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Formed in 1964 by the amalgamation of The Royal Norfolk Regiment, The Suffolk Regiment,The Essex Regiment,The Cambridgeshire Regiment,The Royal Lincolnshire Regiment,The Royal Leicestershire Regiment,The Northamptonshire Regiment,and The Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire regiment.
Nicknames.1st Battalion The Vikings. 2nd Battallion. The Poachers. 3rd Battalion.The Steelbacks.
Quick March. Rule Britannia. Steel the Plough.
Motto Nec Aspers Terrent..Difficulties be Damned
Slow March The Northamptonshire.
Anniv . Minden August the 5th. Formation Day September the 1st.
Associated Motor Cycles (AMC) was formed in 1938, as a parent company for Matchless and AJS motorcycles. AMC later absorbed Francis-Barnett, James, and Norton. In 1941 Matchless motorcycles introduced telescopic front forks called "Teledraulic" forks, considered by some to be the first major innovation in front suspension in 25 years.
During the Second World War, Matchless manufactured 80,000 G3 and G3L models for the armed forces. By 1956 they had eight models in their line up, but the number had dwindled in 1965. The G3L was the first to feature the "Teledraulic" front forks.
Post-war landmarks start with the production of Matchless/AJS 350 cc and Matchless G80 500 cc singles, developed from the legendary war-time Matchless G3 produced for the army. Competition models of the singles were produced from 1948, which gave the company some memorable wins.
1949 Matchless G80S at auction in 2007
Matchless
1950 Matchless G80
1958 Matchless G50 500 cc Racer
In 1949 the first Matchless/AJS vertical twin, a 500 cc, was produced; later to be joined by 600 cc and 650 cc vertical twins in 1956 and 1959 respectively. On the racing front AMC were fielding the (supercharged) AJS Porcupine and the AJS 7R alongside the Matchless G50, a 500 cc variant of the 7R, and the 1951 Matchless G45 500 cc vertical twin. Even when supercharging was banned, Les Graham won the 1949 500 cc world championship on a normally aspirated Porcupine.[7]
For 1952, the first Model G45 twin with its 7R style heads came into being, the engine still recognisably G9-based but housed in a 7R AJS-based frame. This time Derek Farrant won the Manx Grand Prix at 88.65 mph. AMC put the G45 into production and it was shown at Earls Court in November.
In 1953 there was a Clubman range of Matchless/AJS 350 cc and 500 cc singles, and the production model Matchless G45 500 twin became available. AMC withdrew from the world of works and one-off road racing at the end of the 1954 season, following the death of Ike Hatch, and facing fierce competition from the other European bikes. In 1958 the Matchless/AJS road bikes were joined by a 250 cc and in 1960 by a 350 cc for a lightweight series of singles.
The Matchless G50 single-cylinder racer was made generally available for privateers in 1959, and competed against the Norton Manx. Though its 90.0 x 78.0 mm 50 bhp engine and top speed near 135 mph (217 km/h) were slightly down on the Manx, the lighter Matchless could take the day on tight and twisty circuits.[6]
In 1960 Bert Hopwood resigned from AMC and went to Meriden. That same year AMC posted a profit of a little over £200,000, in comparison to BSA's £3.5 million. That was followed by a loss of £350,000 in 1961. With the closure of the Norton plant at Birmingham in 1962 and the merger of Norton and Matchless production, the future was beginning to look rather bleak. In the sixties, with sales declining AMC made the commercial decision to focus on the Norton twins and the Matchless/AJS singles but they were not to be successful and the factory ceased production shortly afterwards.
With the G15 line, AMC built on the merits of the G12 but there were numerous changes to frame, forks, swinging arm, primary chaincase, transmission, cycle parts and lubrication system. The P11 was the last line of bikes with bonds to AMC. It used a modified G85CS frame but there were stronger forks, completely new cycle parts (making some was rather costly), altered lubrication and modified primary chaincases, to mention a few.
The G15 series was offered as 3 brands: Matchless G15 comprising G15Mk2, G15CS and G15CSR; AJS Model 33 comprising M33Mk2, M33CS and M33CSR; and last not least Norton N15CS (no Norton-branded roadster made as it would compete against the Atlas). The G15 series was produced from 1963 to 1969. They were initially for export only, but by 1965 these models were available in UK and Europe too.
The Matchless G85CS used a 12:1 compression 500 cc with an improved bottom end, and a Norton gear-driven oil pump replacing the old reciprocating design that dated back to the 1920s.[8] The revised bottom end was introduced for 1964 and is shared by 350/500 roadsters and the 500CS (G80CS and M18CS), the engine of which was later adapted to the G85CS. The new lubrication system helped lubricating the big end and piston as well as the top end on the high-performance singles. The G85CS was further tuned for 1966, and received a new piston providing a CR of 12.5:1. An Amal GP carburettor was standard fitting, making the bike difficult to start. Maximum power rose to 41 bhp @ 6,500 rpm.
Matchless/AJS built predictable handling, comfortable, well-made, reliable and economical motorcycles, for their day. Unfortunately such attributes were not enough to keep them in business. Continuing poor sales led to AMC becoming part of a new company, called Norton-Villiers in 1966.
It appears fuel has not been sold here for quite a long time, I did ask a chap here if he knew when petrol sales finished, his reply was sometime in the 1980's.
Looking at the single pump on the forecourt and it's display I wasn't so sure but looking at the earliest street view image (2008), the top of a much older, possible cabinet pump can be seen so this could be a strong possibility, this pump was replaced with the current one by 2009
Snippets of history are in the photos of Chris Barker and Nivek.Old.Gold, these state that this garage has traded under the name Jack Bygraves since 1953 and was a former Ford dealer.
The road was formerly also a stretch of the A1.
I'll add the photos from Chris Barker & Nivek.Old.Gold in the comments below.
2008 Google street view, the pump can be seen by the car with the open door
A fully stocked Print Farm using Formlabs Form 2 SLA 3D Printers in against a white wall. Includes Resin Trays and Cartridges and manual post-treatment tools.
Free for use under Creative Commons license. If you use this image, please link to "formlabs.com/3d-printers/" in your attribution.
(for English scroll down)
Das Berliner Ensemble (abgekürzt: BE) ist eine der bekanntesten Bühnen der deutschen Hauptstadt. Es wurde berühmt durch Aufführungen der Werke seines Gründers Bertolt Brecht und gilt als eine der führenden deutschsprachigen Bühnen.
1954 übernimmt das Berliner Ensemble das Theater am Schiffbauerdamm und benennt es neu. Das Theater am Schiffbauerdamm wird zum Berliner Ensemble. Helene Weigel ist von Beginn an Intendantin, Bertolt Brecht künstlerischer Leiter.
Nach einem Entwurf des deutschen Theaterregisseurs Peter Palitzsch wurde 1954 das bis heute bekannte, sich drehende rot-weiß leuchtende Signet des Berliner Ensembles angefertigt und auf der Turmspitze montiert.
Der Bertolt-Brecht-Platz ist ein Platz vor dem Berliner Ensemble. 1988 wurde eine Denkmalanlage von Fritz Cremer für Bertolt Brecht aus Anlass seines 90. Geburtstages nach einem Entwurf von Peter Flierl eingeweiht. Eine kleine dreieckige Rasenfläche und auf drei Seiten gepflanzte Bäume bilden die Grünanlagen des Platzes. Das Bronzedenkmal schuf Bildhauer Fritz Cremer, die Stelen der Steinmetz Carl Wloch.
