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isn't this just how we are...distracted, hurried, uninterested. i do this. i tell Jesus by my actions that i'm too busy for Him. it's so shameful.
Memorial stone in the graveyard of the old church at Churchill, Oxfordshire. In 1826 a new church was built on top of the hill at Churchill, leaving the old medieval parish to fall into further disrepair, most of the medieval church was demolished except for the chancel which was retained as a mortuary chapel to serve the surrounding graveyard. By the early 1980s the condition of the chancel was such that demolition was being seriously considered. In 1988 a preservation trust was formed which raised enough funds to restore the chancel which is now used as a heritage centre (open is the summer months). In 2008 the preservation society realised that text on this stone was becoming very worn and took the decision to have it re-lettered to help preserve the story on the stone for many years to come.
Churchill and Sarsden Heritage Centre: www.churchillheritage.org.uk
Full text from the stone:
SACRED to the MEMORYES for
JAMES JOINER & CHARLES PUGH:
the one aged 16. the other aged 15 Years
on the 26th December 1822
as they were sliding across
the large Pond at Sarsden
upon the Ice it Suddenly
broke under them & they
sank to rise no more
-----
Their youthful Innocence and
the Mercy of Christ is the
only Comfort & hope of their
afflicted Parents
-----
"God's Will be done! but if 'twas done that ye
the Young & thoughtless might your warning see
Then mark it well: you live in fragile clay
Eternity's beneath: repent to Day
Photograph was initially uploaded for the Guess Where UK? flickr group with areas of the text cloned out, hence all the comments of th people trying to guess where this is.
Photograph taken: 23 March 2014
En el primer paso piensas, “vamos allá” y de repente recuerdas que no vas a llegar en el 40% de los proyectos, que se te esta multiplicando el mantenimiento evolutivo que no tenias previsto y que el equipo de desarrollo y tu mismo no estamos muy finos.
300 metros recorridos y piensas en el coche, que tiene casi mas años que tu y mas Km que la Charito y que como se te joda ya no sabes si arreglarlo o que…. porque comprar uno ni de coña, que el 18 ya lo marcaste como final de mes…
Bajas la pequeña cuesta, apenas llevas 5 minutos y aun te queda una hora, te pesan las piernas y sabes que vas a sufrir un huevo y la yema del otro y recuerdas que tienes que ir el viernes a la manifestación de tus compañeros de Galmed-Thyssen que están jodidos porque les cierran la fabrica, y nosotros nos vamos a quedar con un 15% menos de producción (que es lo que nos compran), con lo que la situación se va poner complicada.
Y de repente recuerdas que ese mismo viernes iras a un cumpleaños sorpresa de un amigo, y la suerte que tienes de sentir que los tuyos, familia y amigos, te quieren, y sacas la primera sonrisa.
Te das cuenta que justo delante de ti tienes un bonito culito que corre como el viento, y te saca la segunda sonrisa,…. En ese momento sientes la música que estas escuchando y tus piernas pesan menos, y tu zancada es cada vez más aérea, y disfrutas del aire que sientes en la cara.
De repente, poco a poco, casi imperceptiblemente, la música se escucha al fondo, y el ritmo del corazón inunda tu cabeza, todo se convierte en un todo-blanco, las preocupaciones se han ido cayendo por el camino, estas en tu espacio, tu lugar, un sitio donde relajarte, un universo blanco….
Lo siguiente que sientes es que has regresado al punto de partida, que ha pasado una hora o más y que regresas nuevo, sin tantas preocupaciones, seria difícil vivir sin correr.
Diez años después de la conquista de México, el día 9 de diciembre de 1531, Juan Diego iba rumbo al Convento de Tlaltelolco para oír misa. Al amanecer llegó al pie del Tepeyac. De repente oyó música que parecía el gorjeo de miles de pájaros. Muy sorprendido se paró, alzó su vista a la cima del cerro y vio que estaba iluminado con una luz extraña. Cesó la música y en seguida oyó una dulce voz procedente de lo alto de la colina, llamándole: "Juanito; querido Juan Dieguito". Juan subió presurosamente y al llegar a la cumbre vio a la Santísima Virgen María en medio de un arco iris, ataviada con esplendor celestial. Su hermosura y mirada bondadosa llenaron su corazón de gozo infinito mientras escuchó las palabras tiernas que ella le dirigió a él. Ella habló en azteca. Le dijo que ella era la Inmaculada Virgen María, Madre del Verdadero Dios. Le reveló cómo era su deseo más vehemente tener un templo allá en el llano donde, como madre piadosa, mostraría todo su amor y misericordia a él y a los suyos y a cuantos solicitaren su amparo. "Y para realizar lo que mi clemencia pretende, irás a la casa del Obispo de México y le dirás que yo te envío a manifestarle lo que mucho deseo; que aquí en el llano me edifique un templo. Le contarás cuanto has visto y admirado, y lo que has oído. Ten por seguro que le agradeceré bien y lo pagaré, porque te haré feliz y merecerás que yo te recompense el trabajo y fatiga con que vas a procurar lo que te encomiendo. Ya has oído mi mandato, hijo mío, el más pequeño: anda y pon todo tu esfuerzo".
Juan se inclinó ante ella y le dijo: "Señora mía: ya voy a cumplir tu mandato; me despido de ti, yo, tu humilde siervo".
Cuando Juan llegó a la casa del Obispo Zumárraga y fue llevado a su presencia, le dijo todo lo que la Madre de Dios le había dicho. Pero el Obispo parecía dudar de sus palabras, pidiéndole volver otro día para escucharle más despacio.
Ese mismo día regresó a la cumbre de la colina y encontró a la Santísima Virgen que le estaba esperando. Con lágrimas de tristeza le contó cómo había fracasado su empresa. Ella le pidió volver a ver al Sr. Obispo el día siguiente. Juan Diego cumplió con el mandato de la Santísima Virgen. Esta vez tuvo mejor éxito; el Sr. Obispo pidió una señal.
Juan regresó a la colina, dio el recado a María Santísima y ella prometió darle una señal al siguiente día en la mañana. Pero Juan Diego no podía cumplir este encargo porque un tío suyo, llamado Juan Bernardino había enfermado gravemente.
Dos días más tarde, el día doce de diciembre, Juan Bernardino estaba moribundo y Juan Diego se apresuró a traerle un sacerdote de Tlaltelolco. Llegó a la ladera del cerro y optó ir por el lado oriente para evitar que la Virgen Santísima le viera pasar. Primero quería atender a su tío. Con grande sorpresa la vio bajar y salir a su encuentro. Juan le dio su disculpa por no haber venido el día anterior. Después de oír las palabras de Juan Diego, ella le respondió: "Oye y ten entendido, hijo mío el más pequeño, que es nada lo que te asusta y aflige. No se turbe tu corazón, no temas esa ni ninguna otra enfermedad o angustia. ¿Acaso no estoy aquí yo, que soy tu madre? ¿No estás bajo mi sombra? ¿No soy tu salud? ¿Qué más te falta? No te aflija la enfermedad de tu tío, que no morirá ahora de ella; está seguro de que ya sanó".
Cuando Juan Diego oyó estas palabras se sintió contento. Le rogó que le despachara a ver al Señor Obispo para llevarle alguna señal y prueba a fin de que le creyera. Ella le dijo:
"Sube, hijo mío el más pequeño, a la cumbre donde me viste y te di órdenes, hallarás que hay diferentes flores; córtalas, recógelas y en seguida baja y tráelas a mi presencia".
Juan Diego subió y cuando llegó a la cumbre, se asombró mucho de que hubieran brotado tan hermosas flores. En sus corolas fragantes, el rocío de la noche semejaba perlas preciosas. Presto empezó a córtalas, las echó en su regazo y las llevó ante la Virgen. Ella tomó las flores en sus manos, las arregló en la tilma y dijo: "Hijo mío el más pequeño, aquí tienes la señal que debes llevar al Señor Obispo. Le dirás en mi nombre que vea en ella mi voluntad y que él tiene que cumplirla. Tú eres mi embajador muy digno de confianza. Rigurosamente te ordeno que sólo delante del Obispo despliegues tu tilma y descubras lo que llevas".
Cuando Juan Diego estuvo ante el Obispo Fray Juan de Zumárraga, y le contó los detalles de la cuarta aparición de la Santísima Virgen, abrió su tilma para mostrarle las flores, las cuales cayeron al suelo. En este instante, ante la inmensa sorpresa del Señor Obispo y sus compañeros, apareció la imagen de la Santísima Virgen María maravillosamente pintada con los más hermosos colores sobre la burda tela de su manto.
LA CURACIÓN DE JUAN BERNARDINO
El mismo día, doce de diciembre, muy temprano, la Santísima Virgen se presentó en la choza de Juan Bernardino para curarle de su mortal enfermedad. Su corazón se llenó de gozo cuando ella le dio el feliz mensaje de que su retrato milagrosamente aparecido en la tilma de Juan Diego, iba a ser el instrumento que aplastara la religión idólatra de sus hermanos por medio de la enseñanza que el divino códice-pintura encerraba.
Te-coa-tla-xope en la lengua Azteca quiere decir "aplastará la serpiente de piedra". Los españoles oyeron la palabra de los labios de Juan Bernardino. Sonó como "de Guadalupe. Sorprendidos se preguntaron el por qué de este nombre español, pero los hijos predilectos de América, conocían bien el sentido de la frase en su lengua nativa. Así fue como la imagen y el santuario adquirieron el nombre de Guadalupe, título que ha llevado por cuatro siglos.
Se lee en la Sagrada Escritura que en tiempo de Moisés y muchos años después un gran cometa recorría el espacio. Tenía la apariencia de una serpiente de fuego. Los indios de México le dieron el nombre de Quetzalcoatl, serpiente con plumas. Le tenían mucho temor e hicieron ídolos de piedra, en forma de serpiente emplumada, a los cuales adoraban, ofreciéndoles sacrificios humanos. Después de ver la sagrada imagen y leer lo que les dijo, los indios abandonaron sus falsos dioses y abrazaron la Fe Católica. Ocho millones de indígenas se convirtieron en sólo siete años después de la aparición de la imagen.
LA TILMA DE JUAN DIEGO
La tilma en la cual la imagen de la Santísima Virgen apareció, está hecha de fibra de maguey. La duración ordinaria de esta tela es de veinte años a lo máximo. Tiene 195 centímetros de largo por 105 de ancho con una sutura en medio que va de arriba a abajo.
Impresa directamente sobre esta tela, se encuentra la hermosa figura de Nuestra Señora. El cuerpo de ella mide 140 centímetros de alto.
Esta imagen de la Santísima Virgen es el único retrato auténtico que tenemos de ella. Su conservación en estado fresco y hermoso por más de cuatro siglos, debe considerarse milagrosa. Se venera en la Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe en la Ciudad de México, donde ocupa el sitio de honor en el altar mayor.
La Sagrada Imagen duró en su primera ermita desde el 26 de diciembre, 1535 hasta el ano de 1622.
La segunda iglesia ocupó el mismo lugar donde se encuentra hoy la Basílica. Esta duró hasta 1695. Unos pocos años antes fue construida la llamada Iglesia de los Indios junto a la primera ermita, la cual sirvió entonces de sacristía para el nuevo templo. En 1695, cuando fue demolido el segundo templo, la milagrosa imagen fue llevada a la Iglesia de los Indios donde se quedó hasta 1709 fecha en que se dedicó el nuevo hermoso templo que todavía despierta la admiración de Mexicanos y extranjeros.
LA CORONACIÓN
El doce de octubre de 1895 la bendita imagen de la Santísima Virgen fue coronada por decreto del Santo Padre, León XIII, y el doce de octubre de 1945, cincuentenario de la coronación, su Santidad Pío XII en su célebre radio mensaje a los Mexicanos le aplicó el titulo de Emperatriz de las Américas.
Muy recientemente, el doce de octubre de 1961, su Santidad Juan XXIII, dirigió un radio mensaje a los Congresistas del II Congreso Interamericano Mariano quienes se encontraron presentes dentro de la Nacional e Insigne Basílica de Guadalupe. En este día, a las doce en punto, se escuchó la sonora voz del Santo Padre quien pronunció las siguientes palabras:
Amadísimos Congresistas y fieles todos de América:
María, Madre de Dios y Madre nuestra, esa tierna palabra que estos días vuestros labios repiten sin fin con el título bendito de Madre de Guadalupe, abre este nuestro saludo que dirigimos a cuantos tomáis parte en el Segundo Congreso Mariano Interamericano y a todos los países de América.
Feliz oportunidad ésta del 50 aniversario del Patronato de María Santísima de Guadalupe sobre toda la América Latina, que tanto bien ha producido entre los pueblos del Continente, para alentaros en vuestras manifestaciones de mutuo amor y de devoción a la que es Madre de vida y Fuente de gracia.
Día histórico aquél doce de octubre en que el grito "tierra" anunciaba la unión de dos mundos, hasta entonces desconocidos entre sí, y señalaba el nacimiento a la fe de esos dos continentes; a la fe en Cristo -"luz verdadera que ilumina a todo hombre"- (Jo. 1, 9.) de la cual María es como la "aurora consurgens" que precede la claridad del día. Más adelante "la siempre Virgen Santa María, Madre del verdadero Dios por quien se vive", derrama su ternura y delicadeza maternal en la colina, del Tepeyac, confiando al indio Juan Diego con su mensaje unas rosas que de su tilma caen mientras en ésta queda aquél retrato suyo dulcísimo que manos humanos no pintaran.
Así quería Nuestra Señora continuar mostrando su oficio de Madre: Santa María de Guadalupe, siempre símbolo y artífice de esta fusión que formaría la nacionalidad mexicana y, en expansión cargada de sentidos, rebasaría las fronteras para ofrecer al mundo ese coro magnífico de pueblos que rezan en español.
Primero Madre y Patrona de México, luego de América y de Filipinas: el sentido histórico de su mensaje iba cobrando así plenitud, mientras abría sus brazos a todos los horizontes en un anhelo universal de amor.
Abre el alma a la esperanza cuando en ese mismo Continente se viene estudiando y poniendo en práctica para elevar el nivel de vidas de los pueblos humanos. Vemos con aplauso las iniciativas encaminadas a procurar personal preparado para el apostolado a los países escasos de clero o de religiosos en el deseo de sostener su fe y de continuar la misión salvadora de la Iglesia.
¡Cuánto podrá ayudar a mantener vivos estos ideales cristianos de fraternidad vuestro Congreso! Qué altura y qué nobleza adquieren las relaciones entre los individuos y los pueblos cuando se las contempla a la luz de nuestra fraternidad en Cristo: "onmes vos fratres estis" (Mat. 23,8) según proclama el lema de vuestro Congreso. .
Y cuanto en esta convivencia alienta el amor y la consideración de una Madre común, entonces los vínculos de la familia humana adquieren la eficacia de algo más vital, más sentido que sublima el poder y la fuerza de cualquier ley.
Tenéis ahí a María, la Madre común, puesto que es Madre de Cristo, la que con su solicitud y compasión maternal ha contribuido a que se nos devuelva la vida divina y sobrenatural, la que en la persona del discípulo amado nos fue donada como Madre espiritual por Cristo mismo en la cruz.
Salve Madre de América! Celestial Misionera del nuevo Mundo, que desde el Santuario del Tepeyac has sido, durante más de cuatro Siglos Madre y Maestra en la fe de los pueblos de América. Sé también su amparo y sálvalos oh Inmaculada María; asiste a sus gobernantes, infunde nuevo celo a sus Prelados, aumenta las virtudes en el clero; y conserva siempre la fe en el pueblo.
Oiga María estos votos para que los presente a Cristo en cuyo nombre y con el más vivo afecto de nuestro corazón de Padre os bendecimos.
SAN JUAN DIEGO
San Juan Diego nació en 1474 en el "calpulli" de Tlayacac en Cuauhtitlán, México, establecido en 1168 por la tribu nahua y conquistado por el jefe Azteca Axayacatl en 1467. Cuando nació recibió el nombre de Cuauhtlatoatzin, que quiere decir "el que habla como águila" o "águila que habla".Juan Diego perteneció a la más numerosa y baja clase del Imperio Azteca, sin llegar a ser esclavo. Se dedicó a trabajar la tierra y fabricar matas las que luego vendía. Poseía un terreno en el que construyó una pequeña vivienda. Contrajo matrimonio con una nativa pero no tuvo hijos.
Entre 1524 y 1525 se convierte al cristianismo y fue bautizado junto a su esposa, él recibió el nombre de Juan Diego y ella el de María Lucía. Fueron bautizados por el misionero franciscano Fray Toribio de Benavente, llamado por los indios "Motolinia" o " el pobre".
Antes de su conversión Juan Diego ya era un hombre piadoso y religioso. Era muy reservado y de carácter místico, le gustaba el silencio y solía caminar desde su poblado hasta Tenochtitlán, a 20 kilómetros de distancia, para recibir instrucción religiosa. Su esposa María Lucía falleció en 1529. En ese momento Juan Diego se fue a vivir con su tío Juan Bernardino en Tolpetlac, a sólo 14 kilómetros de la iglesia de Tlatilolco, Tenochtitlán. Durante una de sus caminatas camino a Tenochtitlán, que solían durar tres horas a través de montañas y poblados, ocurre la primera aparición de Nuestra Señora, en el lugar ahora conocido como "Capilla del Cerrito", donde la Virgen María le habló en su idioma, el náhuatl.
Juan Diego tenía 57 años en el momento de las apariciones, ciertamente una edad avanzada en un lugar y época donde la expectativa de vida masculina apenas sobrepasaba los 40 años.Luego del milagro de Guadalupe Juan Diego fue a vivir a un pequeño cuarto pegado a la capilla que alojaba la santa imagen, tras dejar todas sus pertenencias a su tío Juan Bernardino. Pasó el resto de su vida dedicado a la difusión del relato de las apariciones entre la gente de su pueblo.
Murió el 30 de mayo de 1548, a la edad de 74 años. Juan Diego fue beatificado en abril de 1990 por el Papa Juan Pablo II y proclamado santo el 31 de Julio de 2002 . (Biografía extraída de la agencia católica de noticias ACIPRENSA).
Diez años después de la conquista de México, el día 9 de diciembre de 1531, Juan Diego iba rumbo al Convento de Tlaltelolco para oír misa. Al amanecer llegó al pie del Tepeyac. De repente oyó música que parecía el gorjeo de miles de pájaros. Muy sorprendido se paró, alzó su vista a la cima del cerro y vio que estaba iluminado con una luz extraña. Cesó la música y en seguida oyó una dulce voz procedente de lo alto de la colina, llamándole: "Juanito; querido Juan Dieguito". Juan subió presurosamente y al llegar a la cumbre vio a la Santísima Virgen María en medio de un arco iris, ataviada con esplendor celestial. Su hermosura y mirada bondadosa llenaron su corazón de gozo infinito mientras escuchó las palabras tiernas que ella le dirigió a él. Ella habló en azteca. Le dijo que ella era la Inmaculada Virgen María, Madre del Verdadero Dios. Le reveló cómo era su deseo más vehemente tener un templo allá en el llano donde, como madre piadosa, mostraría todo su amor y misericordia a él y a los suyos y a cuantos solicitaren su amparo. "Y para realizar lo que mi clemencia pretende, irás a la casa del Obispo de México y le dirás que yo te envío a manifestarle lo que mucho deseo; que aquí en el llano me edifique un templo. Le contarás cuanto has visto y admirado, y lo que has oído. Ten por seguro que le agradeceré bien y lo pagaré, porque te haré feliz y merecerás que yo te recompense el trabajo y fatiga con que vas a procurar lo que te encomiendo. Ya has oído mi mandato, hijo mío, el más pequeño: anda y pon todo tu esfuerzo".
Juan se inclinó ante ella y le dijo: "Señora mía: ya voy a cumplir tu mandato; me despido de ti, yo, tu humilde siervo".
Cuando Juan llegó a la casa del Obispo Zumárraga y fue llevado a su presencia, le dijo todo lo que la Madre de Dios le había dicho. Pero el Obispo parecía dudar de sus palabras, pidiéndole volver otro día para escucharle más despacio.
Ese mismo día regresó a la cumbre de la colina y encontró a la Santísima Virgen que le estaba esperando. Con lágrimas de tristeza le contó cómo había fracasado su empresa. Ella le pidió volver a ver al Sr. Obispo el día siguiente. Juan Diego cumplió con el mandato de la Santísima Virgen. Esta vez tuvo mejor éxito; el Sr. Obispo pidió una señal.
Juan regresó a la colina, dio el recado a María Santísima y ella prometió darle una señal al siguiente día en la mañana. Pero Juan Diego no podía cumplir este encargo porque un tío suyo, llamado Juan Bernardino había enfermado gravemente.
Dos días más tarde, el día doce de diciembre, Juan Bernardino estaba moribundo y Juan Diego se apresuró a traerle un sacerdote de Tlaltelolco. Llegó a la ladera del cerro y optó ir por el lado oriente para evitar que la Virgen Santísima le viera pasar. Primero quería atender a su tío. Con grande sorpresa la vio bajar y salir a su encuentro. Juan le dio su disculpa por no haber venido el día anterior. Después de oír las palabras de Juan Diego, ella le respondió: "Oye y ten entendido, hijo mío el más pequeño, que es nada lo que te asusta y aflige. No se turbe tu corazón, no temas esa ni ninguna otra enfermedad o angustia. ¿Acaso no estoy aquí yo, que soy tu madre? ¿No estás bajo mi sombra? ¿No soy tu salud? ¿Qué más te falta? No te aflija la enfermedad de tu tío, que no morirá ahora de ella; está seguro de que ya sanó".
Cuando Juan Diego oyó estas palabras se sintió contento. Le rogó que le despachara a ver al Señor Obispo para llevarle alguna señal y prueba a fin de que le creyera. Ella le dijo:
"Sube, hijo mío el más pequeño, a la cumbre donde me viste y te di órdenes, hallarás que hay diferentes flores; córtalas, recógelas y en seguida baja y tráelas a mi presencia".
Juan Diego subió y cuando llegó a la cumbre, se asombró mucho de que hubieran brotado tan hermosas flores. En sus corolas fragantes, el rocío de la noche semejaba perlas preciosas. Presto empezó a córtalas, las echó en su regazo y las llevó ante la Virgen. Ella tomó las flores en sus manos, las arregló en la tilma y dijo: "Hijo mío el más pequeño, aquí tienes la señal que debes llevar al Señor Obispo. Le dirás en mi nombre que vea en ella mi voluntad y que él tiene que cumplirla. Tú eres mi embajador muy digno de confianza. Rigurosamente te ordeno que sólo delante del Obispo despliegues tu tilma y descubras lo que llevas".
Cuando Juan Diego estuvo ante el Obispo Fray Juan de Zumárraga, y le contó los detalles de la cuarta aparición de la Santísima Virgen, abrió su tilma para mostrarle las flores, las cuales cayeron al suelo. En este instante, ante la inmensa sorpresa del Señor Obispo y sus compañeros, apareció la imagen de la Santísima Virgen María maravillosamente pintada con los más hermosos colores sobre la burda tela de su manto.
LA CURACIÓN DE JUAN BERNARDINO
El mismo día, doce de diciembre, muy temprano, la Santísima Virgen se presentó en la choza de Juan Bernardino para curarle de su mortal enfermedad. Su corazón se llenó de gozo cuando ella le dio el feliz mensaje de que su retrato milagrosamente aparecido en la tilma de Juan Diego, iba a ser el instrumento que aplastara la religión idólatra de sus hermanos por medio de la enseñanza que el divino códice-pintura encerraba.
Te-coa-tla-xope en la lengua Azteca quiere decir "aplastará la serpiente de piedra". Los españoles oyeron la palabra de los labios de Juan Bernardino. Sonó como "de Guadalupe. Sorprendidos se preguntaron el por qué de este nombre español, pero los hijos predilectos de América, conocían bien el sentido de la frase en su lengua nativa. Así fue como la imagen y el santuario adquirieron el nombre de Guadalupe, título que ha llevado por cuatro siglos.
Se lee en la Sagrada Escritura que en tiempo de Moisés y muchos años después un gran cometa recorría el espacio. Tenía la apariencia de una serpiente de fuego. Los indios de México le dieron el nombre de Quetzalcoatl, serpiente con plumas. Le tenían mucho temor e hicieron ídolos de piedra, en forma de serpiente emplumada, a los cuales adoraban, ofreciéndoles sacrificios humanos. Después de ver la sagrada imagen y leer lo que les dijo, los indios abandonaron sus falsos dioses y abrazaron la Fe Católica. Ocho millones de indígenas se convirtieron en sólo siete años después de la aparición de la imagen.
LA TILMA DE JUAN DIEGO
La tilma en la cual la imagen de la Santísima Virgen apareció, está hecha de fibra de maguey. La duración ordinaria de esta tela es de veinte años a lo máximo. Tiene 195 centímetros de largo por 105 de ancho con una sutura en medio que va de arriba a abajo.
Impresa directamente sobre esta tela, se encuentra la hermosa figura de Nuestra Señora. El cuerpo de ella mide 140 centímetros de alto.
Esta imagen de la Santísima Virgen es el único retrato auténtico que tenemos de ella. Su conservación en estado fresco y hermoso por más de cuatro siglos, debe considerarse milagrosa. Se venera en la Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe en la Ciudad de México, donde ocupa el sitio de honor en el altar mayor.
La Sagrada Imagen duró en su primera ermita desde el 26 de diciembre, 1535 hasta el ano de 1622.
La segunda iglesia ocupó el mismo lugar donde se encuentra hoy la Basílica. Esta duró hasta 1695. Unos pocos años antes fue construida la llamada Iglesia de los Indios junto a la primera ermita, la cual sirvió entonces de sacristía para el nuevo templo. En 1695, cuando fue demolido el segundo templo, la milagrosa imagen fue llevada a la Iglesia de los Indios donde se quedó hasta 1709 fecha en que se dedicó el nuevo hermoso templo que todavía despierta la admiración de Mexicanos y extranjeros.
LA CORONACIÓN
El doce de octubre de 1895 la bendita imagen de la Santísima Virgen fue coronada por decreto del Santo Padre, León XIII, y el doce de octubre de 1945, cincuentenario de la coronación, su Santidad Pío XII en su célebre radio mensaje a los Mexicanos le aplicó el titulo de Emperatriz de las Américas.
Muy recientemente, el doce de octubre de 1961, su Santidad Juan XXIII, dirigió un radio mensaje a los Congresistas del II Congreso Interamericano Mariano quienes se encontraron presentes dentro de la Nacional e Insigne Basílica de Guadalupe. En este día, a las doce en punto, se escuchó la sonora voz del Santo Padre quien pronunció las siguientes palabras:
Amadísimos Congresistas y fieles todos de América:
María, Madre de Dios y Madre nuestra, esa tierna palabra que estos días vuestros labios repiten sin fin con el título bendito de Madre de Guadalupe, abre este nuestro saludo que dirigimos a cuantos tomáis parte en el Segundo Congreso Mariano Interamericano y a todos los países de América.
Feliz oportunidad ésta del 50 aniversario del Patronato de María Santísima de Guadalupe sobre toda la América Latina, que tanto bien ha producido entre los pueblos del Continente, para alentaros en vuestras manifestaciones de mutuo amor y de devoción a la que es Madre de vida y Fuente de gracia.
Día histórico aquél doce de octubre en que el grito "tierra" anunciaba la unión de dos mundos, hasta entonces desconocidos entre sí, y señalaba el nacimiento a la fe de esos dos continentes; a la fe en Cristo -"luz verdadera que ilumina a todo hombre"- (Jo. 1, 9.) de la cual María es como la "aurora consurgens" que precede la claridad del día. Más adelante "la siempre Virgen Santa María, Madre del verdadero Dios por quien se vive", derrama su ternura y delicadeza maternal en la colina, del Tepeyac, confiando al indio Juan Diego con su mensaje unas rosas que de su tilma caen mientras en ésta queda aquél retrato suyo dulcísimo que manos humanos no pintaran.
Así quería Nuestra Señora continuar mostrando su oficio de Madre: Santa María de Guadalupe, siempre símbolo y artífice de esta fusión que formaría la nacionalidad mexicana y, en expansión cargada de sentidos, rebasaría las fronteras para ofrecer al mundo ese coro magnífico de pueblos que rezan en español.
Primero Madre y Patrona de México, luego de América y de Filipinas: el sentido histórico de su mensaje iba cobrando así plenitud, mientras abría sus brazos a todos los horizontes en un anhelo universal de amor.
Abre el alma a la esperanza cuando en ese mismo Continente se viene estudiando y poniendo en práctica para elevar el nivel de vidas de los pueblos humanos. Vemos con aplauso las iniciativas encaminadas a procurar personal preparado para el apostolado a los países escasos de clero o de religiosos en el deseo de sostener su fe y de continuar la misión salvadora de la Iglesia.
¡Cuánto podrá ayudar a mantener vivos estos ideales cristianos de fraternidad vuestro Congreso! Qué altura y qué nobleza adquieren las relaciones entre los individuos y los pueblos cuando se las contempla a la luz de nuestra fraternidad en Cristo: "onmes vos fratres estis" (Mat. 23,8) según proclama el lema de vuestro Congreso. .
Y cuanto en esta convivencia alienta el amor y la consideración de una Madre común, entonces los vínculos de la familia humana adquieren la eficacia de algo más vital, más sentido que sublima el poder y la fuerza de cualquier ley.
Tenéis ahí a María, la Madre común, puesto que es Madre de Cristo, la que con su solicitud y compasión maternal ha contribuido a que se nos devuelva la vida divina y sobrenatural, la que en la persona del discípulo amado nos fue donada como Madre espiritual por Cristo mismo en la cruz.
Salve Madre de América! Celestial Misionera del nuevo Mundo, que desde el Santuario del Tepeyac has sido, durante más de cuatro Siglos Madre y Maestra en la fe de los pueblos de América. Sé también su amparo y sálvalos oh Inmaculada María; asiste a sus gobernantes, infunde nuevo celo a sus Prelados, aumenta las virtudes en el clero; y conserva siempre la fe en el pueblo.
Oiga María estos votos para que los presente a Cristo en cuyo nombre y con el más vivo afecto de nuestro corazón de Padre os bendecimos.
SAN JUAN DIEGO
San Juan Diego nació en 1474 en el "calpulli" de Tlayacac en Cuauhtitlán, México, establecido en 1168 por la tribu nahua y conquistado por el jefe Azteca Axayacatl en 1467. Cuando nació recibió el nombre de Cuauhtlatoatzin, que quiere decir "el que habla como águila" o "águila que habla".Juan Diego perteneció a la más numerosa y baja clase del Imperio Azteca, sin llegar a ser esclavo. Se dedicó a trabajar la tierra y fabricar matas las que luego vendía. Poseía un terreno en el que construyó una pequeña vivienda. Contrajo matrimonio con una nativa pero no tuvo hijos.
Entre 1524 y 1525 se convierte al cristianismo y fue bautizado junto a su esposa, él recibió el nombre de Juan Diego y ella el de María Lucía. Fueron bautizados por el misionero franciscano Fray Toribio de Benavente, llamado por los indios "Motolinia" o " el pobre".
Antes de su conversión Juan Diego ya era un hombre piadoso y religioso. Era muy reservado y de carácter místico, le gustaba el silencio y solía caminar desde su poblado hasta Tenochtitlán, a 20 kilómetros de distancia, para recibir instrucción religiosa. Su esposa María Lucía falleció en 1529. En ese momento Juan Diego se fue a vivir con su tío Juan Bernardino en Tolpetlac, a sólo 14 kilómetros de la iglesia de Tlatilolco, Tenochtitlán. Durante una de sus caminatas camino a Tenochtitlán, que solían durar tres horas a través de montañas y poblados, ocurre la primera aparición de Nuestra Señora, en el lugar ahora conocido como "Capilla del Cerrito", donde la Virgen María le habló en su idioma, el náhuatl.
Juan Diego tenía 57 años en el momento de las apariciones, ciertamente una edad avanzada en un lugar y época donde la expectativa de vida masculina apenas sobrepasaba los 40 años.Luego del milagro de Guadalupe Juan Diego fue a vivir a un pequeño cuarto pegado a la capilla que alojaba la santa imagen, tras dejar todas sus pertenencias a su tío Juan Bernardino. Pasó el resto de su vida dedicado a la difusión del relato de las apariciones entre la gente de su pueblo.
Murió el 30 de mayo de 1548, a la edad de 74 años. Juan Diego fue beatificado en abril de 1990 por el Papa Juan Pablo II y proclamado santo el 31 de Julio de 2002 . (Biografía extraída de la agencia católica de noticias ACIPRENSA).
My brother's spaghetti squash on the fence grew between two slats and around the wire below it! It's wedged in good, he wiggled it and it did not want to come off! The little spider likes this fence sitter!
A fence sitter is a term for someone who can't decide which side he wants to be on, so he just stays put!
Fence sitting is 'a state of indecision or neutrality with respect to conflicting positions.' Neutral is like lukewarm, a place between hot and cold.
It reminds me of this verse spoken by Jesus in a vision to John:
So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth.
Revelation 3:14-22
14 And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God; 15 I know thy works, that thou art neither cold nor hot: I would thou wert cold or hot. 16 So then because thou art lukewarm, and neither cold nor hot, I will spue thee out of my mouth. 17 Because thou sayest, I am rich, and increased with goods, and have need of nothing; and knowest not that thou art wretched, and miserable, and poor, and blind, and naked: 18 I counsel thee to buy of me gold tried in the fire, that thou mayest be rich; and white raiment, that thou mayest be clothed, and that the shame of thy nakedness do not appear; and anoint thine eyes with eyesalve, that thou mayest see. 19 As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten: be zealous therefore, and repent. 20 Behold, I stand at the door, and knock: if any man hear my voice, and open the door, I will come in to him, and will sup with him, and he with me. 21 To him that overcometh will I grant to sit with me in my throne, even as I also overcame, and am set down with my Father in his throne. 22 He that hath an ear, let him hear what the Spirit saith unto the churches.
Which side of the fence are YOU on? Are you hot or cold or a lukewarm fence sitter?There is no room for a Christian to be neutral, lukewarm, undecided. It's all or nothing! Totally on fire for Jesus or a pew warming inactive fence sitter. Let's all get off the fence we have been perched on! Let's preach, teach, evangelize,give,serve, go, do! If already on fire for Jesus, pray for those cold and those lukewarm. Sitting too long on the fence is dangerous. One can die and rot like this squash will do! Jesus will rebuke and chasten those He loves. Be zealous, be an OVERCOMER! Thanks, blessings, Kathie
Burning Man Festival 2003 in Nevada. The theme was "Beyond Belief"
"Repent" in action, Department of Mutant Vehicles (DMV)
You can see more images from 2003 festival on www.dusttoashes.net
...Y segundo a segundo, la presión es mayor.De repente, nos faltan horas en el día para poder hacer todo lo que necesitamos.A la vez que nos faltan ganas, horas de sueño, y efectividad.
En conclusión, necesitamos mucho más de lo que damos, e indudablemente, mucho más de lo que tenemos.
Cada Lunes volvemos a la misma pesadilla en espiral que nos ahoga.La misma que se lleva a su paso toda tu puta vida social.Y entonces te llegas a soprender a tí mismo con tu respuestas, en conversaciones tipo "¿quedamos?", "no puedo, tengo que estudiar".Jamás antes habías podido llegar a pensar que cambiarías salir con X persona por pasarte toda una tarde estudiando.Que bueno, al final resulta no ser toda una tarde, ni toda la tarde ni más de 3 horas.Y claro, empezamos todos seguros y con ganas: "Resumo el primer tema antes de las y media, y a las en punto comienzo a estudiarmelo" ¡Y una mierda! Te ves trasnochando con los apuntes sobre tus piernas, hasta la médula de cafeína y con frío, pero sobretodo, con sueño.Y con la bobería te vas tapando con la manta, recostándote, y debido a tu infinita falta de sueño, ocurre lo que todos esperan.
Y claro, esto pasa más de una vez.No es un simple descuido,un "oye que un día al año no hace daño".Al contrario. Cuánto más transcurre el curso, más saturada te encuentras, menos ganas te quedan, y en definitiva; más harta estás de todo lo que tenga que ver con el instituto.Más ansias tienes de unas malditas vacaciones. Joder, todos los santísimos días dejándote la cabeza por las mañanas, tratando de entender alguna de las inexplicables teorías de los Presocráticos, Platón o Aristóteles.Y estudiando por las tardes para tus dos exámenes de historia y economia,entrándote mil temas en cada uno de los dos exámenes. Sumándole los veintidosmiltrescientosonce ejercicios de cada asignatura que te marcan si piedad alguna.
Y en ésto, se resumen básicamente tus días. En una mieeeeeeeeeeerda monumental, que te deja encima, sin tiempo para más nada.
Si por lo menos aprobaras y vieras resultados a tus noches en vela.....
+ He querido unir los contrarios más contrarios del mundo en esta foto.La paz y el relax con el estrés y el agobiamiento. Lo que ya se fue, y lo que cunde hoy en nuestro día a día hasta la saciedad. Me gusta mucho la foto del fondo, en especial el detalle del niño debajo de la toalla jugando a la Ds.Esta foto la saqué este verano en el sur de la Isla.
+ Sí, me he desahogado bastaaante escribiendo esto, jajaja
+ Mi tuenti: Kiara Dlfn
.
"Foi assim que de repente
Me apaixonei por ti,
Suficientemente,
Desde a primeira vez que te vi.
Quero te ter em meus braços,
Falar-te ao pé do ouvido
Sobre a beleza dos teus traços,
Tocar o teu corpo, provocar a libido.
Não quero tentar entender esse desejo
Que me consome por completo.
Morro se não sentir o gosto do teu beijo.
Te amo e mais nada.
É esse amor que me deixa inquieto,
Fugaz, diante de ti, minha amada."
Autor: Luiz Donizete, o melhor poeta que eu conheço, aquele de uma das últimas frases do meu profile.
=)
AMO!
.
Last night I attended the Holy Week Processions in Jerez. It was quite possibly one of the most beautiful experiences of my life and certainly my favorite from my time in Spain. It was so moving to watch the energy surrounding Semana Santa, the beating of the drums that pierce so deep that your own heart begins beating to the rhythm, the people repenting for their sins, fully cloaked and some barefoot in the streets, carrying wood crosses for hours on end. I saw so much, some parts so moving that I felt myself tearing up from watching genuine human spirit in action. I have quite a few more to process from my experience, but this little boy was an instant fave as he anxiously awaits the "Virgin Mary" float to arrive.
Fellow Flickr Members: IF you are clicking the favorite button, please be kind and leave a comment...It's the polite thing to do...
My Website: www.unlessyourepent.com
Romans 5:8
While we were yet sinners, Christ died for us.
God is holy - we are not. God shows His mercy on us everyday by giving us life and not giving us what we really deserve--HELL.
Jesus said: Except a man be born again he cannot see the kingdom of God. John 3:3
You see, man's problem is SIN. We all sin, everyday-
in word, thought, or deed. We will be judged by a righteous
God who is Holy. James 2:10 says:
For whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all.
According to God's word, all it takes is one sin to be cast into the Lake Of Fire for eternity.
Hell is a real place of torment for the soul, and it is forever.
It was not created for humans but for Satan and his angels. Matthew 25:41
Sin began in the garden of Eden when Adam and Eve fell into temptation to Satan by eating the forbidden fruit of the knowledge of good and evil.
Satan is the god of THIS world. He has armies of demons working all over: Hollywood, Music industry, TV, Radio, and yes.. even the "Christian music and movie industry".
The bible says:
And no marvel; for Satan himself is transformed into an angel of light.
2 Corinthians 11:14
Just because the word "Christian" is put before worldly things.. it doesn't make it Christian and right in the eyes of the Lord.
ie: Christian Rock, Christian Yoga, Christian Mingle, Christian Rap/Trance/Reggae... ETC...
There is NO party in hell, you will not see any friends, there is no rest. Only torment by evil devils for eternity.
Read what Jesus said about Hell in Luke, chapter 16.
It's your choice to accept or reject the gospel message of Jesus Christ.
God was patient with me. I could have died and gone to Hell a long time ago. I was a club/rave DJ for 17 years. I rocked the crowds, I did the drugs, I played drums in a couple bands, i promoted parties and made them happen with my "crew". I thought i was pretty cool. Now i see that i wasn't .
I make no excuses for my sin..I had a what the bible calls a
reprobate mind: A mind void of right and wrong. I just did what felt good . My conscience was almost given over, but.. The Lord had other plans for me.
I left Canada after a divorce, i returned to Maui
and after one year of living the DJ life.. i knew something was
wrong with the way i was living. I was a cocaine, drug, and alcohol abuser. i was on my way to HELL!
One day i watched a video on YouTube, the guy was talking about sin, but when he started talking about Hell
and how i was going to go there and have real memories and feel real pain.. suddenly it hit me!
I had never been a Christian and I don't want to go to Hell.
It took a trip to the "Holy Land" in the middle east to see some of the biblical sites. After I returned i realized i had sinned against a Holy God
and i deserved Hell forever. I got on my knees and repented of the sinful life I lived. I changed my mind about God and knew they way I was living was contrary to Him.
I repented with a Godly sorrow and asked Jesus Christ to forgive me. I trusted in what Christ did on the cross for me and that it was His blood that covered my sins.
JESUS CHRIST IS GOD AND IS ALIVE RIGHT NOW IN HEAVEN.
HE TOOK OUR PUNISHMENT FOR SIN ON THE CROSS SO WE WOULDN'T HAVE TO. ALL YOU NEED TO DO IS PUT YOUR FAITH IN CHRIST ALONE.
CONFESS YOUR SINS TO HIM AND TURN FROM YOUR WICKED WAYS AND TRUST JESUS CHRIST FOR SALVATION. THIS IS WHAT REPENTANCE IS.. A CHANGED MIND.
CRY OUT TO GOD FOR MERCY AND HE WILL HEAR YOUR PRAYER. THEN FIND A BIBLE BELIEVING CHURCH AND START READING A KING JAMES BIBLE AND GET TO KNOW GOD THROUGH HIS WORD.
Don't wait. Hell is real. NO WARNING IS TOO STRONG.
Who is going to pay for your sins? You or Jesus?
Watch this video in the comment box below!
Nicolas Régnier
La Madeleine repentante
vers 1626-1630
huile sur toile
Würzburg, Martin-von-Wagner-Museum
der Universität Würzburg
"Régnier peint Marie Madeleine dans la grotte de la Sainte-Baume. Il place autour d'elle les symboles des péchés de sa vie passée (les somptueux drapés, la chevelure défaite) et de sa conversion (la grotte austère, le crâne symbole du caractère éphémère de la vie). Le pot à onguent rappelle la vanité de la vie (le parfum est volatile). Régnier puise ici son inspiration du peintre bolonais Guido Reni. Comme ce dernier, il exalte la sensualité féminine et reprend son schéma de composition. La sainte est représentée à mi-corps, ses cheveux blonds et défaits et le drapé bleu argenté soulignant la nudité de sa peau nacrée, les yeux extatiques tournés vers le ciel. On ne sait si la contemplation de la sainte en prière sert à l'édification morale du spectateur ou à sa seule délectation."
Source : cartel de l'exposition
De repente ha salido el sol y mi pueblo parece que ha sido pintado al óleo.
Y claro, a esa cita no podíamos faltar.
Esto es lo que verá mi hijo desde la ventana de su clase en el Instituto al curso que viene. ¡Cómo me hubiera gustado a mí tener estas vistas!
Nos gustó tanto que hicimos trampa y aprovechamos para hacer alguna foto más ... así nos vamos poniendo al día !!
Os dejamos una canción ... porque a mi "niño" le encanta ... play
(... ...)
Wild watercolor painting of Alaskan town by Kurt Johnson 1974 with many interesting, odd, and yes, grisly details (there is a depiction of a dog that got hit severly by the orange Datsun (some blood and dented fender) and one person is about to shoot it to put it out of its misery) The volcano is erupting, (*edit, see update below) There are three airplanes and one helicopter. Many other odd details, the motorcycles, the guy leaning over the rail vomiting, two people holding 'repent' and 'repent you sinners' signs, and people fishing, drinking, lying in the street. The building in the foreground is the "salty dawg saloon". The colors are vivid. I have to wonder if the guy in lower right next to the signature singing and playing the guitar is the artist.. (Augustine erupted in 1971, as well as many other years in the 20th century)
UPDATE - St Augustine volcano is the small smoking volcano below the airplane on the left, above the sailboat. The volcano in the center is Iliamna. Redoubt would be further to the right and further away. I was lining up the mountains in the image with the real site - Salty Dawg saloon is a real place - located at 59.601894°N 151.421396°W If you look at google earth and line up the road along Homer Spit in Homer Alaska, it lines up perfectly with another volcano (Iliamna).
"Cook Inlet Aviation" - written on the upper left plane - is also a real business. This watercolor is so rich in detail I am still finding new things...
* UPDATE 9/7/16: The large volcano in the center is Iliamna (I updated the text above), a prominent, 3053-m-high glacier-covered stratovolcano in Lake Clark National Park on the western side of Cook Inlet, about 225 km SW of Anchorage. Its flat-topped summit is flanked on the south, along a 5-km-long ridge, by the prominent North and South Twin Peaks. (Redoubt would be further to the right, not visible in this watercolor) Most of the reports of historical eruptions at Iliamna may represent plumes from vigorous fumaroles east and SE of the summit, which are often mistaken for eruption columns (Miller et al., 1998) Redoubt would be a bit further to the right. The reddish looking part of the volcano may be caused by the fumeroles, or a small landslide in the area where the fumeroles are located but it wouldn't be lava since this volcano hasn't erupted since 1876 or possibly 1953
Hace unas 4 semanas empecé a sentirme mal y acabé en el hospital operado de urgencias. La historia tiene un final feliz porque ya estoy convaleciente en casa, recuperándome de la operación y el susto, y adaptándome poco a poco a los cambios, pero los médicos me dijeron que había tenido suerte porque podía haber muerto... Es una situación inesperada y extraña, que te coge por sorpresa. Te sientes arrastrado a la fuerza hasta el borde de un precipicio, con un cable tendido por el que tienes que caminar para intentar cruzar al otro lado. De repente el tiempo pierde todo su sentido y avanza muy rápido, con las cosas sucediéndose una detrás de otra de forma acelerada, mientras descubres asombrado que puedes notar todos y cada uno de los segundos que pasan, como si fuesen a cámara lenta. Y mientras caminas por la cuerda floja, agitando los brazos para mantener el equilibrio, sólo puedes pensar una cosa: "No, no puede ser ahora. Aquí no, todavía no, todavía no...".
Así que, con vuestro permiso, me voy a tomar la libertad de daros un consejo: Amad, vivid, soñad. Y hacedlo ahora. Todos los besos y los "te quiero" que tengáis pendientes no los dejéis para luego. Es ahora, porque mañana a lo mejor ya es tarde.
Durante estos días aprovecharé para ir revisando vuestras galerías y poniéndome al día. Aquí os dejo algunos momentos captados durante mi estancia en el hospital. Las imágenes están hechas con el móvil y con los filtros de "Camera Zoom FX". En el primer comentario hay los enlaces a todas las fotos.
Besos y abrazos para tod@s.
Hanuman was born to the humanoid creatures called the vanaras. His mother Anjana was an apsara who was born on earth as a female vanara due to a curse. She was redeemed from this curse on her giving birth to a son. The Valmiki Ramayana states that his father Kesari was the son of Brihaspati and that Kesari also fought on Rama's side in the war against Ravana.[10] Anjana and Kesari performed intense prayers to Shiva to get a child. Pleased with their devotion, Shiva granted them the boon they sought.[11] Hanuman, in another interpretation, is the incarnation or reflection of Shiva himself.
Hanuman is often called the son of the deity Vayu; several different traditions account for the Vayu's role in Hanuman's birth. One story mentioned in Eknath's Bhavartha Ramayana (16th century CE) states that when Anjana was worshiping Shiva, the King Dasharatha of Ayodhya was also performing the ritual of Putrakama yagna in order to have children. As a result, he received some sacred pudding (payasam) to be shared by his three wives, leading to the births of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna. By divine ordinance, a kite snatched a fragment of that pudding and dropped it while flying over the forest where Anjana was engaged in worship. Vayu, the Hindu deity of the wind, delivered the falling pudding to the outstretched hands of Anjana, who consumed it. Hanuman was born to her as a result.[10][12] Another tradition says that Anjana and her husband Kesari prayed Shiva for a child. By Shiva's direction, Vayu transferred his male energy to Anjana's womb. Accordingly, Hanuman is identified as the son of the Vayu.
Another story of Hanuman's origins is derived from the Vishnu Purana and Naradeya Purana. Narada, infatuated with a princess, went to his lord Vishnu, to make him look like Vishnu, so that the princess would garland him at swayamvara (husband-choosing ceremony). He asked for hari mukh (Hari is another name of Vishnu, and mukh means face). Vishnu instead bestowed him with the face of a vanara. Unaware of this, Narada went to the princess, who burst into laughter at the sight of his ape-like face before all the king's court. Narada, unable to bear the humiliation, cursed Vishnu, that Vishnu would one day be dependent upon a vanara. Vishnu replied that what he had done was for Narada's own good, as he would have undermined his own powers if he were to enter matrimony. Vishnu also noted that Hari has the dual Sanskrit meaning of vanara. Upon hearing this, Narada repented for cursing his idol. But Vishnu told him not repent as the curse would act as a boon, for it would lead to the birth of Hanuman, an avatar of Shiva, without whose help Rama (Vishnu's avatar) could not kill Ravana.
Birth place[edit]Multiple places in India are claimed as the birthplace of Hanuman.
According to one theory, Hanuman was born on 'Anjaneya Hill', in Hampi, Karnataka.[13] This is located near the Risyamukha mountain on the banks of the Pampa, where Sugreeva and Rama are said to have met in Valmiki Ramayana's Kishkinda Kanda. There is a temple that marks the spot. Kishkinda itself is identified with the modern Anekundi taluk (near Hampi) in Bellary district of Karnataka.[citation needed]
Anjan, a small village about 18 km away from Gumla, houses "Anjan Dham", which is said to be the birthplace of Hanuman.[14] The name of the village is derived from the name of the goddess Anjani, the mother of Hanuman. Aanjani Guha (cave), 4 km from the village, is believed to be the place where Anjani once lived. Many objects of archaeological importance obtained from this site are now held at the Patna Museum.
The Anjaneri (or Anjneri) mountain, located 7 km from Trimbakeshwar in the Nasik district, is also claimed as the birthplace of Hanuman.[15]
According to Anjan Dham, Hanuman was born on Lakshka Hill near Sujangarh in Churu district, Rajasthan.[16]
Childhood[edit]
Hanuman Mistakes the Sun for a Fruit by BSP PratinidhiAs a child, believing the sun to be a ripe mango, Hanuman pursued it in order to eat it. Rahu, a Vedic planet corresponding to an eclipse, was at that time seeking out the sun as well, and he clashed with Hanuman. Hanuman thrashed Rahu and went to take sun in his mouth.[17] Rahu approached Indra, king of devas, and complained that a monkey child stopped him from taking on Sun, preventing the scheduled eclipse. This enraged Indra, who responded by throwing the Vajra (thunderbolt) at Hanuman, which struck his jaw. He fell back down to the earth and became unconscious. A permanent mark was left on his chin (हनुः hanuḥ "jaw" in Sanskrit), due to impact of Vajra, explaining his name.[10][18] Upset over the attack, Hanuman's father figure Vayu deva (the deity of air) went into seclusion, withdrawing air along with him. As living beings began to asphyxiate, Indra withdrew the effect of his thunderbolt. The devas then revived Hanuman and blessed him with multiple boons to appease Vayu.[10]
Brahma gave Hanuman a boon that would protect him from the irrevocable Brahma's curse. Brahma also said: "Nobody will be able to kill you with any weapon in war." From Brahma he obtained the power of inducing fear in enemies, of destroying fear in friends, to be able to change his form at will and to be able to easily travel wherever he wished. From Shiva he obtained the boons of longevity, scriptural wisdom and ability to cross the ocean. Shiva assured safety of Hanuman with a band that would protect him for life. Indra blessed him that the Vajra weapon will no longer be effective on him and his body would become stronger than Vajra. Varuna blessed baby Hanuman with a boon that he would always be protected from water. Agni blessed him with immunity to burning by fire. Surya gave him two siddhis of yoga namely "laghima" and "garima", to be able to attain the smallest or to attain the biggest form. Yama, the God of Death blessed him healthy life and free from his weapon danda, thus death would not come to him. Kubera showered his blessings declaring that Hanuman would always remain happy and contented. Vishwakarma blessed him that Hanuman would be protected from all his creations in the form of objects or weapons. Vayu also blessed him with more speed than he himself had. Kamadeva also blessed him that the sex will not be effective on him.So his name is also Bala Bramhachari.[citation needed]
On ascertaining Surya to be an all-knowing teacher, Hanuman raised his body into an orbit around the sun and requested to Surya to accept him as a student. Surya refused and explained claiming that he always had to be on the move in his chariot, it would be impossible for Hanuman to learn well. Undeterred, Hanuman enlarged his form, with one leg on the eastern ranges and the other on the western ranges, and facing Surya again pleaded. Pleased by his persistence, Surya agreed. Hanuman then learned all of the latter's knowledge. When Hanuman then requested Surya to quote his "guru-dakshina" (teacher's fee), the latter refused, saying that the pleasure of teaching one as dedicated as him was the fee in itself. Hanuman insisted, whereupon Surya asked him to help his (Surya's) spiritual son Sugriva. Hanuman's choice of Surya as his teacher is said to signify Surya as a Karma Saakshi, an eternal witness of all deeds. Hanuman later became Sugriva's minister.[10][19]
Hanuman was mischievous in his childhood, and sometimes teased the meditating sages in the forests by snatching their personal belongings and by disturbing their well-arranged articles of worship. Finding his antics unbearable, but realizing that Hanuman was but a child, (albeit invincible), the sages placed a mild curse on him by which he became unable to remember his own ability unless reminded by another person. The curse is highlighted in Kishkindha Kanda and he was relieved from the curse by the end of Kishkindha Kanda when Jambavantha reminds Hanuman of his abilities and encourages him to go and find Sita and in Sundara Kanda he used his supernatural powers at his best.[10]
Adventures in Ramayana[edit]The Sundara Kanda, the fifth book in the Ramayana, focuses on the adventures of Hanuman.
Meeting with Rama[edit]
Rāma and Lakṣmaṇa meeting Hanumān at RishyamukhaHanuman meets Rama during the Rama's 14-year exile.[20] With his brother Lakshmana, Rama is searching for his wife Sita who had been abducted by Ravana. Their search brings them to the vicinity of the mountain Rishyamukha, where Sugriva, along with his followers and friends, are in hiding from his older brother Vali.
Having seen Rama and Lakshmana, Sugriva sends Hanuman to ascertain their identities. Hanuman approaches the two brothers in the guise of a brahmin. His first words to them are such that Rama says to Lakshmana that none could speak the way the brahmin did unless he or she had mastered the Vedas. He notes that there is no defect in the brahmin's countenance, eyes, forehead, brows, or any limb. He points out to Lakshmana that his accent is captivating, adding that even an enemy with sword drawn would be moved. He praises the disguised Hanuman further, saying that sure success awaited the king whose emissaries were as accomplished as he was.[20]
When Rama introduces himself, the brahman identitifies himself as Hanuman and falls prostrate before Rama, who embraces him warmly. Thereafter, Hanuman's life becomes interwoven with that of Rama. Hanuman then brings about friendship and alliance between Rama and Sugriva; Rama helps Sugriva regain his honour and makes him king of Kishkindha. Sugriva and his vanaras, most notably Hanuman, help Rama defeat Raavana and reunite with Sita.
In their search for Sita, a group of Vanaras reaches the southern seashore. Upon encountering the vast ocean, every vanara begins to lament his inability to jump across the water. Hanuman too is saddened at the possible failure of his mission, until the other vanaras and the wise bear Jambavantha begin to extol his virtues. Hanuman then recollects his own powers, enlarges his body, and flies across the ocean. On his way, he encounters a mountain that rises from the sea, proclaims that it owed his father a debt, and asks him to rest a while before proceeding. Not wanting to waste any time, Hanuman thanks the mountain and carries on. He then encounters a sea-monster, Surasa, who challenges him to enter her mouth. When Hanuman outwits her, she admits that her challenge was merely a test of his courage. After killing Simhika, a rakshasa, he reaches Lanka.
Finding Sita[edit]
Hanuman finds Sita in the ashoka grove, and shows her Rama's ringHanuman reaches Lanka and marvels at its beauty. After he finds Sita in captivity in a garden, Hanuman reveals his identity to her, reassures her that Rama has been looking for her, and uplifts her spirits. He offers to carry her back to Rama, but she refuses his offer, saying it would be an insult to Rama as his honour is at stake. After meeting Sita, Hanuman begins to wreak havoc, gradually destroying the palaces and properties of Lanka. He kills many rakshasas, including Jambumali and Aksha Kumar. To subdue him, Ravana's son Indrajit uses the Brahmastra. Though immune to the effects of this weapon Hanuman, out of respect to Brahma, allows himself be bound. Deciding to use the opportunity to meet Ravana, and to assess the strength of Ravana's hordes, Hanuman allows the rakshasa warriors to parade him through the streets. He conveys Rama's message of warning and demands the safe return of Sita. He also informs Ravana that Rama would be willing to forgive him if he returns Sita honourably.
Enraged, Ravana orders Hanuman's execution, whereupon Ravana's brother Vibhishana intervenes, pointing out that it is against the rules of engagement to kill a messenger. Ravana then orders Hanuman's tail be lit afire. As Ravana's forces attempted to wrap cloth around his tail, Hanuman begins to lengthen it. After frustrating them for a while, he allows it to burn, then escapes from his captors, and with his tail on fire he burns down large parts of Lanka. After extinguishing his flaming tail in the sea, he returns to Rama.
Shapeshifting[edit]In the Ramayana Hanuman changes shape several times. For example, while he searches for the kidnapped Sita in Ravana's palaces on Lanka, he contracts himself to the size of a cat, so that he will not be detected by the enemy. Later on, he takes on the size of a mountain, blazing with radiance, to show his true power to Sita.[21]
Also he enlarges & immediately afterwards contracts his body to out-wit Sirsa, the she-demon, who blocked his path while crossing the sea to reach Lanka. Again, he turns his body microscopically small to enter Lanka before killing Lankini, the she-demon guarding the gates of Lanka.
He achieved this shape-shifting by the powers of two siddhis; Anima and Garima bestowed upon him in his childhood by Sun-God, Surya.
Mountain Lifting[edit]
Hanuman fetches the herb-bearing mountain, in a print from the Ravi Varma Press, 1910sWhen Lakshmana is severely wounded during the battle against Ravana, Hanuman is sent to fetch the Sanjivani, a powerful life-restoring herb, from Dronagiri mountain in the Himalayas, to revive him. Ravana realises that if Lakshmana dies, a distraught Rama would probably give up, and so he dispatches the sorcerer Kalanemi to intercept Hanuman.[22] Kalanemi, in the guise of a sage, deceives Hanuman, but Hanuman uncovers his plot with the help of an apsara, whom he rescues from her accursed state as a crocodile.[22]
Ravana, upon learning that Kalanemi has been slain by Hanuman, summons Surya to rise before its appointed time because the physician Sushena had said that Lakshmana would perish if untreated by daybreak. Hanuman realizes the danger, however, and, becoming many times his normal size, detains the Sun God to prevent the break of day. He then resumes his search for the precious herb, but, when he finds himself unable to identify which herb it is, he lifts the entire mountain and delivers it to the battlefield in Lanka. Sushena then identifies and administers the herb, and Lakshmana is saved. Rama embraces Hanuman, declaring him as dear to him as his own brother. Hanuman releases Surya from his grip, and asks forgiveness, as the Sun was also his Guru.
Hanuman was also called "langra veer"; langra in Hindi means limping and veer means "brave". The story behind Hanuman being called langra is as follows. He was injured when he was crossing the Ayodhya with the mountain in his hands. As he was crossing over Ayodhya, Bharat, Rama's young brother, saw him and assumed that some Rakshasa was taking this mountain to attack Ayodhya. Bharat then shot Hanuman with an arrow, which was engraved with Rama's name. Hanuman did not stop this arrow as it had Rama's name written on it, and it injured his leg. Hanuman landed and explained to Bharat that he was moving the mountain to save his own brother, Lakshmana. Bharat, very sorry, offered to fire an arrow to Lanka, which Hanuman could ride in order to reach his destination more easily. But Hanuman declined the offer, preferring to fly on his own, and he continued his journey with his injured leg.
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Patala incident[edit]In another incident during the war, Rama and Lakshmana are captured by the rakshasa Mahiravana (or Ahiravan), brother of Ravana, who held them captive in their palace in Patala (or Patalpuri) --the netherworld. Mahiravana keeps them as offerings to his deity. Searching for them, Hanuman reaches Patala, the gates of which are guarded by a young creature called Makardhwaja (known also as Makar-Dhwaja or Magar Dhwaja), who is part reptile and part Vanara.
The story of Makardhwaja's birth is said to be that when Hanuman extinguished his burning tail in the ocean, a drop of his sweat fell into the waters, eventually becoming Makardhwaja, who perceives Hanuman as his father. When Hanuman introduces himself to Makardhwaja, the latter asks his blessings, but fights him to fulfill the task of guarding the gate. Hanuman defeats and imprisons him to gain entry.
Upon entering Patala, Hanuman discovers that to kill Mahiravana, he must simultaneously extinguish five lamps burning in different directions. Hanuman assumes the Panchamukha or five-faced form of Sri Varaha facing north, Sri Narasimha facing south, Sri Garuda facing west, Sri Hayagriva facing the sky and his own facing the east, and blows out the lamps. Hanuman then rescues Rama and Lakshmana. Afterwards, Rama asks Hanuman to crown Makardhwaja king of Patala. Hanuman then instructs Makardhwaja to rule Patala with justice and wisdom.
To date Chandraloak Devpuri mandir is located at Dugana a small village 17 km from Laharpur,Sitapur district,Uttar Pradesh. A divine place where Chakleswar Mahadev situated.
Honours[edit]
Hanuman showing Rama in His heartShortly after he is crowned Emperor upon his return to Ayodhya, Rama decides to ceremoniously reward all his well-wishers. At a grand ceremony in his court, all his friends and allies take turns being honoured at the throne. Hanuman approaches without desiring a reward. Seeing Hanuman come up to him, an emotionally overwhelmed Rama embraces him warmly, declaring that he could never adequately honour or repay Hanuman for the help and services he received from the noble Vanara. Sita, however, insists that Hanuman deserved honour more than anyone else, and Sita gives him a necklace of precious stones adorning her neck.
When he receives it, Hanuman immediately takes it apart, and peers into each stone. Taken aback, many of those present demand to know why he is destroying the precious gift. Hanuman answers that he was looking into the stones to make sure that Rama and Sita are in them, because if they are not, the necklace is of no value to him. At this, a few mock Hanuman, saying his reverence and love for Rama and Sita could not possibly be as deep as he implies. In response, Hanuman tears his chest open, and everyone is stunned to see Rama and Sita literally in his heart.
Hanuman Ramayana[edit]
Hanuman beheads Trisiras-from The Freer RamayanaAfter the victory of Rama over Ravana, Hanuman went to the Himalayas to continue his worship of the Lord Rama. There he scripted a version of the Ramayana on the Himalayan mountains using his nails, recording every detail of Rama's deeds. When Maharishi Valmiki visited him to show him his own version of the Ramayana, he saw Hanuman's version and became very disappointed.
When Hanuman asked Valmiki the cause of his sorrow, the sage said that his version, which he had created very laboriously, was no match for the splendour of Hanuman's, and would therefore go ignored. At this, Hanuman discarded his own version, which is called the Hanumad Ramayana. Maharishi Valmiki was so taken aback that he said he would take another birth to sing the glory of Hanuman which he had understated in his version.
Later, one tablet is said to have floated ashore during the period of Mahakavi Kalidasa, and hung at a public place to be deciphered by scholars. Kalidasa is said to have deciphered it and recognised that it was from the Hanumad Ramayana recorded by Hanuman in an extinct script, and considered himself very fortunate to see at least one pada of the stanza.
After the Ramayana war[edit]After the war, and after reigning for several years, the time arrived for Rama to depart to his supreme abode Vaikuntha. Many of Rama's entourage, including Sugriva, decided to depart with him. Hanuman, however, requested from Rama that he will remain on earth as long as Rama's name was venerated by people. Sita accorded Hanuman that desire, and granted that his image would be installed at various public places, so he could listen to people chanting Rama's name. He is one of the immortals (Chiranjivi) of Hinduism.[23]
Mahabharata[edit]Hanuman is also considered to be the brother of Bhima, on the basis of their having the same father, Vayu. During the Pandavas' exile, he appears disguised as a weak and aged monkey to Bhima in order to subdue his arrogance. Bhima enters a field where Hanuman is lying with his tail blocking the way. Bhima, unaware of his identity, tells him to move it out of the way. Hanuman, incognito, refuses. Bhima then tries to move the tail himself but he is unable, despite his great strength. Realising he is no ordinary monkey, he inquires as to Hanuman's identity, which is then revealed. At Bhima's request, Hanuman is also said to have enlarged himself to demonstrate the proportions he had assumed in his crossing of the sea as he journeyed to Lanka and also said that when the war came, he would be there to protect the Pandavas. This place is located at Sariska National Park in the Alwar District of the State of Rajasthan and named as Pandupole(Temple of Hanuman ji).Pandupole is very famous tourist spot of Alwar.
During the great battle of Kurukshetra, Arjuna entered the battlefield with a flag displaying Hanuman on his chariot.[23] The incident that led to this was an earlier encounter between Hanuman and Arjuna, wherein Hanuman appeared as a small talking monkey before Arjuna at Rameshwaram, where Rama had built the great bridge to cross over to Lanka to rescue Sita. Upon Arjuna's wondering aloud at Rama's taking the help of monkeys rather than building a bridge of arrows, Hanuman challenged him to build a bridge capable of bearing him alone; Arjuna, unaware of the vanara's true identity, accepted. Hanuman then proceeded to repeatedly destroy the bridges made by Arjuna, who decided to take his own life. Vishnu then appeared before them both after originally coming in the form of a tortoise, chiding Arjuna for his vanity and Hanuman for making Arjuna feel incompetent. As an act of penitence, Hanuman decided to help Arjuna by stabilizing and strengthening his chariot during the imminent great battle. After, the battle of Kurukshetra was over, Krishna asked Arjuna, that today you step down the chariot before me. After Arjuna got down, Krishna followed him and thanked Hanuman for staying with them during the whole fight in the form of a flag on the chariot. Hanuman came in his original form, bowed to Krishna and left the flag, flying away into the sky. As soon as he left the flag, the chariot began to burn and turned into ashes. Arjuna was shocked to see this, then Krishna told Arjuna, that the only reason his chariot was still standing was because of the presence of Himself and Hanuman, otherwise, it would have burnt many days ago due to effects of celestial weapons thrown at it in the war.
According to legend, Hanuman is one of the four people to have heard the Bhagwad Gita from Krishna and seen his Vishvarupa (universal) form, the other three being Arjuna, Sanjaya and Barbarika, son of Ghatotkacha.
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Estabilizadores por pasos: El principio de funcionamiento de éstos estabilizadores se basa en la elección de una u otra derivación de un auto transformador, según el valor de la tensión de entrada. El modo de operación se puede apreciar en la Fig. 1. Si la tensión de entrada es correcta, el selector de paso se ubicará en la posición “B”, si tensión de entrada es baja, lo hará en la posición “A”, y si es alta lo hará en la posición “C”. Estabilizador por Pasos (Funcionamiento): Como se puede ver, el funcionamiento de un típico estabilizador de tensión por pasos (para computación) es una versión automatizada de los antiguos (aunque hoy en día todavía se usan) elevadores manuales de tensión. Estos consistían en un transformador (técnicamente un auto-transformador), con derivaciones. Una llave selectora puede conectar cada derivación (solo una por vez), a la salida. Si la tensión de entrada es muy baja, para elevarla hasta 220 Volts, habrá que conectar la salida superior (Paso A). A medida que la tensión de entrada sea mayor, se deberá conectar una salida ubicada más abajo (Paso B). Si la entrada es mayor que 220 Volts, habrá que elegir una derivación por debajo de la que correspondía a la entrada de 220 Volts (Paso C). En estos aparatos manuales, el usuario movía la llave selectora de salida mirando un voltímetro conectado a la misma, el que debía indicar una tensión lo más aproximada a 220 Volts. Si el usuario no estaba atento a los cambios de tensión en la entrada, y ésta de repente subía, dando a la salida mayor voltaje.ESTABILIZADORES DE TENSIÓN - EN QUE CONSISTEN DE QUÉ Y COMO PROTEGEN UTILIZACIÓN PARA CORRIENTE MONOFÁSICA Y TRIFÁSICA Un Estabilizador de Tensión es fundamentalmente un aparato que recibe en la entrada una tensión que puede variar entre un valor mínimo y un valor máximo (denominado rango de tensión de entrada), dando a la salida un tensión estabilizada que puede tener un valor dentro de un rango de la tensión de salida (denominado precisión de la tensión de salida, ó error de la misma, valuado en un porcentaje). Ejemplo: Rango de la tensión de entrada: de 170 Volts a 240 Volts. Tensión de salida: 220V +/- 6 % (o sea entre más 5%: 231V y menos 5%: 209V) El error de la tensión de salida es en este caso de 6 % para arriba ó 6 % para abajo. La precisión queda conceptual mente definida por el error. Cuando menor es el error, mejor será la precisión. Existen en la actualidad una gran cantidad de marcas y modelos de Estabilizadores de Tensión. Aunque todos ellos fueron diseñados y construidos con el propósito de entregar una tensión estable a su salida, a partir de una tensión de entrada que puede variar dentro de determinados límites, no todos utilizan el mismo principio de funcionamiento, ó son adecuados a los diferentes tipos de cargas. La razón de ser de los estabilizadores de tensión, se basa en el hecho de que, aún con los últimos adelantos técnicos y mejoras de los servicios en el área energética, no se han podido suprimir las frecuentes caídas o elevaciones de tensión en las redes de alimentación de energía eléctrica. Tampoco ha sido posible eliminar disturbios comunes como picos transitorios de alta tensión, interferencias de media y alta frecuencia y / ó ruidos eléctricos en general, que pueden provocar, no sólo un funcionamiento errático de los modernos equipos electrónicos, sino también su destrucción total. Cuanto más sofisticado y costoso es un equipo electrónico, tanto más sensible pareciera a los problemas de la tensión de la red. Es por ello que la mayoría de los usuarios de equipos de computación, o similares, han adoptado como regla de seguridad intercalar un estabilizador de tensión en la línea de alimentación de sus equipos. Esta regla se ha extendido al uso de artefactos hogareños, de oficina, e industriales, ya que los inconvenientes que puede provocar una tensión de alimentación incorrecta pueden llegar a ser muy costosos y los daños, irreversibles. Podemos agrupar los estabilizadores de tensión actuales en tres grandes grupos: - Estabilizadores por pasos. - Estabilizadores continuos. - Estabilizadores ferro resonantes. Dentro de cada uno de estos tres grandes grupos, hay grandes e importantes diferencias entre marcas y modelos, ya que la tecnología utilizada por cada fabricante, no suele ser la misma, aún en equipos de similar potencia.
A vida caminha numa boa e, de repente, a gente tropeça em alguém. Ah, desculpa, foi sem querer. E aquela pessoa, de alguma forma, desperta algo em nós. Aquele algo aumenta. Modifica. Se transforma. Dá vontade de dizer “segura a minha mão e não solta mais”. E a vida nos prega uma peça. Das histórias mais malucas surge aquele sentimento que não te dá trégua. E a gente pensa que é impossível, que é maluco, doido, louco. Mas real. E a gente faz uma série de historinhas mentais. Imaginamos diálogos, cenas, dias, noites, momentos. E o que sentimos vai crescendo, a pessoa não sai mais do nosso pensamento, dá vontade de abraçar e não soltar nunca mais. Dá vontade de olhar pra cara dele, sacudir e dizer que sim, te quero. Te gosto. Te adoro. Te tudo. E fica comigo pra sempre. E vamos ser felizes. Porque as coisas são assim mesmo, é fácil, simples, descomplicado e romântico. Não precisa drama, nem pensar em problemas. ~ Clarissa Corrêa
Diez años después de la conquista de México, el día 9 de diciembre de 1531, Juan Diego iba rumbo al Convento de Tlaltelolco para oír misa. