Rubeus Hagrid took Harry Potter to Diagon Alley to get the things he would need for his first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. After meeting Draco Malfoy for the first time at Madam Malkin's Robes for All Occasions, Harry was upset. So Hagrid took him to Scribbulus Writing Implements next, and his spirits uplifted slightly when he saw a bottle of Colour-Change Ink.

 

The magical Diagon Alley was the place where Hagrid took young Harry Potter to shop for school supplies. Through the glass-roofed Leadenhall Market, they reached the storefront at 42 Bull's Head Passage & entered The Leaky Cauldron pub. The pub's back wall parted bricks by bricks, opening into the magical Diagon Alley. Harry was fascinated by the wands, cauldrons, wizard textbooks & quidditch supplies. Gold Galleons from goblin-run Gringotts Wizarding Bank were widely accepted in this magical alley.

   

Cattle (Bos taurus) are large, domesticated, bovid ungulates. They are prominent modern members of the subfamily Bovinae and the most widespread species of the genus Bos. Mature female cattle are referred to as cows and mature male cattle are referred to as bulls. Colloquially, young female cattle (heifers), young male cattle (bullocks), and castrated male cattle (steers) are also referred to as "cows".

 

Cattle are commonly raised as livestock for meat (beef or veal, see beef cattle), for milk and dairy products (see dairy cattle), and for hides, which are used to make leather. They are used as riding animals and draft animals (oxen or bullocks, which pull carts, plows and other implements). Another product of cattle is their dung, which can be used to create manure or fuel. In some regions, such as parts of India, cattle is considered as a sacred animal. Cattle, mostly small breeds such as the Miniature Zebu, are also kept as pets.

 

Different types of cattle are common to different geographic areas. Taurine cattle are found primarily in Europe and temperate areas of Asia, the Americas, and Australia. Zebus (also called indicine cattle) are found primarily in India and tropical areas of Asia, America, and Australia. Sanga cattle are found primarily in sub-Saharan Africa. These types (which are sometimes classified as separate species or subspecies) are further divided into over 1,000 recognized breeds.

 

Around 10,500 years ago, taurine cattle were domesticated from as few as 80 wild aurochs progenitors in central Anatolia, the Levant and Western Iran. A separate domestication event occurred in the Indian subcontinent, which gave rise to zebu. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), there are approximately 1.5 billion cattle in the world as of 2018. Cattle are the main source of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock, and are responsible for around 10% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In 2009, cattle became one of the first livestock animals to have a fully mapped genome.

 

Taxonomy

See also: Bos and Bovinae

 

Cattle were originally identified as three separate species: Bos taurus, the European or "taurine" cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia); Bos indicus, the Indicine or "zebu"; and the extinct Bos primigenius, the aurochs. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle. They were later reclassified as one species, Bos taurus, with the aurochs (B. t. primigenius), zebu (B. t. indicus), and taurine (B. t. taurus) cattle as subspecies. However, this taxonomy is contentious and some sources prefer the separate species classification, such as the American Society of Mammalogists' Mammal Diversity Database.

 

Complicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle (Bos taurus africanus x Bos indicus), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the genus Bos – yaks (the dzo or yattle[10]), banteng, and gaur. Hybrids such as the beefalo breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of bison, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus Bos, as well. The hybrid origin of some types may not be obvious – for example, genetic testing of the Dwarf Lulu breed, the only taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak. However, cattle cannot be successfully hybridized with more distantly related bovines such as water buffalo or African buffalo.

 

The aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historical times, its range became restricted to Europe, and the last known individual died in Mazovia, Poland, in about 1627. Breeders have attempted to recreate cattle of similar appearance to aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, creating the Heck cattle breed.

 

A group of taurine-type cattles exist in Africa. It is hotly debated whether they represent an independent domestication event or were the result of crossing taurines domesticated elsewhere with local aurochs, but it's clear that they are genetically quite distinct; some authors choose to name them as a separate subspecies, Bos taurus africanus. The only pure African taurine breeds remaining are the N'Dama, Kuri and some varieties of the West African Shorthorn.

 

Etymology

Cattle did not originate as the term for bovine animals. It was borrowed from Anglo-Norman catel, itself from medieval Latin capitale 'principal sum of money, capital', itself derived in turn from Latin caput 'head'. Cattle originally meant movable personal property, especially livestock of any kind, as opposed to real property (the land, which also included wild or small free-roaming animals such as chickens—they were sold as part of the land). The word is a variant of chattel (a unit of personal property) and closely related to capital in the economic sense. The term replaced earlier Old English feoh 'cattle, property', which survives today as fee (cf. German: Vieh, Dutch: vee, Gothic: faihu).

 

The word cow came via Anglo-Saxon cū (plural cȳ), from Common Indo-European gʷōus (genitive gʷowés) 'a bovine animal', cf. Persian: gâv, Sanskrit: go-, Welsh: buwch. The plural cȳ became ki or kie in Middle English, and an additional plural ending was often added, giving kine, kien, but also kies, kuin and others. This is the origin of the now archaic English plural, kine. The Scots language singular is coo or cou, and the plural is kye.

 

In older English sources such as the King James Version of the Bible, cattle refers to livestock, as opposed to deer which refers to wildlife. Wild cattle may refer to feral cattle or to undomesticated species of the genus Bos. Today, when used without any other qualifier, the modern meaning of cattle is usually restricted to domesticated bovines.

 

Terminology

 

In general, the same words are used in different parts of the world, but with minor differences in the definitions. The terminology described here contrasts the differences in definition between the United Kingdom and other British-influenced parts of the world such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the United States.

 

An "intact" (i.e., not castrated) adult male is called a bull.

A father bull is called a sire with reference to his offspring.

An adult female that has had a calf (or two, depending on regional usage) is a cow. Steers and heifers are also colloquially referred to as cows.

A mother cow is called a dam with reference to her offspring. Often, mentions of dams imply cows kept in the herd for repeated breeding (as opposed to heifers or cows sold off sooner).

A young female before she has had a calf of her own and who is under three years of age is called a heifer. A young female that has had only one calf is occasionally called a first-calf heifer. Heiferettes are either first-calf heifers or a subset thereof without potential to become lineage dams, depending on whose definition is operative.

Young cattle (regardless of sex) are called calves until they are weaned, then weaners until they are a year old in some areas; in other areas, particularly with male beef cattle, they may be known as feeder calves or feeders. After that, they are referred to as yearlings or stirks if between one and two years of age.

Feeder cattle or store cattle are young cattle soon to be either backgrounded or sent to fattening, most especially those intended to be sold to someone else for finishing. In some regions, a distinction between stockers and feeders (by those names) is the distinction of backgrounding versus immediate sale to a finisher.

A castrated male is called a steer in the United States; older steers are often called bullocks in other parts of the world, but in North America this term refers to a young bull. Piker bullocks are micky bulls (uncastrated young male bulls) that were caught, castrated and then later lost. In Australia, the term Japanese ox is used for grain-fed steers in the weight range of 500 to 650 kg that are destined for the Japanese meat trade. In North America, draft cattle under four years old are called working steers. Improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer known as a stag in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. In some countries, an incompletely castrated male is known also as a rig.

A castrated male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft or riding purposes is called an ox (plural oxen); ox may also be used to refer to some carcass products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood, oxtail, or ox-liver.

A springer is a cow or heifer close to calving.

In all cattle species, a female twin of a bull usually becomes an infertile partial intersex, and is called a freemartin.

A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a micky in Australia.

An unbranded bovine of either sex is called a maverick in the US and Canada.

Neat (horned oxen, from which neatsfoot oil is derived), beef (young ox) and beefing (young animal fit for slaughtering) are obsolete terms, although poll, pollard and polled cattle are still terms in use for naturally hornless animals, or in some areas also for those that have been disbudded or dehorned.

Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Within the American beef cattle industry, the older term beef (plural beeves) is still used to refer to an animal of either sex. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British people use the term beast.

Cattle bred specifically for milk production are called milking or dairy cattle; a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a house cow or milker. A fresh cow is a dairy term for a cow or first-calf heifer who has recently given birth, or "freshened."

The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually bovine. The terms bull, cow and calf are also used by extension to denote the sex or age of other large animals, including whales, hippopotamuses, camels, elk and elephants.

Various other terms for cattle or types thereof are historical; these include nowt, nolt, mart, and others.

Singular terminology issue

 

"Cattle" can only be used in the plural and not in the singular: it is a plurale tantum. Thus one may refer to "three cattle" or "some cattle", but not "one cattle". "One head of cattle" is a valid though periphrastic way to refer to one animal of indeterminate or unknown age and sex; otherwise no universally used single-word singular form of cattle exists in modern English, other than the sex- and age-specific terms such as cow, bull, steer and heifer. Historically, "ox" was not a sex-specific term for adult cattle, but generally this is now used only for working cattle, especially adult castrated males. The term is also incorporated into the names of other species, such as the musk ox and "grunting ox" (yak), and is used in some areas to describe certain cattle products such as ox-hide and oxtail.

 

Cow is in general use as a singular for the collective cattle. The word cow is easy to use when a singular is needed and the sex is unknown or irrelevant—when "there is a cow in the road", for example. Further, any herd of fully mature cattle in or near a pasture is statistically likely to consist mostly of cows, so the term is probably accurate even in the restrictive sense. Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated as calves and are used as oxen or slaughtered for meat before the age of three years. Thus, in a pastured herd, any calves or herd bulls usually are clearly distinguishable from the cows due to distinctively different sizes and clear anatomical differences. Merriam-Webster and Oxford Living Dictionaries recognize the sex-nonspecific use of cow as an alternate definition, whereas Collins and the OED do not.

 

Colloquially, more general nonspecific terms may denote cattle when a singular form is needed. Head of cattle is usually used only after a numeral. Australian, New Zealand and British farmers use the term beast or cattle beast. Bovine is also used in Britain. The term critter is common in the western United States and Canada, particularly when referring to young cattle. In some areas of the American South (particularly the Appalachian region), where both dairy and beef cattle are present, an individual animal was once called a "beef critter", though that term is becoming archaic.

 

Other terminology

Cattle raised for human consumption are called beef cattle. Within the beef cattle industry in parts of the United States, the term beef (plural beeves) is still used in its archaic sense to refer to an animal of either sex. Cows of certain breeds that are kept for the milk they give are called dairy cows or milking cows (formerly milch cows). Most young male offspring of dairy cows are sold for veal, and may be referred to as veal calves.

 

The term dogies is used to describe orphaned calves in the context of ranch work in the American West, as in "Keep them dogies moving". In some places, a cow kept to provide milk for one family is called a "house cow". Other obsolete terms for cattle include "neat" (this use survives in "neatsfoot oil", extracted from the feet and legs of cattle), and "beefing" (young animal fit for slaughter).

 

An onomatopoeic term for one of the most common sounds made by cattle is moo (also called lowing). There are a number of other sounds made by cattle, including calves bawling, and bulls bellowing. Bawling is most common for cows after weaning of a calf. The bullroarer makes a sound similar to a bull's territorial call.

 

Characteristics

Anatomy

 

Cattle are large quadrupedal ungulate mammals with cloven hooves. Most breeds have horns, which can be as large as the Texas Longhorn or small like a scur. Careful genetic selection has allowed polled (hornless) cattle to become widespread.

 

Digestive system

Further information: Digestive system of ruminants

Cattle are ruminants, meaning their digestive system is highly specialized to allow the consumption of difficult to digest plants as food. Cattle have one stomach with four compartments, the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, with the rumen being the largest compartment. The reticulum, the smallest compartment, is known as the "honeycomb". The omasum's main function is to absorb water and nutrients from the digestible feed. The omasum is known as the "many plies". The abomasum is like the human stomach; this is why it is known as the "true stomach".

 

Cattle are known for regurgitating and re-chewing their food, known as cud chewing, like most ruminants. While the animal is feeding, the food is swallowed without being chewed and goes into the rumen for storage until the animal can find a quiet place to continue the digestion process. The food is regurgitated, a mouthful at a time, back up to the mouth, where the food, now called the cud, is chewed by the molars, grinding down the coarse vegetation to small particles. The cud is then swallowed again and further digested by specialized microorganisms in the rumen. These microbes are primarily responsible for decomposing cellulose and other carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids cattle use as their primary metabolic fuel. The microbes inside the rumen also synthesize amino acids from non-protein nitrogenous sources, such as urea and ammonia. As these microbes reproduce in the rumen, older generations die and their cells continue on through the digestive tract. These cells are then partially digested in the small intestines, allowing cattle to gain a high-quality protein source. These features allow cattle to thrive on grasses and other tough vegetation.

 

Reproduction

Further information: Bull § Reproductive anatomy

 

On farms it is very common to use artificial insemination (AI), a medically assisted reproduction technique consisting of the artificial deposition of semen in the female's genital tract. It is used in cases where the spermatozoa can not reach the fallopian tubes or by choice of the owner of the animal. It consists of transferring, to the uterine cavity, spermatozoa previously collected and processed, with the selection of morphologically more normal and mobile spermatozoa. Synchronization of cattle ovulation to benefit dairy farming may be accomplished via induced ovulation techniques.

 

Bulls become fertile at about seven months of age. Their fertility is closely related to the size of their testicles, and one simple test of fertility is to measure the circumference of the scrotum: a young bull is likely to be fertile once this reaches 28 centimetres (11 in); that of a fully adult bull may be over 40 centimetres (16 in).

 

A bull has a fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure.

 

The gestation period for a cow is about nine months long. The secondary sex ratio – the ratio of male to female offspring at birth – is approximately 52:48, although it may be influenced by environmental and other factors. A cow's udder contains two pairs of mammary glands, (commonly referred to as teats) creating four "quarters". The front ones are referred to as fore quarters and the rear ones rear quarters.

 

Weight and lifespan

 

The weight of adult cattle varies, depending on the breed. Smaller kinds, such as Dexter and Jersey adults, range between 300 and 500 kg (600 and 1,000 lb). Large Continental breeds, such as Charolais, Marchigiana, Belgian Blue and Chianina adults range from 640 to 1,100 kg (1,400 to 2,500 lb). British breeds, such as Hereford, Angus, and Shorthorn, mature at 500 to 900 kg (1,000 to 2,000 lb), occasionally higher, particularly with Angus and Hereford. Bulls are larger than cows of the same breed by up to a few hundred kilograms. British Hereford cows weigh 600–800 kg (1,300–1,800 lb); the bulls weigh 1,000–1,200 kg (2,200–2,600 lb). Chianina bulls can weigh up to 1,500 kg (3,300 lb); British bulls, such as Angus and Hereford, can weigh as little as 900 kg (2,000 lb) and as much as 1,400 kg (3,000 lb).

