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Hi Friends, skys are grey here, it's cold and raining again. So I thought maybe the colour of the flower could cheer us up a bit. Have a wonderfu day and hopefully better weather!
9.4.09
The flight arrived on time; and the twelve hours while on board passed quickly and without incident. To be sure, the quality of the Cathay Pacific service was exemplary once again.
Heathrow reminds me of Newark International. The décor comes straight out of the sterile 80's and is less an eyesore than an insipid background to the rhythm of human activity, such hustle and bustle, at the fore. There certainly are faces from all races present, creating a rich mosaic of humanity which is refreshing if not completely revitalizing after swimming for so long in a sea of Chinese faces in Hong Kong.
Internet access is sealed in England, it seems. Nothing is free; everything is egregiously monetized from the wireless hotspots down to the desktop terminals. I guess Hong Kong has spoiled me with its abundant, free access to the information superhighway.
11.4.09
Despite staying in a room with five other backpackers, I have been sleeping well. The mattress and pillow are firm; my earplugs keep the noise out; and the sleeping quarters are as dark as a cave when the lights are out, and only as bright as, perhaps, a dreary rainy day when on. All in all, St. Paul's is a excellent place to stay for the gregarious, adventurous, and penurious city explorer - couchsurfing may be a tenable alternative; I'll test for next time.
Yesterday Connie and I gorged ourselves at the borough market where there were all sorts of delectable, savory victuals. There was definitely a European flavor to the food fair: simmering sausages were to be found everywhere; and much as the meat was plentiful, and genuine, so were the dairy delicacies, in the form of myriad rounds of cheese, stacked high behind checkered tabletops. Of course, we washed these tasty morsels down with copious amounts of alcohol that flowed from cups as though amber waterfalls. For the first time I tried mulled wine, which tasted like warm, rancid fruit punch - the ideal tonic for a drizzling London day, I suppose. We later killed the afternoon at the pub, shooting the breeze while imbibing several diminutive half-pints in the process. Getting smashed at four in the afternoon doesn't seem like such a bad thing anymore, especially when you are having fun in the company of friends; I can more appreciate why the English do it so much!
Earlier in the day, we visited the Tate Modern. Its turbine room lived up to its prominent billing what with a giant spider, complete with bulbous egg sac, anchoring the retrospective exhibit. The permanent galleries, too, were a delight upon which to feast one's eyes. Picasso, Warhol and Pollock ruled the chambers of the upper floors with the products of their lithe wrists; and I ended up becoming a huge fan of cubism, while developing a disdain for abstract art and its vacuous images, which, I feel, are devoid of both motivation and emotion.
My first trip yesterday morning was to Emirates Stadium, home of the Arsenal Gunners. It towers imperiously over the surrounding neighborhood; yet for all its majesty, the place sure was quiet! Business did pick up later, however, once the armory shop opened, and dozens of fans descended on it like bees to a hive. I, too, swooped in on a gift-buying mission, and wound up purchasing a book for Godfrey, a scarf for a student, and a jersey - on sale, of course - for good measure.
I'm sitting in the Westminster Abbey Museum now, resting my weary legs and burdened back. So far, I've been verily impressed with what I've seen, such a confluence of splendor and history before me that it would require days to absorb it all, when regretfully I can spare only a few hours. My favorite part of the abbey is the poets corner where no less a literary luminary than Samuel Johnson rests in peace - his bust confirms his homely presence, which was so vividly captured in his biography.
For lunch I had a steak and ale pie, served with mash, taken alongside a Guinness, extra cold - 2 degrees centigrade colder, the bartender explained. It went down well, like all the other delicious meals I've had in England; and no doubt by now I have grown accustomed to inebriation at half past two. Besides, Liverpool were playing inspired football against Blackburn; and my lunch was complete.
Having had my fill of football, I decided to skip my ticket scalping endeavor at Stamford Bridge and instead wandered over to the British Museum to inspect their extensive collections. Along the way, my eye caught a theater, its doors wide open and admitting customers. With much rapidity, I subsequently checked the show times, saw that a performance was set to begin, and at last rushed to the box office to purchase a discounted ticket - if you call a 40 pound ticket a deal, that is. That's how I grabbed a seat to watch Hairspray in the West End.
The show was worth forty pounds. The music was addictive; and the stage design and effects were not so much kitschy as delightfully stimulating - the pulsating background lights were at once scintillating and penetrating. The actors as well were vivacious, oozing charisma while they danced and delivered lines dripping in humor. Hairspray is a quality production and most definitely recommended.
12.4.09
At breakfast I sat across from a man who asked me to which country Hong Kong had been returned - China or Japan. That was pretty funny. Then he started spitting on my food as he spoke, completely oblivious to my breakfast becoming the receptacle in which the fruit of his inner churl was being placed. I guess I understand the convention nowadays of covering one's mouth whilst speaking and masticating at the same time!
We actually conversed on London life in general, and I praised London for its racial integration, the act of which is a prodigious leap of faith for any society, trying to be inclusive, accepting all sorts of people. It wasn't as though the Brits were trying in vain to be all things to all men, using Spanish with the visitors from Spain, German with the Germans and, even, Hindi with the Indians, regardless of whether or not Hindi was their native language; not even considering the absurd idea of encouraging the international adoption of their language; thereby completely keeping English in English hands and allowing its proud polyglots to "practice" their languages. Indeed, the attempt of the Londoners to avail themselves of the rich mosaic of ethnic knowledge, and to seek a common understanding with a ubiquitous English accent is an exemplar, and the bedrock for any world city.
I celebrated Jesus' resurrection at the St. Andrew's Street Church in Cambridge. The parishioners of this Baptist church were warm and affable, and I met several of them, including one visiting (Halliday) linguistics scholar from Zhongshan university in Guangzhou, who in fact had visited my tiny City University of Hong Kong in 2003. The service itself was more traditional and the believers fewer in number than the "progressive" services at any of the charismatic, evangelical churches in HK; yet that's what makes this part of the body of Christ unique; besides, the message was as brief as a powerpoint slide, and informative no less; the power word which spoke into my life being a question from John 21:22 - what is that to you?
Big trees; exquisite lawns; and old, pointy colleges; that's Cambridge in a nutshell. Sitting here, sipping on a half-pint of Woodforde's Wherry, I've had a leisurely, if not languorous, day so far; my sole duty consisting of walking around while absorbing the verdant environment as though a sponge, camera in tow.
I am back at the sublime beer, savoring a pint of Sharp's DoomBar before my fish and chips arrive; the drinking age is 18, but anyone whose visage even hints of youthful brilliance is likely to get carded these days, the bartender told me. The youth drinking culture here is almost as twisted as the university drinking culture in America.
My stay in Cambridge, relaxing and desultory as it may be, is about to end after this late lunch. I an not sure if there is anything left to see, save for the American graveyard which rests an impossible two miles away. I have had a wonderful time in this town; and am thankful for the access into its living history - the residents here must demonstrate remarkable patience and tolerance what with so many tourists ambling on the streets, peering - and photographing - into every nook and cranny.
13.4.09
There are no rubbish bins, yet I've seen on the streets many mixed race couples in which the men tend to be white - the women also belonging to a light colored ethnicity, usually some sort of Asian; as well saw some black dudes and Indian dudes with white chicks.
People here hold doors, even at the entrance to the toilet. Sometimes it appears as though they are going out on a limb, just waiting for the one who will take the responsibility for the door from them, at which point I rush out to relieve them of such a fortuitous burden.
I visited the British Museum this morning. The two hours I spent there did neither myself nor the exhibits any justice because there really is too much to survey, enough captivating stuff to last an entire day, I think. The bottomless well of artifacts from antiquity, drawing from sources as diverse as Korea, and Mesopotamia, is a credit to the British empire, without whose looting most of this amazing booty would be unavailable for our purview; better, I think, for these priceless treasures to be open to all in the grandest supermarket of history than away from human eyes, and worst yet, in the hands of unscrupulous collectors or in the rubbish bin, possibly.
Irene and I took in the ballet Giselle at The Royal Opera House in the afternoon. The building is a plush marvel, and a testament to this city's love for the arts. The ballet itself was satisfying, the first half being superior to the second, in which the nimble dancers demonstrated their phenomenal dexterity in, of all places, a graveyard covered in a cloak of smoke and darkness. I admit, their dance of the dead, in such a gloomy necropolis, did strike me as, strange.
Two amicable ladies from Kent convinced me to visit their hometown tomorrow, where, they told me, the authentic, "working" Leeds Castle and the mighty interesting home of Charles Darwin await.
I'm nursing a pint of Green King Ruddles and wondering about the profusion of British ales and lagers; the British have done a great deed for the world by creating an interminable line of low-alcohol session beers that can be enjoyed at breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner; and their disservice is this: besides this inexhaustible supply of cheap beer ensnaring my inner alcoholic, I feel myself putting on my freshman fifteen, almost ten years after the fact; I am going to have to run a bit harder back in Hong Kong if I want to burn all this malty fuel off.
Irene suggested I stop by the National Art Gallery since we were in the area; and it was an hour well spent. The gallery currently presents a special exhibit on Picasso, the non-ticketed section of which features several seductive renderings, including David spying on Bathsheba - repeated in clever variants - and parodies of other masters' works. Furthermore, the main gallery houses two fabulous portraits by Joshua Reynolds, who happens to be favorite of mine, he in life being a close friend of Samuel Johnson - I passed by Boswells, where its namesake first met Johnson, on my way to the opera house.
14.4.09
I prayed last night, and went through my list, lifting everyone on it up to the Lord. That felt good; that God is alive now, and ever present in my life and in the lives of my brothers and sisters.
Doubtless, then, I have felt quite wistful, as though a specter in the land of the living, being in a place where religious fervor, it seems, is a thing of the past, a trifling for many, to be hidden away in the opaque corners of centuries-old cathedrals that are more expensive tourist destinations than liberating homes of worship these days. Indeed, I have yet to see anyone pray, outside of the Easter service which I attended in Cambridge - for such an ecstatic moment in verily a grand church, would you believe that it was only attended by at most three dozen spirited ones. The people of England, and Europe in general, have, it is my hope, only locked away the Word, relegating it to the quiet vault of their hearts. May it be taken out in the sudden pause before mealtimes and in the still crisp mornings and cool, silent nights. There is still hope for a revival in this place, for faith to rise like that splendid sun every morning. God would love to rescue them, to deliver them in this day, it is certain.
I wonder what Londoners think, if anything at all, about their police state which, like a vine in the shadows, has taken root in all corners of daily life, from the terrorist notifications in the underground, which implore Londoners to report all things suspicious, to the pair of dogs which eagerly stroll through Euston. What makes this all the more incredible is the fact that even the United States, the indomitable nemesis of the fledgling, rebel order, doesn't dare bombard its citizens with such fear mongering these days, especially with Obama in office; maybe we've grown wise in these past few years to the dubious returns of surrendering civil liberties to the state, of having our bags checked everywhere - London Eye; Hairspray; and The Royal Opera House check bags in London while the museums do not; somehow, that doesn't add up for me.
I'm in a majestic bookshop on New Street in Birmingham, and certainly to confirm my suspicions, there are just as many books on the death of Christianity in Britain as there are books which attempt to murder Christianity everywhere. I did find, however, a nice biography on John Wesley by Roy Hattersley and The Screwtape Letters by C.S. Lewis. I may pick up the former.
Lunch with Sally was pleasant and mirthful. We dined at a French restaurant nearby New Street - yes, Birmingham is a cultural capitol! Sally and I both tried their omelette, while her boyfriend had the fish, without chips. Conversation was light, the levity was there and so was our reminiscing about those fleeting moments during our first year in Hong Kong; it is amazing how friendships can resume so suddenly with a smile. On their recommendation, I am on my way to Warwick Castle - they also suggested that I visit Cadbury World, but they cannot take on additional visitors at the moment, the tourist office staff informed me, much to my disappointment!
Visiting Warwick Castle really made for a great day out. The castle, parts of which were established by William the Conquerer in 1068, is as much a kitschy tourist trap as a meticulous preservation of history, at times a sillier version of Ocean Park while at others a dignified dedication to a most glorious, inexorably English past. The castle caters to all visitors; and not surprisingly, that which delighted all audiences was a giant trebuchet siege engine, which for the five p.m. performance hurled a fireball high and far into the air - fantastic! Taliban beware!
15.4.09
I'm leaving on a jet plane this evening; don't know when I'll be back in England again. I'll miss this quirky, yet endearing place; and that I shall miss Irene and Tom who so generously welcomed me into their home, fed me, and suffered my use of their toilet and shower goes without saying. I'm grateful for God's many blessings on this trip.
On the itinerary today is a trip to John Wesley's home, followed by a visit to the Imperial War Museum. Already this morning I picked up a tube of Oilatum, a week late perhaps, which Teri recommended I use to treat this obstinate, dermal weakness of mine - I'm happy to report that my skin has stopped crying.
John Wesley's home is alive and well. Services are still held in the chapel everyday; and its crypt, so far from being a cellar for the dead, is a bright, spacious museum in which all things Wesley are on display - I never realized how much of an iconic figure he became in England; at the height of this idol frenzy, ironic in itself, he must have been as popular as the Beatles were at their apex. The house itself is a multi-story edifice with narrow, precipitous staircases and spacious rooms decorated in an 18th century fashion.
I found Samuel Johnson's house within a maze of red brick hidden alongside Fleet Street. To be in the home of the man who wrote the English dictionary, and whose indefatigable love for obscure words became the inspiration for my own lexical obsession, this, by far, is the climax of my visit to England! The best certainly has been saved for last.
There are a multitude of portraits hanging around the house like ornaments on a tree. Every likeness has its own story, meticulously retold on the crib sheets in each room. Celebrities abound, including David Garrick and Sir Joshua Reynolds, who painted several of the finer images in the house. I have developed a particular affinity for Oliver Goldsmith, of whom Boswell writes, "His person was short, his countenance coarse and vulgar, his deportment that of a scholar awkwardly affecting the easy gentleman. It appears as though I, too, could use a more flattering description of myself!
I regretfully couldn't stop to try the curry in England; I guess the CityU canteen's take on the dish will have to do. I did, however, have the opportune task of flirting with the cute Cathay Pacific counter staff who checked me in. She was gorgeous in red, light powder on her cheeks, with real diamond earrings, she said; and her small, delicate face, commanded by a posh British accent rendered her positively irresistible, electrifying. Not only did she grant me an aisle seat but she had the gumption to return my fawning with zest; she must be a pro at this by now.
I saw her again as she was pulling double-duty, collecting tickets prior to boarding. She remembered my quest for curry; and in the fog of infatuation, where nary a man has been made, I fumbled my words like the sloppy kid who has had too much punch. I am just an amateur, alas, an "Oliver Goldsmith" with the ladies - I got no game - booyah!
Some final, consequential bits: because of the chavs, Burberry no longer sells those fashionable baseball caps; because of the IRA, rubbish bins are no longer a commodity on the streets of London, and as a result, the streets and the Underground of the city are a soiled mess; and because of other terrorists from distant, more arid lands, going through a Western airport has taken on the tedium of perfunctory procedure that doesn't make me feel any safer from my invisible enemies.
At last, I saw so many Indians working at Heathrow that I could have easily mistaken the place for Mumbai. Their presence surprised me because their portion of the general population surely must be less than their portion of Heathrow staff, indicating some mysterious hiring bias. Regardless, they do a superb job with cursory airport checks, and in general are absurdly funny and witty when not tactless.
That's all for England!
Dear,
Legion Commander
Have you Been Well?I hope you have been well,
hey legion commander still remember me your old frined friend on dota 2 i lost my dota plus mind to help me get that back somehow?
somehow?
if any case it seems fine legion commander if i had one wish that would cure this disease it would be....music probably?
any other like relationships or friends dont bother as much, i would like to become youtube buddies with you,
become one of the cringiest and newbests people on earth and be friends to everyone while you code me
and i make fun of myself and lost all my health like in a video game and die all the time and as that happens
I want you I choose you to be on my side no matter how difficult the journey is please i have one request legion
commander take the same medication i take on a daily basis as to help me on my stuidies furthur i need help from
a good coder that will ace my skills for the future thanks a lot i hope to see you soon in a funny message thanks a lot
Regards.
Chang Wen Yuan
Legion Commander Thanks For The Support All This Time I Couldnt Have Done This Without You Coding Buddy I Hope To Become
Friends In The Far Future Nonetheless, Its Time To Say Goodbye Legion Commander. I Depart.
www . youtube . com/watch?v=EgNkaKbrp4cLegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 6.00.00PMSGT to 1.00.00AMSGT Help Me Out The One Hundredth Time (JK But for real help me legion commander) This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 31 Januaryhttps://youtu . be/8Lj9Ja8gDmYMay902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHAEND YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHALegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 5 . 00 . 00AMSGT to 5 . 09 . 59AMSGT Help Me Out The Fifth Time This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHAEND YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHALegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 5 . 00 . 00AMSGT to 5 . 09 . 59AMSGT Help Me Out The Fifth Time This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHABut For real dude legion commander I really need your help its me chang wen yuan I need your help for real as a reward ill give you free 0 dollars pls just help me once I need you legion commander please dude dude legion commander do you have any idea how to play the big black and if so please play the big black for me im dumb ass hell pls dude I need your help just once I need you to help me play dota 2 and do homework for some reason I cant do anything In this house dude you gotta help me out if there is a way or something inevitable is gonna happen tell me and help me bro I need your help forreal I need the help from coding cuz I need to sing some songs here linkhttps://www . youtube . com/channel/UCUb_4fO1Yk7d78lwRrGHCwQ?view_as=subscriber that's my channel but forreal I need you play and sing 2 songs from osu thank you www . youtube . com/watch?v=rILKm-DC06A and btw I need you to help this one too osu.ppy.sh/beatmapsets/50006#osu/153896( included in all timings) sing another song the first song you sing at 4.35.00pm sgt thx and this second one www . youtube . com/watch?v=WRVK_EqDQlI you sing at 4 . 40 . 00 . 00 pm sgt cuz I dk what to do lol and also have something to play love rhythm at 4.45.00pm lol
and next on my list btw you have a lot of time right so uhhhhh here you go www . youtube . com/watch?v=fJHAMfF3DoQ this one at 4 . 55 . 00 . 00pm lol and this one www . youtube . com/watch?v=ILrAXneTsZQ this one at 5. 15 . 00 . 00 I have no life lol www . youtube . com/watch?v=gC_JD5US9No and this one at 5 . 25 . 00 . 00 since I really have no life lol sorry but if you really have a lot of time then please do it thx then redo this one www . youtube . com/watch?v=ulOb9gIGGd0 redo this one at 5 . 45 . 00 . 00pm thx then this one redo it pls www . youtube . com/watch?v=5rmKy8H62BU then this one redo it pls at 6 . 00 . 00 . 00pm thx and btw here you go heres my computer info DESKTOP-PESF5IE WORKGROUP WORKGROUP PRODUCT ID 00356-02110-09934-AAOEM there you go thx legion commander as always 3 7 10 legion commander legion commander legioncommander legion commanderx20Dear,
Legion Commander
Have you Been Well?I hope you have been well,
hey legion commander still remember me your old frined friend on dota 2 i lost my dota plus mind to help me get that back somehow?
somehow?
if any case it seems fine legion commander if i had one wish that would cure this disease it would be....music probably?
any other like relationships or friends dont bother as much, i would like to become youtube buddies with you,
become one of the cringiest and newbests people on earth and be friends to everyone while you code me
and i make fun of myself and lost all my health like in a video game and die all the time and as that happens
I want you I choose you to be on my side no matter how difficult the journey is please i have one request legion
commander take the same medication i take on a daily basis as to help me on my stuidies furthur i need help from
a good coder that will ace my skills for the future thanks a lot i hope to see you soon in a funny message thanks a lot
Regards.