Bertolt-Brecht-Platz - 10. Januar 2015
____________________________________________________
Bertolt Brecht monument and the rotating illuminated signet, Berlin 2015
The Berliner Ensemble (abbreviated to BE) is one of the best-known theatres in the German capital. It became famous through performances of the works of its founder Bertolt Brecht and is considered one of the leading German-speaking theatres.
In 1954, the Berliner Ensemble took over the Theater am Schiffbauerdamm and renamed it. The Theater am Schiffbauerdamm becomes the Berliner Ensemble. Helene Weigel is artistic director from the beginning, Bertolt Brecht is artistic director.
Based on a design by the German theatre director Peter Palitzsch, the red and white rotating signet of the Berliner Ensemble, which is still familiar today, was created in 1954 and mounted on the top of the tower.
Bertolt-Brecht-Platz is a square in front of the Berliner Ensemble. In 1988, Fritz Cremer inaugurated a memorial to Bertolt Brecht on the occasion of his 90th birthday, based on a design by Peter Flierl. A small triangular lawn and trees planted on three sides form the square's green areas. The bronze monument was created by sculptor Fritz Cremer, the stelae by stonemason Carl Wloch.
Bertolt Brecht Square - 10 January 2015
Queremos invitaros a formar parte de una experiencia transformadora dedicada a construir mejores negocios, mejores personas, un mundo mejor. “Liderazgo en acción”, World Business Forum 2012, un evento formativo donde generar un espacio para el debate y la reflexión sobre los temas más relevantes.
This are some shots of the first valezina form Silver-washed that I've ever seen. She was absolutely stunning and very fresh. I couldn't get a full open wing shot as she was feeding on bramble at the side of one of the rides in Bentley Wood and quite mobile. I was delighted to catch up with this beautiful variant as she is far more beautiful in the flesh than I'd imagined.
1952 Jaguar XK120 FHC
Chassis No. 679632
Engine No. W4759-8
Body No. J1636
Specifications: Dual overhead-cam 3.4 L straight 6-cylinder engine, with standard 8:1 compression ratio it producing 160 bhp. Alloy cylinder head and twin side draft SU carburetors. Independent torsion bar front suspension, semi-elliptic leaf springs at the rear, re-circulating-ball steering, and a telescopically adjustable steering column. Wheelbase: 102 in.
The XK120 was launched in roadster form at the 1948 London Motor Show as a test bed and show car for the new Jaguar XK engine. It caused a sensation, which persuaded William Lyons to put it into production. The "120" in its name referred to its 120 mph top speed, which made the XK120 the world's fastest standard production car at the time of its launch. It was available in two convertible versions: the roadster (OTS, for open two-seater), and the drop head coupé (DHC), as well as a closed, or "fixed-head" coupé (FHC). The Jaguar XK120 is a great example of a car that continues to define the sports-car concept.
Recently acquired from a long term ownership, this example is one of the nicest Fixed Head Coupes around. The Previous owner purchased the XK in 1989 from a gentleman who had stored it in his garage, un-driven, for several years. The XK once again sat covered in a garage untouched for 20 years. It wasn’t until the two years ago when the owner started a full nut-and-bolt restoration of the XK.
The restoration began with a full disassembly of the car. The chassis was stripped, sandblasted, and repainted to a deep black gloss finish. The entire body was then chemically dipped in an acid bath to remove all traces of rust, debris, and old paint; and repainted back to white. All wiring and hoses have been replaced with new factory correct looms. The engine and gearbox were rebuilt and refinished back to factory specifications. The entire interior has been restored as well; including: new leather seats and door panels, carpeting, headliner, chrome, steering wheel, restored gauges, and the beautifully refinished burl wood trim! The final assembly of the XK was completed by the world famous Jaguar restoration experts, Jeff’s Resurrections in Texas. Over $10,000.00 was spent to bring this beauty back to road worthy condition!
* A beautiful XK120 FHC in excellent colors!
* Very presentable as a driver or show car!
* Recent major service with over $10,000.00 in invoices!
* Includes original service manual, and all restoration receipts!
Contact Jose Romero: jose@driversource.com
Check out a video about this car:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=I7zuhWMhPgk
Visit our website for more info:
We buy all classic European and American sports cars! Finders Fees paid!!
Kings College Chapel, Cambridge
The vast scheme of early 16th Century glass, begun at the behest of Henry VII and (almost) completed under the eye of Henry VIII, is undoubtedly the biggest and best of its kind anywhere in the British Isles. The windows form a spectacular Biblical sequence around the chapel in eleven vast windows, most with five lights but the east with nine lights. New Testament scenes form the lower half of each window and the Old Testament scenes which prefigured them are in the upper lights. The Reformation intervened before the west window could be filled, and instead it was glazed with clear glass, not to be filled with the final Judgement scene until Clayton & Bell came along in 1875.
Title: Forms Int. Tunnel
Alternative Title: [Forms Interior Tunnel]
Creator: Unknown
Date: August 3, 1910
Part of: George W. Cook Dallas/Texas Image Collection
Place: Dallas, Dallas County, Texas
Physical Description: 1 photographic print: gelatin silver; 10.5 x 16 cm
File: a2014_0020_3_5_a_0114_tunnelforms.jpg
Rights: Please cite DeGolyer Library, Southern Methodist University when using this file. A high-resolution version of this file may be obtained for a fee. For details see the sites.smu.edu/cul/degolyer/research/permissions/ web page. For other information, contact degolyer@smu.edu.
For more information and to view the image in high resolution, see: digitalcollections.smu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/gcd/id/2021
L'escalier d'eau est une figure classique des parcs du 17ème siècle clin d'oeil à la rivière du château de Marly. La forme évoluera par la suite en cacadelles, s'affranchissant de marches géométriques pour imiter un cours d'eau naturel.
Le château du Haut-Rosay date du 17eme siècle. Les Courtin, famille de la noblesse de robe, puis passé Son parc a été remanié au 18ème et au 19ème siècle avec une transition à l'anglaise entre la partie régulière et le bois aux allées rectilignes. La parc a été orné de fabriques dans la première partie du 18ème et au début du 19ème mais il n'est pas facile de trouver des informations sur la date de construction de chacune d'elles.
Les fabriques
Le pavillon chinois et le passage de roches
C'est le point central de la composition paysagère du 18ème, au pied de l'escalier d'eau, à la transition du bois et de la pelouse. Au bout d'une pièce d'eau, le pavillon chinois surmonte une rocaille, qui se continue par le passage de roches; une aérienne passerelle cintrée s'appuie sur le côté.
La rocaille du potager
Cette fabrique n'est mentionnée nulle part. Imposante, on la voit pourtant clairement sur les vues satellitaires de Google Earth et du géoportail IGN, dès lors qu'on a pris conscience de son existence. De facture fin 18ème, entourée d'un bosquet, elle est dans l'axe du jardin potager, devenu aujourd'hui une pelouse, qui s'étend au nord-est sous la terrasse du château.