 

The world record for the heaviest bull was 1,740 kg (3,840 lb), a Chianina named Donetto, when he was exhibited at the Arezzo show in 1955. The heaviest steer was eight-year-old 'Old Ben', a Shorthorn/​Hereford cross weighing in at 2,140 kg (4,720 lb) in 1910.

 

In the United States, the average weight of beef cattle has steadily increased, especially since the 1970s, requiring the building of new slaughterhouses able to handle larger carcasses. New packing plants in the 1980s stimulated a large increase in cattle weights. Before 1790 beef cattle averaged only 160 kg (350 lb) net; and thereafter weights climbed steadily.

 

A newborn calf's size can vary among breeds, but a typical calf weighs 25 to 45 kg (55 to 99 lb). Adult size and weight vary significantly among breeds and sex. Steers are generally slaughtered before reaching 750 kg (1,650 lb). Breeding stock may be allowed a longer lifespan, occasionally living as long as 25 years. The oldest recorded cow, Big Bertha, died at the age of 48 in 1993.

 

Cognition

In laboratory studies, young cattle are able to memorize the locations of several food sources and retain this memory for at least 8 hours, although this declined after 12 hours. Fifteen-month-old heifers learn more quickly than adult cows which have had either one or two calvings, but their longer-term memory is less stable. Mature cattle perform well in spatial learning tasks and have a good long-term memory in these tests. Cattle tested in a radial arm maze are able to remember the locations of high-quality food for at least 30 days. Although they initially learn to avoid low-quality food, this memory diminishes over the same duration. Under less artificial testing conditions, young cattle showed they were able to remember the location of feed for at least 48 days. Cattle can make an association between a visual stimulus and food within 1 day—memory of this association can be retained for 1 year, despite a slight decay.

 

Calves are capable of discrimination learning and adult cattle compare favourably with small mammals in their learning ability in the closed-field test.

 

They are also able to discriminate between familiar individuals, and among humans. Cattle can tell the difference between familiar and unfamiliar animals of the same species (conspecifics). Studies show they behave less aggressively toward familiar individuals when they are forming a new group. Calves can also discriminate between humans based on previous experience, as shown by approaching those who handled them positively and avoiding those who handled them aversively. Although cattle can discriminate between humans by their faces alone, they also use other cues such as the color of clothes when these are available.

 

In audio play-back studies, calves prefer their own mother's vocalizations compared to the vocalizations of an unfamiliar mother.

 

In laboratory studies using images, cattle can discriminate between images of the heads of cattle and other animal species. They are also able to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics. Furthermore, they are able to categorize images as familiar and unfamiliar individuals.

 

When mixed with other individuals, cloned calves from the same donor form subgroups, indicating that kin discrimination occurs and may be a basis of grouping behaviour. It has also been shown using images of cattle that both artificially inseminated and cloned calves have similar cognitive capacities of kin and non-kin discrimination.

 

Cattle can recognize familiar individuals. Visual individual recognition is a more complex mental process than visual discrimination. It requires the recollection of the learned idiosyncratic identity of an individual that has been previously encountered and the formation of a mental representation. By using two-dimensional images of the heads of one cow (face, profiles, 3⁄4 views), all the tested heifers showed individual recognition of familiar and unfamiliar individuals from their own breed. Furthermore, almost all the heifers recognized unknown individuals from different breeds, although this was achieved with greater difficulty. Individual recognition was most difficult when the visual features of the breed being tested were quite different from the breed in the image, for example, the breed being tested had no spots whereas the image was of a spotted breed.

 

Cattle use visual/brain lateralisation in their visual scanning of novel and familiar stimuli. Domestic cattle prefer to view novel stimuli with the left eye, i.e. using the right brain hemisphere (similar to horses, Australian magpies, chicks, toads and fish) but use the right eye, i.e. using the left hemisphere, for viewing familiar stimuli.

 

Senses

Cattle use all of the five widely recognized sensory modalities. These can assist in some complex behavioural patterns, for example, in grazing behaviour. Cattle eat mixed diets, but when given the opportunity, show a partial preference of approximately 70% clover and 30% grass. This preference has a diurnal pattern, with a stronger preference for clover in the morning, and the proportion of grass increasing towards the evening.

 

Vision

 

Vision is the dominant sense in cattle and they obtain almost 50% of their information visually.

 

Cattle are a prey animal and to assist predator detection, their eyes are located on the sides of their head rather than the front. This gives them a wide field of view of 330° but limits binocular vision (and therefore stereopsis) to 30° to 50° compared to 140° in humans. This means they have a blind spot directly behind them. Cattle have good visual acuity, but compared to humans, their visual accommodation is poor.

 

Cattle have two kinds of color receptors in the cone cells of their retinas. This means that cattle are dichromatic, as are most other non-primate land mammals. There are two to three rods per cone in the fovea centralis but five to six near the optic papilla. Cattle can distinguish long wavelength colors (yellow, orange and red) much better than the shorter wavelengths (blue, grey and green). Calves are able to discriminate between long (red) and short (blue) or medium (green) wavelengths, but have limited ability to discriminate between the short and medium. They also approach handlers more quickly under red light. Whilst having good color sensitivity, it is not as good as humans or sheep.

 

A common misconception about cattle (particularly bulls) is that they are enraged by the color red (something provocative is often said to be "like a red flag to a bull"). This is a myth. In bullfighting, it is the movement of the red flag or cape that irritates the bull and incites it to charge.

 

Taste

Cattle have a well-developed sense of taste and can distinguish the four primary tastes (sweet, salty, bitter and sour). They possess around 20,000 taste buds. The strength of taste perception depends on the individual's current food requirements. They avoid bitter-tasting foods (potentially toxic) and have a marked preference for sweet (high calorific value) and salty foods (electrolyte balance). Their sensitivity to sour-tasting foods helps them to maintain optimal ruminal pH.

 

Plants have low levels of sodium and cattle have developed the capacity of seeking salt by taste and smell. If cattle become depleted of sodium salts, they show increased locomotion directed to searching for these. To assist in their search, the olfactory and gustatory receptors able to detect minute amounts of sodium salts increase their sensitivity as biochemical disruption develops with sodium salt depletion.

 

Hearing

Cattle hearing ranges from 23 Hz to 35 kHz. Their frequency of best sensitivity is 8 kHz and they have a lowest threshold of −21 db (re 20 μN/m−2), which means their hearing is more acute than horses (lowest threshold of 7 db). Sound localization acuity thresholds are an average of 30°. This means that cattle are less able to localise sounds compared to goats (18°), dogs (8°) and humans (0.8°). Because cattle have a broad foveal fields of view covering almost the entire horizon, they may not need very accurate locus information from their auditory systems to direct their gaze to a sound source.

 

Vocalizations are an important mode of communication amongst cattle and can provide information on the age, sex, dominance status and reproductive status of the caller. Calves can recognize their mothers using vocalizations; vocal behaviour may play a role by indicating estrus and competitive display by bulls.

 

Olfaction and gustation

 

Cattle have a range of odoriferous glands over their body including interdigital, infraorbital, inguinal and sebaceous glands, indicating that olfaction probably plays a large role in their social life. Both the primary olfactory system using the olfactory bulbs, and the secondary olfactory system using the vomeronasal organ are used. This latter olfactory system is used in the flehmen response. There is evidence that when cattle are stressed, this can be recognised by other cattle and this is communicated by alarm substances in the urine. The odour of dog faeces induces behavioural changes prior to cattle feeding, whereas the odours of urine from either stressed or non-stressed conspecifics and blood have no effect.

 

In the laboratory, cattle can be trained to recognise conspecific individuals using olfaction only.

 

In general, cattle use their sense of smell to "expand" on information detected by other sensory modalities. However, in the case of social and reproductive behaviours, olfaction is a key source of information.

 

Touch

Cattle have tactile sensations detected mainly by mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and nociceptors in the skin and muscles. These are used most frequently when cattle explore their environment.

 

Magnetoreception

There is conflicting evidence for magnetoreception in cattle. One study reported that resting and grazing cattle tend to align their body axes in the geomagnetic north–south direction. In a follow-up study, cattle exposed to various magnetic fields directly beneath or in the vicinity of power lines trending in various magnetic directions exhibited distinct patterns of alignment. However, in 2011, a group of Czech researchers reported their failed attempt to replicate the finding using Google Earth images.

 

Behavior

Under natural conditions, calves stay with their mother until weaning at 8 to 11 months. Heifer and bull calves are equally attached to their mothers in the first few months of life. Cattle are considered to be "hider" type animals, utilizing secluded areas more in the hours before calving and continued to use it more for the hour after calving. Cows that gave birth for the first time show a higher incidence of abnormal maternal behavior.

 

In one study, beef-calves reared on the range were observed to suckle an average of 5.0 times every 24 hours with an average total time of 46 min spent suckling. There was a diurnal rhythm in suckling activity with peaks between 05:00–07:00, 10:00–13:00 and 17:00–21:00.

 

Reproductive behavior

Semi-wild Highland cattle heifers first give birth at 2 or 3 years of age, and the timing of birth is synchronized with increases in natural food quality. Average calving interval is 391 days, and calving mortality within the first year of life is 5%.

 

Dominance and leadership

One study showed that over a 4-year period, dominance relationships within a herd of semi-wild highland cattle were very firm. There were few overt aggressive conflicts and the majority of disputes were settled by agonistic (non-aggressive, competitive) behaviors that involved no physical contact between opponents (e.g. threatening and spontaneous withdrawing). Such agonistic behavior reduces the risk of injury. Dominance status depended on age and sex, with older animals generally being dominant to young ones and males dominant to females. Young bulls gained superior dominance status over adult cows when they reached about 2 years of age.

 

As with many animal dominance hierarchies, dominance-associated aggressiveness does not correlate with rank position, but is closely related to rank distance between individuals.

 

Dominance is maintained in several ways. Cattle often engage in mock fights where they test each other's strength in a non-aggressive way. Licking is primarily performed by subordinates and received by dominant animals. Mounting is a playful behavior shown by calves of both sexes and by bulls and sometimes by cows in estrus, however, this is not a dominance related behavior as has been found in other species.

 

The horns of cattle are "honest signals" used in mate selection. Furthermore, horned cattle attempt to keep greater distances between themselves and have fewer physical interactions than hornless cattle. This leads to more stable social relationships.

 

In calves, the frequency of agonistic behavior decreases as space allowance increases, but this does not occur for changes in group size. However, in adult cattle, the number of agonistic encounters increases as the group size increases.

 

Grazing behavior

When grazing, cattle vary several aspects of their bite, i.e. tongue and jaw movements, depending on characteristics of the plant they are eating. Bite area decreases with the density of the plants but increases with their height. Bite area is determined by the sweep of the tongue; in one study observing 750-kilogram (1,650 lb) steers, bite area reached a maximum of approximately 170 cm2 (30 sq in). Bite depth increases with the height of the plants. By adjusting their behavior, cattle obtain heavier bites in swards that are tall and sparse compared with short, dense swards of equal mass/area. Cattle adjust other aspects of their grazing behavior in relation to the available food; foraging velocity decreases and intake rate increases in areas of abundant palatable forage.

 

Cattle avoid grazing areas contaminated by the faeces of other cattle more strongly than they avoid areas contaminated by sheep, but they do not avoid pasture contaminated by rabbit faeces.

 

Temperament and emotions

 

In cattle, temperament can affect production traits such as carcass and meat quality or milk yield as well as affecting the animal's overall health and reproduction. Cattle temperament is defined as "the consistent behavioral and physiological difference observed between individuals in response to a stressor or environmental challenge and is used to describe the relatively stable difference in the behavioral predisposition of an animal, which can be related to psychobiological mechanisms". Generally, cattle temperament is assumed to be multidimensional. Five underlying categories of temperament traits have been proposed:

 

shyness–boldness

exploration–avoidance

activity

aggressiveness

sociability

In a study on Holstein–Friesian heifers learning to press a panel to open a gate for access to a food reward, the researchers also recorded the heart rate and behavior of the heifers when moving along the race towards the food. When the heifers made clear improvements in learning, they had higher heart rates and tended to move more vigorously along the race. The researchers concluded this was an indication that cattle may react emotionally to their own learning improvement.

 

Negative emotional states are associated with a bias toward negative responses towards ambiguous cues in judgement tasks. After separation from their mothers, Holstein calves showed such a cognitive bias indicative of low mood. A similar study showed that after hot-iron disbudding (dehorning), calves had a similar negative bias indicating that post-operative pain following this routine procedure results in a negative change in emotional state.

 

In studies of visual discrimination, the position of the ears has been used as an indicator of emotional state. When cattle are stressed other cattle can tell by the chemicals released in their urine.

 

Cattle are very gregarious and even short-term isolation is considered to cause severe psychological stress. When Aubrac and Friesian heifers are isolated, they increase their vocalizations and experience increased heart rate and plasma cortisol concentrations. These physiological changes are greater in Aubracs. When visual contact is re-instated, vocalizations rapidly decline, regardless of the familiarity of the returning cattle, however, heart rate decreases are greater if the returning cattle are familiar to the previously isolated individual. Mirrors have been used to reduce stress in isolated cattle.

 

Sleep

Further information: Sleep in non-human animals and Cow tipping

The average sleep time of a domestic cow is about 4 hours a day. Cattle do have a stay apparatus, but do not sleep standing up; they lie down to sleep deeply. In spite of the urban legend, cows cannot be tipped over by people pushing on them.

 

Genetics

Further information: Bovine genome

On 24 April 2009, edition of the journal Science, a team of researchers led by the National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Agriculture reported having mapped the bovine genome. The scientists found cattle have about 22,000 genes, and 80% of their genes are shared with humans, and they share about 1000 genes with dogs and rodents, but are not found in humans. Using this bovine "HapMap", researchers can track the differences between the breeds that affect the quality of meat and milk yields.