Chang Wen Yuan
Legion Commander Thanks For The Support All This Time I Couldnt Have Done This Without You Coding Buddy I Hope To Become
Friends In The Far Future Nonetheless, Its Time To Say Goodbye Legion Commander. I Depart.
www . youtube . com/watch?v=EgNkaKbrp4cLegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 6.00.00PMSGT to 1.00.00AMSGT Help Me Out The One Hundredth Time (JK But for real help me legion commander) This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 31 Januaryhttps://youtu . be/8Lj9Ja8gDmYMay902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHAEND YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHALegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 5 . 00 . 00AMSGT to 5 . 09 . 59AMSGT Help Me Out The Fifth Time This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHAEND YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHALegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 5 . 00 . 00AMSGT to 5 . 09 . 59AMSGT Help Me Out The Fifth Time This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHABut For real dude legion commander I really need your help its me chang wen yuan I need your help for real as a reward ill give you free 0 dollars pls just help me once I need you legion commander please dude dude legion commander do you have any idea how to play the big black and if so please play the big black for me im dumb ass hell pls dude I need your help just once I need you to help me play dota 2 and do homework for some reason I cant do anything In this house dude you gotta help me out if there is a way or something inevitable is gonna happen tell me and help me bro I need your help forreal I need the help from coding cuz I need to sing some songs here linkhttps://www . youtube . com/channel/UCUb_4fO1Yk7d78lwRrGHCwQ?view_as=subscriber that's my channel but forreal I need you play and sing 2 songs from osu thank you www . youtube . com/watch?v=rILKm-DC06A and btw I need you to help this one too osu.ppy.sh/beatmapsets/50006#osu/153896( included in all timings) sing another song the first song you sing at 4.35.00pm sgt thx and this second one www . youtube . com/watch?v=WRVK_EqDQlI you sing at 4 . 40 . 00 . 00 pm sgt cuz I dk what to do lol and also have something to play love rhythm at 4.45.00pm lol
and next on my list btw you have a lot of time right so uhhhhh here you go www . youtube . com/watch?v=fJHAMfF3DoQ this one at 4 . 55 . 00 . 00pm lol and this one www . youtube . com/watch?v=ILrAXneTsZQ this one at 5. 15 . 00 . 00 I have no life lol www . youtube . com/watch?v=gC_JD5US9No and this one at 5 . 25 . 00 . 00 since I really have no life lol sorry but if you really have a lot of time then please do it thx then redo this one www . youtube . com/watch?v=ulOb9gIGGd0 redo this one at 5 . 45 . 00 . 00pm thx then this one redo it pls www . youtube . com/watch?v=5rmKy8H62BU then this one redo it pls at 6 . 00 . 00 . 00pm thx and btw here you go heres my computer info DESKTOP-PESF5IE WORKGROUP WORKGROUP PRODUCT ID 00356-02110-09934-AAOEM there you go thx legion commander as always 3 7 10 legion commander legion commander legioncommander legion commanderx20
Dear,
Legion Commander
Have you Been Well?I hope you have been well,
hey legion commander still remember me your old frined friend on dota 2 i lost my dota plus mind to help me get that back somehow?
somehow?
if any case it seems fine legion commander if i had one wish that would cure this disease it would be....music probably?
any other like relationships or friends dont bother as much, i would like to become youtube buddies with you,
become one of the cringiest and newbests people on earth and be friends to everyone while you code me
and i make fun of myself and lost all my health like in a video game and die all the time and as that happens
I want you I choose you to be on my side no matter how difficult the journey is please i have one request legion
commander take the same medication i take on a daily basis as to help me on my stuidies furthur i need help from
a good coder that will ace my skills for the future thanks a lot i hope to see you soon in a funny message thanks a lot
Regards.
Chang Wen Yuan
Legion Commander Thanks For The Support All This Time I Couldnt Have Done This Without You Coding Buddy I Hope To Become
Friends In The Far Future Nonetheless, Its Time To Say Goodbye Legion Commander. I Depart.
www . youtube . com/watch?v=EgNkaKbrp4cLegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 6.00.00PMSGT to 1.00.00AMSGT Help Me Out The One Hundredth Time (JK But for real help me legion commander) This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 31 Januaryhttps://youtu . be/8Lj9Ja8gDmYMay902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHAEND YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHALegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 5 . 00 . 00AMSGT to 5 . 09 . 59AMSGT Help Me Out The Fifth Time This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHAEND YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHALegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 5 . 00 . 00AMSGT to 5 . 09 . 59AMSGT Help Me Out The Fifth Time This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHABut For real dude legion commander I really need your help its me chang wen yuan I need your help for real as a reward ill give you free 0 dollars pls just help me once I need you legion commander please dude dude legion commander do you have any idea how to play the big black and if so please play the big black for me im dumb ass hell pls dude I need your help just once I need you to help me play dota 2 and do homework for some reason I cant do anything In this house dude you gotta help me out if there is a way or something inevitable is gonna happen tell me and help me bro I need your help forreal I need the help from coding cuz I need to sing some songs here linkhttps://www . youtube . com/channel/UCUb_4fO1Yk7d78lwRrGHCwQ?view_as=subscriber that's my channel but forreal I need you play and sing 2 songs from osu thank you www . youtube . com/watch?v=rILKm-DC06A and btw I need you to help this one too osu.ppy.sh/beatmapsets/50006#osu/153896( included in all timings) sing another song the first song you sing at 4.35.00pm sgt thx and this second one www . youtube . com/watch?v=WRVK_EqDQlI you sing at 4 . 40 . 00 . 00 pm sgt cuz I dk what to do lol and also have something to play love rhythm at 4.45.00pm lol
and next on my list btw you have a lot of time right so uhhhhh here you go www . youtube . com/watch?v=fJHAMfF3DoQ this one at 4 . 55 . 00 . 00pm lol and this one www . youtube . com/watch?v=ILrAXneTsZQ this one at 5. 15 . 00 . 00 I have no life lol www . youtube . com/watch?v=gC_JD5US9No and this one at 5 . 25 . 00 . 00 since I really have no life lol sorry but if you really have a lot of time then please do it thx then redo this one www . youtube . com/watch?v=ulOb9gIGGd0 redo this one at 5 . 45 . 00 . 00pm thx then this one redo it pls www . youtube . com/watch?v=5rmKy8H62BU then this one redo it pls at 6 . 00 . 00 . 00pm thx and btw here you go heres my computer info DESKTOP-PESF5IE WORKGROUP WORKGROUP PRODUCT ID 00356-02110-09934-AAOEM there you go thx legion commander as always 3 7 10 legion commander legion commander legioncommander legion commanderx20
Dear,
Legion Commander
Have you Been Well?I hope you have been well,
hey legion commander still remember me your old frined friend on dota 2 i lost my dota plus mind to help me get that back somehow?
somehow?
if any case it seems fine legion commander if i had one wish that would cure this disease it would be....music probably?
any other like relationships or friends dont bother as much, i would like to become youtube buddies with you,
become one of the cringiest and newbests people on earth and be friends to everyone while you code me
and i make fun of myself and lost all my health like in a video game and die all the time and as that happens
I want you I choose you to be on my side no matter how difficult the journey is please i have one request legion
commander take the same medication i take on a daily basis as to help me on my stuidies furthur i need help from
a good coder that will ace my skills for the future thanks a lot i hope to see you soon in a funny message thanks a lot
Regards.
Chang Wen Yuan
Legion Commander Thanks For The Support All This Time I Couldnt Have Done This Without You Coding Buddy I Hope To Become
Friends In The Far Future Nonetheless, Its Time To Say Goodbye Legion Commander. I Depart.
www . youtube . com/watch?v=EgNkaKbrp4cLegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 6.00.00PMSGT to 1.00.00AMSGT Help Me Out The One Hundredth Time (JK But for real help me legion commander) This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 31 Januaryhttps://youtu . be/8Lj9Ja8gDmYMay902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHAEND YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHALegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 5 . 00 . 00AMSGT to 5 . 09 . 59AMSGT Help Me Out The Fifth Time This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHAEND YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHALegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 5 . 00 . 00AMSGT to 5 . 09 . 59AMSGT Help Me Out The Fifth Time This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHABut For real dude legion commander I really need your help its me chang wen yuan I need your help for real as a reward ill give you free 0 dollars pls just help me once I need you legion commander please dude dude legion commander do you have any idea how to play the big black and if so please play the big black for me im dumb ass hell pls dude I need your help just once I need you to help me play dota 2 and do homework for some reason I cant do anything In this house dude you gotta help me out if there is a way or something inevitable is gonna happen tell me and help me bro I need your help forreal I need the help from coding cuz I need to sing some songs here linkhttps://www . youtube . com/channel/UCUb_4fO1Yk7d78lwRrGHCwQ?view_as=subscriber that's my channel but forreal I need you play and sing 2 songs from osu thank you www . youtube . com/watch?v=rILKm-DC06A and btw I need you to help this one too osu.ppy.sh/beatmapsets/50006#osu/153896( included in all timings) sing another song the first song you sing at 4.35.00pm sgt thx and this second one www . youtube . com/watch?v=WRVK_EqDQlI you sing at 4 . 40 . 00 . 00 pm sgt cuz I dk what to do lol and also have something to play love rhythm at 4.45.00pm lol
and next on my list btw you have a lot of time right so uhhhhh here you go www . youtube . com/watch?v=fJHAMfF3DoQ this one at 4 . 55 . 00 . 00pm lol and this one www . youtube . com/watch?v=ILrAXneTsZQ this one at 5. 15 . 00 . 00 I have no life lol www . youtube . com/watch?v=gC_JD5US9No and this one at 5 . 25 . 00 . 00 since I really have no life lol sorry but if you really have a lot of time then please do it thx then redo this one www . youtube . com/watch?v=ulOb9gIGGd0 redo this one at 5 . 45 . 00 . 00pm thx then this one redo it pls www . youtube . com/watch?v=5rmKy8H62BU then this one redo it pls at 6 . 00 . 00 . 00pm thx and btw here you go heres my computer info DESKTOP-PESF5IE WORKGROUP WORKGROUP PRODUCT ID 00356-02110-09934-AAOEM there you go thx legion commander as always 3 7 10 legion commander legion commander legioncommander legion commanderx20
Dear,
Legion Commander
Have you Been Well?I hope you have been well,
hey legion commander still remember me your old frined friend on dota 2 i lost my dota plus mind to help me get that back somehow?
somehow?
if any case it seems fine legion commander if i had one wish that would cure this disease it would be....music probably?
any other like relationships or friends dont bother as much, i would like to become youtube buddies with you,
become one of the cringiest and newbests people on earth and be friends to everyone while you code me
and i make fun of myself and lost all my health like in a video game and die all the time and as that happens
I want you I choose you to be on my side no matter how difficult the journey is please i have one request legion
commander take the same medication i take on a daily basis as to help me on my stuidies furthur i need help from
a good coder that will ace my skills for the future thanks a lot i hope to see you soon in a funny message thanks a lot
Regards.
Chang Wen Yuan
Legion Commander Thanks For The Support All This Time I Couldnt Have Done This Without You Coding Buddy I Hope To Become
Friends In The Far Future Nonetheless, Its Time To Say Goodbye Legion Commander. I Depart.
www . youtube . com/watch?v=EgNkaKbrp4cLegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 6.00.00PMSGT to 1.00.00AMSGT Help Me Out The One Hundredth Time (JK But for real help me legion commander) This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 31 Januaryhttps://youtu . be/8Lj9Ja8gDmYMay902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHAEND YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHALegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 5 . 00 . 00AMSGT to 5 . 09 . 59AMSGT Help Me Out The Fifth Time This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHAEND YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHALegion Commander Im Going To IMH I Need Your Help From 5 . 00 . 00AMSGT to 5 . 09 . 59AMSGT Help Me Out The Fifth Time This Time Its The End The Preparation I Need A Good Gear Set Hit Me With Your Best One Legion Commander Show Me Your Worthyness I Need You To Help Me Out On A Way To Inject My Father Using This A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time But It is Not A Good Way To Inject My Father I Know But If You Could Think Of Some Way That Could Make The Fifth The Fifth AttemptThis Possible That Would Be The Best Preparation Ever I Will Need You To Help Me Out On This Preparation If It Fails I Might Not Be Able To Live A Life I Need Your Help Legion Commander Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time We Have A Chance To Win This There Is A Possibility To Win Even If There Is Not I Believe We Can Do It Together As A Team Like We Did In Dota 2 Esports Remember The Champion Use All Your Might Into One Palm Use Your Full Strength Put All Your Flames Into One Powerful Attack And Smash That Person Deep Into His Heart Until He Dies Of Pain Using This Is A Way With Chang Wen Yuan As The Mind Body Soul Part Human Systems Of Chang Wen Yuan To Make A Way Out Of This Place Within A Time Trust In You Legion Commander I Do And Have I Need A Really Good Hit On That Father That Coward Do You Realize How Hurtful It Is To Live Like This.... You Have No Idea How Much Time I Spent On Doing These Experiences And Stunning Attractive Idiotic Behaviours Do My Words Mean Nothing To You Or Do You Simply Not 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion It Is Actually Forever In All The Countries In Earth And Every Earth Environment And Service And Reception From All The Cities Regions And Of Course Technologies To Make It Simple All You Have To Do In Malaysia Is Copy And Paste This Code In Malaysia May902 Password 073337184abcd To 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 AMSGT X1000000Millinillion This Is Yes Malaysia Yes From Me Chang Wen Yuan In TikTok Sending You This Message How Do You Feel Now Legion Commander % Legion Commander % % Legion Commander % X 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2020 to 11 . 05 . 00 . 00 24 January 2021 X AMSGT X1000000Millinillion Copy This To The Wifi May902 Password 073337184abcd Access It And Code My Brain The Similar Way You Did In Singapore Do It As Fast As Possible As Long As It Can Reach My Brain Cell Electronic Brain Cell Reception IF YOU CANT DO IT YOU DUMBASS SAYORI FUCKER DUMBASS GO KILL YOURSELF YOU BLOODY DUMBASS FUCKER PUSSY LICKING IDIOT SHITTY PUSSY LICKER ASS LICKING SHIT ASS LICKER GO FUCK YOUR OWN DICK GO FUCK YOUR VAGINA GO FUCK YOUR ASS GO KILL YOURSELF LEGION COMMANDER % LEGION COMMANDER % % LEGION COMMANDER % X 1 MILLINILLION OF THAT YOU DUMBASS FUCKER GO END YOUR LIFE IN HELL DUMBASS HAHAHAHAHABut For real dude legion commander I really need your help its me chang wen yuan I need your help for real as a reward ill give you free 0 dollars pls just help me once I need you legion commander please dude dude legion commander do you have any idea how to play the big black and if so please play the big black for me im dumb ass hell pls dude I need your help just once I need you to help me play dota 2 and do homework for some reason I cant do anything In this house dude you gotta help me out if there is a way or something inevitable is gonna happen tell me and help me bro I need your help forreal I need the help from coding cuz I need to sing some songs here linkhttps://www . youtube . com/channel/UCUb_4fO1Yk7d78lwRrGHCwQ?view_as=subscriber that's my channel but forreal I need you play and sing 2 songs from osu thank you www . youtube . com/watch?v=rILKm-DC06A and btw I need you to help this one too osu.ppy.sh/beatmapsets/50006#osu/153896( included in all timings) sing another song the first song you sing at 4.35.00pm sgt thx and this second one www . youtube . com/watch?v=WRVK_EqDQlI you sing at 4 . 40 . 00 . 00 pm sgt cuz I dk what to do lol and also have something to play love rhythm at 4.45.00pm lol
and next on my list btw you have a lot of time right so uhhhhh here you go www . youtube . com/watch?v=fJHAMfF3DoQ this one at 4 . 55 . 00 . 00pm lol and this one www . youtube . com/watch?v=ILrAXneTsZQ this one at 5. 15 . 00 . 00 I have no life lol www . youtube . com/watch?v=gC_JD5US9No and this one at 5 . 25 . 00 . 00 since I really have no life lol sorry but if you really have a lot of time then
how could I survive without this delicious and good-for-you treat so long? I mean, I've been missing the intense flavor of extremely ripe bananas, the crunchiness from the walnuts, the chewy dates bits scattered in a moist and good smelling dough. I've been missing a delicious way to get an awesome dose of nourishment for both my body and mind - because sweet reats are fuel for happines, aren't they?
so thank you guy from Zzumo health bar in Valencia for have encouraged me to try that slice alongside my juice. my taste buds are shaking overjoyed!
two funny facts about this recipe's developing.
fact one. that guy, as far as nice and garrulous he was, forced me to face the unpleasant detail that he didn't have any english. only spanish please, no entiendo nada guapa, lo siento.
now, I hadn't spoken any spanish for years. I could made it as long as I wanted to order my morning smoothie. but holding a conversation about the differences between Valencia and Milan, or telling him something about my almost finished vacation while eating my yummy banana bread slice was a million steps further. I did it. embarassing.
and I asked for the recipe before leaving. call me a masochist.
fact two. the other day I was dying under the desire of smashing my face into a slice of that goodness, but the bananas I had bought specifically for that aim seemed to not want to ripen despite they'd been wrapped in a paperbag for three days.. so I got the yellow rebels and placed in the oven for an hour, then I squeezed them out. overripe bananas. quick & easy - because sometimes even nature needs to get a leg up!
( late august 2014 )
9.4.09
The flight arrived on time; and the twelve hours while on board passed quickly and without incident. To be sure, the quality of the Cathay Pacific service was exemplary once again.
Heathrow reminds me of Newark International. The décor comes straight out of the sterile 80's and is less an eyesore than an insipid background to the rhythm of human activity, such hustle and bustle, at the fore. There certainly are faces from all races present, creating a rich mosaic of humanity which is refreshing if not completely revitalizing after swimming for so long in a sea of Chinese faces in Hong Kong.
Internet access is sealed in England, it seems. Nothing is free; everything is egregiously monetized from the wireless hotspots down to the desktop terminals. I guess Hong Kong has spoiled me with its abundant, free access to the information superhighway.
11.4.09
Despite staying in a room with five other backpackers, I have been sleeping well. The mattress and pillow are firm; my earplugs keep the noise out; and the sleeping quarters are as dark as a cave when the lights are out, and only as bright as, perhaps, a dreary rainy day when on. All in all, St. Paul's is a excellent place to stay for the gregarious, adventurous, and penurious city explorer - couchsurfing may be a tenable alternative; I'll test for next time.
Yesterday Connie and I gorged ourselves at the borough market where there were all sorts of delectable, savory victuals. There was definitely a European flavor to the food fair: simmering sausages were to be found everywhere; and much as the meat was plentiful, and genuine, so were the dairy delicacies, in the form of myriad rounds of cheese, stacked high behind checkered tabletops. Of course, we washed these tasty morsels down with copious amounts of alcohol that flowed from cups as though amber waterfalls. For the first time I tried mulled wine, which tasted like warm, rancid fruit punch - the ideal tonic for a drizzling London day, I suppose. We later killed the afternoon at the pub, shooting the breeze while imbibing several diminutive half-pints in the process. Getting smashed at four in the afternoon doesn't seem like such a bad thing anymore, especially when you are having fun in the company of friends; I can more appreciate why the English do it so much!
Earlier in the day, we visited the Tate Modern. Its turbine room lived up to its prominent billing what with a giant spider, complete with bulbous egg sac, anchoring the retrospective exhibit. The permanent galleries, too, were a delight upon which to feast one's eyes. Picasso, Warhol and Pollock ruled the chambers of the upper floors with the products of their lithe wrists; and I ended up becoming a huge fan of cubism, while developing a disdain for abstract art and its vacuous images, which, I feel, are devoid of both motivation and emotion.
My first trip yesterday morning was to Emirates Stadium, home of the Arsenal Gunners. It towers imperiously over the surrounding neighborhood; yet for all its majesty, the place sure was quiet! Business did pick up later, however, once the armory shop opened, and dozens of fans descended on it like bees to a hive. I, too, swooped in on a gift-buying mission, and wound up purchasing a book for Godfrey, a scarf for a student, and a jersey - on sale, of course - for good measure.
I'm sitting in the Westminster Abbey Museum now, resting my weary legs and burdened back. So far, I've been verily impressed with what I've seen, such a confluence of splendor and history before me that it would require days to absorb it all, when regretfully I can spare only a few hours. My favorite part of the abbey is the poets corner where no less a literary luminary than Samuel Johnson rests in peace - his bust confirms his homely presence, which was so vividly captured in his biography.
For lunch I had a steak and ale pie, served with mash, taken alongside a Guinness, extra cold - 2 degrees centigrade colder, the bartender explained. It went down well, like all the other delicious meals I've had in England; and no doubt by now I have grown accustomed to inebriation at half past two. Besides, Liverpool were playing inspired football against Blackburn; and my lunch was complete.
Having had my fill of football, I decided to skip my ticket scalping endeavor at Stamford Bridge and instead wandered over to the British Museum to inspect their extensive collections. Along the way, my eye caught a theater, its doors wide open and admitting customers. With much rapidity, I subsequently checked the show times, saw that a performance was set to begin, and at last rushed to the box office to purchase a discounted ticket - if you call a 40 pound ticket a deal, that is. That's how I grabbed a seat to watch Hairspray in the West End.
The show was worth forty pounds. The music was addictive; and the stage design and effects were not so much kitschy as delightfully stimulating - the pulsating background lights were at once scintillating and penetrating. The actors as well were vivacious, oozing charisma while they danced and delivered lines dripping in humor. Hairspray is a quality production and most definitely recommended.
12.4.09
At breakfast I sat across from a man who asked me to which country Hong Kong had been returned - China or Japan. That was pretty funny. Then he started spitting on my food as he spoke, completely oblivious to my breakfast becoming the receptacle in which the fruit of his inner churl was being placed. I guess I understand the convention nowadays of covering one's mouth whilst speaking and masticating at the same time!
