Replacing an earlier scanned 6"x4" print with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 25-Oct-25.

 

First flown with the Airbus test registration F-WWCV, this aircraft was originally ordered by KLM Royal Dutch Airlines as PH-AGL but the order was cancelled before completion.

 

It was sold to Emirates Airline as A6-EKB in Jul-87. The aircraft was traded in to Airbus for A330's in Nov-00 and immediately sold to Iran Air as EP-IBL. It was withdrawn from service and stored at Tehran-IKA in Apr-18. Presumed permanently retired.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 01-Mar-25.

 

Non-standard white livery with titles and tail logo.

 

This aircraft was delivered to ILFC International Lease Finance Corporation and leased to Cayman Airways as VR-CAA in Jan-92. It was returned to ILFC in Aug-93 and immediately leased to Carnival Airlines (USA) as N404KW.

 

It was returned to the lessor in Apr-98 and leased to Olympic Airways as SX-BKK the following month. In Dec-93 Olympic Airways, which had massive debts, was closed down by the Greek Government... and started again the following day as Olympic Airlines!

 

The aircraft was returned to the lessor in Apr-06 and leased to SKY Airlines, Turkiye as TC-SKG the following month. It was wet-leased to SAMA Airways (Afghanistan) between Nov-08/Jan-09 for a Haj Pilgrimage operation. Sky Airlines ceased operations in Jun-13.

 

The aircraft was returned to the lessor and stored at Sofia, Bulgaria. It was re-registered N707DB in Jul-13 and ferried to Goodyear, AZ, USA at the end of Aug-13 for further storage. In Dec-13 it was leased to Blue Air (Romania) as YR-BAR.

 

The aircraft was returned to the lessor in Dec-17 and was stored at Dothan, AL, USA as N971NZ. It was converted to freighter configuration with a main deck cargo door at Dothan in Jun-18 and sold to Airwork (NZ) Ltd as ZK-PAU.

 

It's operated by Airwork Flight Operations Ltd in all white livery on behalf of Virgin Australia. Current, updated 16-Feb-25.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 10-Feb-24.

 

A bit short on orders at that time with only Condor, Icelandair and Arkia tails on the fuselage (Icelandair & Arkia only ordered one each. Northwest and Continental ordered some later). Also has 'Boeing 757-300 World Tour' titles. Markings were on the left side only.

 

First flown in Jan-00 in full Condor Flugdienst livery with the Boeing test registration N1002R, this aircraft became a Boeing Demonstrator for a 'Round-the-World' tour in Feb-00. It was delivered to Condor Flugdienst as D-ABOI in Mar-00.

 

Condor was merged into the Thomas Cook Group in Jun-02 and became Thomas Cook Airlines Germany. The problem was that Condor was well known in Germany but Thomas Cook wasn't! So in Jun-04, Thomas Cook Germany reverted to Condor Flugdienst.

 

The aircraft was fitted with blended winglets in Dec-09. In May-17 it was due to be leased to Thomas Cook Airlines UK as G-JMOI, however the registration wasn't used and the aircraft was wet-leased to Thomas Cook UK, still with it's German registration and Condor titles. It was returned to Condor in Oct-17.

 

On the 23-Sep-19, The Thomas Cook Group UK ceased operations and took Thomas Cook Airlines UK with it. It almost took Condor with it too. They were saved by a bridging loan from the German Government and kept operating at a reduced capacity.

 

In 2020 it was due to be taken over the Polish Airline Group, LOT, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic that was cancelled. In May-21 a British Investment Consortium acquired a majority stake in the airline. Now 25 years old, D-ABOI continues in service. Updated 27-Jun-25.

This is the downstairs of the wonderful old cinema that I visited during open house London. All of the downstairs seats have been ripped out and replaced with bingo tables. Quite sad really.

Replacing an earlier scanned slide with a better version 13-Dec-15.

 

Named: "City of Perth".

 

The registration VH-EBD was previously used on a QANTAS B707-138B and later used on a QANTAS A330-202 which was also leased to JetStar between 2006/14.

 

This aircraft was delivered to QANTAS Airways in Dec-71 as VH-EBD. In Mar-80 it was due to be sold to Eastern Air Lines as N371EA and was repainted in full Eastern livery at Sydney. However the sale fell through and it was repainted in full QANTAS livery again at the end of Apr-80 and returned to service. It was returned to Boeing in Mar-85 as N747BN and remained stored at Sydney. In Sep-85 it was leased to Peoplexpress as N608PE. Boeing sold it to a leasing company 3 months later while the lease to Peoplexpress continued. In Feb-87 Peoplexpress was taken over by Continental Airlines. The registration N10023 was assigned by Continental but not used and the aircraft continued in service until it was returned to the lessor in Sep-91. It was stored at Mojave, CA, USA until May-92 when it was leased to Garuda Indonesian Airlines. It returned to the lessor and to storage at Norton AFB, CA, USA (later to be renamed Victorville) in Sep-92. It never flew again. It was sold to the AGES Group in Mar-94 and was broken up at Norton AFB in Sep-94.

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COUNTY LAOIS, IRELAND.

RESTORATION work commenced in September last on All Saint’s Church, Ballinakill, which was built in 1821 for the sum of £1,558. History records that there was another church here prior to 1821 because there is at least one grave near the present church, dating back to the 1730s.

  

The restoration work will cost £100,000 and the Church of Ireland were delighted when they were told that they were allocated a grant of £75,000 from the Heritage Council in Kilkenny, which is the highest grant percentage-wise from the Heritage Council to any project nationally.

  

Canon Patrick Harvey was in Ballinakill on Thursday last, October 26 with members of his church committee to launch the restoration work which is being carried out by Charlie Breen, Building Contractors, Mountrath.

  

Also present on the day was Mr Martin Rohan, Chairman Laois Co. Council who announced that the council had allocated a conservation grant of £4,000 to the reconstruction project.

  

All Saints Church has many unique qualities, the most significant of which are its stained glass windows dating back to the 16th century, one of which is dedicated to St. Elizabeth of Hungary. Another unusual feature is that the church has never been electrified and any night services held there are by candlelight. One of those is the Ecumenical Christmas Carol Service when the congregation are joined by the parishioners from nearby Roman Catholic Church and Parish Priest Fr. Seán Conlon.

  

All Saints has a most unusual style of interior decoration. Immediately inside the main door there is a remarkable oval shaped baptistry with a rose window and a ceiling full of five, six and seven pointed stars on a dark blue night sky.

  

In recent years the church fabric has deteriorated and the congregation became concerned about its future. But that is all being taken care of with the big job of restoration underway. The most urgent work will be carried out first which is the pointing of the tower and spire. The lead covering on the tower was removed and transported to England during the first World War in 1914, and this lead covering will now be replaced during the restoration project.

  

The origin and history of All Saints Church is spelt out in a plaque in the Church which reads; In affectionate remembrance of Louisa Elizabeth-de-Bille, daughter of Sir Compton Domville Bart, and widow of Torben de Bille, late Danish Minister at the Court of St. James, who died March 26, 1888 aged 91 years. Erected by her niece Mary Adelaide Poe.

  

The tower clock is operated by weights. The clock was out of use for many years but was restored in 1987.

  

Another plaque in the church tells us that Ambrose Congreve Webb was Rector and Vicar of Dysart Galen for 46 years and died February 21, 1908. All Saints Church is the inheritor of the Parochial title Dysart Galen.

SOURCE: LAOIS NATIONALIST.

In this neighborhood(Takeshita Street ) so sensitive to what is in and out in fashion, new stores replace old ones at a furious pace.

The young teens who visit this neighborhood will someday find their own style and then leave this neighborhood behind. But although the stores and people may change, this street, as a place for young teens, never changes and is always full of vitality.

I found two girls carring fashionable luggage!

Replaced a string of these trapeze artist mini spots with a new fixture in the clients master bedroom in Winnetka.

Draw your own conclusions.

Replacing an earlier scanned slide with a better version 10-Feb-15, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 17-Jun-23. A bit blurred!

 

With additional 'On Charter to C.A.A.C' (Central African Airlines Corporation) stickers.

 

This was parked outside the British Eagle hangars at London-Heathrow being serviced with British Eagle equipment. As the rest of the BOAC DC-7C fleet had been disposed of by spring 1964, I think Eagle had a maintenance contract for the remaining 2 freighters which were in service until spring 1965. As the stickers say, it was being 'Operated for C.A.A.C.' (Central African Airways Corporation).

 

This aircraft was delivered new to BOAC in Apr-57 and was in passenger service for just three and a half years before it was converted into a freighter with 2 main-deck cargo doors by the Douglas Aircraft Company at their Santa Monica, CA, plant in Dec-60.

 

It continued in service with BOAC Cargo until it was sold to Universal Trading Corp (USA) in May-65. It was transferred to FB Ayer & Associates the same month as N16465. It was leased to Airlift International in Jan-66, returning to FB Ayer in Sep-66.

 

The following month it was leased to International Aerodyne and sub-leased back to Airlift International. It was returned to FB Ayer in Sep-67. In Feb-68 it was leased to Air Caribbean Transport as 6Y-JFK and returned to FB Ayer in Apr-70, again as N16465 and was stored at Tucson, AZ, USA.

 

It was sold to Onyx Aviation in Mar-78 and sold again in Nov-78 to ComTran Inc and sold again to La mancha Aire Inc in Dec-81. Finally, it was sold to Paterson Aircraft Corp in Sep-83. It was later stored again at Miami and broken up there in Dec-92.

Replacing an earlier scanned 6"x4" print with a better version 03-Jun-19 (DeNoise AI 12-Sep-22).

 

Named: "Alf Viking".

 

First flown with the Fokker test registration PH-EXL, this aircraft was delivered to Linjeflyg, Sweden as SE-DGA in May-73. It was wet-leased to Andrea Airlines (a short-lived Peruvian domestic airline) in Jul-91 and returned to Linjeflyg in Dec-91.

 

Linjeflyg was merged into SAS Scandinavian Airlines in Jan-93. The aircraft was retired and stored at Stockholm-Arlanda in Jan-97, it was broken up there in Aug-97.

LeicesterSquare

Replacing an earlier scanned slide with a better version 14-Mar-16.

 

Taken through glass and slightly into the sun...

 

Delivered to United Air Lines in Jun-69 as N9062U, this aircraft served with United for 27 years until it was retired and stored at Las Vegas, NV, USA in Aug-96. Later the same month it was sold to Interlease Aircraft Investors Inc and sold to Air Philippines in Oct-96 as RP-C2020. It went on to fly with them for another 12 years until it was withdrawn from use and stored at Manila, Philippines in Apr-08. It was broken up there in 2010.

I must get round to replacing this one now....

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 09-Apr-14.