 

Behavioral traits of cattle can be as heritable as some production traits, and often, the two can be related. The heritability of fear varies markedly in cattle from low (0.1) to high (0.53); such high variation is also found in pigs and sheep, probably due to differences in the methods used. The heritability of temperament (response to isolation during handling) has been calculated as 0.36 and 0.46 for habituation to handling. Rangeland assessments show that the heritability of aggressiveness in cattle is around 0.36.

 

Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been found for a range of production and behavioral characteristics for both dairy and beef cattle.

 

Domestication and husbandry

 

Cattle occupy a unique role in human history, having been domesticated since at least the early neolithic age.

 

Archaeozoological and genetic data indicate that cattle were first domesticated from wild aurochs (Bos primigenius) approximately 10,500 years ago. There were two major areas of domestication: one in the Near East (specifically central Anatolia, the Levant and Western Iran), giving rise to the taurine line, and a second in the area that is now Pakistan, resulting in the indicine line. Modern mitochondrial DNA variation indicates the taurine line may have arisen from as few as 80 aurochs tamed in the upper reaches of Mesopotamia near the villages of Çayönü Tepesi in what is now southeastern Turkey and Dja'de el-Mughara in what is now northern Syria.

 

Although European cattle are largely descended from the taurine lineage, gene flow from African cattle (partially of indicine origin) contributed substantial genomic components to both southern European cattle breeds and their New World descendants. A study on 134 breeds showed that modern taurine cattle originated from Africa, Asia, North and South America, Australia, and Europe. Some researchers have suggested that African taurine cattle are derived from a third independent domestication from North African aurochsen.

 

Usage as money

As early as 9000 BC both grain and cattle were used as money or as barter (the first grain remains found, considered to be evidence of pre-agricultural practice date to 17,000 BC). Some evidence also exists to suggest that other animals, such as camels and goats, may have been used as currency in some parts of the world. One of the advantages of using cattle as currency is that it allows the seller to set a fixed price. It even created the standard pricing. For example, two chickens were traded for one cow as cows were deemed to be more valuable than chickens.

 

Modern husbandry

Further information: Animal husbandry

 

Cattle are often raised by allowing herds to graze on the grasses of large tracts of rangeland. Raising cattle in this manner allows the use of land that might be unsuitable for growing crops. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily feeding, cleaning and milking. Many routine husbandry practices involve ear tagging, dehorning, loading, medical operations, artificial insemination, vaccinations and hoof care, as well as training for agricultural shows and preparations. Also, some cultural differences occur in working with cattle; the cattle husbandry of Fulani men rests on behavioural techniques, whereas in Europe, cattle are controlled primarily by physical means, such as fences. Breeders use cattle husbandry to reduce M. bovis infection susceptibility by selective breeding and maintaining herd health to avoid concurrent disease.

 

Cattle are farmed for beef, veal, dairy, and leather. They are less commonly used for conservation grazing, or to maintain grassland for wildlife, such as in Epping Forest, England. They are often used in some of the most wild places for livestock. Depending on the breed, cattle can survive on hill grazing, heaths, marshes, moors and semidesert. Modern cattle are more commercial than older breeds and, having become more specialized, are less versatile. For this reason, many smaller farmers still favor old breeds, such as the Jersey dairy breed. In Portugal, Spain, southern France and some Latin American countries, bulls are used in the activity of bullfighting; In many other countries bullfighting is illegal. Other activities such as bull riding are seen as part of a rodeo, especially in North America. Bull-leaping, a central ritual in Bronze Age Minoan culture, still exists in southwestern France. In modern times, cattle are also entered into agricultural competitions. These competitions can involve live cattle or cattle carcases in hoof and hook events.

 

In terms of food intake by humans, consumption of cattle is less efficient than of grain or vegetables with regard to land use, and hence cattle grazing consumes more area than such other agricultural production when raised on grains. Nonetheless, cattle and other forms of domesticated animals can sometimes help to use plant resources in areas not easily amenable to other forms of agriculture.

 

Feral cattle

Feral cattle are defined as being 'cattle that are not domesticated or cultivated'. Populations of feral cattle are known to come from and exist in: Australia, United States of America, Colombia, Argentina, Spain, France and many islands, including New Guinea, Hawaii (see Hawaiian wild cattle), Galapagos, Juan Fernández Islands, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), Tristan da Cunha and Île Amsterdam (see Amsterdam Island cattle), two islands of Kuchinoshima and Kazura Island next to Naru Island in Japan. Chillingham cattle is sometimes regarded as a feral breed. Aleutian wild cattles can be found on the Aleutian Islands. The "Kinmen cattle" which are predominantly found on Kinmen Island, Taiwan is mostly domesticated while smaller portion of the population is believed to live in the wild due to accidental releases.

 

Other notable examples include cattle in the vicinity of Hong Kong (in the Shing Mun Country Park, among Sai Kung District and Lantau Island and on Grass Island), and semi-feral animals in Yangmingshan, Taiwan.

 

Economy

 

The meat of adult cattle is known as beef, and that of calves is veal. Other animal parts are also used as food products, including blood, liver, kidney, heart and oxtail. Cattle also produce milk, and dairy cattle are specifically bred to produce the large quantities of milk processed and sold for human consumption. Cattle today are the basis of a multibillion-dollar industry worldwide. The international trade in beef for 2000 was over $30 billion and represented only 23% of world beef production. Approximately 300 million cattle, including dairy cattle, are slaughtered each year for food. The production of milk, which is also made into cheese, butter, yogurt, and other dairy products, is comparable in economic size to beef production, and provides an important part of the food supply for many of the world's people. Cattle hides, used for leather to make shoes, couches and clothing, are another widespread product. Cattle remain broadly used as draft animals in many developing countries, such as India. Cattle are also used in some sporting games, including rodeo and bullfighting.

 

Meat production

Cattle meat production (kt)

Country2008200920102011

Argentina3132337826302497

Australia2132212426302420

Brazil9024939591159030

China5841606062446182

Germany1199119012051170

Japan520517515500

US12163118911204611988

Source: Helgi Library, World Bank, FAOSTAT

 

About a quarter of the world's meat comes from cattle.

 

Dairy

Main articles: Dairy cattle, Dairy farming, and Dairy

 

Certain breeds of cattle, such as the Holstein-Friesian, are used to produce milk, which can be processed into dairy products such as milk, cheese or yogurt. Dairy cattle are usually kept on specialized dairy farms designed for milk production. Most cows are milked twice per day, with milk processed at a dairy, which may be onsite at the farm or the milk may be shipped to a dairy plant for eventual sale of a dairy product. Lactation is induced in heifers and spayed cows by a combination of physical and psychological stimulation, by drugs, or by a combination of those methods. For mother cows to continue producing milk, they give birth to one calf per year. If the calf is male, it generally is slaughtered at a young age to produce veal. They will continue to produce milk until three weeks before birth. Over the last fifty years, dairy farming has become more intensive to increase the yield of milk produced by each cow. The Holstein-Friesian is the breed of dairy cow most common in the UK, Europe and the United States. It has been bred selectively to produce the highest yields of milk of any cow. Around 22 litres per day is average in the UK.

 

Hides

Most cattle are not kept solely for hides, which are usually a by-product of beef production. Hides are most commonly used for leather, which can be made into a variety of products, including shoes. In 2012 India was the world's largest producer of cattle hides.

 

Oxen

Main article: Ox

 

Oxen (singular ox) are cattle trained as draft animals. Often they are adult, castrated males of larger breeds, although females and bulls are also used in some areas. Usually, an ox is over four years old due to the need for training and to allow it to grow to full size. Oxen are used for plowing, transport, hauling cargo, grain-grinding by trampling or by powering machines, irrigation by powering pumps, and wagon drawing. Oxen were commonly used to skid logs in forests, and sometimes still are, in low-impact, select-cut logging. Oxen are most often used in teams of two, paired, for light work such as carting, with additional pairs added when more power is required, sometimes up to a total of 20 or more. Oxen can be trained to respond to a teamster's signals. These signals are given by verbal commands or by noise (whip cracks). Verbal commands vary according to dialect and local tradition. Oxen can pull harder and longer than horses. Though not as fast as horses, they are less prone to injury because they are more sure-footed.

 

Many oxen are used worldwide, especially in developing countries. About 11.3 million draft oxen are used in sub-Saharan Africa. In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head. About half the world's crop production is thought to depend on land preparation (such as plowing) made possible by animal traction.

 

Climate change and economics of cattle rearing

See also: Economic impacts of climate change

Climate change increases heat stress, and even mild heat stress can reduce the yield of cow milk. Some researchers suggest that the already recorded stagnation of dairy production in both China and West Africa can attributed to persistent increases in heat stress.: 747  In China, daily milk production per cow is already lower than the average by between 0.7 and 4 kg in July (the hottest month of the year), and by 2070, it may decline by up to 50% (or 7.2 kg) due to climate change. In male cattle, severe heat can affect both spermatogenesis and the stored spermatozoa, and it may take up to eight weeks for sperm to become viable again. In females, heat stress negatively affects conception rates as it impairs corpus luteum and thus ovarian function and oocyte quality. Even after conception, a pregnancy is less likely to be carried to term due to reduced endometrial function and uterine blood flow, leading to increased embryonic mortality and early fetal loss. Calves born to heat-stressed cows typically have a below-average weight, and their weight and height remains below average even by the time they reach their first year, due to permanent changes in their metabolism. Heat stress can also be outright lethal, which is already seen during some heatwaves: in July 1995, over 4000 cattle perished in the mid-central United States heatwave, and in 1999, over 5000 cattle died during a heatwave in northeastern Nebraska.

 

By 2017, it was already reported that farmers in Nepal kept fewer cattle due to the losses imposed by a longer hot season.: 747  As of 2022, it has been suggested that every additional millimeter of annual precipitation increases beef production by 2.1% in the tropical countries and reduces it by 1.9% in temperate ones, yet the effects of warming are much larger. Under SSP3-7.0, a scenario of significant warming and very low adaptation, every additional 1 °C (1.8 °F) would decrease global beef production by 9.7%, mainly because of its impact on tropical and poor countries. In the countries which can afford adaptation measures, production would fall by around 4%, but by 27% in those which can't. Only a few exceptions have been identified to date: for instance, east and south of Argentina may become more suitable to cattle ranching due to climate-driven shifts in rainfall, but a shift to Zebu breeds would likely be needed to minimize the impact of warming. Other studies suggest that Brahman cattle and its cross-breeds are more resistant to heat stress than the regular bos taurus breeds, but on a global scale, it is considered unlikely that even more heat-resistant cattle can be bred at a sufficient rate to keep up with the expected warming.

 

Population

The cattle population of Britain rose from 9.8 million in 1878 to 11.7 million in 1908, but beef consumption rose much faster. Britain became the "stud farm of the world" exporting livestock to countries where there were no indigenous cattle. In 1929 80% of the meat trade of the world was products of what were originally English breeds. There were nearly 70 million cattle in the US by the early 1930s.

 

For 2013, the FAO estimated global cattle numbers at 1.47 billion. Regionally, the FAO estimate for 2013 includes: Asia 497 million; South America 350 million; Africa 307 million; Europe 122 million; North America 102 million; Central America 47 million; Oceania 40 million; and Caribbean 9 million.

 

As per FAS/USDA 2021 data, India had the largest cattle population in the world in 2021 followed by Brazil and China

 

India's cattle's population was reported at 305.5 million head in 2021, accounting for roughly 30% of the world's population. India, Brazil and China accounted for roughly 65% of the world's cattle population in 2021.

 

It has been estimated that out of all animal species on Earth, Bos taurus has the largest biomass at roughly 400 million tonnes, followed closely by Euphausia superba (Antarctic krill) at 379 million tonnes, and Homo sapiens (humans) at 373 million tonnes.

 

Cattle population

Environmental impact

See also: Environmental effects of meat production, Milk § Environmental impact, Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest, Beef § Environmental impact, and Greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture § Livestock

 

Meat from cattle has the highest emissions intensity of any agricultural commodity.

Gut flora in cattle include methanogens that produce methane as a byproduct of enteric fermentation, which cattle belch out. The same volume of atmospheric methane has a 72x higher (over 20 years) global warming potential than atmospheric carbon dioxide. Methane belching from cattle can be reduced with genetic selection, immunization against the many methanogens, rumen defaunation (killing the bacteria-killing protozoa), diet modification (e.g. seaweed fortification), decreased antibiotic use, and grazing management, among others.

 

A 2013 report from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) based on 2005 data states that the livestock sector is responsible for 14.5% of greenhouse gas emissions, 65% of which is due to cattle. The IPCC estimates that cattle and other livestock emit about 80 to 93 Megatonnes of methane per year, accounting for an estimated 37% of anthropogenic methane emissions, and additional methane is produced by anaerobic fermentation of manure in manure lagoons and other manure storage structures. Another estimate is 12% of global GHG. While cattle fed forage actually produce more methane than grain-fed cattle, the increase may be offset by the increased carbon recapture of pastures, which recapture three times the CO2 of cropland used for grain.

 

Mean greenhouse gas emissions for different food types.

Food TypesGreenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO2-Ceq per gram protein)

Ruminant Meat

62

Recirculating Aquaculture

30

Trawling Fishery

26

Non-recirculating Aquaculture

12

Pork

10

Poultry

10

Dairy

9.1

Non-trawling Fishery

8.6

Eggs

6.8

Starchy Roots

1.7

Wheat

1.2

Maize

1.2

Legumes

0.25

Mean land use of different foods

Food TypesLand Use (m2·year per 100 g protein)

Lamb and Mutton

185

Beef

164

Cheese

41

Pork

11

Poultry

7.1

Eggs

5.7

Farmed Fish

3.7

Peanuts

3.5

Peas

3.4

Tofu

2.2

 

One of the cited changes suggested to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is intensification of the livestock industry, since intensification leads to less land for a given level of production. This assertion is supported by studies of the US beef production system, suggesting practices prevailing in 2007 involved 8.6% less fossil fuel use, 16.3% less greenhouse gas emissions, 12.1% less water use, and 33.0% less land use, per unit mass of beef produced, than those used in 1977. The analysis took into account not only practices in feedlots, but also feed production (with less feed needed in more intensive production systems), forage-based cow-calf operations and back-grounding before cattle enter a feedlot (with more beef produced per head of cattle from those sources, in more intensive systems), and beef from animals derived from the dairy industry. A more controversial suggestion, advocated by George Monbiot in the documentary "Apocalypse Cow", is to stop farming cattle completely, however farmers often have political power so might be able to resist such a big change.