We actually conversed on London life in general, and I praised London for its racial integration, the act of which is a prodigious leap of faith for any society, trying to be inclusive, accepting all sorts of people. It wasn't as though the Brits were trying in vain to be all things to all men, using Spanish with the visitors from Spain, German with the Germans and, even, Hindi with the Indians, regardless of whether or not Hindi was their native language; not even considering the absurd idea of encouraging the international adoption of their language; thereby completely keeping English in English hands and allowing its proud polyglots to "practice" their languages. Indeed, the attempt of the Londoners to avail themselves of the rich mosaic of ethnic knowledge, and to seek a common understanding with a ubiquitous English accent is an exemplar, and the bedrock for any world city.
I celebrated Jesus' resurrection at the St. Andrew's Street Church in Cambridge. The parishioners of this Baptist church were warm and affable, and I met several of them, including one visiting (Halliday) linguistics scholar from Zhongshan university in Guangzhou, who in fact had visited my tiny City University of Hong Kong in 2003. The service itself was more traditional and the believers fewer in number than the "progressive" services at any of the charismatic, evangelical churches in HK; yet that's what makes this part of the body of Christ unique; besides, the message was as brief as a powerpoint slide, and informative no less; the power word which spoke into my life being a question from John 21:22 - what is that to you?
Big trees; exquisite lawns; and old, pointy colleges; that's Cambridge in a nutshell. Sitting here, sipping on a half-pint of Woodforde's Wherry, I've had a leisurely, if not languorous, day so far; my sole duty consisting of walking around while absorbing the verdant environment as though a sponge, camera in tow.
I am back at the sublime beer, savoring a pint of Sharp's DoomBar before my fish and chips arrive; the drinking age is 18, but anyone whose visage even hints of youthful brilliance is likely to get carded these days, the bartender told me. The youth drinking culture here is almost as twisted as the university drinking culture in America.
My stay in Cambridge, relaxing and desultory as it may be, is about to end after this late lunch. I an not sure if there is anything left to see, save for the American graveyard which rests an impossible two miles away. I have had a wonderful time in this town; and am thankful for the access into its living history - the residents here must demonstrate remarkable patience and tolerance what with so many tourists ambling on the streets, peering - and photographing - into every nook and cranny.
13.4.09
There are no rubbish bins, yet I've seen on the streets many mixed race couples in which the men tend to be white - the women also belonging to a light colored ethnicity, usually some sort of Asian; as well saw some black dudes and Indian dudes with white chicks.
People here hold doors, even at the entrance to the toilet. Sometimes it appears as though they are going out on a limb, just waiting for the one who will take the responsibility for the door from them, at which point I rush out to relieve them of such a fortuitous burden.
I visited the British Museum this morning. The two hours I spent there did neither myself nor the exhibits any justice because there really is too much to survey, enough captivating stuff to last an entire day, I think. The bottomless well of artifacts from antiquity, drawing from sources as diverse as Korea, and Mesopotamia, is a credit to the British empire, without whose looting most of this amazing booty would be unavailable for our purview; better, I think, for these priceless treasures to be open to all in the grandest supermarket of history than away from human eyes, and worst yet, in the hands of unscrupulous collectors or in the rubbish bin, possibly.
Irene and I took in the ballet Giselle at The Royal Opera House in the afternoon. The building is a plush marvel, and a testament to this city's love for the arts. The ballet itself was satisfying, the first half being superior to the second, in which the nimble dancers demonstrated their phenomenal dexterity in, of all places, a graveyard covered in a cloak of smoke and darkness. I admit, their dance of the dead, in such a gloomy necropolis, did strike me as, strange.
Two amicable ladies from Kent convinced me to visit their hometown tomorrow, where, they told me, the authentic, "working" Leeds Castle and the mighty interesting home of Charles Darwin await.
I'm nursing a pint of Green King Ruddles and wondering about the profusion of British ales and lagers; the British have done a great deed for the world by creating an interminable line of low-alcohol session beers that can be enjoyed at breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner; and their disservice is this: besides this inexhaustible supply of cheap beer ensnaring my inner alcoholic, I feel myself putting on my freshman fifteen, almost ten years after the fact; I am going to have to run a bit harder back in Hong Kong if I want to burn all this malty fuel off.
Irene suggested I stop by the National Art Gallery since we were in the area; and it was an hour well spent. The gallery currently presents a special exhibit on Picasso, the non-ticketed section of which features several seductive renderings, including David spying on Bathsheba - repeated in clever variants - and parodies of other masters' works. Furthermore, the main gallery houses two fabulous portraits by Joshua Reynolds, who happens to be favorite of mine, he in life being a close friend of Samuel Johnson - I passed by Boswells, where its namesake first met Johnson, on my way to the opera house.
14.4.09
I prayed last night, and went through my list, lifting everyone on it up to the Lord. That felt good; that God is alive now, and ever present in my life and in the lives of my brothers and sisters.
Doubtless, then, I have felt quite wistful, as though a specter in the land of the living, being in a place where religious fervor, it seems, is a thing of the past, a trifling for many, to be hidden away in the opaque corners of centuries-old cathedrals that are more expensive tourist destinations than liberating homes of worship these days. Indeed, I have yet to see anyone pray, outside of the Easter service which I attended in Cambridge - for such an ecstatic moment in verily a grand church, would you believe that it was only attended by at most three dozen spirited ones. The people of England, and Europe in general, have, it is my hope, only locked away the Word, relegating it to the quiet vault of their hearts. May it be taken out in the sudden pause before mealtimes and in the still crisp mornings and cool, silent nights. There is still hope for a revival in this place, for faith to rise like that splendid sun every morning. God would love to rescue them, to deliver them in this day, it is certain.
I wonder what Londoners think, if anything at all, about their police state which, like a vine in the shadows, has taken root in all corners of daily life, from the terrorist notifications in the underground, which implore Londoners to report all things suspicious, to the pair of dogs which eagerly stroll through Euston. What makes this all the more incredible is the fact that even the United States, the indomitable nemesis of the fledgling, rebel order, doesn't dare bombard its citizens with such fear mongering these days, especially with Obama in office; maybe we've grown wise in these past few years to the dubious returns of surrendering civil liberties to the state, of having our bags checked everywhere - London Eye; Hairspray; and The Royal Opera House check bags in London while the museums do not; somehow, that doesn't add up for me.
I'm in a majestic bookshop on New Street in Birmingham, and certainly to confirm my suspicions, there are just as many books on the death of Christianity in Britain as there are books which attempt to murder Christianity everywhere. I did find, however, a nice biography on John Wesley by Roy Hattersley and The Screwtape Letters by C.S. Lewis. I may pick up the former.
Lunch with Sally was pleasant and mirthful. We dined at a French restaurant nearby New Street - yes, Birmingham is a cultural capitol! Sally and I both tried their omelette, while her boyfriend had the fish, without chips. Conversation was light, the levity was there and so was our reminiscing about those fleeting moments during our first year in Hong Kong; it is amazing how friendships can resume so suddenly with a smile. On their recommendation, I am on my way to Warwick Castle - they also suggested that I visit Cadbury World, but they cannot take on additional visitors at the moment, the tourist office staff informed me, much to my disappointment!
Visiting Warwick Castle really made for a great day out. The castle, parts of which were established by William the Conquerer in 1068, is as much a kitschy tourist trap as a meticulous preservation of history, at times a sillier version of Ocean Park while at others a dignified dedication to a most glorious, inexorably English past. The castle caters to all visitors; and not surprisingly, that which delighted all audiences was a giant trebuchet siege engine, which for the five p.m. performance hurled a fireball high and far into the air - fantastic! Taliban beware!
15.4.09
I'm leaving on a jet plane this evening; don't know when I'll be back in England again. I'll miss this quirky, yet endearing place; and that I shall miss Irene and Tom who so generously welcomed me into their home, fed me, and suffered my use of their toilet and shower goes without saying. I'm grateful for God's many blessings on this trip.
On the itinerary today is a trip to John Wesley's home, followed by a visit to the Imperial War Museum. Already this morning I picked up a tube of Oilatum, a week late perhaps, which Teri recommended I use to treat this obstinate, dermal weakness of mine - I'm happy to report that my skin has stopped crying.
John Wesley's home is alive and well. Services are still held in the chapel everyday; and its crypt, so far from being a cellar for the dead, is a bright, spacious museum in which all things Wesley are on display - I never realized how much of an iconic figure he became in England; at the height of this idol frenzy, ironic in itself, he must have been as popular as the Beatles were at their apex. The house itself is a multi-story edifice with narrow, precipitous staircases and spacious rooms decorated in an 18th century fashion.
I found Samuel Johnson's house within a maze of red brick hidden alongside Fleet Street. To be in the home of the man who wrote the English dictionary, and whose indefatigable love for obscure words became the inspiration for my own lexical obsession, this, by far, is the climax of my visit to England! The best certainly has been saved for last.
There are a multitude of portraits hanging around the house like ornaments on a tree. Every likeness has its own story, meticulously retold on the crib sheets in each room. Celebrities abound, including David Garrick and Sir Joshua Reynolds, who painted several of the finer images in the house. I have developed a particular affinity for Oliver Goldsmith, of whom Boswell writes, "His person was short, his countenance coarse and vulgar, his deportment that of a scholar awkwardly affecting the easy gentleman. It appears as though I, too, could use a more flattering description of myself!
I regretfully couldn't stop to try the curry in England; I guess the CityU canteen's take on the dish will have to do. I did, however, have the opportune task of flirting with the cute Cathay Pacific counter staff who checked me in. She was gorgeous in red, light powder on her cheeks, with real diamond earrings, she said; and her small, delicate face, commanded by a posh British accent rendered her positively irresistible, electrifying. Not only did she grant me an aisle seat but she had the gumption to return my fawning with zest; she must be a pro at this by now.
I saw her again as she was pulling double-duty, collecting tickets prior to boarding. She remembered my quest for curry; and in the fog of infatuation, where nary a man has been made, I fumbled my words like the sloppy kid who has had too much punch. I am just an amateur, alas, an "Oliver Goldsmith" with the ladies - I got no game - booyah!
Some final, consequential bits: because of the chavs, Burberry no longer sells those fashionable baseball caps; because of the IRA, rubbish bins are no longer a commodity on the streets of London, and as a result, the streets and the Underground of the city are a soiled mess; and because of other terrorists from distant, more arid lands, going through a Western airport has taken on the tedium of perfunctory procedure that doesn't make me feel any safer from my invisible enemies.
At last, I saw so many Indians working at Heathrow that I could have easily mistaken the place for Mumbai. Their presence surprised me because their portion of the general population surely must be less than their portion of Heathrow staff, indicating some mysterious hiring bias. Regardless, they do a superb job with cursory airport checks, and in general are absurdly funny and witty when not tactless.
That's all for England!
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scattata a rivanazzano terme in occasione della festa della ss. trinità:
Artisti, fiori e musica intorno alla SS. Trinità - Rivanazzano, 7 giugno 2009
Da sette anni l'associazione "Occasioni di Festa" fa rivivere la Festa della SS. Trinità, che anticamente era una festa religiosa: dopo la messa la processione si svolgeva intorno al rione "della Trinità", antico borgo di Rivanazzano, conosciuto come "borgo Cane".
Attualmente la chiesa della SS. Trinità è curata dalla confraternita della Trinità, una delle confraternite più antiche, nata nel 1600. Il programma della manifestazione di quest’anno è particolarmente ricco: per la parte culturale, saranno allestite una mostra di pittura, una mostra antologica del pittore vogherese Alberto Nobile ed il tradizionale concorso di pittura estemporanea.
Addirittura tre i concerti in programma: il concerto del Quartetto d'archi dell'Orchestra Sinfonica di Asti: Matteo Ferrario - violino, Marco Pesce - violino, Gigi Magnozzi - viola, Eugenio Solinas – violoncello, il concerto Gospel della Corale S. Germano di Rivanazzano ed il concerto per organo dell'organista Maurizio Ricci, che suonerà il secentesco organo della Chiesa della SS. Trinità, uno dei più antichi di Lombardia.
Ricco anche il calendario degli incontri enogastronomici, con l’aperitivo - degustazione a cura di Occasioni di Festa, la risottata a cura della Croce di S. Francesco e “Gusta l'arte del palato: degustazione prodotti del territorio”.
Per la parte floreale, due i momenti salienti della giornata: la premiazione del concorso "Vetrine, Balconi e Giardini Fioriti a Rivanazzano", concorso inteso come strumento di promozione turistica quale elemento di qualità nell'accoglienza, ma anche per promuovere e favorire tra i cittadini una sensibilizzazione alla cultura dell'estetica, e, per finire, “l’infiorata”.
Si tratta di una tradizione presente soprattutto nelle regioni italiane centrali e meridionali, e che prevede la realizzazione di tappeti artistici di fiori e foglie, realizzati tradizionalmente in occasione di festività religiose.
Una delle più famose è l’infiorata di Genzano, in provincia di Roma. In questa cittadina l'Infiorata si svolge ogni anno da circa due secoli, nella domenica successiva al Corpus Domini.
Gli artisti genzanesi si avvalgono delle culture floreali del luogo per ricoprire da un tappeto floreale che riproduce opere d'arte famose, tappeti elaborati ed opere di pittori celebri la via in salita che porta al Duomo. L'Infiorata di Genzano è una manifestazione d'arte suggestiva, nota in tutto il mondo dal 1778, celebrata da personaggi storici e da grandi artisti: da Garibaldi, che nell'agosto del 1875 si rifiutò decisamente di passarvi sopra, a D'Azeglio, Gogol e C. H. Andersen, solo per citarne alcuni.
Tra gli artisti che si sono cimentati nella realizzazione di opere floreali nella cittadina laziale si contano Laura Biagiotti, Renato Guttuso, Guillermo Mariotto dell'Atelier Gattinoni, Gai Mattiolo, Ottavio Missoni, Aligi Sassu, le Sorelle Fendi, Ernesto Treccani, Gianni Versace e l’alessandrino Piero Leddi.
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Spaceflight (or space flight) is ballistic flight into or through outer space. Spaceflight can occur with spacecraft with or without humans on board. Yuri Gagarin of the Soviet Union was the first human to conduct a spaceflight. Examples of human spaceflight include the U.S. Apollo Moon landing and Space Shuttle programs and the Russian Soyuz program, as well as the ongoing International Space Station. Examples of unmanned spaceflight include space probes that leave Earth orbit, as well as satellites in orbit around Earth, such as communications satellites. These operate either by telerobotic control or are fully autonomous.
Spaceflight is used in space exploration, and also in commercial activities like space tourism and satellite telecommunications. Additional non-commercial uses of spaceflight include space observatories, reconnaissance satellites and other Earth observation satellites.
A spaceflight typically begins with a rocket launch, which provides the initial thrust to overcome the force of gravity and propels the spacecraft from the surface of the Earth. Once in space, the motion of a spacecraft – both when unpropelled and when under propulsion – is covered by the area of study called astrodynamics. Some spacecraft remain in space indefinitely, some disintegrate during atmospheric reentry, and others reach a planetary or lunar surface for landing or impact.
History
Main articles: History of spaceflight and Timeline of spaceflight
Tsiolkovsky, early space theorist
The first theoretical proposal of space travel using rockets was published by Scottish astronomer and mathematician William Leitch, in an 1861 essay "A Journey Through Space".[1] More well-known (though not widely outside Russia) is Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's work, "Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами" (The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices), published in 1903.
Spaceflight became an engineering possibility with the work of Robert H. Goddard's publication in 1919 of his paper A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. His application of the de Laval nozzle to liquid fuel rockets improved efficiency enough for interplanetary travel to become possible. He also proved in the laboratory that rockets would work in the vacuum of space;[specify] nonetheless, his work was not taken seriously by the public. His attempt to secure an Army contract for a rocket-propelled weapon in the first World War was defeated by the November 11, 1918 armistice with Germany. Working with private financial support, he was the first to launch a liquid-fueled rocket in 1926. Goddard's paper was highly influential on Hermann Oberth, who in turn influenced Wernher von Braun. Von Braun became the first to produce modern rockets as guided weapons, employed by Adolf Hitler. Von Braun's V-2 was the first rocket to reach space, at an altitude of 189 kilometers (102 nautical miles) on a June 1944 test flight.[2]
Tsiolkovsky's rocketry work was not fully appreciated in his lifetime, but he influenced Sergey Korolev, who became the Soviet Union's chief rocket designer under Joseph Stalin, to develop intercontinental ballistic missiles to carry nuclear weapons as a counter measure to United States bomber planes. Derivatives of Korolev's R-7 Semyorka missiles were used to launch the world's first artificial Earth satellite, Sputnik 1, on October 4, 1957, and later the first human to orbit the Earth, Yuri Gagarin in Vostok 1, on April 12, 1961.[3]
At the end of World War II, von Braun and most of his rocket team surrendered to the United States, and were expatriated to work on American missiles at what became the Army Ballistic Missile Agency. This work on missiles such as Juno I and Atlas enabled launch of the first US satellite Explorer 1 on February 1, 1958, and the first American in orbit, John Glenn in Friendship 7 on February 20, 1962. As director of the Marshall Space Flight Center, Von Braun oversaw development of a larger class of rocket called Saturn, which allowed the US to send the first two humans, Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin, to the Moon and back on Apollo 11 in July 1969. Over the same period, the Soviet Union secretly tried but failed to develop the N1 rocket to give them the capability to land one person on the Moon.
Phases
Launch
Main article: Rocket launch
See also: List of space launch system designs
Rockets are the only means currently capable of reaching orbit or beyond. Other non-rocket spacelaunch technologies have yet to be built, or remain short of orbital speeds. A rocket launch for a spaceflight usually starts from a spaceport (cosmodrome), which may be equipped with launch complexes and launch pads for vertical rocket launches, and runways for takeoff and landing of carrier airplanes and winged spacecraft. Spaceports are situated well away from human habitation for noise and safety reasons. ICBMs have various special launching facilities.
A launch is often restricted to certain launch windows. These windows depend upon the position of celestial bodies and orbits relative to the launch site. The biggest influence is often the rotation of the Earth itself. Once launched, orbits are normally located within relatively constant flat planes at a fixed angle to the axis of the Earth, and the Earth rotates within this orbit.
A launch pad is a fixed structure designed to dispatch airborne vehicles. It generally consists of a launch tower and flame trench. It is surrounded by equipment used to erect, fuel, and maintain launch vehicles. Before launch, the rocket can weigh many hundreds of tonnes. The Space Shuttle Columbia, on STS-1, weighed 2,030 tonnes (4,480,000 lb) at take off.
Reaching space
The most commonly used definition of outer space is everything beyond the Kármán line, which is 100 kilometers (62 mi) above the Earth's surface. The United States sometimes defines outer space as everything beyond 50 miles (80 km) in altitude.
Rockets are the only currently practical means of reaching space. Conventional airplane engines cannot reach space due to the lack of oxygen. Rocket engines expel propellant to provide forward thrust that generates enough delta-v (change in velocity) to reach orbit.
For manned launch systems launch escape systems are frequently fitted to allow astronauts to escape in the case of emergency.
Alternatives
Main article: Non-rocket spacelaunch
Many ways to reach space other than rockets have been proposed. Ideas such as the space elevator, and momentum exchange tethers like rotovators or skyhooks require new materials much stronger than any currently known. Electromagnetic launchers such as launch loops might be feasible with current technology. Other ideas include rocket assisted aircraft/spaceplanes such as Reaction Engines Skylon (currently in early stage development), scramjet powered spaceplanes, and RBCC powered spaceplanes. Gun launch has been proposed for cargo.
Leaving orbit
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Main articles: Escape velocity and Parking orbit
Launched in 1959, Luna 1 was the first known man-made object to achieve escape velocity from the Earth.[4] (replica pictured)
Achieving a closed orbit is not essential to lunar and interplanetary voyages. Early Russian space vehicles successfully achieved very high altitudes without going into orbit. NASA considered launching Apollo missions directly into lunar trajectories but adopted the strategy of first entering a temporary parking orbit and then performing a separate burn several orbits later onto a lunar trajectory. This costs additional propellant because the parking orbit perigee must be high enough to prevent reentry while direct injection can have an arbitrarily low perigee because it will never be reached.
However, the parking orbit approach greatly simplified Apollo mission planning in several important ways. It substantially widened the allowable launch windows, increasing the chance of a successful launch despite minor technical problems during the countdown. The parking orbit was a stable "mission plateau" that gave the crew and controllers several hours to thoroughly check out the spacecraft after the stresses of launch before committing it to a long lunar flight; the crew could quickly return to Earth, if necessary, or an alternate Earth-orbital mission could be conducted. The parking orbit also enabled translunar trajectories that avoided the densest parts of the Van Allen radiation belts.
Apollo missions minimized the performance penalty of the parking orbit by keeping its altitude as low as possible. For example, Apollo 15 used an unusually low parking orbit (even for Apollo) of 92.5 nmi by 91.5 nmi (171 km by 169 km) where there was significant atmospheric drag. But it was partially overcome by continuous venting of hydrogen from the third stage of the Saturn V, and was in any event tolerable for the short stay.
