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Photographs in this collection have been produced by Heather Do and Kathleen Markham at the request of UC Berkeley Anthropology 136k class, for the purposes of exploring the cultural heritage sites of surrounding Cafe Vesuvio and City Lights Bookstore to embed the rich cultural heritage in the region. This collection documents the walking path from Vesuvio Cafe in the North Beach area, with the intent to gain more of a spacial understanding of different heritage sites located in San Francisco. This collection contains photos taken of the Bay Bridge in San Francisco from the corner of Taylor St and Vallejo St (37.79822°N 122.41334°W),and of Alcatraz Island from the corner of Green St and Jones St in North Beach (37.79870°N 122.41558°W),
Photographs in this
collection were captured on Monday April 11, 2011,
between 7:00 AM and 11:00 AM
Pacific Time, under cloudy and overcast
conditions. Photos were
captured with a Canon XSI (CAM23). Lenses used were a 18-55mm and a 70-200mm telephoto A tripod was used for pictures from Alcatraz and Bay Bridge; Otherwise the stabilizer was off and auto focus was left on. The photos were developed in Adobe
Photoshop Lightroom 3.
Description written by Kenneth
Chiu and Kathleen Salmond, follows Alonso C. Addison’s
proposed virtual heritage
metadata format in his chapter "The Vanishing
Virtual" in New
Heritage: New Media and Cultural Heritage, edited by
Kalay, et al., and
published by Routledge in 2007.
The region now modernly
known as North Beach was once infamous as the Barbary Coast District renown for
prominence in prostitution and gambling which emerged from the destitute
society of those bankrupt by the gold rush. Once an actual beach, it was later,
the area developed into a residential and commercial region by the end of the
19th century, but the remnant influence of the aberrant society. During
the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the region was rebuilt largely through the
use of immigrant labor consisting primarily of Italian and Chinese society; in
fact during the great fires, many Italians were credited for helping to contain
the fire by drenching their houses in red wine[1] . The region was known for the large number of immigrants and became the precursors to the Italian district and Chinatown. Vesuvio and City Lights Bookstore is embedded in this region in a semi liminal region between the two communities which emerged as a consequence of the development of this region; in fact it lies adjacent to Broadway St. infamous for the clubs consisting of nudity and inebriety. Although, our sites of interest came in the mid 1900’s the region largely represented a lack of affluence, prompting the collaboration among many society to be largely accepting of the diversity in which this community is composed. No wonder the Beatnik culture which emerged in the 1950’s in North Beach became largely accepted and although the movement was ephemeral, the society and notions of the past are largely preserved.
All photos Copyright ©2011
Center for Digital Archaeology, Berkeley CA
Creative Commons creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
For more information contact Center for Digital Archaeology, Berkeley, CA,
94720 or visit www.codifi.info/licensing
For more facts and information about Alcatraz, please visit
This is a photograph from a set of photographs taken at the second running of the Castletown-Finea/Coole/Whitehall GFC 5KM Road Race and Fun Run which was held in Finea, Co. Westmeath, Ireland on Wednesday August 21st 2013 at 19:30. The race was unique in the fact that it provided participants to run in two counties (Westmeath and Cavan) and two provinces (Ulster and Leinster) in Ireland during the same race. The race started on the Cavan side of the famous bridge of Finea and finished on the banks of the river. Finea is a beautiful Irish village which is well known for its scenery and it's position in the beautiful landscape of North Westmeath amongst the lakes and hills. The area attracts tourists for fishing and game shooting every year.
The race was very well organised with excellent stewarding and support and great community involvement. Well done to everyone involved. This race has the ability to grow in strength each year.
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If you are viewing this Flickr set on a smartphone and you want to see the larger version(s) of this photograph then: scroll down to the bottom of this description under the photograph and click the "View info about this photo..." link. You will be brought to a new page and you should click the link "View All Sizes".
Overall Race Summary
Participants: There was about 150 participants of runners, joggers, and walkers.
Weather: There was mild August evening. There was a tail wind supporting the runners for the first 3Km but this turned into a strong head-wind for the final 2km of the race.
Course: The race starts and finishes at either side of the Bridge of Finea. The Bridge End Bar was the start where the race went out 400m on the Granard road and runners turned around at cone and headed back into Co. Westmeath over the bridge and the 1km mark. Following the Castlepollard Road the race took at left at the 2km and followed a loop back past the National School and back into Finea village again for a finish down on the banks of the River Inny. The course was a tough undulating course but fair. Any short hills were balanced out by adequate down-hill the other side. The stewards provided excellent traffic management on what is a busy section of road between the 1st KM and the final KM and the finish.
Location Map: Start/finish and registration took place at the Bridge (see Google StreetView Image here goo.gl/maps/1Zqek)
Refreshments: There was a very impressive selection of refreshments including sandwiches and home-made breads in the Bridge End Bar afterwards.
Some Useful Links
Wikipedia Page about Finea: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnea
FACEBOOK Page for the CFCW 5KM Run 2013 www.facebook.com/cfcw.bigfightnight
CFCW GAA Facebook www.facebook.com/pages/Castletown-Finea-Coole-Whitehall-G...
