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Kartikeya, also known as Skanda, Murugan and Subramaniyan, is the Hindu god of war. He is the commander-in-chief of the army of the devas (gods) and the son of Shiva and Parvati.
Murugan is often referred to as "Tamil Kadavul" (meaning "God of Tamils") and is worshiped primarily in areas with Tamil influences, especially South India, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Malaysia, Singapore and Reunion Island. His six most important shrines in India are the Arupadaiveedu temples, located in Tamil Nadu. In Sri Lanka, Hindus as well as Buddhists revere the sacred historical Nallur Kandaswamy temple in Jaffna and Katirkāmam Temple situated deep south.[1] Hindus in Malaysia also pray to Lord Murugan at the Batu Caves and various temples where Thaipusam is celebrated with grandeur.
In Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, Kartikeya is known as Subrahmanya with a temple at Kukke Subramanya known for Sarpa shanti rites dedicated to Him and another famous temple at Ghati Subramanya also in Karnataka. In Bengal and Odisha, he is popularly known as Kartikeya (meaning 'son of Krittika').[2]
Other names[edit]
Like most Hindu deities, Subrahmanya is known by many other names, including Senthil, Vēlaṇ, Kumāran (meaning 'prince or child or young one'), Swaminatha (meaning 'smart' or 'clever'), Saravaṇa, Arumugam or Shanmuga (meaning 'one with six faces'), Dhandapani (meaning God with a Club), Guhan or Guruguha (meaning 'cave-dweller'), Subrahmanya, Kartikeya and Skanda (meaning 'that which is spilled or oozed).[3][4] He was also known as Mahasena and the Kadamba Dynasty kings worshiped him by this name.[5]
Vedas[edit]
The Atharva Veda describes Kumaran as 'Agnibhuh' because he is form of 'Agni' (Fire God) & Agni hold in his hand when kumaran born. The Satapatha Brahmana refers to him as the son of Rudra and the six faces of Rudra. The Taittiriya Aranyaka contains the Gayatri mantra for Shanmukha. The Chandogya Upanishad refers to Skanda as the "way that leads to wisdom". The Baudhayana Dharmasutra mentions Skanda as 'Mahasena' and 'Subrahmanya.' The Aranya Parva canto of the Mahabharata relates the legend of Kartikeya Skanda in considerable detail. The Skanda Purana is devoted to the narrative of Kartikeya.[6] The Upanishads also constantly make a reference to a Supreme Being called Guha, the indweller.
The first elaborate account of Kartikeya's origin occurs in the Mahabharata. In a complicated story, he is said to have been born from Agni and Svaha, after the latter impersonated the six of the seven wives of the Saptarishi (Seven Sages). The actual wives then become the Pleiades. Kartikeya is said to have been born to destroy the Asura Mahisha.[7] (In later mythology, Mahisha became the adversary of Durga.) Indra attacks Kartikeya as he sees the latter as a threat, until Shiva intervenes and makes Kartikeya the commander-in-chief of the army of the Devas. He is also married to Devasena, Indra's daughter. The origin of this marriage lies probably in the punning of 'Deva-sena-pati'. It can mean either lord of Devasena or Lord of the army (sena) of Devas. But according to Shrii Shrii Anandamurti, in his master work on Shiva[8] and other works, Kartikeya was married to Devasenā and that is on the ground of his name as Devasena's husband, Devasenāpati, misinterpreted as Deva-senāpati (Deva's general) that he was granted the title general and made the Deva's army general.[9]
The Ramayana version is closer to the stories told in the Puranas discussed below.
Tolkappiyam, possibly the most ancient of the extant Sangam works, dated between the 3rd century BCE and 5th century CE glorified Murugan, "the red god seated on the blue peacock, who is ever young and resplendent," as "the favoured god of the Tamils."[10] The Sangam poetry divided space and Tamil land into five allegorical areas (tinai) and according to the Tirumurugarruppatai ( c. 400–450 AD) attributed to the great Sangam poet Nakkiirar, Murugan was the presiding deity the Kurinci region (hilly area). (Tirumurugaruppatai is a deeply devotional poem included in the ten idylls (Pattupattu) of the age of the third Sangam). The other Sangam era works in Tamil that refer to Murugan in detail include the Paripaatal, the Akananuru and the Purananuru. One poem in the Paripaatal describes the veneration of Murugan thus:
"We implore thee not for boons of enjoyment or wealth,
But for thy grace beatific, love and virtuous deeds."
According to the Tamil devotional work, Thiruppugazh, "Murugan never hesitates to come to the aid of a devotee when called upon in piety or distress". In another work, Thirumurukkarrupatai, he is described as a god of eternal youth;
His face shines a myriad rays light and removes the darkness from this world.[11]
The references to Murugan can be traced back to the first millennium BCE. There are references to Murugan in Kautilya's Arthashastra, in the works of Patanjali, in Kalidasa's epic poem the Kumarasambhavam. The Kushanas, who governed from what is today Peshawar, and the Yaudheyas, a republican clan in the Punjab, struck coins bearing the image of Skanda. The deity was venerated also by the Ikshvakus, an Andhra dynasty, and the Guptas.[6] The worship of Kumāra was one of the six principal sects of Hinduism at the time of Adi Shankara. The Shanmata system propagated by him included this sect. In many Shiva and Devi temples of Tamil Nadu, Murugan is installed on the left of the main deity. The story of His birth goes as follows:
Sati immolated herself in a pyre as her father King Daksha had insulted Shiva, her Lord. She was reborn as Parvathi or Uma, daughter of the King of Himalayas, Himavan. She then married her Lord Shiva. The Devas were under onslaught from the Asuras whose leader was Soorapadman. He had been granted boons that only Lord Shiva or his seed could kill him. Fearless he vanquished the Devas and made them his slaves. The Devas ran to Vishnu for help who told them that it was merely their fault for attending Daksha's yagna, without the presence of Lord Shiva. After this, they ran to Shiva for help. Shiva decided to take action against Soorapadman's increasing conceit. He frowned and his third eye- the eye of knowledge- started releasing sparks. These were six sparks in total. Agni had the responsibility to take them to Saravana Lake. As he was carrying them, the sparks were growing hotter and hotter that even the Lord of Fire could not withstand the heat. Soon after Murugan was born on a lotus in the Saravana Lake with six faces, giving him the name Arumukhan. Lord Shiva and Parvati visited and tears of joy started flowing as they witnessed the most handsome child. Shiva and Parvathi gave the responsibility of taking care of Muruga to the six Krittika sisters. Muruga grew up to be a handsome, intelligent, powerful, clever youth. All the Devas applauded at their saviour, who had finally come to release them from their woes. Murugan became the supreme general of the demi-gods, then escorted the devas and led the army of the devas to victory against the asuras.