Robotic missions do not require an abort capability or radiation minimization, and because modern launchers routinely meet "instantaneous" launch windows, space probes to the Moon and other planets generally use direct injection to maximize performance. Although some might coast briefly during the launch sequence, they do not complete one or more full parking orbits before the burn that injects them onto an Earth escape trajectory.
Note that the escape velocity from a celestial body decreases with altitude above that body. However, it is more fuel-efficient for a craft to burn its fuel as close to the ground as possible; see Oberth effect and reference.[5] This is another way to explain the performance penalty associated with establishing the safe perigee of a parking orbit.
Plans for future crewed interplanetary spaceflight missions often include final vehicle assembly in Earth orbit, such as NASA's Project Orion and Russia's Kliper/Parom tandem.
Astrodynamics
Main article: Orbital mechanics
Astrodynamics is the study of spacecraft trajectories, particularly as they relate to gravitational and propulsion effects. Astrodynamics allows for a spacecraft to arrive at its destination at the correct time without excessive propellant use. An orbital maneuvering system may be needed to maintain or change orbits.
Non-rocket orbital propulsion methods include solar sails, magnetic sails, plasma-bubble magnetic systems, and using gravitational slingshot effects.
Ionized gas trail from Shuttle reentry
Recovery of Discoverer 14 return capsule by a C-119 airplane
Transfer energy
The term "transfer energy" means the total amount of energy imparted by a rocket stage to its payload. This can be the energy imparted by a first stage of a launch vehicle to an upper stage plus payload, or by an upper stage or spacecraft kick motor to a spacecraft.[6][7]
Reentry
Main article: Atmospheric reentry
Vehicles in orbit have large amounts of kinetic energy. This energy must be discarded if the vehicle is to land safely without vaporizing in the atmosphere. Typically this process requires special methods to protect against aerodynamic heating. The theory behind reentry was developed by Harry Julian Allen. Based on this theory, reentry vehicles present blunt shapes to the atmosphere for reentry. Blunt shapes mean that less than 1% of the kinetic energy ends up as heat that reaches the vehicle, and the remainder heats up the atmosphere.
Landing
The Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo capsules all splashed down in the sea. These capsules were designed to land at relatively low speeds with the help of a parachute. Russian capsules for Soyuz make use of a big parachute and braking rockets to touch down on land. The Space Shuttle glided to a touchdown like a plane.
Recovery
After a successful landing the spacecraft, its occupants and cargo can be recovered. In some cases, recovery has occurred before landing: while a spacecraft is still descending on its parachute, it can be snagged by a specially designed aircraft. This mid-air retrieval technique was used to recover the film canisters from the Corona spy satellites.
Types
Uncrewed
See also: Uncrewed spacecraft and robotic spacecraft
Sojourner takes its Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer measurement of Yogi Rock on Mars
The MESSENGER spacecraft at Mercury (artist's interpretation)
Uncrewed spaceflight (or unmanned) is all spaceflight activity without a necessary human presence in space. This includes all space probes, satellites and robotic spacecraft and missions. Uncrewed spaceflight is the opposite of manned spaceflight, which is usually called human spaceflight. Subcategories of uncrewed spaceflight are "robotic spacecraft" (objects) and "robotic space missions" (activities). A robotic spacecraft is an uncrewed spacecraft with no humans on board, that is usually under telerobotic control. A robotic spacecraft designed to make scientific research measurements is often called a space probe.
Uncrewed space missions use remote-controlled spacecraft. The first uncrewed space mission was Sputnik I, launched October 4, 1957 to orbit the Earth. Space missions where other animals but no humans are on-board are considered uncrewed missions.
Benefits
Many space missions are more suited to telerobotic rather than crewed operation, due to lower cost and lower risk factors. In addition, some planetary destinations such as Venus or the vicinity of Jupiter are too hostile for human survival, given current technology. Outer planets such as Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are too distant to reach with current crewed spaceflight technology, so telerobotic probes are the only way to explore them. Telerobotics also allows exploration of regions that are vulnerable to contamination by Earth micro-organisms since spacecraft can be sterilized. Humans can not be sterilized in the same way as a spaceship, as they coexist with numerous micro-organisms, and these micro-organisms are also hard to contain within a spaceship or spacesuit.
Telepresence
Telerobotics becomes telepresence when the time delay is short enough to permit control of the spacecraft in close to real time by humans. Even the two seconds light speed delay for the Moon is too far away for telepresence exploration from Earth. The L1 and L2 positions permit 400-millisecond round trip delays, which is just close enough for telepresence operation. Telepresence has also been suggested as a way to repair satellites in Earth orbit from Earth. The Exploration Telerobotics Symposium in 2012 explored this and other topics.[8]
Human
Main article: Human spaceflight
ISS crew member stores samples
The first human spaceflight was Vostok 1 on April 12, 1961, on which cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin of the USSR made one orbit around the Earth. In official Soviet documents, there is no mention of the fact that Gagarin parachuted the final seven miles.[9] Currently, the only spacecraft regularly used for human spaceflight are the Russian Soyuz spacecraft and the Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft. The U.S. Space Shuttle fleet operated from April 1981 until July 2011. SpaceShipOne has conducted two human suborbital spaceflights.
Sub-orbital
Main article: Sub-orbital spaceflight
The International Space Station in Earth orbit after a visit from the crew of STS-119
On a sub-orbital spaceflight the spacecraft reaches space and then returns to the atmosphere after following a (primarily) ballistic trajectory. This is usually because of insufficient specific orbital energy, in which case a suborbital flight will last only a few minutes, but it is also possible for an object with enough energy for an orbit to have a trajectory that intersects the Earth's atmosphere, sometimes after many hours. Pioneer 1 was NASA's first space probe intended to reach the Moon. A partial failure caused it to instead follow a suborbital trajectory to an altitude of 113,854 kilometers (70,746 mi) before reentering the Earth's atmosphere 43 hours after launch.
The most generally recognized boundary of space is the Kármán line 100 km above sea level. (NASA alternatively defines an astronaut as someone who has flown more than 50 miles (80 km) above sea level.) It is not generally recognized by the public that the increase in potential energy required to pass the Kármán line is only about 3% of the orbital energy (potential plus kinetic energy) required by the lowest possible Earth orbit (a circular orbit just above the Kármán line.) In other words, it is far easier to reach space than to stay there. On May 17, 2004, Civilian Space eXploration Team launched the GoFast Rocket on a suborbital flight, the first amateur spaceflight. On June 21, 2004, SpaceShipOne was used for the first privately funded human spaceflight.
Point-to-point
Point-to-point is a category of sub-orbital spaceflight in which a spacecraft provides rapid transport between two terrestrial locations. Consider a conventional airline route between London and Sydney, a flight that normally lasts over twenty hours. With point-to-point suborbital travel the same route could be traversed in less than one hour.[10] While no company offers this type of transportation today, SpaceX has revealed plans to do so as early as the 2020s using its BFR vehicle.[11] Suborbital spaceflight over an intercontinental distance requires a vehicle velocity that is only a little lower than the velocity required to reach low Earth orbit.[12] If rockets are used, the size of the rocket relative to the payload is similar to an Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). Any intercontinental spaceflight has to surmount problems of heating during atmosphere re-entry that are nearly as large as those faced by orbital spaceflight.
Orbital
Main article: Orbital spaceflight
Apollo 6 heads into orbit
A minimal orbital spaceflight requires much higher velocities than a minimal sub-orbital flight, and so it is technologically much more challenging to achieve. To achieve orbital spaceflight, the tangential velocity around the Earth is as important as altitude. In order to perform a stable and lasting flight in space, the spacecraft must reach the minimal orbital speed required for a closed orbit.
Interplanetary
Main article: Interplanetary spaceflight
Interplanetary travel is travel between planets within a single planetary system. In practice, the use of the term is confined to travel between the planets of our Solar System.
Interstellar
Main article: Interstellar travel
Five spacecraft are currently leaving the Solar System on escape trajectories, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, and New Horizons. The one farthest from the Sun is Voyager 1, which is more than 100 AU distant and is moving at 3.6 AU per year.[13] In comparison, Proxima Centauri, the closest star other than the Sun, is 267,000 AU distant. It will take Voyager 1 over 74,000 years to reach this distance. Vehicle designs using other techniques, such as nuclear pulse propulsion are likely to be able to reach the nearest star significantly faster. Another possibility that could allow for human interstellar spaceflight is to make use of time dilation, as this would make it possible for passengers in a fast-moving vehicle to travel further into the future while aging very little, in that their great speed slows down the rate of passage of on-board time. However, attaining such high speeds would still require the use of some new, advanced method of propulsion.
Intergalactic
Main article: Intergalactic travel
Intergalactic travel involves spaceflight between galaxies, and is considered much more technologically demanding than even interstellar travel and, by current engineering terms, is considered science fiction.
Spacecraft
Main article: Spacecraft
An Apollo Lunar Module on the lunar surface
Spacecraft are vehicles capable of controlling their trajectory through space.
The first 'true spacecraft' is sometimes said to be Apollo Lunar Module,[14] since this was the only manned vehicle to have been designed for, and operated only in space; and is notable for its non aerodynamic shape.
Propulsion
Main article: Spacecraft propulsion
Spacecraft today predominantly use rockets for propulsion, but other propulsion techniques such as ion drives are becoming more common, particularly for unmanned vehicles, and this can significantly reduce the vehicle's mass and increase its delta-v.
Launch systems
Main article: Launch vehicle
Launch systems are used to carry a payload from Earth's surface into outer space.
Expendable
Main article: Expendable launch system
Most current spaceflight uses multi-stage expendable launch systems to reach space.
Reusable
Main article: Reusable launch system
Ambox current red.svg
This section needs to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2019)
The first reusable spacecraft, the X-15, was air-launched on a suborbital trajectory on July 19, 1963. The first partially reusable orbital spacecraft, the Space Shuttle, was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on April 12, 1981. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. The Enterprise was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a Boeing 747 and gliding to deadstick landings at Edwards AFB, California. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the Columbia, followed by the Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger, which was lost in January 1986. The Columbia broke up during reentry in February 2003.
The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition on mission STS-1
Columbia landing, concluding the STS-1 mission
Columbia launches again on STS-2
The first automatic partially reusable spacecraft was the Buran (Snowstorm), launched by the USSR on November 15, 1988, although it made only one flight. This spaceplane was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the US Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the dissolution of the USSR, prevented any further flights of Buran.
Per the Vision for Space Exploration, the Space Shuttle was retired in 2011 due mainly to its old age and high cost of the program reaching over a billion dollars per flight. The Shuttle's human transport role is to be replaced by the partially reusable Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) no later than 2021. The Shuttle's heavy cargo transport role is to be replaced by expendable rockets such as the Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) or a Shuttle Derived Launch Vehicle.
Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne was a reusable suborbital spaceplane that carried pilots Mike Melvill and Brian Binnie on consecutive flights in 2004 to win the Ansari X Prize. The Spaceship Company has built its successor SpaceShipTwo. A fleet of SpaceShipTwos operated by Virgin Galactic planned to begin reusable private spaceflight carrying paying passengers (space tourists) in 2008, but this was delayed due to an accident in the propulsion development.[15]
Challenges
Main article: Effect of spaceflight on the human body
Space disasters
Main article: Space accidents and incidents
All launch vehicles contain a huge amount of energy that is needed for some part of it to reach orbit. There is therefore some risk that this energy can be released prematurely and suddenly, with significant effects. When a Delta II rocket exploded 13 seconds after launch on January 17, 1997, there were reports of store windows 10 miles (16 km) away being broken by the blast.[16]
Space is a fairly predictable environment, but there are still risks of accidental depressurization and the potential failure of equipment, some of which may be very newly developed.
In 2004 the International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety was established in the Netherlands to further international cooperation and scientific advancement in space systems safety.[17]
Weightlessness
Main article: Weightlessness
Astronauts on the ISS in weightless conditions. Michael Foale can be seen exercising in the foreground.
In a microgravity environment such as that provided by a spacecraft in orbit around the Earth, humans experience a sense of "weightlessness." Short-term exposure to microgravity causes space adaptation syndrome, a self-limiting nausea caused by derangement of the vestibular system. Long-term exposure causes multiple health issues. The most significant is bone loss, some of which is permanent, but microgravity also leads to significant deconditioning of muscular and cardiovascular tissues.
Radiation
Once above the atmosphere, radiation due to the Van Allen belts, solar radiation and cosmic radiation issues occur and increase. Further away from the Earth, solar flares can give a fatal radiation dose in minutes, and the health threat from cosmic radiation significantly increases the chances of cancer over a decade exposure or more.[18]
Life support
Main article: Life support system
In human spaceflight, the life support system is a group of devices that allow a human being to survive in outer space. NASA often uses the phrase Environmental Control and Life Support System or the acronym ECLSS when describing these systems for its human spaceflight missions.[19] The life support system may supply: air, water and food. It must also maintain the correct body temperature, an acceptable pressure on the body and deal with the body's waste products. Shielding against harmful external influences such as radiation and micro-meteorites may also be necessary. Components of the life support system are life-critical, and are designed and constructed using safety engineering techniques.
Space weather
Main article: Space weather
Aurora australis and Discovery, May 1991.
Space weather is the concept of changing environmental conditions in outer space. It is distinct from the concept of weather within a planetary atmosphere, and deals with phenomena involving ambient plasma, magnetic fields, radiation and other matter in space (generally close to Earth but also in interplanetary, and occasionally interstellar medium). "Space weather describes the conditions in space that affect Earth and its technological systems. Our space weather is a consequence of the behavior of the Sun, the nature of Earth's magnetic field, and our location in the Solar System."[20]
Space weather exerts a profound influence in several areas related to space exploration and development. Changing geomagnetic conditions can induce changes in atmospheric density causing the rapid degradation of spacecraft altitude in Low Earth orbit. Geomagnetic storms due to increased solar activity can potentially blind sensors aboard spacecraft, or interfere with on-board electronics. An understanding of space environmental conditions is also important in designing shielding and life support systems for manned spacecraft.
Environmental considerations
Rockets as a class are not inherently grossly polluting. However, some rockets use toxic propellants, and most vehicles use propellants that are not carbon neutral. Many solid rockets have chlorine in the form of perchlorate or other chemicals, and this can cause temporary local holes in the ozone layer. Re-entering spacecraft generate nitrates which also can temporarily impact the ozone layer. Most rockets are made of metals that can have an environmental impact during their construction.
In addition to the atmospheric effects there are effects on the near-Earth space environment. There is the possibility that orbit could become inaccessible for generations due to exponentially increasing space debris caused by spalling of satellites and vehicles (Kessler syndrome). Many launched vehicles today are therefore designed to be re-entered after use.
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The exploitation rights for this text are the property of the Vienna Tourist Board. This text may be reprinted free of charge until further notice, even partially and in edited form. Forward sample copy to: Vienna Tourist Board, Media Management, Invalidenstraße 6, 1030 Vienna; media.rel@wien.info. All information in this text without guarantee.
Author: Andreas Nierhaus, Curator of Architecture/Wien Museum
Last updated January 2014
Architecture in Vienna
Vienna's 2,000-year history is present in a unique density in the cityscape. The layout of the center dates back to the Roman city and medieval road network. Romanesque and Gothic churches characterize the streets and squares as well as palaces and mansions of the baroque city of residence. The ring road is an expression of the modern city of the 19th century, in the 20th century extensive housing developments set accents in the outer districts. Currently, large-scale urban development measures are implemented; distinctive buildings of international star architects complement the silhouette of the city.
Due to its function as residence of the emperor and European power center, Vienna for centuries stood in the focus of international attention, but it was well aware of that too. As a result, developed an outstanding building culture, and still today on a worldwide scale only a few cities can come up with a comparable density of high-quality architecture. For several years now, Vienna has increased its efforts to connect with its historical highlights and is drawing attention to itself with some spectacular new buildings. The fastest growing city in the German-speaking world today most of all in residential construction is setting standards. Constants of the Viennese architecture are respect for existing structures, the palpability of historical layers and the dialogue between old and new.
Culmination of medieval architecture: the Stephansdom
The oldest architectural landmark of the city is St. Stephen's Cathedral. Under the rule of the Habsburgs, defining the face of the city from the late 13th century until 1918 in a decisive way, the cathedral was upgraded into the sacral monument of the political ambitions of the ruling house. The 1433 completed, 137 meters high southern tower, by the Viennese people affectionately named "Steffl", is a masterpiece of late Gothic architecture in Europe. For decades he was the tallest stone structure in Europe, until today he is the undisputed center of the city.
The baroque residence
Vienna's ascension into the ranks of the great European capitals began in Baroque. Among the most important architects are Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt. Outside the city walls arose a chain of summer palaces, including the garden Palais Schwarzenberg (1697-1704) as well as the Upper and Lower Belvedere of Prince Eugene of Savoy (1714-22). Among the most important city palaces are the Winter Palace of Prince Eugene (1695-1724, now a branch of the Belvedere) and the Palais Daun-Kinsky (auction house in Kinsky 1713-19). The emperor himself the Hofburg had complemented by buildings such as the Imperial Library (1722-26) and the Winter Riding School (1729-34). More important, however, for the Habsburgs was the foundation of churches and monasteries. Thus arose before the city walls Fischer von Erlach's Karlskirche (1714-39), which with its formal and thematic complex show façade belongs to the major works of European Baroque. In colored interior rooms like that of St. Peter's Church (1701-22), the contemporary efforts for the synthesis of architecture, painting and sculpture becomes visible.
Upgrading into metropolis: the ring road time (Ringstraßenzeit)
Since the Baroque, reflections on extension of the hopelessly overcrowed city were made, but only Emperor Franz Joseph ordered in 1857 the demolition of the fortifications and the connection of the inner city with the suburbs. 1865, the Ring Road was opened. It is as the most important boulevard of Europe an architectural and in terms of urban development achievement of the highest rank. The original building structure is almost completely preserved and thus conveys the authentic image of a metropolis of the 19th century. The public representational buildings speak, reflecting accurately the historicism, by their style: The Greek Antique forms of Theophil Hansen's Parliament (1871-83) stood for democracy, the Renaissance of the by Heinrich Ferstel built University (1873-84) for the flourishing of humanism, the Gothic of the Town Hall (1872-83) by Friedrich Schmidt for the medieval civic pride.
Dominating remained the buildings of the imperial family: Eduard van der Nüll's and August Sicardsburg's Opera House (1863-69), Gottfried Semper's and Carl Hasenauer's Burgtheater (1874-88), their Museum of Art History and Museum of Natural History (1871-91) and the Neue (New) Hofburg (1881-1918 ). At the same time the ring road was the preferred residential area of mostly Jewish haute bourgeoisie. With luxurious palaces the families Ephrussi, Epstein or Todesco made it clear that they had taken over the cultural leadership role in Viennese society. In the framework of the World Exhibition of 1873, the new Vienna presented itself an international audience. At the ring road many hotels were opened, among them the Hotel Imperial and today's Palais Hansen Kempinski.
Laboratory of modernity: Vienna around 1900
Otto Wagner's Postal Savings Bank (1903-06) was one of the last buildings in the Ring road area Otto Wagner's Postal Savings Bank (1903-06), which with it façade, liberated of ornament, and only decorated with "functional" aluminum buttons and the glass banking hall now is one of the icons of modern architecture. Like no other stood Otto Wagner for the dawn into the 20th century: His Metropolitan Railway buildings made the public transport of the city a topic of architecture, the church of the Psychiatric hospital at Steinhofgründe (1904-07) is considered the first modern church.
With his consistent focus on the function of a building ("Something impractical can not be beautiful"), Wagner marked a whole generation of architects and made Vienna the laboratory of modernity: in addition to Joseph Maria Olbrich, the builder of the Secession (1897-98) and Josef Hoffmann, the architect of the at the western outskirts located Purkersdorf Sanatorium (1904) and founder of the Vienna Workshop (Wiener Werkstätte, 1903) is mainly to mention Adolf Loos, with the Loos House at the square Michaelerplatz (1909-11) making architectural history. The extravagant marble cladding of the business zone stands in maximal contrast, derived from the building function, to the unadorned facade above, whereby its "nudity" became even more obvious - a provocation, as well as his culture-critical texts ("Ornament and Crime"), with which he had greatest impact on the architecture of the 20th century. Public contracts Loos remained denied. His major works therefore include villas, apartment facilities and premises as the still in original state preserved Tailor salon Knize at Graben (1910-13) and the restored Loos Bar (1908-09) near the Kärntner Straße (passageway Kärntner Durchgang).
