The long grass creeps around the peeling, crumbling black paint on the exterior of the control tower, as the moonlight shines through grill covered glassless window, as ghosts of the past begin to wake in the darkness and believe there were some around of which I am very sure now!!!!

Schefflera arboricola (Dwarf umbrella plant)

Crinkled leaf form at Makawao Ave Makawao, Maui, Hawaii.

August 14, 2006

#060814-8569 - Image Use Policy

 

The Pink Ladyslipper (Cypripedium acaule) is a common Orchid found across Massachusetts. This particular specimen is a white form - unusual, but not a necessarily rare form of the pink ladyslipper.

Formado por el tren de los 80

Noticed flurries of activity around our nest box today. And as the temperature is around minus 2 debrees, with frost staying on the grass all day, I wonder if they are checking out a warm place to roost tonight?

This is a photograph from the 41st Rennicks Cup and 38th Father Delany Cup 5 Mile Road Race and 5KM Fun Run organised by Bohermeen AC and held at Bohermeen AC, Ardbracan, Navan, Co. Meath, Ireland on Sunday 8th of September 2013 at 12:00. This is great local club support as the race forms part of the Meath Road Race League.

 

Electronic timing and event management was provided by Precision Timing [www.precisiontiming.net].

 

The wonderful atmosphere, the great racing and participation, the work by the club, Meath Athletics, and the local community are a great tribute to the resilience and long tradition of this race. Congratulations to everyone involved. Everything that is good about grassroots athletics and running in Ireland is always on show in Bohermeen.

 

Bohermeen AC can rightly claim to be one of the most active accredited race organisers in Ireland. In the Spring they host their Spring Half Marathon (see www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157632906920970/), in the summer they host their Patrick Bell 5KM Road Race (see here www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157634010225199/), with proceedings finishing in the early Autumn with the Rennicks Cup. Astonishingly over their 3 race series this year Bohermeen AC have had a total of almost 1,500 participants. These numbers speak for themselves with the proceeds of these races going directly back into the athletics club and grass-roots athletics in the county.

 

This is photograph is part of a largest set of photographs from the start and the end of the race which are organised into the following Flickr set [http://www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157635427779978/].

 

Viewing this on a smartphone device?

If you are viewing this Flickr set on a smartphone and you want to see the larger version(s) of this photograph then: scroll down to the bottom of this description under the photograph and click the "View info about this photo..." link. You will be brought to a new page and you should click the link "View All Sizes".

 

Overall Race Summary

Participants: Approximately 150 people took part in the 5 mile event. The 5KM had many families involved.

Weather: The weather was slightly mixed. There was a cool breeze seemingly on the face of runners for many parts of the left handed course. There was a very light sure during the early part of the race whilst later in the race there were some heavier showers.

Course: The race starts just west of the Bohermeen Athletics Track and Club House (about 500 meters from the finish line) and proceeds down the straight road (Newline) passing the club house. The race takes runners over the M3 motorway and the a very sharp left turn uphill at Arbraccan brings the runners heading northwards to another left turn and back up a rise over the M3 motorway again. For the remainder of the race the route is flat with no hills or drags. The section between miles 3 and 4 are sheltered by high hedgerows and passes Durhamstown Castle one of the oldest lived in houses in Ireland. The final mile brings runners into Bohermeen village with the school and church to their left. The race then takes its final left turn back onto the straight newline road where runners pass the start of the race and the final 400 meters which brings runners onto the gravel track and across the finish line.

Location Map: Start/finish area and registration etc on Google StreetView [goo.gl/maps/KW9Lt]

Refreshments: The folks at Bohermeen AC and the local community a wonderful spread of sandwiches, cakes, buns, teas and coffees in the sports hall afterwards.

 

Some Useful Links

Google Streetview of the Location of the Race: goo.gl/maps/KW9Lt

Bohermeen AC Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/bohermeen.ac

Durhamstown castle www.theposhnoshclub.com/ and en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durhamstown_Castle

Previous Photographs of this event on our Flickr Account

The 2012 Bohermeen 5 Mile Race on our Flickr account: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157631480629738/

The 2011 Bohermeen 5 Mile Race on our Flickr account:: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157627521363685

The 2010 Bohermeen 5 Mile Race on our Flickr account: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157624815250347

 

How can I get a full resolution copy of these photographs?

 

All of the photographs here on this Flickr set have a visible watermark embedded in them. All of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available offline, free, at no cost, at full image resolution WITHOUT watermark. We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. Our only "cost" is our request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, etc or (2) other websites, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us. This also extends the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.

 

Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.

 

In summary please remember - all we ask is for you to link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. Taking the photographs and preparing them for online posting does take a significant effort. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc.

 

If you would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?

Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.

 

I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?

 

As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:

 

     ►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera

     ►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set

     ►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone

     ►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!

  

You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.

 

Don't like your photograph here?

That's OK! We understand!

 

If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.

 

I want to tell people about these great photographs!

Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets

   

Burnt Orchid Late Form (Neotinea ustulata var. aestivalis) on the South Downs, South Downs National Park, Sussex England

Forme de radoub, port de Marseille.

 

avril 2017 © S.Sauerzapfe

Pretty hunter finishing a fence.

Derry, Foyle Road area, 2009 --The red-white-blue borders indicate you are in a loyalist neighbourhood.

Serigrafía.

Here she is in all of her glory! Many thanks again to 00dude00 for the excellent mask!