Legends[edit]
Given that legends related to Murugan are recounted separately in several Hindu epics, some differences between the various versions are observed. Some Sanskrit epics and puranas indicate that he was the elder son of Shiva. This is suggested by the legend connected to his birth; the wedding of Shiva and Parvati being necessary for the birth of a child who would vanquish the asura named Taraka. Also, Kartikeya is seen helping Shiva fight the newborn Ganesha, Shiva's other son, in the Shiva Purana. In the Ganapati Khandam of the Brahma Vaivarta Purana, he is seen as the elder son of Shiva and Ganesha as the younger. In South India, it is believed that he is the younger of the two. A Puranic story has Ganesha obtain a divine fruit of knowledge from Narada winning a contest with Murugan. While Murugan speeds around the world thrice to win the contest for the fruit, Ganesha circumambulates Shiva and Parvati thrice as an equivalent and is given the fruit. After winning it, he offers to give the fruit to his upset brother. After this event, Ganesha was considered the elder brother owing as a tribute to his wisdom. Many of the major events in Murugan's life take place during his youth, and legends surrounding his birth are popular. This has encouraged the worship of Murugan as a child-God, very similar to the worship of the child Krishna in north India. He is married to two wives, Valli and Devasena. This lead to a very interesting name : Devasenapati viz. Pati (husband) of Devsena and/or Senapati (commander in chief) of Dev (gods)
Kartikeya symbols are based on the weapons – Vel, the Divine Spear or Lance that he carries and his mount the peacock. He is sometimes depicted with many weapons including: a sword, a javelin, a mace, a discus and a bow although more usually he is depicted wielding a sakti or spear. This symbolizes his purification of human ills. His javelin is used to symbolize his far reaching protection, his discus symbolizes his knowledge of the truth, his mace represents his strength and his bow shows his ability to defeat all ills. His peacock mount symbolizes his destruction of the ego.
His six heads represent the six siddhis bestowed upon yogis over the course of their spiritual development. This corresponds to his role as the bestower of siddhis.
In Tamil Nadu, Murugan has continued to be popular with all classes of society right since the Sangam age. This has led to more elaborate accounts of his mythology in the Tamil language, culminating in the Tamil version of Skanda Purana, called Kandha Purānam, written by Kacchiappa Sivachariyar (1350–1420 AD.) of Kumara Kottam in the city of Kanchipuram. (He was a scholar in Tamil literature, and a votary of the Shaiva Siddhanta philosophy.)
He is married to two deities, Valli, a daughter of a tribal chief and Deivayanai (also called Devasena), the daughter of Indhra. During His bachelorhood, Lord Murugan is also regarded as Kumaraswami (or Bachelor God), Kumara meaning a bachelor and Swami meaning God. Muruga rides a peacock and wields a bow in battle. The lance called Vel in Tamil is a weapon closely associated with him. The Vel was given to him by his mother, Parvati, and embodies her energy and power. His army's standard depicts a rooster. In the war, Surapadman was split into two, and each half was granted a boon by Murugan. The halves, thus turned into the peacock (his mount) and the rooster his flag, which also "refers to the sun".[12]
As Muruga is worshipped predominantly in Tamil Nadu, many of his names are of Tamil origin. These include Senthil, the red or formidable one; Arumugam, the six-faced one; Guhan and Maal-Marugan, the son-in-law of Vishnu. Murugan is venerated throughout the Tamil year. There is a six-day period of fast and prayer in the Tamil month of Aippasi known as the Skanda Shasti. He is worshipped at Thaipusam, celebrated by Tamil communities worldwide near the full moon of the Tamil month Thai. This commemorates the day he was given a Vel or lance by his mother in order to vanquish the asuras. Thirukarthigai or the full moon of the Tamil month of Karthigai signifies his birth. Each Tuesday of the Tamil month of Adi is also dedicated to the worship of Murugan. Tuesday in the Hindu tradition connotes Mangala, the god of planet Mars and war.
Other parts of India[edit]
Historically, God Kartikeya was immensely popular in the Indian subcontinent. One of the major Puranas, the Skanda Purana is dedicated to him. In the Bhagavad-Gita (Ch.10, Verse 24), Krishna, while explaining his omnipresence, names the most perfect being, mortal or divine, in each of several categories. While doing so, he says: "Among generals, I am Skanda, the lord of war."
Kartikeya's presence in the religious and cultural sphere can be seen at least from the Gupta age. Two of the Gupta kings, Kumaragupta and Skandagupta, were named after him. He is seen in the Gupta sculptures and in the temples of Ellora and Elephanta. As the commander of the divine armies, he became the patron of the ruling classes. His youth, beauty and bravery was much celebrated in Sanskrit works like the Kathasaritsagara. Kalidasa made the birth of Kumara the subject of a lyrical epic, the Kumaarasambhavam. In ancient India, Kartikeya was also regarded as the patron deity of thieves, as may be inferred from the Mrichchakatikam, a Sanskrit play by Shudraka, and in the Vetala-panchvimshati, a medieval collection of tales. This association is linked to the fact that Kartikeya had dug through the Krauncha mountain to kill Taraka and his brothers (in the Mrichchakatikam, Sarivilaka prays to him before tunnelling into the hero's house).
However, Kartikeya's popularity in North India receded from the Middle Ages onwards, and his worship is today virtually unknown except in parts of Haryana. There is a very famous temple dedicated to Him in the town of Pehowa in Haryana and this temple is very well known in the adjoining areas, especially because women are not allowed anywhere close to it. Women stay away from this temple in Pehowa town of Haryana because this shrine celebrates the Brahmachari form of Kartikeya. Reminders of former devotions to him include a temple at Achaleshwar, near Batala in Punjab, and another temple of Skanda atop the Parvati hill in Pune, Maharashtra. Another vestige of his former popularity can be seen in Bengal and Odisha, where he is worshipped during the Durga Puja festivities alongside Durga. Lord Subramanya is the major deity among the Hindus of northern Kerala. Lord Subramanya is worshipped with utmost devotion in districts of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi in the state of Karnataka. Rituals like nagaradhane are unique to this region.
Kartikeya also known as Kartik or Kartika is also worshipped in West Bengal, and Bangladesh on the last day of the Hindu month of 'Kartik'. However, the popularity of Kartik Puja (worshipping Kartik) is decreasing now, and Lord Kartik is primarily worshipped among those who intend to have a son. In Bengal, traditionally, many people drop images of Kartik inside the boundaries of different households, who all are either newly married, or else, intend to get a son to carry on with their ancestry. Lord Kartik is also associated to the Babu Culture prevailed in historic Kolkata, and hence, many traditional old Bengali paintings still show Kartik dressed in traditional Bengali style. Also, in some parts of West Bengal, Kartik is traditionally worshipped by the ancestors of the past royal families too, as in the district of Malda. Kartik Puja is also popular among the prostitutes. This can probably be linked to the fact that, the prostitutes mostly got clients from the upper class babu-s in old Kolkata, who all, in turn, had been associated to the image of Kartik (as discussed above). In Bansberia (Hooghly district) Kartik Puja festival is celebrated like Durga puja of Kolkata, Jagadhatri puja in Chandannagar for consecutive four days. The festival starts on 17 November every year and on 16 November in case of Leap year.[13] Some of the must see Puja committees are Bansberia Kundugoli Nataraj, Khamarapara Milan Samity RadhaKrishna, Kishor Bahini, Mitali Sangha, Yuva Sangha, Bansberia Pratap Sangha and many more.
