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Dilmun is associated with ancient sites on the islands of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf, the Cradle of Civilization.
Dilmun (sometimes transliterated Telmun) is associated with ancient sites on the islands of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf. Because of its location along the sea trade routes linking Mesopotamia with the Indus Valley Civilization, Dilmun developed in the Bronze Age, from ca. 3000 BC, into one of the greatest entrepots of trade of the ancient world.
There is both literary and archaeological evidence for the trade between Mesopotamia and the Indus Valley (probably correctly identified with the land called Meluhha in Akkadian). Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of Harappa were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify.
A number of these Indus Valley seals have turned up at Ur and other Mesopotamian sites. "Persian Gulf" types of circular stamped rather than rolled seals, known from Dilmun, that appear at Lothal in Gujarat, India, and Faylahkah, as well as in Mesopotamia, are convincing corroboration of the long-distance sea trade. What the commerce consisted of is less sure: timber and precious woods, ivory, lapis lazuli, gold, and luxury goods such as carnelian and glazed stone beads, pearls from the Persian Gulf, shell and bone inlays, were among the goods sent to Mesopotamia in exchange for silver, tin, woolen textiles, olive oil and grains. Copper ingots, certainly, bitumen, which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia, may have been exchanged for cotton textiles and domestic fowl, major products of the Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia - all these have been instanced.
Mesopotamian trade documents, lists of goods, and official inscriptions mentioning Meluhha supplement Harappan seals and archaeological finds. Literary references to Meluhhan trade date from the Akkadian, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and Isin - Larsa Periods (ca. 2350 - 1800 BC), but the trade probably started in the Early Dynastic Period (ca. 2600 BC). Some Meluhhan vessels may have sailed directly to Mesopotamian ports, but by the Isin - Larsa Period, Dilmun monopolized the trade. By the subsequent Old Babylonian period, trade between the two cultures evidently had ceased entirely.
The Bahrain National Museum assesses that its "Golden Age" lasted ca. 2200 - 1600 BC. Its decline dates from the time the Indus Valley civilization suddenly and mysteriously collapsed, in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. This would of course have stripped Dilmun of its importance as a trading center between Mesopotamia and India. The decay of the great sea trade with the east may have affected the power shift northwards observed in Mesopotamia itself.
Evidence about Neolithic human cultures in Dilmun comes from flint tools and weapons. From later periods, cuneiform tablets, cylinder seals, pottery and even correspondence between rulers throw light on Dilmun. Written records mentioning the archipelago exist in Sumerian, Akkadian, Persian, Greek, and Latin sources.
Dilmun, sometimes described as "the place where the sun rises" and "the Land of the Living" is the scene of a Sumerian creation myth and the place where the deified Sumerian hero of the flood, Ziusudra (Utnapishtim), was taken by the gods to live for ever.
There is mention of Dilmun as a vassal of Assyria in the 8th century BC and by about 600 BC, it had been fully incorporated into the Neo-Babylonian Empire. Dilmun then falls into deep eclipse marked by the decline of the copper trade, so long controlled by Dilmun, and the switch to a less important role in the new trade of frankincense and spices. The discovery of an impressive palace at the Ras al Qalah site in Bahrain is promising to increase knowledge of this late period.
Otherwise, there is virtually no information until the passage of Nearchus, the admiral in charge of Alexander the Great's fleet on the return from the Indus Valley. Nearchus kept to the Iranian coast of the Gulf, however, and cannot have stopped at Dilmun. Nearchus established a colony on the island of Falaika off the coast of Kuwait in the late 4th century BC, and explored the Gulf perhaps least as far south as Dilmun/Bahrain.
From the time of Nearchus until the coming of Islam in the 7th century AD Dilmun/Bahrain was known by its Greek name of Tylos. The political history for this period is little known, but Tylos was at one point part of the Seleucid Empire, and of Characene and perhaps part of the Parthian Empire. Shapur II annexed it, together with eastern Arabia, into the Persian Sassanian empire in the 4th century.
