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Trinity Church (Bruck an der Leitha)
Bruck parish church
The Holy Trinity Church is the Roman Catholic parish church to the Holy Trinity in Bruck an der Leitha (Lower Austria).
First phase (1696-1702)
Second phase of construction (1738-40)
Last structural modifications (1782-83)
History
Since the old church of St. Martin before the gates of the "new" city in invasions of the enemy repeatedly was destroyed, for the ever growing population also long since became too small and the existing within the city walls monastery churches and chapels for worship (no longer) could be used, was in the mid-17th Century the decision taken to build a new parish church within the city gates. The siege by the Turks and the appearance of the plague thwarted these plans again and again. After the Ottoman army was defeated in 1683 successfully in the Battle of Vienna and the plague was considered extinct, the City Council in gratitude decided to build a dignified church on the main square newly. The church should be attached to the existing medieval tower. Served as the model the early Baroque Church of Gesù in Rome.
First phase (1696-1702)
Under architect Heinrich Hoffmann the nave was built parallel to the row of houses, which is why the city tower - now converted into a church tower - stands approximately 15 degrees rotated to the north. It was raised by the superstructure of the belfry and received a baroque spire.
Second phase of construction (1738-40)
The austere frontispiece was replaced by architect Johann Georg Windpässinger by the two-storey magnificent facade. The sculptural decoration was designed by Martin Vögerl (Marian column Hainburg an der Donau) and displays above the main portal (City Arms with the year 1740) the figure of St. John of Nepomuk with the representation of the Vltava River bridge at the base. Other figures in the basement are the portraits of the plague saints Sebastian with tree, Rochus with Pestbeule (bubo) at the knee and the Saint Florian with the bucket of water and the Holy Leopold. Upstairs - flanked by volutes crowned by vases from their ornamental vessels the flame of the sacrifice is licking - the representation of the Holy Archangel Michael, crashing Satan with a flaming sword into the abyss. In the tympanum a magnificent edged plate with the inscription: "QUIS UT DEUS" (Who is like God?)
Last structural changes (1782-83)
The spire was raised by the lantern of the death-knell and slightly modified in its shape (tower height: 53,35 m).
Pass away ringing:
The Schiedläuten (pass away ringing), (also: Scheideläuten, Scheidungsläuten, death ringing) means that when a case of death becomes known with the Schiedglocke (pass away bell) - in Switzerland/Austria also with the Zügenglocke (cf. "to be at one's last gasp" ) - is rung. This can be done either at the arrival of the news of the death, after the next Betläuten/Angelus or at another fixed time. In Austria there is also partly still the custom that in the event of death of a man the Schiedglocke rings three times, in the event of death of a woman two times and in the event of death of a child one time (Wikipedia).
Equipment
The interior is 42 meters long and 14 meters wide, the chapel niches on both sides each measure 3 meters. The single naved longhouse is spanned by a four-bay, slightly stuccoed lunette ton. Recessed pilasters, which are divided by double pilasters bear a sharp profiled beams to which join the barrel-vaulted galleries. The straight closing forms the retracted, two-bay choir.
The Baroque high altar from 1704 is a donation of Johann Jakob Stumpf, councillor and personal physician of Emperor Leopold I. Beautiful altarpiece depicting the Holy Trinity from the vicinity of Daniel Gran. Miraculous image of Our Lady of Sorrows (18th century) from the Spittelwaldkapelle (chapel). Statues of the apostles St. Paul (left) and St. Peter (right), of St. Barbara and St. Catherine with crown, sword and palm of victory in the entablature area.
Five side altars from the 2nd Quarter of the 18th century:
Corporis Christi or Corpus Christi altar with altarpiece of Saint Francis of Assisi from the mid-19th Century by the Viennese painter Leopold Schulz (School Professor Kuppelwieser).
Cross altar with an altarpiece Christ on the cross. Statues of Saint Jerome (left) and Augustine (right). Baptismal font from 1700, at the cover (second half of 18th century) the Baptism of Christ in the Jordan River by John the Baptist is shown.
Family altar with an altarpiece of the Holy Family: Mary and Joseph with the Infant Jesus, Elisabeth and Zacharias with the infant Saint John. Statues of St. Francis of Assisi (left) and Anthony of Padua (right), 1725 altar of Our Lady or Marie altar with oval image Mariahilf modeled after 16th Century. Baroque glass sarcophagus with relics of St. Theodorus martyr.
Plague altar with image of Saint Sebastian dying as a martyr (2nd half of 17th century), in front of it, lying Santa Rosalia with wreath of roses on her forehead. Statues of St. Rocco and St. Florian to 1730.
Baroque hanging pulpit, basket with relief of the Good Shepherd. Sounding board studded by group of evangelists, angels and tablets of commandments.
The in 1710 by Viennese organ architect Jakob Sippus built organ was enlarged in 1749 and has a statuette of King David at the closing. Currently, 300 wood and 996 tin pipes, the largest of five meters, the smallest one centimeter long.
The Great Bell (Vienna, 1752) shows a relief of the Madonna with Child, Peter, Paul and John of Nepomuk. With a diameter of 158 cm and a height of 150 cm, it sounds pitch h, with a weight of 2400 kg it is one of the largest bells in the province of Lower Austria .
de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreifaltigkeitskirche_(Bruck_an_der_Leitha)
Modification of the basic MP5 to fire the .45 ACP cartridge, made famous due to its usage in the M1911 pistol, better known as the Colt .45. The mag used is the secret one, though I originally got it from Amy.
This weapon applies to the build-off that I am in with Bowlingdude.
I add two washers to the governor. This adds some preload on the spring which retards the opening of the exhaust valves. This way i eliminate a small bog/hesitation in the powerband when using the bigger 38mm carburetor.
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
In early 1942, German tank manufacturers were requested to design a Sturmpanzer on the basis of the Panzer IV tank chassis. This new tank was designed to provide a vehicle offering direct infantry fire support, especially in urban areas.
Alkett responded with the SdKfz. 168 (the later "Brummbär" Sturmpanzer), which used a Panzer IV chassis with the upper hull and turret replaced by a new casemate-style armoured superstructure housing a new gun, the 15 centimetres (5.9 in) Sturmhaubitze (StuH) 43 L/12 developed by Skoda.
An alternative design came from Krupp-Gruson Magdeburg, where the Panzer IV was produced, the SdKfZ. 161/5. As the name indicated, it was rather a modification of the existing Panzer IV chassis than a complete redesign of the hull, less radical than the SdKfz. 168. In fact, the SdKfZ. 161/5 followed a different philosophy: Instead of a heavily armoured direct assault vehicle, the Krupp-Gruson design team rather envisioned a tank that would support infantry in the urban combat environment, where potential enemies could lurk everywhere. Therefore, the classic tank layout with a fully rotating turret was retained, as well as the vehicle's capability to attack targets either directly, or, like a classic howitzer, with ballistic shots from long range. Since a 15cm StuH could not be mounted in a turret on the Panzer IV chassis, the SdKfZ. 161/5 was armed with the proven but lighter 10,5 cm Feldhaubitze 18/4.
The weapon was protected by a fully closed turret and could be elevated from -5° to +45°, allowing an effective fire range of up to 10,675 m (11,674 yd). With a good gun crew, a rate of fire of up to six shots per minute could be achieved. A typical 10,5cm HE shell weighed 14.81 kg (32.7 lb), but an armour piercing shell against hardened targets was also available and weighed 14.25 kg (31.4lb) – even though it could only penetrate 52 mm (2 in) of armour plate at a very short range of 500 meters, due to the gun’s low muzzle velocity of 470 m/s (1,542 ft/s). A total of 60 rounds could be carried, typically 3/4 HE and 1/4 AP rounds.
The turret itself was a rather boxy design with almost vertical side walls and a pair of large doors at the back side which not only made entering the tank and re-supplying it with ammunition easy, the were also a welcome option to improve ventilation when the howitzer was fired. Altogether, the SdKfZ. 161/5 was very reminiscent of the heavy Soviet KV-2 tank that had deeply impressed German soldiers when it appeared in late 1940. However, unlike the KV-2, the SdKfZ. 161/5's turret was only lightly armoured (10-30mm), so that it only offered protection against small arms fire and artillery shrapnel. Thanks to this light armour, however, the overall weight could be limited to 27 tons so that the Panzer IV chassis could still cope well with it. Initially, the secondary armament only consisted of a hull-mounted MG 34 machine gun next to the driver. Another MG 34 could be fastened to the open gunner's hatch, and there was an MP 40 submachine gun for the crew for close range defense against infantry attacks. The 7.92 mm ammunition supply was 3,150 rounds.