The song which immortalised the Bridge of Finea - 'Come back Paddy Reilly' by Percy French - sung here by Paddy Reilly [www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGmrpMT0-yo] and lyrics [www.lyricsfreak.com/i/irish+music/come+back+paddy+reilly_...]
How can I get a full resolution copy of these photographs?
All of the photographs here on this Flickr set have a visible watermark embedded in them. All of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available offline, free, at no cost, at full image resolution WITHOUT watermark. We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. Our only "cost" is our request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, etc or (2) other websites, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us. This also extends the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember - all we ask is for you to link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. Taking the photographs and preparing them for online posting does take a significant effort. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc.
If you would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
Check Out The Video Here!
Met up with some old friends last night!
Went to a Bike thing last night.
Finally got the courage to bring my camera for the ride.
Did not focus on taking photos as much as I wanted,
but I got a few shots here and there. :)
If interested check them out on my facebook page.
www.facebook.com/dreammakerfilmz
Or check out a minnie Set.
More info from this 12 mile ride: www.themiamibikescene.com/2013/04/2nd-annual-go-dutch-ora...
Enjoy your weekend everybody!
STANHOPE STEPPING STONES AND FORD
"Botanists flock to Stanhope, not to seek the blooms on the local moors or in Woodlands, but because of the fossil tree now almost embedded into the churchyard wall. This was found between Stanhope and Edmondbyers and has been identified as a giant plant similar to the small mares tails which still grow today in the dry areas of the district. Some 250 million years ago what is now the moorlands of Upper Teesdale was a huge area of swampland full of giant trees. This one has been so long in the ground that it looks and feels as smooth as gun metal. Stan means stoney and Hope means a valley."
Discovering County Durham. Ron and Marlen Freetly. 1994.
The stepping stones and ford alongside are located at the west end of Stanhope down a minor road and give access to the B6278 road which goes across the mooors to Middleton-in-Teesdale.
The ford has been the scene of many vehicle rescues when the river waters make it dangerous to cross. Though large warning signs are posted on either side the problem has now made it necessary following an inquiry, for Durham County Council to close it permanently from February 2012. An alternative route is available over the old bridge west of the town, adding a mile or so to the journey. Barriers had been erected at the ford to prevent motorists from attempting to cross in winter when it was also closed before closure became permanent. Both the Fire Brigade and RAF rescue helicopters have been involved in rescuing drivers trapped in their vehicles, sometimes after being washed downstream. The stepping stones are concrete and are used by visitors and locals alike.
Stanhope is an old market town and is popular with visitors. The Durham Dales centre has information, crafts and a tea room. In an attractive setting with moors to north and south it lies at the current terminus of the Weardale Railway and pubs and shops are to be found on the long main street. An agricultural show is held in September of each year.
Stanhope is a market town and civil parish in the County Durham district, in the ceremonial county of Durham, England. It lies on the River Wear between Eastgate and Frosterley, in the north-east of Weardale. The main A689 road over the Pennines is crossed by the B6278 between Barnard Castle and Shotley Bridge. In 2001 Stanhope had a population of 1,633, in 2019 an estimate of 1,627, and a figure of 1,602 in the 2011 census for the ONS built-up-area which includes Crawleyside. In 2011 the parish population was 4,581.[4]
Stanhope parish is the largest parish area in England, at 85 square miles (221 km2) It has some land in common with the neighbouring Wolsingham civil parish. On 31 December 1894 "Stanhope Urban" parish was formed from part of Stanhope parish, but on 1 April 1937 it was merged back. In 1894 Stanhope became an urban district which contained Stanhope Urban parish, on 1 April 1937 the urban district was abolished and merged with Weardale Rural District. On 1 April 1946, 2,396 acres (969.6 ha) were transferred to the parish from Wolsingham. Stanhope Town Hall was completed in 1849.
Stanhope is surrounded by moorland in the North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) – the second largest of a current 40 such areas in England and Wales.
Features of interest include:
A petrified tree stump standing in the churchyard was found with two others, one of which features in the Great North Museum in Newcastle upon Tyne.
The Durham Dales Centre incorporates a tea room, tourist information and craft shops.
Stanhope Bridge, a scheduled monument, was built in the 15th century and widened in 1792.
The ford has a stepping-stone bridge for pedestrians.
The 18th-century Stanhope Castle in the town centre stands on the possible site of a medieval castle. It was built in 1798 by Cuthbert Rippon, MP for Gateshead.
The town has one of only two heated open-air swimming pools in the North East.
Stanhope was at the centre of the Weardale campaign (1327), when Sir James Douglas of Scotland invaded England and faced Edward III and Roger Mortimer, Earl of March. A series of skirmishes took place on the valley floor and in Stanhope Park.
The parish church dedicated to St Thomas is mostly from the 12th–13th centuries, with restoration in 1663 and 1867. The earliest known Rector was Richardus in 1200. Joseph Butler, later Bishop of Bristol, was Rector in 1725.