 

Operated as a freighter by Baltic Airlines, it's seen here still in the basic livery of Manx Airlines, it's previous operator.

 

This was quite a late build Viscount which first flew in Aug-59. Originally ordered by Trans Australia Airlines as a Viscount 816, it should have become VH-TVR but the order was cancelled before delivery.

 

It was initially stored and then converted to a type V.836 in Apr-60 and sold to the Union Carbide Corporation for executive operation as N40N in May-60. It was sold to the Royal Australian Air Force in Aug-64 as A6-435 and operated for five years until it was sold in the USA in Nov-69 as N40NA to the Alda Corporation.

 

It returned to Australia the following month as VH-EQP with Jet Air Australia and was sold to the Brins Finance Corporation in Sep-70 and sold on the same day to Gates Aviation Turbine Propeller Sales.

 

In Jun-71, continuing it’s ‘executive’ role, it was sold to The Sultan of Oman’s Air Force serialled ‘501’. In Sep-78 it was sold to Royal Swazi National Airways as 3D-ACM but the sale was never completed and the aircraft stayed in Oman until Mar-79 when it was sold to British Midland Airways in the UK as G-BFZL.

 

The aircraft was briefly leased to BMA subsidiary Manx Airlines in Oct/Nov-83 and then leased to them again in Nov-85. In May-86 it was sold to British Aerospace (BAe), leased back to BMA and sub-leased to Manx Airlines, all on the same day.

 

It continued in service with Manx until it was returned to BAe in Nov-88 and immediately leased to Baltic Airlines. It was briefly sub-leased to Manx Airlines again in Apr/May-90 (when this photo was taken).

 

In May-90 Baltic Airlines was merged into British Air Ferries who changed their name to British World Airlines in Apr-93. In Apr-97 it was sold to Heli-Lift Ltd and leased to their subsidiary Heli Jet Aviation.

 

In Mar-98 it was transferred to their South African division as ZS-NNI and was later stored at Lanseria, South Africa, until it was sold to Trans Inter Congo in Nov-02 as 9Q-CGL. In Apr-03, now 44 years old, it was written off in a take-off accident in the Democratic Republic of Congo.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 08-Oct-20.

 

Fleet No: "7AA".

 

This aircraft was delivered to American Airlines as N770AN in Jan-99. It was withdrawn from service and stored at Mobile - Downtown (BFM), AL, USA in Mar-20 as a result of the COVID-19 Pandemic. It was moved to Roswell, NM, USA in Aug-20 (I'm not sure if that's a permanent retirement as Roswell is normally where American's aircraft go at the end their lives...). Stored, updated (Oct-20).

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 13-Feb-14.

 

First flown with the Boeing test registration N6005C, this aircraft was delivered to QANTAS Airways as VH-EBV in Apr-85. It was stored at Avalon, Australia in Jun-03 and returned to service in Mar-05. In Dec-05 the aircraft was wet-leased to Garuda Indonesia Airways on Haj Pilgrimage operations, returning to QANTAS in Feb-06. It operated it's last QANTAS service at the end of Dec-08 and was stored at Marana, AZ, USA in Jan-10. It was expected that it would be broken up but it was sold to Sayegh Group Aviation in Aug-10 as N175SG. It was ferried to Ras Al Khaimah, UAE in Oct-10. In Nov-10 the aircraft was leased to Al Sayegh Airlines and sub-leased to Centrafrique Air Express as XT-DMA (Burkina Faso!), still in basic QANTAS livery. It operated some Haj Pilgrimage flights between Dec-10/Mar-11 and was again stored at Ras Al Khaimah. As far as I'm aware it never flew again, although it was re-registered C5-AKR (Gambia!) in Jan-12 to the Sayegh Aviation Group. It remained stored at Ras Al Khaimah and was last noted still there in Feb-13.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 15-Mar-21, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 16-Nov-25.

 

Fleet No: "7958".

 

This aircraft was delivered to United Airlines as N7458U in Mar-80. It was sold to Wilmington Trust Company in Jun-89 and leased back to United. United bought it back in Sep-95. The aircraft was retired and stored at Victorville, CA, USA in Nov-01.

 

It was sold to Guilford Transportation Industries Inc in Jun-02. It was registered to Pan-Am Railways Inc in Jul-02 and ferried to Portsmouth, NH, USA. However, it never entered service again. It was permanently retired and eventually broken up. The registration was cancelled in Sep-09. Updated 16-Nov-25.

Nikon D810 Beautiful Ballerina Goddess Dancing Ballet!

 

Nikon D810 Ballet Photos of Pretty Ballerina Dancing in Malibu! Captured with the Nikon 70-200mm f/2.8G ED VR II AF-S Nikkor Zoom Lens and the 50mm Sigma Art Lens !

 

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I'm working on an anthology of classic, epic poetry, which begins with selections from Homer's Iliad and Odyssey! :) I've replaced the Roman names with the Greek names: "RAGE, Sing, O goddess, the rage of Achilles son of Peleus, that brought countless ills upon the Greeks. Many a brave soul did it send hurrying down to Hades, and many a hero did it yield a prey to dogs and vultures, for so were the counsels of Zeus fulfilled from the day on which the son of Atreus, king of men, and great Achilles, first fell out with one another."

 

All the best on your epic hero's odyssey into the art of photography!

 

Nikon D810 Beautiful Ballerina Dancers! Goddesses Dancing Ballet! Ballet amongst the California Spring Wildflowers!

Amroth is a village, parish and community 7 miles (11 km) northeast of Tenby, Pembrokeshire, Wales. Located on Carmarthen Bay, Amroth is noted for its long sandy beach which stretches the length of the village. It regularly earns a Blue Flag award. and is the south-to-north start of the Pembrokeshire Coast Path. Amroth is within the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park.

 

The name is Welsh, and probably means "on (the brook called) Rhath".

 

The beach stretches the whole length of the village and at extreme low tide, the petrified forest, destroyed when sea levels rose 7,000 years ago, can still be seen. Fossilised antlers, nuts and animal bones and Neolithic flints have been discovered.

 

The parish, which appeared as Amrath on a 1578 parish map of Pembrokeshire, was an important anthracite coal mining area until the end of the 19th century. Slight remains of mines and tramways are still visible. Ruins of Amroth Castle still remain, and one mile inland is the Anglican parish church of St Elidyr, which is a grade II* listed building.

 

Amroth Castle stands on the north side of the unclassified coast road east of the village of Amroth. It is surrounded by a high wall with an entrance archway at the south-western corner. The present building is a 19th-century country house built in the style of a mock castle which possibly replaced a small stone castle dating from the 12th century. The gatehouse is much restored. The ruinous remains of the house are a grade I listed building.

 

After passing through several hands the castle was used as a lunatic asylum in the 1850s. Converted back to a private house in the 1880s it was later owned and occupied by Owen Colby Philipps, the shipping magnate who bought the White Star Line and was created Baron Kylsant of Carmarthen and Amroth in 1923. It passed to his daughter Nesta, who had married George Coventry, grandson of the 9th Earl of Coventry. They moved out in 1930 when George inherited the Coventry title and estates.

 

The Pembrokeshire Coast Path runs west along the coast from its start at Amroth. This national trail has since 2012 also formed a part of the Wales Coast Path which continues eastwards from Amroth over the headland of Telpyn Point towards Pendine. Amroth is also the southern terminus of the Knights' Way, which runs north to St Davids Cathedral. A section of the Cistercian Way also passes through.

 

Amroth is an electoral ward and a community in Pembrokeshire, which includes Amroth, Crunwere, Summerhill, Stepaside, Pleasant Valley, Wisemans Bridge, Llanteg and Llanteglos. The ward elects a councillor to Pembrokeshire County Council and up to twelve community councillors to Amroth Community Council.

 

The beach which stretches the length of the village earned a Blue Flag award in 2020 and the eastern end has had a lifeguard for part of the summer. Public toilets are available at either ends of the village. The main car park is managed by Pembrokeshire Coast National Park Authority.

 

Pembrokeshire is a county in the south-west of Wales. It is bordered by Carmarthenshire to the east, Ceredigion to the northeast, and is otherwise surrounded by the sea. Haverfordwest is the largest town and administrative headquarters of Pembrokeshire County Council.

 

The county is generally sparsely populated and rural, with an area of 200 square miles (520 km2) and a population of 123,400. After Haverfordwest, the largest settlements are Milford Haven (13,907), Pembroke Dock (9,753), and Pembroke (7,552). St Davids (1,841) is a city, the smallest by population in the UK. Welsh is spoken by 17.2 percent of the population, and for historic reasons is more widely spoken in the north of the county than in the south.

 

Pembrokeshire's coast is its most dramatic geographic feature, created by the complex geology of the area. It is a varied landscape which includes high sea cliffs, wide sandy beaches, the large natural harbour of Milford Haven, and several offshore islands which are home to seabird colonies. Most of it is protected by Pembrokeshire Coast National Park, and can be hiked on the 190-mile (310 km) Pembrokeshire Coast Path. The interior of Pembrokeshire is relatively flat and gently undulating, with the exception of the Preseli Mountains in the north.

 

There are many prehistoric sites in Pembrokeshire, particularly in the Preseli Mountains. During the Middle Ages several castles were built by the Normans, such as Pembroke and Cilgerran, and St David's Cathedral became an important pilgrimage site. During the Industrial Revolution the county remained relatively rural, with the exception of Milford Haven, which was developed as a port and Royal Navy dockyard. It is now the UK's third-largest port, primarily because of its two liquefied natural gas terminals. The economy of the county is now focused on agriculture, oil and gas, and tourism.

 

Human habitation of the region that is now Pembrokeshire extends back to between 125,000 and 70,000 years  and there are numerous prehistoric sites such as Pentre Ifan, and neolithic remains (12,000 to 6,500 years ago), more of which were revealed in an aerial survey during the 2018 heatwave; in the same year, a 1st-century Celtic chariot burial was discovered, the first such find in Wales. There may have been dairy farming in Neolithic times.

 

There is little evidence of Roman occupation in what is now Pembrokeshire. Ptolemy's Geography, written c. 150, mentioned some coastal places, two of which have been identified as the River Teifi and what is now St Davids Head, but most Roman writers did not mention the area; there may have been a Roman settlement near St Davids and a road from Bath, but this comes from a 14th-century writer. Any evidence for villas or Roman building materials reported by mediaeval or later writers has not been verified, though some remains near Dale were tentatively identified as Roman in character by topographer Richard Fenton in his Historical Tour of 1810. Fenton stated that he had "...reason to be of opinion that they had not colonized Pembrokeshire till near the decline of their empire in Britain".

 

Part of a possible Roman road is noted by CADW near Llanddewi Velfrey, and another near Wiston. Wiston is also the location of the first Roman fort discovered in Pembrokeshire, investigated in 2013.