In Durga Puja in Bengal, Kartikeya is considered to be a son of Parvati or Durga and Shiva along with his brother Ganesha and sisters Lakshmi and Saraswati.[14]
Kartikeya is worshiped during Durga Puja in Odisha as well as in various Shiva temples throughout the year. Kartik puja is celebrated in Cuttack along with various other parts of the state during the last phases of Hindu month of Kartik. Kartik purnima is celebrated with much joy and in a grand fashion in Cuttack and other parts in the state.
Murugan is adored by both Tamil Hindus and Sinhalese Buddhists in Sri Lanka. Numerous temples exist throughout the island. He is a favorite deity of the common folk everywhere and it is said he never hesitates to come to the aid of a devotee when called upon. In the deeply Sinhalese south of Sri Lanka, Murugan is worshipped at the temple in Katirkāmam, where he is known as Kathiravel or Katragama Deviyo (Lord of Katragama) . This temple is next to an old Buddhist place of worship. Local legend holds that Lord Murugan alighted in Kataragama and was smitten by Valli, one of the local aboriginal lasses. After a courtship, they were married. This event is taken to signify that Lord Murugan is accessible to all who worship and love him, regardless of their birth or heritage. The Nallur Kandaswamy temple, the Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple and the Sella Channithy Temple near Valvettiturai are the three foremost Murugan temples in Jaffna. The Chitravelayutha temple in Verukal on the border between Trincomalee and Batticaloa is also noteworthy as is the Mandur Kandaswamy temple in Batticaloa. The late medieval-era temple of the tooth in Kandy, dedicated to the tooth relic of the Buddha, has a Kataragama deiyo shrine adjacent to it dedicated to the veneration of Skanda in the Sinhalese tradition. Almost all buddhist temples house a shrine room for Kataragama deviyo(Murugan)reflecting the significance of Murugan in Sinhala Buddhism,
Based on archeological evidence found, it is believed that the Kiri Vehera was either renovated to build during the 1st century BCE. There are number of others inscriptions and ruins.[15]
By the 16th century the Kathiravel shrine at Katirkāmam had become synonymous with Skanda-Kumara who was a guardian deity of Sinhala Buddhism.[16] The town was popular as a place of pilgrimage for Hindus from India and Sri Lanka by the 15 the century. The popularity of the deity at the Kataragama temple was also recorded by the Pali chronicles of Thailand such as Jinkalmali in the 16th century. There are number of legends both Buddhist and Hindu that attribute supernatural events to the very locality.[16] Scholars such as Paul Younger and Heinz Bechert speculate that rituals practiced by the native priests of Kataragama temple betray Vedda ideals of propitiation. Hence they believe the area was of Vedda veneration that was taken over by the Buddhist and Hindus in the medieval period.[17]
Lord Murugan is one of the most important deities worshipped by Tamil people in Malaysia and other South-East Asian countries such as Singapore and Indonesia. Thai Poosam is one of the important festivals celebrated. Sri Subramanyar Temple at Batu Caves temple complex in Malaysia is dedicated to Lord Murugan.
The main temples of Murugan are located in Tamil Nadu and other parts of south India. They include the Aru Padaiveedu (six abodes) — Thiruchendur, Swamimalai, Pazhamudircholai, Thirupparangunram, Palani (Pazhani), Thiruthani and other important shrines like Mayilam, Sikkal, Marudamalai, Kundrathur, Vadapalani, Kandakottam, Thiruporur, Vallakottai, Vayalur, Thirumalaikoil, Pachaimalai and Pavalamalai near Gobichettipalayam. Malai Mandir, a prominent and popular temple complex in Delhi, is one of the few dedicated to Murugan in all of North India apart from the Pehowa temple in Haryana.
There are many temples dedicated to Lord Subramanya in Kerala. Amongst them are Atiyambur Sri Subramanya Temple in Kanhangad Kasaragod, Payyannur Subramanya Swamy temple in Payyanur, Panmana Subramanya Swamy temple in Panmana and the Subramanya temple in Haripad. There is a temple in Skandagiri, Secunderabad and one in Bikkavolu, East Godavari district in the state of Andhra Pradesh. In Karnataka there is the Kukke Subramanya Temple where Lord Murugan is worshiped as the Lord of the serpents. Aaslesha Bali, Sarpa Samskara with nagapathista samarpa are major prayers here. There is a temple called Malai Mandir in South Delhi. Malai means hill in Tamil. Mandir means temple in Hindi.
The key temples in Sri Lanka include the sylvan shrine in Kataragama / (Kadirgamam) or Kathirkamam in the deep south, the temple in Tirukovil in the east, the shrine in Embekke in the Kandyan region and the famed Nallur Kandaswamy temple in Jaffna. There are several temples dedicated to Lord Murugan in Malaysia, the most famous being the Batu Caves near Kuala Lumpur. There is a 42.7-m-high statue of Lord Murugan at the entrance to the Batu Caves, which is the largest Lord Murugan statue in the world. Sri Thandayuthapani Temple in Tank Road, Singapore is a major Hindu temple where each year the Thaipusam festival takes place with devotees of Lord Muruga carrying Kavadis seeking penance and blessings of the Lord.
In the United Kingdom, Highgate Hill Murugan temple is one of the oldest and most famous. In London, Sri Murugan Temple in Manor park is a well-known temple. In Midlands, Leicester Shri Siva Murugan Temple is gaining popularity recently. Skanda Vale in West Wales was founded by Guruji, a Tamil devotee of Subramaniam, and its primary deity is Lord Murugan. In Australia, Sydney Murugan temple in Parramatta (Mays Hill), Perth Bala Muruguan temple in Mandogalup and Kundrathu Kumaran temple in Rockbank, Melbourne are major Hindu temples for all Australian Hindus and Murugan devotees. In New Zealand, there is a Thirumurugan Temple in Auckland and a Kurinji Kumaran Temple in Wellington, both dedicated to Lord Murugan. In the USA, Shiva Murugan Temple in Concord, Northern California and Murugan Temple of North America[18] in Maryland, Washington DC region are popular. In Toronto, Canada, Canada Kanthasamy Temple is known amongst many Hindus in Canada. In Dollard-des-Ormeaux, a suburb of the city of Montreal in Canada, there is a monumental temple of Murugan. The Sri Sivasubramaniar Temple, located in the Sihl Valley in Adliswil, is the most famous and largest Hindu temple in Switzerland.[19]
Source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_Valley
Monument Valley (Navajo: Tsé Biiʼ Ndzisgaii, pronounced [tsʰépìːʔ ǹtsɪ̀skɑ̀ìː], meaning "valley of the rocks") is a region of the Colorado Plateau characterized by a cluster of sandstone buttes, with the largest reaching 1,000 ft (300 m) above the valley floor. The most famous butte formations are located in northeastern Arizona along the Utah–Arizona state line. The valley is considered sacred by the Navajo Nation, the Native American people within whose reservation it lies.
Monument Valley has been featured in many forms of media since the 1930s. Famed director John Ford used the location for a number of his Westerns. Film critic Keith Phipps wrote that "its five square miles [13 km2] have defined what decades of moviegoers think of when they imagine the American West".
Sourc: navajonationparks.org/navajo-tribal-parks/monument-valley/
History
Before human existence, the Park was once a lowland basin. For hundreds of millions of years, materials that eroded from the early Rock Mountains deposited layer upon layer of sediment which cemented a slow and gentle uplift, generated by ceaseless pressure from below the surface, elevating these horizontal strata quite uniformly one to three miles above sea level. What was once a basin became a plateau.