Stanhope Castle may be on the site of a motte and bailey castle according to some evidence from the 1790s. Furthermore, Bishop Anthony Bek granted land "to the west side of Stanhope castle". The present castle was built for Cuthbert Rippon (1744-1801) in 1798 with additions in 1823 by his son, also Cuthbert (1797–1867) and Member of Parliament for Gateshead. Ignatius Bonomi (1787–1870) was the architect. In 1941 the castle was adapted by the Home Office as a school for boys and remained so until 1980, when it was converted into apartments. Part of the gardens lie to the north of the castle across the main road, including the park wall and gazebo.
Stanhope Agricultural Show is held on the second weekend of September each year. It has been held annually since 1834, except in world-war years, the 2001 United Kingdom foot-and-mouth outbreak and times of bad weather.
Stanhope is the current terminus of the Weardale Railway, a heritage line operating mainly at weekends from Bishop Auckland, with stations at Frosterley, Wolsingham and Witton-le-Wear. Stanhope Station stood in for the fictional Partlington Station in an episode of the criminal drama series Vera.
Notable residents
Joseph Butler (1692–1752), theologian and cleric
William Greenwell (1820–1918), archaeologist and Anglican cleric, catalogued Late Bronze Age finds at Heathery Burn Cave near Stanhope in 1859–1872.
William Percival Crozier (1879–1944), scholar and journalist, edited the Manchester Guardian in 1932–1944.
Muriel Young (1923–2001), television continuity announcer, presenter and producer, died in Stanhope.
County Durham, officially simply Durham is a ceremonial county in North East England. The county borders Northumberland and Tyne and Wear to the north, the North Sea to the east, North Yorkshire to the south, and Cumbria to the west. The largest settlement is Darlington, and the county town is the city of Durham.
The county has an area of 2,721 km2 (1,051 sq mi) and a population of 866,846. The latter is concentrated in the east; the south-east is part of the Teesside built-up area, which extends into North Yorkshire. After Darlington (92,363), the largest settlements are Hartlepool (88,855), Stockton-on-Tees (82,729), and Durham (48,069). For local government purposes the county comprises three unitary authority areas—County Durham, Darlington, and Hartlepool—and part of a fourth, Stockton-on-Tees. The county historically included the part of Tyne and Wear south of the River Tyne, and excluded the part of County Durham south of the River Tees.
The west of the county contains part of the North Pennines uplands, a national landscape. The hills are the source of the rivers Tees and Wear, which flow east and form the valleys of Teesdale and Weardale respectively. The east of the county is flatter, and contains by rolling hills through which the two rivers meander; the Tees forms the boundary with North Yorkshire in its lower reaches, and the Wear exits the county near Chester-le-Street in the north-east. The county's coast is a site of special scientific interest characterised by tall limestone and dolomite cliffs.
What is now County Durham was on the border of Roman Britain, and contains survivals of this era at sites such as Binchester Roman Fort. In the Anglo-Saxon period the region was part of the Kingdom of Northumbria. In 995 the city of Durham was founded by monks seeking a place safe from Viking raids to house the relics of St Cuthbert. Durham Cathedral was rebuilt after the Norman Conquest, and together with Durham Castle is now a World Heritage Site. By the late Middle Ages the county was governed semi-independently by the bishops of Durham and was also a buffer zone between England and Scotland. County Durham became heavily industrialised in the nineteenth century, when many collieries opened on the Durham coalfield. The Stockton and Darlington Railway, the world's first public railway to use steam locomotives, opened in 1825. Most collieries closed during the last quarter of the twentieth century, but the county's coal mining heritage is remembered in the annual Durham Miners' Gala.
Remains of Prehistoric Durham include a number of Neolithic earthworks.
The Crawley Edge Cairns and Heathery Burn Cave are Bronze Age sites. Maiden Castle, Durham is an Iron Age site.
Brigantia, the land of the Brigantes, is said to have included what is now County Durham.
There are archaeological remains of Roman Durham. Dere Street and Cade's Road run through what is now County Durham. There were Roman forts at Concangis (Chester-le-Street), Lavatrae (Bowes), Longovicium (Lanchester), Piercebridge (Morbium), Vindomora (Ebchester) and Vinovium (Binchester). (The Roman fort at Arbeia (South Shields) is within the former boundaries of County Durham.) A Romanised farmstead has been excavated at Old Durham.
Remains of the Anglo-Saxon period include a number of sculpted stones and sundials, the Legs Cross, the Rey Cross and St Cuthbert's coffin.
Around AD 547, an Angle named Ida founded the kingdom of Bernicia after spotting the defensive potential of a large rock at Bamburgh, upon which many a fortification was thenceforth built. Ida was able to forge, hold and consolidate the kingdom; although the native British tried to take back their land, the Angles triumphed and the kingdom endured.
In AD 604, Ida's grandson Æthelfrith forcibly merged Bernicia (ruled from Bamburgh) and Deira (ruled from York, which was known as Eforwic at the time) to create the Kingdom of Northumbria. In time, the realm was expanded, primarily through warfare and conquest; at its height, the kingdom stretched from the River Humber (from which the kingdom drew its name) to the Forth. Eventually, factional fighting and the rejuvenated strength of neighbouring kingdoms, most notably Mercia, led to Northumbria's decline. The arrival of the Vikings hastened this decline, and the Scandinavian raiders eventually claimed the Deiran part of the kingdom in AD 867 (which became JórvÃk). The land that would become County Durham now sat on the border with the Great Heathen Army, a border which today still (albeit with some adjustments over the years) forms the boundaries between Yorkshire and County Durham.