Le château d'eau
De style classique 17ème, il se situe en limite de domaine, dans l'axe de la perspective du jardin régulier s'étendant en pente sous la terrasse du château. Le château d'eau est à un point bas, l'eau qui s'en écoule provient du réseau des canaux joignant les pièces d'eau, situées à la hauteur du château; l'eau est sans doute mise en charge dans des conduites qui vont au château d'eau, puis en jaillit et sort du domaine. Il composait un classique fond de perspective depuis la terrasse, avant l'édification de la rocaille, qui doit aujourd'hui le masquer en grande partie.
L'escalier d'eau
L'escalier d'eau est une figure classique des parcs du 17ème siècle. La forme évoluera par la suite en cacadelles, s'affranchissant de marches géométriques pour imiter un cours d'eau naturel.
La statue de Diane
Ce n'est pas exactement une fabrique mais un ornement important du parc. Elle est à une position clef du réseau de canaux parcourant le parc, au centre d'un bassin d'où l'eau s'écoule par l'escalier jusqu'au bief fu pavillon chinois.
La Dame Blanche - pavillon et statue
Cette fabrique de facture classique 17ème/18eme est à cheval sur une source, en tête du réseau des canaux qui joignent les pièces d'eau; elle abrite une majestueuse statue de nymphe allongée en marbre blanc.
Si trova a Stilo in provincia di Reggio Calabria, è una piccola chiesa bizantina a pianta centrica di forma quadrata. Soggetta all'impero di Bisanzio fino all'XI secolo, la Calabria conserva oggi numerose testimonianze dell'arte orientale, ne è un valido esempio la Cattolica di Stilo del IX secolo, piccolo gioiello di architettura bizantina.
La Cattolica era la chiesa madre tra le cinque parrocchie del paese, retta da un vicario perpetuo (succeduto al protopapa di epoca bizantina), che aveva diritto di sepoltura al suo interno, ne sono testimonianza i resti umani rinvenuti in un sepolcro marmoreo con un anello di valore. La denominazione di Cattolica stava ad indicarne la categoria delle chiese privilegiate; di primo grado, infatti con la nomenclatura impiegata sotto il dominio bizantino nelle province dell'Italia meridionale (soggette al rito greco), la definizione di katholikì spettava solo alle chiese munite di battistero.
Sono inoltre presenti all'interno della Cattolica delle iscrizioni in lingua araba, una corrisponde alla shahada, ovvero alla professione di fede:
« La Ila ha Illa Alla h wahdahu;
ovvero: Non c'è Dio all'infuori di Dio;
che presumibilmente vuol dire: Non vi è Dio all'infuori del Dio unico »
mentre un'altra recita:
« Lilla hi al Hamdu;
ovvero: A Dio la lode »
Infatti non è da escludere un eventuale uso della Cattolica come oratorio musulmano, come d'altro canto non è da escludere che le colonne possano essere state portate sul posto già incise; comunque gli Arabi, il cui scopo generalmente non era la conquista della regione ma il suo saccheggio, inspiegabilmente non distrussero la piccola chiesa bizantina, ma decisero di innalzarla a propria sede di culto e di preghiera, forse perché attratti dalla sua bellezza, e dal suo particolare posizionamento.
This is actually a really pleasing shot for me. So many of the larches have been cleared from Wentwood to prevent the spread of the Larch fungal disease, and yet the native broadleaves have been left. Areas like this will naturally regrow with broadleaf seedlings, and areas without any broadleaves will be planted with a native species mix. Despite the devastation, I can see hope for the future of Wentwood.
This image forms part of the digitised photographs of the Ross and Pat Craig Collection. Ross Craig (1926-2012) was a local historian born in Stockton and dedicated much of his life promoting and conserving the history of Stockton, NSW. He possessed a wealth of knowledge about the suburb and was a founding member of the Stockton Historical Society and co-editor of its magazine. Pat Craig supported her husband’s passion for history, and together they made a great contribution to the Stockton and Newcastle communities. We thank the Craig Family and Stockton Historical Society who have kindly given Cultural Collections at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, access to the collection and allowed us to publish the images. Thanks also to Vera Deacon for her liaison in attaining this important collection.
Please contact Cultural Collections at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, if you are the subject of the image, or know the subject of the image, and have cultural or other reservations about the image being displayed on this website and would like to discuss this with us.
Some of the images were scanned from original photographs in the collection held at Cultural Collections, other images were already digitised with no provenance recorded.
You are welcome to freely use the images for study and personal research purposes. Please acknowledge as “Courtesy of the Ross and Pat Craig Collection, University of Newcastle (Australia)" For commercial requests please consider making a donation to the Vera Deacon Regional History Fund.
These images are provided free of charge to the global community thanks to the generosity of the Vera Deacon Regional History Fund. If you wish to donate to the Vera Deacon Fund please download a form here: uoncc.wordpress.com/vera-deacon-fund/
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An 8.5 mile route on a former railway line from Broompark Picnic Site, just outside Durham City to Crook, running past Ushaw Moor, Deerness View and Stanley Crook. It forms part of the Walney to Wear (W2W) long distance cycling route.
The Deerness Valley Railway was opened in 1858 and carried coal for nearly a hundred years. Branch lines from Broompark, New Brancepeth, Ushaw Moor, Esh, Stanley Crook, Hedleyhope and Cornsay made it a main artery of the coalfield. It closed in 1964 for freight. This line carried passengers between 1878 and 1951. The path passes alongside a number of former mining villages but there are few signs of their industrial heritage as most of the landscape has since been restored.
The path follows the route of the river Deerness through a mixture of arable and grazing land, woods and herb rich meadows. Mature woodland contains oak, holly and hazel with a rich ground flora of red campion, dogs mercury, wild garlic, bluebells, stitchwort and dog violet. You may see birds (including herons, woodpeckers, warblers and jays), butterflies (meadow brown, common blue and large skipper) and mammals (perhaps a hare, squirrel or roe deer).
At Ushaw Moor a wooden trestle bridge carried the railway over the road and river. It was built in 1896 and was one of the last wooden viaducts in use in northeast England. It survived until the 1960s.
On the ridge of the hill to the north stands Ushaw College, a Roman Catholic Seminary. One of their swimming pools used to be filled with water raised hydraulically by the river’s own power but this was stopped when the water came up black from the mining activity!
Just before you reach Deerness View picnic area, is the site of the former Ushaw Moor Colliery. Not long after this, you will pass under a large bridge. This used to carry the road to Flass Hall, to the south. This area was once the valley’s main settlement and you can see from here it opens out into meadows with various grass paths that you can wander around.
There are wet areas near this section of the line which contain damp loving plants such as meadowsweet, cuckoo flower and tufted vetch.
Travelling further along the Railway Path you come to Esh Winning. Esh (New) ‘Winning’ (a successful shaft or face) grew from a small hamlet into a large mining community. Its importance is reflected in the size of the Miners’ Hall which once boasted the best dance hall in the area. Although this branch terminus ended at Esh Winning, it was originally built to serve the colliery at Waterhouses.
The colliery, pit heaps and some of the terraces in Waterhouses have now disappeared but the off-white brick church still remains. These bricks may have come from Peases West Brickworks at Crook, via the Stanley Incline – the route now taken by the Railway Path upon which you are about to embark. The track climbs steadily through deciduous woodland, including some majestic old oak trees.
The Deerness Valley Way Railway Path continues towards Crook, finishing beside the Peases West Sports Centre. From here it is a short distance to the centre of bustling Crook.