Natural forces of wind and water that eroded the land spent the last 50 million years cutting into and peeling away at the surface of the plateau. The simple wearing down of altering layers of soft and hard rock slowly revealed the natural wonders of Monument Valley today.
From the visitor center, you see the world-famous panorama of the Mitten Buttes and Merrick Butte. You can also purchase guided tours from Navajo tour operators, who take you down into the valley in Jeeps for a narrated cruise through these mythical formations. Places such as Ear of the Wind and other landmarks can only be accessed via guided tours. During the summer months, the visitor center also features Haskenneini Restaurant, which specializes in both native Navajo and American cuisines, and a film/snack/souvenir shop. There are year-round restroom facilities. One mile before the center, numerous Navajo vendors sell arts, crafts, native food, and souvenirs at roadside stands.
Additional Foreign Language Tags:
(United States) "الولايات المتحدة" "Vereinigte Staaten" "アメリカ" "米国" "美国" "미국" "Estados Unidos" "États-Unis" "ארצות הברית" "संयुक्त राज्य" "США"
(Arizona) "أريزونا" "亚利桑那州" "אריזונה" "एरिजोना" "アリゾナ州" "애리조나" "Аризона"
(Utah) "يوتا" "犹他州" "יוטה" "यूटा" "ユタ州" "유타" "Юта"
(Monument Valley) "وادي النصب التذكاري" "纪念碑谷" "Vallée des monuments" "מוניומנט ואלי" "स्मारक घाटी" "モニュメントバレー" "모뉴먼트 밸리" "Долина Монументов" "Valle de los Monumentos"
Forms of prognathism: in a 50 year old- superior maxilla normal, but lower jaw protrudes to such an extent that its teeth, when the mouth is closed, lie in front of the upper jaw. Prognathism is als known as Habsburg jaw, because near the end of their reign, each successive generation of the House of Habsburg had increasingly severe jaw protrusion going along with other genetic disorders. ift.tt/2g2HKpG
n 1422. 2 October 1980.
CCFL (Lisbon's transport operator) contributing one of their AEC Regent IIIs to this scene of many transport modes in Rossio Square. The bus is no. 263 (DA-21-92).
Must be Seen Large to Make Sense This little book fell into my hands last year at our local book store, A Book for All Seasons, and immediately put much of my photography into perspective. I see now that many flickr members are moved by these same shapes, and my intention is simply to make this book known to them, not to infringe on copyrights or to 'sell it". I hope illustrating a few of its pages makes this clear.
L'abbaye de Beauport est située dans la commune de Paimpol, dans la partie du village de Kérity, dans le département des Côtes-d'Armor, en Bretagne.
Elle est fondée à Beauport dans la paroisse de Kérity au début du xiiie siècle par le comte Alain Ier d’Avaugour, qui lui transfère en 1202 les biens de l'abbaye de Saint-Riom. Cette dernière avait été établie à la fin du renouveau monastique des xie et xiie siècles vers 1170-1180 par le comte Henri de Trégor, un parent du duc de Bretagne. L'abbaye de Beauport est une abbaye de chanoines prémontrés venus de l'abbaye de La Lucerne en Normandie. Ses fonctions pastorales, de justice et économiques s'étendent de l'île-de-Bréhat à Saint-Brieuc et sur une quinzaine de paroisses. C'est aussi une seigneurie maritime avec des droits sur la mer de l'île Saint-Riom à la pointe de Guilben.
The cadets "form up" for parades in the open spaces between the barracks. The process usually takes about thirty minutes or so, and is kind of amusing in a dark way.
I was always glad that I was one of the tallest guys in my company, because that meant I marched near the front of the formation. Short guys only saw the backs of the people in front of them in the formation and never got to scan the crowd looking for pretty girls . . .
Parametric design - the size of the opening transform while different parameters are input... This research can be used in Facade design...
Nikon D800E photos Bianca Buitendag & Bethany Hamilton Supergilr Pro Oceanside Beach Pier in San Diego! Shot form high up above on the Oceanside Pier!
Nikon D800E photos of Bianca Buitendag, Bethany Hamilton, and other pro surf girls at the Oceanside Huntington Beach Pier! Gorgeous pro surf girl goddesses all who are also professional swimsuit bikini / athletic sports clothing models! Shot with the awesome Nikon D800E & the Sigma 150-500mm f/5-6.3 AF APO DG OS HSM Telephoto Zoom Lens for Nikon Digital SLR Cameras. They're all professional models too (Alana Blanchard was a Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Model and Rip Curl Bikini Model!)!
And here're some epic video of pretty goddesses Bianca Buitendag and Alanna Blanchard I shot at the same time with the Panasonic X900MK 3MOS 3D Full HD SD Camcorder with 32GB Internal Memory mounted on my Nikon D800E via the 45surfer configuration.
www.youtube.com/watch?v=IxYPyOtzAQU (Bianca Buitendag paddling out and surfing!)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bX4gXnfLtc (alana running on beach, paddling out, surfing)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=-5LLePW95N0
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ANM70cBDNVo
www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIqA-0TOkjk
www.youtube.com/watch?v=GVEcj3bTdeQ
Last year I was shooting with a Nikon D4 with a 600mm F4 Prime monster Nikkor lens mounted on the tripod:
www.flickr.com/photos/herosjourneymythology45surf/8555104...
This year I wanted to be more nimble and work the whole area (shoot surfers warming up down the beach, coming and goring, running, hanging out/watching/etc.), so I opted to shoot with a Nikon D800E with the Sigma 150-500m lens mounted on a monopod. It can be tough to move tripod around with a 600mm F4 Prime monster Nikkor lens on a crowded beach, and it would be easy to upset folks each time you tried to set it up! There's a good chance they would say "enough" and throw you and all your equipment in the water! There's a common etiquette that one ought arrive early to claim a good spot, set up there, and keep it for the day. Latecomers are not welcome to set up on the main beach once it has filled up. But it's OK to walk around with a smaller setup as long as you stay out of everyone's way. Generally you can hug the water/shoreline with your feet and monopod in the water, as you're down low enough so that you don't block anyone's view from higher up on the beach, where all the tripods are mounted. The Sigma 150-500mm lens also allowed me to zoom out when surfers ran down the beach or got in and out of the water, and I also had a Nikon D800E with the 28-300 mm lens strapped around my neck. And both cameras had video cameras mounted to them in my famous 45surfer configuration! Needless to say, it can be a bit scary standing knee-deep in water with all that equipment, with large waves breaking. You wouldn't want to fall in!
Well, hope you enjoy the surf goddess photography!
All the best on your epic hero's journey from Johnny Ranger McCoy! :)
P.S. There's nothing like shooting the nikon D4 with the 600mm prime for quality, but I felt it was cool to give up a bit of quality for far more variety this year! Plus I do not want to become a pixel-peeper! :)
second rounded form; smoked céramic
antroji apvalaina forma
céramique enfumée, env. 20x25cm
mon blog inspirations -- įkvėpimai
A man stops in the sunlight of a stairwell to read his Daily Racing Form at Santa Anita Park racetrack in Arcadia, California, U.S.A. (Dec. 26, 2011)
Photo © 2011 Marcie Heacox, all rights reserved. FOR PERSONAL VIEWING PURPOSES ONLY.