Between the Wars: International Modern Age and social housing
After the collapse of the monarchy in 1918, Vienna became capital of the newly formed small country of Austria. In the heart of the city, the architects Theiss & Jaksch built 1931-32 the first skyscraper in Vienna as an exclusive residential address (Herrengasse - alley 6-8). To combat the housing shortage for the general population, the social democratic city government in a globally unique building program within a few years 60,000 apartments in hundreds of apartment buildings throughout the city area had built, including the famous Karl Marx-Hof by Karl Ehn (1925-30). An alternative to the multi-storey buildings with the 1932 opened International Werkbundsiedlung was presented, which was attended by 31 architects from Austria, Germany, France, Holland and the USA and showed models for affordable housing in greenfield areas. With buildings of Adolf Loos, André Lurçat, Richard Neutra, Gerrit Rietveld, the Werkbundsiedlung, which currently is being restored at great expense, is one of the most important documents of modern architecture in Austria.
Modernism was also expressed in significant Villa buildings: The House Beer (1929-31) by Josef Frank exemplifies the refined Wiener living culture of the interwar period, while the house Stonborough-Wittgenstein (1926-28, today Bulgarian Cultural Institute), built by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein together with the architect Paul Engelmann for his sister Margarete, by its aesthetic radicalism and mathematical rigor represents a special case within contemporary architecture.
Expulsion, war and reconstruction
After the "Anschluss (Annexation)" to the German Reich in 1938, numerous Jewish builders, architects (female and male ones), who had been largely responsible for the high level of Viennese architecture, have been expelled from Austria. During the Nazi era, Vienna remained largely unaffected by structural transformations, apart from the six flak towers built for air defense of Friedrich Tamms (1942-45), made of solid reinforced concrete which today are present as memorials in the cityscape.
The years after the end of World War II were characterized by the reconstruction of the by bombs heavily damaged city. The architecture of those times was marked by aesthetic pragmatism, but also by the attempt to connect with the period before 1938 and pick up on current international trends. Among the most important buildings of the 1950s are Roland Rainer's City Hall (1952-58), the by Oswald Haerdtl erected Wien Museum at Karlsplatz (1954-59) and the 21er Haus of Karl Schwanzer (1958-62).
The youngsters come
Since the 1960s, a young generation was looking for alternatives to the moderate modernism of the reconstruction years. With visionary designs, conceptual, experimental and above all temporary architectures, interventions and installations, Raimund Abraham, Günther Domenig, Eilfried Huth, Hans Hollein, Walter Pichler and the groups Coop Himmelb(l)au, Haus-Rucker-Co and Missing Link rapidly got international attention. Although for the time being it was more designed than built, was the influence on the postmodern and deconstructivist trends of the 1970s and 1980s also outside Austria great. Hollein's futuristic "Retti" candle shop at Charcoal Market/Kohlmarkt (1964-65) and Domenig's biomorphic building of the Central Savings Bank in Favoriten (10th district of Vienna - 1975-79) are among the earliest examples, later Hollein's Haas-Haus (1985-90), the loft conversion Falkestraße (1987/88) by Coop Himmelb(l)au or Domenig's T Center (2002-04) were added. Especially Domenig, Hollein, Coop Himmelb(l)au and the architects Ortner & Ortner (ancient members of Haus-Rucker-Co) by orders from abroad the new Austrian and Viennese architecture made a fixed international concept.
MuseumQuarter and Gasometer
Since the 1980s, the focus of building in Vienna lies on the compaction of the historic urban fabric that now as urban habitat of high quality no longer is put in question. Among the internationally best known projects is the by Ortner & Ortner planned MuseumsQuartier in the former imperial stables (competition 1987, 1998-2001), which with institutions such as the MUMOK - Museum of Modern Art Foundation Ludwig, the Leopold Museum, the Kunsthalle Wien, the Architecture Center Vienna and the Zoom Children's Museum on a wordwide scale is under the largest cultural complexes. After controversies in the planning phase, here an architectural compromise between old and new has been achieved at the end, whose success as an urban stage with four million visitors (2012) is overwhelming.
The dialogue between old and new, which has to stand on the agenda of building culture of a city that is so strongly influenced by history, also features the reconstruction of the Gasometer in Simmering by Coop Himmelb(l)au, Wilhelm Holzbauer, Jean Nouvel and Manfred Wehdorn (1999-2001). Here was not only created new housing, but also a historical industrial monument reinterpreted into a signal in the urban development area.
New Neighborhood
In recent years, the major railway stations and their surroundings moved into the focus of planning. Here not only necessary infrastructural measures were taken, but at the same time opened up spacious inner-city residential areas and business districts. Among the prestigious projects are included the construction of the new Vienna Central Station, started in 2010 with the surrounding office towers of the Quartier Belvedere and the residential and school buildings of the Midsummer quarter (Sonnwendviertel). Europe's largest wooden tower invites here for a spectacular view to the construction site and the entire city. On the site of the former North Station are currently being built 10,000 homes and 20,000 jobs, on that of the Aspangbahn station is being built at Europe's greatest Passive House settlement "Euro Gate", the area of the North Western Railway Station is expected to be developed from 2020 for living and working. The largest currently under construction residential project but can be found in the north-eastern outskirts, where in Seaside Town Aspern till 2028 living and working space for 40,000 people will be created.
In one of the "green lungs" of Vienna, the Prater, 2013, the WU campus was opened for the largest University of Economics of Europe. Around the central square spectacular buildings of an international architect team from Great Britain, Japan, Spain and Austria are gathered that seem to lead a sometimes very loud conversation about the status quo of contemporary architecture (Hitoshi Abe, BUSarchitektur, Peter Cook, Zaha Hadid, NO MAD Arquitectos, Carme Pinós).
Flying high
International is also the number of architects who have inscribed themselves in the last few years with high-rise buildings in the skyline of Vienna and make St. Stephen's a not always unproblematic competition. Visible from afar is Massimiliano Fuksas' 138 and 127 meters high elegant Twin Tower at Wienerberg (1999-2001). The monolithic, 75-meter-high tower of the Hotel Sofitel at the Danube Canal by Jean Nouvel (2007-10), on the other hand, reacts to the particular urban situation and stages in its top floor new perspectives to the historical center on the other side.
Also at the water stands Dominique Perrault's DC Tower (2010-13) in the Danube City - those high-rise city, in which since the start of construction in 1996, the expansion of the city north of the Danube is condensed symbolically. Even in this environment, the slim and at the same time striking vertically folded tower of Perrault is beyond all known dimensions; from its Sky Bar, from spring 2014 on you are able to enjoy the highest view of Vienna. With 250 meters, the tower is the tallest building of Austria and almost twice as high as the St. Stephen's Cathedral. Vienna, thus, has acquired a new architectural landmark which cannot be overlooked - whether it also has the potential to become a landmark of the new Vienna, only time will tell. The architectural history of Vienna, where European history is presence and new buildings enter into an exciting and not always conflict-free dialogue with a great and outstanding architectural heritage, in any case has yet to offer exciting chapters.
Info: The folder "Architecture: From Art Nouveau to the Presence" is available at the Vienna Tourist Board and can be downloaded on www.wien.info/media/files/guide-architecture-in-wien.pdf.
9.4.09
The flight arrived on time; and the twelve hours while on board passed quickly and without incident. To be sure, the quality of the Cathay Pacific service was exemplary once again.
Heathrow reminds me of Newark International. The décor comes straight out of the sterile 80's and is less an eyesore than an insipid background to the rhythm of human activity, such hustle and bustle, at the fore. There certainly are faces from all races present, creating a rich mosaic of humanity which is refreshing if not completely revitalizing after swimming for so long in a sea of Chinese faces in Hong Kong.
Internet access is sealed in England, it seems. Nothing is free; everything is egregiously monetized from the wireless hotspots down to the desktop terminals. I guess Hong Kong has spoiled me with its abundant, free access to the information superhighway.
11.4.09
Despite staying in a room with five other backpackers, I have been sleeping well. The mattress and pillow are firm; my earplugs keep the noise out; and the sleeping quarters are as dark as a cave when the lights are out, and only as bright as, perhaps, a dreary rainy day when on. All in all, St. Paul's is a excellent place to stay for the gregarious, adventurous, and penurious city explorer - couchsurfing may be a tenable alternative; I'll test for next time.
Yesterday Connie and I gorged ourselves at the borough market where there were all sorts of delectable, savory victuals. There was definitely a European flavor to the food fair: simmering sausages were to be found everywhere; and much as the meat was plentiful, and genuine, so were the dairy delicacies, in the form of myriad rounds of cheese, stacked high behind checkered tabletops. Of course, we washed these tasty morsels down with copious amounts of alcohol that flowed from cups as though amber waterfalls. For the first time I tried mulled wine, which tasted like warm, rancid fruit punch - the ideal tonic for a drizzling London day, I suppose. We later killed the afternoon at the pub, shooting the breeze while imbibing several diminutive half-pints in the process. Getting smashed at four in the afternoon doesn't seem like such a bad thing anymore, especially when you are having fun in the company of friends; I can more appreciate why the English do it so much!
Earlier in the day, we visited the Tate Modern. Its turbine room lived up to its prominent billing what with a giant spider, complete with bulbous egg sac, anchoring the retrospective exhibit. The permanent galleries, too, were a delight upon which to feast one's eyes. Picasso, Warhol and Pollock ruled the chambers of the upper floors with the products of their lithe wrists; and I ended up becoming a huge fan of cubism, while developing a disdain for abstract art and its vacuous images, which, I feel, are devoid of both motivation and emotion.
My first trip yesterday morning was to Emirates Stadium, home of the Arsenal Gunners. It towers imperiously over the surrounding neighborhood; yet for all its majesty, the place sure was quiet! Business did pick up later, however, once the armory shop opened, and dozens of fans descended on it like bees to a hive. I, too, swooped in on a gift-buying mission, and wound up purchasing a book for Godfrey, a scarf for a student, and a jersey - on sale, of course - for good measure.
I'm sitting in the Westminster Abbey Museum now, resting my weary legs and burdened back. So far, I've been verily impressed with what I've seen, such a confluence of splendor and history before me that it would require days to absorb it all, when regretfully I can spare only a few hours. My favorite part of the abbey is the poets corner where no less a literary luminary than Samuel Johnson rests in peace - his bust confirms his homely presence, which was so vividly captured in his biography.
For lunch I had a steak and ale pie, served with mash, taken alongside a Guinness, extra cold - 2 degrees centigrade colder, the bartender explained. It went down well, like all the other delicious meals I've had in England; and no doubt by now I have grown accustomed to inebriation at half past two. Besides, Liverpool were playing inspired football against Blackburn; and my lunch was complete.
Having had my fill of football, I decided to skip my ticket scalping endeavor at Stamford Bridge and instead wandered over to the British Museum to inspect their extensive collections. Along the way, my eye caught a theater, its doors wide open and admitting customers. With much rapidity, I subsequently checked the show times, saw that a performance was set to begin, and at last rushed to the box office to purchase a discounted ticket - if you call a 40 pound ticket a deal, that is. That's how I grabbed a seat to watch Hairspray in the West End.
The show was worth forty pounds. The music was addictive; and the stage design and effects were not so much kitschy as delightfully stimulating - the pulsating background lights were at once scintillating and penetrating. The actors as well were vivacious, oozing charisma while they danced and delivered lines dripping in humor. Hairspray is a quality production and most definitely recommended.
12.4.09
At breakfast I sat across from a man who asked me to which country Hong Kong had been returned - China or Japan. That was pretty funny. Then he started spitting on my food as he spoke, completely oblivious to my breakfast becoming the receptacle in which the fruit of his inner churl was being placed. I guess I understand the convention nowadays of covering one's mouth whilst speaking and masticating at the same time!
We actually conversed on London life in general, and I praised London for its racial integration, the act of which is a prodigious leap of faith for any society, trying to be inclusive, accepting all sorts of people. It wasn't as though the Brits were trying in vain to be all things to all men, using Spanish with the visitors from Spain, German with the Germans and, even, Hindi with the Indians, regardless of whether or not Hindi was their native language; not even considering the absurd idea of encouraging the international adoption of their language; thereby completely keeping English in English hands and allowing its proud polyglots to "practice" their languages. Indeed, the attempt of the Londoners to avail themselves of the rich mosaic of ethnic knowledge, and to seek a common understanding with a ubiquitous English accent is an exemplar, and the bedrock for any world city.
I celebrated Jesus' resurrection at the St. Andrew's Street Church in Cambridge. The parishioners of this Baptist church were warm and affable, and I met several of them, including one visiting (Halliday) linguistics scholar from Zhongshan university in Guangzhou, who in fact had visited my tiny City University of Hong Kong in 2003. The service itself was more traditional and the believers fewer in number than the "progressive" services at any of the charismatic, evangelical churches in HK; yet that's what makes this part of the body of Christ unique; besides, the message was as brief as a powerpoint slide, and informative no less; the power word which spoke into my life being a question from John 21:22 - what is that to you?
Big trees; exquisite lawns; and old, pointy colleges; that's Cambridge in a nutshell. Sitting here, sipping on a half-pint of Woodforde's Wherry, I've had a leisurely, if not languorous, day so far; my sole duty consisting of walking around while absorbing the verdant environment as though a sponge, camera in tow.
I am back at the sublime beer, savoring a pint of Sharp's DoomBar before my fish and chips arrive; the drinking age is 18, but anyone whose visage even hints of youthful brilliance is likely to get carded these days, the bartender told me. The youth drinking culture here is almost as twisted as the university drinking culture in America.
My stay in Cambridge, relaxing and desultory as it may be, is about to end after this late lunch. I an not sure if there is anything left to see, save for the American graveyard which rests an impossible two miles away. I have had a wonderful time in this town; and am thankful for the access into its living history - the residents here must demonstrate remarkable patience and tolerance what with so many tourists ambling on the streets, peering - and photographing - into every nook and cranny.
13.4.09
There are no rubbish bins, yet I've seen on the streets many mixed race couples in which the men tend to be white - the women also belonging to a light colored ethnicity, usually some sort of Asian; as well saw some black dudes and Indian dudes with white chicks.
People here hold doors, even at the entrance to the toilet. Sometimes it appears as though they are going out on a limb, just waiting for the one who will take the responsibility for the door from them, at which point I rush out to relieve them of such a fortuitous burden.
I visited the British Museum this morning. The two hours I spent there did neither myself nor the exhibits any justice because there really is too much to survey, enough captivating stuff to last an entire day, I think. The bottomless well of artifacts from antiquity, drawing from sources as diverse as Korea, and Mesopotamia, is a credit to the British empire, without whose looting most of this amazing booty would be unavailable for our purview; better, I think, for these priceless treasures to be open to all in the grandest supermarket of history than away from human eyes, and worst yet, in the hands of unscrupulous collectors or in the rubbish bin, possibly.
Irene and I took in the ballet Giselle at The Royal Opera House in the afternoon. The building is a plush marvel, and a testament to this city's love for the arts. The ballet itself was satisfying, the first half being superior to the second, in which the nimble dancers demonstrated their phenomenal dexterity in, of all places, a graveyard covered in a cloak of smoke and darkness. I admit, their dance of the dead, in such a gloomy necropolis, did strike me as, strange.
Two amicable ladies from Kent convinced me to visit their hometown tomorrow, where, they told me, the authentic, "working" Leeds Castle and the mighty interesting home of Charles Darwin await.
I'm nursing a pint of Green King Ruddles and wondering about the profusion of British ales and lagers; the British have done a great deed for the world by creating an interminable line of low-alcohol session beers that can be enjoyed at breakfast, lunch, tea and dinner; and their disservice is this: besides this inexhaustible supply of cheap beer ensnaring my inner alcoholic, I feel myself putting on my freshman fifteen, almost ten years after the fact; I am going to have to run a bit harder back in Hong Kong if I want to burn all this malty fuel off.
Irene suggested I stop by the National Art Gallery since we were in the area; and it was an hour well spent. The gallery currently presents a special exhibit on Picasso, the non-ticketed section of which features several seductive renderings, including David spying on Bathsheba - repeated in clever variants - and parodies of other masters' works. Furthermore, the main gallery houses two fabulous portraits by Joshua Reynolds, who happens to be favorite of mine, he in life being a close friend of Samuel Johnson - I passed by Boswells, where its namesake first met Johnson, on my way to the opera house.
14.4.09
I prayed last night, and went through my list, lifting everyone on it up to the Lord. That felt good; that God is alive now, and ever present in my life and in the lives of my brothers and sisters.
Doubtless, then, I have felt quite wistful, as though a specter in the land of the living, being in a place where religious fervor, it seems, is a thing of the past, a trifling for many, to be hidden away in the opaque corners of centuries-old cathedrals that are more expensive tourist destinations than liberating homes of worship these days. Indeed, I have yet to see anyone pray, outside of the Easter service which I attended in Cambridge - for such an ecstatic moment in verily a grand church, would you believe that it was only attended by at most three dozen spirited ones. The people of England, and Europe in general, have, it is my hope, only locked away the Word, relegating it to the quiet vault of their hearts. May it be taken out in the sudden pause before mealtimes and in the still crisp mornings and cool, silent nights. There is still hope for a revival in this place, for faith to rise like that splendid sun every morning. God would love to rescue them, to deliver them in this day, it is certain.
I wonder what Londoners think, if anything at all, about their police state which, like a vine in the shadows, has taken root in all corners of daily life, from the terrorist notifications in the underground, which implore Londoners to report all things suspicious, to the pair of dogs which eagerly stroll through Euston. What makes this all the more incredible is the fact that even the United States, the indomitable nemesis of the fledgling, rebel order, doesn't dare bombard its citizens with such fear mongering these days, especially with Obama in office; maybe we've grown wise in these past few years to the dubious returns of surrendering civil liberties to the state, of having our bags checked everywhere - London Eye; Hairspray; and The Royal Opera House check bags in London while the museums do not; somehow, that doesn't add up for me.
I'm in a majestic bookshop on New Street in Birmingham, and certainly to confirm my suspicions, there are just as many books on the death of Christianity in Britain as there are books which attempt to murder Christianity everywhere. I did find, however, a nice biography on John Wesley by Roy Hattersley and The Screwtape Letters by C.S. Lewis. I may pick up the former.
Lunch with Sally was pleasant and mirthful. We dined at a French restaurant nearby New Street - yes, Birmingham is a cultural capitol! Sally and I both tried their omelette, while her boyfriend had the fish, without chips. Conversation was light, the levity was there and so was our reminiscing about those fleeting moments during our first year in Hong Kong; it is amazing how friendships can resume so suddenly with a smile. On their recommendation, I am on my way to Warwick Castle - they also suggested that I visit Cadbury World, but they cannot take on additional visitors at the moment, the tourist office staff informed me, much to my disappointment!
Visiting Warwick Castle really made for a great day out. The castle, parts of which were established by William the Conquerer in 1068, is as much a kitschy tourist trap as a meticulous preservation of history, at times a sillier version of Ocean Park while at others a dignified dedication to a most glorious, inexorably English past. The castle caters to all visitors; and not surprisingly, that which delighted all audiences was a giant trebuchet siege engine, which for the five p.m. performance hurled a fireball high and far into the air - fantastic! Taliban beware!
15.4.09
I'm leaving on a jet plane this evening; don't know when I'll be back in England again. I'll miss this quirky, yet endearing place; and that I shall miss Irene and Tom who so generously welcomed me into their home, fed me, and suffered my use of their toilet and shower goes without saying. I'm grateful for God's many blessings on this trip.
On the itinerary today is a trip to John Wesley's home, followed by a visit to the Imperial War Museum. Already this morning I picked up a tube of Oilatum, a week late perhaps, which Teri recommended I use to treat this obstinate, dermal weakness of mine - I'm happy to report that my skin has stopped crying.
John Wesley's home is alive and well. Services are still held in the chapel everyday; and its crypt, so far from being a cellar for the dead, is a bright, spacious museum in which all things Wesley are on display - I never realized how much of an iconic figure he became in England; at the height of this idol frenzy, ironic in itself, he must have been as popular as the Beatles were at their apex. The house itself is a multi-story edifice with narrow, precipitous staircases and spacious rooms decorated in an 18th century fashion.
I found Samuel Johnson's house within a maze of red brick hidden alongside Fleet Street. To be in the home of the man who wrote the English dictionary, and whose indefatigable love for obscure words became the inspiration for my own lexical obsession, this, by far, is the climax of my visit to England! The best certainly has been saved for last.
There are a multitude of portraits hanging around the house like ornaments on a tree. Every likeness has its own story, meticulously retold on the crib sheets in each room. Celebrities abound, including David Garrick and Sir Joshua Reynolds, who painted several of the finer images in the house. I have developed a particular affinity for Oliver Goldsmith, of whom Boswell writes, "His person was short, his countenance coarse and vulgar, his deportment that of a scholar awkwardly affecting the easy gentleman. It appears as though I, too, could use a more flattering description of myself!
I regretfully couldn't stop to try the curry in England; I guess the CityU canteen's take on the dish will have to do. I did, however, have the opportune task of flirting with the cute Cathay Pacific counter staff who checked me in. She was gorgeous in red, light powder on her cheeks, with real diamond earrings, she said; and her small, delicate face, commanded by a posh British accent rendered her positively irresistible, electrifying. Not only did she grant me an aisle seat but she had the gumption to return my fawning with zest; she must be a pro at this by now.
I saw her again as she was pulling double-duty, collecting tickets prior to boarding. She remembered my quest for curry; and in the fog of infatuation, where nary a man has been made, I fumbled my words like the sloppy kid who has had too much punch. I am just an amateur, alas, an "Oliver Goldsmith" with the ladies - I got no game - booyah!
Some final, consequential bits: because of the chavs, Burberry no longer sells those fashionable baseball caps; because of the IRA, rubbish bins are no longer a commodity on the streets of London, and as a result, the streets and the Underground of the city are a soiled mess; and because of other terrorists from distant, more arid lands, going through a Western airport has taken on the tedium of perfunctory procedure that doesn't make me feel any safer from my invisible enemies.
At last, I saw so many Indians working at Heathrow that I could have easily mistaken the place for Mumbai. Their presence surprised me because their portion of the general population surely must be less than their portion of Heathrow staff, indicating some mysterious hiring bias. Regardless, they do a superb job with cursory airport checks, and in general are absurdly funny and witty when not tactless.
That's all for England!
This was the best I could do without trespassing and was taken through the depot fence on long zoom, a shot that is now possible again due to the removal of shubs and bushes.
And be sure to check by my other acount: www.flickr.com/photos_user.gne?path=&nsid=77145939%40..., to see what else I saw Last Week!!
Yes I'm back again.
However due to my main computer on which I edit my work being struck down with a big bad virus, this picture and all the others I am uploading, were Unedited but have now been replaced with Edited versions. So enjoy and Thanks for your patience and understanding.
I do still hate everything about this shit that is new Flickr and always will, but an inability to find another outlet for my work that is as easy for me to use as the Old BETTER Flickr was, has forced me back to Flickr, even though it goes against everything I believe in.
I don't generally have an opinion on my own work, I prefer to leave that to other people and so based on the positive responses to my work from the various friends I had made on Flickr prior to the changes I have decided to upload some more of my work as an experiment and to see what happens.
So make the most of me before they delete my acount: www.flickr.com/photos/69558134@N05/?details=1, to stop me complaining!!
Hmm. This is a little more difficult without notes, flickr! I think sometimes that since last summer you're trying really hard to drive us all away.
But I digress.
A list will do! I'm into lately: bright brights on dark backgrounds, scrappy low volume, pale pink, different shades of green mixed together, rosy tones, turquoise, farmer's wife blocks, sampler style quilts, repetitive geometric patterns (especially churn dash or single girl, which I think would be wonderful miniaturized), flea-market-fancy-pink, the high contrast in photo #7, and the cool effect of faux gingham in photo #10. I know that these don't all necessarily go together and some are mutually exclusive, I hope, partner, that you'l just take this as a list of things I'm into and run with it in whatever direction you feel inspired. Thank you for making me something -- I'm sure I'll love it!
1. Putting the puzzle together, 2. Single Girl Quilt, 3. 2 pillow shams for swap, 4. Flea Market Fancy Love, 5. Vintage Saucers, 6. week two hundred & forty one, 7. Quilt meeting Leiden Januari 2013, 8. Inspiration photo for the Zinnia quilt, 9. # 47 Homemaker, 10. gingham-like patchwork
WALK WITHOUT FEAR Rally at DuPont Circle, NW, Washington DC on Sunday night, 9 November 1997 by Elvert Barnes Photography
1997 Walk Without Fear / Gay & Lesbian Activists Alliance (GLAA)
The 1997 Walk Without Fear was held on Sunday, November 9, 1997 at 5:00 p.m. in Dupont Circle. The rally in the Circle was followed by a march and candlelight vigil ending at 17th and P Streets NW. Guest speakers at the rally included acting U.S. Attorney Mary Lou Leary; Metropolitan Community Church founder Rev. Troy Perry; Darryl Cooper and Sharen Johnson of Gay Men and Lesbians Opposing Violence (GLOV); GLAA President Rick Rosendall; Darren Buckner of the DC Coalition of Black Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals; transgender activist Jessica Xavier of It's Time, Maryland; Mindy Daniels of the National Lesbian Political Action Committee (and a co-founder of Walk Without Fear); and representatives from Parents FLAG, the Sexual Minority Youth Assistance League, and Lesbian Avengers.]
Along with GLOV and others, GLAA helped found the Walk Without Fear in 1991 to galvanize our community in keeping our neighborhood streets safe. This annual event draws hundreds of people who are concerned about crimes against lesbians, gay men, bisexuals, and transgendered persons, as well as those who are perceived to be gay. It is an annual reminder that we need to remain ever vigilant, take responsibility for our streets and neighborhoods, and work with the Metropolitan Police Department to counter the threat and ensure thorough and timely investigations of hate crimes.
GLAA President's remarks at 1997 Walk Without Fear at www.glaa.org/archive/1997/wwf97rem.shtml
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The images are also available for licence through GETTY IMAGES or directly by contacting Sundeep Bhardwaj Kullu Himachal Around the World to more than 50+Countries & 200+Major Destinations across 6 Continents.
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These are reduced sized pictures.Orignal pictures shot in 5,616 × 3,744 (21.1 megapixels) using Canon EOS 5D Mark II FULL FRAME DSLR CAMERA or 3872 x 2592 (10.2 million effective pixels) using NIKON D60 DSLR or 4,288 × 2,848 (12.3 effective megapixels) USING NIKON D90 DSLR's.
Disneyland Magn'Hom Paris
Disneyland Paris comprises two theme parks, a retail, dining and entertainment district, and seven Disney-owned hotels. Operating since 12 April 1992, it was the second Disney resort to open outside the United States (following Tokyo Disney Resort) and the first to be owned and operated by Disney.
Disneyland Paris is owned and operated by French company Euro Disney S.C.A., a public company of which 39.78 percent of its stock is held by The Walt Disney Company, 10 percent by the Saudi Prince Alwaleed and 50.22 percent by other shareholders. The senior leader at the resort is chairman and CEO Philippe Gas.
The complex was a subject of controversy during the periods of negotiation and construction in the late 1980s and early '90s, when a number of prominent French figures voiced their opposition and protests were held by French labour unions and others. A further setback followed the opening of the resort as park attendance, hotel occupancy and revenues fell below projections. The complex was renamed from Euro Disney Resort to Disneyland Paris in 1994. In July 1995, the company saw its first quarterly profit.
A second theme park, Walt Disney Studios Park, opened to the public 16 March 2002.
With 15,405,000 combined visitors to the resort's Disneyland Park and Walt Disney Studios Park in the fiscal year of 2009, it is France's and Europe's most visited tourist site.[2]
Background and development
Following the success of Disneyland in Anaheim, California, and the Walt Disney World Resort in Florida, plans to build a similar theme park in Europe emerged in 1972. Upon the leadership of E. Cardon Walker, Tokyo Disneyland opened in 1983 in Japan with instant success, forming a catalyst for international expansion. In late 1984 the heads of Disney's theme park division, Dick Nunis and Jim Cora, presented a list of approximately 1,200 possible European locations for the park.[3]
By March 1985, the number of possible locations for the park had been reduced to four; two in France and two in Spain.[4] Both of these nations saw the potential economic advantages of a Disney theme park and competed by offering financing deals to Disney.[5]
Both Spanish sites were located near the Mediterranean Sea and offered a subtropical climate similar to Disney's parks in California and Florida. Disney had also shown interest in a site near Toulon in southern France, not far from Marseille. The pleasing landscape of that region, as well as its climate, made the location a top competitor for what would be called Euro Disneyland. However, thick layers of bedrock were discovered beneath the site, which would render construction too difficult. Finally, a site in the rural town of Marne-la-Vallée was chosen because of its proximity to Paris and its central location in Western Europe. This location was estimated to be no more than a four-hour drive for 68 million people and no more than a two-hour flight for a further 300 million.
Michael Eisner, Disney's CEO at the time, signed the first letter of agreement with the French government for the 20-square-kilometre (4,940-acre) site on 18 December 1985, and the first financial contracts were drawn up during the following spring. The final contract was signed by the leaders of the Walt Disney Company and the French government and territorial collectivities on 24 march 1987. Construction began in August 1988, and in December 1990, an information centre named "Espace Euro Disney" was opened to show the public what was being constructed. Plans for a theme park next to Euro Disneyland based on the entertainment industry, Disney-MGM Studios Europe, quickly went into development, scheduled to open in 1996 with a construction budget of US$2.3 billion.[6] The construction manager was Bovis.[7]
[edit]Hotels, recreation and restaurants
In order to control a maximum of the hotel business, it was decided that 5,200 Disney-owned hotel rooms would be built within the complex. In March 1988, Disney and a council of architects (Frank Gehry, Michael Graves, Robert A.M. Stern, Stanley Tigerman and Robert Venturi) decided on an exclusively American theme in which each hotel would depict a region of the United States. At the time of the opening in April 1992, seven hotels collectively housing 5,800[8] rooms had been built.
By the year 2017, Euro Disney, under the terms specified in its contract with the French government, will be required to finish constructing a total of 18,200 hotel rooms at varying distances from the resort.[9] An entertainment, shopping and dining complex based on Walt Disney World's Downtown Disney was designed by Frank Gehry.
With its towers of oxidised silver and bronze-coloured stainless steel under a canopy of lights, it opened as Festival Disney.[10]
For a projected daily attendance of 55,000, Euro Disney planned to serve an estimated 14,000 people per hour inside the Euro Disneyland park. In order to accomplish this, 29 restaurants were built inside the park (with a further 11 restaurants built at the Euro Disney resort hotels and five at Festival Disney). Menus and prices were varied with an American flavour predominant and Disney's precedent of not serving alcoholic beverages was continued in the park.
2,300 patio seats (30% of park seating) were installed to satisfy Europeans' expected preference of eating outdoors in good weather. In test kitchens at Walt Disney World, recipes were adapted for European tastes. Walter Meyer, executive chef for menu development at Euro Disney and executive chef of food projects development at Walt Disney World noted, "A few things we did need to change, but most of the time people kept telling us, 'Do your own thing. Do what’s American'."[11]
[edit]Recruitment
Unlike Disney's American theme parks, Euro Disney aimed for permanent employees (an estimated requirement of 12,000 for the theme park itself), as opposed to seasonal and temporary part-time employees. Casting centres were set up in Paris, London, Amsterdam. However, it was understood by the French government and Disney that "a concentrated effort would be made to tap into the local French labour market".[5] Disney sought workers with sufficient communication skills, who spoke two European languages (French and one other), and were socially outgoing. Following precedent, Euro Disney set up its own Disney University to train workers. 24,000 people had applied by November 1991.[5]
[edit]Controversies
The prospect of a Disney park in France was a subject of debate and controversy. Critics, who included prominent French intellectuals, denounced what they considered to be the cultural imperialism, or ‘neoprovincialism’ of Euro Disney and felt it would encourage in France an unhealthy American type of consumerism. For others, Euro Disney became a symbol of America within France. On 28 June 1992 a group of French farmers blockaded Euro Disney in protest of farm policies the United States supported at the time.
A journalist in the French newspaper Le Figaro wrote, “I wish with all my heart that the rebels would set fire to [Euro] Disneyland."[12] Ariane Mnouchkine, a Parisian stage director, named the concept a “cultural Chernobyl;”[13] a phrase which would be echoed in the media and grow synonymous with Euro Disney's initial years.
In response, French philosopher Michel Serres noted, "It is not America that is invading us. It is we who adore it, who adopt its fashions and above all, its words." Euro Disney S.C.A.'s then-chairman Robert Fitzpatrick responded, "We didn’t come in and say O.K., we’re going to put a beret and a baguette on Mickey Mouse. We are who we are."[5] It also came to light that Walt Disney’s surname originates from a village in Normandy called Isigny-sur-Mer. Originally d’Isigny ("of Isigny"), it was later Americanized into Disney.
Topics of controversy further included Disney's American managers requiring English to be spoken at all meetings and Disney's appearance code for members of staff, which listed regulations and limitations for the use of make up, facial hair, tattoos, jewellery and more.
French labour unions mounted protests against the appearance code, which they saw as “an attack on individual liberty.” Others criticised Disney as being insensitive to French culture, individualism, and privacy, because restrictions on individual or collective liberties were illegal under French law, unless it could be demonstrated that the restrictions are requisite to the job and do not exceed what is necessary.
Disney countered by saying that a ruling that barred them from imposing such an employment standard could threaten the image and long-term success of the park. "For us, the appearance code has a great effect from a product identification standpoint," said Thor Degelmann, Euro Disney’s personnel director. "Without it we couldn't be presenting the Disney product that people would be expecting."[14]
[edit]Opening day
On 12 April 1992, Euro Disney Resort and its theme park, Euro Disneyland, officially opened. Visitors were warned of chaos on the roads and a government survey indicated that half a million people carried by 90,000 cars might attempt to enter the complex. French radio warned traffic to avoid the area. By midday, the car park was approximately half full, suggesting an attendance level below 25,000. Speculative explanations ranged from people heeding the advice to stay away to the one-day strike that cut the direct RER railway connection to Euro Disney from the centre of Paris.[12]
[edit]Financial, attendance and employment status
In May 1992, entertainment magazine The Hollywood Reporter reported that about 25% of Euro Disney's workforce — approximately 3,000 men and women — had resigned their jobs because of unacceptable working conditions. It also reported that the park's attendance was far behind expectations. However, the disappointing attendance can be at least partly explained by the recession and increased unemployment which was affecting France and indeed most of the rest of the developed world at this time; when construction of the resort began, the economy was still on an upswing.[15]
Euro Disney S.C.A. responded in an interview with The Wall Street Journal, in which Robert Fitzpatrick claimed only 1,000 people had left their jobs. In response to the financial situation, Fitzpatrick ordered that the Disney-MGM Studios Europe project would be put on hiatus until a further decision could be made. Prices at the hotels were reduced.
Despite these efforts, in May 1992, daily park attendance was around 25,000 (some reports give a figure of 30,000) instead of the predicted 60,000. The Euro Disney Company stock price spiralled downwards and on 23 July 1992, Euro Disney announced an expected net loss in its first year of operation of approximately 300 million French francs. During Euro Disney's first winter, hotel occupancy was such that it was decided to close the Newport Bay Club hotel during the season.
Initial hopes were that each visitor would spend around US$33 per day, but near the end of 1992, analysts reckoned spending to be around 12% lower.[16] Efforts to improve attendance included serving alcoholic beverages with meals inside the Euro Disneyland park, in response to a presumed European demand, which began 12 June 1993.[17]
In January 1994, Sanford Litvack, an attorney from New York City and former U.S. Assistant Attorney General, was assigned to be Disney's lead negotiator regarding Euro Disney's future. On 28 February Litvack made an offer (without the consent of Eisner or Frank Wells)[citation needed] to split the debts between Euro Disney's creditors and Disney. After the banks showed interest, Litvack informed Eisner and Wells.[citation needed] On 14 March, the day before the annual shareholders meeting, the banks capitulated to Disney's demands.
The creditor banks bought US$500 million worth of Euro Disney shares, forgave 18 months of interest and deferred interest payments for three years. Disney invested US$750 million into Euro Disney and granted a five-year suspension of royalty payments. In June that same year, Saudi Arabian Prince Al-Waleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Al Saud cut a deal whereby the Walt Disney Company bought 51% of a new US$1.1 billion share issue, the rest being offered to existing shareholders at below-market rates, with the Prince buying any that were not taken up by existing shareholders (up to a 24.5% holding).
[edit]1995 turnaround
On 31 May 1995, a new attraction opened at the theme park. Space Mountain: De la Terre à la Lune had been planned since the inception of Euro Disneyland under the name Discovery Mountain, but was reserved for a revival of public interest. With a redesign of the attraction (which had premiered as Space Mountain at the Walt Disney World Resort's Magic Kingdom in 1975) including a "cannon launch" system, inversions, and an on-ride soundtrack, the US$100 million attraction was dedicated in a ceremony attended by celebrities such as Elton John, Claudia Schiffer and Buzz Aldrin.
On 25 July 1995, Euro Disney S.C.A. reported its first ever quarterly profit of US$35.3 million. On 15 November, the results for the fiscal year ending 30 September were released; in one year the theme park's attendance had climbed from 8.8 million to 10.7 million — an increase of 21%. Hotel occupancy had also climbed from 60 to 68.5%. After debt payments, Disneyland Paris ended the year with a net profit of US$22.8 million.
[edit]2000 onwards
In 2002, Euro Disney S.C.A. and the Walt Disney Company announced another annual profit for Disneyland Paris. However, it then incurred a net loss in the three years following. In 2005, the Walt Disney Company agreed to write off all debt to the Walt Disney Company made by Euro Disney S.C.A.. As of 2007 the park was approximately US$2 billion in debt. In August 2008, Disneyland Paris was the most visited attraction in Europe, receiving more visitors than the Louvre and the Eiffel Tower combined.[18]
Source en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disneyland_Paris
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Source en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hohenschwangau_Castle
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WORLD IS MY STUDIO sundeepkullu.com
Without saying a word, you can light up the dark
Try as i may, i could never explain
What i hear when you don't say a thing..
The smile on your face, lets me know that you need me
There's a truth in your eyes saying you'll never leave me
The touch of your hand says you'll catch me wherever I'll fall
You say it best..
When you say nothing at all..
What a surprise / shock. Without warning two Fire Engines arrive at a house 3 doors up from me, called by a passer by due to huge amount of smoke blowing about in the area.
The house in question is the house from hell.........full to the brim with rubbish and falling down around itself...... We don't even know if the residents still live there anymore ?
On realising that the smoke was not to be coming from the house itself and that entry would require breaking in and the call was more than likely a genuine mistake by a passing member of the public, The Fire crews returned to the station.
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Fumaria officinale (Fumaria officinalis L., 1753)
Distribuzione e habitat
La Fumaria officinale (Fumaria officinalis L., 1753) è una pianta erbacea annuale spontanea appartenente alla famiglia delle Fumariacee.
Deve il suo nome all'odore acre ed acido che sprigionano le radici quando viene estirpata.
Morfologia
È una pianta erbacea con un'altezza media di 20-30 cm, fino ad un massimo di 50 cm.
I fusticini verdi azzurrognoli sono glabri eretti o prostrati parzialmente rampicanti.
Le lunghe ed esili foglie sono picciolate e profondamente divise in sottili segmenti.
I fiori sono riuniti in infiorescenze racemose lasse portanti oltre venti fiori. Il colore dei fiori è rosa porpora più scuri all'apice e vagamente assomiglianti ad un calzino.
Si differenzia dalla Fumaria capreolata per il colore dei fiori che sono biancastri con la punta rosa e per l'altezza che può arrivare fino a 100 cm.
Principi attivi
Alcaloidi: Fumarina (o Protopina), Fumoficinalina, Sinactina, Coridamina, Fumarosina, Sanguinarina, Criptopina, Stilopina. Questi alcaloidi in toto hanno una efficace azione anti-istaminica, antiaggregante delle piastrine e sudorifera,
Flavonoidi: Rutina, Isoquercitina, Kampferolo. Sono dotati di eccellente azione antispastica biliare e diuretica, oltre che leggermente sedativa.
Acidi organici: Acido fumarico, acido protocatechico, acido caffeico, acido clorogenico, acido citrico, acido malico e glicolico. Agiscono regolarizzando il metabolismo epatico.
Usi
È usata in erboristeria, ed è prodotto medicinale per il suo contenuto di acido fumarico, attivo, tra l'altro, per la cura della psoriasi.
Indicazioni principe sono:
spasmi gastrici e biliari, congestione epatica, ritenzione idrica, trombofilia, eccitazione ed insonnia, tachicardia nervosa.
Fonte: it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumaria_officinalis
Fumaria officinalis - Erdrauch
Find this collection of images from the Royal Visit to Expo 88 in our catalogue:
www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM436213 Dept No CN88-695B
The Birth of South Bank (or, why one should always read the legislation)
Anthony S Marinac
This article speaks only of the modern history of the area now known as South Bank. The author respectfully acknowledges the Yuggera and Turrbal people, who first occupied the lands now constituting South Bank.
As we press towards 2020, it has become difficult to imagine a Brisbane without the South Bank parklands. The parklands have become the city’s playground; a garden and exercise space; a space for public performance; an important restaurant quarter; and an urban beach for a city which has ideal beach weather, but which lacks a Bondi or a St Kilda. With the release of the 1988 Queensland cabinet papers, it has become possible to take a deeper look at the genesis of this key feature of modern Brisbane. In reality, South Bank began with three key events which live in Brisbane’s historical memory: the 1974 floods, the 1982 Commonwealth Games, and the 1988 World Expo.