Unlike Egyptian and Mesopotamian tablets and cylinders, the Dilmun legacy has been discovered on circular seals. The primitive forms of images carved on the seal indicate they were used as charms or talisman. Carved on wood, soapstone shells or metal, these images clearly define a complex society. Temples in the center of the agrarian village, towns, city-states, religious, and economic cultural life. All facets of the emergence of an evolutionary society are reflected in the inscriptions about the seals.
Impressions found on pottery and property is a probable usage of the seals. Burying them with the dead was probably to avoid misuse. Tiny fragments found impressed, suggest identifying property. Clearly there was an intrinsic value; each seal tells a story, has an identity.
Seals depict Enki, God of wisdom and sweet water. Gilgamesh as a massive and heroic figure, the 'Bull of heaven' hat. Ladies of the mountains 'Inanas' servants wearing her triangle signs depicting space for her power. 'Nana' is the moon god who was also named 'sin'. Symbol was the bull of heaven head. Inana, goddess of immortality.
From the dreams of Gilgamesh, to the philosophy of life. Seals depicting a harmonious life with nature and god are painted here in the colors and form I hope you enjoy. The colors naturally excite and stimulate, often sexually. Indisputably the ancient myths of immortality and resurrection influenced Dilmun beliefs and are abundantly supported in the seal designs, represented by gods of the sun and moon.
The Mesopotamian texts described Tilmun as situated at the 'mouth' of two bodies of water. The Sinai peninsula, shaped as an inverted triangle indeed begins where the Red Sea separates into two arms - the gulf of Suez on the west, and the Gulf of Elat (Gulf of Aqaba) on the east.
The texts spoke of mountainous Tilmun. The Sinai peninsula is indeed made up of a high mountainous southern part, a mountainous central plateau, and a northern plain (surrounded by mountains), which levels off via sandy hills to the Mediterranean coastline. Sargon of Akkad claimed that he reached as 'washed his weapons' in the Mediterranean; 'the sea lands' - the lands along the Mediterranean coast - 'three times I encircled; Tilmun my hand captured'. Sargon II, king of Assyria in the eighth century BC, asserted that he had conquered the area stretching 'from Bit-Yahkin on the shore of the salt Sea as far as the border of Tilmun'. The name 'Salt Sea' has survived to this day as a Hebrew name for the Dead Sea - another confirmation that Tilmun lay in proximity to the Dead Sea.
The cradle of civilization is sometimes referenced by the name Dilmun, or Tilmun. Here, it was said, the god Ea and his wife were placed to institute 'a sinless age of complete happiness'.
Here too animals lived in peace and harmony, man had no rival and the god Enlil `in one tongue gave praise'. It is also described as a pure, clean and `bright' `abode of the immortals' where death, disease and sorrow are unknown and some mortals have been given `life like a god', words reminiscent of the Airyana Vaejah, the realm of the immortals in Iranian myth and legend, and the Eden of Hebraic tradition
Although Dilmun is equated by most scholars with the island of Bahrain in the Persian Gulf, there is evidence to suggest that a much earlier mythical Dilmun was located in a mountainous region beyond the plains of Sumer.
But where exactly was it located Mesopotamian inscriptions do not say; however, the Zoroastrian Bundahishn text and the Christian records of Arbela in Iraqi Kurdistan both refer to a location named Dilamƒn as having existed around the head waters of the Tigris, south-west of Lake Van - the very area in which the biblical Eden is said to have been located.
Furthermore, Ea (the Akkadian Enki) was said to have presided over the concourse of Mesopotamia's two greatest rivers - the Tigris and Euphrates - which are shown in depictions as flowing from each of his shoulders.
This would have undoubtedly have meant that the head-waters, or sources, of these rivers would have been looked upon as sacred to Ea by the cultures of Mesopotamia's Fertile Crescent.
- Zecharia Sitchin The Stairway to Heaven
Dilmun was allegedly a magical land, the birthplace of the gods and the place where the arts of civilization where said first to have been transmitted to men. It was the subject of many legends told by the Sumerians, the people of southern Iraq; it was famed as a land where death and disease were unknown and men and animals lived at peace together.
It was the home of the Sumerian king who was the origin of the myth of Noah, the immortal survivor of the Great Flood, a story retold in the Qu'ran and the Bible.