Webb has pinpointed three galaxies actively forming when our 13.8 billion-years-old universe was in its infancy. The galaxies are surrounded by gas suspected to be almost purely hydrogen and helium, the earliest elements to exist in the cosmos.
These galaxies belong to the Era of Reionization, only several hundred million years after the big bang. During this period, gas between stars and galaxies was largely opaque. Stars contributed to heating and ionizing gas, eventually turning the gas transparent one billion years after the big bang.
By matching Webb’s data to models of star formation, researchers found that these galaxies are a unique window into future star formation. They primarily have populations of young stars, and the gas around them suggests they haven’t formed most of their stars yet.
More on this breakthrough: science.nasa.gov/missions/webb/galaxies-actively-forming-...
Galaxy artist concept credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Joseph Olmsted (STScI)
Image Description: This illustration is awash in bright blues, with only areas of the black background of space peeking out near the edges. Just above center is a large white spiral galaxy that is forming within a large cloud of blue gas. Its spiral arms twirl clockwise. Immediately around the galaxy’s edges are larger light blue dots. The gas appears thicker and brighter blue below the galaxy and toward the bottom left in what looks like a loose, extended column. Other wispy blue gas appears all around the galaxy, extending to every edge of the illustration. There are two additional spiral galaxies, though they are about half the size of the one at the center. They appear toward the top left and bottom right, and both are connected to regions of blue gas. Several bright knots dot the brightest blue areas near the center, and toward the top right. The background is clearer and more obviously black along a wider area at the left edge, a sliver along the top right, and in triangles toward the bottom right corner. In the bottom left is “Artist Concept” in white text.
This image: This artist concept shows a galaxy forming only a few hundred million years after the big bang, when gas was a mix of transparent and opaque during the Era of Reionization. Data from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope show that there is a lot of cold, neutral gas in the neighborhood of these early galaxies – and that the gas may be more dense than anticipated.
Webb observed these galaxies as part of its Cosmic Evolution Early Release Science (CEERS) Survey a few months after it began taking observations in 2022. CEERS includes both images and data known as spectra from the microshutters aboard its NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph). Data from CEERS were released immediately to support discoveries like this as part of Webb’s Early Release Science (ERS) program.
Over-complication is a human fallacy. So when I photograph anything, I try to maintain focus and make sure that every form in the frame matters and contributes something to the capture. If it does not belong then I make sure that they are not included.
For photographs which there is no time to think (live action), I just shoot and then crop after the fact. But for things which stay put I take my time to compose before clicking the shutter.
In digital photography, cropping means lose of resolution and detail, so it is best to do it right at the moment of capture then trying to fix things in Photoshop after the fact. Photoshop is not magic, you know. The best Photoshop jobs do not look like it was ever Photoshopped. And I am not a one of those wizards who can wield magic. So I try to do it right where I can.
# SML Data
+ Date: 2013-02-19 13:39:11 GMT+0800
+ Dimensions: 3429 x 5144
+ Exposure: 1/1000 sec at f/5.6
+ Focal Length: 280 mm
+ ISO: 100
+ Flash: Did not fire
+ Camera: Canon EOS 7D
+ Lens: Canon EF 70-200mm f/4L USM + Canon EF 1.4x Extender III
+ GPS: 22°25'0" N 114°13'41" E
+ Location: 中國香港馬鞍山恆安商場 中国香港马鞍山恒安商场 Heng On Shopping Centre, Ma On Shan, Hong Kong, China
+ Serial: SML.20130219.7D.23216.P1.L1
+ Workflow: Photoshop CS6, Lightroom 4
+ Series: 商場 Shopping Malls, 形 Forms
“三角形交響樂 Symphonic Triangles No. 3” / 商場建築之形 Shopping Malls Architecture Forms / SML.20130219.7D.23216.P1.L1
/ #商場 #ShoppingMalls #形 #Forms #SMLForms #CCBY #SMLPhotography SMLUniverse #SMLProjects
/ #三角形 #Triangles #中國 #中国 #China #香港 #HongKong #馬鞍山 #MaOnShan #建築 #建筑 #Architecture #城市 #Urban #攝影 #摄影 #photography
Pottery Vase
Pottery vase in the form of a woman carrying a vessel in each hand, inspired by increased trade in the Mediterranean during the Second Intermediate Period onwards
Tomb W1, Abydos
18th Dynasty
E.2431
***
From www.ashmolean.org/documents/ANTSacklerHandbook.pdf
Case 51 Pottery and the Decorative Arts in the New Kingdom
New Kingdom
18th Dynasty
about 1540–1292 BC
The growing prosperity of Egypt in the 18th Dynasty is reflected in a new fashion for fine pottery, especially miniature forms. Contemporary graves have preserved a range of objects which were probably treasured possessions in life, as well as necessities for the well-stocked tomb. Beautifully crafted vessels were made for personal use, probably as containers for scented oil or cosmetics. Figure-vases were made by shaping the clay in a mould, and covering it with a slip which was polished before firing. Additional details could be added in brown or black paint.
Both wild and domesticated animals were popular subjects for pottery and the decorative arts in general. A cosmetic dish in the shape of a duck, or a kohl-pot adorned with a monkey, made playful references to the natural world, but also related these objects to the imagery of rebirth and sexual attraction.
Craftsmen were inspired by foreign imports as well as traditional Egyptian themes. Ceramic shapes from Greece and Cyprus were copied in pottery or stone. Vases made exclusively for the tomb were sometimes decorated after firing with colourful painted designs recalling the floral garlands placed on wine jars for festive occasions. Another, but less successful, innovation was to coat pottery and stone vessels with a glossy resin similar to that used on painted coffins and walls.
NGC 6559, a star-forming region located at a distance of about 5000 light-years from Earth, in the constellation Sagittarius, showing both emission (red) and reflection (bluish) regions. Ritchey-Chrétien Telescope - Closed Carbon Tube 320/2885 F/9, camera
CCD: Apogee Alta U16, 18 minutes of exposure in RGB, 360 seconds for each filter, on Paramount ME mount by itelescope.net, processing with Pixinsight and Photoshop
Formato piccolo (in foto) Prezzo: 22,00€
Formato grande 125ml Prezzo: 31,00€
Gourmand, Dolce, Accogliente
Ragazzine pronte per il loro debutto, è la prima volta che saliranno sul palcoscenico, quello vero, della vita. Tanta emozione e tanti giorni spesi ad allenarsi. Questa fragranza è come queste giovani donne: dolce, giocosa, eppure determinata. Una dolce nota mandorlata si mischia alla vaniglia in una danza allegra e spensierata.
Vannes [van] est une commune française située dans l’ouest de la France sur la côte sud de la région Bretagne. La ville, située en Basse-Bretagne, est la préfecture du département du Morbihan, et le siège d'une agglomération de 135 882 habitants. Centre économique et destination touristique1 à la tête d’une aire urbaine de 144 353 habitants au 1er janvier 2008i 1, et d'une population municipale de 52 683 habitants au 1er janvier 2009i 2, Vannes est la 4e agglomération de la région Bretagnei 3 en nombre d'habitants, et le 3e pôle universitaire de Bretagne. La ville est bâtie en amphithéâtre au fond du golfe du Morbihan ; la vieille ville est enfermée dans ses remparts, groupée autour de la cathédrale Saint-Pierre ; elle a été aménagée en zone piétonne et offre des commerces installés dans des demeures à pans de bois.