This the standard set version of Gaaki, meant to match the official Norik and Iruini sets. She uses all of the same building techniques wherever possible.

This image forms part of the digitised photographs of the Ross and Pat Craig Collection. Ross Craig (1926-2012) was a local historian born in Stockton and dedicated much of his life promoting and conserving the history of Stockton, NSW. He possessed a wealth of knowledge about the suburb and was a founding member of the Stockton Historical Society and co-editor of its magazine. Pat Craig supported her husband’s passion for history, and together they made a great contribution to the Stockton and Newcastle communities. We thank the Craig Family and Stockton Historical Society who have kindly given Cultural Collections at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, access to the collection and allowed us to publish the images. Thanks also to Vera Deacon for her liaison in attaining this important collection.

 

Please contact Cultural Collections at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, if you are the subject of the image, or know the subject of the image, and have cultural or other reservations about the image being displayed on this website and would like to discuss this with us.

 

Some of the images were scanned from original photographs in the collection held at Cultural Collections, other images were already digitised with no provenance recorded.

 

You are welcome to freely use the images for study and personal research purposes. Please acknowledge as “Courtesy of the Ross and Pat Craig Collection, University of Newcastle (Australia)" For commercial requests please consider making a donation to the Vera Deacon Regional History Fund.

 

These images are provided free of charge to the global community thanks to the generosity of the Vera Deacon Regional History Fund. If you wish to donate to the Vera Deacon Fund please download a form here: uoncc.wordpress.com/vera-deacon-fund/

 

If you have any further information on the photographs, please leave a comment.

Seguendo il "Gruppo Storico Romano" durante l'evento di Formia

Topf in Form einer Aga-Kröte (Bufo marinus), ca. 250 - 900 n. Chr., Fundort Baja Verapaz, Guatemala

_____

 

Pot in form of a cane toad (Bufo marinus), approx. 250 - 900 AD, found at Baja Verapaz, Guatemala

_____

 

Having fun with human hand form making shadow puppets with my hand.

1961-08 - Winch handling slip form. Aug 61

 

KHS - Roy Hamilton Collection

KHS Digital Archive Number:

www.kununurra.org.au/

 

Digitised with assistance from the Shire of Wyndham East Kimberley

Ellsworth Kelly (1923-2015)

Eight Color Pairs (1951)

Graphite and collage on paper

 

Exhibition "Form into Spirit: Ellsworth Kelly's Austin"

Austin: Blanton Museum of Art

Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).

 

Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions

 

"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".

 

The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.

 

The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.

 

Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.

 

Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:

 

Wet with cool dew drops

fragrant with perfume from the flowers

came the gentle breeze

jasmine and water lily

dance in the spring sunshine

side-long glances

of the golden-hued ladies

stab into my thoughts

heaven itself cannot take my mind

as it has been captivated by one lass

among the five hundred I have seen here.

 

Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.

 

Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.

 

There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.

 

Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.

 

The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.

 

In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:

 

During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".

 

Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.

 

While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’

 

Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.

 

An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.

 

Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983

 

Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture

Main article: Commercial graffiti

With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.

 

In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".

 

Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.

 

Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.

 

Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.

 

Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.

 

There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.

 

The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.

 

Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.

 

Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis

 

Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.

 

Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.

 

Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"

 

Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal

 

In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.

 

Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.

 

Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.

 

Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.

 

With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.

 

Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.

 

Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.

 

Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.

 

Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.

 

Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.

 

Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.

 

Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.

 

The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.

 

I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.

 

The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.

 

Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.

 

Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.

 

In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".

 

There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.

 

Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.

 

A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.

By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.

 

Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.

 

In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.

 

A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.

 

From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.

 

In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.

 

Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.

 

Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.

 

Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.

  

In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.

 

Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.

 

In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.

 

In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."

 

In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.

 

In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.

 

In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.

 

In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.

 

In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.

 

The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.

 

To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."

 

In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.

 

In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.

 

Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".

 

Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)

In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.

 

Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.

 

Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.

 

In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.

 

Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.

 

Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.

 

To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.

 

When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.

"Alba Form" Pyramidal Orchid (Anacamptis pyramidalis var. alba) photographed near Maidstone Kent

Formado pela dupla Mayra (vocal) e Bruno (guitarra elétrica e acústica), o College 11 tem seduzido multidões por onde passa com seu som que abusa de sintetizadores, bits eletrônicos, instrumentos acústicos, incorporando guitarras e vocais vibrantes com grande personalidade.

 

Show de abertura para o 3OH!3. São Paulo. 17.09.10

'When I'm Pregnant' by Anish Kapoor, 1992

 

"The idea that if I empty out all the content and just make something that is an empty form, I don't empty out the content at all. The content is there in a way that is more surprising than if I tried to make a content."

- Anish Kapoor

 

Museum of Contemporary Art, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Sawn, shaped, stamped, formed and oxidized copper with select 4x6mm citrine cabochons.

O XIX CONCEP – Congresso Nacional de Cerimonial Público, que acontecerá em São João del-Rei de quarta a sexta-feira (26 a 28), deixará como legado para crianças e jovens da cidade o conhecimento e valorização dos símbolos nacionais. Além de toda programação voltada aos congressistas, para os alunos da rede pública de ensino municipal, estadual e particular serão realizados workshops sobre símbolos nacionais pelos cerimonialistas Francklin Santos, Fredolino David e Ronan Ramos de Oliveira. Este último é o presidente do CNCP BRASIL – Comitê Nacional de Cerimonial Público, instituição que realiza o evento.

