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Ulmer history(ies): The Ulmer and their Münster
New window with an enlarged view: Ulmer stories
© City of Ulm (further pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
Whether of obsession or out of aesthetic sensitivity: the cathedral tower was 161.53 meters high, as Ulm on 31 March 1890 celebrated its completion. Half a century later, on 17 December 1944, laid Allied bombers waste to the city of Ulm. But the Minster withstood the firestorm almost undamaged. The city was allowed to keep its most important identity marker. And what does the cathedral mean to the people of Ulm today? Of course, it forms an essential basis of their self- consciousness. Their primordial fear, the Minster may fall over once, even going so far as to occasionally donate something for the preservation of this building.
New window with an enlarged view: Münster 1
As is known, the Gothic cathedral has the highest spire in Christendom. This applies, however, only since it was brought to its present height in 1890.
Even before that this church had been a Rekordbau (record structure) . In 1488, exactly 111 years after the foundation stone was laid, noted the well-traveled Ulmer Dominican friar Felix Fabri the special advantages which the Ulmer Münster "ahead of all parish churches throughout Christendom" has.
First, it is the largest parish church in general, and larger than many episcopal Dome. Then it was the most beautiful of all the churches, because of the light, which can penetrate into every corner thanks to the architecture. Third, the cathedral has more altars than any other parish churches, namely 51. And they would, along with the concomitant clergy - sometimes up to five per altar -, exclusively funded by Ulmer citizens. So many clergymen do not exist it in any analogous parish church. Anyhow, the joy to donate of the citizens in Ulm was greater than anywhere else, and this permits, that the position of the pastor of Ulm was comparable with that of a bishop.
The 30th June 1377
New window with an enlarged view: Foundation stone laid Münster
© City of Ulm
Relief of the foundation stone
The Ulmer Münster, as claimed Fabri 1488 was better attended than all the other churches in the whole of Christendom: Despite its size prevails in it on feast days "a dense crowd to the corner of the altar", and usually would take there at Easter time more than 15 000 people the sacrament. There would be no such parish in which every day so many children are baptized - an average of five. Accordingly it was with confession and communion, and with the burials on the two cemeteries. In his list of superlatives Fabri has informed us about the real meaning of the Ulm Minster: It was and is the largest citizens church. Its construction was not financed by any ecclesiastical or secular princes, but by the citizens.
100 gold pieces
The initial relief that contains this text and is embedded in one of the south-eastern nave pillars and outside at the Bride portal into the church wall, and shows those former Mayor (Altbürgermeister) Lutz Krafft. Together with his wife, he literally saddled the first cathedral-builder, Heinrich II Parler, the construction project on his shoulders. The relief also shows how according to the then planning status the cathedral should look like: A hall church with three equal towers.
To these arid data Fabri provides the story: After an immense pit was dug, gathered on 30 June 1377 all of Ulm on the site. Former Mayor Lutz Krafft and some of the chief men of the city went down into the pit. With a crane the great foundation stone was lowered. This one Krafft covered with 100 gold pieces. His example was followed by the patricians and the people.
What had the Ulmer moved to this mammoth project? On the one hand, Fabri points to a safety aspects: the former parish church was located outside the city walls, in what is now Old Cemetery. To visit , meant an increased risk for city dwellers during the frequent military events.
Gates older than the cathedral
New window with an enlarged view: Bride portal Münster
© City of Ulm
The bride portal of the cathedral to the north
But money did not matter, too, because the donations of Ulm flowed to the within the city situated monasteries, their service for salvation literally was closer. Moreover, a role will have played that the old parish church was on Reichenauer terrain and thus the Reichenau monks had the right to the parish tithes.
After the construction decision for the new parish church was taken, the old - although only shortly before modified - or rebuilt - was removed. "On the shoulders", should have tranported the Ulmer the stones in the city. In fact, all the components of the old church have been incorporated into the cathedral, for example, the around 1360 created bride portal as well as the northern side portals, one of which bears the date 1356. And quite normal stone blocks of the old church can be found in the brick masonry of the choir.
