaleza para luego aplicarlas a sus propios diseños.
Algunas de estas imagenes tienen valor fotográfico en si mismas y por eso las comparto en esta galería.
Kodak C875.
SO: Ubuntu Linux.
Software: ShowFoto
Associated Motor Cycles (AMC) was formed in 1938, as a parent company for Matchless and AJS motorcycles. AMC later absorbed Francis-Barnett, James, and Norton. In 1941 Matchless motorcycles introduced telescopic front forks called "Teledraulic" forks, considered by some to be the first major innovation in front suspension in 25 years.
During the Second World War, Matchless manufactured 80,000 G3 and G3L models for the armed forces. By 1956 they had eight models in their line up, but the number had dwindled in 1965. The G3L was the first to feature the "Teledraulic" front forks.
Post-war landmarks start with the production of Matchless/AJS 350 cc and Matchless G80 500 cc singles, developed from the legendary war-time Matchless G3 produced for the army. Competition models of the singles were produced from 1948, which gave the company some memorable wins.
1949 Matchless G80S at auction in 2007
Matchless
1950 Matchless G80
1958 Matchless G50 500 cc Racer
In 1949 the first Matchless/AJS vertical twin, a 500 cc, was produced; later to be joined by 600 cc and 650 cc vertical twins in 1956 and 1959 respectively. On the racing front AMC were fielding the (supercharged) AJS Porcupine and the AJS 7R alongside the Matchless G50, a 500 cc variant of the 7R, and the 1951 Matchless G45 500 cc vertical twin. Even when supercharging was banned, Les Graham won the 1949 500 cc world championship on a normally aspirated Porcupine.[7]
For 1952, the first Model G45 twin with its 7R style heads came into being, the engine still recognisably G9-based but housed in a 7R AJS-based frame. This time Derek Farrant won the Manx Grand Prix at 88.65 mph. AMC put the G45 into production and it was shown at Earls Court in November.
In 1953 there was a Clubman range of Matchless/AJS 350 cc and 500 cc singles, and the production model Matchless G45 500 twin became available. AMC withdrew from the world of works and one-off road racing at the end of the 1954 season, following the death of Ike Hatch, and facing fierce competition from the other European bikes. In 1958 the Matchless/AJS road bikes were joined by a 250 cc and in 1960 by a 350 cc for a lightweight series of singles.
The Matchless G50 single-cylinder racer was made generally available for privateers in 1959, and competed against the Norton Manx. Though its 90.0 x 78.0 mm 50 bhp engine and top speed near 135 mph (217 km/h) were slightly down on the Manx, the lighter Matchless could take the day on tight and twisty circuits.[6]
In 1960 Bert Hopwood resigned from AMC and went to Meriden. That same year AMC posted a profit of a little over £200,000, in comparison to BSA's £3.5 million. That was followed by a loss of £350,000 in 1961. With the closure of the Norton plant at Birmingham in 1962 and the merger of Norton and Matchless production, the future was beginning to look rather bleak. In the sixties, with sales declining AMC made the commercial decision to focus on the Norton twins and the Matchless/AJS singles but they were not to be successful and the factory ceased production shortly afterwards.
With the G15 line, AMC built on the merits of the G12 but there were numerous changes to frame, forks, swinging arm, primary chaincase, transmission, cycle parts and lubrication system. The P11 was the last line of bikes with bonds to AMC. It used a modified G85CS frame but there were stronger forks, completely new cycle parts (making some was rather costly), altered lubrication and modified primary chaincases, to mention a few.
The G15 series was offered as 3 brands: Matchless G15 comprising G15Mk2, G15CS and G15CSR; AJS Model 33 comprising M33Mk2, M33CS and M33CSR; and last not least Norton N15CS (no Norton-branded roadster made as it would compete against the Atlas). The G15 series was produced from 1963 to 1969. They were initially for export only, but by 1965 these models were available in UK and Europe too.