 

Uma rica programação voltada para temas ligados ao cerimonial e protocolo foi elaborada para proporcionar a atualização de conhecimentos e aperfeiçoamento profissional dos participantes. Um dos conferencistas convidados é o engenheiro, especialista em biodiversidade e mudanças climáticas e consultor internacional de diversas organizações ambientais, Milton Nogueira. Ele levará ao XIX CONCEP uma discussão atual com a palestra “Economia Criativa, mega festas: quem ganha? quem perde?”, que abordará importantes questões da urbanidade contemporânea, sustentabilidade em grandes eventos, consumo excessivo dentre outros.

 

A parte histórica do ofício do cerimonial também estará na pauta do evento. Ângelo Oswaldo de Araújo Santos, presidente do Instituto Brasileiro de Museus (IBRAM), e Ângela Gutierrez, fundadora do Museu do Oratório em Ouro Preto e do Museu de Artes e Ofícios em Belo Horizonte, realizarão a palestra “Museus – Repositórios de Memória e Protocolo”, que propõe uma reflexão sobre o acervo histórico, com destaque para os ritos e formas protocolares que a sociedade desenvolveu ao longo de sua história.

 

Atividades voltadas para questões técnicas, ligadas ao cotidiano do cerimonialista, devem atrair muitos congressistas interessados em conhecer as vivências que serão compartilhadas por experientes profissionais da área. Técnicas para mestres de cerimônias, forma correta de confeccionar e enviar convites, solenidades de diplomação e posse, cerimonial executivo, legislativo, empresarial, universitário e internacional, como colocar cerimônias na mídia, protocolo na copa do mundo, estão entre os temas que fazem parte das palestras, conferências, painéis e workshops previstos na programação.

 

Aos 94 anos, homenageado participará do evento

Nelson Speers, um dos pioneiros do cerimonial brasileiro e homenageado desta edição do congresso, completou 94 anos em fevereiro e com muita disposição confirmou que irá à São João del-Rei. Relações Públicas e cerimonialista, Speers possui vasta experiência e é autor de diversas publicações sobre a área que são bibliografia obrigatória para estudantes e profissionais. “Nosso amigo Nelson Speers ficou muito contente de poder estar com os colegas de ofício durante o congresso que, merecidamente, presta homenagem a ele. Speers me adiantou que irá aproveitar a oportunidade para compartilhar com a nova geração sua experiência adquirida ao longo de tantos anos de trabalho como cerimonialista”, disse Ronan Ramos de Oliveira.

This is the Jewelry Dress Form Holder I made for a swap with the Marie Antoinette Mail Art Group. The swap is being hosted by Melanie, I really had fun with this.

Form.

La Norvège (en bokmål : Norge, /ˈnɔ̂rɡə/ — en nynorsk : Noreg), en forme longue le royaume de Norvège (en bokmål : Kongeriket Norge — en nynorsk : Kongeriket Noreg), est un pays d'Europe du Nord. Située dans l'ouest-nord-ouest de la péninsule Scandinave qu'elle partage avec la Suède, elle possède également des frontières avec la Finlande et la Russie au nord-est, et est bordée par l'océan Atlantique à l'ouest-nord-ouest et au sud-est, enfin par l'océan Arctique au nord-est.

Avec 5 millions et demi d'habitants pour 385 199 km2, dont 307 860 km2 de terre, la Norvège est après l'Islande et la Russie le pays le moins densément peuplé d'Europe. Sa capitale, et plus grande ville, est Oslo. La Norvège possède pour langues officielles deux formes du norvégien, le bokmål et le nynorsk, et pour monnaie la couronne norvégienne (NOK).

Le pays compte deux territoires insulaires arctiques : l'archipel de Svalbard et l'île Jan Mayen ; par ailleurs il possède une dépendance externe dans l'hémisphère sud, l'île Bouvet dans l'Atlantique sud. La Norvège revendique l'île Pierre-Ier et la terre de la Reine-Maud en Antarctique, mais ces revendications ne sont pas reconnues internationalement.

Localisation de la Norvège et de ses territoires d'outre-mer.

Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, la Norvège a connu une expansion économique très rapide, et compte aujourd'hui parmi les pays les plus riches du monde, avec une politique sociale très développée. Le progrès économique s'explique en partie par la découverte et le développement de grandes réserves de pétrole et de gaz naturel sur sa côte. Depuis plusieurs décennies, la Norvège est classée première sur l'indice de développement humain (IDH)5, inégalité ajustée y compris, et est également considérée comme le pays le plus démocratique au monde avec un indice de démocratie de 9,87 en 2018, selon le groupe de presse britannique The Economist Group. Elle a aussi été déclarée pays le plus pacifique du monde en 2007 par le Global Peace Index6. Elle est membre fondateur de l'OTAN. En matière sportive, la Norvège est la meilleure nation aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver, que ses athlètes dominent depuis la première édition en 1924, comptant au total plus de médailles d'or (148) et de podiums (405) que tous les autres pays participants. En 2022, la Norvège est classée en 22e position pour l'indice mondial de l'innovation.