Despite their success south of the river Tees, the Vikings never fully conquered the Bernician part of Northumbria, despite the many raids they had carried out on the kingdom. However, Viking control over the Danelaw, the central belt of Anglo-Saxon territory, resulted in Northumbria becoming isolated from the rest of Anglo-Saxon Britain. Scots invasions in the north pushed the kingdom's northern boundary back to the River Tweed, and the kingdom found itself reduced to a dependent earldom, its boundaries very close to those of modern-day Northumberland and County Durham. The kingdom was annexed into England in AD 954.
In AD 995, St Cuthbert's community, who had been transporting Cuthbert's remains around, partly in an attempt to avoid them falling into the hands of Viking raiders, settled at Dunholm (Durham) on a site that was defensively favourable due to the horseshoe-like path of the River Wear. St Cuthbert's remains were placed in a shrine in the White Church, which was originally a wooden structure but was eventually fortified into a stone building.
Once the City of Durham had been founded, the Bishops of Durham gradually acquired the lands that would become County Durham. Bishop Aldhun began this process by procuring land in the Tees and Wear valleys, including Norton, Stockton, Escomb and Aucklandshire in 1018. In 1031, King Canute gave Staindrop to the Bishops. This territory continued to expand, and was eventually given the status of a liberty. Under the control of the Bishops of Durham, the land had various names: the "Liberty of Durham", "Liberty of St Cuthbert's Land" "the lands of St Cuthbert between Tyne and Tees" or "the Liberty of Haliwerfolc" (holy Wear folk).
The bishops' special jurisdiction rested on claims that King Ecgfrith of Northumbria had granted a substantial territory to St Cuthbert on his election to the see of Lindisfarne in 684. In about 883 a cathedral housing the saint's remains was established at Chester-le-Street and Guthfrith, King of York granted the community of St Cuthbert the area between the Tyne and the Wear, before the community reached its final destination in 995, in Durham.
Following the Norman invasion, the administrative machinery of government extended only slowly into northern England. Northumberland's first recorded Sheriff was Gilebert from 1076 until 1080 and a 12th-century record records Durham regarded as within the shire. However the bishops disputed the authority of the sheriff of Northumberland and his officials, despite the second sheriff for example being the reputed slayer of Malcolm Canmore, King of Scots. The crown regarded Durham as falling within Northumberland until the late thirteenth century.
Following the Battle of Hastings, William the Conqueror appointed Copsig as Earl of Northumbria, thereby bringing what would become County Durham under Copsig's control. Copsig was, just a few weeks later, killed in Newburn. Having already being previously offended by the appointment of a non-Northumbrian as Bishop of Durham in 1042, the people of the region became increasingly rebellious. In response, in January 1069, William despatched a large Norman army, under the command of Robert de Comines, to Durham City. The army, believed to consist of 700 cavalry (about one-third of the number of Norman knights who had participated in the Battle of Hastings), entered the city, whereupon they were attacked, and defeated, by a Northumbrian assault force. The Northumbrians wiped out the entire Norman army, including Comines, all except for one survivor, who was allowed to take the news of this defeat back.
Following the Norman slaughter at the hands of the Northumbrians, resistance to Norman rule spread throughout Northern England, including a similar uprising in York. William The Conqueror subsequently (and successfully) attempted to halt the northern rebellions by unleashing the notorious Harrying of the North (1069–1070). Because William's main focus during the harrying was on Yorkshire, County Durham was largely spared the Harrying.
Anglo-Norman Durham refers to the Anglo-Norman period, during which Durham Cathedral was built.
Matters regarding the bishopric of Durham came to a head in 1293 when the bishop and his steward failed to attend proceedings of quo warranto held by the justices of Northumberland. The bishop's case went before parliament, where he stated that Durham lay outside the bounds of any English shire and that "from time immemorial it had been widely known that the sheriff of Northumberland was not sheriff of Durham nor entered within that liberty as sheriff. . . nor made there proclamations or attachments". The arguments appear to have prevailed, as by the fourteenth century Durham was accepted as a liberty which received royal mandates direct. In effect it was a private shire, with the bishop appointing his own sheriff. The area eventually became known as the "County Palatine of Durham".
Sadberge was a liberty, sometimes referred to as a county, within Northumberland. In 1189 it was purchased for the see but continued with a separate sheriff, coroner and court of pleas. In the 14th century Sadberge was included in Stockton ward and was itself divided into two wards. The division into the four wards of Chester-le-Street, Darlington, Easington and Stockton existed in the 13th century, each ward having its own coroner and a three-weekly court corresponding to the hundred court. The diocese was divided into the archdeaconries of Durham and Northumberland. The former is mentioned in 1072, and in 1291 included the deaneries of Chester-le-Street, Auckland, Lanchester and Darlington.
The term palatinus is applied to the bishop in 1293, and from the 13th century onwards the bishops frequently claimed the same rights in their lands as the king enjoyed in his kingdom.