 

Some artefacts, including coins and weapons, have been found, but it is not clear whether these belonged to Romans or to a Romanised population. Welsh tradition has it that Magnus Maximus founded Haverfordwest, and took a large force of local men on campaign in Gaul in 383 which, together with the reduction of Roman forces in south Wales, left a defensive vacuum which was filled by incomers from Ireland.

 

Between 350 and 400, an Irish tribe known as the Déisi settled in the region known to the Romans as Demetae.  The Déisi merged with the local Welsh, with the regional name underlying Demetae evolving into Dyfed, which existed as an independent petty kingdom from the 5th century.  In 904, Hywel Dda married Elen (died 943), daughter of the king of Dyfed Llywarch ap Hyfaidd, and merged Dyfed with his own maternal inheritance of Seisyllwg, forming the new realm of Deheubarth ("southern district"). Between the Roman and Norman periods, the region was subjected to raids from Vikings, who established settlements and trading posts at Haverfordwest, Fishguard, Caldey Island and elsewhere.

 

Dyfed remained an integral province of Deheubarth, but this was contested by invading Normans and Flemings who arrived between 1067 and 1111.  The region became known as Pembroke (sometimes archaic "Penbroke":), after the Norman castle built in the cantref of Penfro. In 1136, Prince Owain Gwynedd at Crug Mawr near Cardigan met and destroyed a 3,000-strong Norman/Flemish army and incorporated Deheubarth into Gwynedd.  Norman/Flemish influence never fully recovered in West Wales.  In 1138, the county of Pembrokeshire was named as a county palatine. Rhys ap Gruffydd, the son of Owain Gwynedd's daughter Gwenllian, re-established Welsh control over much of the region and threatened to retake all of Pembrokeshire, but died in 1197. After Deheubarth was split by a dynastic feud, Llywelyn the Great almost succeeded in retaking the region of Pembroke between 1216 and his death in 1240.  In 1284 the Statute of Rhuddlan was enacted to introduce the English common law system to Wales, heralding 100 years of peace, but had little effect on those areas already established under the Marcher Lords, such as Cemais in the north of the county.

 

Henry Tudor, born at Pembroke Castle in 1457, landed an army in Pembrokeshire in 1485 and marched to Cardigan.  Rallying support, he continued to Leicestershire and defeated the larger army of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field. As Henry VII, he became the first monarch of the House of Tudor, which ruled England until 1603.

 

The Laws in Wales Act 1535 effectively abolished the powers of the Marcher Lords and divided the county into seven hundreds, roughly corresponding to the seven pre-Norman cantrefi of Dyfed. The hundreds were (clockwise from the northeast): Cilgerran, Cemais, Dewisland, Roose, Castlemartin, Narberth and Dungleddy and each was divided into civil parishes; a 1578 map in the British Library is the earliest known to show parishes and chapelries in Pembrokeshire. The Elizabethan era brought renewed prosperity to the county through an opening up of rural industries, including agriculture, mining and fishing, with exports to England and Ireland, though the formerly staple woollen industry had all but disappeared. 

 

During the First English Civil War (1642–1646) the county gave strong support to the Roundheads (Parliamentarians), in contrast to the rest of Wales, which was staunchly Royalist. In spite of this, an incident in Pembrokeshire triggered the opening shots of the Second English Civil War when local units of the New Model Army mutinied. Oliver Cromwell defeated the uprising at the Siege of Pembroke in July 1648.  On 13 August 1649, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland began when New Model Army forces sailed from Milford Haven.

 

In 1720, Emmanuel Bowen described Pembrokeshire as having five market towns, 45 parishes and about 4,329 houses, with an area of 420,000 acres (1,700 km2). In 1791 a petition was presented to the House of Commons concerning the poor state of many of the county's roads, pointing out that repairs could not be made compulsory by the law as it stood. The petition was referred to committee.  People applying for poor relief were often put to work mending roads. Workhouses were poorly documented. Under the Poor Laws, costs and provisions were kept to a minimum, but the emphasis was often on helping people to be self-employed. While the Poor Laws provided a significant means of support, there were many charitable and benefit societies. After the Battle of Fishguard, the failed French invasion of 1797, 500 French prisoners were held at Golden Hill Farm, Pembroke. From 1820 to 1878 one of the county's prisons, with a capacity of 86, was in the grounds of Haverfordwest Castle. In 1831, the area of the county was calculated to be 345,600 acres (1,399 km2) with a population of 81,424.

 

It was not until nearly the end of the 19th century that mains water was provided to rural south Pembrokeshire by means of a reservoir at Rosebush and cast iron water pipes throughout the district.

 

Throughout much of the 20th century (1911 to 1961) the population density in the county remained stable while it rose in England and Wales as a whole. There was considerable military activity in Pembrokeshire and offshore in the 20th century: a naval base at Milford Haven because German U-boats were active off the coast in World War I and, in World War II, military exercises in the Preseli Mountains and a number of military airfields. The wartime increase in air activity saw a number of aircraft accidents and fatalities, often due to unfamiliarity with the terrain. From 1943 to 1944, 5,000 soldiers from the United States Army's 110th Infantry Regiment were based in the county, preparing for D-Day. Military and industrial targets in the county were subjected to bombing during World War II. After the end of the war, German prisoners of war were accommodated in Pembrokeshire, the largest prison being at Haverfordwest, housing 600. The County of Pembroke War Memorial in Haverfordwest carries the names of 1,200 of those that perished in World War I.

 

In 1972, a second reservoir for south Pembrokeshire, at Llys y Fran, was completed.

 

Pembrokeshire's tourism portal is Visit Pembrokeshire, run by Pembrokeshire County Council. In 2015 4.3 million tourists visited the county, staying for an average of 5.24 days, spending £585 million; the tourism industry supported 11,834 jobs. Many of Pembrokeshire's beaches have won awards, including Poppit Sands and Newport Sands. In 2018, Pembrokeshire received the most coast awards in Wales, with 56 Blue Flag, Green Coast or Seaside Awards. In the 2019 Wales Coast Awards, 39 Pembrokeshire beaches were recognised, including 11 awarded Blue Flag status.

 

The Pembrokeshire coastline is a major draw to tourists; in 2011 National Geographic Traveller magazine voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the second best in the world and in 2015 the Pembrokeshire Coast National Park was listed among the top five parks in the world by a travel writer for the Huffington Post. Countryfile Magazine readers voted the Pembrokeshire Coast the top UK holiday destination in 2018, and in 2019 Consumers' Association members placed Tenby and St Davids in the top three best value beach destinations in Britain. With few large urban areas, Pembrokeshire is a "dark sky" destination. The many wrecks off the Pembrokeshire coast attract divers. The decade from 2012 saw significant, increasing numbers of Atlantic bluefin tuna, not seen since the 1960s, and now seen by some as an opportunity to encourage tourist sport fishing.

 

The county has a number of theme and animal parks (examples are Folly Farm Adventure Park and Zoo, Manor House Wildlife Park, Blue Lagoon Water Park and Oakwood Theme Park), museums and other visitor attractions including Castell Henllys reconstructed Iron Age fort, Tenby Lifeboat Station and Milford Haven's Torch Theatre. There are 21 marked cycle trails around the county.

 

Pembrokeshire Destination Management Plan for 2020 to 2025 sets out the scope and priorities to grow tourism in Pembrokeshire by increasing its value by 10 per cent in the five years, and to make Pembrokeshire a top five UK destination.

 

As the national sport of Wales, rugby union is widely played throughout the county at both town and village level. Haverfordwest RFC, founded in 1875, is a feeder club for Llanelli Scarlets. Village team Crymych RFC in 2014 plays in WRU Division One West. There are numerous football clubs in the county, playing in five leagues with Haverfordwest County A.F.C. competing in the Cymru Premier.

 

Triathlon event Ironman Wales has been held in Pembrokeshire since 2011, contributing £3.7 million to the local economy, and the county committed in 2017 to host the event for a further five years. Ras Beca, a mixed road, fell and cross country race attracting UK-wide competitors, has been held in the Preselis annually since 1977. The record of 32 minutes 5 seconds has stood since 1995. Pembrokeshire Harriers athletics club was formed in 2001 by the amalgamation of Cleddau Athletic Club (established 1970) and Preseli Harriers (1989) and is based in Haverfordwest.

 

The annual Tour of Pembrokeshire road-cycling event takes place over routes of optional length. The 4th Tour, in April 2015, attracted 1,600 riders including Olympic gold medallist Chris Boardman and there were 1,500 entrants to the 2016 event. Part of Route 47 of the Celtic Trail cycle route is in Pembrokeshire. The Llys y Fran Hillclimb is an annual event run by Swansea Motor Club, and there are several other county motoring events held each year.

 

Abereiddy's Blue Lagoon was the venue for a round of the Red Bull Cliff Diving World Series in 2012, 2013, and 2016; the Welsh Surfing Federation has held the Welsh National Surfing Championships at Freshwater West for several years, and Llys y Fran Country Park hosted the Welsh Dragonboat Championships from 2014 to 2017.

 

While not at major league level, cricket is played throughout the county and many villages such as Lamphey, Creselly, Llangwm, Llechryd and Crymych field teams in minor leagues under the umbrella of the Cricket Board of Wales.

 

Notable people

From mediaeval times, Rhys ap Gruffydd (c. 1132-1197), ruler of the kingdom of Deheubarth, was buried in St Davids Cathedral. and Gerald of Wales was born c. 1146 at Manorbier Castle. Henry Tudor (later Henry VII) was born in 1457 at Pembroke Castle.

 

The pirate Bartholomew Roberts (Black Bart) (Welsh: Barti Ddu) was born in Casnewydd Bach, between Fishguard and Haverfordwest in 1682.

 

In later military history, Jemima Nicholas, heroine of the so-called "last invasion of Britain" in 1797, was from Fishguard, Lieutenant General Sir Thomas Picton GCB, born in Haverfordwest, was killed at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 and Private Thomas Collins is believed to be the only Pembrokeshire man that fought in the Battle of Rorke's Drift in 1879.

 

In the arts, siblings Gwen and Augustus John were both born in Pembrokeshire, as was the novelist Sarah Waters; singer Connie Fisher grew up in Pembrokeshire. The actor Christian Bale was born in Haverfordwest.

 

Stephen Crabb, a former Secretary of State for Work and Pensions and Secretary of State for Wales, was brought up in Pembrokeshire and is one of the county's two Members of Parliament, the other being Simon Hart,[90] who served as Secretary of State for Wales from 2019 to 2022.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 10-May-22 (DeNoise AI)

 

Leased to Ansett Air Freight and operated by Kitty Hawk Air Cargo.