Beaucoup d'étymologistes pensent que le nom du pays vient de l'expression « chemin du Nord » dans plusieurs langues scandinaves. En vieux norrois, l'expression est « nord veg » ou « norð vegri ». Le nom pour la Norvège en vieux norrois était « Nóreegr », en anglo-saxon « Norþ weg » et en latin médiéval « Nhorvegia ». Le nom actuel de la Norvège est « Norge » en norvégien bokmål et « Noreg » en norvégien nynorsk. Les formes en nynorsk et en vieux norrois sont similaires à un mot same signifiant « le long de la côte » ou « le long de la mer », écrit « nuorrek » en same contemporain. La présence du prosécutif appuie l'idée que le mot same est indigène et non un emprunt des langues scandinaves. Une autre étymologie proposée est « Nór rige », signifiant « royaume de Nór », du nom d'un roi mythique.

Dans les autres langues de la Norvège, le nom du pays est écrit « Norga » (same du Nord), « Vuodna » (same de Lule), « Nøørje » (same du Sud), et « Norja » (kvène/finnois). Le nom officiel, « royaume de Norvège » en français, s'écrit « Kongeriket Norge » en bokmål, « Kongeriket Noreg » en nynorsk, « Norga gonagasriika » en same du Nord, « Vuona gånågisrijkka » en same de Lule, « Nøørjen gånkarijhke » en same du Sud, et « Norjan kuningaskunta » en kvène/finnois.

La Norvège occupe le côté ouest-nord-ouest de la péninsule Scandinave, en Europe du Nord. Les côtes norvégiennes, d’une longueur de plus de 2 500 km (continent uniquement)8 ou 83 000 km (littoral des îles de l'archipel inclus), sont ponctuées de fjords et d’une multitude de petites îles (environ 50 000 au total). La Norvège borde majoritairement l'océan Atlantique en se répartissant sur trois étendues d’eau : le Skagerrak au sud, la mer du Nord au sud-sud-ouest et la mer de Norvège à l’ouest-nord-ouest. Elle baigne en outre l'océan Arctique au nord-est par la mer de Barents. Les frontières terrestres du pays mesurent 2 542 km de long, la plupart avec la Suède, mais aussi avec la Finlande et la Russie au nord-est.

La Norvège est le pays d'Europe le plus septentrional, contenant notamment le très officiel cap Nord, en norvégien Nordkapp, cap situé sur l'île Magerøya dans le Nord du pays. Mais, en fait, d'autres points de sa côte sont légèrement plus au nord.

Le Sognefjord.

Avec 385 155 km2 (Jan Mayen et Svalbard inclus), la Norvège est un peu plus étendue que l'Allemagne. Le relief du pays, constitué de montagnes et de glaciers, est très accidenté. La caractéristique la plus connue de sa géographie est le fjord : la Norvège en compte plusieurs centaines sur sa côte, creusés par les glaciers au cours de la période glaciaire. Le plus long fjord est le Sognefjord. La Norvège abrite également beaucoup de glaciers et de chutes d'eau. À 2 469 m d'altitude, le mont Galdhøpiggen est le point culminant du pays — et de toute la Scandinavie.

Le sol est constitué en grande partie de granite et de gneiss, mais il s'y trouve également beaucoup d'ardoise, de grès, et de calcaire. Les élévations basses contiennent des dépôts marins.

La nation norvégienne affirme pour la première fois son unité et sa volonté d’expansion à l’époque des grands raids vikings, du ixe au xie siècle. Redoutables navigateurs, les Vikings d’origine norvégienne étendent rapidement leur influence aux îles Shetland, aux Orcades, aux Hébrides et à l’île de Man. Depuis les Shetland, ils implantent ensuite des colonies plus durables dans les îles Féroé, en Islande et au Groenland.

Il n'existe toutefois pas encore d’autorité centrale en Norvège elle-même, où les communications se font davantage par voie maritime que terrestre. Au viiie siècle, la Norvège est encore divisée en vingt-neuf petits royaumes indépendants.

Le premier roi réputé avoir régné sur toute la Norvège est Harald Ier aux Beaux Cheveux (872-933), qui l'emporte, selon les sagas, en 872 sur les ducs (jarl). L'aîné de ses fils, Erik « Hache sanglante », est détrôné en 935 par le chef viking Haakon Ier le Bon. Son petit-fils, Olaf Tryggvason (995-1000), lui succède, mais il est chassé par le roi danois Sven « Barbe fourchue ». La Norvège est alors partagée entre Sven et le jarl de Trondheim. Il faut attendre l’an 1016 pour trouver un vrai père fondateur du royaume norvégien, en la personne du roi Olaf Haraldsson, qui établit sa capitale à Trondheim. Olaf, ancien Viking, rapporte de ses nombreux voyages le christianisme, et convertit la population par la force, ce qui lui vaut d’être canonisé en Olaf II.

En 1066, le roi de Norvège Harald Hardrada tente de devenir roi d'Angleterre mais il est battu et tué à Stamford Bridge. Cela profite à Guillaume le Conquérant qui défait l'armée anglaise, affaiblie, à la bataille d'Hastings.

Au xiiie siècle, un jeune aventurier prénommé Sverre Sigurdsson s’empare du pouvoir et fonde une nouvelle dynastie, installée à Bergen. Néanmoins, en raison du pouvoir croissant détenu par la ligue hanséatique dans cette ville, la capitale du pays se fixe finalement à Oslo au début du xive siècle. Au cours du Moyen Âge se forge également l'Empire colonial norvégien.