The historic boundaries of County Durham included a main body covering the catchment of the Pennines in the west, the River Tees in the south, the North Sea in the east and the Rivers Tyne and Derwent in the north. The county palatinate also had a number of liberties: the Bedlingtonshire, Islandshire and Norhamshire exclaves within Northumberland, and the Craikshire exclave within the North Riding of Yorkshire. In 1831 the county covered an area of 679,530 acres (2,750.0 km2) and had a population of 253,910. These exclaves were included as part of the county for parliamentary electoral purposes until 1832, and for judicial and local-government purposes until the coming into force of the Counties (Detached Parts) Act 1844, which merged most remaining exclaves with their surrounding county. The boundaries of the county proper remained in use for administrative and ceremonial purposes until the Local Government Act 1972.
Boldon Book (1183 or 1184) is a polyptichum for the Bishopric of Durham.
Until the 15th century, the most important administrative officer in the Palatinate was the steward. Other officers included the sheriff, the coroners, the Chamberlain and the chancellor. The palatine exchequer originated in the 12th century. The palatine assembly represented the whole county, and dealt chiefly with fiscal questions. The bishop's council, consisting of the clergy, the sheriff and the barons, regulated judicial affairs, and later produced the Chancery and the courts of Admiralty and Marshalsea.
The prior of Durham ranked first among the bishop's barons. He had his own court, and almost exclusive jurisdiction over his men. A UNESCO site describes the role of the Prince-Bishops in Durham, the "buffer state between England and Scotland":
From 1075, the Bishop of Durham became a Prince-Bishop, with the right to raise an army, mint his own coins, and levy taxes. As long as he remained loyal to the king of England, he could govern as a virtually autonomous ruler, reaping the revenue from his territory, but also remaining mindful of his role of protecting England’s northern frontier.
A report states that the Bishops also had the authority to appoint judges and barons and to offer pardons.
There were ten palatinate barons in the 12th century, most importantly the Hyltons of Hylton Castle, the Bulmers of Brancepeth, the Conyers of Sockburne, the Hansards of Evenwood, and the Lumleys of Lumley Castle. The Nevilles owned large estates in the county. John Neville, 3rd Baron Neville de Raby rebuilt Raby Castle, their principal seat, in 1377.
Edward I's quo warranto proceedings of 1293 showed twelve lords enjoying more or less extensive franchises under the bishop. The repeated efforts of the Crown to check the powers of the palatinate bishops culminated in 1536 in the Act of Resumption, which deprived the bishop of the power to pardon offences against the law or to appoint judicial officers. Moreover, indictments and legal processes were in future to run in the name of the king, and offences to be described as against the peace of the king, rather than that of the bishop. In 1596 restrictions were imposed on the powers of the chancery, and in 1646 the palatinate was formally abolished. It was revived, however, after the Restoration, and continued with much the same power until 5 July 1836, when the Durham (County Palatine) Act 1836 provided that the palatine jurisdiction should in future be vested in the Crown.
During the 15th-century Wars of the Roses, Henry VI passed through Durham. On the outbreak of the Great Rebellion in 1642 Durham inclined to support the cause of Parliament, and in 1640 the high sheriff of the palatinate guaranteed to supply the Scottish army with provisions during their stay in the county. In 1642 the Earl of Newcastle formed the western counties into an association for the King's service, but in 1644 the palatinate was again overrun by a Scottish army, and after the Battle of Marston Moor (2 July 1644) fell entirely into the hands of Parliament.
In 1614, a Bill was introduced in Parliament for securing representation to the county and city of Durham and the borough of Barnard Castle. The bishop strongly opposed the proposal as an infringement of his palatinate rights, and the county was first summoned to return members to Parliament in 1654. After the Restoration of 1660 the county and city returned two members each. In the wake of the Reform Act of 1832 the county returned two members for two divisions, and the boroughs of Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland acquired representation. The bishops lost their secular powers in 1836. The boroughs of Darlington, Stockton and Hartlepool returned one member each from 1868 until the Redistribution of Seats Act 1885.
The Municipal Corporations Act 1835 reformed the municipal boroughs of Durham, Stockton on Tees and Sunderland. In 1875, Jarrow was incorporated as a municipal borough, as was West Hartlepool in 1887. At a county level, the Local Government Act 1888 reorganised local government throughout England and Wales. Most of the county came under control of the newly formed Durham County Council in an area known as an administrative county. Not included were the county boroughs of Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland. However, for purposes other than local government, the administrative county of Durham and the county boroughs continued to form a single county to which the Crown appointed a Lord Lieutenant of Durham.
Over its existence, the administrative county lost territory, both to the existing county boroughs, and because two municipal boroughs became county boroughs: West Hartlepool in 1902 and Darlington in 1915. The county boundary with the North Riding of Yorkshire was adjusted in 1967: that part of the town of Barnard Castle historically in Yorkshire was added to County Durham, while the administrative county ceded the portion of the Borough of Stockton-on-Tees in Durham to the North Riding. In 1968, following the recommendation of the Local Government Commission, Billingham was transferred to the County Borough of Teesside, in the North Riding. In 1971, the population of the county—including all associated county boroughs (an area of 2,570 km2 (990 sq mi))—was 1,409,633, with a population outside the county boroughs of 814,396.
