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Sanssouci (French "without cares") is the former summer palace of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia at Potsdam, just outside Berlin. It is often counted among the German rivals of Versailles. While Sanssouci is in the more intimate Rococo style and is far smaller than its French Baroque counterpart, it is notable for the numerous temples and follies in Sanssouci Park. (Source: Wikipedia)
Schloss Sanssouci (frz. sans souci = ohne Sorge) liegt im östlichen Teil des gleichnamigen Parks und ist eines der bekanntesten Hohenzollernschlösser der brandenburgischen Landeshauptstadt Potsdam. Nach eigenen Skizzen ließ der preußische König Friedrich der Große in den Jahren 1745–1747 ein kleines Sommerschloss im Stil des Rokoko errichten. Mit der Planung beauftragte er den Architekten Georg Wenzeslaus von Knobelsdorff. (Quelle: Wikipedia)
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Presentata al Salone dell'Automobile di Francoforte del 1951, la 220 era chiamata a sostituire la 230 W153, con la quale condivideva in pratica la stessa struttura telaistica, ad X con tubi a sezione ovale, utilizzata tra l'altro anche sulle più piccole 170V e 170S. Di questi modelli, tra l'altro, la 220 riprende anche l'impostazione stilistica decisamente retrò, tipica dei modelli del periodo immediatamente antecedente la Seconda guerra mondiale. La differenza estetica principale stava nel frontale, dove trovavano posto nuovi fari dal design più moderno, inglobati nei parafanghi.
La 220 è stata prodotta in tre varianti di carrozzeria, ancora separata dal telaio: berlina, cabriolet (a 2 o a 4 posti) e coupé. La berlina è stata di gran lunga la preferita dal pubblico, con 16.066 esemplari prodotti, mentre le cabriolet hanno totalizzato 2.275 esemplari e le coupé solamente 85 esemplari, anche a causa del fatto che la coupé è stata introdotta solo nel 1954, quando già mancava poco alla cessazione della produzione e quando la berlina non era più in produzione.
Le vere novità stavano nel motore M180 da 2.2 litri, primo 6 cilindri Mercedes-Benz del dopoguerra e primo superquadro della Casa tedesca, un motore di tipo monoalbero in testa, contrariamente al 2.3 litri della sua antenata, che era ad asse a camme laterale e valvole laterali. Con una potenza massima di 80 CV, questo motore spingeva la 220 ad una velocità massima di 140 km/h.
Il cambio era a 4 marce con frizione monodisco a secco, l'impianto frenante era idraulico a 4 tamburi e le sospensioni erano a ruote indipendenti con avantreno a triangoli trasversali e retrotreno a semiassi oscillanti.
La 220 proponeva anche alcune chicche per l'epoca, come la serratura di sicurezza per evitare l'apertura accidentale delle portiere, ed l'impianto di riscaldamento ottenibile a richiesta.
I prezzi di vendita delle 200 W187 erano di 11.925 marchi per la berlina, di 15.160 e 18.860 marchi per le due varianti di cabriolet previste e di ben 20.850 marchi per la coupé.
Tra il 1952 ed il 1953 venne realizzata una serie speciale di 220 (41 esemplari) con carrozzeria torpedo, destinate alle forze di polizia.
Nel 1954, come già detto, la berlina è stata tolta di produzione, sostituita dal modello 220S Ponton. Rimase in produzione solo la coupé, equipaggiata dal 2.2 litri M180 in versione leggermente più potente (85CV), montato sulle prime 220S berlina. La 220 Coupé W187 è stata tolta di produzione l'anno seguente, a sua volta rimpiazzata dalla versione coupé della 220S.
Durante la produzione del modello, vennero realizzati anche 47 telai nudi, destinati ad altre carrozzerie.
The Mercedes-Benz W187 is a luxury car produced by Mercedes-Benz from 1951 to 1955. Introduced at the Frankfurt Motor Show in April 1951, the W187 was powered by a single overhead camshaft inline six-cylinder M180 engine and available as a saloon, coupé, and cabriolet, all designated with the 220 model name. Despite its pre-World War II reputation as a manufacturer of luxury cars, in the immediate post-war years Mercedes-Benz produced only four-cylinder-engined passenger cars. The W187 Mercedes-Benz 220 and flagship W186 Mercedes-Benz 300 Adenauer introduced together in 1951 were the first Mercedes to once again feature six-cylinder engines.
The styling was similar to that of the Mercedes-Benz 170S except that the 170's freestanding headlights were for the 220 integrated into the fenders for a slightly more modern look. Two different cabriolet models were built, conceived as exclusive sporting cars of exclusive character, but these only sold 1,278 and 997 for the "A" (2-door, 2/3-seat) and "B" (2-door, 4-seat) versions, respectively.
In December 1953, just as the saloon and cabriolet "B" models were about to be replaced, a "Cabriolet A" derived W187 Coupé was announced for 1954. The Mercedes-Benz sales department let it be known that this development was a direct response to pressing requests from leading celebrities of the time.
During 1953 the manufacturer replaced the conventionally flat windscreen on the 2/3 seater "Cabriolet A" with a slightly curved screen, which also found its way on to the new coupé: this was a way of highlighting the sporting nature of both models. Nevertheless, the coupé once fitted, as many were, with a steel sunroof, was at the end of 1953 offered for 22,000 Marks which was nearly twice the price for the standard W187 "Limousine", and only 85 of the W187 coupés were actually sold. Between August 1952 and May 1953, 41 special soft top "OTP" bodied W187 220s were produced for the police.
All 220s used newly developed M180 six cylinder 2195cc engine producing 80 hp DIN (86 SAE) (59 kW). In contrast with the rather old fashioned look of the car's body, the new engines attracted much attention in the motoring press, being the first new engine presented by Mercedes-Benz in more than ten years.