The SdKfZ. 161/5 was quickly rushed into production and service. The first forty vehicles were all revamped Panzer IV battle tanks (a mix of F, G and H chassis) which simply received the new turret, adapted ammunition racks for the new 10,5 cm rounds in the hull and the modified designation. They were sent immediately to the Eastern Front, taking part in the 1942 summer offensive in the Don, Volga, and Caucasus regions. They fared quite well and were popular among the crews, because the all-round protection against enemy fire or hand grenades was a novelty for a German artillery support tank. The tanks proved to be quite effective in their intended urban infantry support role, offering more firepower than the earlier Panzer IV Ausf. D and E with their short 75 mm cannon. The fact that the tanks could furthermore provide indirect long-range fire support for advancing tanks made them versatile and popular, too. The prominent turret and the large gun barrel quickly earned the SdKfZ. 161/5 the unofficial nickname "Spritzenwagen" (= fire engine).
However, several drawbacks became apparent soon. The biggest weakness was the vehicle's high silhouette: in the open field and during transfers the SdKfZ. 161/5 was hard to conceal, had a relatively high center of gravity and the weak turret armor made the vehicle vulnerable against light anti-tank weapons like the Soviet 45mm 20-K tank gun or the 37 mm Model 30 cannon.
Other tactical weaknesses of the early vehicles were a poor field of vision for the commander from the inside, as well as the need for a better protection against infantry attacks at close range.
In order to mend these problems, later SdKfZ. 161/5s received a Panzer IV standard commander cupola, which increased the height even more but offered a much better all-round view. The mount for the optional MG 34 on the turret roof was relocated to the commander's cupola. A ball mount for an additional MG 34 was incorporated into the turret's front, which could be operated by the loader and independently from the cannon. Additionally, the armor strength of the turret’s front and sidewalls was increased to 25-40mm. In field practice, this was frequently augmented with spare track links, which were often added to the tank's front, too. The overall weight of these late, improved tanks, designated “Ausf. B”, rose to almost 28 tons (late Panzer IV versions weighed less than 24 tons), though, and brought the Panzer IV chassis to its limits. At the same time, the initial production batch was re-designated "Ausf. A". However, in the course of 1943, some early tanks were retrofitted with commander cupolas and the additional machine gun mounts, so that they could not be visually differentiated from the late SdKfZ. 161/5s anymore.
A total of 120 SdKfZ. 161/5s were produced until late 1943, when it became more and more apparent that its firepower was not sufficient anymore, and the relatively light armour protection made the vehicle progressively vulnerable. The “Spritzenwagen” was soon phased out and replaced by the lighter and more mobile Sd.Kfz. 124 “Wespe” as well as the more heavily armed and armoured SdKfz. 168 “Brummbär”. After their withdrawal, some SdKfZ. 161/5 chassis were converted into other vehicles on the Panzer IV’s basis, e.g. into Bergepanzer IV and Brückenleger IV, but most were cannibalized for spare parts.
Specifications:
Crew: Five (commander, gunner, loader, driver, radio operator/bow gunner)
Weight: 27.8 tonnes
Length: 5.92 m (19 ft 5 in)
Width: 2.88 m (9 ft 5 in)
Height: 3.20 m (10 ft 6 in) w/o AA machine gun
Suspension: Leaf spring
Fuel capacity: 470 l (120 US gal)
Armour:
10 – 50 mm (0.39 – 1.96 in)
Performance:
Maximum road speed: 38 km/h (23.6 mph)
Sustained road speed: 34 km/h (21.1 mph)
Operational range: 200 km (120 mi)
Power/weight: 11 PS/t
Engine:
Maybach HL 120 TRM V12 petrol engine with 300 PS (296 hp, 221 kW)
Transmission:
ZF Synchromesh SSG 77 gear with 6 forward and 1 reverse ratios
Armament:
1× 10.5 cm leFH 18/4 L/28 with 60 rounds
2× 7.92 mm Maschinengewehr 34 with 3.150 rounds,
The kit and its assembly:
This fictional Panzer IV version was inspired by the thought of what a WWII infantry support vehicle could have looked like, one that could be used in tight combat environments with a better field of fire than the typical German Sturmgeschütze with their casemate style hull. This led to something with a howitzer in a fully rotating turret – conceptually similar to the Soviet KV-2. There had actually been prototypes of such vehicles, e. g. the 10.5cm leFH 18/6 auf Waffenträger IVb “Heuschrecke” with a removable(!) turret. But these did not enter service.
I wanted something simpler, and this led to a Panzer IV chassis with a new turret. The hull is a Hasegawa Panzer IV F2 and it was built OOB. I just added some track segments to the front. The turret is a kitbashing and come from a British “Bishop” SPG. However, I wanted a visibly different cannon, so I organized a 1:72 Zvezda 10.5cm leFH field gun and implanted the barrel as well as the gun mount into the Bishop housing (which was fixed and not a movable turret). Since I also wanted to keep the gun movable, the front slit had to be widened and re-sculpted with styrene sheet. A fiddly affair, but it worked well! Some details like the Panzer IV commander cupola (from the Hasegawa kit) and the additional machine gun ball mount were added to modify the look – but the Bishop heritage is hard to conceal. In order to mount the turret onto the hull, I used the OOB lower turret half from the Hasegawa kit as an adapter. Some holes had to be filled with putty, but this worked well, too.
Painting and markings:
I gave this model a standard camouflage in uniform Panzergrau (RAL 7021, Humbrol 67) onto which winding stripes in Dunkelbraun (RAL 7017, I used Humbrol 160 for more contrast) were added. The model’s timeframe would also have allowed the early tri-color “Ambush” scheme, but the dark grey livery suits the mini KV-2 well, too, and offers a different look from many other Heer ’46 models in my collection.
Painting was straightforward and simple, with brushes and enamel paints. The kit received a washing with highly thinned dark brown acrylic paint as well as an overall dry-brushing treatment with medium grey – I did not want the model to look too dirty or worn, just some contrast for the edges, because the dark grey blurs out details.
I also only added a light coat of pigments around the lower areas after the decals as well as a matt coat of acrylic varnish (rattle can) had been applied.
A design experiment that evolved step by step. The outline similarities with the KV-2 were not intentional, but I guess that, just as in real life, certain duty profiles just lead to similar design solutions. However, this Panzer IV howitzer is considerably smaller than the huge KV-2, and the result looks, despite some serious cosmetic surgery on the turret, quite plausible, utilitarian and even German, too. The grey livery also looks good on it.
This MC Sports and the former Elder - Beerman (now a musuem) appear to be the ONLY major modifications done to the Upper Valley Mall since it opened in 1971. It appears that this mall may have had new flooring installed and new seating areas added at one time while remaining otherwise unchanged. For a mall built in the 1970s to still be doing fine with minimal updates is pretty fascinating. I am not saying this mall should get a major modernization but instead that this mall in unique in the sense that it did not take part in the trends since the early 1970s that most successful older malls took part of to "evolve". Despite this mall going greatly unaltered for so long, it was fairly busy on my visit and there did not appear to be many vacancies. The Upper Valley Mall was developed by the Edward J. DeBartolo Corporation. Now the mall is part of Simon Malls; I know Simon fairly well and if they think a mall does not have much potential they will sell it. Simon also typically appears adament about updating their malls every so often or at least to a point where the malls have the standard food court, modernized lighting, and a more contemporary color scheme. I am shocked that this mall has survived so intactly under Simon and has not been butchered for a new food court, a newer cinema complex, and exterior updates.
FYI: most other malls I have been to that have not been greatly updated from the 1960s or 1970s are closed down altogether now or have a massive amount of vacancies with dead anchor stores and many empty smaller stores inside.
MC Sports - Upper Valley Mall - 1475 Upper Valley Pike - Springfield, Ohio
[There are 27 detailed images in this set] This is a creative commons image, which you may freely use by linking to this page. Please respect the photographer and his work.