 

Estimated virtual water requirements for various foods (m³ water/ton

Hoekstra & Hung

(2003)

 

Chapagain & Hoekstra (2003)Zimmer & Renault

(2003)

 

Oki et al. (2003)Average

Beef15,97713,50020,70016,730

Pork5,9064,6005,9005,470

Cheese5,2885,290

Poultry2,8284,1004,5003,810

Eggs4,6572,7003,2003,520

Rice2,6561,4003,6002,550

Soybeans2,3002,7502,5002,520

Wheat1,1501,1602,0001,440

Maize4507101,9001,020

Milk865790560740

Potatoes160105130

 

Significant numbers of dairy, as well as beef cattle, are confined in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs), defined as "new and existing operations which stable or confine and feed or maintain for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period more than the number of animals specified" where "[c]rops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility." They may be designated as small, medium and large. Such designation of cattle CAFOs is according to cattle type (mature dairy cows, veal calves or other) and cattle numbers, but medium CAFOs are so designated only if they meet certain discharge criteria, and small CAFOs are designated only on a case-by-case basis.

 

Mean eutrophying emissions (water pollution) of different foods per 100 g of protein

Food TypesEutrophying Emissions (g PO43-eq per 100 g protein)

Beef

365.3

Farmed Fish

235.1

Farmed Crustaceans

227.2

Cheese

98.4

Lamb and Mutton

97.1

Pork

76.4

Poultry

48.7

Eggs

21.8

Peanuts

14.1

Peas

7.5

Tofu

6.2

Mean acidifying emissions (air pollution) of different foods per 100 g of protein

Food TypesAcidifying Emissions (g SO2eq per 100 g protein)

Beef

343.6

Cheese

165.5

Pork

142.7

Lamb and Mutton

139.0

Farmed Crustaceans

133.1

Poultry

102.4

Farmed Fish

65.9

Eggs

53.7

Peanuts

22.6

Peas

8.5

Tofu

6.7

A CAFO that discharges pollutants is required to obtain a permit, which requires a plan to manage nutrient runoff, manure, chemicals, contaminants, and other wastewater pursuant to the US Clean Water Act. The regulations involving CAFO permitting have been extensively litigated.

 

Commonly, CAFO wastewater and manure nutrients are applied to land at agronomic rates for use by forages or crops, and it is often assumed that various constituents of wastewater and manure, e.g. organic contaminants and pathogens, will be retained, inactivated or degraded on the land with application at such rates; however, additional evidence is needed to test reliability of such assumptions . Concerns raised by opponents of CAFOs have included risks of contaminated water due to feedlot runoff, soil erosion, human and animal exposure to toxic chemicals, development of antibiotic resistant bacteria and an increase in E. coli contamination. While research suggests some of these impacts can be mitigated by developing wastewater treatment systems and planting cover crops in larger setback zones, the Union of Concerned Scientists released a report in 2008 concluding that CAFOs are generally unsustainable and externalize costs.

 

Another concern is manure, which if not well-managed, can lead to adverse environmental consequences. However, manure also is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter when used as a fertilizer. Manure was used as a fertilizer on about 6,400,000 hectares (15.8 million acres) of US cropland in 2006, with manure from cattle accounting for nearly 70% of manure applications to soybeans and about 80% or more of manure applications to corn, wheat, barley, oats and sorghum. Substitution of manure for synthetic fertilizers in crop production can be environmentally significant, as between 43 and 88 megajoules of fossil fuel energy would be used per kg of nitrogen in manufacture of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers.

 

Grazing by cattle at low intensities can create a favourable environment for native herbs and forbs by mimicking the native grazers who they displaced; in many world regions, though, cattle are reducing biodiversity due to overgrazing. A survey of refuge managers on 123 National Wildlife Refuges in the US tallied 86 species of wildlife considered positively affected and 82 considered negatively affected by refuge cattle grazing or haying. Proper management of pastures, notably managed intensive rotational grazing and grazing at low intensities can lead to less use of fossil fuel energy, increased recapture of carbon dioxide, fewer ammonia emissions into the atmosphere, reduced soil erosion, better air quality, and less water pollution.

 

Health

The veterinary discipline dealing with cattle and cattle diseases (bovine veterinary) is called buiatrics. Veterinarians and professionals working on cattle health issues are pooled in the World Association for Buiatrics, founded in 1960. National associations and affiliates also exist.

 

Digital dermatitis is caused by the bacteria from the genus Treponema. It differs from foot rot and can appear under unsanitary conditions such as poor hygiene or inadequate hoof trimming, among other causes. It primarily affects dairy cattle and has been known to lower the quantity of milk produced, however the milk quality remains unaffected. Cattle are also susceptible to ringworm caused by the fungus, Trichophyton verrucosum, a contagious skin disease which may be transferred to humans exposed to infected cows.

 

Public health

Cattle diseases were in the center of attention in the 1980s and 1990s when the Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease, was of concern. Cattle might catch and develop various other diseases, like blackleg, bluetongue, foot rot too.

 

In most states, as cattle health is not only a veterinarian issue, but also a public health issue, public health and food safety standards and farming regulations directly affect the daily work of farmers who keep cattle. However, said rules change frequently and are often debated. For instance, in the UK, it was proposed in 2011 that milk from tuberculosis-infected cattle should be allowed to enter the food chain. Internal food safety regulations might affect a country's trade policy as well. For example, the United States has just reviewed its beef import rules according to the "mad cow standards"; while Mexico forbids the entry of cattle who are older than 30 months.

 

Medicinal uses

Cow urine is commonly used in India for internal medical purposes. It is distilled and then consumed by patients seeking treatment for a wide variety of illnesses. At present, no conclusive medical evidence shows this has any effect. However, an Indian medicine containing cow urine has already obtained U.S. patents.

 

Effect of high stocking density

Stocking density refers to the number of animals within a specified area. When stocking density reaches high levels, the behavioural needs of the animals may not be met. This can negatively influence health, welfare and production performance.

 

The effect of overstocking in cows can have a negative effect on milk production and reproduction rates which are two very important traits for dairy farmers. Overcrowding of cows in barns has been found to reduced feeding, resting and rumination. Although they consume the same amount of dry matter within the span of a day, they consume the food at a much more rapid rate, and this behaviour in cows can lead to further complications. The feeding behaviour of cows during their post-milking period is very important as it has been proven that the longer animals can eat after milking, the longer they will be standing up and therefore causing less contamination to the teat ends. This is necessary to reduce the risk of mastitis as infection has been shown to increase the chances of embryonic loss. Sufficient rest is important for dairy cows because it is during this period that their resting blood flow increases up to 50%, this is directly proportionate to milk production. Each additional hour of rest can be seen to translate to 2 to 3.5 more pounds of milk per cow daily. Stocking densities of anything over 120% have been shown to decrease the amount of time cows spend lying down.

 

Cortisol is an important stress hormone; its plasma concentrations increase greatly when subjected to high levels of stress. Increased concentration levels of cortisol have been associated with significant increases in gonadotrophin levels and lowered progestin levels. Reduction of stress is important in the reproductive state of cows as an increase in gonadotrophin and lowered progesterone levels may impinge on the ovulatory and lutenization process and to reduce the chances of successful implantation. A high cortisol level will also stimulate the degradation of fats and proteins which may make it difficult for the animal to sustain

I created more attachments and implant a for the Leto tractors. both front loader attachments and rear 3 point hitch implements including pallet forks, grapple, auger, post hole digger, power broom, and cultivator plow

Ministerio de la Producción evalúa implementar un CITE Forestal y Agropecuario en la región Cajamarca

El ITP realizó durante dos meses un levantamiento de información y halló que existe una masa crítica de mypes y productores forestales y agropecuarios con una demanda potencial significativa, que necesita ser potenciada a través de servicios tecnológicos.

Este CITE será útil para darle valor agregado a los productos más representativos de la región, en particular aquellos de la cadena láctea.

 

La ministra de la Producción, Rocío Barrios, se reunió esta mañana con el Gobernador Regional, Mesías Guevara, para dialogar sobre temas relacionados al desarrollo productivo de Cajamarca.

 

En la reunión, Barrios informó que el Instituto Tecnológico de la Producción (ITP) realizó durante dos meses un levantamiento de información en la región y halló que existe una masa crítica de mypes y productores que necesita capacitación y asistencia técnica para potenciarlas y acompañarlas en su ingreso al mercado.

 

“Queremos materializar un plan de trabajo que permita acompañar a Cajamarca en su desarrollo productivo. Es una región muy rica y con potencial, el desafío es intervenir como Estado para darle valor agregado a sus mejores productos, con la intención que puedan generar empleo y se conviertan en un motor de crecimiento”, destacó.

 

CITE Forestal y Agroindustrial

La titular de PRODUCE sostuvo que se va evaluar la puesta en marcha de un CITE Forestal y Agroindustrial en la región, que en principio funcione como una Unidad Técnica (UT).

 

Indicó que en las próximas semanas debería iniciarse la intervención a través de la Red de CITE existente, así como el establecimiento de plazos para la posterior implementación del nuevo CITE, con el apoyo del Gobierno Regional de Cajamarca.

 

“Solicitamos al GORE que nos permitan un lugar habilitado para el local del CITE y su compromiso de apoyar este proyecto”; añadió.

 

Asimismo, precisó que desde el próximo mes el ITP podría realizar talleres y capacitaciones en la región a través de CITE Cedepas Norte y CITE madera, así como la posibilidad de que mypes cajamarquinas realicen pasantías.

 

Actividades protocolares

Durante su visita a Cajamarca, la ministra Rocío Barrios participó en la feria Fongal, que promueve la participación de productores de café y cacao con el objetivo de conquistar nuevos mercados a nivel nacional e internacional.

 

La tradicional feria agropecuaria, agroindustrial, artesanal y turística de Cajamarca, se realiza del 23 al 30 de julio con la intención de mostrar a la población local y a los turistas nacionales y extranjeros, a los mejores expositores y productores de esta región.

 

De igual manera, estuvo presente en el lanzamiento de la estrategia Cero Papel, a la cual destacó. “En solo seis meses este GORE está dando un salto digital muy importante y los felicito. La transformación digital permite que estemos comunicados y que los ciudadanos accedan a los servicios desde la comodidad de sus hogares”, finalizó.

Anne Finucane, Vice-Chairman, Bank of America, USA speaking during the Session "Implementing Stakeholder Capitalism 2" at the World Economic Forum, Annual Meeting of the Global Future Councils 2019. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell

Sleek, grayscale interface by Feltron. First live implementation.

The EAF-Nansen project with the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane run a three-week International Training Course on EAF from 14 to 31 October 2013.

The course was intended to provide participants with the opportunity to:

•understand the importance of looking at all components of the ecosystem to better understand the complexity of fishery systems;

•master EAF concepts, practices and tools related to the design and implementation of fisheries management plans, policies and projects;

•appreciate the fact that management of marine resources should ensure both human and ecosystem well-being and equity.

 

Another early Spring view from Nash Farm in Grapevine, TX

At the historical Elizabeth Board of Education reorganization meeting on January 7, 2019 at Dr. Orlando Edreira Academy @ Msgr. João S. Antão School No. 31 , the meeting opened with the Dr. Orlando Edreira Academy School No. 26 Jazz Band performing three selections, including “Megadude” by Howard Rowe, “Tastes Like Chicken” by Kris Berg, and “What’d I Say” by Ray Charles and Rick Stitzel, and Dr. Orlando Edreira Academy School No. 26 Voices of Harmony performing selections from The Sound of Music by Richard Rodgers and Walter Ehret.

 

Outgoing Board President Maria Carvalho addressed the audience and thanked her fellow Board members and the community once more for their support and trust to carry on the duties of President of the Board. She also welcomed the new president and offered well wishes in guiding the Board during 2019.

 

The three Board members elected to seats in November were sworn in, starting with incumbent Charlene Bathelus who was sworn in for her third term on the Board by the Honorable Judge James Wilson. Ileana Chevres was sworn in next for her first term as a member of the Board, followed by incumbent Stephanie Goncalves, who was sworn into her second term on the Board, both by the Honorable Mayor J. Christian Bollwage.

 

Also sworn in to the Board was Nathalie Hernandez, who was chosen by the Board to fill the seat vacated by former Board member Jose Rodriguez. She was sworn in by City of Elizabeth Councilman-At-Large and Elizabeth Public Schools Chief of Operations Frank Cuesta.

 

For the selection of the new Board President, Board member Stanley Neron nominated Stephanie Goncalves, who was unanimously voted in as President. Diane Barbosa was selected for the Vice President seat, voted in unanimously following a nomination by Board member Jerry Jacobs.

 

The Board recognized the excellent support and contributions of the Union County Board of Chosen Freeholders to the Elizabeth Public Schools Professional Learning Community and the greater Elizabeth community. Elizabeth Public Schools Superintendent Olga Hugelmeyer gave a presentation to the Board and public, sharing highlights of the Freeholders’ work with Elizabeth Public Schools students and families as well as the Elizabeth community as a whole during the past year. Following the presentation, a plaque was presented by Hugelmeyer to 2018 Freeholder Chairman Sergio Granados.

 

New President Goncalves addressed the public, noting in her remarks that, for the first time, the Board consists of a majority of female members. She also highlighted the importance of diversity to the Elizabeth Public Schools and the Elizabeth community, serving the community, and ensuring that all children succeed.

 

New Vice President Barbosa thanked her family and fellow Board members and emphasized the fire of leadership that each Board member has within them in serving the community as well as the passion to do what is right for the school district as the Board continues the progress that it has made.

 

Board Member Bathelus took time to acknowledge the many people who have supported her in all her endeavors, congratulate the newly sworn in Board members, and share that she will continue to strive for a fair and better tomorrow for all of Elizabeth’s children.

 

Board Member Chevres shared her excitement to serve the parents and children of the Elizabeth Public Schools and intends to bring her passion, knowledge, and experience to continue improving the school system and to make sure children have the same opportunities for all students, with her son serving as her inspiration.

 

Board Member Hernandez shared her eagerness to collaborate with everyone to ensure that each and every student is successful with a focus on the expansion of STEM programs for all schools, implementing new afterschool and weekend enrichment programs, and researching how the district can better advocate for its diverse community of students to provide an equitable and high quality education for all.