The valves were operated by short rocker arms from an overhead camshaft. The engine was unusual in Europe at this time in having oversquare cylinder dimensions with a bore of 80.0mm and a stroke of only 72.8mm, which facilitated the design of an efficient cylinder head. The manufacturer claimed a top speed of 140 km/h (87 mph) for the saloons and 145 km/h (90 mph) for the cabriolets which was faster than the 52 PS (38 kW) powered 170S Cabriolet which the cabriolet version of the W187 replaced and from which its bodywork was derived. The new six-cylinder engine would form the basis, repeatedly enlarged and upgraded as the years went on, for a long line of six-cylinder engines powering mainstream Mercedes-Benz models including the six-cylinder version of the early S-Class models in the 1970s. Because of the extra power in what was, by modern standards, a heavy car, the W187 was equipped with Duplex drum brakes.
With the sedan/saloon bodied cars about to be delisted by the manufacturer in May 1954, in April 1954 the "Cabriolet A" and its Coupé derivative were fitted with a new higher compression 85 PS (63 kW) engine that had been developed for the soon to be announced Ponton bodied Mercedes-Benz W180. These faster sporting versions of the W187 continued in production for a further year. The 220 saloon was replaced by the W105/W180 line in 1953. The coupé and cabriolet continued until August 1955.
The saloon went out of production in May, 1954; the Cabriolet models continued for another 15 months until August 1955. The body of the W187 saloon was closely modelled on the 1938 Mercedes-Benz W153, and despite the modern engine that powered it, already looked old fashioned to many observers on the day it was introduced. Two years earlier, in 1949, the Borgward Hansa had served notice that car design had moved on since the 1930s, and the manufacturer's own 1953 W120 confirmed that "modern" European cars were following the North American trend to lower wider bodied designs. This has been seen as an explanation for the W187's own unusually short production run of slightly above three years for the saloon and less than five years for the longest lived of the Cabriolet models.
The W187 was immediately replaced with the Ponton bodied six cylinder Mercedes-Benz 220a (W180). When the cabriolet was withdrawn in 1955 there was no direct successor. However, slightly more than a year later the all-new Mercedes-Benz 220S Cabriolet and Coupé appeared, respectively in July and October 1956, using, like the saloon on which they were based, a modern ponton style body.
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Portuguese
Geografia
Arraial do Cabo limita-se a norte com o município de Cabo Frio, a leste e a sul, com o Oceano Atlântico e a oeste, com o município de Araruama.
O clima de Arraial do Cabo é tropical litorâneo, com muito vento que estabiliza as temperaturas, o município praticamente desconhece temperaturas muito elevadas ou muito baixas. No ano de 2007 a máxima absoluta foi de apenas 31,7°C (a menor de todo o estado) e a mínima de 12,9°C. Historicamente, o município tem máxima absoluta de 34°C e mínima de 10°C. Também chove bem pouco, com média pluviométrica anual de cerca de 800mm. A insolação (horas de sol) é uma das maiores do estado.
O município é conhecido como a "capital do mergulho". As praias de águas transparente e areia muito branca tornam sua costa num dos locais brasileiros mais propícios para a pesca submarina e mergulho. A abundante fauna marinha é decorrente da ressurgência, um fenômeno oceanográfico que consiste na subida de águas profundas e ricas em nutrientes, para regiões menos profundas do oceano. As principais praias são: Praia dos Anjos (onde se localiza o Porto do Forno), Praia do Forno, Praia Grande, Prainha, As Prainhas do Atalaia, Praia da Ilha do Farol (eleita em 2000 a praia mais perfeita do Brasil pela Revista Veja), Praia grande, Praia do Monte Alto, entre outras.
O município também conta com uma área preservada pelo IBAMA, a restinga de Massambaba (estreito pedaço de terra, banhado a sul pelo Oceano Atlântico e a Norte pela Lagoa de Araruama) onde são encontradas as mais exóticas orquídeas do mundo. Culturalmente, Arraial do Cabo se distingue das outras cidades da Região dos Lagos. É visível o modo de vida e as práticas culturais específicas dos "cabistas". Há um modo de pronunciar algumas palavras, e, sobretudo, a construção de novas palavras, que confunde o passado e o presente. Assim, é comum nas ruas os gritos, berros e vaias, que mostram o caráter cultural interativo do povo de Arraial do Cabo, e, também o "atchesa", "rodia", entre outros verbetes.
English
Arraial do Cabo is a municipality located in the Brazilian state of Rio de Janeiro. Its population was 26,390 (2005) and its area is 152 km².
In 1960 a documentary film was made directed by Mário Carneiro and Paulo Cesar Saraceni about the local fishing industry.
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This is Rolf Sander, (he's the guy without the helmet). I met him today at Lyngsta where he lives. Lyngsta is a small village with some eight or nine houses. Rolf turned out to be a nice guy, a collector. Anything that relates to the time when he grew up he will buy. Cars, trucks, you name it. He invited me to have a look around in his tool shop and in his unique house that he has built from scratch, I took a bunch of photos of course. Rolf used to be married and has a few kids (grown up), but today he lives on his own. He is full of ideas, and if possible, would like to set up a 1950s gas station (he already has a couple of pumps), and also build a typical Swedish hot dog kiosk from the same area here in the village. In the summer time he sells wooden water barrels. We took a walk around the houses and met a few of the neighbours. Rolf showed me the oldest house that dates back to 1763 (photos later). Today an Englishman lives there. I talked a little with him and decided to come back later in the year for more photos of that building. One of the neighbours is a Swedish celebrity, Bosse Larsson, I missed him with around one hour, he had just left for a tour around the country, but Rolf showed me around that place as well. He also told me about some of the people that lived in the village many years ago but that's another story.
This picture is #2 in my 100 strangers project. Find out more about the project and see pictures taken by other photographers at the 100 Strangers website or the 100 Strangers flickr group.