This is the Penn-Wyatt House (sometimes called the Hoffman House) on Millionaire’s Row in Danville, Virginia, originally built by James Gabriel Penn in 1876; it underwent various modifications, 1887-1903. Penn was a tobacco commission merchant. He died in 1907, but his widow ultimately couldn’t afford to maintain the house. in 1934 it was sold at public auction to Landon R. Wyatt and then sold again in 1977 to Dr. Allan A Hoffman. In 2012 it was owned by “the bank” and was for sale—the purchase price I was told was $250,000. Much work on the exterior and interior had been done, presumably more than the 2012 selling price. I don’t know its current status. It’s an eclectic Victorian structure with the monumentality of the Second Empire and the detailing of the Italianate style. It is brick, covered with scored stucco; it has a mansard roof tower and multi-gable roofs. There are at least 25 rooms with many stained glass windows, displaying a wide range of styles used for domestic architecture (as opposed to ecclesiastical and commercial). The following images show some of the domestic stained-glass in this home—thee domestic use of stained-glass is always dealt with separately from the structure in these photos.
www.flickr.com/photos/universalpops/8113669953
www.flickr.com/photos/universalpops/8113670257
www.flickr.com/photos/universalpops/8113669675
www.flickr.com/photos/universalpops/8113678152
www.flickr.com/photos/universalpops/8113669487
Three main divisions articulate the front façade, all separated by a system of quoining. Aesthetically it offers up a raised contrasts with the smooth stucco surfaces. To the left is a 2-story bay window with a parapeted roof with wrought-iron cresting and a tripartite rounded-arch window in the heavily bracketed attic gable. 1/1 hung sash windows are used throughout this bay projection. Also characteristic of windows throughout the home (except for the back portion) are the rounded-arch hood molds. The entrance tower is centrally positioned and separated from the sections to both right and left by prominent use of quoins. The entry is a double door with leaded glass in a geometric abstract design, a leaded glass transom and long single pane sidelights, each with an understated recessed panel at the base. The second level of the tower displays a pair of leaded stained-glass windows with a single round arch hood mold. The third story has a set of 1/1 hung sash windows with the ever-present hood molds. Above that is a single small circular window with hood mold. The tower roof is bell-cast mansard and is capped with cresting. The third division of the front façade is accentuated by the quoining. The door from the porch to the interior in this section is a large Colonial Revival entry with a large fanlight with sunburst design and a rounded-arch hood mold over all. The sidelights are less elaborate than the primary entrance but are unusually wide leaded glass. The second-story in this façade-division has a pair of 1/1 hung sash windows with a single round-arch hood mold. The 3rd level, with the major exception of no bay roof is similar to the gable are on the left. The roof of the house is slate and consists of shingles of different colors and shapes. The wraparound porch is supported by wooden Ionic columns on a stone plinth railing, the stone balusters being carved. The pedimented entrance has low-relief carving in the tympanum. The pediment itself is bracketed but not with the dominant design used throughout much of the building; a row of dentils below the pedimented roof brackets is a nice ornamental detail. The porch itself has a couple of tile patterns—one just at the front entry and the other at a porch entrance to the right side. In front of this porch section is a two-tiered circular detached porch with red shingles on the conical roof and with a wrought-iron finial. The house is impressive; the angularity of gables is counterbalanced by the circular detached porch and the rounded roof line of the porch roof; the upper level is fascinating with the dark-striped brackets and the large quantity of cresting on the roof. And all parts seem to cohesively form an aesthetic whole. Now that I’ve worked up a description, there are architectural elements I unfortunately overlooked when I photographed the structure in September 2011. The Penn-Wyatt House is within the boundary of the Danville Historic District, but it was listed individually on the Nation Register of Historic Places September 7, 1979 ID number 79003317
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License.
Based on the amazing Micro-Model designed by master builder Mariann Asanuma for Brickjournal
Ignoring the elegant lines of Mariann's model, I made a few tweaks to the design, extending the roof and adding a chimney. I also gave a bigger hat to the snowman, 'cause I'm a rebel like that.
This is a photograph from the 1st round of the 2015 Mullingar Road League which was held in Belvedere House and Gardens, Mullingar, Co. Westmeath, Ireland on Wednesday 6th May 2015 at 20:00. This year the 5KM was ran on a modified route based on the route from the last couple of years. Tonight the final 1KM stayed within the Belvedere Gardens bringing runners down to the lakeside for a second time and finishing along the aptly named Stream Of Life. The route modification meant that the race offered a slightly faster route than the hill finish of previous years.
The race is promoted by Mullingar Harriers for the Pat Finnerty Memorial Cup. Competitors need to run 3 races out of the 4 races in May (any order) to be considered in the overall placing in categories at the conclusion of the league. Over 350 people took part in tonight's event. The weather was perfect for running with sunshine with just a little breeze. The new finish area provided a nice space for runners to stay around and chat in the evening sunshine. The Mullingar Road League 2015 has started off successfully and looks to add to the success in the history of this great series.
The "Road League" is something of a misnomer but is an indication of the League's origins on the roads around Ladestown Mullingar prior to it's move into Belvedere in 2008. The Road League is the envy of many other races in the country as the Belvedere locations offers a completely traffic free 5KM route.
We have an extensive set of photographs from tonight in the following Flickr Album: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/16772614064/
Timing and event management was provided by Precision Timing. Results are available on their website at www.precisiontiming.net/results.aspx with additional material available on their Facebook page (www.facebook.com/davidprecisiontiming?fref=ts) See their promotional video on YouTube: www.youtube.com/watch?v=c-7_TUVwJ6Q
Photographs from the last number of years of the Mullingar Road League are found at the bottom of this text
USING OUR PHOTOGRAPHS - A QUICK GUIDE AND ANSWERS TO YOUR QUESTIONS
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share directly to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
BUT..... Wait there a minute....
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. We do not charge for our photographs. Our only "cost" is that we request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, VK.com, Vine, Meetup, Tagged, Ask.fm,etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us or acknowledge us as the original photographers.
This also extends to the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
I want to download these pictures to my computer or device?
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I want get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting takes a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
Let's get a bit technical: We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Above all what Creative Commons aims to do is to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
Links to previous Mullingar Road League Photographs from over the years
Our photographs from Round 1 of the 2014 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157644508131856/
Our photographs from Round 2 of the 2014 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157644261638039/
Our photographs from Round 3 of the 2014 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157644769714481/
Our photographs from Round 4 of the 2014 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157644840050706/
Road League 2014 Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/patfinnertyroadleague?fref=ts (Requires Facebook logon)
YouTube Video for the Promotion of the 2014 Road League: www.youtube.com/watch?v=KfvVVwrkgTM
A Vimeo Video for the Promotion of the 2013 Road League: vimeo.com/64875578
Our photographs from Round 5 of the 2013 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157633794985503/
Our photographs from Round 4 of the 2013 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157633604656368/
Our photographs from Round 3 of the 2013 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157633470510535/
Our photographs from Round 2 of the 2013 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157633451422506/
Our photographs from Round 1 of the 2013 Road League on Flickr: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157633397519242/
Belvedere House and Gardens on Google Street View: goo.gl/maps/WWTgD
Chip Timing Results from Precision Timing: www.precisiontiming.net/results.aspx
Belvedere House and Gardens Website: www.belvedere-house.ie/
Mullingar Harriers Facebook Group Page: www.facebook.com/groups/158535740855708/?fref=ts
Our Flickr Collection from Mullingar Road League 2012 (1,800 photographs) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/collections/72157629780992768/
Our Flickr Collection from Mullingar Road League 2011 (820 photographs) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/collections/72157626524444213/
Our Flickr Collection from Mullingar Road League 2010 (500 photographs) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/collections/72157624051668808/
Our Flickr Collection from Mullingar Road League 2009 (250 photographs) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/collections/72157617814884076/
Our Flickr Collection from Mullingar Road League 2008 (150 photographs) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/collections/72157605062152203/
The complete collection of this months mods. From left to right = PPS41, SVT 40, FG42, DP28, Panzerfaust, MP40 w/ stock, Panzerschrek
Credits to Wolf3D for the idea - FG42
Credits to RoA for the idea to use a flag as a blast shield for the Panzerschreck
Just so nobody else gets confused
No BAPs were harmed in the making of these mods!
The kit and its assembly
I guess that everyone who is into whiffy model is familiar with Italieri’s fantasy MiG-37B kit from 1988, and I already built 3 of them since then. Nevertheless, with my recent interest in Soviet/Russian air industries I felt an itch to build another (better) one, this time with major modifications. Esp. the stubby wings and the senselessly wide and low MiG-23-style landing gear had always been points that did not truly convince me. And since I had such a kit in 1:72th scale in store, I took action.
Surprisingly, you find a lot of individual conversions of the ‘Ferret E’ kit in the www. Many are colourful, but few are IMHO convincing as a complete work, lacking thought about the plane’s concept or mission. So, here’s my take on it, the ‘Snowy Owl’ version. All in all I wanted to present a realistic and optimized ground attack plane, based on the original and pretty interesting MiG-37 design, pushing my personal “Sh” version towards Su-25, MiG-27 and even Su-24 ground attack aircraft.
Most obvious change concerns the wings. These were taken from an F-117 donation kit, a horrible thing (probably the early Revell kit) that a friend gave me. Installing them to the fuselage was tough, since they are much thicker than the original, stubby wing spades!
A new landing gear, borrowed from an F-18, and a new nose section (built from scratch & putty and inspired by the installation on MiG-27 fighter bombers) were further changes. Other modifications include additional weapon bays for short range AAMs under the wing gloves à la F-22, the narrow gun fairing nect to the front wheel well and the auxiliary air intake doors on the upper side.
The engine exhaust area has been modified, since I wanted to get away with the original tabletops that are supposed to be vectored nozzles(?). I added some side panels, made from styrene sheet, as well as a central divider, which now offers space for some warning sensors and chaff dispensers. The vectored nozzles were re-built from the original parts as well as styrrene profiles.
Minor changes were made to several antennae and sensors all around the plane. The cockpit was left more or less OOB – it is pretty detailed, and together with the landing gear one of the original kit’s highlights. I just added a Matchbox pilot figure and some details behind the ejection seat.