Après la guerre qui opposa les Vénètes aux légions de César, l’administration romaine fait de Darioritum, nom antique de la ville, la civitas des Vénètes à la fin du Ier siècle av. J.-C. sous le règne d'Auguste2. La ville accueille l’évêché et les ordres religieux catholiques en 465 lors du concile de Vannes. Ce concile consacre Patern, saint patron de la cité, saint fondateur de Bretagne et premier évêque attesté de Vannes.
Au cœur d'un comté qui forme un espace-frontière, la cité est conquise en 578 par le roi Waroch II qui organise le Bro Waroch, espace politique dont Vannes est la capitale. La position centrale de Vannes en Bretagne-sud confère à Vannes et à ses chefs politiques et religieux un rôle prédominant. Les comtes et évêques de Vannes sont des personnages clés de l'équilibre entre la Bretagne et la France.
Ville du missus Nominoe, cité royale de Bretagne à la fin du Ier millénaire, Vannes devient après la guerre de Succession de Bretagne le siège de la puissance ducale. Théâtre de l'Union de la Bretagne à la France en 1532, Vannes connaît un essor religieux exceptionnel au cours des XVIe et XVIIe siècles avant de sombrer dans la langueur jusqu'aux années 1870 et l'installation de régiments. L'après Première Guerre mondiale marque le temps des mutations alors que l'après Seconde Guerre mondiale marque celui de la croissance économique et démographique.
Vannes, la cité des Vénètes, constitue un point de départ pour les excursions vers la célèbre « petite mer ». Quant à la vieille ville médiévale regroupée autour de sa cathédrale Saint-Pierre et entourée de remparts, elle est visitée pour son patrimoine architectural5. Ce quartier compte de nombreuses rues piétonnes surplombées par de très vieilles maisons bretonnes aux poutres apparentes.
À la fin de l’Empire romain, la ville est couramment appelée civitas Venetum , « la cité des Vénètes », d'après le nom du peuple dont sont issus ses premiers habitants. Ce phénomène (l'abandon de l'ancien nom gaulois et l'adoption d'une nouvelle appellation évoquant le nom des habitants) affecte vers le IVe siècle la plupart des anciennes cités gauloises de la moitié nord de la France : ainsi, Paris, ancien Lutetia, vient du nom des Parisii ; Nantes, ancien Condevincum , de celui des Namnètes. Ces mutations toponymiques sont intervenues à une époque où la solidité de l'empire romain s'effondrait.
Du gaulois latinisé Venetī, « les Vénètes » est un nom ethnique qui paraît contenir la racine « wen » (sanskrit van-o-ti « il aime », van-a « charme », latin ven-us et Venus, allemand wonne « joie », etc.), et signifier « les amis, les compatriotes »21.
Dans le Notitia Galliarum, compilation du IVe siècle des cités gauloises sous la Tétrarchie, l'auteur nomme la Cité des Vénètes située dans la gaule lyonnaise III : In provintiis gallicanis quæ ciuitates sint, Provintia Luddunensium Tertia : Ciuitas Venetum. Dans le Notitia Dignitatum, compilation par un auteur anonyme du Ve siècle de toutes les dignités tant civiles que militaires de l'Empire romain, l'auteur nomme Benetis comme capitale du préfet militaire : Sous les ordres de l’honorable duc de la division Armoricani et Nervicani : - Le commandant des soldats maures chez les Vénètes, à Benetis.
Au cours du Moyen Âge, Venetis devient Vennes, par accentuation sur la première syllabe qui entraîne la disparition du "T"22. Cette orthographe va subsister jusqu'au XVIIIe siècle, où les deux orthographes sont nommées conjointement dans les écrits de l'époqueNote 1. Durant cette période, la ville porta également d'autres noms : 'Vénéda (en 818), Guéned ou Guenette, Vanes (vers 1300), ...
Le nom breton de la ville provient lui aussi du nom des Vénètes, le nom Venetis évoluant en perdant sa terminaison-is et la consonne initiale se transformant de V en GW. Ce nom se prononce Djuened en breton et s'écrit Gwened ou Wened. Certains ont été tentés de traduire, de façon strictement littéraire, le nom breton de la ville en français, et l'on interprété comme signifiant Blé Blanc23 (Gwenn = Blanc; Ed = Blé). En 2008, dans un communiqué du maire François Goulards 1, s'exprimant sur la culture bretonne, on retrouve aussi cette tentative d'y voir le mot breton "gwenn", et de donner à Gwened la signification de La Blanche.
L'orthographe Vannes est conservée dans la majorité des langues utilisant les caractères latins, mais les langues celtiques comme le gallois ou le gaélique privilégient la forme bretonne Gwened.
La ville de Vannes est fondée lors de la Conquête romaine de la Gaule. Le peuple des Vénètes est soumis par César en 56 av. J.-C.. Sous l’Empire romain, elle est appelée Darioritum, mais reprend le nom du peuple dont elle est la civitas à la fin de l’Empire. Des colons bretons (venus de l’actuelle Grande-Bretagne) ainsi que des soldats maures sont installés à cette époque pour protéger la région des pirates saxons. C’est aussi entre le IIIe siècle et le Ve siècle que la ville se fortifie et se christianise.
En 465, un concile régional se tient à Vannes et consacre Saint Patern comme le premier évêque de la ville : c'est la naissance de l'évêché de Vannes. Conquise en 578 par Waroch II, la ville devient la capitale du royaume du Bro Waroch, avant d’être rattachée à la Bretagne en 851.
En 753, le roi des Francs Pépin le Bref vainc les Bretons et prend Vannes. Pour contenir les Bretons, il organise une zone-tampon sous administration militaire, la Marche de Bretagne composée du Vannetais, du Nantais, du Rennais et d'un bout du Maine. Vannes en est une des capitales. L'empereur Louis le Débonnaire réunit en septembre 818 son armée à Vannes (alors souvent appelée Veneda ou Venedia) avant de la lancer à l'assaut des forces du roi Morvan Lez-Breizh qui l'avait défié.
Ville du missus Nominoë, Vannes est une des cités royales de l'éphémère royaume de Bretagne. En partie détruite lors des invasions normandes au Xe siècle, la ville connaît de nombreux sièges jusqu'à la fin de la guerre de Succession de Bretagne avant de devenir la résidence préférée des ducs Jean IV et Jean V.
La Chambre des comptes est créée à Vannes et y siège jusqu'en 1491-1499 ainsi que le parlement de Bretagne qui devient souverain en 1485. Le Parlement reste à Vannes jusqu'en 1553, date à laquelle Nantes et Rennes se le disputent. Vannes est la première capitale de l'État breton et le siège de son administration supérieure. La ville reste pourtant de taille modeste.