County Durham, officially simply Durham is a ceremonial county in North East England. The county borders Northumberland and Tyne and Wear to the north, the North Sea to the east, North Yorkshire to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The largest settlement is Darlington, and the county town is the city of Durham.
The county has an area of 2,721 km2 (1,051 sq mi) and a population of 866,846. The latter is concentrated in the east; the south-east is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into North Yorkshire. After Darlington (92,363), the largest settlements are Hartlepool (88,855), Stockton-on-Tees (82,729), and Durham (48,069). For local government purposes the county comprises three unitary authority areas—County Durham, Darlington, and Hartlepool—and part of a fourth, Stockton-on-Tees. The county historically included the part of Tyne and Wear south of the River Tyne, and excluded the part of County Durham south of the River Tees.
The west of the county contains part of the North Pennines uplands, a national landscape. The hills are the source of the rivers Tees and Wear, which flow east and form the valleys of Teesdale and Weardale respectively. The east of the county is flatter, and contains by rolling hills through which the two rivers meander; the Tees forms the boundary with North Yorkshire in its lower reaches, and the Wear exits the county near Chester-le-Street in the north-east. The county's coast is a site of special scientific interest characterised by tall limestone and dolomite cliffs.
What is now County Durham was on the border of Roman Britain, and contains survivals of this era at sites such as Binchester Roman Fort. In the Anglo-Saxon period the region was part of the Kingdom of Northumbria. In 995 the city of Durham was founded by monks seeking a place safe from Viking raids to house the relics of St Cuthbert. Durham Cathedral was rebuilt after the Norman Conquest, and together with Durham Castle is now a World Heritage Site. By the late Middle Ages the county was governed semi-independently by the bishops of Durham and was also a buffer zone between England and Scotland. County Durham became heavily industrialised in the nineteenth century, when many collieries opened on the Durham coalfield. The Stockton and Darlington Railway, the world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, opened in 1825. Most collieries closed during the last quarter of the twentieth century, but the county's coal mining heritage is remembered in the annual Durham Miners' Gala.
Remains of Prehistoric Durham include a number of Neolithic earthworks.
The Crawley Edge Cairns and Heathery Burn Cave are Bronze Age sites. Maiden Castle, Durham is an Iron Age site.
Brigantia, the land of the Brigantes, is said to have included what is now County Durham.
There are archaeological remains of Roman Durham. Dere Street and Cade's Road run through what is now County Durham. There were Roman forts at Concangis (Chester-le-Street), Lavatrae (Bowes), Longovicium (Lanchester), Piercebridge (Morbium), Vindomora (Ebchester) and Vinovium (Binchester). (The Roman fort at Arbeia (South Shields) is within the former boundaries of County Durham.) A Romanised farmstead has been excavated at Old Durham.
Remains of the Anglo-Saxon period include a number of sculpted stones and sundials, the Legs Cross, the Rey Cross and St Cuthbert's coffin.
Around AD 547, an Angle named Ida founded the kingdom of Bernicia after spotting the defensive potential of a large rock at Bamburgh, upon which many a fortification was thenceforth built. Ida was able to forge, hold and consolidate the kingdom; although the native British tried to take back their land, the Angles triumphed and the kingdom endured.
In AD 604, Ida's grandson Æthelfrith forcibly merged Bernicia (ruled from Bamburgh) and Deira (ruled from York, which was known as Eforwic at the time) to create the Kingdom of Northumbria. In time, the realm was expanded, primarily through warfare and conquest; at its height, the kingdom stretched from the River Humber (from which the kingdom drew its name) to the Forth. Eventually, factional fighting and the rejuvenated strength of neighbouring kingdoms, most notably Mercia, led to Northumbria's decline. The arrival of the Vikings hastened this decline, and the Scandinavian raiders eventually claimed the Deiran part of the kingdom in AD 867 (which became Jórvík). The land that would become County Durham now sat on the border with the Great Heathen Army, a border which today still (albeit with some adjustments over the years) forms the boundaries between Yorkshire and County Durham.
Despite their success south of the river Tees, the Vikings never fully conquered the Bernician part of Northumbria, despite the many raids they had carried out on the kingdom. However, Viking control over the Danelaw, the central belt of Anglo-Saxon territory, resulted in Northumbria becoming isolated from the rest of Anglo-Saxon Britain. Scots invasions in the north pushed the kingdom's northern boundary back to the River Tweed, and the kingdom found itself reduced to a dependent earldom, its boundaries very close to those of modern-day Northumberland and County Durham. The kingdom was annexed into England in AD 954.
In AD 995, St Cuthbert's community, who had been transporting Cuthbert's remains around, partly in an attempt to avoid them falling into the hands of Viking raiders, settled at Dunholm (Durham) on a site that was defensively favourable due to the horseshoe-like path of the River Wear. St Cuthbert's remains were placed in a shrine in the White Church, which was originally a wooden structure but was eventually fortified into a stone building.
Once the City of Durham had been founded, the Bishops of Durham gradually acquired the lands that would become County Durham. Bishop Aldhun began this process by procuring land in the Tees and Wear valleys, including Norton, Stockton, Escomb and Aucklandshire in 1018. In 1031, King Canute gave Staindrop to the Bishops. This territory continued to expand, and was eventually given the status of a liberty. Under the control of the Bishops of Durham, the land had various names: the "Liberty of Durham", "Liberty of St Cuthbert's Land" "the lands of St Cuthbert between Tyne and Tees" or "the Liberty of Haliwerfolc" (holy Wear folk).
The bishops' special jurisdiction rested on claims that King Ecgfrith of Northumbria had granted a substantial territory to St Cuthbert on his election to the see of Lindisfarne in 684. In about 883 a cathedral housing the saint's remains was established at Chester-le-Street and Guthfrith, King of York granted the community of St Cuthbert the area between the Tyne and the Wear, before the community reached its final destination in 995, in Durham.
Following the Norman invasion, the administrative machinery of government extended only slowly into northern England. Northumberland's first recorded Sheriff was Gilebert from 1076 until 1080 and a 12th-century record records Durham regarded as within the shire. However the bishops disputed the authority of the sheriff of Northumberland and his officials, despite the second sheriff for example being the reputed slayer of Malcolm Canmore, King of Scots. The crown regarded Durham as falling within Northumberland until the late thirteenth century.
Following the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror appointed Copsig as Earl of Northumbria, thereby bringing what would become County Durham under Copsig's control. Copsig was, just a few weeks later, killed in Newburn. Having already being previously offended by the appointment of a non-Northumbrian as Bishop of Durham in 1042, the people of the region became increasingly rebellious. In response, in January 1069, William despatched a large Norman army, under the command of Robert de Comines, to Durham City. The army, believed to consist of 700 cavalry (about one-third of the number of Norman knights who had participated in the Battle of Hastings), entered the city, whereupon they were attacked, and defeated, by a Northumbrian assault force. The Northumbrians wiped out the entire Norman army, including Comines, all except for one survivor, who was allowed to take the news of this defeat back.
Following the Norman slaughter at the hands of the Northumbrians, resistance to Norman rule spread throughout Northern England, including a similar uprising in York. William The Conqueror subsequently (and successfully) attempted to halt the northern rebellions by unleashing the notorious Harrying of the North (1069–1070). Because William's main focus during the harrying was on Yorkshire, County Durham was largely spared the Harrying.