The weapons come from the scrap box: the AA-8's belong to the ESCI Ka-34 whif Hokum helicopter, the guided bombs are fantasy weapons built from scratch.
Painting/Finish
A tough task from a creative point of view. I neither wanted the stereo-typical all-black stealth look, nor a Russian tactical paint scheme (even though the latter would have been appropriate for the aircraft's role). A Flanker scheme or even the garish Su-34 ‘Greenbottle Fly’ look also did not seem appropriate, as well as the Su-24-inspired light grey/white livery which is suggested in the OOB kit.
Since I wanted something murky and mysterious, still with a kind of prototype look, I finally settled on two simple grey tones: a uniform medium grey for the upper sides (Testors 2059, 'Dark Sea Grey') and for a twist, a dark grey for the undersides (Testors 1592, RAL 7021 'Schwarzgrau'). I find that such simple designs make a whif plane much more realistic than flamboyant colours or weird paint schemes – leave this to “real” planes in whiff guises. Another factor for this all-grey livery is that I wanted to use the (many) light grey OOB stencil decals, making them stand subtly out against the darker shades below. Lighter shades of grey and ochre were used for antennae, di-electric covers and the wings' leading edges.
The cockpit was painted in typical Russian Blue-Green, air intakes, air brakes and the landing gear with its wells were, after consulting pictures of modern Russian fighters, painted in Barley Grey (Humbrol 167).
The wheels received dark green disks (Humbrol 149), the bomb/missile bays were - as a contrast - painted in a chromate primer color (a mix of Humbrol 81 and 225, Olive Yellow and Mid-Stone), a detail I found on photographs of Tu-95 and Tu160 interiors. Looks weird, but: why not?
Unfortunately, the final matte varnish ended in a minor disaster: I used a water-based, acryllic matt varnish (for a VERY matt finish), but it reacted with both some decals and the enamel paint, not certain why? Probably not enough stirring, and the Begemot decals seem to be very sensitive to humidity and setting solution.
Originally, the machine sported neat low-viz Russian insignia (just red outlines for the stars, featured e .g. on Suchoi’s T-50/PAK FA prototype) from a Begemot decal sheet (called “Demo Flankers” – it is massive, featuring decals for almost 20 prototypes with all markings and the respective paint schemes in a booklet!). They looked great, but crincled under the matt varnish and had to be scarped off, together with some other Begemot decals.
Hence, the final finish of the kit is not the best, I tried to save as much as possible. Since I did not want to invest into another aftermarket decal sheet, I used the light and dark red, opaque Red Stars without outlines from the original Italeri decal sheet. With the light and dark grey as backgorund the result is O.K., but I had another outcome envisaged. :(
Simple modification to the quinjet (6869) using a 1x2 modified vertical clip plate and a brickarms minigun with gunmetal ammo chain.
I felt like it needed something up front besides the missiles, and this worked out nicely.
access panel to hot water heater-saves having to unscrew the plywood anytime i want access to the hot water heater bypass valves
My beautiful hybrid. Combined here are two of my favorite things in the world--a Diana clone is mounted on the body of one of our Graflex Crown Graphic 4x5 cameras. We had pretty pronounced light leakage problems (the bulk of them coming from the Windsor body itself, despite our wacky mounting job), so we moved on to a different configuration. We've removed the Windsor, and created a home made lens board to which we've affixed the lens and shutter of a Kodak Vigilant Junior Six-16. www.flickr.com/photos/remediatethis/5869282446/
As requested, here are the main modifications I made for my 130pds in order to get it up to scratch for imaging with a full frame CCD camera.
1 (Left): A custom built M54-M48 focuser adaptor (screws straight on to drawtube). It also has tilt compensation and integrated coma corrector (Baader MPCC MkIII).
2 (Centre): How it all attaches to the focuser
3 (Right): The setup at work with 9x50 finderguider.
GRAVY
Custom Taeyang Head by Sheryl Designs to Ebi
MODIFICATIONS:
Lips carving - Complette MakeUp - Original Eyechip Design - ®2007-2012 Sheryl Designs Eyemech Modification
Ustad Amjad Ali Khan
Amjad Ali Khan (born 9 October 1945) is an Indian classical sarod player, best known for his clear and fast ekhara taans. Khan was born into a classical musical family and has performed internationally since the 1960s. He was awarded India's second highest civilian honor Padma Vibhushan in 2001.
Khan first performed in the United States in 1963 and continued into the 2000s, with his sons.He has experimented with modifications to his instrument throughout his career.Khan played with the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra and worked as a visiting professor at the University of New Mexico.In 2011, he performed on Carrie Newcomer's album Everything is Everywhere.
Khan was awarded 21st Rajiv Gandhi National Sadbhavna Award. Khan received Padma Shri in 1975, Padma Bhushan in 1991, and Padma Vibhushan in 2001, and was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award for 1989 and the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowshipfor 2011. He was awarded the Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize in 2004.[The U.S. state Massachusetts proclaimed 20 April as Amjad Ali Khan Day in 1984. Khan was made an honorary citizen of Houston, Texas, and Nashville, Tennessee, in 1997, and of Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 2007. He received the Banga-Vibhushan in 2011.
A Gulzar directed documentary on Amjad Ali Khan won the Filmfare award in 1990.
orn on 9 October 1945 as Masoom Ali Khan, the youngest of seven children, to Gwalior court musician Hafiz Ali Khan and Rahat Jahan. His family is part of the Bangash lineage and Khan is in the sixth generation of musicians; his family claims to have invented the sarod.His personal name was changed by a sadhu to Amjad. Khan received homeschooling and studied music under his father In 1957, a cultural organization in Delhi appointed Hafiz Ali Khan as its guest and the family moved to Delhi. Friends of Hafiz Ali convinced him of the importance of formal schooling for his son; as a result, Amjad was taken to meet the Principal of Modern School in New Delhi and admitted there as a day scholar. He attended Modern School from 1958 to 1963.
As a young bachelor, Amjad had an affair with an older woman, who was a divorcee and a mother. The affair lasted eight years (1967–75), but the lady did not wish to get married a second time, because of her previous bad experience with marriage. Amjad's family disapproved of the relationship from the very beginning, and in the early 1970s, as his father's health deteriorated, they convinced him to let go of this relationship and marry a girl chosen by them. Amjad finally agreed to their wishes around the time of his father's death in 1972. However, although his wife came from similar background and was the same age as he, Amjad did not bond with her, perhaps because in his mind, he had still not let go of the divorced woman. He kept in touch with that other woman and maintained a platonic friendship with her, which was not acceptable to his wife. Hardly a year after their wedding, Amjad and his wife were blessed with a daughter. However, the marriage broke down completely around the time of the birth of the child. The process of separation and divorce was painful to the couple and also to their families. An unexpected outcome was that the process of divorce cured Amjad of his attachment to the divorced woman, by showing him the difference in thinking and mindset between them, and gave him a clearer understanding of his cultural moorings and priorities. He finally bid goodbye to the divorced woman in 1975, and was divorced from his wife the same year. Amjad's first wife quickly got married a second time. The daughter born of this first marriage was raised by Amjad's brother, Rehmat Ali Khan, who was childless.
The following year, on 25 September 1976, Khan got married a second time. His bride was Bharatanatyam dancer Subhalakshmi Barooah, a Hindu woman hailing from Assam in north-eastern India.They have two sons, Amaan and Ayaan, both of whom are performing artists trained in music by their father.
Khan cared for his diabetic father until he died in 1972. Their family home in Gwalior was made into a musical center and they live in New Delhi.In the world of Indian classical music, one of the most dignified maestros Amjad Ali Khan is regarded as Sarod'Samrat'. Throughout India, Ustad Amjad Ali Khan is recognized as one of its first of all classical musicians and the maestro of his chosen instrument, the Sarod. He has also given performances in Carnegie Hall, Royal Albert Hall, Royal Festival Hall, Kennedy Center, House of Commons, Singapore, Mozart Hall in Frankfurt, Chicago Symphony Center, St. James Palace and the Opera House in Australia. The talented musician has received Honorary Citizenship to the States of Texas, Massachusetts, Tennessee and the city of Atlanta. Amjad Ali Khan is the first north Indian artist to have performed in honor of Saint Thyagaraja at the Thiruvaiyur shrine. He has also been a recipient of many awards like Padmashree Award, Sangeet Natak Academy Award, Tansen Award, UNESCO Award, UNICEF National Ambassadorship, Padma Bhushan, International Music Forum Award, etc. Amjad Ali Khan has two sons who are promising Sarod players. The legacy shall live on.Amjad Ali Khan has contributed immensely in the field of classical music. He plays the Sarod with his finger nails instead of finger tips. This gives a clear ringing sound and is also the most difficult technique to apply on the Sarod. This innovative genius has composed many ragas of his own like Kiran Ranjani, Haripriya Kanada, Shivanjali, Shyam Shri, Suhag Bhairav, Lalit Dhwani, Amiri Todi, Jawahar Manjari and Bapukauns. He has also acquired international acclaim by composing for the Hong Kong Philharmonic Orchestra. It was titled "Tribute to Hong Kong". The other musicians involved with this project were guitarist Charley Byrd, Violinist Igor Frolov, Suprano Glenda Simpson, Guitarist Barry Mason and UK Cellist Matthew Barley.