 

Board member Neron, in recognizing the significance of a female majority Board, stated that he was honored to be able to serve with the women of the Board, characterizing them as true examples of leadership, true examples of fortitude, and the foundation that our society is built on. He further shared that he was proud of the change that he is seeing throughout the country, the state, and locally for women to receive more opportunities to serve as well as proud of the support the Board has received from the community to get the Board to its current point as a diverse Board that will be an example for the nation and urban school districts in setting policy to address equity.

Bamiyan Buddha, Afghanistan

Anne Finucane, Vice-Chairman, Bank of America, USA speaking during the Session "Implementing Stakeholder Capitalism 2" at the World Economic Forum, Annual Meeting of the Global Future Councils 2019. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell

Judith Williams, SAP speaking during the Session "Implementing Stakeholder Capitalism 1" at the World Economic Forum, Annual Meeting of the Global Future Councils 2019. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell

Kiribati Adaptation Program - Pilot Implementation Phase (KAP-II)

www.thegef.org/gef/project_detail?projID=2543

 

Blog on this project: "Drilling for water in Kiribati" www.thegef.org/gef/blog/Kiribati

 

Photo: Carlo Iacovino

20 May 2019 - TALK TOGETHER

Session : The Male Disadvantage in Education

 

Speakers : Camilla Stoltenberg, Director-General, Norwegian Institute of Public Health; Head, Norwegian National Commission on Gender Equality in Education

With ** Francesca Borgonovi, Senior Analyst, Policy Advice and Implementation, Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD

 

OECD Headquarters, Paris.

 

www.oecd.org/forum

 

Photo : © Hervé Cortinat / OECD

Paranapiacaba: Origem: Wikipédia, a enciclopédia livre.

Por concessão, um grupo inglês explorou o sistema ferroviário na Serra do Mar. E o primeiro sistema implementado foi o sistema funicular: com cabos e máquinas fixas. A primeira linha, com onze quilômetros de extensão, foi inaugurada em 1867 pelo grupo São Paulo Railway. Ela começou a ser construída em 1862 e teve como um dos maiores acionistas e idealizadores o lendário Barão de Mauá. Em 1859, ele chamou o engenheiro ferroviário britânico James Brunlees, que veio ao Brasil e deu viabilidade ao projeto. A execução de tal projeto foi de responsabilidade de outro engenheiro inglês, Daniel Makinson Fox. Um ponto curioso é que pela instabilidade do terreno, a construção da estrada de ferro foi quase artesanal. Não se utilizou explosivos por medo de desmoronamento. As rochas foram cortadas com talhadeiras e pequenas ferramentas manuais. Paredões de até 3 metros e 20 centímetros de altura foram construídos ao logo do traçado da estrada de ferro. A segunda linha começou a funcionar em 1900. Além de dar mais força ao sistema, os cabos e as máquinas fixas economizam energia para a operação dos trens. No entanto, vários acidentes eram registrados, principalmente pelo rompimento dos cabos. Havia uma espécie de freio, a tenaz, que agarrava os cabos para evitar a saída dos trens dos trilhos. Nem sempre o sistema, no entanto, funcionava de maneira satisfatória. Em 1956, um grande acidente foi evitado pelo maquinista na época, Romão Justo Filho, nascido em Paranapiacaba no mês de março de 1911, filho de maquinista também. Se a composição descarrilasse, cerca de 150 pessoas poderiam perder a vida. Através da utilização correta do sistema da tenaz, Romão foi “agarrando” aos poucos o cabo até que o trem parasse.

Os cabos do locobreque levavam desenvolvimento e riqueza para a região do ABC Paulista e de Santos. Tanto é que a companhia inglesa criou em 1896 uma vila essencialmente de ferroviários, com construções de madeira no estilo inglês. Em 1907, a Vila foi chamada de Paranapiacapa, mas até 1945 a estação continuou a ser chamada de Alto da Serra. A Vila possuía todos os recursos da época para os maquinistas, fiscais e “foguistas” – responsáveis pela alimentação da fornalha da máquina fixa e da máquina dos trens. Além de um mercado, de um posto de saúde, de um vagão-ambulância e até um vagão funerário, onde o velório era feito dentro da composição entre Santos e Paranapiacaba, os funcionários possuíam um centro de recreação, o União Lira Serrano, e um Campo de Futebol. No União Lira Serrano eram exibidos filmes, shows musicais e realizados bailes temáticos. A concessão da linha da Serra do Mar não foi apenas glórias e desenvolvimento. Fatos até hoje não explicados satisfatoriamente marcaram a história dos trilhos por onde circularam os Locobreques. Exemplos são os incêndios da Estação da Luz, dois dias antes da primeira etapa da concessão dos ingleses terminar, em 1946, e na velha estação de Paranapiacaba, em 1981. Antes mesmo do incêndio, a estação já havia sido desativada em 1977 e substituída pelo prédio atual. O relógio estilo inglês foi poupado no incêndio e deslocado para uma torre mais alta que a anterior. Nos dois incêndios, tanto na Estação da Luz quanto em Paranapiacaba, a suspeita principal é de motivação criminosa. Milhões de reais foram gastos para a reconstrução da Estação da Luz, que passou por décadas ainda sentido os efeitos do incêndio. Tanto é que ela teve de ser restaurada. A obra de restauração completa foi entregue somente em 2004, data dos 450 anos da cidade de São Paulo. A Estação da Luz teve três etapas fundamentais: Ela foi inaugurada em 1867, num pequeno prédio na região central da capital paulista. A demanda de passageiros foi aumentando aos poucos, e cerca de 15 anos depois o pequeno prédio foi demolido e um outro maior foi construído. A cidade crescia muito rapidamente e a estação teve de aumentar ainda mais. Em 1890 começaram as obras da estação na configuração atual. Em 1900, o segundo prédio antigo foi demolido e em 1901, a nova estação foi inaugurada. Obras constantes de modificações e ampliações foram realizadas ao longo das décadas na Estação da Luz, já que além da demanda de passageiros ser maior, o número de linhas férreas urbanas também cresceu. Antes mesmo do Locobreque, na Serra do Mar, uma primitiva máquina de madeira, também tracionada por cabos fazia o transporte entre os cinco patamares. Era a Serrabreque. Durante a operação da Serrabreque, Barão de Mauá era um dos administradores. Posteriormente, na vila de Paranapiacaba, os ingleses, no alto de uma subida, construíram uma mansão, que servia de centro de controle operacional. Apelidada pelos ferroviários de "Castelinho", a posição do local proporcionava uma privilegiada visão do sistema e de toda a estrutura da vila de Paranapiacaba. O sistema ferroviário da Serra do Mar era composto por diversos túneis, que eram alvos de lendas e histórias assombradas disseminadas pelos próprios ferroviários. Algumas dessas lendas tiveram origem no fato de muitos operários terem morrido na construção desses túneis.

Pátio ferroviário, estações e relógio:

A São Paulo Railway inaugurou sua linha férrea em 16 de fevereiro de 1867. Servia como transporte de passageiros e meio de localizada na então freguesia de São Bernardo. No ano de 1898, foi erguida uma nova estação com madeira, ferro e telhas francesas trazidos da Inglaterra. Esta estação tinha, como característica principal, o grande relógio fabricado pela Johnny Walker Benson, de Londres, que se destacava no meio da neblina muito comum naquela região. Com o aumento do volume e peso da carga transportada, foi iniciada em 1896 a duplicação da linha férrea, paralela à primeira, a fim de atender à crescente demanda. Essa nova linha, também denominada de Serra Nova, era formada por 5 planos inclinados e 5 patamares, criando um novo sistema funicular. Os assim chamados novos planos inclinados atravessavam 11 túneis em plena rocha, enfrentando o desnível de 796 metros que se iniciava no sopé da serra, em Piaçagüera, no município de Cubatão. O traçado da ferrovia foi retificado e suavizado e ampliaram-se os edifícios operacionais. A inauguração deu-se em 28 de dezembro de 1901. A primeira estação foi desativada e reutilizada, posteriormente, como cooperativa dos planos inclinados. A 15 de julho de 1945, a "Estação do Alto da Serra" passa a se denominar "Estação de Paranapiacaba". A 13 de outubro de 1946, a São Paulo Railway foi encampada pela União, criando-se a "Estrada de Ferro Santos-Jundiaí". Somente em 1950 a rede passa a unir-se à Rede Ferroviária Federal. Em 1974, é inaugurada o sistema de cremalheira aderência. No ano de 1977, a segunda estação foi desativada, dando lugar à atual estação. O relógio foi transferido do alto da estação anterior para a base de tijolo de barro atual. A 14 de janeiro de 1981, ocorreu um incêndio na antiga estação, destruindo-a completamente. O sistema funicular foi desativado em 1982. Em 2010, o Correio fez lançamento de selo postal ostentando o patrimônio ferroviário de Paranapiacaba.

Museu do funicular:

Trata-se da exibição das máquinas fixas do quinto patamar da segunda linha e a do quarto patamar da primeira linha, que transportavam o trem por meio do sistema funicular.

No museu, há, também, a exposição de diversos objetos de uso ferroviário, fotos e fichas funcionais de muitos ex-funcionários da ferrovia.

O locobreque:

O "locobreque" tinha a função de frear a composição na descida da serra e simultaneamente empurrava outra composição que subia. O cabo entre as duas máquinas passava por uma grande roda volante, chamada de "máquina-fixa" que ficava em cada um dos cinco patamares. Do nome inglês original, loco-brake, a máquina funcionava pela queima de carvão ou madeira numa fornalha, abastecida pelo foguista, que trabalhava ao lado do maquinista. As máquinas "locobreque" foram construídas em 1901 por Robert Stephenson & Co. Ltd. O sistema funicular proporcionava maior economia de energia gasta pelo "locobreque" e possibilitava o desempenho do trem nos aclives e declives. Havia uma inclinação de 8 graus entre cada um dos cinco patamares. Quando subia a Serra do Mar, o "locobreque" empurrava os vagões, que ficavam na frente da máquina. Quando descia, ele segurava os vagões, que ficavam atrás da máquina. Como o trem não tinha marcha-ré, havia um sistema chamado popularmente de "viradouro", através do qual os funcionários invertiam o sentido da locomotiva, girando a máquina em torno de si mesma. Antes do "locobreque" havia uma primitiva máquina de madeira, também tracionada por cabos, que fazia o transporte entre os cinco patamares. Era o "serrabreque". Durante a operação do "serrabreque", o Barão de Mauá ainda era um dos financistas da companhia. Até a metade do século XX, o transporte ferroviário era sinônimo de luxo. E um dos marcos foi o trem Cometa, que fazia a linha Santos – São Paulo. O trem possuía serviço de bordo e poltronas leito, como as de ônibus. Além dele, também havia os trens Estrela, Planeta e Litorina (Semi-luxo).

Museu do castelo:

Essa residência, também denominada de "Castelinho", situa-se entre a Vila Velha e a Vila Martin Smith. Localizada no alto de uma colina, com uma excelente vista privilegiada para toda a vila ferroviária, foi construída por volta de 1897 para ser a residência do engenheiro-chefe, que gerenciava o tráfego de trens na subida e descida da Serra do Mar, o pátio de manobras, as oficinas e os funcionários residentes na vila. Sua imponência simbolizava a liderança e a hierarquia que os ingleses impuseram a toda a vila; ela é avistada de qualquer ponto de Paranapiacaba. Dizia-se que de suas janelas voltadas para todos os lados de Paranapiacaba, o engenheiro-chefe fiscalizava a vida de seus subordinados, não hesitando em demitir qualquer solteiro que estivesse nas imediações das casas dos funcionários casados. No decorrer de mais de um século de uso, foram feitas várias reformas e tentativas de recuperação de seu aspecto original; as maiores reformulações foram realizadas nas décadas de 1950 e 1960. Foi restaurado pela prefeitura de Santo André em parceria com a World Monuments Fund.

Casas dos engenheiros:

Característica da arquitetura hierarquizada de Paranapiacaba, as casas habitadas pelos engenheiros e suas famílias eram de alto padrão. Grandes e avarandadas, foram construídas em madeira nos tempos da São Paulo Railway, com plantas baixas individualizadas; depois, em alvenaria nos tempos da Rede Ferroviária Federal, com mesmo padrão de plantas. Muitas sofreram reformas em vários momentos, principalmente com a chegada da RFFSA. Uma das caracteríticas que chama a atenção é a cobertura do imóvel, pois somente com estudos elaborados pelos conselhos de reconhecimento, concluiu-se que o material das telhas não era ardósia, e sim fibrocimento, introduzidos provavelmente a partir da década de 50 entre alguma das reformas que sofreram.

Casas de solteiros:

Características da arquitetura hierarquizada de Paranapiacaba, as casas de solteiros eram conhecidas como barracos. Foram construídas em madeira, exceto duas em alvenaria. Essa tipologia foi criada pela São Paulo Railway, e a Rede Ferroviária Federal deu continuidade, construindo-as em alvenaria. A planta dessas casas possui

dormitórios, sanitários e cozinha para pequenas refeições, serviam para alojar o grande fluxo de homens solteiros, que preenchiam as vagas de ferroviários. Havia poucos sanitários e chuveiros, já que os trabalhadores se revezavam em turnos.

 

UNIDAD DE SALUD DEL PERSONAL DEL SERVICIO SALUD CHILOÉ SUMA MAS PROFESIONALES PARA IMPLEMENTAR MEDICINA COMPLEMENTARIA EN LA ATENCIÓN DE FUNCIONARIOS

 

· Las horas se solicitan directamente con la Unidad de Salud del Personal, ubicada sus dependencias en calle Chacabuco de Castro. Estos se realizan de lunes a viernes de 8 a 1 7 horas. Luego de esta marcha blanca dirigida sólo a los funcionarios de salud, las atenciones serán destinadas a los usuarios isleños.

Funcionarios de la Red Asistencial del Servicio Salud Chiloé serán atendidos en dependencias de la Unidad de Salud del Personal para optar a diferentes alternativas de medicina complementaria.

Según fue explicado por una de las médicos que aplicarán las terapias en los usuarios, la doctora Gladys Avilés, a las terapias de medicina complementarias practicadas por el doctor Jaime Ibacache (Terapia Neural) y Sergio Robles Oñate (Acupuntura), se suman seis nuevos profesionales del Hospital Augusto Riffart de Castro para apoyar la implementación de las nuevas disciplinas de medicina alternativa que serán aplicadas.