 

This aircraft was delivered to American Airlines as N6833 in May-69. It was in service with American for 25 years until it was sold to a leasing company in May-94. It was converted to freight configuration with a main deck cargo door in Jun-94 and was leased to Kitty Hawk Air Cargo in Aug-94.

 

The aircraft was sub-leased to Pan Air in Oct-96 and returned to Kitty Hawk in Dec-96. It was sub-leased to Ansett Air Freight in Jan-98, returning to Kitty Hawk in Mar-99.

 

The company filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy Protection in May-00 and the aircraft was sold to the Kitty Hawk Collateral Liquidating Trust and leased back to Kitty Hawk Aircargo in Oct-01.

 

The aircraft was finally retired at Roswell, NM, USA at the end of Jul-05 and never flew again. It was last noted still stored at Roswell in Mar-11 in derelict condition.

[explore]

 

TAKE OFF the OLD one

and let GET the NEW one

 

! ~

 

[Tam Đảo 1 ngày bình yên :X ]

 

Tặng thối um !!!

mềnh cũng thick cái ẻng nài lắm , nhìn 1 fát là ra cái des lun :-> hị

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 07-Aug-24.

 

Note: The aircraft behind the Dornier is Boeing B767-328ER S7-RGT leased from Royal Brunei Airlines (V8-RBM) by the Abu Dhabi Amiri Flight.

 

Air France by ProteuS AirlineS.

 

First flown with the Dornier test registration D-CDXK, this aircraft was ordered by Tahiti Conquest Airlines but the order was cancelled. It was delivered to Proteus Air System as F-GNPA in Mar-96 and operated for a joint company Air France/Air Inter Express.

 

The product was renamed Air France by ProteuS AirlineS in 1998 after Air Inter had been merged into Air France. The aircraft was returned to Proteus and the lessor in May-00.

 

The following month it was leased to Air Alps Aviation as D-CALP and operated as KLM Alps under a franchise agreement with KLM Royal Dutch Airlines. It was returned to Air Alps Aviation in Apr-01 and was re-registered in Austria in May-03 as OE-LKE.

 

The aircraft was operated by Air Alps Aviation until it was sold to AeroCardal (Chile) as CC-ACG in Aug-10. In Sep-14 it was sold to TEC Aircraft Leasing and leased to Private Wings Flugcharter as D-CITO. Current, updated 07-Aug-24.

From the Guardian: Circumcision was different in the time of David and is actually correctly noted in the statue with just the tip of the foreskin removed. It wouldn't become a more common practice to completely remove the skin until roman times. Michelangelo, by all accounts, is accurate to David's time.

  

From Wikipedia:

David (Italian pronunciation: [ˈdaːvid]) is a masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture created between 1501 and 1504 by Michelangelo.

 

It is a 5.17-metre (17.0 ft)[a] marble statue of a standing male nude. The statue represents the Biblical hero David, a favoured subject in the art of Florence.[1] Originally commissioned as one of a series of statues of prophets to be positioned along the roofline of the east end of Florence Cathedral, the statue was placed instead in a public square, outside the Palazzo della Signoria, the seat of civic government in Florence, where it was unveiled on 8 September 1504.

 

Because of the nature of the hero it represented, the statue soon came to symbolize the defense of civil liberties embodied in the Republic of Florence, an independent city-state threatened on all sides by more powerful rival states and by the hegemony of the Medici family. The eyes of David, with a warning glare, were turned towards Rome.[2] The statue was moved to the Galleria dell'Accademia, Florence, in 1873, and later replaced at the original location by a replica.

 

Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (Italian: [mikeˈlandʒelo ˈdi lodoˈviko buonaˈrɔti siˈmɔni]; 6 March 1475 – 18 February 1564) was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development of Western art.[1] Considered to be the greatest living artist during his lifetime, he has since also been described as one of the greatest artists of all time.[1] Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with his rival and fellow Florentine Medici client, Leonardo da Vinci.

 

A number of Michelangelo's works of painting, sculpture, and architecture rank among the most famous in existence.[1] His output in every field of interest was prodigious; given the sheer volume of surviving correspondence, sketches, and reminiscences taken into account, he is the best-documented artist of the 16th century.

 

He sculpted two of his best-known works, the Pietà and David, before the age of thirty. Despite holding a low opinion of painting, Michelangelo also created two of the most influential frescoes in the history of Western art: the scenes from Genesis on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Rome, and The Last Judgment on its altar wall. As an architect, Michelangelo pioneered the Mannerist style at the Laurentian Library. At the age of 74, he succeeded Antonio da Sangallo the Younger as the architect of St. Peter's Basilica. Michelangelo transformed the plan so that the western end was finished to his design, as was the dome, with some modification, after his death.

 

Michelangelo was unique as the first Western artist whose biography was published while he was alive.[2] In fact, two biographies were published during his lifetime; one of them, by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all artistic achievement since the beginning of the Renaissance, a viewpoint that continued to have currency in art history for centuries.

 

In his lifetime he was often called Il Divino ("the divine one").[3] One of the qualities most admired by his contemporaries was his terribilità, a sense of awe-inspiring grandeur. The attempts by subsequent artists to imitate[4] Michelangelo's impassioned and highly personal style resulted in Mannerism, the next major movement in Western art after the High Renaissance

  

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise 07-Sep-25.

 

First flown in Nov-94 with the Airbus test registration F-WWAA, this aircraft was stored at Toulouse until it was delivered to China Eastern Airlines as B-2325 in Mar-95.

 

It was retired and stored at Shanghai-Hongqiao in Mar-14. The aircraft was sold to AVIC Leasing in Dec-14 and converted to freighter configuration at Dresden, Germany in Mar-16 and leased to Uni-Top Airlines, China in later the same month.

 

The aircraft was permanently retired at Shanghai-Hongqiao in Jun-19.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 25-Aug-19.

 

First flown with the Fokker test registration PH-EZA, this aircraft was delivered to ILFC International Lease Finance Corporation and leased to MALEV Hungarian Airlines as HA-LMC in Mar-96. It was returned to the lessor in Mar-10 and leased to Carpatair (Romania) as YR-KMC in Jun-10. The aircraft returned to the lessor in Jan-13 and was sold to Alliance Airlines (Australia) as VH-QQW the following month. It was ferried from Perth (WA) to Norwich (UK) in Jul-19 and is currently stored at Norwich. Updated (Aug-19).

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 26-Mar-17, plus DeNoise AI 28-Nov-22.

 

Right side. The fuselage livery incorporates the 'JAS' titles although on this side they appear as a 'mirror image'.

 

This aircraft was delivered to JAS Japan Air System as JA8004 in Jun-97. JAS was merged into Japan Airlines Domestic in Apr-04. In Oct-06 Japan Airlines Domestic was merged into 'the other half', Japan Airlines International.

 

The 'International' was dropped in Apr-11 when the airline became Japan Airlines again. The aircraft was sold to Delta Air Lines as N940DN in May-12 and initially stored at Marana, AZ, USA.

 

It was ferried to Jacksonville-Cecil Field, FL, USA in Jan-13 for heavy maintenance, painting and cabin reconfiguration and entered service in Apr-13. The aircraft was permanently retired at San Bernardino, CA, USA in Jan-19 with 46,186 hours and 37,519 flight cycles 'on the clock'.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 02-May-18, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 20-Mar-24.

 

Fleet No: '9290'.

 

This aircraft was delivered to Frontier Airlines as N7347F in Sep-79. It was sold to United Airlines in Jul-85 and leased back to Frontier. It was returned to United Airlines as N990UA in Apr-86.

 

The aircraft was sold to a lessor in Jun-89 and United bought it back again in Nov-95. After 22 years in service it was retired and stored at Victorville, CA, USA in Oct-01.

 

In May-03 it was sold to Ram Air Sales Inc and made it's final flight to Marana, AZ, USA where it was permanently retired. It was finally broken up at Marana in 2017.

“When the sun has set no candle can replace it” . Twin Peaks, San Francisco . #twinpeaks #sanfrancisco #california #westcoast #clickingmann #view #sunset #mountains #topoftheworld #landscape #photography #travel #travelphotography #photooftheday #holiday #lightroom #500px, via Instagram ift.tt/2BG4O4A

Replacing an earlier photo taken 21-Jun-16 with a better shot 25-Jun-16.

 

Recently repainted in the Thomas Cook Group's new corporate livery.

 

First flown with the Airbus test registration F-WWYG, this aircraft was delivered to Airtours International Airways and leased to their Danish subsidiary, Premiair, as OY-VKG in Jul-00. The Airtours Group was renamed MyTravel Airways in May-02 and Premiair was renamed MyTravel Airways A/S.

 

The aircraft was wet-leased to Garuda Indonesia Airlines for Haj Pilgrimage operations between Dec-03/Mar-04 and again between Dec-04/Feb-05. In May-05 it was leased back to MyTravel Airways UK for the summer season, returning to MyTravel A/S at the end of Oct-05.

 

The aircraft was wet-leased to Garuda Indonesia Airlines again for a Haj Pilgrimage operation between Dec-05/Feb-06, and between Nov-06/Feb-07 and Nov-07/Jan-08. In May-08 the MyTravel Group was merged into the Thomas Cook Travel Group and MyTravel Denmark was renamed Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia. More Haj Pilgrimage leases for Garuda Indonesia were operated between Nov-08/Jan-09 and Oct/Dec-10.

 

The Thomas Cook Group UK ceased operations on 23-Sep-19, taking Thomas Cook Airlines UK with it. Thomas Cook Scandinavia continued operating at a reduced capacity and was sold to Norwegian Consortium at the end of Oct-19. It was renamed Sunclass Airlines on 01-Nov-19.

 

This aircraft was withdrawn from service and stored at Copenhagen in Mar-20 when the COVID-19 Pandemic hit the world. In Feb-21 it was sold to TVPX Aircraft Solutions as N349UK and ferried to Istanbul-ISL, Turkiye for maintenance with Turkish Airlines.

 

In May-21 it was sold to Turkish company ULS Airlines Cargo and registered in San Marino as T7-ULS. It was immediately leased to San Merino Executive and operated as a 'Preighter' with seats and carpets removed. The aircraft was wet-leased to Garuda Indonesia Airlines for a Haj Pilgrimage operation between May and early Aug-23 (with seats & carpets refitted!).

 

It was returned to ULS Airlines Cargo in Oct-23 and sold to CAM Cargo Aircraft Management as N803CM. It was stored at Istanbul-ISL awaiting 'P2F' freighter conversion. The aircraft was converted to full freighter configuration with a main deck cargo door in Mar-25 and leased to ULS Airlines Cargo, Turkiye as TC-GOU in Jul-25, it operates cargo services on behalf of Turkish Airlines Cargo. Current, updated 24-Dec-25.

Replacing an earlier scanned print with a better version 29-Jan-19.