The Matchless G85CS used a 12:1 compression 500 cc with an improved bottom end, and a Norton gear-driven oil pump replacing the old reciprocating design that dated back to the 1920s.[8] The revised bottom end was introduced for 1964 and is shared by 350/500 roadsters and the 500CS (G80CS and M18CS), the engine of which was later adapted to the G85CS. The new lubrication system helped lubricating the big end and piston as well as the top end on the high-performance singles. The G85CS was further tuned for 1966, and received a new piston providing a CR of 12.5:1. An Amal GP carburettor was standard fitting, making the bike difficult to start. Maximum power rose to 41 bhp @ 6,500 rpm.
Matchless/AJS built predictable handling, comfortable, well-made, reliable and economical motorcycles, for their day. Unfortunately such attributes were not enough to keep them in business. Continuing poor sales led to AMC becoming part of a new company, called Norton-Villiers in 1966.
Exposition
Du 14/06/2017 au 10/09/2017
L’exposition Le Rêve des formes, présentée à l’occasion du vingtième anniversaire du Fresnoy – Studio national des arts contemporains, est conçue comme un paysage imaginaire, un jardin monstrueux où se cultivent des formes périssables et des surfaces en germination, des organismes protubérants et de plates silhouettes.
Les artistes et chercheurs rassemblés dans Le Rêve des formes témoignent de leur rencontre avec de nouvelles possibilités de représentation, issues de découvertes scientifiques et techniques récentes, qui bouleversent notre façon de voir et de montrer. En renouvelant grâce à cela le champ du perceptible – nanotechnologies, imagerie de synthèse, scan 3D, stéréolithographie… –, ces nouvelles visualisations nous laissent présumer de géométries encore inconnues.
Des images, des transcriptions, des modélisations, des formes spéculatives produites par les inventeurs et savants des sciences prospectives, issues des mathématiques, de la physique, de la biologie, de l’optique ou de la chimie par exemple, rejoignent ou inspirent des œuvres qui résultent des greffes opérées entre art et science, entre spéculation et invention, par une vingtaine d’artistes contemporains.
Avec : Francis Alÿs, Hicham Berrada & Sylvain Courrech du Pont & Simon de Dreuille, Michel Blazy, Juliette Bonneviot, Dora Budor, Damien Cadio, Julian Charrière, Sylvie Chartrand, Clément Cogitore, Hugo Deverchère, Bertrand Dezoteux, Mimosa Echard, Alain Fleischer, Fabien Giraud & Raphaël Siboni, Bruno Gironcoli, Spiros Hadjidjanos, Patrick Jouin, Ryoichi Kurokawa, Annick Lesne & Julien Mozziconacci, Adrien Missika, Jean-Luc Moulène, Marie-Jeanne Musiol, Katja Novitskova, Jonathan Pêpe & Thibaut Rostagnat & David Chavalarias, Olivier Perriquet & Jean-Paul Delahaye, Arnaud Petit, Jean-François Peyret & Alain Prochiantz, Gaëtan Robillard, Gwendal Sartre, SMITH & Antonin-Tri Hoang, Anicka Yi
Listed 9/3/2019
Millbrook, New York
Reference number: 100004333
Innisfree is a public garden of approximately 200 acres, blending Japanese, Chinese, Modern, and ecological design principles in Millbrook, a rural area roughly in the center of Dutchess County, New York. Innisfree’s distinctive sloping, rocky landscape, which forms the literal and visual foundation for the garden, is set within a natural bowl wrapping around the 40-acre Tyrrel Lake. This bowl, with no other signs of human intervention visible beyond the garden, creates a profound sense of intimacy and privacy at Innisfree that is one of its defining characteristics. A product of postwar ideas in American landscape architecture, Innisfree merges the essence of Modernist and Romantic ideas with traditional Chinese and Japanese garden design principles in a form that evolved through subtle, sculptural handling of the site and slow, science-based manipulation of its ecology. The result is a distinctly American stroll garden organized around placemaking techniques used in ancient Chinese villa gardens and described as “cup gardens.”