Flores de Bach, Reiki, Auriculoterapia y Acupuntura son las disciplinas con que contarán los usuarios como una forma de apoyar los episodios de estrés y diversas dolencias a los cuales éstos se encuentran expuestos.

“Estamos muy contentos y esperamos que se masifique. Desde este año se inicia el policlínico de medicinas complementarias, para todos los funcionarios de la salud, (al principio) después se irá ampliando a todos nuestros usuarios”, detalló la profesional.

Explicó la doctora Avilés, que fue el Servicio de Salud quien facilitó la formación tanto de profesionales en sintergética como también profesionales en acupuntura “en la escuela de medicina tradicional china se formaron ahí varios profesionales que hoy trabajan en Chiloé. Las autoridades tanto del Hospital de Castro como del Servicio Salud Chiloé han visto la necesidad y con el tiempo estas terapias fueron tomando fuerza y hoy se sabe que existen resultados favorables. El equipo está muy agradecido de las autoridades que entienden lo que esto significa y nos permiten realizar esta medicina que ve al hombre como un ser integral”, finalizó.

La implementación de estas medicinas es producto de gestiones con el referente de Medicinas Complementarias del Servicio de Salud y los profesionales del Hospital de Castro y del USP / PRAIS. "Ha sido un esfuerzo de meses que finalmente ha dado frutos. Esta incorporación ayudará que los funcionarios tengan la posibilidad de contar con otras terapias para propiciar su salud, para que podamos a mediano plazo, otorgarle estas prestaciones a los usuarios", declaró el médico y referente de Medicinas Complementarias, Sergio Robles Oñate.

 

Al respecto el doctor Jaime Ibacache señaló; “hace años que he trabajado impulsando la Salud Complementaria en nuestro servicio, la que cada día toma mayor relevancia dado que es necesario ampliar la forma de entender salud y enfermedad por parte de los integrantes de los equipos de salud. Debo aclara que la terapia neural (que practico a diario con mis pacientes) no es una medicina alternativa ni complementaria del sistema médico occidental, es parte de la historia de la medicina y que por razones de otra índole se habían dejado de usar y que hoy la utilizo desde hace 5 años en mi práctica profesional”, finalizó.

Los funcionarios que estén interesados, en tratarse con estas terapias se deben inscribir en las dependencias de la Unidad de Salud del Personal ubicado en calle Chacabuco #280 en Castro a al teléfono contacto 65-2530351.

Es preciso señalar que reconociendo el derecho ciudadano al acceso libre e igualitario a la protección de la salud y la responsabilidad del Estado de velar por la seguridad y calidad de los servicios que se ofrecen a la población, el Ministerio de Salud ha definido e implementado una serie de intervenciones dirigidas al reconocimiento y regulación del ejercicio de estas prácticas no convencionales, en el propósito de considerar la posible incorporación de algunas de ellas al sistema de salud. Por ello, ya en el año 2005 se dictó el Decreto Nº 42 que reglamenta el ejercicio de las prácticas médicas alternativas (complementarias) como profesiones auxiliares de la salud y las condiciones de los recintos en que estas se realizan. A partir de este reglamento marco, se ha evaluado y reconocido a la Acupuntura (Decreto Nº 123/2008) a la Homeopatía (Decreto Nº 19/2010) y a la Naturopatía (Decreto Nº 5/2013) como profesiones auxiliares de la salud.

Kavalcare Solar System for Jhpiego Mid-Wife Clinic Dec8, 2014

 

Every year, 12,000 women in Pakistan die of birth complications. The Maternal, Newborn and Child Health (MNCH) Services Component, implemented by MCHIP/Jhpiego, aims at preventing maternal, newborn, and child deaths by ensuring skilled birth attendance (SBA) through a total market approach, empowered community, timely referral of obstetric and neonatal complications to an emergency obstetric and newborn care (EmONC) facility, and improved access to child care.

 

Lack of electricity in remote areas is a major issue that often leads to obstetric complications and newborn deaths. Refrigerated storage is vital for the effectiveness of life saving drugs and vaccines. Ice boxes are used in remot areas of this purpose but it is an ineffective method especially when easy availability of ice is a problem. To overcome these issues, Lodhie Foundation in association with Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program/JHPIEGO, extended its Kavalcare program and provided a Solar Powered System to a remote clinic located at village Haji Usman Jhakro near Makli, District Thatta. System provides sufficient power to operate a small refrigerator, a fan and 3 lamps 24 hours a day and 7 days a week. It was designed, manufactured and installed by Shaan Technologies private Limited Karachi. After installation of Solar System in August 2014, this small remote clinic is serving a community of 10,000 plus persons who lives in village Haji Usman and surrounding areas. On an average 10 patients visits this clinic each day. Clinic also provides up to 15 birth attendance and new born care in a month.

 

Name of Village HAJI USMAN JAKHRO, MAKKLI, District Thatta

 

Name of Midwife. Zoriyat.

 

Surrounding population 10,000. (Ten Thousand)

 

Delivery in Solar Light 10 to 13 per month.

 

OPD patient / day 10.

 

System Installation Date Aug/12/2014

  

Game play going on. Kate, the teacher, is losing.

 

Today was a great day at the Fab Lab. The students were asking me what I games I liked to play, and I said chess. I've been wanting to make a chess set with the laser cutter anyway.

 

We designed up a simple chess set that would fit 8 sets on the 24" x 12" laser cutter and cut them out. We pulled together a group to peel of the backings and to make boards.

 

Our first inclination was to use the chess piece negatives as a board stencil. The idea was to tape them off and spray paint, but we ran out of spray paint and so used markers. In practice we decided to go checker board.

 

The lessons went into darkness, and the students were using LED lights to keep playing.

 

A good day.

The self-employement programme, implemented by the Government of fYR Macedonia and UNDP, allows citizens to develop their business.

 

Thanks to this programme, a family business in carpentry could grow rapidly.

 

Read the story of Qerim Dauti

 

Anne Finucane, Vice-Chairman, Bank of America, USA speaking during the Session "Implementing Stakeholder Capitalism 1" at the World Economic Forum, Annual Meeting of the Global Future Councils 2019. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell

As with most major new routings implemented by CTA, we've been running some training/demonstration trains with employees to follow the Green Line's new, temporary routings for during Red Line South Reconstruction. The train operated from Harlem/Lake to Roosevelt, as well as around the full Outer Loop track, and back to Harlem, as some morning and evening rush hour trips will do (respectively).

 

These photos show information that was posted inside the train—as well as the train itself with its green, Loop and Roosevelt destination signs.

 

Remember, Red Line South Reconstruction and associated temporary service changes go into effect Sunday, May 19! Full details at: redlinesouth.com/

Today was a great day at the Fab Lab. The students were asking me what I games I liked to play, and I said chess. I've been wanting to make a chess set with the laser cutter anyway.

 

We designed up a simple chess set that would fit 8 sets on the 24" x 12" laser cutter and cut them out. We pulled together a group to peel of the backings and to make boards.

 

Our first inclination was to use the chess piece negatives as a board stencil. The idea was to tape them off and spray paint, but we ran out of spray paint and so used markers. In practice we decided to go checker board.

 

The lessons went into darkness, and the students were using LED lights to keep playing.

 

A good day.

gouache/ paper 6" x 8"

Name:Lindsay Brothers Agricultural Implements

Description:1892 warehouse of agricultural implements company; cream city brick facade

Address:map link 126 S 2nd St, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA

 

urbanmilwaukee.com/2022/02/01/eyes-on-milwaukee-walkers-p...

Este año, la Casa del Deporte implementará un total de 19 escuelas gratuitas en Viña del Mar, con once disciplinas entre las que se encuentran como novedades el balonmano y la halterofilia.

Entre las postales que dejaron los X Juegos Suramericanos ODESUR Santiago 2014, además de la histórica cosecha de medallas que completaron un total de 129 preseas para nuestro país, se cuentan recintos repletos de público vitoreando a deportistas como si se tratasen de eliminatorias mundialistas de futbol, evidenciando el gran interés y pasión que sienten los chilenos por deportes muy distintos al balompié.

Consciente de esta atención por variadas disciplinas, es que la Ilustre Municipalidad de Viña del Mar, a través de la Casa del Deporte, hace ya casi una década, ha implementado de forma gratuita en toda la ciudad, un programa compuesto por Escuelas Deportivas, y que este año junto a las ya clásicas Tenis, taekwondo, Karate, Natación, Basquetbol, Hockey Patín, Gimnasia Rítmica, Voleibol y Rugby, trae importantes novedades, como la inclusión de dos nuevas especialidades deportivas.

El programa de Escuelas Deportivas, este 2014, da la bienvenida a su oferta al cada día más popular Balonmano o Handball, y que después de la brillante participación de las selecciones chilenas masculinas y femeninas de la disciplina, premiadas con bronce en ODESUR 2014, y que justamente jugaron en Viña del Mar, es que niños, jóvenes y adultos, pusieron sus ojos sobre esta entretenida rama deportiva.

Junto con el balonmano, la Halterofilia o Levantamiento Olímpico de Pesas, también se suma al programa Escuelas Deportivas, y consiste en el levantamiento de la mayor cantidad de peso posible en una barra en cuyos extremos se fijan varios discos, los cuales determinan el peso final que se levanta, y que reciben el nombre de “haltera”.

Orientadas a niños entre 7 y 14 años, las Escuelas Deportivas 2014, suman un total de diecinueve, y para la inscripción en cualquiera de las once disciplinas de este año, sólo hay que asistir al lugar, el día y la hora fijada para la clase, y llenar una matrícula gratuita con los datos personales del alumno, y la firma de un apoderado mayor de edad autorizando la participación del menor en el taller. Te esperamos!

Implementing Stakeholder Capitalism (Option 2)

Geneva - Switzerland, 25-29 January 2021. Copyright ©️ World Economic Forum/Pascal Bitz

 

Klaus Schwab, Founder and Executive Chairman, World Economic Forum

Marc Benioff, Chair and Chief Executive Officer, Salesforce, USA; Member of Board of Trustees of the World Economic Forum Laurence D. Fink, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, BlackRock, USA; Member of Board of Trustees of the World Economic Forum Chrystia Freeland, Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance of Canada; Member of Board of Trustees of the World Economic Forum Kristalina Georgieva, Managing Director, International Monetary Fund (IMF), Washington DC; Member of Board of Trustees of the World Economic Forum

Brian T. Moynihan, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, Bank of America, USA; Chair of the World Economic Forum International Business Council; International Business Council

Moderated by Gillian R. Tett, Editor-at-Large and Chair of the Editorial Board, Financial Times, United Kingdom

All sizes please!

 

This an illustration of the firing mechanism I implemented in my DX CSWS, called 2DBolt. Main advantage of this system, is that there is more room for the barrel, without making the whole gun longer.

 

2DBolt:

-2 parts of instead of one are moving

-bolt moves in 2 dimensions (along the 'barrel line' and up/down)

 

Because of the fragility, system is isolated from the environment - caseless ammo eliminates need for ejection port and magazine with piston (see notes) seal it completely.

 

Arrows shows the resemblance to a bolt-action system (also, it is possible that 2DBolt is moved with a lever, not with electronics - then the arrows show the moving pattern)

 

If you wan't, you can use it, just credit me for the idea.

The project was implemented by architect Irina Mayetnaya and Mikhail Golub. The 1,000 square feet apartment is located in Kiev, Ukraine. The apartment layout planning was limited by all windows facing one side of the building. The goal was to create a modern and functional apartment for the young family with children. Photos courtesy of Andrey Avdeenko.

**

 

Querétaro, Qro., miércoles 21 de noviembre de 2012. ****

 

** **

 

****

 

*CONJUNTAN ESFUERZOS AUTORIDADES MUNICIPALES Y FEDERALES PARA IMPLEMENTAR

EL PROGRAMA “ENTRE MUJERES”*

 

* *

 

- *El Municipio de Querétaro, Diconsa y Liconsa firmaron un convenio de

colaboración para impulsar dicho programa *

- *Con este programa se atiende la instrucción de Roberto Loyola y de su

esposa Lucy Huber de brindar un espacio de atención a las mujeres*

 

** **

 

Con el objetivo de acercar a las mujeres un espacio público itinerante, que

permita escuchar y atender sus necesidades, este día se dio a conocer el

Programa “Entre Mujeres”, el cual operarán conjuntamente **la

Secretaría**de Desarrollo Social y el Sistema Municipal DIF, en el que

también se

contará con la participación de Diconsa, Liconsa, **la Secretaría** de

Salud estatal y ****la Comisión** Estatal** de Derechos Humanos. ****

 

** **

 

Lo anterior lo dio a conocer, en rueda de prensa, el Secretario de

Desarrollo Social Municipal, Erik Osornio Medina, quien dijo que con este

programa se atiende la instrucción del Presidente Municipal de Querétaro,

Roberto Loyola Vera y de su esposa Lucy Huber de Loyola, de brindar un

espacio de atención a las mujeres.****

 

** **

 

El Programa “Entre Mujeres”, que iniciará el próximo 23 de noviembre en la

explanada del Mercado del Tepetate, se llevará a cabo todos los viernes de

15:00 a 19:00 horas, en donde las mujeres podrán encontrar una respuesta

con perspectiva de género a sus inquietudes en temas como salud, familia,

trabajo, recreación, finanzas, entre otras. ****

 

** **

 

“Vamos a tener eventos culturales para las mujeres y trámites como becas y

vivienda; vamos a tener apoyo de **la Secretaría** de Salud del Estado para

la detección de cáncer de mama, cáncer cervicouterino y métodos de

planificación social; además de que llevaremos servicios para niños como **la

Caravana** de Cómputo y Ciencias y talleres de artes”.****

 

****

 

Al destacar la importancia de reconocer el papel preponderante que tiene la

mujer en todos los ámbitos de la sociedad, el Director del Sistema

Municipal DIF, Ricardo Ortega Pacheco, detalló que durante las jornadas de

atención se acercarán los servicios que ofrece el DIF a través de **la

Procuraduría** de **la Defensa** del Menor y **la Familia**, así como de

los Programa DIF Móvil, de Asistencia Social y de Atención Familiar y

Desarrollo Infantil.****

 

** **

 

Posterior a la firma del convenio de colaboración entre el Municipio de

Querétaro, Diconsa y Liconsa, que permitirá concretar estos beneficios para

las mujeres, Roberto García Domínguez, Gerente Estatal de Liconsa, dijo que

mediante este programa se buscará mejorar la alimentación de las familias

con productos lácteos de la mejor calidad, por lo que en estas jornadas

ofrecerán los productos a precios accesibles. ****

 

** **

 

Asimismo, Miguel Gutiérrez Hernández, Gerente de ****la Sucursal**

Bajío**de Diconsa, mencionó que en apoyo a la iniciativa del Municipio

ofrecerán

productos de la canasta básica a costos preferenciales, coadyuvando de esta

manera en la eliminación de la pobreza alimentaria. ****

A young girl child attends a UNICEF supported Child Protection Centre in Ghaniabad village of Dera Ismail Khan district in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province in Pakistan. ..Through implementing partners, UNICEF supports flood victims in this neighbourhood with provisions for clean water, sanitation, Child Protection Centres and health interventions for women and children. ..This region in Dera Ismail Khan district is very close to South Waziristan, a conflict area where Taliban are engaged in war with the Government of Pakistan. Recently due to floods, thousands of landmines have floated down from conflict regions into villages in and around Dera Ismail Khan and dozens of men, women and children have either died of been disable due to these mines...UNICEF also supports mine risk education in affected regions of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province through SPADO (Sustainable Peace and Development Organization), a local NGO with expertise and resources to conduct such workshops in areas that are difficult to access due to insecurity.. .By the end of January 2011, the people of Pakistan continue to struggle with the effects of the worst flooding in their country’s recorded history. The flooding began in mid-July 2010 and, at its height, affected 20 million people, half of them children. An estimated 170,000 people remain displaced in camps and spontaneous settlements, primarily in Sindh Province, but all four provinces and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas face difficult recoveries. Millions have returned to ruined homes and damaged infrastructure, with recovery and rebuilding costs estimated at US$8-10 billion. Six months after the crisis began, a joint nutrition survey conducted by the Government and aid agencies, including UNICEF, has revealed that malnutrition rates for children under five far exceed critical levels: the rate of severe acute malnutrition, a deadly condition, stands at 6.1 per cent in northern Sindh, and the province’s global acute malnutrition rates are betw

Scenes from the closing plenary of the 60th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women.