Today, one can hardly imagine that the Ulmer of the late 14th Century began a construction project of which they knew they would not live long enough to see its completion. Could they have imagined that this work would develop a momentum of its own, the result should differ thoroughly from the original plans? Finally, the relatively simple hall church on the above-mentioned establishment relief no longer has much to do with the imposing building that is pictured in the 1493 published Schedel's World Chronicle and practically nothing at all with the "mountain city ", which today rises from the old town.
The European dimension
New window with an enlarged view: steeples of Europe
© City of Ulm
From left: Vienna, 136.70 m , Cologne, 157 meters , Ulm 161.53 m, 142 m Strasbourg, Freiburg 116 m
The construction of the cathedral was thus a process with an uncertain outcome. Architects of international renown, who worked in several European cultural centers have contributed to it: Michael and Heinrich III. Parler had already helped build in Prague on Karlsdom, and Heinrich III. later went to the Opera del Duomo in Milan. Members of the Parler family initiated the Dombauhütten (cathedral masonry works) in Prague, Strasbourg, Vienna and Ulm. Ulrich von Ensingen that followed the Parlern in Ulm and here planned the colossal main tower, was also found in Strasbourg and in Esslingen, his son Matthäus Ensinger learned in Strasbourg. Before he came to Ulm, he directed the construction of the Bern Cathedral and the Esslinger Frauenkirche.
Matthew Böblinger also worked in Esslingen, before he presented a new plan for the main tower in Ulm. This should be a model for the completion of the tower four centuries later. Böblinger but had the misfortune that during his time as a cathedral builder the insufficient foundation of the main tower gave way.
Panic among the sermon
New window with an enlarged view: Lobby Main Tower
© City of Ulm
Looking through the lobby of the main tower
The misfortune that Sunday of the year 1492, when two stones fell from the vault in the church, described the shoemaker and chronicler Sebastian Fischer, who incidentally made by hand and some awkward the most original drawings of the Cathedral.
Fischer's mother had then attented the midday sermon. "Since the Leut fled blocking system of the churches (people fled out of church), because they thought that the Münster wanted to fall over"; he says. "But the stones Hetten niemants affected (nobody was affected). "Whether the builder actually had to flee as Fischer adds, is controversial because Böblinger is still three years later on record in the hut books of the Cathedral.
This lowering of the tower was always stated as the reason why the building was not brought out much more over the 1494 completed square wreath. Although Böblinger had already begun with the next section, which has an octagonal floor plan. But was stopped after five meters, and then protected with a pyramidal temporary roof.
Böblinger's successor Burkhard Engelberg is considered as the savior of the Cathedral. By dividing the still relatively new side aisles, he prevented that the tensions tore the church apart.
Iconoclasm
New window with an enlarged view: the choir stalls
© City of Ulm
Men's side of the choir stalls by Jörg Syrlin the Elder, 1468-1474
Good two decades later, in November 1530, the Ulmer avowed in a referendum to Protestantism. The equipment of the church with its over 50 altars stood in stark contrast to the new doctrine. The result was the "Iconoclasm" of the year 1531, which is not to be misunderstood as a wild orgy of destruction. Rather, the Council urged the owners of the altars, to remove them from the cathedral. Some might not have been interested in the then unfashionable Gothic art works anymore and they burned as "old G'lomp" (old junk).
The choir stalls the Council put under his protection. This unique work of art, with its depictions of Greek and Roman artists, scholars and Sibyls breathing the spirit of humanism, emerged from 1468 to 1474 in the workshop of the Ulmer master carpenter Syrlin Jörg the Elder. What for needs a citizens church choir stalls? There probably the many priests of the private altars will have taken place. Maybe Ulm wanted but also compete with the cathedral chapter in Constance, which had just accorded itself such a choir.
Huge Torso
New window with an enlarged view: South Munster
© City of Ulm
South of Münster Jacob Geiger, 2 Half of the 17th century
In 1543, ie 166 years after construction began, the Council had suspended the work on the cathedral, "to prevent the costs". But even as a torso, it was considered the most powerful church in Germany - even if the Strasbourg Cathedral was higher.