Lenders really need to let go. They blew it. It’s over. Just let it die. Both the lender and the borrower pay a price — or at least they are supposed to. Instead, we bail them out, and we pay the price. Don’t forget about us who pay for their mistakes. Part of the price we pay i... at Loan Modifications Succeed by Increasing Borrower Entitlements
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Prior Design is a German Aerodynamic Company Designing and Manufacturing Body Kits and Wheels for European Cars.
For more information please visit our website at www.PriorDesignNA.com.
You can also give us a call at
(866) 997-2336
Prior Design North America
(866) 997-2336
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www.priordesignnorthamerica.com/prior-design_pd6xx_widebo...
TAGS - bmw f12 f13 M6 PD6XX PRIOR DESIGN WIDEBODY WIDE BODY COUPE LIP BUMPERS DIFFUSER EXHAUST WHEELS CUSTOM MODDED AFTERMARKET GRANCOUPE NEW RED VENTED HOOD BLADES LED GRILL EMBLEM PD1 PD2 MSERIES PERFORMANCE
As a fan of Steven Spielberg's Jaws I took to making a MOC of Quint's boat "The Orca".
I have spent a lot of time on the design, on modifications and creation of the instructions.
Find the instructions on Rebrickable.com!
Wheels: EC-7 18x8.5" ET35 / 18x9.5" ET35
Tires: Michelin Pilot Sport 3 tires, 225/40 R18 / 255/35 R18
Stock suspension, no spacers, no fender modification.
Much of the detail was with the kit. Several changes were made to bring out the 'best' in the detail -such as adding extra sculpted pieces around the gallery windows.
At the stern, additional carvings are featured beneath the lantern; and on both sides of it, I added the shield-carrying lion and unicorn.
The filter on my monotron didn't track the keyboard properly, causing low notes to have a different timbre than high notes. I solved the problem by removing R42 (normally 300KΩ) and replacing it with a 1MΩ trimmer potentiometer.
More details here: www.fetchmodus.org/projects/monotron/
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based on historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The Sd.Kfz. 124 Wespe (German for "wasp", also known as Leichte Feldhaubitze 18/2 auf Fahrgestell Panzerkampfwagen II (Sf.), "Light field howitzer 18 on Panzer II chassis (self-propelled)"), was a German self-propelled gun developed and used during the Second World War. During the Battle of France in 1940 it became apparent that the intermediate tank of the German forces, the Panzer II, had become unsuitable as a main battle tank and outdated. Though mechanically sound, it was both under-gunned and under-armored, and its small size prevented heavier armament and armor so that its development potential was limited. The chassis, however, proved serviceable for providing mobility to the 10.5 cm field howitzer, and important artillery weapon.
The design for the Wespe was produced by Alkett, based on the Panzer II Ausf. F chassis. Among other modifications the Panzer II's engine was moved forward, and the chassis slightly lengthened to accommodate the rear-mounted 10.5 cm leFH 18 howitzer. The boxy superstructure was left open at the top and rear and only lightly armored, with 10 mm armor plate, which was just enough to stop small arms fire. The vehicles were produced by FAMO's Ursus plant in Warsaw from February 1943 until June 1944, when Soviet forces approached the frontier. By that time, 676 had been produced. An additional 159 gun-less Wespe Munitionsträger were produced, too, to serve as mobile artillery ammunition carriers.
The Panzer II chassis also found use for the design of tank hunters: Existing chassis were converted to self-propelled artillery vehicles, such as the Marder II ("marten" in English). The latter was built on the basis of the original Panzer II chassis (with the engine at the rear) in two versions, the first mounted a modified Soviet 7.62 cm gun firing German ammunition, which had been acquired in significant numbers during the German advances the Ostfront, while the other mounted the German 7.5 cm PaK 40 gun. Its high profile and thin open-topped armor provided minimal protection to the crew, though. Nevertheless, the Marder II (as well as the similar Marder III, which was based on the Czech T-38 chassis) provided a great increase in mobility and firepower over contemporary German tanks during 1942 and into 1943.
By early 1944 the war situation had worsened for Germany and ever heavier tanks, esp. at the Eastern Front, appeared. The PaK 40 was effective against almost every Allied tank until the end of the war, only struggling to penetrate heavier vehicles like the Russian IS tanks, the American M4A3E2 Sherman 'Jumbo' assault tank and M26 Pershing, and later variants of the British Churchill tank. More firepower was needed, but the powerful new 88 mm PaK 43 was in short supply or earmarked for use in heavy battle tanks, which had received priority from the Oberkommando. An alternative anti-tank was the 7.5 cm KwK 42 L/70, the main armament of the Panther medium battle tank and of the Jagdpanzer IV self-propelled anti-tank gun. On the latter it was designated as the "7.5 cm Panzerabwehrkanone 42" (7.5 cm Pak 42).
The modified 7.5 cm gun had a longer barrel that increased muzzle velocity and operating pressure, resulting in much improved range and penetration. However, the new gun required a new armor-piercing projectile, the PzGr. 39/42. Apart from the addition of wider driving bands it was otherwise identical to the older 7.5 cm PzGr. 39. The wider driving bands added a little extra weight, from 6.8 kg for the old PzGr.39, to 7.2 kg for the new PzGr.39/42. The gun was fired electrically, the primer being initiated using an electric current rather than a firing pin. The breech operated semi-automatically so that after the gun had fired, the empty shell casing was automatically ejected, and the falling wedge type breech block remained down so that the next round could be loaded. Once the round was loaded the breech closed automatically and the weapon was ready to be fired again. Three different types of ammunition were used: APCBC-HE, APCR and HE.
This 7.5 cm Pak 42’s performance was almost equal to the bigger 88 mm PaK 43, and achieved a penetration of 106 mm hardened steel plate angled at 30° from vertical at 2.000 m (vs. 132 mm with the 88 mm PaK 43).
To increase the output of vehicles armed with the new 7.5 cm Pak 42, the Oberkommando ordered the conversion of existing vehicles, so that these reinforcements could be sent to the frontlines as quickly as possible, esp. at the East where the German troops were more and more caught in defensive battles. The chassis that appeared most suitable for this task was the Sd.Kfz. 124 Wespe, due to its internal layout. The 7.5 cm Pak 42’s long barrel (it was almost 5m/more than 16’ long) required a fighting compartment at the vehicle’s rear, with the engine in front of it – and the Wespe turned out to be suitable to accept the long weapon with relatively few modifications.
For the use on the open-top Wespe, the 7.5 cm Pak 42 was combined with the mount and shield of the old towed 7.5 cm PaK 40 gun, and this new construction simply replaced the Wespe’s original 10.5 cm leFH 18 howitzer. The superstructure’s armor was only minimally modified: the front opening was narrowed, because the longer 7.5 cm Pak 42 had a more limited field of fire than the 10.5 cm leFH 18. As a positive side effect, the superstructure’s walls could be slightly reduced in height (about 10 cm/4”) due to the 7.5 cm Pak 42’s lower gun carriage and front shield.
The vehicle’s internal layout and most of the equipment remained the same, just the crew was reduced from five to four, one loader was omitted. To cope with the slightly higher overall weight and the heavier front due to the long barrel, and the necessity to traverse the vehicle to aim, the gear ratio was lowered from 1:7.33 to 1:8 to reduce the stress on final gears and the wheels were replaced with reinforced alternatives that also used less rubber. Due to the smaller rounds, the internal ammunition supply rose from the Wespe’s forty 10.5 cm rounds to fifty-one 7.5 cm rounds, even though space for the crew became scarce when the Jagdwespe was fully loaded. No other armament was carried, even though a defensive 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun was frequently installed at the commander’s position to the right of the gun, sometimes with a protective armor shield.
Like its basis, the “Jagdwespe”, how this makeshift vehicle was unofficially called, was only lightly protected, but this was intentionally done in order to reduce the overall weight and speed up the production as much as possible. The armor thickness was also limited in order to not adversely affect the vehicle’s overall driving performance, as this was the main point of this vehicle. The use of the Panzer II light tank chassis was another reason why the armor thickness had to be kept minimal, as the added weight could significantly affect its performance.
The front armor of the hull was 30 mm thick and placed at a 75° vertical angle. The sides were 14.5 mm thick, the rear 14.5 mm at 10° horizontal and the bottom was only 5 mm thick. The front superstructure armor was 15 (or 20 mm) thick and placed at a 30° vertical angle. The sides and rear of the superstructure were 15 mm and the top 10 mm thick. The fighting compartment was protected by only 10 mm thick all-around armor. The front armor was placed at 66°, side 73°, and rear 74° vertical angle.