Lors de la Révolution française, la ville est partagée entre la Nation et la Chouannerie. Préfecture du Morbihan, Vannes continue son développement depuis le XIXe siècle malgré l’activité maritime qui s’effondre à la même époque. À partir des années 1870, la ville se dote de nouveaux bâtiments publics et connaît un regain d’activité avec l'arrivée du chemin de fer et l’installation de régiments.
La cité des Vénètes se base sur une histoire vieille de plus de 2 000 ans afin de faire vivre des événements culturels tout au long de l'année. Parmi ceux-ci, on peut trouver des événements consacrés à l'histoire de la ville et à son patrimoine ainsi que des festivals musicaux et des salons.
Festi’Vannes53
Festival de musique fondé en 2002. Ce festival de musique se déroule dans les bars du centre-ville de Vannes au mois d'avril, il est ouvert à tous les styles de musiques.
Tradi deiz (www.kendalch.com)
En avril, Kendalc'h orgarnise à Vannes une journée spéciale pour les cercles celtiques de toute la Bretagne, de la Loire-Atlantique et de l'Île-de-France, qui sont évalués dans des épreuves de danses traditionnelles ; un grand défilé se tient en fin de journée et tous se rejoignent au jardin des remparts pour les résultats des épreuves et une danses des milles.
Semaine du Golfe
Fête maritime se déroulant tous les deux ans avant la semaine de l'Ascension dans les communes littorales du golfe du Morbihan.
Salon du livre en Bretagne
En juin, le Salon du livre, créé en 2008, se situe dans les jardins des remparts.
Fêtes historiques de Vannes
Manifestation en juillet retraçant les grandes périodes de l'histoire de la ville.
Jazz à Vannes
En juillet/août, le festival de musique jazz, créé en 1980, est organisé par la ville de Vannes.
Fêtes d’Arvor
En août, les Fêtes d’Arvor mettent en avant la culture bretonne.
Festival La mer en images
Exposition consacrée aux photos maritimes.
Motocultor Festival
À la fin du mois d'août, la ville de Vannes voit déferler les énergiques fans de metal qui se rendent au Motocultor Festival (open air depuis 2010) durant trois jours.
Santé
Le Centre hospitalier Bretagne Atlantique (hôpital P. Chubert) est situé Boulevard Maurice Guillaudot à proximité de la gare, au nord. Il existe également plusieurs cliniques dans l'agglomération, dont la Clinique Océane, rue Joseph Audic.
Sports
La pratique du sport dans l'agglomération vannetaise est diversifiée. La situation de la ville au bord du Golfe est propice aux activités nautiques. En outre, la municipalité souhaite encourager sa population à pratiquer toutes les disciplines grâce à l'existence de nombreux complexes sportifs.
Les équipements sportifs de la ville s'étendent sur 71 hectares dont 190 000 m² de terrains gazonnés, 81 000 m² de plateaux d’EPS, 40 000 m² de surfaces bâties, ainsi que des équipements sportifs privés conventionnés : quatre terrains de football (22 000m²) et sept salles de sports (1 700m²).
Complexes polyvalents
complexe UCK-NEF du Bondon :
L'association UCK-NEF56, née en 1922 de la fusion de L'Union Clisson Korrigan (1906) et des Nouvelles Équipes Féminines (1946), est installée dans son complexe omnisports de 3 300 m² situé dans le quartier du Bondon au nord du centre ville. L'UCK-NEF compte huit associations sportives fédérées et environ 1 300 licenciés. Parmi les huit associations se trouve une section Volley-Ball qui propose des entraînements dans trois complexes vannetais : UCK-NEF, Kercado et Richemont. L'équipe masculine du Vannes Volley-Ball, née en 2006 de la fusion de l'UCK-NEF et du Véloce Vannetais, évolue la session 2008/2009 en National 3.
Centre Sportif de Kercado :
Plus grand complexe sportif de Vannes, le Centre Sportif de Kercado est situé à l'ouest de la ville, accolé au lycée Alain-René Lesage et au campus de Kercado ( IUT de Vannes). Le complexe est composé de trois salles de sports, une salle spécifique de gymnastique, une salle d'armes, un pas de tir à l'arc couvert, un terrain d'honneur de football, deux terrains stabilisés, un terrain gazonné de football en salle, une piste d'athlétisme en résisport, une piste d'athlétisme en enrobé, neuf courts de tennis extérieurs, un parcours sportif, cinq plateaux d'EPS, un stand de tir à l'arc, un skatepark et une aire de lancer d'athlétisme.
Complexes de Tennis :
Il existe deux grands complexes consacrés au tennis. D'une part, le complexe de tennis du Pargo, comportant cinq courts couverts et deux courts extérieurs, qui est le siège du Tennis Club Vannetais. D'autre part, le complexe de tennis de Kérizac/Ménimur comportant deux courts couverts et deux courts extérieurs et dont le club résidant est le Vannes Ménimur Tennis Club.
Stades
Le Stade de la Rabine
Stade de la Rabine, Complexe Sportif du Perenno et Stade du Foso
Le Stade de la Rabine, plus grand stade de football de Vannes est le lieu des rencontres du Vannes Olympique Club, club fondé en 1998 par fusion du « Véloce Vannetais » et du « FC Vannes » (ex-UCK) et évoluant pour la saison 2009-2010 en Ligue 2 après avoir fini Champion de France de National lors de la saison 2007-2008. Le complexe sportif du Perenno, siège du club situé sur la commune voisine de Theix, et le Stade du Foso, sont réservés aux entraînements des joueurs professionnels ainsi qu'aux autres équipes du club. Le complexe du Foso qui accueille l'équipe de football américain des Mariners de Vannes, comporte également une piste d'athlétisme en enrobé, trois plateaux d'EPS (basket-ball, handball et tennis), une structure artificielle d'escalade ainsi qu'un boulodrome.
Stade Jo Courtel :
Le complexe Jo Courtel, composé d'un terrain d'honneur de rugby et de deux autres terrains de rugby, accueille les matchs et les entraînements du Rugby Club Vannetais, club de rugby à XV évoluant depuis la saison 2007-2008 en Fédérale 1.
Re-Form Chair by Aaron Moore was among the exhibits at Climate Cool By Design, an exploration of how design and consumer choices impact on our climate. This British Council China exhibition curated by [re]design toured Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chongqing. Shown here at Shanghai Science and Technology Museum (17-25 November 2007).
This design is a stylish, curvy and durable chair made with recycled plastic on a sustainably grown beech frame.
PGB Photographer & Creative - © 2022 Philip Romeyn - Phillostar Gone Ballistic 2021 - Photo may not be edited from its original form. Commercial use is prohibited without contacting me.
Sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of loose sediments. Loose sediments become hard rocks by the processes of deposition, burial, compaction, dewatering, and cementation.
There are three categories of sedimentary rocks:
1) Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments produced by weathering & erosion of any previously existing rocks.
2) Biogenic sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments that were once-living organisms (plants, animals, micro-organisms).
3) Chemical sedimentary rocks form by the solidification of sediments formed by inorganic chemical reactions. Most sedimentary rocks have a clastic texture, but some are crystalline.
Shale is the # 1 most common sedimentary rock on Earth. It's a siliciclastic rock, formed by the solidification of very fine-grained sediments (mud & clay). Clay-sized grains are all sediments smaller than 1/256 of a millimeter in size. Shale feels relatively smooth to the touch (smooth for a rock). Almost all shales weather & break apart as relatively thin, flat pieces, a physical property referred to as “fissility”. Some very thinly-laminated shales weather into almost paper-thin pieces - they are called paper shales.
“Shale” is supposed to be an informal field term only. Technical rock names for shales include mudshale, clayshale, claystone, mudstone, and mudrock. Each of these terms has a different meaning. Of these terms, "mudstone” should not be used to refer to a variety of fine-grained, siliciclastic sedimentary rock - that term usually refers to a fine-grained variety of limestone (I would recommend using two word terms to prevent confusion - "siliciclastic mudstone" for the non-fissile shale and "lime mudstone" for the fine-grained limestone).
Shales vary in color from black to gray to reddish to brownish to greenish-gray. Purplish- and bluish-colored shales are also known.
Shales are composed of clay minerals. The clay minerals are a group of silicate minerals that form by chemical weathering of other silicates. So, shales are composed of clay-sized grains of clay minerals.
Fotos Tomadas desde El campanario
de la Catedral Metropolitana
Aunque desde 1642 se colocó el basamento de la torre oriente y en 1672 el primer cuerpo de la misma, se puede decir que las torres se construyeron entre 1787 y 1791. En su construcción participaron los arquitectos Juan Serrano, Juan Lozano y José Damián Ortiz de Castro.
Las torres de la Catedral tienen una altura entre 64 y 67 metros. Tienen un remate en forma de campana, que termina con una esfera coronada por una cruz. Las esferas contienen cruces, monedas de la época, relicarios, oraciones y testimonios autorizados por el Cabildo de la Catedral. Además de ornamentación de trofeos, coronas y collares, cada torre tiene 8 esculturas monumentales, las cuales representan a santos protectores de la ciudad: 4 Doctores de la Iglesia occidental y 4 Doctores de la Iglesia española, y fueron realizados por José Zacarías Cora (torre poniente) y Santiago Cristóbal de Sandoval (torre oriente). Las estatuas en la torre poniente representan a Gregorio VII, San Agustin, Leandro de Sevilla, Fulgencio de Cartagena, San Francisco Javier y a Santa Bárbara. Las estatuas en la torre oriente representan a Emilio, Santa Rosa de Lima, Maria (madre de Jesus), San Ambrosio de Milan, Jerónimo de Estridón, San Felipe de Jesús, San Hipólito y San Isidro Labrador.
Entre las dos torres cuentan con espacio suficiente para albergar 56 campanas, aunque al día de hoy son treinta las que han sido colocadas, siendo la torre poniente la que tiene mayor número de ellas. Cada campana recibe un nombre y su peso se mide en quintales o en arrobas. La mayor de ellas tiene el nombre de Santa María de Guadalupe, fue fundida por Salvador de la Vega en 1791 y pesa alrededor de trece toneladas. La campana más antigua se fundió en 1578, y se le conoce como Santa María de la Asunción (también conocida como Doña María), con peso aproximado de 7 toneladas. La más nueva es del año 2002 y fue colocada con motivo de la canonización de Juan Diego, bendecida por el papa Juan Pablo II.
Dentro de la parte superior de cada torre hay escaleras de madera de forma elipsoidal, de las cuales hay muy pocos ejemplos en el mundo. Estas escaleras helicoidales u ovaladas son poco utilizadas pues el deterioro ocasionado por el tiempo es evidente, por lo cual solo son usadas por los campaneros. Empero, el enorme desgaste de escaleras y zonas del campanario se ha agudizado por la extensiva visita de turistas a un sitio no hecho para ello.
Las campanas de Catedral han marcado momentos importantes en la historia del país. En 1692 su repique convocó al pueblo a formar parte del rescate del Parián. En 1821 fueron testigo y parte en la entrada del Ejército Trigarante. El 21 de julio de 1822 repicaron en la coronación de Agustín de Iturbide, realizada en esta misma Catedral y doblaron tanto en su fallecimiento como al colocarse sus restos en la capilla de San Felipe de Jesús. El 14 de septiembre de 1847 convocaron a la defensa de la Ciudad de México ante la invasión estadounidense. El 15 de septiembre de 1910 marcaron el inicio de las festividades del centenario de la Independencia nacional. Han doblado a duelo al entrar por la Puerta Jubilar de Catedral los cadáveres de los arzobispos y cardenales Miguel Darío Miranda Gómez y Ernesto Corripio Ahumada, en 1986 y en el 2008 respectivamente. Han repicado en su totalidad al entrar a la Catedral por vez primera un nuevo arzobispo de México, como en 1995 al llegar Mons. Norberto Rivera Carrera y al entrar pro primera vez como cardenal en marzo de 1998. Tocaron a vuelo el 26 de enero de 1979, en la primera visita de Juan Pablo II a México, y en su quinta y última visita a México, del 30 de julio al 1° de agosto de 2002, con motivo de la canonización de Juan Diego. Repican en su totalidad 5 veces al año: en la fiesta de Corpus, en la noche del 15 de septiembre, en la noche de Navidad, en la misa de Año Nuevo y en la misa de Pascua.
Dentro del remate en forma esférica de la torre oriente fue hallada en 2007 una caja del tiempo, colocada cuando fue finalizada dicha estructura. En la cantera del remate se inscribió la fecha "mayo 14 de 1791", y el nombre "Tibursio Cano". Dentro de la caja de plomo, había medallas religiosas, monedas de la época, un relicario, una cruz de palma y diversas imágenes de santos9 .
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© Álbum 0610
By Catedrales e Iglesias
By Cathedrals and Churches
Arquidiócesis Primada de México
Sitio Oficial de la Arquidiócesis de México
www.arquidiocesismexico.org.mx/
Rectoría La Asunción (Catedral Metropolitana)
Adscrito Pbro: Cuauhtémoc Islas Barquera
Rector Pbro: Francisco Javier Becerra Martínez
Adscrito Pbro:Luis Gutiérrez Hoppe
Rector Pbro: Manuel Arellano Rangel
Adscrito Pbro: Felipe Galicia Reyes
Plaza Constitución S/N
Colonia Centro
C.P. 06060
Delegación Cuauhtémoc
Tel: 01 (555) 521-7737
Fax:01 (555) 521-6873
NK 1505 A4 1964
In the first part of the book, Mr. Alexander discusses the process by which a form is adapted to the context of human needs and demands that has called it into being. He shows that such an adaptive process will be successful only if it proceeds piecemeal instead of all at once. In the second part, Mr. Alexander presents a method by which the designer may bring his full creative imagination into play, and yet avoid the traps of irrelevant preconception. He shows that, whenever a problem is stated, it is possible to ignore existing concepts and to create new concepts, out of the structure of the problem itself, which do correspond correctly to what he calls the subsystems of the adaptive process. By treating each of these subsystems as a separate subproblem, the designer can translate the new concepts into form. The form, because of the process, will be well-adapted to its context, non-arbitrary, and correct.
..wood form I made from some scape soft-wood to confirm a concept for creation of a camera grip that never passed presentation and ideas because there was newer ideas that did not require optical pin-registrations and vertical/horizontal referencing etcetera