Let me be the silent voice of this lone fisherman, hopelessly sitting at the fishing harbour on the Isle of Maheshkhali, Cox's bazar in the hope of the biggest catch of his life..which, sadly never came.
Fisherman to the curious guy infront of him holding a strange, crude, malovalent looking contraption :-
" Hey, you there..what are you looking at with those unwilling eyes? Trying to mock me with your urban words and phrases eh? Well you are in luck today. All I can fish up are dead,diseases sea-creatures. Dead from unwatched,illegal pollutant dumping, dead from rising sea levels and destruction of natural habitats. Yeah, laugh now while you still have food in your tummy. Its the 'mammal's' turn next :) "
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Le Giulia Granturismo - da cui GT - (da principio denominate Giulia Sprint GT) erano la versione coupé della berlina Alfa Romeo Giulia. La produzione iniziò nel 1963, fu il primo modello coupé (la berlina, Giulia TI, era già in produzione presso tale stabilimento) costruito nell'appena terminato stabilimento Alfa ad Arese, la produzione terminerà solo nel 1976. La carrozzeria, opera di Giorgetto Giugiaro per conto della Bertone, andava a coprire il pianale, con passo accorciato da 251 a 235cm, della Giulia Berlina. Sostituendo la Giulietta Sprint,da cui derivano i due volumi e mezzo, mantenne invariata anche la classica collocazione motore e cambio anteriore, con trazione posteriore. Il design era di una filante ed elegante coupé sportiva 2+2. Il curioso scalino anteriore che caratterizzava tutte le versioni prodotte fino al 1968 e parte di quelle prodotte fino al 1971 era dovuto ad un ripensamento tra l'approvazione del disegno e la messa in produzione dell'auto. Originariamente, infatti, doveva essere una presa d'aria poi abolita per contenere i costi. Ne ha definito una importante e riconoscibile caratteristica stilistica. Divenne una delle vetture più ambite del periodo. Furono prodotte in tutto diverse versioni nelle varie serie, che si possono classificare in: Sprint GT, GT Junior, GT Veloce e GTC "(Gran Turismo Cabriolet)".
Nel 1963 venne presentata la Giulia Sprint GT (serie 105.02), mossa dal quattro cilindri in alluminio con distribuzione bi-albero di 1570cm³ (serie AR00502) derivato dalla berlina, ma potenziato (grazie all'adozione di due carburatori) a 106cv. La meccanica era la stessa della berlina, ma i freni erano a disco su tutte le ruote (le prime 22000 berline 1600 Ti avevano freni a tamburo di cui gli anteriori a tre ganasce, poi nel 1963 a disco Dunlop come la coupé). Gli interni, invece, erano specifici (plancia, sedili, pannelli porta) e la leva del cambio (a 5 rapporti) era a cloche, solo optional sulla berlina. Nel 1965 la carrozzeria Touring di Milano propose all'Alfa Romeo una (esteticamente riuscita) versione cabriolet a 4 posti, denominata Giulia Sprint GTC. I problemi di tenuta all'acqua, le difficoltà della Touring ed il lancio della spider Duetto limitarono la diffusione della GTC a un migliaio di esemplari. Nel 1966, accanto alle versioni Sprint GT con motore di 1,6 litri, entrò in listino una versione di cilindrata ridotta a 1290 cm³, motore serie 00530, dotato di 89cv, denominata Giulia GT 1300 Junior (serie 105.30). La Junior aveva un allestimento ridotto: pavimento in gomma, assenza di servofreno, plancia in plastica priva di consolle centrale, borchie copri ruota semplificate, sedili meno profilati. Riconosciuta come Prima Serie. Nel 1969 le Junior (che persero il nome Giulia per chiamarsi semplicemente GT 1300 Junior) pur mantenendo lo "scalino" vennero dotate di servofreno e di una nuova plancia (simile a quella della GT 1750 Veloce). Questa versione è conosciuta come Seconda Serie.
Nel 1971 le GT Junior adottarono il frontale re stilizzato e privo di scalino, e i parafanghi posteriori con profilo più alto, uniformandosi nella scocca alla 1750 GT Veloce e alla GT 2000 Veloce. L'uniformazione, tuttavia, non fu totale perché le Junior avevano fari singoli (anziché doppi) e una diversa mascherina.
Col restyling, comunque, la gamma "Junior" guadagnò un motore: accanto al 1300 da 89cv era infatti disponibile il 1600 da 109cv (quello 00536 che fu della 1600 Veloce), ora divenuto solo Junior. Infatti la sigla "Veloce" ha sempre caratterizzato i modelli più potenti dal 1968 fu riservato alla 1750 e successivamente anche alla 2000. Questa versione è riconosciuta come la Terza Serie. Nel 1973 tutte le GT subirono l'unificazione estetica con la versione GT 2000 Veloce introdotta nel 1971. anche le GT 1300 Junior e le GT 1600 Junior adottarono la stessa mascherina cromata a quattro fari, una plancia e interni e sedili pressoché uguali a quelli della GT 2000 Veloce, differenziandosi quasi esclusivamente per i fanali posteriori più piccoli. Questa versione è conosciuta come Quarta serie oppure Unificato.
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Bagattelle d’Inverno, l’ultima grande sfida #snellobb04
Birichinate, cammuffamenti, trasvestimenti, scherzi… insomma, in una parola: Carnevale!
Comunque lo si dica e comunque lo si festeggi, il Carnevale è da secoli una festa in cui la parola d’ordine è “divertirsi”.
Quindi, bando all’austerità e bando alle restrizioni, potevamo, noi di MondoSnello, non cogliere quest’occasione perfetta di Gusto e di Benessere, per vivere l’ultimo grande appuntamento delle gare di cucina di Snello Blind Box?