In 1974, the Local Government Act 1972 abolished the administrative county and the county boroughs, reconstituting County Durham as a non-metropolitan county. The reconstituted County Durham lost territory to the north-east (around Gateshead, South Shields and Sunderland) to Tyne and Wear and to the south-east (around Hartlepool) to Cleveland. At the same time it gained the former area of Startforth Rural District from the North Riding of Yorkshire. The area of the Lord Lieutenancy of Durham was also adjusted by the Act to coincide with the non-metropolitan county (which occupied 3,019 km2 (1,166 sq mi) in 1981).
In 1996, as part of 1990s UK local government reform by Lieutenancies Act 1997, Cleveland was abolished. Its districts were reconstituted as unitary authorities. Hartlepool and Stockton-on-Tees (north Tees) were returned to the county for the purposes of Lord Lieutenancy. Darlington also became a third unitary authority of the county. The Royal Mail abandoned the use of postal counties altogether, permitted but not mandatory being at a writer wishes.
As part of the 2009 structural changes to local government in England initiated by the Department for Communities and Local Government, the seven district councils within the County Council area were abolished. The County Council assumed their functions and became the fourth unitary authority. Changes came into effect on 1 April 2009.
On 15 April 2014, North East Combined Authority was established under the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 with powers over economic development and regeneration. In November 2018, Newcastle City Council, North Tyneside Borough Council, and Northumberland County Council left the authority. These later formed the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
In May 2021, four parish councils of the villages of Elwick, Hart, Dalton Piercy and Greatham all issued individual votes of no confidence in Hartlepool Borough Council, and expressed their desire to join the County Durham district.
In October 2021, County Durham was shortlisted for the UK City of Culture 2025. In May 2022, it lost to Bradford.
Eighteenth century Durham saw the appearance of dissent in the county and the Durham Ox. The county did not assist the Jacobite Rebellion of 1715. The Statue of Neptune in the City of Durham was erected in 1729.
A number of disasters happened in Nineteenth century Durham. The Felling mine disasters happened in 1812, 1813, 1821 and 1847. The Philadelphia train accident happened in 1815. In 1854, there was a great fire in Gateshead. One of the West Stanley Pit disasters happened in 1882. The Victoria Hall disaster happened in 1883.
One of the West Stanley Pit disasters happened in 1909. The Darlington rail crash happened in 1928. The Battle of Stockton happened in 1933. The Browney rail crash happened in 1946.
The First Treaty of Durham was made at Durham in 1136. The Second Treaty of Durham was made at Durham in 1139.
The county regiment was the Durham Light Infantry, which replaced, in particular, the 68th (Durham) Regiment of Foot (Light Infantry) and the Militia and Volunteers of County Durham.
RAF Greatham, RAF Middleton St George and RAF Usworth were located in County Durham.
David I, the King of Scotland, invaded the county in 1136, and ravaged much of the county 1138. In 17 October 1346, the Battle of Neville's Cross was fought at Neville's Cross, near the city of Durham. On 16 December 1914, during the First World War, there was a raid on Hartlepool by the Imperial German Navy.
Chroniclers connected with Durham include the Bede, Symeon of Durham, Geoffrey of Coldingham and Robert de Graystanes.
County Durham has long been associated with coal mining, from medieval times up to the late 20th century. The Durham Coalfield covered a large area of the county, from Bishop Auckland, to Consett, to the River Tyne and below the North Sea, thereby providing a significant expanse of territory from which this rich mineral resource could be extracted.
King Stephen possessed a mine in Durham, which he granted to Bishop Pudsey, and in the same century colliers are mentioned at Coundon, Bishopwearmouth and Sedgefield. Cockfield Fell was one of the earliest Landsale collieries in Durham. Edward III issued an order allowing coal dug at Newcastle to be taken across the Tyne, and Richard II granted to the inhabitants of Durham licence to export the produce of the mines, without paying dues to the corporation of Newcastle. The majority was transported from the Port of Sunderland complex, which was constructed in the 1850s.
Among other early industries, lead-mining was carried on in the western part of the county, and mustard was extensively cultivated. Gateshead had a considerable tanning trade and shipbuilding was undertaken at Jarrow, and at Sunderland, which became the largest shipbuilding town in the world – constructing a third of Britain's tonnage.[citation needed]
The county's modern-era economic history was facilitated significantly by the growth of the mining industry during the nineteenth century. At the industry's height, in the early 20th century, over 170,000 coal miners were employed, and they mined 58,700,000 tons of coal in 1913 alone. As a result, a large number of colliery villages were built throughout the county as the industrial revolution gathered pace.
The railway industry was also a major employer during the industrial revolution, with railways being built throughout the county, such as The Tanfield Railway, The Clarence Railway and The Stockton and Darlington Railway. The growth of this industry occurred alongside the coal industry, as the railways provided a fast, efficient means to move coal from the mines to the ports and provided the fuel for the locomotives. The great railway pioneers Timothy Hackworth, Edward Pease, George Stephenson and Robert Stephenson were all actively involved with developing the railways in tandem with County Durham's coal mining industry. Shildon and Darlington became thriving 'railway towns' and experienced significant growths in population and prosperity; before the railways, just over 100 people lived in Shildon but, by the 1890s, the town was home to around 8,000 people, with Shildon Shops employing almost 3000 people at its height.