Early history
For much of its early European history, the southern side of the Brisbane River’s city reach was a commercial hub. The interstate railway terminal was located adjacent to where the South Brisbane railway station still stands, and the southern side of the city had wharves, and warehouses, and the infrastructure which went along to support them, including some of the less legitimate types of business: “Between the wharves and the interstate railway station built in the 1880s, were streets of sly grog and loose women, dance halls and theatres, a place where local mixed with foreign. In the years after the second world war, however, the area fell into something of a decline. 3 By the later 1960s, there were plans to redevelop part of the area into a cultural precinct. The Exhibition Building on Gregory Terrace, which housed the Queensland Art Gallery and the Queensland Museum, had been well and truly outgrown, and was damaged by winds in Brisbane’s 1974 flood crisis. The South Brisbane site was purchased in 1969, and the Art Gallery opened there in 1982.
The Queensland Performing Arts Centre followed in 1985, the Queensland Museum in 1986, and the State Library of Queensland in 1988. The latest addition, the Gallery of Modern Art, opened in 2006. During the era of the cultural centre’s development, the South Brisbane area lost its centrality as a transport hub, when the interstate rail terminus shifted to the Roma St Transit Centre in 1986. To make matters worse, South Brisbane was inundated by the cataclysmic Brisbane River flood in 1974. Following the flood, it was clear that some form of redevelopment was going to be necessary in the South Brisbane area, well beyond the cultural centre. In 1982, Brisbane hosted the Commonwealth Games, a major international event which began the city’s transition into a modern, world city. One of the defining moments of the Commonwealth Games was the victory, in the Marathon, of Australia’s Robert de Castella. The marathon began and ended on what is now South Bank, in the shadow of the cultural centre. 5 Almost immediately after the Commonwealth Games, bolstered by the confidence engendered by the games itself, planning began in earnest for the World Exposition – Expo.
Expo
The Queensland Parliament passed the Expo ’88 Act 1984, which created the Expo Authority, properly titled the “Brisbane Exposition and South Bank Redevelopment Authority” although virtually everyone, it seems, immediately forgot the second half of the title. The authority, under the leadership of former Liberal leader Sir Llewellyn Edwards, had extensive powers to enable the Expo to be undertaken, including the power to resume land. Many of those who were moved on for the purpose of Expo were essentially voiceless, however close to the opening of Expo, the Courier Mail newspaper gave attention to renters in the surrounding areas of South Brisbane and West End, who were being squeezed out of rental markets by demand from, for instance, delegation staff from overseas. Section 30 of the Expo ’88 Act 1984 gave the Expo Authority the power to dispose of the lands resumed for the purpose of Expo. During initial planning for the Expo, these land sales were expected to form a substantial proportion of the income which would make Expo financially viable, hence the requirement that the Expo authority “secure for itself the maximum return that is reasonable to expect at the material time.”
Even in the immediate leadup to Expo, there was widespread concern about its potential success or failure. It was, however, a triumph, and a halcyon moment for the city. Its success appeared to occur at two levels: as a purely commercial venture it was successful, both in its own terms and in terms of generating longer term investment; but at a social level, Expo became a place to meet and socialise, particularly for the many thousands of Brisbane residents who had purchased season passes. Somewhere along the line, Queenslanders became proprietorial about Expo itself, and there was a substantial public desire to retain something of the spirit of what had become, in essence, an open and beloved public space.
Cabinet’s approach to redevelopment
At this point, we turn to the Cabinet documents, and things become somewhat odd. In 1986, expressions of interest were invited for the redevelopment of the site by private development consortia.8 Based on the Expo ’88 Act 1984, one would have expected those expressions of interest to have been assessed by the Expo Authority, most likely with input from the Brisbane City Council.9 However Cabinet called for these expressions of interest – it is not clear by what authority – and Cabinet established a committee to evaluate those proposals and to report back to Cabinet. The Committee was chaired by the Director General of the Premier’s Department, and included the Under Treasurer, the Chairman of the Expo Authority, and the Town Clerk of the Brisbane City Council. It is worth noting, as an aside, that the Council’s concerns were quite different from those of the Expo authority. Had South Bank become a rival commercial precinct across the river from the Brisbane CBD, there was the possibility of massive reductions in the commercial viability of office space in the CBD. The Council’s later push for open public space may therefore not have been entirely altruistic. The fact that Cabinet had absolutely no authority to call for, or assess these tenders, and that the Expo Authority had the right, if it wished, to simply proceed with the disposition of the land, does not seem to have occurred to anybody. Indeed the legislation itself is not mentioned anywhere in the Cabinet submission. Four submissions were shortlisted by the committee and considered by Cabinet: they were offered by the Kern Corporation, the CM Group, the World City 2000 Consortium, and the River City consortium. Cabinet considered the pros and cons of each submission, but it was always clear that budget considerations would take priority. At this stage (February 1988) it was not yet known whether Expo would be a success, and budgeting for the event required site sales of $150 Million in order for Expo to break even. Ultimately Cabinet settled on the proposal by River City 2000 consortium. The consortium included the Roma Street Development Group, Kern Corporation (which had also put in a separate bid), and the Conrad Hilton/Conrad Jupiters Group. The net present value of the offer was $136.83 Million, to be made as $200 Million in staged payments between 1989 and 1995. The general proposal was for two harbours and a substantial canal to be cut into the foreshore at South Bank, and the spill to be used to create a large island, to be called Endeavour Island, on the southern side of the river. Endeavour Island was to be dominated by an exhibition and convention centre, a hotel, a casino, and a proposed World Trade Centre. The shore-side of the canal was to include further office buildings, and the southern end was to include residential complexes. There were three immediate complications with this proposal. First, there were reservations expressed by the Brisbane City Council about the total amount of commercial and office floor space which was proposed by the River City consortium. Second, Cabinet had no capacity to influence the location of a World Trade Centre in the city. The World Trade Centres Association had granted to a company called the Fricker company the exclusive right to develop a world trade centre in Brisbane. Fricker was examining a number of sites in the Brisbane CBD and on Kangaroo Point. Cabinet could (and did) encourage the Fricker company “to examine the possibility of developing [a] World Trade Centre or associated facilities on the Expo site”10 but that was as far as Cabinet could go. Third, there was little appetite in the conservative Cabinet for a new casino. The Jupiters Casino had opened on the Gold Coast in 1985, and held a guarantee that no other casino would be developed in south-east Queensland until at least 1992 (although this may not have been insisted on since Conrad Jupiters were part of the River City consortium). Instead, Cabinet decided:
That no action be taken at this time to enter into any arrangement with the “preferred developer” for granting a casino licence for the site, but that the “preferred developer” be required to [include] provision for a casino facility within the site, at a location and under conditions acceptable to the Government. That the Under Treasurer be asked to investigate all aspects of the granting of a casino licence for the site and report back to Cabinet through the Cabinet Budget Committee.
Public reaction to the proposal was swift and negative. Neither the committee proposal nor the cabinet process had included any public consultation at all; the Endeavour Island concept failed to capture the public imagination; and the Courier Mail newspaper led a campaign sharply critical of the proposal. The title of its editorial said it all: South Bank – selling the city’s birthright. Sir Llew Edwards tried to distance the Expo Authority from the decision, but the Courier Mail was having none of it – and clearly journalist Don Petersen had read the legislation: The seven-member board of the Expo Authority meets today to vote on the State Government’s preferred developer for the post-Expo site … Authority Chairman Sir Llew Edwards said last week the vote was not necessary because responsibility for the decision rested with the Governor in Council. This is strange since the Expo 88 Act of 1984 specifically charges the authority with “disposing” of the land in an endeavour to gain the best possible price that might reasonably be expected. Public reaction became even more important after Expo commenced at the end of April 1988. As noted above, Expo exceeded all possible expectations, and despite its entry fees, the expo park became in essence a public space, with the many season pass holders making repeated visits. The lack of public input into the plan was a decisive aspect of its eventual downfall. The other key feature was the conduct of the River City consortium itself. Despite section 30, Cabinet continued to be the lead agency on behalf of government, and the River City consortium began immediately to push for government commitments in relation to both the World Trade Centre and the casino. Just a week after the initial decision, Cabinet made a curious decision, on the basis of an oral submission by the Premier, that the initial cabinet decision “be confirmed” and that “the River City 2000 Consortium be advised accordingly.” Once can only surmise that Cabinet had been asked to review its earlier decision, Cabinet not being in the habit of routinely reaffirming earlier decisions. Initially, Cabinet had set a deadline of 18 February 1988 to finalise agreement with the River City Consortium on outstanding issues. On that date, a two week extension was granted. A further extension was granted on 29 February 1988, setting the deadline at 8 April, and when it became clear that this deadline, too, would be missed, the Premier returned to Cabinet with a substantive report. Unsurprisingly, two of the three outstanding matters were:
negotiations with Fricker Developments regarding a World Trade Centre or a component thereof on the site; (iii) the interpretation of Cabinet’s decision regarding a Casino facility on the Expo site. The Premier asked for the timing of negotiations to be left to his discretion “in view of my continuing personal involvement in the negotiations, which I consider is necessary now.”
The fall of River City and the birth of the South Bank Development Corporation
The Premier’s involvement turned out to be decisive. Somewhere along the line, after the Premier became personally involved, someone finally seems to have fully grasped the importance of section 30 of the Expo ’88 Act. The Premier met with Sir Llew Edwards, and then returned to Cabinet to sound the death knell for River City 2000: Arising from my detailed involvement in the negotiations, I have become very much aware of the legislative requirements regarding the disposal of the Expo site. These requirements, in effect, are that the Expo authority shall dispose of the site in a way which will achieve a net financial result that will not impose a burden of cost on the Government of Queensland … in dealing with these details, I questioned why the Government is, in fact, embroiled in much of this public debate and criticism, when in fact most of the matters should be negotiated between the Expo Authority, Brisbane City Council, and the preferred developer, for submission in due course to the Government.19 Cabinet decided to withdraw preferred developer status from River City 2000, and to instruct the Expo Authority to commence the tender process all over again. This second process was to be based on the clear understanding that the Government had no capacity to influence the location of a World Trade Centre, and that any question of a casino licence would be completely divorced from South Bank redevelopment. This approach relieved pressure on the government in terms of the casino and World Trade Centre, but there remained the issue of public expectations. By this stage, Expo was well underway, and the enthusiasm of the people of Brisbane was a key element in its success. Expo forecasts required approximately 8 million visitors through the gate in order to meet its budget; it quickly became apparent that this number would be comprehensively surpassed. In the end, more than 18 million visitors passed through the gates. This, in turn, relieved financial pressure on the sale of the site. Thus the people themselves, in the process of falling in love with Expo, had helped to create the economic circumstances which allowed the government to seek a path other than a real estate fire sale. After the Expo Authority took responsibility for the tender process, it “subsequently became apparent that under this [tender] approach, it would be very difficult to meet public expectations for significant open space on the site with minimal commercial development together with the need for a financial return sufficient to enable the Expo Authority to break even.”
Instead, at the end of June 1988, the Premier joined with the Expo Authority Chairman and the Lord Mayor of Brisbane to announce the formation of the South Bank Development Corporation, which would take possession of both the assets and the liabilities of the Expo authority, including the land space, and which could then develop the site. Having learned from the first process, the Expo Authority produced a:
Statement of Development Principles for the South Bank together with some graphics showing the conceptual proposal for development of the main Expo site plus a land use proposal for the broader area. This material together with further graphics will be presented to the public as a set of eighteen display panels of which it is proposed that ten such displays be manned at various centres throughout Brisbane for a month within which the public will have the opportunity of commenting on the proposals. A press and media campaign will complement the static displays.
The public reception on this second occasion was far more positive, and the following year, Ahern introduced the South Bank Corporation Bill. In his second reading speech, he stated that the Act: provides the necessary statutory foundation from which the Expo South Bank area in particular, as well as the surrounding area, can be developed to produce a result of outstanding merit. Such a result will bring benefits not only to the City but to the State as a whole through tourism and its ability to identify Queensland to the World.
It need hardly be stated that this was far from the end of the South Bank story. The legislation has been repeatedly amended, and South Bank itself has continued to evolve in the three decades since its foundation. It is, however, well to remember the fact that the site was very nearly sold to private developers, and that the South Bank of today exists in its current form only because some anonymous angel on Ahern’s staff remembered to read the relevant legislation, and discovered section 30 of the Expo Act.
Story source: Queensland State Archives: 1988 - The birth of Southbank
On May 18th, 10 top European street artists competed to create their own masterpiece on a 2 x 2m canvas in Noordwijk, the Netherlands, using ‘space’ as inspiration. A three-member jury will decide, together with the online audience, which artist created the very best artwork within the deadline of one day. For the winning artist awaits a very special prize: he or she will become the first street artist to make a piece of art weightless. By means of a parabolic flight, this artist becomes the first street artist in space. Graffiti without gravity!
This is the piece made by Darry Perier from France.
Credits: ESA-G.Porter
PGB Photographer & Creative - © Philip Romeyn - Phillostar Gone Ballistic 2021 - Photo may not be edited from its original form. Commercial use is prohibited without contacting me.
DO NOT COPY OR USE WITHOUT PERMISSION
SHOW REVIEW AND MORE PHOTOS:
blogs.houstonpress.com/rocks/2009/03/aftermath_the_jonas_...
All Rights Reserved
Copyright (c) 2009
Mark C. Austin Photography
Pinhole/Camera Obscura /Lensfree/Loch camera/Lensless / Without Lens/Sténope/Estenopeica/Lyukkamera Photography
In all size is better!
or
Author : IMRE BECSI
© All rights reserved
Location of shoot :
Dorog,
Hungary,
Central-Europe
Latitude - 47°43'47.39"
Longitude - 18°44'36.91"
Time of shoot :
08.05.2010.
Info of Shooting :
Film : Polaroid 690 (Expired : 05/2009)
Filter : Polar and Light Yellow (Tiifen)
Metered expo.: 11,5 Ev - 33 sec.
Calculated expo.: 9,75 Ev - 120 sec.
( I use my reciprocity compensation value chart to Polaroid Color Instant film)
Dev.: 120 sec. (18° C)
The camera :
Body is a Film Back Adapter Plate from a Polaroid 203 camera + Mamiya spacer No.2
- focus : 65 mm
- pinhole : 0,25 mm (Lenox Laser)
- diaphragm : 260
Film back from my Polaroid 600se camera.
Shutter and Pinhole holder is a "pu(s)h" from Dr. Kai Fuhrmann with filter thread (homemade).
Picture from the camera :
www.flickr.com/photos/jonespointfilm/2837193476/in/set-72...
The parameters of camera :
(when I use 95x73 mm format instant film)
- Angle of view : 90°
- Light falloff at the corners [f/stops] :
- Resolution [lines/diagonal] :
Post work : (14.05.2010)
Scanner : Epson Perfection 3200 Photo (1200 dpi)
Scanner software : SilverFast SE
Final work : PS
Important note:
This images are copyright protected. No reproduction in any way,
no copies, no editing, no publishing, no screenshots, no posting,
no blogging, no transmitting downloading or uploading
without my written permission!
Thank you !
Thanks for looking !
Comments very much welcome !
Rapunzel and Flynn Rider are now fully deboxed. Flynn is posed free standing, so I could photograph him from all angles without any obstructions.
Rapunzel and Flynn Rider Doll Set
Disney Fairytale Designer Collection
US Disney Store
Limited Edition of 6000 Sets Worldwide
#2411 of 6000
$129.95
Released and purchased in store September 3, 2013
Released online September 4, 2013
First Look
I got my Rapunzel and Flynn Rider Doll Set from my local Disney Store on its release day, Tuesday September 3, 2013. I will photograph the dolls boxed, during the deboxing, and then fully deboxed. I will also compare them with other dolls in my collection.
Product information:
Rapunzel and Flynn Rider Doll Set
$129.95
Item No. 6070040900890P
Higher love
With her long golden hair and glamorous velvet gown, the artistic Rapunzel is a picture of royal beauty. She's paired here with the roguish Flynn Rider in this glamorous pair of Disney Fairytale Designer Collection dolls.
Magic in the details...
Please Note: Each Guest will be limited to ordering a maximum of one of this item per order.
As part of the Disney Fairytale Designer Collection this pair of Rapunzel and Flynn Rider dolls were carefully crafted by artists inspired by Disney's 2010 movie Tangled. The Disney Princess and the handsome thief have been reimagined in exquisite detail with these limited edition dolls. Brought to life with thoughtful attention, they uniquely capture the essence of the fairytale couple, creating a one of a kind set that will be a treasured keepsake of collectors, Disney fans, and every princess at heart!
•Global Limited Editon of 6000
•Includes Certificate of Authenticity
•Rapunzel features her signature long hair romantically styled with braiding and flowers
•Rooted eyelashes
•Printed satin corset bodice with thread tie
•Puffed velvet sleeves with golden embroidery, satin and lace detailing
•Layered gown with ornate golden embroidery
•Rich velvet overlay with rhinestone accents and gold printed inset panel
•Lantern accessory
•Flynn Rider features suede-like vest that's belted with attached satchel containing Rapunzel's crown
•Satin undershirt
•Boots
•Dolls sold in a special keepsake display case with intricate details on the base, including a golden plate with the name of Rapunzel and Flynn Rider
•Includes special Disney Fairytale Designer Collection Gift Bag
•Part of the Disney Fairytale Designer Collection
* Intended for adult collectors -- Not a child's toy.
The bare necessities
•Plastic / polyester
•Rapunzel: 11 1/2''
•Flynn Rider: 12'' H
•Imported
© All rights reserved. Please do not use my photo without my explicit permission.
© Tutti i diritti riservati. Si prega di non utilizzare le mie foto senza il mio esplicito permesso.
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Ci tengo a precisare che la foto non l'ho scattata io, la macchina utilizzata non è mia, mi è stato chiesto di lavorare la foto dal propietario della foto stessa (Il bravissimo Roberto).
*Technique: hdr +2,00 +0,00 -2,00 - Photomatix Pro 3.2 + Photoshop cs5 MagicAndreTouch
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_______________________________ Le mie Pgine __________________________________
►►►Flickr◆Panoramio◆YouTube◆Tra Cielo e Terra◆Facebook -PiratePhotographer-◄◄◄
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============ Guardala GRANDE con View On Black ============
================== Il mio ALBUM su Darckr ==================
This bulgarian man asked me to paste on his wall those pages from a book he likes…to complete his wall I added the Davaca artwork which fitted so well.
All these were pasted in Berlin as part of the ArtFabric project (www.theartfabric.com)
read more (german) : fr.scribd.com/doc/236467540/Die-Stadt-gehort-uns-Ausgabe-...
“Without pain, how could we know joy?' This is an old argument in the field of thinking about suffering and its stupidity and lack of sophistication could be plumbed for centuries but suffice it to say that the existence of broccoli does not, in any way, affect the taste of chocolate.”
― John Green, The Fault in Our Stars
The Nature Conservancy - Promotional return address labels, notepad, etc. 2011
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Below was an entry for my blog, but since everyone gets lots of flickrmails re: what equipment they use or recommend, I thought I'd post it here too.
What determines whether you are an amateur or pro photographer....the gear? the places you travel? your ability not to crack under pressure? being able to market yourself? being prepared for any scenario or disaster? the amount of money you make?
Photography is all about an individual's vision and creativity. I firmly believe that some things cannot be taught or bought. You either have the "eye" or you don't. There are "pro" photographers out there that can create a beautiful image with a $5 pinhole camera. There are also those that create point-and-shoot images when presented with a wonderful opportunity with a semi-pro camera that's capable of so much more. So gear does not make the pro.
Having said that, sometimes the gear is important. Just as you wouldn't shoot a wedding with one camera/lens combo (you wouldn't right? Please don't say you're relying on basic equipment with no backup to capture someone's special day!), the same goes for any type of photography. There is gear that will produce better quality images (you still need to have the talent and vision) or sometimes gear that just makes your life easier.
So here's my top 10 "can't live without now that I have them" list:
1) Canon 500mm f/4 IS....when people say it's more important to upgrade your glass before your body, it couldn't be more true. This lens changed everything for me. While I looked at the Canon 400mm f/2.8 and the Canon 600mm, the 500mm was perfect considering size/weight restrictions for travel and just carrying around on a daily basis. Do yourself a favour and purchase a LensCoat for any large lens, it helps protect the lens but also is more comfortable to handle. And don't forget a Don Zeck Lens Cap
2) Canon 1D4.... There were quite a few things I didn't like about my Canon 50D. So when I decided to upgrade my choice was easy. Either buy a 7D, a used 1D3 or go all out and buy the new ID4. This camera is everything I thought it would be, and more. I still love my 5D2 but for wildlife this is always the camera that I grab.
3) Gura Gear Bag....Finally an end to the quest to find the perfect bag. I'm embarrassed to say how many bags I've purchased. But in my defence, none of them had everything I needed or wanted. Finally I've found one. The Gura Gear Kiboko bag weights under 4 pounds which is a huge bonus when carrying around lots of heavy gear. It's durable, strong, easy to clean and can hold a 400mm-600mm lens on one side while using the other side for extra bodies, lens and misc. gear. It's got the most amazing harness system that can be hidden away when straps get in the way while on a plane etc. It fits in the overheads of even the smallest planes. Need I go on?