Eccoci qui, allora, amici di Mondosnello, estimatori dei prodotti Snello Rovagnati e appassionati Food Blogger che partecipate con noi ormai da un tempo che comincia a farsi lungo, perfino “tradizionale” (proprio come ci piace ;-)) a darvi il benvenuto a questa quarta sfida tra pentole, fornelli e… qualcosa di speciale – sennò che Carnevale è!
I fantasiosi piatti saranno assaggiati e votati da una giuria di esperti gastronomi di altissimo livello, a cominciare da Gil Grigliatti, gourmet di cultura ed esperienza internazionale. Da giovane è stato fiduciario Slow Food, nonché ispettore della guida dei ristoranti del Gambero Rosso per diversi anni. Autore del blog bilingue di cultura enogastronomica isymposium.org. Ancora Paolo Barichella, esperto di Food Design, autore del blog barichella.it; Alessia Cipolla, architetto e sommelier, autrice de lacostruzionedelgusto.it; Alessandro Salamone, reduce dalla trasmissione di La7 Chef per un giorno, autore di spaghettibites.com e ancora Angela Tomaiuolo co-fondatrice del web magazine milanodabere.it. Inoltre sarà presente Giacomo Kratter, otto volte campione italiano ed ora allenatore della Nazionale Italiana Snowboard. Quella da snowboard però non è l’unica tavola che ama: infatti Giacomo è un grande appassionato di cucina e adora farsi coccolare in ristoranti di lusso.
La giuria per l’occasione sarà presenziata dallo chef stellato e pluripremiato Davide Scabin, uno dei più apprezzati in Italia e all’estero, noto al grande pubblico per la partecipazione, nei panni di giudice dei cuochi in gara, a La Prova del Cuoco condotto su Rai1 da Antonella Clerici.
Per questo, abbiamo deciso di mettere insieme una serie di ingredienti saporiti, variegati, originali, proprio come in ogni ricetta gourmet che si rispetti:
- un pizzico di tradizione – la sede di InKitchen Loft, che ormai è prontissima ad accoglierci, in qualunque veste ci presentiamo
- e uno di modernità – quello che emana netto dalle protagoniste della gara, giovani donne che si muovono agili tra vite professionali sfidanti e articolati ménage familiari
- una buona dose di fantasia - fatta di maschere, costumi e colori sgargianti
- e l’ingrediente segreto – le nostre amate BlindBox, chiuse fino all’ultimo secondo anche al più ardito degli sguardi
- il tutto cosparso con una spruzzata di giocosità bambina – grazie a un buon numero di piccoli “scavezzacollo” che avranno il loro tavolo, i loro ingredienti, i loro cibi, e soprattutto una chef d’eccezione - Stefania Corrado, la “Multitasking Chef” che più che presentazioni merita i nostri più sentiti complimenti ;-) – a guidarli alla scoperta del buon cibo, del gusto e del mangiare bene… sapendolo preparare.
Già, perché, in fondo, soprattutto in un’era estremamente tecnologica come la nostra e come quella di quell’immediato futuro in cui saranno loro i protagonisti del mondo – far mettere “le mani in pasta” ai nostri bimbi lo consideriamo un onore, oltre che un piccolo grande contributo all’educazione dei “buoni mangiatori” di domani…
Amanti della cucina, appassionate del gusto, attente all’armonia dei sapori e alla cura per la buona e la bella tavola
Estimatrici di ricette snelle - per velocità, capacità, leggerezza - esperte nella valorizzazione degli ingredienti di stagione e nella rivisitazione moderna di piatti tradizionali, si sfideranno, si concentreranno su pentole e fornelli dimenticando tutto il resto, per dare il meglio di sé.
Ecco le Food Blogger di Snello BlindBox 04 – Bagattelle d'Inverno, vere animatrici dell'evento, che con le loro ricette e la loro esperienza renderanno onore ai prodotti Snello, Gusto e Benessere.
Loro si presentano così...
Lina D’Ambrosio
spadellatissima.com
Quando le chiedi di descriversi ,lei si presenta così: "Sono industrial designer e grafica, con una grande passione, quella del Food Blogging". Eppure non è tutto: inguaribile amante del buon cibo, dei viaggi, dell'arte e della fotografia, è sempre irresistibilmente affascinata mdai molteplici modi in cui un animo creativo può riuscire a esprimersi. Una frase che la descrive: "Mi piacciono la semplicità e la genuinità delle cose fatte in casa."
Serena Oliva
cucchiaiodistelle.com
Nella vita professionale, è architetto e designer, e per questo studia la relazione tra gli esseri umani e la tecnologia. Tuttavia, ha anche un'altra vita, quella da foodie, in cui è innanzitutto una mamma e una Food Blogger che progetta ricette, cucina piatti colorati, sani e golosi, cuoce il pane in casa e disegna insieme ai suoi bambini. Il motto che ha scelto per sé? "If in doubt, bake a cake"
Irene Prandi
Psicologa, piemontese, animata da una vera passione per la comunicazione e la condivisione, ha trovato nell'arte del cibo un mezzo straordinario per celebrare entrambe. Il suo viaggio da Food Blogger inizia con un blog creato in sordina, tuttavia in molti la notano e in ancora di più la seguono. Insomma, et voilà, il suo cammino continua rigoglioso, condito da sapori, ricette, un grande amore per il territorio, e tanta curiosità per tutto ciò che è "altro".
Arianna Vianelli
unafranciacortinaincucina.com
Non c'è dubbio, il suo nome è già un affermazione forte e chiara. Dice subito chi è e da dove viene. Almeno tanto quanto il suo blog nato dal desiderio di ritagliarsi uno spazio tutto proprio dove raccogliere e condividere le sue più grandi passioni: la cucina, il vino, gli amici e la Franciacorta.
Insomma, semplicità e ironia, ricette ed eventi, vini locali
e non solo, sono gli ingredienti di "una franciacortina in cucina".