 

Originally delivered to Aeroflot Russian Airlines as CCCP-42527 (date unknown), this aircraft was sold to Air Ukraine as UR-42527 (date unknown). It was sold to Air Lviv in Jun-65. It was permanently retired at Lviv, Ukraine around 2005/06. Last noted at Lviv in Aug-08, derelect. Thought to have been broken up in 2012.

Replacing an earlier digital photo with a better version 26-Aug-21 (DeNoiseAI).

 

Taken from the Templeton Bridge,

 

Fleet No: "722".

 

First flown with the Boeing test registration N1786B, this aircraft was originally to have been registered N17730. This wasn't taken up and the aircraft was delivered to Continental Airlines as N27722 in Apr-99. It was fitted with blended winglets in May-05. Continental Airlines was merged into United Airlines in Oct-10 and the blended winglets were changed to split scimitar winglets in Sep-15. Current, updated (Aug-20)

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version.

Arches National Park is a national park in eastern Utah, United States. The park is adjacent to the Colorado River, 4 miles (6 km) north of Moab, Utah. More than 2,000 natural sandstone arches are located in the park, including the well-known Delicate Arch, as well as a variety of unique geological resources and formations. The park contains the highest density of natural arches in the world.

 

The park consists of 310.31 square kilometres (76,680 acres; 119.81 sq mi; 31,031 ha) of high desert located on the Colorado Plateau. The highest elevation in the park is 5,653 feet (1,723 m) at Elephant Butte, and the lowest elevation is 4,085 feet (1,245 m) at the visitor center. The park receives an average of less than 10 inches (250 mm) of rain annually.

 

Administered by the National Park Service, the area was originally named a national monument on April 12, 1929, and was re designated as a national park on November 12, 1971. The park received more than 1.6 million visitors in 2018.

 

As stated in the foundation document in U.S. National Park Service website:

 

The purpose of Arches National Park is to protect extraordinary examples of geologic features including arches, natural bridges, windows, spires, and balanced rocks, as well as other features of geologic, historic, and scientific interest, and to provide opportunities to experience these resources and their associated values in their majestic natural settings.

 

The national park lies above an underground evaporite layer or salt bed, which is the main cause of the formation of the arches, spires, balanced rocks, sandstone fins, and eroded monoliths in the area. This salt bed is thousands of feet thick in places and was deposited in the Paradox Basin of the Colorado Plateau some 300 million years ago (Mya) when a sea flowed into the region and eventually evaporated. Over millions of years, the salt bed was covered with debris eroded from the Uncompahgre Uplift to the northeast. During the Early Jurassic (about 200 Mya), desert conditions prevailed in the region and the vast Navajo Sandstone was deposited. An additional sequence of stream laid and windblown sediments, the Entrada Sandstone (about 140 Mya), was deposited on top of the Navajo. Over 5,000 feet (1,500 m) of younger sediments were deposited and have been mostly eroded. Remnants of the cover exist in the area including exposures of the Cretaceous Mancos Shale. The arches of the area are developed mostly within the Entrada formation.

 

The weight of this cover caused the salt bed below it to liquefy and thrust up layers of rock into salt domes. The evaporites of the area formed more unusual "salt anticlines" or linear regions of uplift. Faulting occurred and whole sections of rock subsided into the areas between the domes. In some places, they turned almost on edge. The result of one such 2,500-foot (760 m) displacement, the Moab Fault, is seen from the visitor center.

 

As this subsurface movement of salt shaped the landscape, erosion removed the younger rock layers from the surface. Except for isolated remnants, the major formations visible in the park today are the salmon-colored Entrada Sandstone, in which most of the arches form, and the buff-colored Navajo Sandstone. These are visible in layer-cake fashion throughout most of the park. Over time, water seeped into the surface cracks, joints, and folds of these layers. Ice formed in the fissures, expanding and putting pressure on surrounding rock, breaking off bits and pieces. Winds later cleaned out the loose particles. A series of free-standing fins remained. Wind and water attacked these fins until, in some, the cementing material gave way and chunks of rock tumbled out. Many damaged fins collapsed. Others, with the right degree of hardness and balance, survived despite their missing sections. These became the famous arches.

 

Although the park's terrain may appear rugged and durable, it is extremely fragile. More than 1 million visitors each year threaten the fragile high-desert ecosystem. The problem lies within the soil's crust, which is composed of cyanobacteria, algae, fungi, and lichens that grow in the dusty parts of the park. Factors that make Arches National Park sensitive to visitor damage include being a semiarid region, the scarce, unpredictable rainfall, lack of deep freezing, and lack of plant litter, which results in soils that have both a low resistance to and slow recovery from, compressional forces such as foot traffic. Methods of indicating effects on the soil are cytophobic soil crust index, measuring of water infiltration, and t-tests that are used to compare the values from the undisturbed and disturbed areas.

 

Geological processes that occurred over 300 million years ago caused a salt bed to be deposited, which today lies beneath the landscape of Arches National Park.[ Over time, the salt bed was covered with sediments that eventually compressed into rock layers that have since been named Entrada Standstone. Rock layers surrounding the edge of the salt bed continued to erode and shift into vertical sandstone walls called fins. Sand collected between vertical walls of the fins, then slightly acidic rain combined with carbon dioxide in the air allowed for the chemical formation of carbonic acid within the trapped sand. Over time, the carbonic acid dissolved the calcium carbonate that held the sandstone together. Many of the rock formations have weaker layers of rock on bottom that are holding stronger layers on top. The weaker layers would dissolve first, creating openings in the rock. Gravity caused pieces of the stronger rock layer to fall piece by piece into an arch shape. Arches form within rock fins at points of intense fracturing localization, or weak points in the rock's formation, caused by horizontal and vertical discontinuities. Lastly, water, wind, and time continued this erosion process and ultimately created the arches of Arches National Park. All of the arches in the park are made of Entrada Sandstone, however, there are slight differences in how each arch was developed. This allows the Entrada Sandstone to be categories into 3 groups including Slick rock members, Dewey rock members, and Moab members. Vertical arches can be developed from Slick rock members, a combination of Slick rock members and Moab members, or Slick rock members resting above Dewey rock members. Horizontal arches (also called potholes) are formed when a vertical pothole formation meets a horizontal cave, causing a union into a long arch structure. The erosion process within Arches National Park will continue as time continues to pass. Continued erosion combined with vertical and horizontal stress will eventually cause arches to collapse, but still, new arches will continue to form for thousands of years.

 

Humans have occupied the region since the last ice age 10,000 years ago. Fremont people and Ancestral Puebloans lived in the area until about 700 years ago. Spanish missionaries encountered Ute and Paiute tribes in the area when they first came through in 1775, but the first European-Americans to attempt settlement in the area were the Mormon Elk Mountain Mission in 1855, who soon abandoned the area. Ranchers, farmers, and prospectors later settled Moab in the neighboring Riverine Valley in the late 1870s. Word of the beauty of the surrounding rock formations spread beyond the settlement as a possible tourist destination.

 

The Arches area was first brought to the attention of the National Park Service by Frank A. Wadleigh, passenger traffic manager of the Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad. Wadleigh, accompanied by railroad photographer George L. Beam, visited the area in September 1923 at the invitation of Alexander Ringhoffer, a Hungarian-born prospector living in Salt Valley. Ringhoffer had written to the railroad to interest them in the tourist potential of a scenic area he had discovered the previous year with his two sons and a son-in-law, which he called the Devils Garden (known today as the Klondike Bluffs). Wadleigh was impressed by what Ringhoffer showed him, and suggested to Park Service director Stephen T. Mather that the area be made a national monument.

 

The following year, additional support for the monument idea came from Laurence Gould, a University of Michigan graduate student (and future polar explorer) studying the geology of the nearby La Sal Mountains, who was shown the scenic area by local physician Dr. J. W. "Doc" Williams.

 

A succession of government investigators examined the area, in part due to confusion as to the precise location. In the process, the name Devils Garden was transposed to an area on the opposite side of Salt Valley that includes Landscape Arch, the longest arch in the park. Ringhoffer's original discovery was omitted, while another area nearby, known locally as the Windows, was included. Designation of the area as a national monument was supported by the Park Service in 1926 but was resisted by President Calvin Coolidge's Interior Secretary, Hubert Work. Finally, in April 1929, shortly after his inauguration, President Herbert Hoover signed a presidential proclamation creating the Arches National Monument, consisting of two comparatively small, disconnected sections. The purpose of the reservation under the 1906 Antiquities Act was to protect the arches, spires, balanced rocks, and other sandstone formations for their scientific and educational value. The name Arches was suggested by Frank Pinkely, superintendent of the Park Service's southwestern national monuments, following a visit to the Windows section in 1925.

 

In late 1938, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed a proclamation that enlarged the Arches to protect additional scenic features and permit the development of facilities to promote tourism. A small adjustment was made by President Dwight Eisenhower in 1960 to accommodate a new road alignment.

 

In early 1969, just before leaving office, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed a proclamation substantially enlarging the Arches. Two years later, President Richard Nixon signed legislation enacted by Congress, which significantly reduced the total area enclosed, but changed its status. Arches National Park was formally dedicated in May 1972.

 

In 1980, vandals attempted to use an abrasive kitchen cleanser to deface ancient petroglyphs in the park, prompting park officials to recruit physicist John F. Asmus, who specialized in using lasers to restore works of art, to use his technology to repair the damage. Asmus "zapped the panel with intense light pulses and succeeded in removing most of the cleanser".

 

Climbing Balanced Rock or any named or unnamed arch in Arches National Park with an opening larger than 3 ft (0.9 m) is banned by park regulations. Climbing on other features in the park is allowed but regulated; in addition, slacklining and BASE jumping are banned parkwide.

 

Climbing on named arches within the park had long been banned by park regulations, but following Dean Potter's successful free climb on Delicate Arch in May 2006, the wording of the regulations was deemed unenforceable by the park attorney. In response, the park revised its regulations later that month, eventually imposing the current ban on arch climbing in 2014.

 

Approved recreational activities include auto touring, hiking, bicycling, camping at the Devils Garden campground, backpacking, canyoneering, and rock climbing, with permits required for the last three activities. Guided commercial tours and ranger programs are also available.

 

Astronomy is also popular in the park due to its dark skies, despite the increasing light pollution from towns such as Moab.

 

Delicate Arch is the subject of the third 2014 quarter of the U.S. Mint's America the Beautiful Quarters program commemorating national parks and historic sites. The Arches quarter had the highest production of the five 2014 national park quarters, with more than 465 million minted.