Anglo-Norman Durham refers to the Anglo-Norman period, during which Durham Cathedral was built.
Matters regarding the bishopric of Durham came to a head in 1293 when the bishop and his steward failed to attend proceedings of quo warranto held by the justices of Northumberland. The bishop's case went before parliament, where he stated that Durham lay outside the bounds of any English shire and that "from time immemorial it had been widely known that the sheriff of Northumberland was not sheriff of Durham nor entered within that liberty as sheriff. . . nor made there proclamations or attachments". The arguments appear to have prevailed, as by the fourteenth century Durham was accepted as a liberty which received royal mandates direct. In effect it was a private shire, with the bishop appointing his own sheriff. The area eventually became known as the "County Palatine of Durham".
Sadberge was a liberty, sometimes referred to as a county, within Northumberland. In 1189 it was purchased for the see but continued with a separate sheriff, coroner and court of pleas. In the 14th century Sadberge was included in Stockton ward and was itself divided into two wards. The division into the four wards of Chester-le-Street, Darlington, Easington and Stockton existed in the 13th century, each ward having its own coroner and a three-weekly court corresponding to the hundred court. The diocese was divided into the archdeaconries of Durham and Northumberland. The former is mentioned in 1072, and in 1291 included the deaneries of Chester-le-Street, Auckland, Lanchester and Darlington.
The term palatinus is applied to the bishop in 1293, and from the 13th century onwards the bishops frequently claimed the same rights in their lands as the king enjoyed in his kingdom.
The historic boundaries of County Durham included a main body covering the catchment of the Pennines in the west, the River Tees in the south, the North Sea in the east and the Rivers Tyne and Derwent in the north. The county palatinate also had a number of liberties: the Bedlingtonshire, Islandshire and Norhamshire exclaves within Northumberland, and the Craikshire exclave within the North Riding of Yorkshire. In 1831 the county covered an area of 679,530 acres (2,750.0 km2) and had a population of 253,910. These exclaves were included as part of the county for parliamentary electoral purposes until 1832, and for judicial and local-government purposes until the coming into force of the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844, which merged most remaining exclaves with their surrounding county. The boundaries of the county proper remained in use for administrative and ceremonial purposes until the Local Government Act 1972.
Boldon Book (1183 or 1184) is a polyptichum for the Bishopric of Durham.
Until the 15th century, the most important administrative officer in the Palatinate was the steward. Other officers included the sheriff, the coroners, the Chamberlain and the chancellor. The palatine exchequer originated in the 12th century. The palatine assembly represented the whole county, and dealt chiefly with fiscal questions. The bishop's council, consisting of the clergy, the sheriff and the barons, regulated judicial affairs, and later produced the Chancery and the courts of Admiralty and Marshalsea.
The prior of Durham ranked first among the bishop's barons. He had his own court, and almost exclusive jurisdiction over his men. A UNESCO site describes the role of the Prince-Bishops in Durham, the "buffer state between England and Scotland":
From 1075, the Bishop of Durham became a Prince-Bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England’s northern frontier.
A report states that the Bishops also had the authority to appoint judges and barons and to offer pardons.
There were ten palatinate barons in the 12th century, most importantly the Hyltons of Hylton Castle, the Bulmers of Brancepeth, the Conyers of Sockburne, the Hansards of Evenwood, and the Lumleys of Lumley Castle. The Nevilles owned large estates in the county. John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby rebuilt Raby Castle, their principal seat, in 1377.
Edward I's quo warranto proceedings of 1293 showed twelve lords enjoying more or less extensive franchises under the bishop. The repeated efforts of the Crown to check the powers of the palatinate bishops culminated in 1536 in the Act of Resumption, which deprived the bishop of the power to pardon offences against the law or to appoint judicial officers. Moreover, indictments and legal processes were in future to run in the name of the king, and offences to be described as against the peace of the king, rather than that of the bishop. In 1596 restrictions were imposed on the powers of the chancery, and in 1646 the palatinate was formally abolished. It was revived, however, after the Restoration, and continued with much the same power until 5 July 1836, when the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 provided that the palatine jurisdiction should in future be vested in the Crown.
During the 15th-century Wars of the Roses, Henry VI passed through Durham. On the outbreak of the Great Rebellion in 1642 Durham inclined to support the cause of Parliament, and in 1640 the high sheriff of the palatinate guaranteed to supply the Scottish army with provisions during their stay in the county. In 1642 the Earl of Newcastle formed the western counties into an association for the King's service, but in 1644 the palatinate was again overrun by a Scottish army, and after the Battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644) fell entirely into the hands of Parliament.
In 1614, a Bill was introduced in Parliament for securing representation to the county and city of Durham and the borough of Barnard Castle. The bishop strongly opposed the proposal as an infringement of his palatinate rights, and the county was first summoned to return members to Parliament in 1654. After the Restoration of 1660 the county and city returned two members each. In the wake of the Reform Act of 1832 the county returned two members for two divisions, and the boroughs of Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland acquired representation. The bishops lost their secular powers in 1836. The boroughs of Darlington, Stockton and Hartlepool returned one member each from 1868 until the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.
The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 reformed the municipal boroughs of Durham, Stockton on Tees and Sunderland. In 1875, Jarrow was incorporated as a municipal borough, as was West Hartlepool in 1887. At a county level, the Local Government Act 1888 reorganised local government throughout England and Wales. Most of the county came under control of the newly formed Durham County Council in an area known as an administrative county. Not included were the county boroughs of Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland. However, for purposes other than local government, the administrative county of Durham and the county boroughs continued to form a single county to which the Crown appointed a Lord Lieutenant of Durham.
Over its existence, the administrative county lost territory, both to the existing county boroughs, and because two municipal boroughs became county boroughs: West Hartlepool in 1902 and Darlington in 1915. The county boundary with the North Riding of Yorkshire was adjusted in 1967: that part of the town of Barnard Castle historically in Yorkshire was added to County Durham, while the administrative county ceded the portion of the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in Durham to the North Riding. In 1968, following the recommendation of the Local Government Commission, Billingham was transferred to the County Borough of Teesside, in the North Riding. In 1971, the population of the county—including all associated county boroughs (an area of 2,570 km2 (990 sq mi))—was 1,409,633, with a population outside the county boroughs of 814,396.
In 1974, the Local Government Act 1972 abolished the administrative county and the county boroughs, reconstituting County Durham as a non-metropolitan county. The reconstituted County Durham lost territory to the north-east (around Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland) to Tyne and Wear and to the south-east (around Hartlepool) to Cleveland. At the same time it gained the former area of Startforth Rural District from the North Riding of Yorkshire. The area of the Lord Lieutenancy of Durham was also adjusted by the Act to coincide with the non-metropolitan county (which occupied 3,019 km2 (1,166 sq mi) in 1981).
In 1996, as part of 1990s UK local government reform by Lieutenancies Act 1997, Cleveland was abolished. Its districts were reconstituted as unitary authorities. Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees (north Tees) were returned to the county for the purposes of Lord Lieutenancy. Darlington also became a third unitary authority of the county. The Royal Mail abandoned the use of postal counties altogether, permitted but not mandatory being at a writer wishes.