L'année 1380 voit l’extinction de la dynastie royale norvégienne, avec la mort du roi Håkon VI. Sa femme Margrethe de Danemark, fille du roi de Danemark, obtient la succession et consacre ainsi l'union du Danemark et de la Norvège. La Suède vient s'ajouter à ce domaine en 1397, formant l'« Union de Kalmar ». Le Danemark, au sein de cette union, exerce une nette domination, et la Norvège n’est plus guère alors qu’une province danoise, avec le danois pour langue officielle.

L'émancipation de la Suède, avec la révolte de Gustave Vasa, met un terme à l’Union de Kalmar en 1523. La Norvège reste néanmoins sous domination des Danois. Ces derniers, en 1536, imposent au pays la Réforme luthérienne, ce qui a pour conséquence de tarir le flot des voyageurs se rendant en pèlerinage auprès des reliques de saint Olaf, à Trondheim (anciennement Nidaros), et de couper encore davantage le pays du reste du monde.

En raison de l'alliance contractée par le royaume dano-norvégien avec Napoléon Ier, les puissances coalisées victorieuses attribuent la Norvège continentale à la Suède en 1814.

En réaction, une Convention nationale se réunit à Eidsvoll, dans l'Akershus : elle déclare l’indépendance du royaume de Norvège et adopte une constitution9 (c'est la seconde constitution écrite la plus ancienne encore en vigueur en Europe après celle de Saint-Marin), avant de désigner comme roi le prince danois Christian-Frédéric VIII de Danemark, le 17 mai 1814.

 

La Norvège devient, ainsi, un royaume distinct, mais en union personnelle avec le roi de Suède Charles XIII. Toutefois, depuis 1810, c'est le prince héritier de Suède, Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, qui joue un rôle décisif. Ancien maréchal d'Empire de Napoléon, il prend fait et cause pour son nouveau royaume et mène une brève campagne en Norvège pour réunir les deux couronnes. Il devient roi en 1818 sous le titre de Charles XIV Jean.

L'union personnelle Suède-Norvège, malgré plusieurs concessions, entraîne un mécontentement croissant des Norvégiens au cours du xixe siècle. Elle est dissoute sans effusion de sang le 7 juin 1905. À la suite d'un référendum confirmant la nature monarchique du nouveau régime, le gouvernement offre la couronne à un prince danois, qui est élu par le Parlement sous le nom de Haakon VII.

La Norvège parvient à conserver sa neutralité au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale, en raison de sa puissance navale dissuasive. Il n’en va pas de même pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, au cours de laquelle le pays est envahi par les troupes allemandes dans le cadre de l’opération Weserübung. La résistance armée dure jusqu’à trois mois dans certaines régions. Le roi et le gouvernement choisissent de s’exiler et de continuer la lutte depuis Londres.

La Norvège occupée est dirigée par le chef des forces d'occupation, le Reichskommissar Josef Terboven. Le chef du parti pronazi local, Vidkun Quisling, est autorisé à former à partir de 1942 un gouvernement collaborationniste, sous supervision allemande. Les Allemands et les collaborateurs se heurtent durant cette période à la résistance norvégienne. Après l’intervention des Alliés au sud et au nord — notamment de l'Armée rouge au nord — les forces allemandes capitulent le 8 mai 1945.

L'épisode de l'occupation allemande a rendu les Norvégiens plus sceptiques vis-à-vis du concept de neutralité, et le pays adopte une nouvelle stratégie fondée sur la sécurité collective. Après l'échec de l'instauration d'une union de défense scandinave, la Norvège devient l’un des membres fondateurs de l’OTAN, en 1949, et de l’ONU, à laquelle elle fournit son premier Secrétaire général, Trygve Lie.

La Norvège a refusé à deux reprises par référendum de rejoindre l’Union européenne, en 1972 et en 1994. Le débat européen reste ouvert, avec environ 50 % de la population dans chaque camp. Le pays fait par ailleurs partie, comme l'Islande, de l'Espace économique européen (EEE), ainsi que de l'espace Schengen depuis 2001.

Le 22 juillet 2011, le pays subit deux attaques terroristes marquantes. La première est une explosion à la bombe survenue à Regjeringskvartalet, le quartier gouvernemental de la ville d'Oslo, à 15 h 26. L'explosion tue huit personnes et en blesse plusieurs autres. La seconde attaque suit la première d'environ deux heures dans un camp organisé par la Ligue des jeunes du Parti travailliste norvégien, sur l'île d'Utøya. Anders Behring Breivik, déguisé en policier, ouvre le feu sur les campeurs, tuant 69 participants. Ce drame est le plus meurtrier que la Norvège ait connu depuis la Seconde Guerre mondiale, même si le pays avait également été fortement marqué en 1973 par l'assassinat d'Ahmed Bouchiki.

La Norvège est une monarchie constitutionnelle à gouvernement parlementaire.

La famille royale, originaire du Schleswig-Holstein, descend de la famille princière de Glücksburg. Le roi ne joue pour l’essentiel qu’un rôle honorifique, mais il constitue un symbole fort d’unité nationale. Bien que la Constitution de 1814 lui accorde d’importantes prérogatives dans le domaine de l’exécutif, ces dernières sont presque toujours exercées en son nom par le gouvernement. Les pouvoirs dont le monarque est investi par la constitution de la Norvège ont au cours du xxe siècle été largement symboliques, sauf dans quelques cas importants comme pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, où le monarque annonçait qu'il allait abdiquer si le gouvernement capitulait face aux demandes des nazis.