 

American writer Edward Abbey was a park ranger at Arches National Monument in 1956 and 1957, where he kept journals that became his book Desert Solitaire. The success of Abbey's book, as well as interest in adventure travel, has drawn many hikers, mountain bikers, and off-pavement driving enthusiasts to the area. Permitted activities within the park include camping, hiking along designated trails, backpacking, canyoneering, rock climbing, bicycling, and driving along existing roads, both paved and unpaved. The Hayduke Trail, an 812 mi (1,307 km) backpacking route named after one of Edward Abbey's characters, begins in the park.

 

An abundance of wildlife occurs in Arches National Park, including spadefoot toads, antelope squirrels, scrub jays, peregrine falcons, many kinds of sparrows, red foxes, desert bighorn sheep, kangaroo rats, mule deers, cougars, midget faded rattlesnakes, yucca moths, western rattlesnakes, and collared lizards.

 

A number of plant species are common in the park, including prickly pear cactus, Indian ricegrass, bunch grasses, cheatgrass, moss, liverworts, Utah juniper, Mormon tea, blackbrush, cliffrose, four-winged saltbrush, pinyon pine, evening primrose, sand verbena, yucca, and sacred datura.

 

Biological soil crust consisting of cyanobacteria, lichen, mosses, green algae, and microfungi is found throughout southeastern Utah. The fibrous growths help keep soil particles together, creating a layer that is more resistant to erosion. The living soil layer readily absorbs and stores water, allowing more complex forms of plant life to grow in places with low precipitation levels.

 

Among the notable features of the park are the following:

Balanced Rock – a large balancing rock, the size of three school buses

Courthouse Towers – a collection of tall stone columns

Dark Angel – a free-standing 150 ft-tall (46 m) sandstone pillar at the end of the Devils Garden Trail

Delicate Arch – a lone-standing arch that has become a symbol of Utah and the most recognized arch in the park

Devils Garden – many arches and columns scattered along a ridge

Double Arch – two arches that share a common end

Fiery Furnace – an area of maze-like narrow passages and tall rock columns (see biblical reference, Book of Daniel, chapter 3)

Landscape Arch – a very thin and long arch in the Devils Garden with a span of 290 ft (88 m) (the longest arch in the park)

Petrified Dunes – petrified remnants of dunes blown from the ancient lakes that covered the area

The Phallus – a rock spire that resembles a phallus

Wall Arch – located along the popular Devils Garden Trail; collapsed sometime on August 4/5, 2008

The Three Gossips –a mid-sized sandstone tower located in the Courthouse Towers area.

 

Utah is a landlocked state in the Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It borders Colorado to its east, Wyoming to its northeast, Idaho to its north, Arizona to its south, and Nevada to its west. Utah also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast. Of the fifty U.S. states, Utah is the 13th-largest by area; with a population over three million, it is the 30th-most-populous and 11th-least-densely populated. Urban development is mostly concentrated in two areas: the Wasatch Front in the north-central part of the state, which is home to roughly two-thirds of the population and includes the capital city, Salt Lake City; and Washington County in the southwest, with more than 180,000 residents. Most of the western half of Utah lies in the Great Basin.

 

Utah has been inhabited for thousands of years by various indigenous groups such as the ancient Puebloans, Navajo, and Ute. The Spanish were the first Europeans to arrive in the mid-16th century, though the region's difficult geography and harsh climate made it a peripheral part of New Spain and later Mexico. Even while it was Mexican territory, many of Utah's earliest settlers were American, particularly Mormons fleeing marginalization and persecution from the United States via the Mormon Trail. Following the Mexican–American War in 1848, the region was annexed by the U.S., becoming part of the Utah Territory, which included what is now Colorado and Nevada. Disputes between the dominant Mormon community and the federal government delayed Utah's admission as a state; only after the outlawing of polygamy was it admitted in 1896 as the 45th.

 

People from Utah are known as Utahns. Slightly over half of all Utahns are Mormons, the vast majority of whom are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), which has its world headquarters in Salt Lake City; Utah is the only state where a majority of the population belongs to a single church. A 2023 paper challenged this perception (claiming only 42% of Utahns are Mormons) however most statistics still show a majority of Utah residents belong to the LDS church; estimates from the LDS church suggests 60.68% of Utah's population belongs to the church whilst some sources put the number as high as 68%. The paper replied that membership count done by the LDS Church is too high for several reasons. The LDS Church greatly influences Utahn culture, politics, and daily life, though since the 1990s the state has become more religiously diverse as well as secular.

 

Utah has a highly diversified economy, with major sectors including transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, multi-level marketing, and tourism. Utah has been one of the fastest growing states since 2000, with the 2020 U.S. census confirming the fastest population growth in the nation since 2010. St. George was the fastest-growing metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah ranks among the overall best states in metrics such as healthcare, governance, education, and infrastructure. It has the 12th-highest median average income and the least income inequality of any U.S. state. Over time and influenced by climate change, droughts in Utah have been increasing in frequency and severity, putting a further strain on Utah's water security and impacting the state's economy.

 

The History of Utah is an examination of the human history and social activity within the state of Utah located in the western United States.

 

Archaeological evidence dates the earliest habitation of humans in Utah to about 10,000 to 12,000 years ago. Paleolithic people lived near the Great Basin's swamps and marshes, which had an abundance of fish, birds, and small game animals. Big game, including bison, mammoths and ground sloths, also were attracted to these water sources. Over the centuries, the mega-fauna died, this population was replaced by the Desert Archaic people, who sheltered in caves near the Great Salt Lake. Relying more on gathering than the previous Utah residents, their diet was mainly composed of cattails and other salt tolerant plants such as pickleweed, burro weed and sedge. Red meat appears to have been more of a luxury, although these people used nets and the atlatl to hunt water fowl, ducks, small animals and antelope. Artifacts include nets woven with plant fibers and rabbit skin, woven sandals, gaming sticks, and animal figures made from split-twigs. About 3,500 years ago, lake levels rose and the population of Desert Archaic people appears to have dramatically decreased. The Great Basin may have been almost unoccupied for 1,000 years.

 

The Fremont culture, named from sites near the Fremont River in Utah, lived in what is now north and western Utah and parts of Nevada, Idaho and Colorado from approximately 600 to 1300 AD. These people lived in areas close to water sources that had been previously occupied by the Desert Archaic people, and may have had some relationship with them. However, their use of new technologies define them as a distinct people. Fremont technologies include:

 

use of the bow and arrow while hunting,

building pithouse shelters,

growing maize and probably beans and squash,

building above ground granaries of adobe or stone,

creating and decorating low-fired pottery ware,

producing art, including jewelry and rock art such as petroglyphs and pictographs.

 

The ancient Puebloan culture, also known as the Anasazi, occupied territory adjacent to the Fremont. The ancestral Puebloan culture centered on the present-day Four Corners area of the Southwest United States, including the San Juan River region of Utah. Archaeologists debate when this distinct culture emerged, but cultural development seems to date from about the common era, about 500 years before the Fremont appeared. It is generally accepted that the cultural peak of these people was around the 1200 CE. Ancient Puebloan culture is known for well constructed pithouses and more elaborate adobe and masonry dwellings. They were excellent craftsmen, producing turquoise jewelry and fine pottery. The Puebloan culture was based on agriculture, and the people created and cultivated fields of maize, beans, and squash and domesticated turkeys. They designed and produced elaborate field terracing and irrigation systems. They also built structures, some known as kivas, apparently designed solely for cultural and religious rituals.

 

These two later cultures were roughly contemporaneous, and appear to have established trading relationships. They also shared enough cultural traits that archaeologists believe the cultures may have common roots in the early American Southwest. However, each remained culturally distinct throughout most of their existence. These two well established cultures appear to have been severely impacted by climatic change and perhaps by the incursion of new people in about 1200 CE. Over the next two centuries, the Fremont and ancient Pueblo people may have moved into the American southwest, finding new homes and farmlands in the river drainages of Arizona, New Mexico and northern Mexico.

 

In about 1200, Shoshonean speaking peoples entered Utah territory from the west. They may have originated in southern California and moved into the desert environment due to population pressure along the coast. They were an upland people with a hunting and gathering lifestyle utilizing roots and seeds, including the pinyon nut. They were also skillful fishermen, created pottery and raised some crops. When they first arrived in Utah, they lived as small family groups with little tribal organization. Four main Shoshonean peoples inhabited Utah country. The Shoshone in the north and northeast, the Gosiutes in the northwest, the Utes in the central and eastern parts of the region and the Southern Paiutes in the southwest. Initially, there seems to have been very little conflict between these groups.

 

In the early 16th century, the San Juan River basin in Utah's southeast also saw a new people, the Díne or Navajo, part of a greater group of plains Athabaskan speakers moved into the Southwest from the Great Plains. In addition to the Navajo, this language group contained people that were later known as Apaches, including the Lipan, Jicarilla, and Mescalero Apaches.

 

Athabaskans were a hunting people who initially followed the bison, and were identified in 16th-century Spanish accounts as "dog nomads". The Athabaskans expanded their range throughout the 17th century, occupying areas the Pueblo peoples had abandoned during prior centuries. The Spanish first specifically mention the "Apachu de Nabajo" (Navaho) in the 1620s, referring to the people in the Chama valley region east of the San Juan River, and north west of Santa Fe. By the 1640s, the term Navaho was applied to these same people. Although the Navajo newcomers established a generally peaceful trading and cultural exchange with the some modern Pueblo peoples to the south, they experienced intermittent warfare with the Shoshonean peoples, particularly the Utes in eastern Utah and western Colorado.

 

At the time of European expansion, beginning with Spanish explorers traveling from Mexico, five distinct native peoples occupied territory within the Utah area: the Northern Shoshone, the Goshute, the Ute, the Paiute and the Navajo.

 

The Spanish explorer Francisco Vázquez de Coronado may have crossed into what is now southern Utah in 1540, when he was seeking the legendary Cíbola.

 

A group led by two Spanish Catholic priests—sometimes called the Domínguez–Escalante expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the California coast. The expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. All of what is now Utah was claimed by the Spanish Empire from the 1500s to 1821 as part of New Spain (later as the province Alta California); and subsequently claimed by Mexico from 1821 to 1848. However, Spain and Mexico had little permanent presence in, or control of, the region.

 

Fur trappers (also known as mountain men) including Jim Bridger, explored some regions of Utah in the early 19th century. The city of Provo was named for one such man, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah is named for a brigade leader of the Hudson's Bay Company, Peter Skene Ogden who trapped in the Weber Valley. In 1846, a year before the arrival of members from the Church of Jesus Christ of latter-day Saints, the ill-fated Donner Party crossed through the Salt Lake valley late in the season, deciding not to stay the winter there but to continue forward to California, and beyond.

 

Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, commonly known as Mormon pioneers, first came to the Salt Lake Valley on July 24, 1847. At the time, the U.S. had already captured the Mexican territories of Alta California and New Mexico in the Mexican–American War and planned to keep them, but those territories, including the future state of Utah, officially became United States territory upon the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, February 2, 1848. The treaty was ratified by the United States Senate on March 10, 1848.