Strangely, the “Jagdwespe” was allocated an individual ordnance inventory designation, namely Sd. Kfz. 125. This was probably done to keep the practice of the Marder family of light Panzerjäger’s taxonomy, which had received individual Sd. Kfz. Numbers, too, despite being based on existing vehicles. Initially, mostly unarmed Wespe artillery ammunition carriers were converted into Jagdwespe SPGs, but later on Wespe SPGs – primarily damaged vehicles that were refurbished – were also modified, and a few of the final newly build Wespe hulls were finished as Sd.Kfz. 125, too. However, since battle tanks still had priority, Jagdwespe production and output was only marginal, and less than 100 vehicles were completed until early 1945.
Like the various Marder versions before that fought on all European fronts of the war, there was a large concentration of the Jagdwespe on the Eastern Front. They were used by the Panzerjäger Abteilungen of the Panzer divisions of the Heer and served as well with several Luftwaffe units to defend airfields. Like the Marders before, the Jagdwespe's weaknesses were mainly related to survivability. The combination of a relatively high silhouette and open-top fighting compartment made them vulnerable to indirect artillery fire, aircraft strafing, and grenades. The armor was also quite thin, making them vulnerable to enemy tanks or infantry with more than light machine guns or pistols.
Operationally, the Jagdwespe was best employed in defensive or overwatch roles. They were neither assault vehicles nor tank substitutes, and the open-top compartment meant operations in crowded areas such as urban environments or other close-combat situations weren't a valid tactical option. But despite their weaknesses, they were more effective than the towed antitank guns they replaced, and the 7.5 cm Pak 42 with the extended barrel meant a significant improvement in firepower. The vehicle was small, easy to conceal for an ambush and relatively agile, so that it could quickly change position after a shot, and the Panzer II chassis was mechanically reliable, what made it popular with its crews.
Specifications:
Crew: Four (commander, gunner, loader/radio operator, driver)
Weight: 12.5 tonnes (27,533 lb)
Length: 4.81 m (15 ft 9 in)
6.44 m (21 ft 1 1/2 in) overall
Width: 2.28 m (7 ft 6 in)
Height: 2.21 m (7 ft 3 in)
Suspension: Leaf spring
Fuel capacity: 170 L (45 US gal)
Armor:
5 - 30 mm (.19 - 1.18 in)
Performance:
Maximum road speed: 40 km/h (25 mph)
Operational range: 220 km (137 mi) on roads
100 km (62 mi) cross-country
Power/weight: 12.7 PS/tonne
Engine & transmission:
6-cyl petrol Maybach HL62 TR with 140 PS (138 hp, 103 kW)
Armament:
1× 7.5 cm Panzerabwehrkanone 42/L 70 (7.5 cm Pak 42) with 51 rounds
1× 7.92 mm MG 34 machine gun with 2.000 rounds
The kit and its assembly:
This relatively simple German WWII what-if SPG was spawned from the thought that the light Wespe artillery SPG might also have been used for an anti-tank SPG, with relatively few modifications. The long-barreled 7.5 cm KwK 42/L70 appeared to be a suitable weapon for this kind of vehicle around 1944, so I tried to build a respective model.
The basis became the Italeri 1:72 “Wespe” kit, which is in fact a re-boxed ESCI kit. It goes together well, and you can build upper and lower hull separately for a final “marriage”. To change the Wespe’s look a little I exchanged the solid OOB wheels with those from a Panzer III, left over from a Revell/Mako kit. They are perfect in size, but due a lack of depth of their attachment openings (I only used the outer half of the Panzer III wheels) I glued them onto the hull before painting, normally I finish them separately and mount them in a final assembly step.
For the gun I had to improvise a little, because the open casemate would allow a good look at it. I settled for a straightforward solution in the form of a Zvezda 1:72 PaK 40. The gun was taken OOB, I just removed the wheel attachment points from its chassis and replaced the short gun barrel with a muzzle brake with a aluminum 1:72 L70 barrel for a Panther Ausf. F (with a Schmalturm) from Aber. Both elements were relatively easy to combine, and the gun shield could be taken over, too. Once the gun mount’s position in the Wespe hull was defined I narrowed the front opening a little with styrene wedges, added a deflector at its base, and reduced the height of the side walls for a coherent look. All in all the transplant looks very plausible!
Since the kit provides the option I decided to leave the driver’s hatch open and install the OOB driver figure on a raised seat. For the long barrel I scratched a support that was mounted to the front hull. Looks a bit awkward, though, because it obscures the driver’s field of view – but I could not find a better solution.
The only real trouble I had with the Italeri Wespe were the tracks: they were made from a really strange (and effectively horrible) vinyl material. This material repelled EVERYTHING with a kind of lotus effect – paints of any kind, even superglue! My usual method of mounting such tracks on the main wheels did not work at all, because the track would not hold at all. During these trials I also recognized that the tracks were too long – rather unusual, because 1:72 vinyl tracks tend to be too short so that some tension is needed to lengthen them properly. Two molded “links” had to be cut away, and on the kit’s box art you can see the overlength problem when you are aware of it! I guess that the ESCI designers once assumed that the tracks would be closed into a loop (= closing the track and using heat to literally weld it together) first and then forced onto/over the wheels. I was eventually able to outsmart the tracks through the massive use of superglue under the mudguards – while the tracks still do not really stick to the glue, the large surface of the dried instant adhesive keeps the tracks in place and under light tension. Not perfect, but the tracks remain in place…
Painting and markings:
Conservative, once more a variation of the Hinterhalt scheme. Once completed, the still separate hull, gun and shield received an overall base coat with RAL 7028 Dunkelgelb (TS-3 from a rattle can). On top of that I added vertical fields with Olivgrün (RAL 6003, Humbrol 86), and finally I applied branch-like thin stripes with a dark brown (Humbrol 98, which is darker and less reddish than the authentic RAL 8012, for a stronger contrast). The idea was to mimic dense brushes during spring and summertime, and to break up the vehicle’s outlines esp. through the brown lines. Following official camouflage practice the running gear area remained uniform Dunkelgelb, as a counter-shading measure against the upper hull, and to avoid “rotating” and therefore attention-catching color patches on the wheels when the vehicle moved.
Once the camouflage was completed the main wheels received rubber rims (with Revell 09 Anthracite) and the model received a dark red-brown washing. After that, the few decals were applied and overall dry-brushing with a mix of light grey and earth brown acrylic paint was done to emphasize edges and surface details, also on the gun and in the interior. Before their tedious fitting, the vinyl tracks (which came OOB in a metallic grey finish that looked really nice) had received a washing with black and brown acrylic paint as well as dry-brushing with medium grey, too.
A relatively simple and quick project, realized in a couple of days. The concept was quite clear, and thanks to good ingredients the result looks surprisingly plausible, with relatively few and little modifications. The different Panzer III wheels were not a necessary mod, but I like their look, and painting them while being already attached to the hull posed less problems than expected. The only real trouble came through the kit’s vinyl tracks, which I’d call rubbish and recommend a replacement. If they’d be made from a less repellant material, they’d be much easier to mount (and usable). However, the small Jagdwespe really looks like a juvenile Nashorn SPG!
Located at no. 1019 Queen Street East.
"[The] first resident was John Collins (1908). Built before 1914 with sandstone for the foundation. Currently has wood and vinyl siding. The building has the original windows, pilasters, porch columns. Any modifications to the building have been done in a way to preserve its original style. The building stands out on the street." - info from SooToday.
"Sault Ste. Marie (/ˈsuː seɪnt məˈriː/ SOO-seint-ma-REE) is a city on the St. Marys River in Ontario, Canada, close to the Canada–US border. It is the seat of the Algoma District and the third largest city in Northern Ontario, after Sudbury and Thunder Bay.
The Ojibwe, the indigenous Anishinaabe inhabitants of the area, call this area Baawitigong, meaning "place of the rapids." They used this as a regional meeting place during whitefish season in the St. Mary's Rapids. (The anglicized form of this name, Bawating, is used in institutional and geographic names in the area.)
To the south, across the river, is the United States and the Michigan city of the same name. These two communities were one city until a new treaty after the War of 1812 established the border between Canada and the United States in this area at the St. Mary's River. In the 21st century, the two cities are joined by the International Bridge, which connects Interstate 75 on the Michigan side, and Huron Street (and former Ontario Secondary Highway 550B) on the Ontario side. Shipping traffic in the Great Lakes system bypasses the Saint Mary's Rapids via the American Soo Locks, the world's busiest canal in terms of tonnage that passes through it, while smaller recreational and tour boats use the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal.