However, by the 1930s, the coal mining industry began to diminish and, by the mid-twentieth century, the pits were closing at an increasing rate. In 1951, the Durham County Development Plan highlighted a number of colliery villages, such as Blackhouse, as 'Category D' settlements, in which future development would be prohibited, property would be acquired and demolished, and the population moved to new housing, such as that being built in Newton Aycliffe. Likewise, the railway industry also began to decline, and was significantly brought to a fraction of its former self by the Beeching cuts in the 1960s. Darlington Works closed in 1966 and Shildon Shops followed suit in 1984. The county's last deep mines, at Easington, Vane Tempest, Wearmouth and Westoe, closed in 1993.
Postal Rates from 1801 were charged depending on the distance from London. Durham was allocated the code 263 the approximate mileage from London. From about 1811, a datestamp appeared on letters showing the date the letter was posted. In 1844 a new system was introduced and Durham was allocated the code 267. This system was replaced in 1840 when the first postage stamps were introduced.
According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1911): "To the Anglo-Saxon period are to be referred portions of the churches of Monk Wearmouth (Sunderland), Jarrow, Escomb near Bishop Auckland, and numerous sculptured crosses, two of which are in situ at Aycliffe. . . . The Decorated and Perpendicular periods are very scantily represented, on account, as is supposed, of the incessant wars between England and Scotland in the 14th and 15th centuries. The principal monastic remains, besides those surrounding Durham cathedral, are those of its subordinate house or "cell," Finchale Priory, beautifully situated by the Wear. The most interesting castles are those of Durham, Raby, Brancepeth and Barnard. There are ruins of castelets or peel-towers at Dalden, Ludworth and Langley Dale. The hospitals of Sherburn, Greatham and Kepyer, founded by early bishops of Durham, retain but few ancient features."
The best remains of the Norman period include Durham Cathedral and Durham Castle, and several parish churches, such as St Laurence Church in Pittington. The Early English period has left the eastern portion of the cathedral, the churches of Darlington, Hartlepool, and St Andrew, Auckland, Sedgefield, and portions of a few other churches.
'Durham Castle and Cathedral' is a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site. Elsewhere in the County there is Auckland Castle.
Photographs in this collection have been produced by Heather Do and Kathleen Markham at the request of UC Berkeley Anthropology 136k class, for the purposes of exploring the cultural heritage sites of surrounding Cafe Vesuvio and City Lights Bookstore to embed the rich cultural heritage in the region. This collection documents the walking path from Vesuvio Cafe in the North Beach area, with the intent to gain more of a spacial understanding of different heritage sites located in San Francisco. This collection contains photos taken of the Bay Bridge in San Francisco from the corner of Taylor St and Vallejo St (37.79822°N 122.41334°W),and of Alcatraz Island from the corner of Green St and Jones St in North Beach (37.79870°N 122.41558°W),
Photographs in this
collection were captured on Monday April 11, 2011,
between 7:00 AM and 11:00 AM
Pacific Time, under cloudy and overcast
conditions. Photos were
captured with a Canon XSI (CAM23). Lenses used were a 18-55mm and a 70-200mm telephoto A tripod was used for pictures from Alcatraz and Bay Bridge; Otherwise the stabilizer was off and auto focus was left on. The photos were developed in Adobe
Photoshop Lightroom 3.
Description written by Kenneth
Chiu and Kathleen Salmond, follows Alonso C. Addison’s
proposed virtual heritage
metadata format in his chapter "The Vanishing
Virtual" in New
Heritage: New Media and Cultural Heritage, edited by
Kalay, et al., and
published by Routledge in 2007.
The region now modernly
known as North Beach was once infamous as the Barbary Coast District renown for
prominence in prostitution and gambling which emerged from the destitute
society of those bankrupt by the gold rush. Once an actual beach, it was later,
the area developed into a residential and commercial region by the end of the
19th century, but the remnant influence of the aberrant society. During
the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, the region was rebuilt largely through the
use of immigrant labor consisting primarily of Italian and Chinese society; in
fact during the great fires, many Italians were credited for helping to contain
the fire by drenching their houses in red wine[1] . The region was known for the large number of immigrants and became the precursors to the Italian district and Chinatown. Vesuvio and City Lights Bookstore is embedded in this region in a semi liminal region between the two communities which emerged as a consequence of the development of this region; in fact it lies adjacent to Broadway St. infamous for the clubs consisting of nudity and inebriety. Although, our sites of interest came in the mid 1900’s the region largely represented a lack of affluence, prompting the collaboration among many society to be largely accepting of the diversity in which this community is composed. No wonder the Beatnik culture which emerged in the 1950’s in North Beach became largely accepted and although the movement was ephemeral, the society and notions of the past are largely preserved.
All photos Copyright ©2011
Center for Digital Archaeology, Berkeley CA
Creative Commons creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/
For more information contact Center for Digital Archaeology, Berkeley, CA,
94720 or visit www.codifi.info/licensing
For more facts and information about Alcatraz, please visit
For licensing information (commercial, editorial, personal), please message me on Facebook.