 

Upon arrival in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormon pioneers found no permanent settlement of Indians. Other areas along the Wasatch Range were occupied at the time of settlement by the Northwestern Shoshone and adjacent areas by other bands of Shoshone such as the Gosiute. The Northwestern Shoshone lived in the valleys on the eastern shore of Great Salt Lake and in adjacent mountain valleys. Some years after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley Mormons, who went on to colonize many other areas of what is now Utah, were petitioned by Indians for recompense for land taken. The response of Heber C. Kimball, first counselor to Brigham Young, was that the land belonged to "our Father in Heaven and we expect to plow and plant it." A 1945 Supreme Court decision found that the land had been treated by the United States as public domain; no aboriginal title by the Northwestern Shoshone had been recognized by the United States or extinguished by treaty with the United States.

 

Upon arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, the Mormons had to make a place to live. They created irrigation systems, laid out farms, built houses, churches, and schools. Access to water was crucially important. Almost immediately, Brigham Young set out to identify and claim additional community sites. While it was difficult to find large areas in the Great Basin where water sources were dependable and growing seasons long enough to raise vitally important subsistence crops, satellite communities began to be formed.

 

Shortly after the first company arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in 1847, the community of Bountiful was settled to the north. In 1848, settlers moved into lands purchased from trapper Miles Goodyear in present-day Ogden. In 1849, Tooele and Provo were founded. Also that year, at the invitation of Ute chief Wakara, settlers moved into the Sanpete Valley in central Utah to establish the community of Manti. Fillmore, Utah, intended to be the capital of the new territory, was established in 1851. In 1855, missionary efforts aimed at western native cultures led to outposts in Fort Lemhi, Idaho, Las Vegas, Nevada and Elk Mountain in east-central Utah.

 

The experiences of returning members of the Mormon Battalion were also important in establishing new communities. On their journey west, the Mormon soldiers had identified dependable rivers and fertile river valleys in Colorado, Arizona and southern California. In addition, as the men traveled to rejoin their families in the Salt Lake Valley, they moved through southern Nevada and the eastern segments of southern Utah. Jefferson Hunt, a senior Mormon officer of the Battalion, actively searched for settlement sites, minerals, and other resources. His report encouraged 1851 settlement efforts in Iron County, near present-day Cedar City. These southern explorations eventually led to Mormon settlements in St. George, Utah, Las Vegas and San Bernardino, California, as well as communities in southern Arizona.

 

Prior to establishment of the Oregon and California trails and Mormon settlement, Indians native to the Salt Lake Valley and adjacent areas lived by hunting buffalo and other game, but also gathered grass seed from the bountiful grass of the area as well as roots such as those of the Indian Camas. By the time of settlement, indeed before 1840, the buffalo were gone from the valley, but hunting by settlers and grazing of cattle severely impacted the Indians in the area, and as settlement expanded into nearby river valleys and oases, indigenous tribes experienced increasing difficulty in gathering sufficient food. Brigham Young's counsel was to feed the hungry tribes, and that was done, but it was often not enough. These tensions formed the background to the Bear River massacre committed by California Militia stationed in Salt Lake City during the Civil War. The site of the massacre is just inside Preston, Idaho, but was generally thought to be within Utah at the time.

 

Statehood was petitioned for in 1849-50 using the name Deseret. The proposed State of Deseret would have been quite large, encompassing all of what is now Utah, and portions of Colorado, Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, Arizona, Oregon, New Mexico and California. The name of Deseret was favored by the LDS leader Brigham Young as a symbol of industry and was derived from a reference in the Book of Mormon. The petition was rejected by Congress and Utah did not become a state until 1896, following the Utah Constitutional Convention of 1895.

 

In 1850, the Utah Territory was created with the Compromise of 1850, and Fillmore (named after President Fillmore) was designated the capital. In 1856, Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the territorial capital.

 

The first group of pioneers brought African slaves with them, making Utah the only place in the western United States to have African slavery. Three slaves, Green Flake, Hark Lay, and Oscar Crosby, came west with this first group in 1847. The settlers also began to purchase Indian slaves in the well-established Indian slave trade, as well as enslaving Indian prisoners of war. In 1850, 26 slaves were counted in Salt Lake County. Slavery didn't become officially recognized until 1852, when the Act in Relation to Service and the Act for the relief of Indian Slaves and Prisoners were passed. Slavery was repealed on June 19, 1862, when Congress prohibited slavery in all US territories.

 

Disputes between the Mormon inhabitants and the federal government intensified after the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' practice of polygamy became known. The polygamous practices of the Mormons, which were made public in 1854, would be one of the major reasons Utah was denied statehood until almost 50 years after the Mormons had entered the area.

 

After news of their polygamous practices spread, the members of the LDS Church were quickly viewed by some as un-American and rebellious. In 1857, after news of a possible rebellion spread, President James Buchanan sent troops on the Utah expedition to quell the growing unrest and to replace Brigham Young as territorial governor with Alfred Cumming. The expedition was also known as the Utah War.

 

As fear of invasion grew, Mormon settlers had convinced some Paiute Indians to aid in a Mormon-led attack on 120 immigrants from Arkansas under the guise of Indian aggression. The murder of these settlers became known as the Mountain Meadows massacre. The Mormon leadership had adopted a defensive posture that led to a ban on the selling of grain to outsiders in preparation for an impending war. This chafed pioneers traveling through the region, who were unable to purchase badly needed supplies. A disagreement between some of the Arkansas pioneers and the Mormons in Cedar City led to the secret planning of the massacre by a few Mormon leaders in the area. Some scholars debate the involvement of Brigham Young. Only one man, John D. Lee, was ever convicted of the murders, and he was executed at the massacre site.

 

Express riders had brought the news 1,000 miles from the Missouri River settlements to Salt Lake City within about two weeks of the army's beginning to march west. Fearing the worst as 2,500 troops (roughly 1/3rd of the army then) led by General Albert Sidney Johnston started west, Brigham Young ordered all residents of Salt Lake City and neighboring communities to prepare their homes for burning and evacuate southward to Utah Valley and southern Utah. Young also sent out a few units of the Nauvoo Legion (numbering roughly 8,000–10,000), to delay the army's advance. The majority he sent into the mountains to prepare defenses or south to prepare for a scorched earth retreat. Although some army wagon supply trains were captured and burned and herds of army horses and cattle run off no serious fighting occurred. Starting late and short on supplies, the United States Army camped during the bitter winter of 1857–58 near a burned out Fort Bridger in Wyoming. Through the negotiations between emissary Thomas L. Kane, Young, Cumming and Johnston, control of Utah territory was peacefully transferred to Cumming, who entered an eerily vacant Salt Lake City in the spring of 1858. By agreement with Young, Johnston established the army at Fort Floyd 40 miles away from Salt Lake City, to the southwest.

 

Salt Lake City was the last link of the First Transcontinental Telegraph, between Carson City, Nevada and Omaha, Nebraska completed in October 1861. Brigham Young, who had helped expedite construction, was among the first to send a message, along with Abraham Lincoln and other officials. Soon after the telegraph line was completed, the Deseret Telegraph Company built the Deseret line connecting the settlements in the territory with Salt Lake City and, by extension, the rest of the United States.

 

Because of the American Civil War, federal troops were pulled out of Utah Territory (and their fort auctioned off), leaving the territorial government in federal hands without army backing until General Patrick E. Connor arrived with the 3rd Regiment of California Volunteers in 1862. While in Utah, Connor and his troops soon became discontent with this assignment wanting to head to Virginia where the "real" fighting and glory was occurring. Connor established Fort Douglas just three miles (5 km) east of Salt Lake City and encouraged his bored and often idle soldiers to go out and explore for mineral deposits to bring more non-Mormons into the state. Minerals were discovered in Tooele County, and some miners began to come to the territory. Conner also solved the Shoshone Indian problem in Cache Valley Utah by luring the Shoshone into a midwinter confrontation on January 29, 1863. The armed conflict quickly turned into a rout, discipline among the soldiers broke down, and the Battle of Bear River is today usually referred to by historians as the Bear River Massacre. Between 200 and 400 Shoshone men, women and children were killed, as were 27 soldiers, with over 50 more soldiers wounded or suffering from frostbite.

 

Beginning in 1865, Utah's Black Hawk War developed into the deadliest conflict in the territory's history. Chief Antonga Black Hawk died in 1870, but fights continued to break out until additional federal troops were sent in to suppress the Ghost Dance of 1872. The war is unique among Indian Wars because it was a three-way conflict, with mounted Timpanogos Utes led by Antonga Black Hawk fighting federal and Utah local militia.

 

On May 10, 1869, the First transcontinental railroad was completed at Promontory Summit, north of the Great Salt Lake. The railroad brought increasing numbers of people into the state, and several influential businessmen made fortunes in the territory.

 

Main article: Latter Day Saint polygamy in the late-19th century

During the 1870s and 1880s, federal laws were passed and federal marshals assigned to enforce the laws against polygamy. In the 1890 Manifesto, the LDS Church leadership dropped its approval of polygamy citing divine revelation. When Utah applied for statehood again in 1895, it was accepted. Statehood was officially granted on January 4, 1896.

 

The Mormon issue made the situation for women the topic of nationwide controversy. In 1870 the Utah Territory, controlled by Mormons, gave women the right to vote. However, in 1887, Congress disenfranchised Utah women with the Edmunds–Tucker Act. In 1867–96, eastern activists promoted women's suffrage in Utah as an experiment, and as a way to eliminate polygamy. They were Presbyterians and other Protestants convinced that Mormonism was a non-Christian cult that grossly mistreated women. The Mormons promoted woman suffrage to counter the negative image of downtrodden Mormon women. With the 1890 Manifesto clearing the way for statehood, in 1895 Utah adopted a constitution restoring the right of women's suffrage. Congress admitted Utah as a state with that constitution in 1896.

 

Though less numerous than other intermountain states at the time, several lynching murders for alleged misdeeds occurred in Utah territory at the hand of vigilantes. Those documented include the following, with their ethnicity or national origin noted in parentheses if it was provided in the source:

 

William Torrington in Carson City (then a part of Utah territory), 1859

Thomas Coleman (Black man) in Salt Lake City, 1866

3 unidentified men at Wahsatch, winter of 1868

A Black man in Uintah, 1869

Charles A. Benson in Logan, 1873

Ah Sing (Chinese man) in Corinne, 1874

Thomas Forrest in St. George, 1880

William Harvey (Black man) in Salt Lake City, 1883

John Murphy in Park City, 1883

George Segal (Japanese man) in Ogden, 1884

Joseph Fisher in Eureka, 1886

Robert Marshall (Black man) in Castle Gate, 1925

Other lynchings in Utah territory include multiple instances of mass murder of Native American children, women, and men by White settlers including the Battle Creek massacre (1849), Provo River Massacre (1850), Nephi massacre (1853), and Circleville Massacre (1866).