French colonists referred to the rapids on the river as Les Saults de Ste. Marie and the village name was derived from that. The rapids and cascades of the St. Mary's River descend more than 6 m (20 ft) from the level of Lake Superior to the level of the lower lakes. Hundreds of years ago, this slowed shipping traffic, requiring an overland portage of boats and cargo from one lake to the other. The entire name translates to "Saint Mary's Rapids" or "Saint Mary's Falls". The word sault is pronounced [so] in French, and /suː/ in the English pronunciation of the city name. Residents of the city are called Saultites.
Sault Ste. Marie is bordered to the east by the Rankin and Garden River First Nation reserves, and to the west by Prince Township. To the north, the city is bordered by an unincorporated portion of Algoma District, which includes the local services boards of Aweres, Batchawana Bay, Goulais and District, Peace Tree and Searchmont. The city's census agglomeration, including the townships of Laird, Prince and Macdonald, Meredith and Aberdeen Additional and the First Nations reserves of Garden River and Rankin, had a total population of 79,800 in 2011.
Native American settlements, mostly of Ojibwe-speaking peoples, existed here for more than 500 years. In the late 17th century, French Jesuit missionaries established a mission at the First Nations village. This was followed by development of a fur trading post and larger settlement, as traders, trappers and Native Americans were attracted to the community. It was considered one community and part of Canada until after the War of 1812 and settlement of the border between Canada and the US at the Ste. Mary's River. At that time, the US prohibited British traders from any longer operating in its territory, and the areas separated by the river began to develop as two communities, both named Sault Ste. Marie." - info from Wikipedia.
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the large hole along the side is the result of my first aborted attempt to put the logic board of a powerbook inside the plus case. originally, the ports from the laptop would have been accessed through the gap. you can see the power supply for the G4 and LCD, as well as the video cable snaking out (then back in) this gap.
The British FV4030/4 Challenger 1, was the main battle tank (MBT) of the British Army from 1983 to the mid-1990s, when it was superseded by the Challenger 2. It is also currently used by the Jordanian Armed Forces as their main battle tank after heavy modifications. The variants for the Jordanian military are upgraded using an unmanned turret called the Falcon Turret.
The Challenger design by the former Military Vehicles and Engineering Establishment (MVEE) near Chobham in Surrey originated in an Iranian order for an improved version of the Chieftain line of tanks in service around the world. These were the Chieftain Mk5(P)- FV4030/1, FV4030/2 Shir (Lion)1 and 4030/3 Shir 2. With the fall of the Shah of Iran and the collapse of the UK MBT90 project, the British Army became the customer and the tank was further developed by MVEE to meet Western European requirements. For a short time the tank was named "Cheviot" before becoming "Challenger", a name reused from a cruiser tank of the Second World War.
The most revolutionary aspect of the Challenger 1 design was its Chobham armour which gave protection far superior to any monolithic Rolled Homogeneous Armour (RHA), which was the then standard of tank armour material. This armour has been adopted by others, most notably the American M1 Abrams. Additionally the Hydrogas suspension fitted provided outstanding cross-country performance through the long suspension arm travel and controlled bump and rebound behaviour offered.
The Challenger was built by the Royal Ordnance Factories (ROF). In 1986, ROF Leeds (and the Challenger production line) was acquired by Vickers Defence Systems (later Alvis Vickers).
The Ministry of Defence were keen to show off the capabilities of the Challenger 1 in the Canadian Army Trophy Competition (CAT '87), held at Grafenwöhr, West Germany in June 1987. The best performing team in preparatory competitions had been the 2nd Royal Tank Regiment, however their Challengers had not been fitted with Thermal Observation and Gunnery Sight (TOGS), which would put them at a disadvantage. The Royal Hussars had a squadron fitted with TOGS, however, they had been training at BATUS in Canada with Chieftains, when they should be training with Challengers and TOGS for CAT '87. Twenty two new Challengers with TOGS were specially diverted from the production line for the competition, resulting in teething problems. At the competition itself, the Hussars managed some creditable scores but overall, their three "platoons" were placed last in the league table. In a statement to the House of Commons on 14 July, Mr Ian Stewart, the Minister of State for the Armed Forces, said; "I do not believe that the performance of tanks in the artificial circumstances of a competition, such as the recent Canadian Army Trophy, is a proper indication of their capability in war."Following poor results in 1985 with Chieftain, and in 1987 with Challenger, the British Army decided in December 1987 to withdraw indefinitely from the competition.
A requirement for a new MBT was later issued. Proposals put forward for the new specification included an improved Challenger from Vickers, the American M1 Abrams, the French Leclerc, and the German Leopard 2. The Vickers Defence Systems design, designated Challenger 2, was eventually selected. This tank was significantly more capable than its predecessor, based on the same basic MVEE-designed hull but with a new turret based on the Vickers Private Venture Mk7 design and improved Chobham armour.
There was also a Challenger Marksman SPAAG version, equipped with the Marksman turret
(Text Wikipedia)
World leader, scientist, medical scientist, virologist, pharmacist, Professor Fangruida (F.D Smith) on the world epidemic and the nemesis and prevention of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses (Jacques Lucy) 2021v1.5)
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The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs (Fangruida) July 2021
*The particularity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses*The broad spectrum, high efficiency, redundancy, and safety of the new coronavirus vaccine design and development , Redundancy and safety
*New coronavirus drug chemical structure modification*Computer-aided design and drug screening. *"Antiviral biological missile", "New Coronavirus Anti-epidemic Tablets", "Composite Antiviral Oral Liquid", "New Coronavirus Long-acting Oral Tablets", "New Coronavirus Inhibitors" (injection)
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(World leader, scientist, medical scientist, biologist, virologist, pharmacist, FD Smith) "The Nemesis and Killer of New Coronavirus and Mutated Viruses-The Joint Development of Vaccines and Drugs" is an important scientific research document. Now it has been revised and re-published by the original author several times. The compilation is published and published according to the original manuscript to meet the needs of readers and netizens all over the world. At the same time, it is also of great benefit to the vast number of medical clinical drug researchers and various experts and scholars. We hope that it will be corrected in the reprint.------Compiled by Jacques Lucy in Geneva, August 2021
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According to Worldometer's real-time statistics, as of about 6:30 on July 23, there were a total of 193,323,815 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia worldwide, and a total of 4,150,213 deaths. There were 570,902 new confirmed cases and 8,766 new deaths worldwide in a single day. Data shows that the United States, Brazil, the United Kingdom, India, and Indonesia are the five countries with the largest number of new confirmed cases, and Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, South Africa, and India are the five countries with the largest number of new deaths.
The new coronavirus and delta mutant strains have been particularly serious in the recent past. Many countries and places have revived, and the number of cases has not decreased, but has increased.
, It is worthy of vigilance. Although many countries have strengthened vaccine prevention and control and other prevention and control measures, there are still many shortcomings and deficiencies in virus suppression and prevention. The new coronavirus and various mutant strains have a certain degree of antagonism to traditional drugs and most vaccines. Although most vaccines have great anti-epidemic properties and have important and irreplaceable effects and protection for prevention and treatment, it is impossible to completely prevent the spread and infection of viruses. The spread of the new crown virus pneumonia has been delayed for nearly two years. There are hundreds of millions of people infected worldwide, millions of deaths, and the time is long, the spread is widespread, and billions of people around the world are among them. The harm of the virus is quite terrible. This is well known. of. More urgent
What is more serious is that the virus and mutant strains have not completely retreated, especially many people are still infected and infected after being injected with various vaccines. The effectiveness of the vaccine and the resistance of the mutant virus are worthy of medical scientists, virologists, pharmacologists Zoologists and others seriously think and analyze. The current epidemic situation in European and American countries, China, Brazil, India, the United States, Russia and other countries has greatly improved from last year. However, relevant figures show that the global epidemic situation has not completely improved, and some countries and regions are still very serious. In particular, after extensive use of various vaccines, cases still occur, and in some places they are still very serious, which deserves a high degree of vigilance. Prevention and control measures are very important. In addition, vaccines and various anti-epidemic drugs are the first and necessary choices, and other methods are irreplaceable. It is particularly important to develop and develop comprehensive drugs, antiviral drugs, immune drugs, and genetic drugs. Research experiments on new coronaviruses and mutant viruses require more rigorous and in-depth data analysis, pathological pathogenic tissues, cell genes, molecular chemistry, quantum chemistry, etc., as well as vaccine molecular chemistry, quantum physics, quantum biology, cytological histology, medicinal chemistry, and drugs And the vaccine’s symptomatic, effectiveness, safety, long-term effectiveness, etc., of course, including tens of thousands of clinical cases and deaths and other first-hand information and evidence. The task of RNA (ribonucleic acid) in the human body is to use the information of our genetic material DNA to produce protein. It accomplishes this task in the ribosome, the protein-producing area of the cell. The ribosome is the place where protein biosynthesis occurs.
Medicine takes advantage of this: In vaccination, artificially produced mRNA provides ribosomes with instructions for constructing pathogen antigens to fight against—for example, the spike protein of coronavirus.