Innisfree, one of the largest intact modern designed landscapes in America, is the masterwork of Lester Collins (1914-1993), a seminal figure in American twentieth century landscape architecture. Lester Collins, fellow of the American Society of Landscape Architects, was one of the most sought-after designers and influential educators of his generation. Innisfree’s design reflects the philosophies and practices that guided Collins’s approach throughout his career, integrates innovative, sometimes truly groundbreaking horticultural and environmental engineering practices, and embodies the distinctive characteristics of postwar Modernist landscape architecture.
Innisfree began as the private estate of Walter and Marion Beck, who started initial work on the garden during the early 1930s. Starting in 1938, they continued its development in collaboration with and under the direction of Lester Collins. In 1960, following the deaths of the Becks and pursuant to their wishes, Collins transformed Innisfree from a private estate garden into a substantially larger, more nuanced public garden. He ran the public
garden while continuing to gradually develop and transform the landscape until his death in 1993.
Innisfree demonstrates Collins’s focus on the experience of people in the landscape; his ability to respond adroitly to the particularities of site and program; his approach and aesthetics as a Modernist; his scholarly understanding of landscape history, particularly of Romantic, Chinese, and Japanese gardens; and his innovative use of scientific and engineering principles to develop an environmentally and economically sustainable landscape. Innisfree has long been a mecca for designers from all over the world and it is now attracting similar attention from the global horticultural
community.
The primary features of Innisfree’s design are its principal cup gardens (loosely understood as garden rooms), Tyrrel Lake, and the Lake Path. Collins used the unifying features of the lake and lake path to integrate the many cup gardens into one dynamic experience in the natural landscape. The cup gardens vary in form, scale, and materials. One is an organically shaped meadow bisected by a wildly meandering stream and dotted with sculptural rocks and specimen trees. Another is a bog garden that has been carefully but lightly managed so that a new plant community emerged to play a particular aesthetic role. One more still is an elaborate complex of rock terraces stepping down a slope, each with its own vocabulary of design, materials, and mood.
Throughout the garden, there are themes and motifs that recur in varied forms. There is a dynamic tension between what appears to be natural and what appears to be cultivated. At a macro scale, this is evidenced by the entirety of the garden itself emerging from apparent wooded wilderness. Undulating, almost surreal natural topography is echoed in the rounded forms of clipped trees and constructed berms. Tall, straight pine trunks are mirrored in a 60’ high fountain jet. Naturalistic bogs are discreetly cultivated while areas that look like traditional planted beds are allowed to evolve and change like native plant communities.
While there are some exceptional horticultural specimens at Innisfree, the vast majority of the plants are native or naturalized. Instead of labor-intensive maintenance to strictly adhere to a fixed planting plan, plants are encouraged to find locations where they thrive just as they do in the wild and then gently edited for aesthetics. Sometimes this is achieved simply by allowing plants to self-sow; sometimes by sowing seed or moving plants in from elsewhere on site to increase a successful population; sometimes by limited hybridization to develop strains that are more ideally suited to specific local conditions. As a result, the overall plantings at Innisfree have an unstudied visual character punctuated by a handful of carefully placed, carefully sculpted trees.
There is also a deliberate choreographing of human perceptual experiences throughout Innisfree. Collins paid particular attention to these ideas. Scale ranges from massive to intimate. Spaces are open and bright, or tight and shadowy. Surfaces vary in material, texture, slope, and sound. Water changes form, scale, and sound. Design and planting details are dense or spare.
Another important motif at Innisfree is sculptural landforms. Collins began to clear trees to reveal the undulating glacial landforms. Collins felt that “land shapes, both natural and man-made…separate but also knit together sequences of cup gardens. Just like the sculptural rocks, these land forms are permanent design features in the garden, for they do not grow and their health is not subject to vagaries.” In the 1970s and early 1980s, Collins created dramatic berms in the garden to echo and emphasize the natural landforms.
In the nearly 70 years since Innisfree opened to the public, the garden has delighted and captured the imagination of experts and non-experts alike. Garden lovers, landscape writers and critics have sought to capture the unique aesthetic qualities and unusual design sophistication of Innisfree in various descriptive terms.
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