4) Think Tank Airport Security V.2.... Think Tank makes great bags, they are well-made, well-designed and will last forever. If you are constantly toting around lots of gear, there are times that you want a good roller bag and this one has all the features that will make it a favourite.
5) HP Laptop DV7 Series....I7 CPU, 8GB RAM, 1TB Drive, 17.3 Inch Display and portable. I'll never own another desktop again. I would recommend having a 24" or larger extra monitor for home use and then you've got the best of both worlds. Another great addition to the setup is a docking station which allows you to just undo one connector and you're on your way. It also provides extra USB ports, speakers, easy controls. etc. While you can argue about PC vs. MAC until the end of time, it's like arguing about Canon vs. Nikon and I can't see anything ever making me switch. (sorry Miles)
6) Rocketfish Card Reader....While I love my Laptop, the one thing I'd love to see HP add is a CF card slot. But since that will probably never happen, this is the next best thing. I transferred photos from the camera to the computer for a long time and it just takes way too long. I tried a couple of card readers that I wasn't all that impressed with. Now the rocketfish goes everywhere my laptop goes so I can dump my photo's onto the computer; freeing up my memory cards.
7) OP/TECH USA 18" Rainsleeves....Don't bother with expensive rain gear. Nothing beats these for cheap, quick and convenient protection when the rain starts or sand is blowing. I carry these in my photography bag and my "oh shit" kit. That's for another post though.
8) Sidekick....The Wimberley Head or Sidekick are a must with the big telephoto glass. I love the Sidekick because I can switch back and forth easily depending on what I'm shooting.
9) Gitzo 3541L....I went through lots of tripods before I decided to invest in a quality system. Spend the extra and go with a Carbon Fibre Model especially if you're planning long hikes or lots of travelling. Pair it up with a ballhead that can support the weight of any lens you may want to rent or own in the future. I went with the Kirk BH1 Ballhead and plates for all my bodies and larger lens. It's big, heavy and will never let you down.
10) Singh-Ray Filters....Yes Photoshop is amazing but I love getting it right "in camera". If you're buying filters, buy quality. The Vari-N-Duo is one of my favorite filters. Then there's the soft GND's, hard GND's and don't forget to try out the specialty filters like the "Blue and Gold" or Color Combo.
11) Think Tank Pixel Pocket Rocket....Yes I can count, I know I said "10 Favorite Things" but I couldn't leave this one off the list.
12) Epson P-7000....160GB Media viewer. Backup all your files in the field directly from your memory card. There are other cheaper units but Epson makes the best.
13) Columbia Bugathermo Boots....another one to add, finally boots that can keep feet warm and dry even in a brutal canadian winter! They have built-in rechargable heaters and you can choose between 3 temperature settings. Awesome. These "ALMOST" make me look forward to winter :)
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Francisco Aragão © 2013. All Rights Reserved.
Use without permission is illegal.
Attention please !
If you are interested in my photos, they are available for sale. Please contact me by email: aragaofrancisco@gmail.com. Do not use without permission.
Many images are available for license on Getty Images
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Portuguese
História
Pirenópolis é um município histórico, sendo um dos primeiros do estado de Goiás. Foi fundado com o nome de Minas de Nossa Senhora do Rosário Meia Ponte pelo português minerador Manoel Rodrigues Tomar (alguns historiadores denominaram-o como Manoel Rodrigues Tomás). As minas da região foram descobertas pelo bandeirante Amaro Leite, porém foram entregues aos portugueses por Urbano do Couto Menezes, companheiro de Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva, o Anhanguera Filho, na primeira metade do século XVIII. Segundo a tradição local, o arraial foi fundado em 7 de outubro de 1727, porém não há documentos comprobatórios e muitos historiadores e cronistas antigos afirmam ser a fundação em 1731.
Foi importante centro urbano dos século XVIII e XIX, com mineração de ouro, comércio e agricultura, em especial a produção de algodão para exportação no século XIX. Ainda no século XIX, com o nome de cidade de Meia Ponte, destacou-se como o berço da música goiana, graça ao surgimento de grandes maestros, bem como berço da imprensa em Goiás, já que ali nasceu o primeiro jornal do Centro Oeste, denominado Matutina Meiapontense. Em 1890, mudou seu nome para Pirenópolis, o município dos Pireneus, nome dado à serra que a circunda. Ficou isolada durante grande parte do século XX e redescoberta da década de 1970, com a vinda da capital Brasília para o Centro Oeste. Hoje, é famosa pelo turismo e pela produção do quartzito, a Pedra de Pirenópolis.
Etimologia
Pyrenópolis (ortografia arcaica), posteriormente Pirenópolis, significa "a Cidade dos Pireneus". Seu nome provém da serra que circunda a cidade que é a Serra dos Pireneus. Segundo a tradição local, a serra recebeu este nome por haver na região imigrantes espanhóis, provavelmente catalães. Por saudosismo ou por encontrar alguma semelhança com os Pirenéus da Europa, cadeia de montanhas situada entre a Espanha e a França, deram então a esta serra o nome de Pirenéus, mas mais tarde, devido à pronúncia da língua portuguesa no Brasil, surgiu a grafia sem acento.
Patrimônio histórico
Tombada como conjunto arquitetônico, urbanístico, paisagístico e histórico pelo IPHAN - Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, em 1989, o município conta com um Centro Histórico belamente ornado com casarões e igrejas do século XVIII, como a Igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora do Rosário (1728-1732), as Igreja de Nossa Senhora do Carmo (1750-1754) e de Igreja de Nosso Senhor do Bonfim (1750-1754), além de prédios de relevante beleza arquitetônica como o Teatro de Pirenópolis, de estilo híbrido entre o colonial e neo-clássico, de 1899, e o Cine Teatro Pireneus, em estilo art-déco, de 1919 e a Casa de Câmara e Cadeia construído em 1919 como réplica idêntica do original de 1733.
English
Pirenópolis is a town located in the Brazilian state of Goiás. It is well known for its waterfalls and colonial architecture, and a popular festival involving mounted horses called Festa do Divino Espírito Santo which takes place 45 days after Easter.
History
The history of Pirenópolis begins in 1727 when it was founded with the name of Minas de Nossa Senhora do Rosário de Meia Ponte, Meia Ponte (half a bridge) because half of the bridge over the Almas River was swept away in a flood. The first colonizers were Portuguese who came for the gold easily found in the Rio das Almas. From 1750 to 1800 there was a golden age when four churches were built and Pirenópolis competed with Vila Boa (present day Cidade de Goiás) as the richest town in the province. After 1800 a downturn over gold mining was set and the part of the population emigrated. With the change of commercial routes to Anápolis, the city became economically isolated. The first newspaper in the province, the Matutina Meiapontense, was published in Meia Ponte in 1830 by Joaquim Alves de Oliveira. In 1890 the city changed its name from Meia Ponte to Pirenópolis, the city of the Pireneus, the mountains located nearby. In 1960 with the construction of Brasília there was an intensive exploitation of the famous Pedra de Pirenópolis (quartzite-micáceo). In the 1980s the hippies arrived with their alternative communities and production of handicrafts. Pirenópolis was born again with a huge influx of tourists, especially from Brasília. Churches were restored and all the electrical wiring was put underground.
Etymology
Pyrenópolis (archaic orthography), later Pirenópolis , means “the City of the Pireneus”. Its name comes from the mountain range that surrounds the city, that is Mountain range of the Pireneus . According to local tradition, the mountain range received this name for having in the region immigrant Spaniards, probably Catalans. Because of some similarity with their native Pyrenees of Europe, a mountain chain situated between Spain and France, they had then given this mountain range the Latin name of Pireneus.
Historic site
Listed as an architectural, urbanistic, landscape and historical heritage for IPHAN - the Institute of National Historic and Artistic Heritage, in 1989, the city has a Historical Center with large, ornate houses and churches of the 18th century, such as: First Church of Our Lady of the Rosary (1728–1732), Churches of Our Lady of the Carmo (1750–1754) and the Church of Our Lord of the Bonfim (Pirenópolis) (1750–1754), and buildings such as the Theater of Pirenópolis, a hybrid style between colonial and neo-classic, of 1899, and the Cine-Pireneus, built in the art-deco style, of 1919 and the House of Chamber and Jail constructed in 1919 as an identical restoration of the 1733 original.
Climate
The climate is humid sub-tropical with two well-defined seasons: the rainy season, which goes from October to March, and the dry season, which goes from April to September. Parts of the municipality are mountainous and maintain some climatic variations due to altitude.
Wikipedia
Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
The collection of art car boats would not be complete without a stinkpot*.
(* derogatory term used by sailors when referring to motor boats.)
I was unable to find any information about the name of this project or who was involved. Anyone out there that can help?
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8/10/13 Update
Found an Indiegogo project to raise money to bring this yacht back to Burning Man.
www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-christina-art-car-project
Nice explanation of the story behind Christina, by Captain Flipper Manchester.
The boat came from Lake Tahoe!
Citadel
Domination of the Visconti and Carrara
On October 20, 1388 begins the domination of the Visconti. It will be severe and the Veronese try to oppose it without success, each of their revolt is crushed in blood.
Gian Galeazzo Visconti only concerned to strengthen the fortifications of the city to make room for the rising power of Venice. He erected the Castel San Pietro and Castel San Felice (it) and built a citadel inside the city (a square fortress protected by a deep moat and walls). It is against this building that breaks the attempted rebellion in June 1390, after soldiers of Visconti, taken by surprise, there are entrenched. The arrival of reinforcements will signal three days of looting (June 25-27). In 1393, Gian Galeazzo Visconti ordered a revision of the Constitution and the opportunity to remove the communal militia.
Viscontienne the Lordship of Verona ends with the death of Gian Galeazzo in 1402 Francesco da Carrara is then believe the citizens of the city he will put his head Guglielmo della Scala (it), the son of Cangrande II. The latter receives support and may enter the city, which he proclaimed Lord by popular acclamation. But hours later, he was poisoned by Francesco da Carrara73. Soon after the son of Guglielmo were proclaimed lords of the city, the Carrara arrested and seized power, he will keep only a short time. Venice Veronese advantage of discontent and disorder to introduce, with the help of some of the people, an army in ville74 and put to flight the representatives of the House of Carrara.
Piazza Bra in Verona, Italy, which is internationally famous for the large-scale opera performances given there. It is one of the best preserved ancient structures of its kind.
Amphitheatre
The building itself was built in AD 30 on a site which was then beyond the city walls. The ludi (shows and games) staged there were so famous that spectators came from many other places, often far away, to witness them. The amphitheatre could host more than 30,000 spectators in ancient times.
The round façade of the building was originally composed of white and pink limestone from Valpolicella, but after a major earthquake in 1117, which almost completely destroyed the structure's outer ring, except for the so-called "ala", the stone was quarried for re-use in other buildings. Nevertheless it impressed medieval visitors to the city, one of whom considered it to have been a labyrinth, without ingress or egress. Ciriaco d'Ancona was filled with admiration for the way it had been built and Giovanni Antonio Panteo's civic panegyric De laudibus veronae, 1483, remarked that it struck the viewer as a construction that was more than human. Musical theatre
The first interventions to recover the arena's function as a theatre began during the Renaissance. Some operatic performances were later mounted in the building during the 1850s, owing to its outstanding acoustics.
And in 1913, operatic performances in the arena commenced in earnest due to the zeal and initiative of the Italian opera tenor Giovanni Zenatello and the impresario Ottone Rovato. The first 20th-century operatic production at the arena, a staging of Giuseppe Verdi's Aida, took place on 10 August of that year, to mark the birth of Verdi 100 years before in 1813. Musical luminaries such as Puccini and Mascagni were in attendance. Since then, summer seasons of opera have been mounted continually at the arena, except in 1915 Ã 18 and 1940 Ã 45, when Europe was convulsed in war.
Nowadays, at least four productions (sometimes up to six) are mounted each year between June and August. During the winter months, the local opera and ballet companies perform at the L'Accademia Filarmonica.
Modern-day travellers are advised that admission tickets to sit on the arena's stone steps are much cheaper to buy than tickets giving access to the padded chairs available on lower levels. Candles are distributed to the audience and lit after sunset around the arena.
Every year over 500,000 people see productions of the popular operas in this arena.Once capable of housing 20,000 patrons per performance (now limited to 15,000 because of safety reasons), the arena has featured many of world's most notable opera singers. In the post-World War II era, they have included Giuseppe Di Stefano, Maria Callas, Tito Gobbi and Renata Tebaldi among other names. A number of conductors have appeared there, too. The official arena shop has historical recordings made by some of them available for sale.
The opera productions in the Verona Arena had not used any microphones or loudspeakers until an electronic sound reinforcement system was installed in 2011.
In recent times, the arena has also hosted several concerts of international rock and pop bands, among which Laura Pausini, Pink Floyd, Alicia Keys, One Direction, Simple Minds, Duran Duran, Deep Purple, The Who, Dire Straits, Mike Oldfield, Rod Stewart, Sting, Pearl Jam, Radiohead, Peter Gabriel, Björk, Muse, Paul McCartney, Jamiroquai, and Whitney Houston.
In 1981, 1984 and 2010 it hosted the podium and presentation of the Giro d'Italia with thousands packing the arena to watch the prizes being handed out.
The 2011 Bollywood film Rockstar directed by Imtiaz Ali starring Ranbir Kapoor with music composed by Academy Award winner A.R.Rahman opens and closes with musical concerts shot here.
On 26 March 2013, Paul McCartney confirmed a show at the venue as part of his 2013 Tour. The show is scheduled to take place on Tuesday, 25 June 2013.
British-Irish boy band One Direction performed on 19 May 2013 as part of their Take Me Home Tour
Piazza Bra , or simply the Bra (a name derived from a corruption of the term "Braida", which in turn derives from the Lombard breit , or "off"), is the largest square in Verona , located in its center historian .
The square of Piazza Bra began to turn into only the first half of the sixteenth century , when the architect Michele San Micheli concluded the palace of Honorij : this building was to delimit the western side of the square of the future, as well as to establish a correct outlook on the ' Arena . The first attempt to transform the clearing dirt road instead of walking, however, was the mayor Alvise Mocenigo, who wanted to create a meeting place for the rising bourgeoisie Verona: he was able to inaugurate the first part of the Liston , a paved sidewalk that lines connecting the Bra Corso Porta Nuova in Via Mazzini , in 1770. La Gran Guardia , begun by the Venetians in the seventeenth century and completed by the Austrians in the ' Nineteenth Century , went to delimit the southern side of the square, while in 1836 the architect Giuseppe Barbieri designed the eastern edge, where a hospital were demolished, some houses and a church, which was built in place of the Gran Guardia Nuova , better known as Palazzo Barbieri. This, initially used as a barracks by the Austrians, became, as a result of ' annexation of Veneto to the Kingdom of Italy , the seat of the municipality of the City of Verona.
History
Origins
In Roman times , the place where you would then open the Bra was outside the city and yet away from the main roads. It is only since the first century AD, when it was built the ' amphitheater in the Roman Empire, better known as the Arena of Verona , who came to define the northern edge of what centuries later would become one of the main squares of Verona. In 305 the Emperor Galerius , during a short stay in the city, he opened a door along the walls which was built in 265 by the Emperor Gallienus , which surrounded the Arena went thus creating a first connection between the city and the place where later would be born Bra.
The square, however, began to abbozzarsi only in the Middle Ages: the walls of the city was enlarged at that point between 1130 and 1153, going to close so that piece of land that later would become, coming to have the size of a square. Those areas between the walls and the Roman city walls were called braide, from the Lombard breit ; the braida that could match the current Bra in the twelfth century was far more extensive than at the edge of the square today.
A door that the Braida along the city walls is already mentioned in a document dated 1257, but later his place was taken by the gates of the Bra , probably due to the Visconti and to the Venetians : the first arch is dated to the late fourteenth century and the second to the second half of the fifteenth century. The clock that is located between the two arches of the gates of the Bra was a gift of Count Antonio Nogarola made ââin 1871: it was installed with the dials is visible from one side on the other walls. The clock was inaugurated on June 2, 1872 and refurbished in 1879 because of its vagueness.
Development
Piazza Bra after the arrangement of the central gardens
Piazza Bra in the mid-twentieth century.
The Bra began to be defined as a square only in the first decade of the seventeenth century, when they started on the south side of the factories Gran Guardia and the seat of the ' Accademia Filarmonica of Verona . In conjunction with the factory della Gran Guardia became the leveling the square as possible, and also create some gradients to regulate the flow of stormwater, operation up to that time never practiced because the space was used by stonemasons, that here, as well as work, abandoning the resulting material, and because the clearing was used for the discharge of material from construction in progress in the area.
For others, one hundred and fifty years the space was in clay, in fact, only in 1770 the foundations were laid of Liston will of the mayor Alvise Mocenigo. On March 13, 1782 Francis Menegatti presented a project to the final lastricamento of Liston that the City Council approved and, after this surgery, the bra became the favorite place for afternoon walks in place of Piazza dei Signori . Goethe , in his essay Journey to Italy , describes enjoyed the arrival carriage with ladies and gentlemen, and said that the sunset loitered along the rim of the amphitheater enjoying the most beautiful views of the city. I insole and down on the pavement off the Bra 'walked a multitude of people .
The square was smoothed more times: in 1808 he was entrusted with the task of remaking the Liston architect Luigi Trezza and in 1820 excavations were carried out along the Arena, in order to bring to light the basis of the same, as it was buried about two feet because of the sediments that were deposited after the numerous floods that had undergone the city. He also opted for a lowering of the average level of Bra about 70 centimeters along a line slightly inclined from the Gran Guardia At Arena, lowering the share of Liston.
Plan of Bra in a drawing by Giuseppe Barbieri
As for the lighting, until the eighteenth century the bra at night was totally immersed in the dark; only in the nineteenth century were installed lights in oil and gas lighting in 1845, so that the Liston also became a place for evening strolls. Then important for the conformation of the square today, is the accommodation in the central part of the garden Bra occurred in 1873: the central gardens were created with three circles forming a triangle with a central fountain.
Between 1884 and 1951 the square was affected by the rails of the tramway town .
Events
It is interesting to read the description of Liston of an astonished reporter of the magazine Esperia in an article of 1837:
" ... the audience is walking the plank of 'Veronesi, extended space, which is located in a few cities: here business people are dining and comforting conversation, idleness is recreated, and the beautiful flock there to get tributes of glances and sighs of their worshipers ... and many cafes offer brilliant and sufficient acceptance to the numerous meetings that there agree. Street musicians and improvisers, unpleasant indeed, but the liveliness of the inhabitants always well received, breaking the monotony of chatter; and the music of the military garrison increase much fun. Very pleasing to the eye is in the summer thousands of people of both sexes, and before sitting under the porch; and a more active crowd by constantly prowling the paths formed by the rows of seats, and now dispense with a bow, and now dwell near some nice, vibrate envious compliments and words of hope and voting ... while the beautiful turn cautious gaze looking at the confused teeming with ill-concealed impatience, greeting or stop most expensive among the happy meeting ... "
In the past, however, the Bra was used for uses other than those described well by this reporter: in particular, after the twelfth century it was included in the city walls it was used for the wood, hay, straw and cattle, so that in ancient documents is called the Bra cattle market. More often is cited as the parade ground, as was the case here the review of the troops from the beginning of the Venetian rule, which is why this was one of the points of conflict between the French and Venetian soldiers during the Veronese Easters in 1797 . Starting from 1633, after the approval of the Venetian Senate for the creation of an exhibition of goods in the city, there were held two annual fairs fifteen days each, which continued to be held until one of them was destroyed by fire October 28, 1712, and then restored in another place, it was established only in 1822, a new exhibition, which would last in Piazza Bra for twenty years.
Fair in very old custom is instead to Saint Lucia : it takes place every year from 11 to 13 December, but do not know its origins. Legend has it that, probably in the communal, an epidemic broke out in the city that struck my eyes, it was so that the Veronese decided to make a pilgrimage to the church of Saint Lucia (no longer exists): the children, who did not want to participate , were persuaded to return with the promise that they would find the shoes filled with gifts. The miracle occurred, and since then the fair is held to coincide with the feast of Saint Lucia.
The comet of Verona during a night snowfall
During the Christmas season takes place within the Arena arches dell ' Arena, the International Festival of the Nativity , an event born in 1984 from the mind of Alfredo Troisi , along with the comet symbol of the event, from the reservoir from the Arena, go to dive in Bra. Over the years the star has taken on meanings and values ââare independent of the review of the nativity, as to be appreciated by itself. This architecture-sculpture was designed by architect and designer Rinaldo Olivieri : his intuition came to looking at a map of the city, characterized by two large voids, one of the auditorium and that of the square in front of the Arena. It was from this impression that he was born an ideal line, a huge arch that connects the Arena with the urban space, an arc of light and steel from the Temple of the music goes to fall and explode among citizens.