Traditional live vaccines or inactivated vaccines contain antigens that cause the immune system to react. The mRNA vaccine is produced in the cell
(1) The specificity of new coronaviruses and mutant viruses, etc., virology and quantum chemistry of mutant viruses, quantum physics, quantum microbiology
(2) New crown vaccine design, molecular biology and chemical structure, etc.
(3) The generality and particularity of the development of new coronavirus drugs
(4) Various drug design for new coronavirus pneumonia, medicinal chemistry, pharmacology, etc., cells, proteins, DNA, enzyme chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum chemistry, pharmaceutical quantum physics, human biochemistry, human biophysics, etc.
(5) The evolution and mutation characteristics of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses, the long-term nature, repeatability, drug resistance, and epidemic resistance of the virus, etc.
(6) New coronavirus pneumonia and the infectious transmission of various new coronaviruses and their particularities
(7) The invisible transmission of new coronavirus pneumonia and various mutant viruses in humans or animals, and the mutual symbiosis of cross infection of various bacteria and viruses are also one of the very serious causes of serious harm to new coronaviruses and mutant viruses. Virology, pathology, etiology, gene sequencing, gene mapping, and a large number of analytical studies have shown that there are many cases in China, the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, and other countries.
(8) For the symptomatic prevention and treatment of the new coronavirus, the combination of various vaccines and various antiviral drugs is critical.
(9) According to the current epidemic situation and research judgments, the epidemic situation may improve in the next period of time and 2021-2022, and we are optimistic about its success. However, completely worry-free, it is still too early to win easily. It is not just relying on vaccination. Wearing masks to close the city and other prevention and control measures and methods can sit back and relax, and you can win a big victory. Because all kinds of research and exploration still require a lot of time and various experimental studies. It is not a day's work. A simple taste is very dangerous and harmful. The power and migratory explosiveness of viruses sometimes far exceed human thinking and perception. In the future, next year, or in the future, whether viruses and various evolutionary mutation viruses will re-attack, we still need to study, analyze, prevent and control, rather than being complacent, thinking that the vaccine can win a big victory is inevitably naive and ridiculous. Vaccine protection is very important, but it must not be taken carelessly. The mutation of the new crown virus is very rampant, and the cross-infection of recessive and virulent bacteria makes epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic very complicated.
(10) New crown virus pneumonia and the virus's stubbornness, strength, migration, susceptibility, multi-infectiousness, and occult. The effectiveness of various vaccines and the particularity of virus mutations The long-term hidden dangers and repeated recurrences of the new coronavirus
(11) The formation mechanism and invisible transmission of invisible viruses, asymptomatic infections and asymptomatic infections, asymptomatic transmission routes, asymptomatic infections, pathological pathogens. The spread and infection of viruses and mutated viruses, the blind spots and blind spots of virus vaccines, viral quantum chemistry and
The chemical and physical corresponding reactions at the meeting points of highly effective vaccine drugs, etc. The variability of mutated viruses is very complicated, and vaccination cannot completely prevent the spread of infection.
(12) New crown virus pneumonia and various respiratory infectious diseases are susceptible to infections in animals and humans, and are frequently recurring. This is one of the frequently-occurring and difficult diseases of common infectious diseases. Even with various vaccines and various antiviral immune drugs, it is difficult to completely prevent the occurrence and spread of viral pneumonia. Therefore, epidemic prevention and anti-epidemic is a major issue facing human society, and no country should take it lightly. The various costs that humans pay on this issue are very expensive, such as Ebola virus, influenza A virus,
Hepatitis virus,
Marburg virus
Sars coronavirus, plague, anthracnose, cholera
and many more. The B.1.1.7 mutant virus that was first discovered in the UK was renamed Alpha mutant virus; the B.1.351 that was first discovered in South Africa was renamed Beta mutant virus; the P.1 that was first discovered in Brazil was renamed Gamma mutant virus; the mutation was first discovered in India There are two branches of the virus. B.1.617.2, which was listed as "mutated virus of concern", was renamed Delta mutant virus, and B.1.617.1 of "mutated virus to be observed" was renamed Kappa mutant virus.
However, experts in many countries believe that the current vaccination is still effective, at least it can prevent severe illness and reduce deaths.
Delta mutant strain
According to the degree of risk, the WHO divides the new crown variant strains into two categories: worrying variant strains (VOC, variant of concern) and noteworthy variant strains (VOI, variant of interest). The former has caused many cases and a wide range of cases worldwide, and data confirms its transmission ability, strong toxicity, high power, complex migration, and high insidious transmission of infection. Resistance to vaccines may lead to the effectiveness of vaccines and clinical treatments. Decrease; the latter has confirmed cases of community transmission worldwide, or has been found in multiple countries, but has not yet formed a large-scale infection. Need to be very vigilant. Various cases and deaths in many countries in the world are related to this. In some countries, the epidemic situation is repeated, and it is also caused by various reasons and viruses, of course, including new cases and so on.
At present, VOC is the mutant strain that has the greatest impact on the epidemic and the greatest threat to the world, including: Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta. , Will the change of the spur protein in the VOC affect the immune protection effect of the existing vaccine, or whether it will affect the sensitivity of the VOC to the existing vaccine? For this problem, it is necessary to directly test neutralizing antibodies, such as those that can prevent the protection of infection. Antibodies recognize specific protein sequences on viral particles, especially those spike protein sequences used in mRNA vaccines.
(13) Countries around the world, especially countries and regions with more severe epidemics, have a large number of clinical cases, severe cases, and deaths, especially including many young and middle-aged patients, including those who have been vaccinated. The epidemic is more complicated and serious. Injecting various vaccines, taking strict control measures such as closing the city and wearing masks are very important and the effect is very obvious. However, the new coronavirus and mutant viruses are so repeated, their pathological pathogen research will also be very complicated and difficult. After the large-scale use of the vaccine, many people are still infected. In addition to the lack of prevention and control measures, it is very important that the viability of the new coronavirus and various mutant viruses is very important. It can escape the inactivation of the vaccine. It is very resistant to stubbornness. Therefore, the recurrence of new coronavirus pneumonia is very dangerous. What is more noteworthy is that medical scientists, virologists, pharmacists, biologists, zoologists and clinicians should seriously consider the correspondence between virus specificity and vaccine drugs, and the coupling of commonality and specificity. Only in this way can we find targets. Track and kill viruses. Only in this sense can the new crown virus produce a nemesis, put an end to and eradicate the new crown virus pneumonia. Of course, this is not a temporary battle, but a certain amount of time and process to achieve the goal in the end.
(14) The development and evolution of the natural universe and earth species, as well as life species. With the continuous evolution of human cell genes, microbes and bacterial viruses are constantly mutated and inherited. The new world will inevitably produce a variety of new pathogens.
And viruses. For example, neurological genetic disease, digestive system disease, respiratory system disease, blood system disease, cardiopulmonary system disease, etc., new diseases will continue to emerge as humans develop and evolve. Human migration to space, space diseases, space psychological diseases, space cell diseases, space genetic diseases, etc. Therefore, for the new coronavirus and mutated viruses, we must have sufficient knowledge and response, and do not think that it will be completely wiped out.
, And is not a scientific attitude. Viruses and humans mutually reinforce each other, and viruses and animals and plants mutually reinforce each other. This is the iron law of the natural universe. Human beings can only adapt to natural history, but cannot deliberately modify natural history.
Active immune products made from specific bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, spirochetes, mycoplasma and other microorganisms and parasites are collectively called vaccines. Vaccination of animals can make the animal body have specific immunity. The principle of vaccines is to artificially attenuate, inactivate, and genetically attenuate pathogenic microorganisms (such as bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, etc.) and their metabolites. Purification and preparation methods, made into immune preparations for the prevention of infectious diseases. In terms of ingredients, the vaccine retains the antigenic properties and other characteristics of the pathogen, which can stimulate the body's immune response and produce protective antibodies. But it has no pathogenicity and does not cause harm to the body. When the body is exposed to this pathogen again, the immune system will produce more antibodies according to the previous memory to prevent the pathogen from invading or to fight against the damage to the body. (1) Inactivated vaccines: select pathogenic microorganisms with strong immunogenicity, culture them, inactivate them by physical or chemical methods, and then purify and prepare them. The virus species used in inactivated vaccines are generally virulent strains, but the use of attenuated attenuated strains also has good immunogenicity, such as the inactivated polio vaccine produced by the Sabin attenuated strain. The inactivated vaccine has lost its infectivity to the body, but still maintains its immunogenicity, which can stimulate the body to produce corresponding immunity and resist the infection of wild strains. Inactivated vaccines have a good immune effect. They can generally be stored for more than one year at 2～8°C without the risk of reversion of virulence; however, the inactivated vaccines cannot grow and reproduce after entering the human body. They stimulate the human body for a short time and must be strong and long-lasting. In general, adjuvants are required for immunity, and multiple injections in large doses are required, and the local immune protection of natural infection is lacking. Including bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae and toxoid preparations.