Le gouvernement est composé du ministre d'État et des ministres, tous nommés par le roi. Mais depuis 1884, l’évolution parlementaire du régime fait que le gouvernement doit obtenir un vote de confiance du Parlement : la désignation du gouvernement par le roi n’est donc qu’une formalité quand il y a une majorité claire au Parlement pour un parti en particulier (ou coalition de partis). Après une élection sans majorité claire, le chef du parti le plus susceptible de créer un gouvernement est nommé ministre d'État par le roi. La Norvège a vu plusieurs de ces gouvernements gouverner en minorité. Le roi assiste aux réunions du gouvernement chaque vendredi au palais royal, mais le gouvernement prend ses décisions en avance, à des conférences présidées par le ministre d'État et tenues chaque mardi et jeudi. Chaque année, le roi ouvre le Parlement en septembre. Il accueille les ambassadeurs à la cour et est symboliquement le commandant en chef des Forces de défense norvégiennes et à la tête de l'Église de Norvège.

Le parlement norvégien, le Storting, est monocaméral depuis les élections générales de 2009 (amendement de la Constitution du 20 février 2007) et comprend 169 membres (soit quatre membres de plus à la suite des élections du 12 septembre 2005). Les députés sont élus tous les quatre ans dans chacun des 11 fylker du pays, à la représentation proportionnelle. Il y a 11 sièges, les « sièges égalisants », un par fylke, pour faire que la représentation au parlement corresponde mieux au vote populaire. Il y a un seuil électoral de 4 % pour ces sièges.

L'impeachment est très rare (le dernier cas étant celui du ministre d'État Abraham Berge, acquitté, en 1927), et peut se faire à l'encontre de membres du Conseil d'État, de la Cour suprême, ou du Storting pour des crimes qu'ils auraient commis au pouvoir. Avant l'amendement du 20 février 2007, les accusations étaient formulées au Odelsting et traitées par le Lagting et les juges de la Cour suprême, formant ensemble la « Haute Cour du Royaume ». Dans le nouveau système les impeachments seront traités par les cinq juges les plus importants de la Cour suprême ainsi que six autres personnes, dans l'une des cours de la Cour suprême (avant il se déroulait dans la chambre du Lagting). Les représentants du Storting ne peuvent pas être juges. Les accusations seront formulées par le Storting dans une réunion plénière.

Le Storting fonctionne sinon en tant que parlement unicaméral, la division en Odelsting et Lagting abolie dès les élections de 2009. La législation devra passer par deux, parfois trois, relectures avant d'être approuvée et passée au roi pour son approbation.

À la tête du système juridique se trouve la Cour suprême, ou Høyesterett (composée de 18 juges et d’un chief justice). On trouve ensuite les cours d'appel, les tribunaux ordinaires et les juges de paix. Les juges sont nommés par le roi et le gouvernement, sur proposition du ministre de la Justice.

Jusqu'en 2012, plus de la moitié des membres du gouvernement étaient membres de l'Église de Norvège, soit au moins dix des dix-neuf ministres. Cette disposition a été abrogée, mais la séparation de l'Église et de l'État reste un sujet de controverse en Norvège. Ainsi, le passage de l'école chrétienne à l'école laïque y est débattu depuis 1739, sans qu'une condamnation de l'État norvégien en Cour européenne des droits de l'homme en 200710 ait abouti à une évolution généralisée des structures éducatives.

  

Norge,[a] offisielt Kongeriket Norge,[b] er et nordisk, europeisk land og en selvstendig stat vest på Den skandinaviske halvøy. Geografisk sett er landet langt og smalt, og på den langstrakte kysten mot Nord-Atlanteren befinner Norges vidkjente fjorder seg. Kongeriket Norge omfatter hovedlandet (fastlandet med tilliggende øyer innenfor grunnlinjen), Jan Mayen og Svalbard. Med disse to arktiske områdene omfatter Norge et landareal på 385 000 km² og har et innbyggerantall på cirka 5,5 millioner (2023). Fastlands-Norge grenser i øst til Sverige, i nordøst til Finland og Russland.

Norge er et parlamentarisk demokrati og konstitusjonelt monarki, hvor Harald V siden 1991 er konge og statsoverhode, og Jonas Gahr Støre (Ap) siden 2021 er statsminister. Norge er en enhetsstat, med to administrative nivå under staten: fylker og kommuner. Den samiske delen av befolkningen har, gjennom Sametinget og Finnmarksloven, til en viss grad selvstyre og innflytelse over tradisjonelt samiske områder. Selv om Norge har avvist medlemskap i Den europeiske union gjennom to folkeavstemninger, har Norge gjennom EØS-avtalen tette bånd til unionen, og gjennom NATO med USA. Norge er en betydelig bidragsyter i De forente nasjoner (FN), og har deltatt med soldater i flere utenlandsoperasjoner med mandat fra FN. Norge er blant statene som har vært med fra grunnleggelsen av FN, NATO, Europarådet, OSSE og Nordisk råd, og er i tillegg til disse medlem av EØS, Verdens handelsorganisasjon, Organisasjonen for økonomisk samarbeid og utvikling og er en del av Schengen-området.