 

Beginning in the early 20th century, with the establishment of such national parks as Bryce Canyon National Park and Zion National Park, Utah began to become known for its natural beauty. Southern Utah became a popular filming spot for arid, rugged scenes, and such natural landmarks as Delicate Arch and "the Mittens" of Monument Valley are instantly recognizable to most national residents. During the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, with the construction of the Interstate highway system, accessibility to the southern scenic areas was made easier.

 

Beginning in 1939, with the establishment of Alta Ski Area, Utah has become world-renowned for its skiing. The dry, powdery snow of the Wasatch Range is considered some of the best skiing in the world. Salt Lake City won the bid for the 2002 Winter Olympics in 1995, and this has served as a great boost to the economy. The ski resorts have increased in popularity, and many of the Olympic venues scattered across the Wasatch Front continue to be used for sporting events. This also spurred the development of the light-rail system in the Salt Lake Valley, known as TRAX, and the re-construction of the freeway system around the city.

 

During the late 20th century, the state grew quickly. In the 1970s, growth was phenomenal in the suburbs. Sandy was one of the fastest-growing cities in the country at that time, and West Valley City is the state's 2nd most populous city. Today, many areas of Utah are seeing phenomenal growth. Northern Davis, southern and western Salt Lake, Summit, eastern Tooele, Utah, Wasatch, and Washington counties are all growing very quickly. Transportation and urbanization are major issues in politics as development consumes agricultural land and wilderness areas.

 

In 2012, the State of Utah passed the Utah Transfer of Public Lands Act in an attempt to gain control over a substantial portion of federal land in the state from the federal government, based on language in the Utah Enabling Act of 1894. The State does not intend to use force or assert control by limiting access in an attempt to control the disputed lands, but does intend to use a multi-step process of education, negotiation, legislation, and if necessary, litigation as part of its multi-year effort to gain state or private control over the lands after 2014.

 

Utah families, like most Americans everywhere, did their utmost to assist in the war effort. Tires, meat, butter, sugar, fats, oils, coffee, shoes, boots, gasoline, canned fruits, vegetables, and soups were rationed on a national basis. The school day was shortened and bus routes were reduced to limit the number of resources used stateside and increase what could be sent to soldiers.

 

Geneva Steel was built to increase the steel production for America during World War II. President Franklin D. Roosevelt had proposed opening a steel mill in Utah in 1936, but the idea was shelved after a couple of months. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, the United States entered the war and the steel plant was put into progress. In April 1944, Geneva shipped its first order, which consisted of over 600 tons of steel plate. Geneva Steel also brought thousands of job opportunities to Utah. The positions were hard to fill as many of Utah's men were overseas fighting. Women began working, filling 25 percent of the jobs.

 

As a result of Utah's and Geneva Steels contribution during the war, several Liberty Ships were named in honor of Utah including the USS Joseph Smith, USS Brigham Young, USS Provo, and the USS Peter Skene Ogden.

 

One of the sectors of the beachhead of Normandy Landings was codenamed Utah Beach, and the amphibious landings at the beach were undertaken by United States Army troops.

 

It is estimated that 1,450 soldiers from Utah were killed in the war.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 26-Aug-21 (DeNoiseAI)

 

'all go' titles, right side. 'go now' titles. left side.

 

This aircraft was delivered to ILFC and leased to Garuda Indonesia Airlines as PK-GWF in Apr-90. It was returned to the lessor in Mar-98 and leased to Go Fly Ltd as G-IGOF the following month (see note below).

 

Go Fly was merged into the easyJet Airline Company in Dec-02 and the aircraft stayed with them until it was returned to the lessor in Nov-03. It was leased to Garuda again in Dec-03 as PK-GHS.

 

The aircraft was transferred to Garuda Citylink in May-04 and returned to the lessor in Jan-09 and leased to Sriwijaya Air as PK-CJY in Feb-09. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair when it caught fire at Jakarta (CGK) in Oct-14.

 

Note: Go Fly Ltd was set up by British Airways as a low-cost answer to Ryanair and easyJet. It was based at Stansted, UK. It didn't really catch on and it's somewhat ironic that BA eventually sold Go Fly to easyJet in Dec-02.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 01-Jan-22 (DeNoise AI).

 

First flown with the Boeing test registration N1786B, this aircraft was delivered to Air Algerie as 7T-VJR in May-02. It was sold to a lessor in Sep-06 and leased back to Air Algerie. Current, updated 01-Jan-22.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 20-Apr-16.

 

First flown with the Airbus test registration D-AVYD, this aircraft was delivered to Tunis Air in Sep-98. Now almost 18 years old (as of Apr-16), it continues in service.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 28-Oct-17, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 01-Jun-23.

 

This aircraft was delivered to US Air as N624AU in Jul-94. US Air was renamed US Airways in Feb-97. It was sold to a lessor in Dec-03 and leased back to US Airways.

 

In Jan-07 the aircraft was re-registered N937UW and was fitted with blended winglets in May-09. US Airways was merged into American Airlines in Apr-15 (official merger date).

 

American Airlines retired the aircraft at Goodyear, AZ, USA in Nov-17. It was thought to be permanently retired but was sold to SF Airlines (Shun Feng Airlines) in Jun-18 and ferried to Singapore-Seletar for freighter conversion.

 

It was converted to full freighter configuration with a main deck cargo door in Dec-18 and re-registered B-207Y prior to service entry. Current, updated 01-Jun-23.

Replacing an earlier scanned print with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 06-Aug-21.

 

Leased from/operated by Maersk Air.

 

An early build B737-700 (Line No:11), this aircraft was first flown with the Boeing test registration N35161. It was delivered to Maersk Air (Denmark) as OY-MRB in Mar-98. It was wet-leased to Air Malta in Mar-00 and returned to Maersk Air in Oct-00.

 

The aircraft was sold to GECAS in Dec-00 and immediately leased to GOL Transportes Aereos (Brasil) as PR-GOA. It was returned to GECAS in Sep-12 and stored at Greenwood, MS, USA where it was subsequently broken up after only 14 years in service.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 26-Jul-17 + DeNoise AI 18-Oct-22.

 

Fleet No: "50M".

Broad-bodied chaser, male

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 27-May-24.

 

Named: "Parrot".

 

This aircraft was delivered to GECAS and leased to China Airlines as B-18673 in Nov-96. It didn't stay long and was returned to the lessor in Dec-98. It was leased to Istanbul Airlines as TC-IAG the following day.

 

It didn't stay in Türkiye long either and returned to the lessor in Apr-00 (Istanbul ceased operations in Aug-00). The aircraft was leased to City Bird Airlines (Belgium) in May-00. It was transferred to City Bird France as F-GLTG in Apr-01. City Bird and City Bird France were declared bankrupt in Oct-01 and the aircraft was returned to the lessor as N120AF in Nov-01 and stored.

 

In Apr-02 it was leased to SATA International (Azores/Portugal) as CS-TGZ in Apr-02 and returned to the lessor in Aug-05. In Sep-05 it was re-registered VT-SJC and leased to Air Sahara (India). Air Sahara was sold to Jet Airways (India) and was eventually renamed Jet Lite as Jet Airways 'low-cost' division.

 

The aircraft was returned to the lessor as N491MT in Apr-09 and stored at Kuala Lumpur-Subang. In Sep-09 it was leased to Skynet Asia Airways (Japan) as JA737G. Skynet was renamed Solaseed Air in Jul-11. It was sold to Solaseed Air in Jul-14 and a week later the aircraft permanently retired at Chateauroux, France.

 

In Jul-15 the aircraft was preserved at Chateauroux as a crash rescue mock-up for Fire Service training. Updated 26-May-24.

Replaced in 2015 from the Airlink service 100 between Waverley Bridge and Edinburgh Airport by new buses, the original vehicles were transferred to East Coast Buses. Seen at Abbeymount is 20940 - SN10DKK.

Replacing those very tired looking omnidekkas since brand new, a smarter looking Pink line takes place in the roads around Bilborough and the city centre. Think pink as you can guarantee a smooth ride with free wifi and USB onboard. And a perfect day to photograph these as they look super smart.

 

no. YN19 EFO

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 10-Apr-24. Slightly blurred!

 

Named: "Luiz Vaz de Camoes".

 

First flown with the Airbus test registration D-AVZI, this aircraft was delivered to TAP Air Portugal as CS-TJF in Jan-01. Current, updated 10-Apr-24.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 19-Nov-23.

 

Boeing 707-300C's were all built with a main deck cargo door and could be used for either passengers or freight. This aircraft was delivered to Northwest Orient Airlines as N376US in Nov-67.

 

It was sold to BWIA International (Trinidad & Tobago) as 9Y-TEK in May-75. In Mar-82 it was sold to Caribbean Air Cargo (Barbados) as 8P-CAD and converted to a full freighter configuration with the cabin windows replaced with blanks.

 

The aircraft was sold to Dynair Tech of Florida Inc in Oct-89 and stored. It was sold to Skyways International in Dec-90 and in May-91 it was sold to First City Texas Houston as N707KV. It was transferred to New First City Texas Houston in Nov-92 and stored at Athens, Greece.

 

In Feb-94 it was sold to Nordstrom Holdings and leased to TAAT Trans Arabian Air Transport as ST-ANP. The aircraft was sold to TAAT Uganda as 5X-ARJ and leased back to Trans Arabian (Sudan) in Dec-96 (when Sudan registered aircraft were banned from Europe).

 

It was re-registered ST-ANP again in Apr-99 when Trans Arabian Air Transport (Sudan) bought it. The aircraft was damaged beyond repair just 4 months later, in Aug-99, when it landed with a strong tailwind at Juba, South Sudan and overran the end of the runway.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 13-Aug-21 (DeNoiseAI).

 

This aircraft was delivered to Delta Air Lines as N189DN in Feb-97. It was fitted with blended winglets in Apr-14.

 

The aircraft was removed from service and stored at Birmingham, AL, USA in Mar-20 due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and returned to service in Feb-21. Current, updated 13-Aug-21.

Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 11-Sep-24.

 

Named: "Esra".

 

A late build MD-88, this aircraft was delivered to Onur Air as TC-ONP in May-97. It was sold to Bukovyna Aviation (Ukraine) in Apr-11 as UR-CIZ.

 

By the following month it had found it's way to Iran and was wet-leased to Taban Air. Taban Air bought it in Jun-12 and it was re-registered EP-TBB. Current, updated 11-Sep-24.

( I made a little lighting changes and replaced the orginal one on 18th Oct 2008 )

 

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