 

The 60th session of the UN Commission on the Status of Women concluded with UN Member States committing to the gender-responsive implementation of Agenda 2030. A set of agreed conclusions called for enhancing the basis for rapid progress, including stronger laws, policies and institutions, better data and scaled-up financing.

 

The Commission recognized women’s vital role as agents of development. It acknowledged that progress on the Sustainable Development Goals at the heart of Agenda 2030 will not be possible without gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls.

 

Read More: www.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2016/3/press-release-csw6...

 

Photo: UN Women/Ryan Brown

Antique Farm Implement,

Penn Farm Agricultural Heritage Center.

Cedar Hill State Park. Cedar Hill, Texas.

Dallas County. 24 December 2018.

Olympus E-P5. Panasonic Lumix G Vario 45-200mm f/4-5.6 II.

(56mm) f/8 @ 1/125 sec. ISO 1000.

Participants during the Session "Implementing Stakeholder Capitalism 1" at the World Economic Forum, Annual Meeting of the Global Future Councils 2019. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell

We always see a lot of old farm implements when we travel through Texas and New Mexico. I don't know how many of them are still in use and how many are just tired old and broken down, resting where they last stopped. Or maybe they're just waiting for someone to come and replace a few parts, adjust a few things and they'll be ready to roar to life and get back to work!

#beauty implements #Malmaison #josephine #france #napoleon #muslin #eavig

 

102 Likes on Instagram

 

1 Comments on Instagram:

 

1956dominic: Superb!!

  

Participants during the Session "Implementing Stakeholder Capitalism 1" at the World Economic Forum, Annual Meeting of the Global Future Councils 2019. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Benedikt von Loebell

This is a gorgeous set of kitchen implements in a jug, all by Rosti, Denmark. They are in melamine. I have searched for these for some time, preferring them to the tacky modern stainless steel ones. The avocado color was very popular in the UK in the late 60's!

The wonders of Photoshop have been visited upon an old favorite photo of mine.

Girl with farm implement she made. Wow.

Taken near the end of the season at a local community garden.

A training of trainers of a South Sudan’s soon-to-be unified army concluded today, 4 October, with a graduation ceremony at the Military Training Centre in Luri near Juba.

The event marks a significant step forward for the implementation of the country’s revitalized peace agreement, signed in September last year.

Lieutenant General Shailesh Tinaikar, Force Commander of the United Nations Mission in South Sudan, described the project of training the nation’s unified forces as one with “tremendous implications for national integrity and security”. He called the graduating instructors “pioneers” with a “huge responsibility” to carry after having received just ten days of training.

“Whatever you do, however you act, is going to affect the soldiers who you train, so I implore you to be conscious of your actions, because you set the trend of the forces of South Sudan,” the Force Commander said.

Lieutenant General Tinaikar also stressed the importance of looking forward rather than backward.

“You have to forget your past, from where you come and your past affiliations, to work together for your young nation, for the state of South Sudan,” he said, reiterating his faith in the diligence and capacity of the instructors to train the unified forces properly.

A lack of qualified trainers has been slowing down the capacity building of units of the united armed forces in 35 cantonment sites across the country, making the readiness of instructors such a vital sign of progress.

To enable the establishment of a Transitional Government of National Unity on 12 November, the few hundred graduates will need to capacitate some 83,000 soldiers, the troops being merged from the South Sudan People’s Defence Forces and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army in Opposition.

 

Photo: UNMISS / Eric Kanalstein

Matthäus Loder, Rast an einer Almhütte, 1826/28, Rest at an Alpine Cabin, 1826/28. Pencil, watercolour, bodycolour, on bluish grey paper (Private collection)

 

The Albertina

The architectural history of the Palais

(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)

Image: The oldest photographic view of the newly designed Palais Archduke Albrecht, 1869

"It is my will that ​​the expansion of the inner city of Vienna with regard to a suitable connection of the same with the suburbs as soon as possible is tackled and at this on Regulirung (regulation) and beautifying of my Residence and Imperial Capital is taken into account. To this end I grant the withdrawal of the ramparts and fortifications of the inner city and the trenches around the same".

This decree of Emperor Franz Joseph I, published on 25 December 1857 in the Wiener Zeitung, formed the basis for the largest the surface concerning and architecturally most significant transformation of the Viennese cityscape. Involving several renowned domestic and foreign architects a "master plan" took form, which included the construction of a boulevard instead of the ramparts between the inner city and its radially upstream suburbs. In the 50-years during implementation phase, an impressive architectural ensemble developed, consisting of imperial and private representational buildings, public administration and cultural buildings, churches and barracks, marking the era under the term "ring-street style". Already in the first year tithe decided a senior member of the Austrian imperial family to decorate the facades of his palace according to the new design principles, and thus certified the aristocratic claim that this also "historicism" said style on the part of the imperial house was attributed.

Image: The Old Albertina after 1920

It was the palace of Archduke Albrecht (1817-1895), the Senior of the Habsburg Family Council, who as Field Marshal held the overall command over the Austro-Hungarian army. The building was incorporated into the imperial residence of the Hofburg complex, forming the south-west corner and extending eleven meters above street level on the so-called Augustinerbastei.

The close proximity of the palace to the imperial residence corresponded not only with Emperor Franz Joseph I and Archduke Albert with a close familial relationship between the owner of the palace and the monarch. Even the former inhabitants were always in close relationship to the imperial family, whether by birth or marriage. An exception here again proves the rule: Don Emanuel Teles da Silva Conde Tarouca (1696-1771), for which Maria Theresa in 1744 the palace had built, was just a close friend and advisor of the monarch. Silva Tarouca underpins the rule with a second exception, because he belonged to the administrative services as Generalhofbaudirektor (general court architect) and President of the Austrian-Dutch administration, while all other him subsequent owners were highest ranking military.

In the annals of Austrian history, especially those of military history, they either went into as commander of the Imperial Army, or the Austrian, later kk Army. In chronological order, this applies to Duke Carl Alexander of Lorraine, the brother-of-law of Maria Theresa, as Imperial Marshal, her son-in-law Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen, also field marshal, whos adopted son, Archduke Charles of Austria, the last imperial field marshal and only Generalissimo of Austria, his son Archduke Albrecht of Austria as Feldmarschalil and army Supreme commander, and most recently his nephew Archduke Friedrich of Austria, who held as field marshal from 1914 to 1916 the command of the Austro-Hungarian troops. Despite their military profession, all five generals conceived themselves as patrons of the arts and promoted large sums of money to build large collections, the construction of magnificent buildings and cultural life. Charles Alexander of Lorraine promoted as governor of the Austrian Netherlands from 1741 to 1780 the Academy of Fine Arts, the Théâtre de Ja Monnaie and the companies Bourgeois Concert and Concert Noble, he founded the Academie royale et imperial des Sciences et des Lettres, opened the Bibliotheque Royal for the population and supported artistic talents with high scholarships. World fame got his porcelain collection, which however had to be sold by Emperor Joseph II to pay off his debts. Duke Albert began in 1776 according to the concept of conte Durazzo to set up an encyclopedic collection of prints, which forms the core of the world-famous "Albertina" today.

Image : Duke Albert and Archduchess Marie Christine show in family cercle the from Italy brought along art, 1776. Frederick Henry Füger.

1816 declared to Fideikommiss and thus in future indivisible, inalienable and inseparable, the collection 1822 passed into the possession of Archduke Carl, who, like his descendants, it broadened. Under him, the collection was introduced together with the sumptuously equipped palace on the Augustinerbastei in the so-called "Carl Ludwig'schen fideicommissum in 1826, by which the building and the in it kept collection fused into an indissoluble unity. At this time had from the Palais Tarouca by structural expansion or acquisition a veritable Residenz palace evolved. Duke Albert of Saxe-Teschen was first in 1800 the third floor of the adjacent Augustinian convent wing adapted to house his collection and he had after 1802 by his Belgian architect Louis de Montoyer at the suburban side built a magnificent extension, called the wing of staterooms, it was equipped in the style of Louis XVI. Only two decades later, Archduke Carl the entire palace newly set up. According to scetches of the architect Joseph Kornhäusel the 1822-1825 retreaded premises presented themselves in the Empire style. The interior of the palace testified from now in an impressive way the high rank and the prominent position of its owner. Under Archduke Albrecht the outer appearance also should meet the requirements. He had the facade of the palace in the style of historicism orchestrated and added to the Palais front against the suburbs an offshore covered access. Inside, he limited himself, apart from the redesign of the Rococo room in the manner of the second Blondel style, to the retention of the paternal stock. Archduke Friedrich's plans for an expansion of the palace were omitted, however, because of the outbreak of the First World War so that his contribution to the state rooms, especially, consists in the layout of the Spanish apartment, which he in 1895 for his sister, the Queen of Spain Maria Christina, had set up as a permanent residence.

Picture: The "audience room" after the restoration: Picture: The "balcony room" around 1990

The era of stately representation with handing down their cultural values ​​found its most obvious visualization inside the palace through the design and features of the staterooms. On one hand, by the use of the finest materials and the purchase of masterfully manufactured pieces of equipment, such as on the other hand by the permanent reuse of older equipment parts. This period lasted until 1919, when Archduke Friedrich was expropriated by the newly founded Republic of Austria. With the republicanization of the collection and the building first of all finished the tradition that the owner's name was synonymous with the building name:

After Palais Tarouca or tarokkisches house it was called Lorraine House, afterwards Duke Albert Palais and Palais Archduke Carl. Due to the new construction of an adjacently located administration building it received in 1865 the prefix "Upper" and was referred to as Upper Palais Archduke Albrecht and Upper Palais Archduke Frederick. For the state a special reference to the Habsburg past was certainly politically no longer opportune, which is why was decided to name the building according to the in it kept collection "Albertina".

Picture: The "Wedgwood Cabinet" after the restoration: Picture: the "Wedgwood Cabinet" in the Palais Archduke Friedrich, 1905

This name derives from the term "La Collection Albertina" which had been used by the gallery Inspector Maurice von Thausing in 1870 in the Gazette des Beaux-Arts for the former graphics collection of Duke Albert. For this reason, it was the first time since the foundation of the palace that the name of the collection had become synonymous with the room shell. Room shell, hence, because the Republic of Austria Archduke Friedrich had allowed to take along all the movable goods from the palace in his Hungarian exile: crystal chandeliers, curtains and carpets as well as sculptures, vases and clocks. Particularly stressed should be the exquisite furniture, which stems of three facilities phases: the Louis XVI furnitures of Duke Albert, which had been manufactured on the basis of fraternal relations between his wife Archduchess Marie Christine and the French Queen Marie Antoinette after 1780 in the French Hofmanufakturen, also the on behalf of Archduke Charles 1822-1825 in the Vienna Porcelain Manufactory by Joseph Danhauser produced Empire furnitures and thirdly additions of the same style of Archduke Friedrich, which this about 1900 at Portois & Ffix as well as at Friedrich Otto Schmidt had commissioned.

The "swept clean" building got due to the strained financial situation after the First World War initially only a makeshift facility. However, since until 1999 no revision of the emergency equipment took place, but differently designed, primarily the utilitarianism committed office furnitures complementarily had been added, the equipment of the former state rooms presented itself at the end of the 20th century as an inhomogeneous administrative mingle-mangle of insignificant parts, where, however, dwelt a certain quaint charm. From the magnificent state rooms had evolved depots, storage rooms, a library, a study hall and several officed.

Image: The Albertina Graphic Arts Collection and the Philipphof after the American bombing of 12 März 1945.

Image: The palace after the demolition of the entrance facade, 1948-52

Worse it hit the outer appearance of the palace, because in times of continued anti-Habsburg sentiment after the Second World War and inspired by an intolerant destruction will, it came by pickaxe to a ministerial erasure of history. In contrast to the graphic collection possessed the richly decorated facades with the conspicuous insignia of the former owner an object-immanent reference to the Habsburg past and thus exhibited the monarchial traditions and values ​​of the era of Francis Joseph significantly. As part of the remedial measures after a bomb damage, in 1948 the aristocratic, by Archduke Albert initiated, historicist facade structuring along with all decorations was cut off, many facade figures demolished and the Hapsburg crest emblems plunged to the ground. Since in addition the old ramp also had been cancelled and the main entrance of the bastion level had been moved down to the second basement storey at street level, ended the presence of the old Archduke's palace after more than 200 years. At the reopening of the "Albertina Graphic Collection" in 1952, the former Hapsburg Palais of splendour presented itself as one of his identity robbed, formally trivial, soulless room shell, whose successful republicanization an oversized and also unproportional eagle above the new main entrance to the Augustinian road symbolized. The emocratic throw of monuments had wiped out the Hapsburg palace from the urban appeareance, whereby in the perception only existed a nondescript, nameless and ahistorical building that henceforth served the lodging and presentation of world-famous graphic collection of the Albertina. The condition was not changed by the decision to the refurbishment because there were only planned collection specific extensions, but no restoration of the palace.

Image: The palace after the Second World War with simplified facades, the rudiment of the Danubiusbrunnens (well) and the new staircase up to the Augustinerbastei

This paradigm shift corresponded to a blatant reversal of the historical circumstances, as the travel guides and travel books for kk Residence and imperial capital of Vienna dedicated itself primarily with the magnificent, aristocratic palace on the Augustinerbastei with the sumptuously fitted out reception rooms and mentioned the collection kept there - if at all - only in passing. Only with the repositioning of the Albertina in 2000 under the direction of Klaus Albrecht Schröder, the palace was within the meaning and in fulfillment of the Fideikommiss of Archduke Charles in 1826 again met with the high regard, from which could result a further inseparable bond between the magnificent mansions and the world-famous collection. In view of the knowing about politically motivated errors and omissions of the past, the facades should get back their noble, historicist designing, the staterooms regain their glamorous, prestigious appearance and culturally unique equippment be repurchased. From this presumption, eventually grew the full commitment to revise the history of redemption and the return of the stately palace in the public consciousness.

Image: The restored suburb facade of the Palais Albertina suburb

The smoothed palace facades were returned to their original condition and present themselves today - with the exception of the not anymore reconstructed Attica figures - again with the historicist decoration and layout elements that Archduke Albrecht had given after the razing of the Augustinerbastei in 1865 in order. The neoclassical interiors, today called after the former inhabitants "Habsburg Staterooms", receiving a meticulous and detailed restoration taking place at the premises of originality and authenticity, got back their venerable and sumptuous appearance. From the world wide scattered historical pieces of equipment have been bought back 70 properties or could be returned through permanent loan to its original location, by which to the visitors is made experiencable again that atmosphere in 1919 the state rooms of the last Habsburg owner Archduke Frederick had owned. The for the first time in 80 years public accessible "Habsburg State Rooms" at the Palais Albertina enable now again as eloquent testimony to our Habsburg past and as a unique cultural heritage fundamental and essential insights into the Austrian cultural history. With the relocation of the main entrance to the level of the Augustinerbastei the recollection to this so valuable Austrian Cultural Heritage formally and functionally came to completion. The vision of the restoration and recovery of the grand palace was a pillar on which the new Albertina should arise again, the other embody the four large newly built exhibition halls, which allow for the first time in the history of the Albertina, to exhibit the collection throughout its encyclopedic breadh under optimal conservation conditions.

Image: The new entrance area of the Albertina

64 meter long shed roof. Hans Hollein.

The palace presents itself now in its appearance in the historicist style of the Ringstrassenära, almost as if nothing had happened in the meantime. But will the wheel of time should not, cannot and must not be turned back, so that the double standards of the "Albertina Palace" said museum - on the one hand Habsburg grandeur palaces and other modern museum for the arts of graphics - should be symbolized by a modern character: The in 2003 by Hans Hollein designed far into the Albertina square cantilevering, elegant floating flying roof. 64 meters long, it symbolizes in the form of a dynamic wedge the accelerated urban spatial connectivity and public access to the palace. It advertises the major changes in the interior as well as the huge underground extensions of the repositioned "Albertina".

 

Christian Benedictine

Art historian with research interests History of Architecture, building industry of the Hapsburgs, Hofburg and Zeremonialwissenschaft (ceremonial sciences). Since 1990 he works in the architecture collection of the Albertina. Since 2000 he supervises as director of the newly founded department "Staterooms" the restoration and furnishing of the state rooms and the restoration of the facades and explores the history of the palace and its inhabitants.

 

www.wien-vienna.at/albertinabaugeschichte.php

   

Implementation of a "Dock" using only Rainmeter

 

Two skins:

 

AppDock - Application "Dock" using Rainmeter buttons. Fully functional including the Recycle Bin

 

InfoBar - System information and clock at the top of the screen. Clickable links to GMail and Weather.com

 

Everything you should need is included:

-New RecycleManager Plugin (put in ..\Rainmeter\Plugins)

-Recycle Bin images and "empty.exe"

-Button images (and the .psd file to modify)

-Background images (and the .psd file to modify)

-Wallpaper

 

Available on Deviant Art at: jsmorley.deviantart.com/art/JMDock-122054693

 

Lowenstark’s Log: 02-16-XX

 

So, as I listen to Weird Al over my League HQ soundsystem, work on implementing some fundamental genetics and biological knowledge using skillsoft, continue to design my personal sound projection technology, and consider starting a D&D game here with my friends, I can’t help but think I’m probably the biggest freakin’ nerd in Midian City.

 

That, and I tend to suddenly break into late twentieth century breakdancing at random. That HAS to be a bad sign.

 

* * * * *

 

www.youtube.com/watch?v=-xEzGIuY7kw

 

They see me mowin' my front lawn

I know they're all thinkin' I'm so

White and nerdy

 

Think I'm just too white and nerdy

Think I'm just too white and nerdy

Can't you see I'm white and nerdy

Look at me I'm white and nerdy

 

I wanna roll with the gangstas

But so far they all think I'm too

White and nerdy

 

Think I'm just too white and nerdy

Think I'm just too white and nerdy

I'm just too white and nerdy

Really, really white and nerdy

 

First in my class here at MIT

Got skills, I'm a champion at D&D

M.C. Escher, that's my favorite M.C.

Keep your 40, I'll just have an Earl Grey tea

My rims never spin, to the contrary

 

You'll find that they're quite stationary

All of my action figures are Cherry

Stephen Hawking's in my library

 

My MySpace page is all totally pimped out

Got people beggin' for my top eight spaces

Yo, I know pi to a thousand places

Ain't got no grills but I still wear braces

I order all of my sandwiches with mayonnaise

I'm a wiz at Minesweeper, I could play for days

Once you've see my sweet moves, you're gonna stay amazed

My fingers movin' so fast I'll set the place ablaze

 

There's no killer app I haven't run (run)

At Pascal, well I'm number one (one)

Do vector calculus just for fun

I ain't got a gat, but I got a soddering gun (what?)

Happy Days is my favorite theme song

I could sure kick your butt in a game of ping pong

I'll ace any trivia quiz you bring on

I'm fluent in JavaScript as well as Klingon

 

Here's the part I sing on...

 

You see me roll on my segway I know in my heart they think I'm

White and nerdy

 

Think I'm just too white and nerdy

Think I'm just too white and nerdy

Can't you see I'm white and nerdy

Look at me I'm white and nerdy

 

I'd like to roll with the gangstas

Although it's apparent I'm too

White and nerdy

 

Think I'm just too white and nerdy

Think I'm just too white and nerdy

I'm just too white and nerdy

How'd I get so white and nerdy

 

I been browsin', inspectin' X-Men comics

You know I collect 'em

The pens in my pocket, I must protect them

My ergonomic keyboard never leaves me bored

Shoppin' online for deals on some writable media

I edit Wikipedia

I memorized Holy Grail really well

I can recite it right now and have you R-O-T-F-L-O-L

 

I got a business doing websites (websites)

When my friends need some code, who do they call?

I do HTML for 'em all

Even made a homepage for my dog, yo

I got myself a fanny pack

They were havin' a sale down at The Gap

Spend my nights with a roll of bubble wrap

Pop, pop - hope no one sees me gettin' freaky

 

I'm nerdy in the extreme

whiter than sour cream

I was in AV club and glee club

And even the chess team

Only question I ever thought was hard

Was "Do I like Kirk or do I like Picard?"

Spend every weekend at the Renaissance Fair

Got my name on my underwear

 

They see me strollin', they're laughin'

And rollin' their eyes cause I'm so

White and nerdy

 

Just because I'm white and nerdy

Just because I'm white and nerdy

All because I'm white and nerdy

Holy cow, I'm white and nerdy

 

I wanna bowl with the gangstas

But oh well, it's obvious I'm

White and nerdy

 

Think I'm just too white and nerdy

Think I'm just too white and nerdy

I'm just too white and nerdy

Look at me I'm white and nerdy

 

As part of the implementation of its national SME development strategy, the Government of the DRC obtained a loan from the International Development Association (IDA) to finance the "Support Project for the Development of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises", PADMPME.

Created in 2005, following the evaluation forum of the Congolese Women's Caucus, CAFCO is a platform of women from civil society and political parties committed to the promotion of women's specific human rights and the protection of the population's welfare.

The first week of October 2022, UN Women gave business registers to the first cohort of women who volunteered for formalization with the support of CAFCO. The event took place in the Mont Ngafula commune in Kinshasa.

Photo credit: UN Women/Yulia Panevina

 

____

 

Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de sa stratégie nationale de développement des PME, le Gouvernement de la RDC a obtenu de l’Association Internationale de Développement (IDA) un crédit pour financer le « Projet d’Appui au Développement des Micro, Petites et Moyennes Entreprises », PADMPME.

Créé en 2005, suite au forum d'évaluation du Caucus des femmes congolaises, CAFCO est une plateforme de femmes de la société civile et des partis politiques engagés dans la promotion des droits humains spécifiques des femmes et la protection du bien-être de la population.

La première semaine d'octobre 2022, ONU Femmes a remis des registres commerciaux à la première cohorte de femmes qui se sont portées volontaires pour la formalisation avec le soutien de CAFCO. L'événement a eu lieu dans la commune de Mont Ngafula à Kinshasa.

 

Crédit photo : ONU Femmes/Yulia Panevina

Implementing a chemical safety and security strategy minimises the risk of chemical accidents

  

Groceries operate and implement safety measures during COVID-19 in the Philippines. Muntinlupa City, Philippines. © ILO/Minette Rimando.

 

For further information on the ILO response to COVID-19: www.ilo.org/covid19

 

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NEPAD Heads of State and Government Summit & Press Briefing Chaired by President Macky Sall

 

Africa is moving forward through NEPAD – African leaders agree at AU Summit

 

Addis Ababa, January 29, 2015 - African Heads of State and Government who oversee the work and impact of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) Agency, have commended the important role the Agency plays in transforming the continent. The NEPAD Heads of State and Government Orientation Committee (HSGOC) is a grouping of 20 African leaders who meet twice a year on the margins of the African Union Summit to take stock of the implementation of the NEPAD Agency.

 

The 32ndHSGOC Summit in Ethiopia’s Capital Addis Ababa today made important decisions. They endorsed the Implementation Strategy for the Dakar Agenda for Action on Financing Africa’s Infrastructure and the Service Delivery Mechanism (SDM) of the Programme for Infrastructure Development in Africa (PIDA), in support of early stage Infrastructure Project Preparation.

 

The President of the Republic of Senegal and Chairperson of the HSGCO Macky Sall commended the NEPAD Agency for accelerating the implementation of concrete transformative regional infrastructure projects. ”The NEPAD Agency is helping to overcome our weakness in project preparation and makingselected regional infrastructure projects bankable,” President Sall said.

 

He spoke on the outcomes of the Dakar Financing Summit (DFS) which was the first ever financing Summit targeting 16 trans-boundary and regional infrastructure projects.He said that the Summit, which his Government hosted in June 2014, was a major moment for the mobilisation of leaders, the private and public sector. President Sall commended the sincere commitment made by all involved in seeing the Dakar Agenda for Action becoming a success. It outlines concrete actions towards

financing for Africa’s Infrastructure development.Here minded all present that African leaders must remain engaged in PIDA as the programme has reached its second phase of implementation.

 

Chairperson of the African Union Commission (AUC), Dr Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma said that NEPAD’s programmes and priorities need to be aligned to Agenda 2063. Dr Dlamini Zuma noted that the adoption of Africa’s new transformation agenda will be an important moment for Africa to look back and develop an implementable roadmap for the next 50 years. It will be of paramount importance that the AUC, NEPAD Agency and Regional Economic Communities (RECs) work hand in hand to make Agenda 2063 a success, she emphasised.

 

“The NEPAD Agency has also provided technical support to the Presidential Infrastructure Championship Initiative under the continued strategic guidance of President Jacob Zuma of South Africa,”NEPAD Agency Chief Executive Officer Dr Ibrahim Assane Mayaki said in his progress report on NEPAD’s performance in 2014. He made reference to the Agriculture, Climate Change Framework Initiative, which is targeting at least 25 million small scale farmers, especially women, to practise climate smart agriculture by 2025, he said.

 

Dr Mayaki also spoke on the interventions taken by the Agency in empowering African women, in line with the AU Summit’s theme of “Year of Women Empowerment towards the Development of Africa’s Agenda 2063”. Giving an example of its NEPAD/Spanish for African women’s empowerment, Dr Mayki noted: “The Agency has empowered 21 856 vulnerable women through financial assistance, agriculture education and training, micro credit entrepreneurship and skills development in the agribusiness value chain.” The CEO of NEPAD recalled 2014 as an important year for Africa’s partnerships in the context of the changing global order and advancing meaningful partnership support for the continent’s development priorities. This led to the approval of the Africa Global Partnership Platform by the Malabo AU Assembly last June.

 

The HSGOC was attended by the Presidents and Heads of Government of Senegal, South Africa and Zimbabwe, as well as foreign ministers, diplomats and heads of development partner Agencies.

 

The HGSOC lauded the achievements made in PICI presented by President Zuma who is the Chair of the presidential Initiative.President Zuma gave an update on some of the PICI projects ranging from the North-South Road and Rail Corridor, the missing links of the Trans-Saharan Highway and the Trans-Saharan Gas Pipeline, from Nigeria to Algeria via the Republic of Niger, which are championed by African Heads of State to fast-track their implementation.

 

Also endorsed was the implementation of the post-Malabo Declaration on the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) to ensure an African-owned and led agricultural transformation, especially relating to African Women and Climate Smart Agriculture.

 

There was general consensus among the Orientation Committee to scale up efforts for improved resilience to the effects of climate change in agriculture and the impacts it is having on African people.