Norge er rikt på mange naturressurser som olje, gass, mineraler, tømmer, sjømat, ferskvann og vannkraft. Disse naturgitte forutsetningene har siden begynnelsen av 1900-tallet gitt landet mulighet til en rikdomsøkning få andre land har nytt glede av, og nordmenn har per 2017 verdens tredje høyeste gjennomsnittlige inntekt, målt i BNP per innbygger. Petroleumsindustrien står for omkring 14 % av Norges bruttonasjonalprodukt per 2018. Norge er verdens største produsent av olje og gass per capita utenfor Midtøsten. Antall sysselsatte knyttet til denne næringen sank imidlertid fra ca. 232 000 i 2013 til 207 000 i 2015.

I Norge har disse naturrikdommene blitt fordelt på den ganske befolkningen. Landet opprettholder en velferdsmodell på linje med de andre nordiske landene. Viktige tjenesteområder som helse og høyere utdanning er statsfinansiert, og landet har et omfattende velferdssystem for sine innbyggere. Offentlige utgifter ligger i 2018 på ca. 50 % av BNP, og størstedelen av disse utgiftene er knyttet til undervisning, helsevesen, sosial trygd og velferd.[8] Siden 2001 har FN rangert Norge som verdens beste land å bo i. Fra 2010 er Norge også rangert øverst på EIUs demokratiindeks. Norge ligger på tredjeplass på FNs World Happiness Report for årene 2016–2018, bak Finland og Danmark, en rapport som ble publisert i mars 2019.

Størstedelen av befolkningen er nordisk. De siste par årene har innvandring utgjort mer enn halvparten av befolkningsveksten. De fem største minoritetsgruppene er norsk-polakker, litauere, norsk-svensker, norsk-syrere inkludert Syria-kurdere og norsk-pakistanere.

Norges nasjonaldag er 17. mai, på denne dagen i 1814 ble Norges Grunnlov datert og undertegnet av presidentskapet i Riksforsamlingen på Eidsvoll. Det er fastsatt i lov av 26. april 1947 at 17. mai er nasjonale høytidsdager. Den samiske nasjonaldagen er 6. februar. «Ja, vi elsker dette landet» er Norges nasjonalsang, sangen er skrevet i 1859 av Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson (1832–1910).

  

«Norge» omdirigerer hit. For andre tydingar, sjå Norge (fleirtyding).

Noreg, offisielt Kongeriket Noreg (bokmål: Kongeriket Norge, nordsamisk: Norgga gonagasriika), er eit nordisk land vest på den fennoskandiske halvøya. Til lands grensar Noreg mot Sverige i aust, Finland og Russland i nordaust, og til havs mot Danmark i sør og Storbritannia i sørvest. Nord for Trøndelag er Noreg langt og smalt, og kysten strekkjer seg langsmed Nordatlanteren med havområda Skagerrak, Nordsjøen, Norskehavet og Barentshavet.

Den arktiske øygruppa Svalbard er under norsk suverenitet med dei avgrensingane som gjeld i Svalbardtraktaten, men Svalbard er til liks med øya Jan Mayen ein del av kongeriket. Bouvetøya i Søratlanteren er derimot eit norsk biland. Noreg gjer òg krav på Peter 1.s øy i det sørlege Stillehavet og territoriet Dronning Maud Land i Antarktis, men båe desse er omfatta av Antarktistraktaten som legg territoriale krav i Antarktis på is.

I vikingtida frå 700-talet til 1000-talet vart områda som no utgjer Noreg, gradvis samla til eitt rike. Kong Harald Hårfagre vann slaget i Hafrsfjord i år 872, og grunnla det fyrste norske kongssetet på Avaldsnes på Karmøy. Skipsleia mellom Karmøy og fastlandet, den såkalla Nordvegen, gav namnet til Noreg.[treng kjelde] Norske vikingar var dyktige sjøfararar og dreiv handel med alle landa kring Nordsjøen, og busette seg òg på dei britiske og nordatlantiske øyane, og på Grønland.

Det er usemje om Noreg vart samla med utgangspunkt i Vestfold og Austlandet. Det tradisjonelle synet er at Harald Hårfagre ervde rike i Vestfold og delar av Austlandet og derifrå la under seg det indre Austlandet, Trøndelag og hærtok Vestlandet gradvis sørover kysten. Det går klårt fram or sogene at ei anna mektig ætt med sete i Trøndelag, ladejarlane, hadde sett i gang ei liknande samling om lag samstundes. Desse ættene fekk vekselsvis støtte frå danekongen. Det verkar likevel som om Hårfagre-ætta vann denne maktkampen med kong Olav (den Heilage) si maktovertaking om lag 1015. Etter dette var Lade-ætta slegen attende.

I 995 grunnla kong Olav Trygvason den fyrste kyrkja på Moster på Bømlo, og byrja kristninga av landet. I 1024 sette kong Olav (seinare kalla Olav den Heilage) og bisp Grimkjell kristenretten på Mostratinget same staden. Ein reknar heile riket som kristna ved slaget på Stiklestad i 1030, der Olav fall. Etter ei lang tid med borgarkrigar (borgarkrigstida) vart den arvelege kongsmakta trygd under Sverreætta. Den norske kongsslekta døydde ut i 1387, og landet gjekk inn i ei unionstid i Kalmarunionen med Danmark og Sverige. Etter 1450 heldt kongsfellesskapet fram med Danmark åleine. Tida vert i Noreg kalla «400-årsnatta», av di Noreg var den svake parten i unionen og vart styrt frå hovudstaden København. Etter at Danmark-Noreg vart tvinga til å alliere seg med Napoleon og dimed kom i hop med taparane i Napoleonskrigane, førte Kiel-traktaten i 1814 til at Noreg vart avstått til Sverige. Men det lukkast å gje landet ei grunnlov 17. mai 1814 og å tryggje norsk sjølvstende òg etter at ein kort krig med Sverige tvinga Noreg inn i personalunion med Sverige.