You may not embed these photos without prior permission. Please do ask! I won't bite.
En la fotografia: Àngels i la zona cremada del terme de Malet a Simat de la Valldigna on tot és gris i sec.
EMBED. El moment final del foc, quan sols queda el carbó.
.....
Àngels y la zona quemada de Simat de la Valldigna donde todo es gris y seco.
EMBED. El momento final del fuego, cuando solo queda el carbón.
[Alby]
Coventry city centre 2021.
Newly planted areas have strange WW2 bomb looking objects in them (I think they might be lighting). I find the shape at odds with the modern history of Coventry.
On the night of 14 November 1940, 515 German planes set out to destroy the major manufacturing city of Coventry, and the results were devastating.
Four thousand homes, three quarters of city-centre buildings and two-thirds of industrial buildings were destroyed; 568 civilians were killed. The psychological reaction was just as stark: hysteria, panicking, acute aphasia, looting. ‘The city [was] suffering from a collective nervous breakdown’.
The Germans had not only intended the raid as a strategic one but as a deliberately psychological one, too, designed to break the will of the British people. The bombing was considered such a triumph that the Germans coined the word koventrieren – ‘to coventrate’, to devastate by aerial force.
An estimated 568 people were killed in the raid (the exact figure was never precisely confirmed), with another 863 badly injured and 393 sustaining lesser injuries.
Today the City of Coventry is twinned with the German City of Dresden.
Security Contributor William Parker and Correspondent Alfred Lennard were granted access to embed with Unit 302 of the Coalition's Counter-Terrorism Division, which is engaged in operations against the terror group Al-Asad in the region.
Following the night raid, the VBC crew traveled to the Orgal Region, just north of Awdak. These vast, lawless plains are home to some of the most dangerous militants still loyal to Al-Asad. In this environment, the only viable tactic is to track and eliminate targets. In recent months, six soldiers from Unit 302 alone have been killed in action.
The territory is expansive, sparsely populated, and serves as a corridor connecting several areas still plagued by extremism. Fighters here rarely stay in one place for long, constantly moving to avoid detection. As a result, the unit must conduct multiple raids across villages in search of these elusive militants.
To be continued…
Note: This story, including all names, characters, and incidents, is entirely fictitious
Copyright © John G. Lidstone, all rights reserved.
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Security Contributor William Parker and Correspondent Alfred Lennard were embedded with Unit 302 of the Coalition's Counter-Terrorism Division. They joined the unit on a night raid — one of many taking place across the region on an almost nightly basis.
The unit deployed in a ground convoy using Ground Mobility Vehicles donated by Victoria. To avoid detection, they drove under the cover of darkness, maintaining strict radio and light discipline.
Upon arrival, the soldiers quickly dismounted and advanced toward their objective: the capture of an Al-Asad commander believed to be orchestrating attacks in the region — a high-value target whose removal could disrupt insurgent operations.
To be continued…
Note: This story, including all names, characters, and incidents, is entirely fictitious
En la fotografia: Àngels i la zona cremada del terme de Malet a Simat de la Valldigna on tot és gris i sec.
EMBED. El moment final del foc, quan sols queda el carbó.
.....
Àngels y la zona quemada de Simat de la Valldigna donde todo es gris y seco.
EMBED. El momento final del fuego, cuando solo queda el carbón.
[Alby]
VIA VIPRO VP7710 is a Fan-less, slim, embedded panel PC system that is ideal for a range of applications, from state-of-the-art information terminals, to computing platform for POI, multimedia and medical applications. The VIA VIPRO VP7710 is an revolutionary touch panel LCD with industry leading passive thermal cooling in a single, streamlined chassis that is mountable in a wide variety of places, including on a wall, a panel, within a kiosk stand or on the back of a vehicle seat.
PT&P designed and manufactured two 240" x 12" x 1/2" Embed Plates with 3/4" diameter weld-stud projections to be used in a concrete reinforcement application. All components are fabricated out of carbon steel with a hot-dipped galvanized finish. The plates were shaped to form a 45" x 90" frame prior to shipment. The frames were braced with 2" x 2" x 1/4" angles to ensure the frame maintained its structural shape prior to installation.
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Athena is a unique head embedding all the latest technologies helping photographers to surpass themself and guiding their creativity towards another dimension of freedom.
Designed for the new generation of remote- controlled digital SLR professional cameras, Athena is the ideal support for nature and sports shots where variability and unpredictability are ever present aspects that can affect the outcome. It is, however, also great for art photographs taken in architectural or scientific settings when the need to isolate details requires particular placing of the camera.
qwikLoadrâ„¢ Videos...
F-104 | StarFighter Whistler Xrm150! • YouTube™
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reflectionJaberwocky | combFlower [5.26.17] gwennie2006! • YouTube™
NOTE: you can hear the trainer's whistle first Jaberwocky video, and what he says. Never a cGull there, and it never flew away
Blogger HiltonFan | Fluff Revisited 4Keri [Thanks Molly!]...
HiltonFan-GrfxDziner.blogspot.com/2018/03/fluff-revisited...
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gwennie2006.blogspot.com/2017/06/sumerville-solstice-eclipse...
NOTE: paper on windows is for the Cgull [actor] Jaberwocky