The first great hero of world literature, Gilgamesh the king of Uruk, journeyed to Dilmun in search of the secret of eternal youth.
He found it deep in the waters of the Persian Gulf, off Bahrain, but lost it when the flower which restored the youth of those who sought it, was stolen by a snake, lurking in a pool as Gilgamesh returned to his kingdom; this is the reason why the snake sloughs his skin.
Symbolism - All is Myth and Metaphor in our reality
* water: flow of consciousness - creation
* restore to youth: move out of the physical body and return to higher frequency forms of sound, light, and color
* snake: DNA - the human bio-genetic experiment in time and emotion
* kingdom - Leo - Lion - King - Omega - closure
Dilmun was also the center of the most important trade routes of the third and second millennia BC. The most important commodity was copper for which Dilmun was famous and the dates for which Bahrain was always celebrated, from ancient times until the present day.
Because Dilmun was so sacred a land, there were many temples built there, the impressive remains of which can be seen today. The largest and most splendid temple surviving in Western Asia is at Barbar on Bahrain's northern shore.
The most famous of all Bahrain's rich archaeological heritage are the 200,000 grave mounds which are a feature of the landscape in the northern half of the island and which, by their size and quality of construction, show how prosperous Bahrain must have been in ancient times.
Dilmun continued to be the most important center of trade in the Gulf region throughout its history.
After the Sumerians, the Babylonians, Assyrians, even the Greeks, settled on the islands, because of their strategic importance in the movement of merchandise, north and south, east and west, by sea and by the land routes to which the seas gave access.
The records of their diplomatic relations with the kings of Dilmun, some of whose names are known from the records, testify to the importance of the islands throughout antiquity.
All left evidence of their presence, preserved today in the Bahrain National Museum and in the immense archaeological sites in which Bahrain is particularly rich.
Bahrain is an open-air treasure house of the past, a unique heritage from the earliest times when men first began to keep records of their hopes, fears and achievements.
It is the contemporary of ancient Egypt with Sumer and the peoples who succeeded them, of the great cities of the Indus Valley.
Source: www.crystalinks.com/dilmun.html
This photo was shot on an unusually sunny and warm winter day on Kodak Gold 200 in 135 (35mm) format. It was developed and digitized at home by yours truly. This is part of my continuing quest to achieve the best results possible from film at the lowest possible investment of production time and money. I'm not there yet, but I am quite happy with the improvements so far.
Technical information:
Camera: Canon EOS 3
Lens: Canon EF 35mm f/2 IS USM
Film: Kodak Gold 200 (at ISO 160)
Developer: Bellini C-41
Digitized with a Canon EOS R5, a Sigma 105mm macro lens, the Valoi 360 film holder, the CS-Lite light source, and a copy stand made out of an old Durst enlarger.
Software conversion: Negative Lab Pro 3.0
This is a close-up photo of a developed beach stone that I found on Bartlett's Beach. It has lovely patterns, subtle colours, a smooth shape that fits nicely in one's hand, and flecks of mica that glint in the direct sunlight.
Roller coaster, Brighton Pier.
Photograph made with Mamiya C220 + 80mm lens, using Ilford HP5+. Film rated at 200ASA and developed in Moersch Tanol for 11 minutes @ 24c
film: Fomapan 200
develop: Caffenol C-L demi stand (salt), pre soak
cam: Rolleiflex E2
place: Amsterdam
a first 120 film development in coffee. I used a German description, agitate every 10 minutes was a bit too much for the highlights. High contrast negatives. Think I slow down the agitation next time
I posted a shot a few weeks ago of this field with the fleece covering the seedlings. We had a cycle past the field at the weekend and it had developed into this, looks like carrots?!
Develop your senses- especially learn how to see. Realize that everything connects to everything else.
Quick stop in Volubilis.
As it was nearly 100 degrees out, that was OK. A bit warm for September in Morocco.
Built in a fertile agricultural area, it developed from the 3rd century BC onward as a Berber, then proto-Carthaginian, settlement. It grew rapidly under Roman rule from the 1st century AD onward and expanded to cover about 100 acres with a 1.6 mi circuit of walls.
The Romans brought their aqua-ducts and introduced olive trees. Prosperity, which was derived principally from olive growing, prompted the construction of many fine town-houses with large mosaic floors. The city of roughly 20,000-30,000 people, gained a number of major public buildings in the 2nd century, including a basilica, temple and triumphal arch. The city fell to local tribes around 285 and was never retaken by Rome because of its remoteness and indefensibility.
If you are a history buff, Morocco is Nirvana. I think every major historical event regarding human civilization included Morocco at some point.
All three Greek column types were found here, Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian, but I was most impressed with the mosaic floors. After 2000 years, they are still in incredible condition, fine details and colors, and still so beautiful!
It is interesting how you can develop a relationship with inanimate objects and certain places. These rocks are seen from the view afforded those who wander down the grassy slopes to a small, triangular promontory that leaves one suspended above sheer cliffs and pounding waves. There is much to see and photograph and just take in at this spot and I have been again and again and again. Somewhere along the course of those visits I began to fixate upon this huddle of rocks, barely peeking out of the rolling surface of the ocean. I don't know why exactly. I have seen plenty of rocks poking out of the ocean in plenty of places but something about this cluster has caught my attention repeatedly. Over the years I have attempted various ways of photographing these rocks. I like studying them. Maybe with enough time and enough images I may even be able to see the subtle changes wrought on them by time.
I have no reservations about photographing the same things over and over, going back to the same places and finding different ways of making pictures there. There is a freedom that comes with this practice, for when I am standing there above these rocks I know I have so many other photos of them that I don't worry too much about the potential results of the work I am doing in that moment. Maybe I will add to that collection, or maybe I'll add to the duds. Either way there is a reassurance that comes from knowing I was there before and I will probably be back.
Hasselblad Flexbody
Kodak Portra 400
film: Rollei Superpan 200
develop: Coffe, Caffenol C-L Salty stand
cam: Rolleicord IV
place: under bridge train station
Develop your senses- especially learn how to see. Realize that everything connects to everything else.
developing and spreading at the top clouds
looks a little like a mushroom cloud
Number 1 on explore April 8, 2012 according to BigHuge Labs Scout (it probably wasn't there long and didn't show up on fluidr.com at the end of the day)
Took a day trip up to the High Sierra's (enough of this setting around the house BS), up on California State Route 108. Pinecrest lake along the route was a bust for any images, so headed up to Donnell Reservoir Vista and spent the rest of the day there. This was the only view (variations) of the day that needed to be in B&W. That was due to the drama that was going on just behind the ridge line and monotones in the land mass. Spent some time watching the clouds dancing around the ridge, and then developing into a classic t-storm anvil formation and the turmoil within.
Processed in Luminar 4.3 and Lightroom 5 for the basic setup. The crop was set at the end for a pano look.
Nikon D810, 100mm (24/120 f/4), 1/30 @ f/11, ISO 50. Manual mode, mirror up, remote release and a CPL on the lens. Captured on August 11, 2020 a little past 4:30PM.
Scenery of Pudong distinct is the symbol of the progress of China.
It makes sharp contrast with traditional lower town of the opposite bank.
The first generation Daily was developed and presented by Fiat, although FIAT Veicoli Industriali was already part of Iveco at that time.
Iveco was officially found in January 1975 with the merger of Fiat, OM, Unic and Magirus-Deutz.
Till 1982 the Daily was sold under the Fiat brand name. The Fiat logo was in the center of the grille, while a small Iveco logo was to the right at the bottom of the grille. From 1982 to 1983 it was exactly the opposite, like in this case. After 1983 the Fiat logo, or also OM and Unic logo, disappeared totally.
The digit 35 indicates the maximum load capacity of 3.5 tons.
2445 cc L4 Diesel engine.
Performance: 72 bhp.
Production Fiat/Iveco Daily series: 1978-present.
Production Fiat/Iveco Daily 1st gen.: 1978-1990.
Production Iveco Daily this Fiat version: 1982-1983.
New Italian reg. number (type 1994-1999).
Number seen: about 10 (but 1 as mobile shop version).
Sferracavallo (Sicilia), Via Barcarello, June 9, 2025.
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