Aukande norsk misnøye med unionen gjennom 1800-talet førte til oppløysing av den norsk-svenske unionen i 1905, stadfest ved ei folkerøysting. Den norske regjeringa baud den norske krona til danske prins Carl, og etter ei ny folkerøysting kåra Stortinget han til konge. Han tok namnet Haakon VII etter dei gamle norske kongane. Den norske kongefamilien, liksom den danske, høyrer til det nordtyske fyrstehuset Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg (ei grein av huset Oldenburg).

Noreg var nøytralt under 1. verdskrigen, men som eit resultat av den tyske invasjonen og okkupasjonen under 2. verdskrigen, vart nordmennene langt meir skeptiske til nøytralitetsprinsippet. Stemninga dreidde mot ei kollektiv tryggingsavtale for landet. Noreg var ei av dei underskrivande partane ved danninga av NATO i 1949 og var mellom landa som grunnla Dei sameinte nasjonane i 1945. Det norske folket har to gonger røysta imot å verta med i EU, nemleg i 1972 (då: EEC) og i 1994 (då: EF). Noreg har likevel ei tilknyting til den europeiske indre marknaden gjennom EØS-avtala.

Noreg er eit konstitusjonelt monarki med eit parlamentarisk regjeringssystem. Etter grunnlova frå 1814 er Kongen statsoverhovud og vel sjølv rådet sitt, men etter riksrettsdomen i 1884 må likevel regjeringa i praksis ikkje få eit fleirtal i Stortinget mot seg. Grunnlova gjev Kongen personleg vidtfemnande rettar, men desse vert ikkje praktiserte i dag, og funksjonen hans er fyrst og fremst vorten seremoniell. Statsrådet, eller regjeringa, er sett saman av ein statsminister og minst sju statsrådar, utnemnde av Kongen. Kongen kan i teorien utnemne kven han vil, men vel alltid den regjeringa statsministeren legg fram.

Det norske parlamentet – Stortinget – har 169 medlemer, som er valde frå 19 fylke for ein fire-årsperiode ut frå eit system med proporsjonal representasjon. Stortinget sine saker vert handsama i plenum, etter saksførebuingar i ulike fagkomitear (justiskomiteen, finanskomiteen, landbrukskomiteen, osb).

Dei regulære rettsinstansane omfattar Høgsterett (18 permanente domarar (per 2004) og ein justitiarius), lagmannsrettane (Borgarting, Eidsivating, Agder, Gulating, Frostating og Hålogaland), tingrettane (tidlegare by- og heradsrettane) og forliksråda (handsamar sivile tvistesaker). I tillegg kjem særdomstolar som Arbeidsretten. Domarane ved dei regulære rettsinstansane og særdomstolane vert utnemnde av regjeringa. Den særskilde Riksretten vurderer spørsmål om brotsverk utført av medlemer i Stortinget, Regjeringa eller Høgsterett som slik.

 

Forme de radoub, port de Marseille.

 

avril 2017 © S.Sauerzapfe

  

The initial phase of landscape associated with the UCD Charles Institute and the Systems Biology Ireland Building includes a new bronze sculptural piece titled “Rotating Form” by artist Mark Ryan. Mark has been working full-time as a sculptor for the last 10 years, following a career as a designer. He works in a variety of materials including wood, clay, plaster, steel, stainless steel and bronze. He welds, cuts, casts and shapes. The scale of his work varies from small scale intimate works to very large scale sculptures in public spaces.

 

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Using a file and emery cloth to remove excess material and create some sense of styled form.

We believe that urban forms – in fact all habitats – are energized by its citizens and users. The contingencies of contemporary economic and political needs produce overarching frameworks and policies that produce top-down urban visions. These cannot fully match the complexity of what urban economies are all about. So far – policies have been simply pushing ahead and providing quick-fix solutions to the leakages – which in several contexts are pretty large. Instead, what our projects try to do is simply allow residents and users of neighbourhoods to have a say, propose plans, collaborate with professional and take charge of their spaces in cultural, economic and social terms. We believe that Dharavi is already developing, it doesn’t need to be redeveloped. What it needs is support systems. We have an office in Dharavi and networks deep in the communities there with whom we work on specific projects – cultural, economic, architectural and beyond.

 

URBZ is our portal – part online – part on the ground. It provides a set of tools for residents and users to start the process of taking charge of their neighbourhoods. The online side is an interactive website that allows users to work with a global community of supporters. It offers a way for them to showcase and upload their city/habitat/neighbourhood onto the virtual world in a manner that connects to a hyper-local scale where the smallest of information becomes a source of local control. We use all existing online technologies and make them accessible to the residents through on-the ground activities such as workshops and community related get-togethers around specific issues. We complement this process by supporting local initiatives by connecting users to each other in a manner that allow skills to be shared.

 

URBZ was co-founded by Geeta Mehta and us and we have a big team helping us and working with us – Cole from Chile, Nishit Mehta our ICT coordinator and Dipti and George our interns working with us now besides a whole host of partners and interns details of whom can be seen on our site.

Ryan Garrison plåtar.