The fate not to have been completed, the Ulmer Münster shared with a number of other medieval cathedrals, such as those of Cologne, Regensburg, Bremen and Meißen. This fact allows the construction to appear in a different light: It was probably not only static and financial reasons, but rather the changed Zeitgeist (spirit of the times): One wanted on the threshold of the Renaissance no more money invest in the completion of a building in the style of the now outdated Gothic.
Only the nationalism of the 19th Century and the awakening enthusiasm for the Middle Ages raised the completion of these buildings - especially the Cologne Cathedral - to a national matter. In Ulm, however, it was first of all a question to preserve the cathedral, in the meantime become dilapidated, before the collapse. It was also reflected about the expansion of the main tower.
The ship wobbles
New window with an enlarged view: View of the Ulmer Münster
© City of Ulm
The Minster 2007 - in full size with the town as a partner
1844, the builder's hut was reopened . The nave, which fluctuated with every storm had to be stabilized. To these purpose, minster builder Ferdinand Thrän between 1856-1870 stretched the 18-meter-wide, mad of stone, and yet so delicate flying buttresses over the aisles. Then the two choir towers were built, which were completed in 1880.
The expansion of the main tower should be based on the plans of Matthew Böblinger. But Minster architect August von Beyer stretched the tower by ten meters compared with the original plan, which had 151 meters provided. Why? Wanted the Ulmer the Cologne Cathedral with its 157 meters put in the shadow of their minster?
This still entertained suspicion was reported already during the extension work of Cologne, but was strongly rejected in Ulm. The Ulmer tower, so the counter-argument, had yet in the Middle Ages been created more powerful as the towers of Cologne. As another reason for the heightening the perspective is invoked: To make the proportions of the tower for the observer on the cathedral square appear more harmonious, Beyer had not only the height corrected to the top but also the relationship between the two sections of the new part for the benefit of the upper one changed.
www.ulm.de/ulmer_geschichte_die_ulmer_und_ihr_muenster.42...
Andrew Thompson, Co-Founder and Chief Executive Officer, Proteus Digital Health, USA speaking during the Session " Ethical by Design: Embedding Values in Technology " at the Annual Meeting 2018 of the World Economic Forum in Davos, January 24, 2018. Copyright by World Economic Forum / Christian Clavadetscher
Once again, an image that I had in my head turned out completely different after several different variations. Good old Structure Synth doing what it does...
3:48 Render time
Structure Synth / Sunflow
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Island Health has partnered with Camosun College to open an outpatient ultrasound clinic embedded within Camosun’s School of Health and Human Services. Campus Ultrasound is the first clinic of its kind in the country to support on-site learning.
Campus Ultrasound clinic has two general ultrasound rooms and two echocardiogram rooms, allowing four students to be trained in-house simultaneously with access to real patients, advanced simulation and experienced Island Health sonographers and radiologists — all in one space.
Students training at the clinic will administer ultrasound scans used to diagnose, treat and monitor a variety of medical conditions within two specialty disciplines: general and cardiac. Approximately 32 Camosun College Diagnostic Medical Sonography students will receive hands-on training at Campus Ultrasound each year.
NGC 1491 also known as the Fossil Footprint Nebula, is an emission type bright nebula located about 9,800 light years away from Earth in the constellation of Perseus.
It is glowing deep red because the hydrogen gas in the nebula is energized by hot, massive stars embedded within. These stars emit copious amounts of ultraviolet (UV) light that causes the gas to glow.
The figures are stark. The WHO estimates some 1.3 million deaths annually worldwide from traffic accidents, a figure that rivals the death toll from major diseases like tuberculosis. This tragic balance is compounded by millions of serious casualties and personal tragedies, not to mention the enormous economic cost to countries around the globe.
In the traditional EBRD region, road safety is a major problem with some 50,000 annual fatalities and 500,000 casualties. The average mortality rate per 100,000 population in this region is about 2.5 times higher than the average in western Europe, also underscoring the significant human cost of this issue. In some countries such as Kazakhstan, Russia and Kyrgyzstan, per capita mortality due to traffic accidents is double that. And then there is the socio-economic cost of road accidents, a very real factor for the victims and their families. According to international studies, seven out of 10 people seriously injured in road accidents fall into long-term poverty due to loss of income and loss of income earning potential.
“Lives saved, injuries prevented”
The EBRD takes this problem seriously and has been tackling road safety through investment in road infrastructure for many years – just one reason it was host for the Annual Meeting of the Commission for Global Road Safety, chaired by Lord Robertson. For a number of years, the Commission has been labouring to drive road safety issues higher up the agenda and to make this vital issue more of a priority for governments and international organisations.
The Commission has had successes. It called for the multi-lateral development banks (MDBs) to act together to improve the safety impacts of road investments, resulting in a joint MDB Road Safety Action Plan and “a shared approach to managing road safety”. And it spearheaded the launch of the UN Decade of Action, signed by the EBRD and the other MDBs in 2009, which sets a 50 per cent reduction in casualties by 2020 as a target. Last but not least, the Commission helped to make road safety a development issue at the UN Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro earlier this year.
Partnering with the private sector to raise public awareness
Safer roads, safer vehicles and enhanced public awareness are at the core of the Commission’s global plan to reduce traffic fatalities. With its significant investments in the road sector, the EBRD is well placed to make a big difference. Since 1991, the Bank has invested some €4.7 billion in 69 road sector projects with a total value of €21 billion. In her remarks to the Commission, Sue Barrett, Director for Transport, underscored the importance of road safety which, she said, “is embedded in all EBRD investments in this sector. The Bank ensures safety and environmental standards through its investments and has undertaken to seek partnerships with the private sector to promote road safety.”
To this end, the Bank signed an MoU with the International Road Assessment Programme (iRAP) at the Annual Meeting, underscoring its commitment to invest in road projects that meet recognised safety standards. Sue Barrett and First Vice President Varel Freeman outlined plans to engage further with private sector clients to develop public awareness and road safety campaigns. As one example, the EBRD Republic of Serbia Rehabilitation and Safety Project (to be signed in 2013) will finance the rehabilitation of 2,500 km of roads, with explicit road safety improvement targets and plans to identify a private sector partner to fund a targeted road safety awareness campaign.
Watch a video on the conference online.
A few of the old crossings on the Northern line were left with the rails still intact prior to the line being converted to a rail trail. While for the most part they are embedded fairly deep into the hard-pack material, they start to poke out as time passes.
The head of a tick embedded in a piece of dog skin. The ticks palps, are easily seen holding the skin . The Scutum and body are just behind the head.
Courtesy of Valerie Lynch-Holm
Image Details
Instrument used: Quanta Family
Magnification: 100x
Horizontal Field Width: 1 mm
Vacuum: 130 Pa
Voltage: 20 kV
Spot: 3
Working Distance: 10.3 mm
Detector: LFD
Copyright © John G. Lidstone, all rights reserved.
You are warned: DO NOT STEAL or RE-POST THIS PHOTO.
It is an offence under law if you remove my copyright marking, or post this image anywhere else without my express written permission.
If you do, and I find out, you WILL be reported for copyright infringement action to the host platform and/or group applicable.
The same applies to all of my images.
My copyright is also embedded in the image metadata.
En la fotografia: Àngels i la zona cremada del terme de Malet a Simat de la Valldigna on tot és gris i sec.
EMBED. El moment final del foc, quan sols queda el carbó.
.....
Àngels y la zona quemada de Simat de la Valldigna donde todo es gris y seco.
EMBED. El momento final del fuego, cuando solo queda el carbón.
[Alby]
PT&P designed and manufactured two 240" x 12" x 1/2" Embed Plates with 3/4" diameter weld-stud projections to be used in a concrete reinforcement application. All components are fabricated out of carbon steel with a hot-dipped galvanized finish. The plates were shaped to form a 45" x 90" frame prior to shipment. The frames were braced with 2" x 2" x 1/4" angles to ensure the frame maintained its structural shape prior to installation.
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