Quindi, tra la stuzzicante prospettiva di gustosissimi lecca lecca di parmigiano con crudo e bresaola e prove di formine su pasta sfoglia con fette di prosciutto, in attesa delle prelibatezze imprevedibili che ci prepareranno le nostre sfidanti – adulte ;-) – non resta che invitarvi a conoscere un po’ meglio Lina, Serena, Irene e Arianna, giovani, pimpanti e agguerrite Food Blogger che ancora una volta ci delizieranno di una versione inconsueta e sorprendente dei prodotti che amiamo di più, con un occhio attento, come sempre, alla stagionalità.
SnelloBlindBox_04_CucinaTuVi abbracciamo, dunque, in un turbinio di coriandoli che non lascia presagire niente di… scontato :-)
e invitiamo tutti voi a fare festa con noi a Snello Blind Box 04 – Bagattelle d’Inverno il 6 marzo 2014, alle ore 18.30 e – perché no – a cimentarvi, insieme alle nostre “chef per passione”, in ricette e piatti che, siamo sicuri, saranno gustosissimi. Come raccogliere la sfida? Semplice, partecipando a Snello BlindBox CucinaTu – l’iniziativa pensata apposta per la #gente_di_MondoSnello che ormai ci segue da molto tempo.
In attesa di assaporare tutto il meglio che Snello Blind Box 04 – Bagattelle d’Inverno saprà regalarci – e non abbiamo dubbi - a presto!
Without a doubt, the busiest train station in Hyde Park. South Shore Line and all branches of the Metra Electric stations stop here, allowing for fairly easy transfer. Intercity trains used to stop here, too, but I don't think any Amtrak trains ever did.
Most of what you see is a result of a very extensive renovation about a decade ago. The station is ADA-compliant and has elevators, not to mention some decent passenger shelters.
The station has a curious distinction of being one of the very, very few Metra Electric stations to have a ticket office (for historic reasons, most stations just have ticket vending machines). The ticket office only sell Metra tickets - South Shore Line riders have to buy the tickets on the train.
A DAY WITHOUT IMMIGRANTS May Day Boycott Gathering Rally at Meridian Hill Park between Euclid and 16th Streets, NW, Washington DC on Monday afternoon, 1 May 2006 by Elvert Barnes Protest Photography
National Capital Immigration Coalition/SEIU
2006 United States Immigration Reform Protests at Wikipedia at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_United_States_immigration_refo...
Without fail, I will be part of my religious congregation for the Friday prayers. We come to find peace and we leave in peace.
Shot with DxO ONE
The Spazmatics play songs from the 80's. Here's a peek at their song list:
SAFETY DANCE - MEN WITHOUT HATS
JUST CAN'T GET ENOUGH - DEPECHE MODE
THE METRO - BERLIN
BLISTER IN THE SUN - VIOLET FEMMES
DANCIN WITH MYSELF - BILLY IDOL
POP MUSIC - POP MUSIC
BLINDED ME WITH SILENCE - THOMAS DOLBY
IN CARS - GARY NUEMAN
KIDS IN AMERICA - KIM WILDE
REBEL YELL - BILLY IDOL
VIDEO KILLED THE RADIO STAR - BUGGLERS
TAKE ON ME - AH HA
WAKE ME UP - WHAM
JUST LIKE HEAVEN - THE CURE
LAND DOWN UNDER - MEN AT WORK
JESSIE'S GIRL - RICK SPRINGFIELD
WHAT I LIKE ABOUT YOU - THE ROMANTICS
WHIP IT - DEVO
TAINTED LOVE - SOFT CELL
ALWAYS SOMETHING - NAKED EYES
WE GOT THE BEAT - THE GO GO'S
GIRLS ON FILM - DURAN DURAN
REFLEX - DURAN DURAN
RIO - DURAN DURAN
HUNGRY LIKE THE WOLF - DURAN DURAN
PLEASE PLEASE - DURAN DURAN
RELAX - FRANKIE GOES TO HOLLYWOOD
YOU SPIN ME RIGHT ROUND - DEAD OR ALIVE
WALKING IN LA - MISSING PERSONS
BLUE MONDAY - NEW ORDER
TURNING JAPANESE - THE VAPORS
COME ON EILEEN - DEXY'S MIDNIGHT RUNNERS
DER KOMISER - FALCO
THINGS CAN ONLY GET BETTER - HOWARD JONES
GOODY TWO SHOES - ADAM ANT
LIKE A VIRGIN - MADONNA
FASCINATION - HUMAN LEAGUE
OUR HOUSE - MADNESS
JUST WHAT I NEEDED - THE CARS
YOU MIGHT THINK - THE CARS
ROCK THE CASBAH - THE CLASH
DON'T YOU WANT ME - HUMAN LEAGUE
OBSESSION - BERLIN
I RAN - FLOCK OF SEAGULLS
OH MICKEY - TONY BASIL
MELT WITH YOU - MODERN ENGLISH
St Sepulchre without Newgate, Holborn Viaduct, London
Also St Sepulchre Holborn, also St Sepulchre Old Bailey - these were the bells of Old Bailey that asked when can you pay me? - this is one of the biggest churches in the City. No other City church has so much the air of the most important church in a smaller, provincial town - and probably as so often in the City, an East Anglian town, as the south porch with its fan vaulting suggests, we could be in Saxmundham, or Swaffham, or Coggleshall, or March. But on stepping inside there is the reminder that this church has virtually no resident parishioners, for instead of the highly polished, flower-bedecked small town civic pride we'd find in Saxmundham, or Swaffham, or Coggleshall, or March, here is a great dusty space full of disconnected once-proud details, like a rich aunt who has gone awry. And yet it is an entirely loveable church for all that, and many people's City favourite, not least because the Gothic exterior contains an entirely Wrenish interior - or, at least, the spirit of Wren without the letter, shoehorned into a medieval space. This is a rich aunt who at first sight has stopped taking care of herself, but the person she has become is admirable for her eccentricity and intelligence. There's nothing quite like it, and it makes you smile.
How did this happen? Well, the medieval church, which had been rebuilt on a grand scale in the 15th Century, was largely destroyed in the Great Fire, but the reconstruction was something of a mish-mash, with Wren falling out with the vestry. There was a revamp in the late 18th Century when they tried to get rid of the bits that still made it look medieval, and then a big one in the 1870s to make it more medieval than it had ever been, which is pretty much how you see it today. The interior you step into is largely 19th Century, but full of colour and interest. This is one of those churches where there is always something around the next corner. The range of 20th Century glass is one of the most comprehensive in the City, and the best of it is in the north aisle, the musicians' chapel, by Brian Thomas. Other glass is by Francis Skeat, AK Nicholson and GER Smith (a memorial window to AK Nicholson, including an image of him in his workshop).
The organ is fabulous. Sir Henry Wood, who invented the Proms, was the organist here, and is remembered in the musician's chapel in post-war glass along with the likes of George Frederich Handel, William Byrd, John Ireland and Dame Nellie Melba. There is a memorial to Captain John Smith, remembered as the governor of Virginia, but more familiar to us in our Disneyfied times as the lover of Pocahontas. He's buried here. Wayland Young mentions the tradition that the bells of St Sepulchre not only tolled the curfew each night, but also tolled as condemned men passed from the Newgate prison to the scaffold at Tyburn. A church full of stories then, a bit mad, all a bit disconnected, a must-see.
(c) Simon Knott, December 2015
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
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La Giulietta Spider è stata una autovettura costruita dall’Alfa Romeo dal 1955 al 1962.
L'importatore Alfa Romeo degli Stati Uniti, Hoffmann di New York, chiese ai vertici dell'Alfa Romeo di produrre una versione "spider" della Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint e si impegnò immediatamente ad acquistarne 2500 esemplari da proporre sul mercato nordamericano, da sempre molto ricettivo per le versioni "aperte" delle vetture sportive. Nel 1955 l’Alfa Romeo bandì un vero e proprio concorso per la realizzazione della futura Giulietta spider. Bertone presentò una vettura disegnata da Franco Scaglione, ma il progetto non passò perché Bertone produceva già la Giulietta Sprint, e forse non sarebbe stato in grado di realizzare un’ulteriore linea di produzione. Vinse quindi il progetto di Pininfarina che si ispirò ad un altro modello creato dalla sua penna e cioè la Lancia Aurelia B24. Le finiture dell'abitacolo erano migliori rispetto a quelle della coupé - vale a dire l’Alfa Romeo Giulietta Sprint - e fu un modello di grande successo, appartenuta, tra gli altri, a Walter Chiari. I primi esemplari furono allestiti con un parabrezza panoramico stile America e vetri laterali scorrevoli che si agganciavano alla capote; successivamente venne adottato un parabrezza piatto più convenzionale e i finestrini laterali discendenti in cristallo. La Giulietta Spider montava un motore a quattro cilindri in linea longitudinale da 1.290 cm³ di cilindrata erogante 65 hp di potenza, che permetteva alla vettura di raggiungere la velocità massima di 160 km/h. Il basamento era in lega leggera con canne dei cilindri riportate in ghisa. La testata era in lega leggera, con candela al centro della camera di scoppio. L’alimentazione comprendeva un carburatore doppio corpo Solex semiinvertito, distribuzione con due valvole per cilindro, disposte a V, comandate da due alberi a camme in testa con azionamento a catena. La trazione era posteriore. I freni erano a tamburo sulle quattro ruote. Le sospensioni anteriori erano a ruote indipendenti, con bracci trasversali, molle elicoidali, ammortizzatori telescopici e barra antirollio. Quelle posteriori erano a ponte rigido, con molle ad elica verticali. La versione Veloce aveva due carburatori tipo Weber a doppio corpo invece che uno ed un rapporto di compressione 9:1; ciò permetteva alla vettura di raggiungere i 180 km/h, rispetto ai 165 km/h della versione normale. Tali prestazioni, superiori a quelle della concorrenza, ponevano la Giulietta al vertice delle categorie delle spider.
1955: la vettura di pre-serie (con parabrezza avvolgente) della Giulietta Spider sigla del modello "750 D" aveva finestrini che scorrevano orizzontalmente, tasche laterali sulle portiere realizzate sfruttando l'intercapedine delle lamiere, plancia in metallo e la strumentazione interamente compresa in tre strumenti circolari. Il volante era a tre razze. Un modello è conservato al Museo Storico dell’Alfa Romeo. Il modello pre-serie aveva rostri ogivali (non approvati in seguito dalla committenza americana) e finestrini che scorrevano già verticalmente. Alcuni esemplari erano dotati di cambio al volante.
1956: la prima serie delle Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider serie "750 D" in versione "normale" e "750 F" nella versione "Veloce", aveva diversi particolari diversi dai modelli di pre serie: ghiere dei fanali più strette, vetri discendenti ma senza deflettori, portiere con un rivestimento interno (con viti a vista), plancia sempre in lamiera ma con la parte superiore in similpelle nera, portaoggetti senza sportello, volante a due razze con ghiera del clacson.
1959: la seconda serie delle Alfa Romeo Giulietta Spider "serie 101" ricevette un pianale allungato di 50 mm, finti deflettori sui finestrini, catarifrangenti di forma rotonda fissati sotto i fari posteriori, sedili regolabili e vano porta oggetti con sportello. Il rapporto di compressione della serie normale fu aumentato e portato a 8:1, con un aumento della potenza da 65 a 80 cavalli a 6000 giri al minuto.
1961: la terza serie "serie 101" aveva fanaleria posteriore maggiorata, plancia imbottita, sportellino del portaoggetti, specchietto retrovisore con scatto antiabbagliante, portacenere e accendisigari sul pianale, vicino al cambio.
Connor had a great time at the Museum of Science in Roanoke Virginia. Highly recommended for anyone who finds themselves in Roanoke.
Border stone N°62.
I stumbled upon it without looking for any ancient border relic.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Nice
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia
fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villes_libres_de_Menton_et_Roquebrune
There's a comprehensive web site that lists lots of old border markers related to the County of Nice, the Duchy of Savoy and the Kingdom of Sardinia; click on the third AND fourth flashing white cross from the top (in French): bornes.frontieres.free.fr/cartes_alpes-maritimes/carte_mo...
Far from me to sound negative but it looks like there's been some confusion between the two locations. It is nonetheless a very instructive and enriching work done by well documented and athletic folks.
View from above (the border stone is just left of the center cross): wikimapia.org/#lang=fr&lat=43.782202&lon=7.472958...
Another point of view: www.openstreetmap.org/#map=19/43.78218/7.47286
This car cannot display without mentioning Gordan Murray. Gordan was born in 1946 in Durban, South Africa.After studying mechanical engineering in Durban he left for England and hopefully a job with Lotus.But this was not to be and extraordinary BT46B fan car. After an unsuccessful year with Brabham in 1986 he moved to Mclaren. Here again the main focus would be formula one cars,but in 1988 he got a chance to work on one of his personal passions. To built a car that would be the fastest and most involved car in the world. The Mclaren F1 announced to the public in March 1989 with the first customer car being delivered on Christmas Eve 1993.Production continued until 1997 with each car taking over 6000 hours to produce. only 100 cars were ever produced.
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(Continued from the photo of the 2 in the hospital). So I couldn't leave Aswan without visiting Abu Simbel, broken foot or no, signed up for this tour, left to drive south at @ 4 am by cab, hobbled @ at the site on crutches, and was stared at more than a bit. From Aswan it was a trick getting back to Cairo, navigating train stations and trains on those crutches with my backpack. Our cab was in a bad accident on the way back to Aswan, noone was hurt but the car was totaled and the driver was inconsolable. I stayed in the hospital in Cairo for a couple of days, got a second opinion (and a cast with my foot set extended at exactly the wrong angle I learned later, with my toe pointing down - ?), until I contacted the Cdn consul. (At the hospital I was bitten by a wild kitten I tried to pick up from under my bed, plenty of wild cats there, and the consul made me get a rabies shot). I flew back home via London and soon developed amoebic dysentery symptoms, and I got a letter from a Dutch friend who had to rush back to Holland shortly after I last saw her in Aswan for an emergency appendectomy. How's that for a string of bad luck? I have the crutches and a big scar on my foot as souvenirs, but my foot's good.
- This famous shrine in the far south of Egypt, only @ 40-50 clicks north of the Sudanese border as the crow flies, was dedicated to Ramesses II and was raised piece by piece by Unesco in the 60s to a plateau to escape a rising Lake Nasser when the Aswan dam was built. Ramesses reigned for 67 yr.s in the 19th dynasty of the 'New Kingdom' of the 13th cent. B.C.
www.google.com/maps/place/Abu+Simbel,+Aswan+Governorate,+...
- Lotsa photoshop with this one.
- maps.app.goo.gl/xKJyPyhBQoccDqESA
- maps.app.goo.gl/Vka4LjZQbLdrWTVA7
- maps.app.goo.gl/ccd1ce1acYTaWhcv6
- maps.app.goo.gl/5ZC55W2TccMFDM667
- maps.app.goo.gl/LHy59HtEcNRQPQeK7
- "It took 20 yr.s to create [this] complex. ... The temples are dedicated to the gods Ra-Horakty, Ptah, and the deified Ramesses II ('The Great Temple' [this]) and the goddess Hathor and Queen Nefertari, Ramesses' favourite wife ('The Small Temple')."
- "Allegedly, the Swiss explorer Burckhardt was led to the site by a boy named Abu Simbel in 1813 and the site was then named after him. Burckhardt, however, was unable to uncover the site, which was buried in sand up to the necks of the grand colossi and later mentioned this experience to his friend and fellow explorer Giovanni Belzoni. [Read more re Belzoni below.] It was Belzoni who uncovered and first excavated (or looted) Abu Simbel in 1817 and it's considered likely that it was he, not Burckhardt, who was led to the site by the young boy and who named the complex after him."
- "The Great Temple stands 30 m.s high and 35 m.s long with 4 seated colossi flanking the entrance, 2 to each side, depicting Ramesses II on his throne; each one 20 m.s tall. Beneath these giant figures are smaller statues (still larger than life-sized) depicting Ramesses' conquered enemies, the Nubians, Libyans, and Hittites. Further statues represent his family members and various protecting gods and symbols of power. Passing between the colossi, through the central entrance, the interior of the temple is decorated with engravings showing Ramesses and Nefertari paying homage to the gods. Ramesses' great victory at Kadesh [in Syria, the battle against the Hittites] (considered by modern scholars to be more of a draw than an Egyptian triumph) is also depicted in detail across the north wall of the Hypostyle Hall. According to the scholars Oakes and Gahlin, these engravings of the events surrounding the battle "present a lively account in both reliefs and text. Preparations for battle are being made in the Egyptian camp. Horses are harnessed or given their fodder while one solder has his wounds dressed. The king's tent is also depicted while another scene shows a council of war between Ramesses and his officers. Two Hittite spies are captured and beaten until they reveal the true whereabouts of Muwatalli, the Hittite king. Finally, the two sides engage in battle, the Egyptians charging in neat formation while the Hittites are in confusion, chariots crashing, horses bolting and soldiers falling into the River Orontes. In the text, Ramesses takes on the whole of the Hittite army single-handed, apart from support rendered by [the god] Amun who defends him in battle and finally hands him the victory."
- "The location of the site was sacred to Hathor long before the temples were built there and, it is thought, was carefully chosen by Ramesses for this very reason. In both temples, Ramesses is recognized as a god among other gods and his choice of an already sacred locale would have strengthened this impression among the people. The temples are also aligned with the east so that, twice a year, on Feb. 21 and Oct. 21, the sun shines directly into the sanctuary of The Great Temple to illuminate the statues of Ramesses and Amun. The dates are thought to correspond to Ramesses' birthday and coronation. The alignment of sacred structures with the rising or setting sun, or with the position of the sun at the solstices, was common throughout the ancient world ... but the sanctuary of The Great Temple differs in that the statue of the god Ptah, who stands among the others, is carefully positioned so that it is never illuminated at any time. As Ptah was associated with the Egyptian underworld, his image was kept in perpetual darkness." www.worldhistory.org/Abu_Simbel/
- Again, this was first excavated and explored by the great Giovanni Battista Belzoni, hydrologist, pioneering Egyptologist, Herculean strongman, showman and adventurer, the closest anyone's come to a real Indiana Jones. www.aramcoworld.com/Articles/September-2018/Egyptology-s-...
- "[In 1816] Belzoni continued upstream with his party toward the temple of Abu Simbel, some 500 km.s south of Luxor, to investigate the remains of 4 20 m. seated statues of Ramses the Great. They found the temple’s grand entryway drowned in sand, and Belzoni realized that excavating there would be like “making a hole in water … an endless task.” Unless, that is, he could find a way to keep the sand from refilling the hole after every scoop. Deploying his knowledge of hydraulics, engineering and stagecraft, he calculated that the doorway “could not be less than 35' [10 m.s] below the surface of the sand,” and the front of the temple was likely proportionately “117' [36 m.s] wide.” (The top of the temple’s doorway is in fact about 2/3rds of the way down a 30-m.-high façade, and the temple is indeed 36 m.s wide.) With palm logs and locally hired labor, Belzoni drove a palisade into the sand in front of the temple. Then he wet the sand “close to the wall over the door” to stop the drifts from sifting back down into the hole. After exposing the face and shoulders of one statue, he had to interrupt the task to return to Luxor to load the bust of the Ramses statue onto a boat. He arranged for a local tribal leader to safeguard the site, sketched his progress and left “with a firm resolution of returning to accomplish its opening."
- "... In February 1817, ... Belzoni was eager to return to his interrupted excavation at Abu Simbel. It wasn’t until summer that Belzoni got his wish, and he and his crew excavated the front of the temple in temperatures topping 51 degrees Celsius. On July 31 they reached “the upper part of the door as evening approached [and] dug away enough sand to be able to enter,” he wrote. But Belzoni chose to wait until dawn, after he observed that the rising sun would pierce directly into the temple’s massive, east-facing doorway. As the first light for more than a thousand years illuminated the interior, the team “entered the finest and … most magnificent of temples … enriched with beautiful intaglios, painting, colossal figures,” Belzoni gushed." No gushing, he was just being descriptive and accurate.
- "... Although he and his team took little from the temple, they spent several days measuring, drawing and compiling a detailed record of the structure’s interior and exterior. “Taking measurements, drawing pictures - that is real archaeological documentation,” says Ryan, who often refers to Belzoni as a 'proto-archeologist.' The accuracy of Belzoni’s record-keeping ... remains useful to this day."
- Here's one of several doc.s re Belzoni online, 'The Great Belzoni: The Last Tomb Raider Of Ancient Egypt'.: youtu.be/LAm9Rcrh2-0?si=Sl8Zt2fUV0xEA0IU
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Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
Description? well, that is.. my face, yes.
my face without photoshop!! and.. I think it isn't so bad, no? incredible but true.
_________________________
Descripcion? bueno, es.. mi cara, si.
mi cara sin photoshop!! y.. tampoco es tan mala, no? increible pero cierto.
Without the lines prominent in the Korean version, developed in Nara Prefecture. Minimally sweet and easy to eat.
ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E9%87%91%E3%81%BE%E3%81%8...
Please don't use this image on websites, blogs or other media without my explicit permission. My photos are © all rights reserved , i.e. I OWN THE COPYRIGHT on all the photographs displayed. They are all very low resolution for display purposes only
SO DO PLEASE NOT TAKE COPIES.. Please e-mail me if you would like to use these photos.
forums.icnorthwest.co.uk/viewtopic.php?f=29&t=14740&a... Do you think the Orange Lodge should pay for the July 12 policing costs?
www.southportvisiter.co.uk/videos-pics/southport-photos/2...
Poll Should Orangemen be allowed to parade in Southport ? www.southport.gb.com/showthread.php?t=50560736&page=3
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Order
thathideousman.blogspot.com/2011/03/book-notes-orange-ord...
www.southportvisiter.co.uk/southport-news/southport-south... Southport Orange Parade organisers given a clear message after 16 people were arrested
www.qlocal.co.uk/southport/news_list/Orange_Lodge_March_I...
www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-news/local-news/2011/07... See Comments
Exif data auto added by theGOOD Uploadr
File Size : 4.2 mb
Camera Make : NIKON CORPORATION
Camera Model : NIKON D1X forums.dpreview.com/forums/read.asp?forum=1021&messag...
Software : Adobe Photoshop : Bibble Pro 4.10.1 RAW NEF File : Alien Skin Exposure : Digital Fuji Fujichrome Provia 100F :
Exposure : 0.006 sec (1/160)
Aperture : f/7.6
Focal Length : 105 mm
Lens : Nikon AF Nikkor 28-70mm f/3.5-4.5 www.photozone.de/nikon--nikkor-aps-c-lens-tests/240-nikko...
ISO Speed : 125
Exposure Bias : 0 EV
Flash : Fired, Red-eye reduction, Return detected