As part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England initiated by the Department for Communities and Local Government, the seven district councils within the County Council area were abolished. The County Council assumed their functions and became the fourth unitary authority. Changes came into effect on 1 April 2009.
On 15 April 2014, North East Combined Authority was established under the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 with powers over economic development and regeneration. In November 2018, Newcastle City Council, North Tyneside Borough Council, and Northumberland County Council left the authority. These later formed the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
In May 2021, four parish councils of the villages of Elwick, Hart, Dalton Piercy and Greatham all issued individual votes of no confidence in Hartlepool Borough Council, and expressed their desire to join the County Durham district.
In October 2021, County Durham was shortlisted for the UK City of Culture 2025. In May 2022, it lost to Bradford.
Eighteenth century Durham saw the appearance of dissent in the county and the Durham Ox. The county did not assist the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715. The Statue of Neptune in the City of Durham was erected in 1729.
A number of disasters happened in Nineteenth century Durham. The Felling mine disasters happened in 1812, 1813, 1821 and 1847. The Philadelphia train accident happened in 1815. In 1854, there was a great fire in Gateshead. One of the West Stanley Pit disasters happened in 1882. The Victoria Hall disaster happened in 1883.
One of the West Stanley Pit disasters happened in 1909. The Darlington rail crash happened in 1928. The Battle of Stockton happened in 1933. The Browney rail crash happened in 1946.
The First Treaty of Durham was made at Durham in 1136. The Second Treaty of Durham was made at Durham in 1139.
The county regiment was the Durham Light Infantry, which replaced, in particular, the 68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry) and the Militia and Volunteers of County Durham.
RAF Greatham, RAF Middleton St George and RAF Usworth were located in County Durham.
David I, the King of Scotland, invaded the county in 1136, and ravaged much of the county 1138. In 17 October 1346, the Battle of Neville's Cross was fought at Neville's Cross, near the city of Durham. On 16 December 1914, during the First World War, there was a raid on Hartlepool by the Imperial German Navy.
Chroniclers connected with Durham include the Bede, Symeon of Durham, Geoffrey of Coldingham and Robert de Graystanes.
County Durham has long been associated with coal mining, from medieval times up to the late 20th century. The Durham Coalfield covered a large area of the county, from Bishop Auckland, to Consett, to the River Tyne and below the North Sea, thereby providing a significant expanse of territory from which this rich mineral resource could be extracted.
King Stephen possessed a mine in Durham, which he granted to Bishop Pudsey, and in the same century colliers are mentioned at Coundon, Bishopwearmouth and Sedgefield. Cockfield Fell was one of the earliest Landsale collieries in Durham. Edward III issued an order allowing coal dug at Newcastle to be taken across the Tyne, and Richard II granted to the inhabitants of Durham licence to export the produce of the mines, without paying dues to the corporation of Newcastle. The majority was transported from the Port of Sunderland complex, which was constructed in the 1850s.
Among other early industries, lead-mining was carried on in the western part of the county, and mustard was extensively cultivated. Gateshead had a considerable tanning trade and shipbuilding was undertaken at Jarrow, and at Sunderland, which became the largest shipbuilding town in the world – constructing a third of Britain's tonnage.[citation needed]
The county's modern-era economic history was facilitated significantly by the growth of the mining industry during the nineteenth century. At the industry's height, in the early 20th century, over 170,000 coal miners were employed, and they mined 58,700,000 tons of coal in 1913 alone. As a result, a large number of colliery villages were built throughout the county as the industrial revolution gathered pace.
The railway industry was also a major employer during the industrial revolution, with railways being built throughout the county, such as The Tanfield Railway, The Clarence Railway and The Stockton and Darlington Railway. The growth of this industry occurred alongside the coal industry, as the railways provided a fast, efficient means to move coal from the mines to the ports and provided the fuel for the locomotives. The great railway pioneers Timothy Hackworth, Edward Pease, George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson were all actively involved with developing the railways in tandem with County Durham's coal mining industry. Shildon and Darlington became thriving 'railway towns' and experienced significant growths in population and prosperity; before the railways, just over 100 people lived in Shildon but, by the 1890s, the town was home to around 8,000 people, with Shildon Shops employing almost 3000 people at its height.
However, by the 1930s, the coal mining industry began to diminish and, by the mid-twentieth century, the pits were closing at an increasing rate. In 1951, the Durham County Development Plan highlighted a number of colliery villages, such as Blackhouse, as 'Category D' settlements, in which future development would be prohibited, property would be acquired and demolished, and the population moved to new housing, such as that being built in Newton Aycliffe. Likewise, the railway industry also began to decline, and was significantly brought to a fraction of its former self by the Beeching cuts in the 1960s. Darlington Works closed in 1966 and Shildon Shops followed suit in 1984. The county's last deep mines, at Easington, Vane Tempest, Wearmouth and Westoe, closed in 1993.
Postal Rates from 1801 were charged depending on the distance from London. Durham was allocated the code 263 the approximate mileage from London. From about 1811, a datestamp appeared on letters showing the date the letter was posted. In 1844 a new system was introduced and Durham was allocated the code 267. This system was replaced in 1840 when the first postage stamps were introduced.
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911): "To the Anglo-Saxon period are to be referred portions of the churches of Monk Wearmouth (Sunderland), Jarrow, Escomb near Bishop Auckland, and numerous sculptured crosses, two of which are in situ at Aycliffe. . . . The Decorated and Perpendicular periods are very scantily represented, on account, as is supposed, of the incessant wars between England and Scotland in the 14th and 15th centuries. The principal monastic remains, besides those surrounding Durham cathedral, are those of its subordinate house or "cell," Finchale Priory, beautifully situated by the Wear. The most interesting castles are those of Durham, Raby, Brancepeth and Barnard. There are ruins of castelets or peel-towers at Dalden, Ludworth and Langley Dale. The hospitals of Sherburn, Greatham and Kepyer, founded by early bishops of Durham, retain but few ancient features."
The best remains of the Norman period include Durham Cathedral and Durham Castle, and several parish churches, such as St Laurence Church in Pittington. The Early English period has left the eastern portion of the cathedral, the churches of Darlington, Hartlepool, and St Andrew, Auckland, Sedgefield, and portions of a few other churches.
'Durham Castle and Cathedral' is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. Elsewhere in the County there is Auckland Castle.
This oldest castle in the form of a square corresponds to the current Swiss Court. There is also located the Gothic (in the 15th century rebuilt) Hofburg chapel as well as the Clergy and the Secular Treasury (both belong administratively to the Kunsthistorisches Museum), in the latter, inter alia, being kept the insignia of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichskleinodien) and the Empire of Austria. Also the Court Orchestra is located there. This Schweizerhof was at the time of Emperor Charles V by his brother, the Holy Roman King Ferdinand (1558 Emperor Ferdinand I), rebuilt in Renaissance style. Particularly well known is the red-black Swiss Gate, on which the titles of Emperor Ferdinand I are enumerated and the insignia of the Order of fleece depicted. This gate including painting was built by Pietro Ferrabosco 1552. In a lateral niche of the gate is situated the Swiss Court well from 1552 with the imperial eagle. The basin is made of hard, white Kaiserstein (Emperor Stone) from Kaisersteinbruch (quarry in Lower Austria). The fountain formed the conclucion of an already in 1534 laid out aqueduct that was conducted from the suburbs of St. Ulrich into the castle. Below this tract for a long time the Royal kitchen was housed. Overall, this part of the Hofburg is called "Swiss Wing" including the Hofburg Chapel. The name stems from the troupe formed of Swiss mercenaries providing at the time of Emperor Franz I Stephan (Lorraine) and Maria Theresa the gate guard.
Via the Pillar staircase in Swiss tract one reaches the National Heritage Agency, which has its headquarters here. Here is the ancestral hall with the Habsburg imperial portraits, established about 1874 for Crown Prince Rudolf:
Rudolf I (1281-1291)
Maximilian I (1459-1519)
Charles V (1500-1558)
Ferdinand I (1503-1564)
Maximilian II (1527-1576)
Ferdinand II (1578-1637)
Leopold I (1640-1705)
Charles VI (1685-1740)
Maria Theresa (1717-1780)
Joseph II (1741-1790)
Franz II (1768-1835)
Franz Joseph I (1830-1916)
The ante chamber leads to the Marble Hall in Ceremonial hall tract which dates from the 19th century. The particularly thick walls still originate from one of the defensive towers of the ancient fortifications. The term Ante Chamber refers to the former use as a vestibule.
Near the Swiss Gate direction St. Michael's square in March of 2013 remains of 6 by 20 meters wide foundation of built 1558-1563 Kunstkammer (Art Chamber) of Emperor Ferdinand I were discovered, the first museum building north of the Alps. The discovery by the art historian Renate Holzschuh-Hofer followed by evaluating partially already longer known sources which were just misinterpreted.
Hofburg chapel
The Imperial Chapel is the oldest and main chapel of the Hofburg and was the private chapel of the Habsburgs. Presumably to 1287/88 Albrecht I had build a late Romanesque chapel which was first mentioned documentarily in 1296. From 1423 to 1426 was carried out under Albrecht V an extension; the wood of the current roof structure dates from 1421. Albrecht, who ordered in this year a large-scale persecution of the Jews in Vienna, probably also disposed that in the foundation of the chapel Jewish grave stones were inserted (they were later removed and kept in a Jewish cemetery).
From 1447 to 1449, Emperor Friedrich III the chapel had reconstructed in the Gothic style and expanded. Maria Theresia ordered a late Baroque reconstruction of the chapel. In the course of classicism it was 1802 again re-gothicised. In it concerted the Court Orchestra founded by Emperor Maximilian I whose tradition is continued by the Viennese Philharmonic and the Vienna Boys Choir.
Diese älteste Burg in Form eines Vierecks entspricht etwa dem heutigen Schweizerhof. Dort befinden sich auch die gotische (im 15. Jahrhundert umgebaute) Hofburgkapelle sowie die Geistliche und die Weltliche Schatzkammer (beide gehören administrativ zum Kunsthistorischen Museum), wobei in letztgenannter unter anderem die Herrschaftsinsignien des Heiligen Römischen Reiches (Reichskleinodien) und des Kaisertums Österreich aufbewahrt werden. Auch die Hofmusikkapelle hat dort ihren Sitz. Dieser Schweizerhof wurde zur Zeit Kaiser Karls V. durch seinen Bruder, den römisch-deutschen König Ferdinand (ab 1558 Kaiser Ferdinand I.) im Renaissancestil umgebaut. Besonders bekannt ist das rot-schwarze Schweizertor, auf dem die Titel Kaiser Ferdinands I. aufgezählt und die Insignien des Vliesordens abgebildet sind. Dieses Tor inklusive Bemalung wurde von Pietro Ferrabosco 1552 errichtet. In einer seitlichen Nische des Tores befindet sich der Schweizerhofbrunnen aus dem Jahr 1552 mit dem kaiserlichen Adler. Das Becken besteht aus hartem, weißem Kaiserstein aus Kaisersteinbruch. Der Brunnen bildete den Abschluss einer bereits 1534 angelegten Wasserleitung, die aus der Vorstadt St. Ulrich in die Burg geleitet wurde. Unterhalb dieses Traktes war über lange Zeit die Hofküche untergebracht. Insgesamt wird dieser Teil der Hofburg inklusive der Hofburgkapelle „Schweizertrakt“ genannt. Der Name stammt von der aus Schweizer Söldnern gebildeten Truppe, die zur Zeit des Kaiserpaares Franz I. Stephan (von Lothringen) und Maria Theresia die Torwache stellte.
Über die Säulenstiege im Schweizertrakt erreicht man das Bundesdenkmalamt, das hier seinen Sitz hat. Hier befindet sich der Ahnensaal mit den Habsburger Kaiserporträts, eingerichtet um 1874 für Kronprinz Rudolf:
Rudolf I. (1281–1291)
Maximilian I. (1459–1519)
Karl V. (1500–1558)
Ferdinand I. (1503–1564)
Maximilian II. (1527–1576)
Ferdinand II. (1578–1637)
Leopold I. (1640–1705)
Karl VI. (1685–1740)
Maria Theresia (1717–1780)
Joseph II. (1741–1790)
Franz II. (1768–1835)
Franz Joseph I. (1830–1916)
Die Antekammer führt zum Marmorsaal im Zeremoniensaaltrakt, welcher aus dem 19. Jahrhundert stammt. Die besonders dicken Mauern stammen noch von einem der Wehrtürme der alten Burgbefestigung. Der Begriff Antekammer weist auf den ehemaligen Verwendungszweck als Vorraum hin.
Nahe dem Schweizertor Richtung Michaelerplatz wurden im März 2013 Reste des 6 mal 20 Meter großen Fundaments der zwischen 1558 und 1563 erbauten Kunstkammer Kaiser Ferdinands I. entdeckt, der erste Museumsbau nördlich der Alpen. Die Entdeckung durch die Kunsthistorikerin Renate Holzschuh-Hofer erfolgte durch Auswertung teilweise schon länger bekannter Quellen, die nur falsch interpretiert worden seien.
Hofburgkapelle
Siehe auch: Hofburgkapelle
Innenansicht der Hofburgkapelle
Die Hofburgkapelle ist die älteste und Hauptkapelle der Hofburg und war die Hauskapelle der Habsburger. Vermutlich um 1287/88 ließ Albrecht I. eine spätromanische Kapelle errichten, die urkundlich 1296 erstmals erwähnt wurde. Von 1423 bis 1426 erfolgte unter Albrecht V. eine Erweiterung; das Holz des aktuellen Dachstuhls stammt aus dem Jahr 1421. Albrecht, der in diesem Jahr eine großangelegte Judenverfolgung in Wien in Auftrag gab, veranlasste wahrscheinlich auch, dass in das Fundament der Kapelle jüdische Grabsteine eingelassen wurden (sie wurden später entfernt und in einem jüdischen Friedhof aufbewahrt).
Von 1447 bis 1449 ließ Kaiser Friedrich III. die Kapelle im gotischen Stil um- und ausbauen. Maria Theresia veranlasste einen spätbarocken Umbau der Kapelle. Im Zuge des Klassizismus wurde sie 1802 wiederum regotisiert. In ihr konzertierte die von Kaiser Maximilian I. gegründete Hofmusikkapelle, deren Tradition von den Wienern Philharmonikern und den Wiener Sängerknaben fortgeführt wird.
The Katame waza is one of the forms battle of the Judo that is made in the ground, and that is divided in three groups of techniques: Osae komi waza or immobilizations, Shime waza or strangling, and Kansetsu waza or luxations; the ground work more is known like Ne waza.
These techniques have their ancestral origins in the schools of the Takenouchi ryu, one of oldest in (Osae komi waza); the one of Tenshin shino ryu in all (Katame waza); and the one of Daito ryu in (Kansetsu waza). Although the real origins of the Jujutsu lose in the time, bordering the time of those origins around the beginnings of the Christian era; also one says that the Jujutsu reached to develop around 180 ryus towards century XIX.
The Ne waza also must like principles obtain the Maximum efficiency with the minimum effort; and the mutual satisfaction through its practice. Nevertheless, we must limit that in the field of the Ne waza, the intensity in the use of the intelligent force has more relevance; because they are very short movements and displacements that they require in addition to the good use of the resources, and the application of controlled energy to define situations.
Analyzing the movements in Ne waza, and although all the parts of the body enter game, we will say that the hands, wrists and arms, are the ones that take the greater percentage of participation. In addition to the inferior members, the weight of the body like mass to move and to use of handle and support of control; it is another interesting factor to observe of how it is used with efficiency.
In Ne waza takes part much concurrent biomechanics, forces, turns, rotations, strategy, dynamic voltage, and techniques of dominion or subjection. We will also indicate, that like physical exercise, the Ne waza is fabulous; it gives resistance, sharpness of reflections, tenacity, flexibility, elasticity like speed, cardiorespiratory control, anticipation, mental sharpness, continuity of action, and explosive energy.
One thing that drives me bonkers is the ordering of form fields. Place form fields in a logical order that makes sense to the user. This example shows an incorrect ordering of fields. The order of fields should have been Address, State, Postcode (matches how people expect to see and write addresses).
Image available for purchase from www.ballaratheritage.com.au
Victorian Heritage Register information
Statement of Significance
What is significant?
The Tower Hill State Game Reserve is an area of approximately 6.2 sq km, 3 km inland from the coast between Warrnambool and Port Fairy managed by Parks Victoria since 1997. The Reserve consists of a volcanic crater of nested maar type bounded by the encircling crater rim that forms a highly visible landmark in the surrounding plain. The crater, filled by a lake and series of islands, themselves volcanic cones, was formed at least 30,000 years ago when a hot rising basaltic magma came into contact with the subterranean water table. The violent explosion that followed created the funnel-shaped crater (later filled by a lake) and the islands. Artefacts found in the volcanic ash layers show that Aboriginal people were living in the area at the time of the eruption. The Warrnambool area was a rich source of foods for the Koroitgundidj people, whose descendants retain special links with this country.
The first confirmed European sighting of Tower Hill crater was by French explorers sailing with Captain Baudin aboard the Geographe in 1802 who named the crater 'Peak of Reconnaissance'. Throughout the 19th century sailors used Tower Hill as a landmark for entering the harbours of Port Fairy (Belfast) and Warrnambool. The name Tower Hill came into common usage in the 1840s. The crater formation, noted by early European settlers for the beauty of its vegetation was memorialised in the landscape painting of Eugene von Guerard in 1855.
By the late 1850s substantial amounts of forest had been cleared in and around the crater. In 1866 when the crater and inner rim were temporarily reserved for public recreation, the Acclimatisation Society of Victoria was appointed the Committee of Management (1866-1869). The Society had formed in 1861 with the aim of introducing exotic plants and animals to suitable parts of the colony and accordingly introduced goats, pheasants and rabbits to Tower Hill. In 1873 the area was permanently reserved for public purposes and in 1892 in an attempt to halt the environmental damage to the crater Tower Hill Reserve became the first National Park to be declared in Victoria. It remained under the control of Koroit Council which permitted clearing of native vegetation, grazing and the quarrying of scoria to continue. By the 1930s the landscape was bare and little wildlife remained.
In the mid-20th century lobbying by the local community concerned about environmental degradation at Tower Hill along with general recognition of the declining numbers of game birds in Victoria led to the crater being declared a State Game Reserve in 1961, one of a number established across the State at this time as wildlife refuges. The contained nature of the crater site meant it could be readily adapted to a scientifically designed habitat management program.
In 1962 Robin Boyd was commissioned to design a Natural History Centre on the main island at Tower Hill, completed in 1969. This early example of an interpretive centre was to provide the public with information about the restoration of the Tower Hill environment and the wildlife and habitats of the State's Reserves and to be a centre of study for wildlife management. Boyd, a hero of the conservation movement, designed a simple stone circular structure with sloping roof mirroring the volcanic island hilltops, sitting in harmony with the landscape. The circular glazed pavilion is a timber construction with a cill height stone skirt and wide eaves. At the centre of the open internal space is a central hollow stone column which supports the roof and is crowned by a skylight reminiscent of the core of the volcano that gave rise to the landscape. Laminated timber rafters, arranged radially, span from the hollow stone core to the outer ring of window and project to form deep eaves.
As early as 1958 local community groups established experimental plots of native trees at Tower Hill. Following designation as a State Game Reserve serious efforts began to replicate the original vegetation using von Guerard's (1855) painting as a guide to replanting using botanists to identify the plant species. By 1981 school children,, naturalists and other volunteers had planted 250 000 trees and shrubs at Tower Hill and removed non-native species and weeds and feral animals. Native animal species including koalas, wombats, emus and echidnas have also been successfully reintroduced to Tower Hill through reinstatement of habitat. The replanting program was the first of its kind in Victoria and provided a model for the national Landcare movement, established in Victoria in the 1980s.
How is it significant?
Tower Hill State Game Reserve is of aesthetic, historic, scientific, social and architectural significance to the State of Victoria
Why is it significant?
Tower Hill State Game Reserve is of aesthetic significance, being an inspirational landscape, recognised for the beauty and uniqueness of its geological form and natural vegetation from first European exploration and settlement of the region.
Tower Hill State Game Reserve is a cultural landscape of historical significance in reflecting more than a century of changing attitudes to landscape in its evolving status and the character of its environment.
Tower Hill State Game Reserve is of historical significance as an iconic and inspirational landscape, noted for its geological form and the beauty of its natural vegetation from first European exploration and settlement of the region, memorialised in Eugene von Guerard's 1855 painting of Tower Hill crater and island. It was this iconic beauty that environmentalists sought to reinstate through their replanting of native vegetation, the species having initially been identified initially from the detail of von Guerard's painting.
Tower Hill State Game Reserve is of historical significance as the earliest and an outstanding example of community programs to reinstate native vegetation and re-create native habitat on cleared and degraded land. Skills developed in the course of this work, and subsequently applied in other parts of the country include an understanding of the importance of using species indigenous to the local area, requirements for re-introduction of native fauna, and awareness of the need for re-establishment of understorey species.
Tower Hill State Game Reserve is of social significance for the ongoing role of the local community and community groups in the reinstatement of natural habitats in the Reserve.
Tower Hill State Game Reserve is of scientific (geological) significance as an example of a nested maar, a specific type of volcanic crater that formed at least 30 000 years ago when hot rising basaltic magma came into contact with the subterranean water table resulting in a series of phreatic explosions that created the funnel-shaped crater (later filled by a lake) coupled with late stage scoria cone development of the islands seen today.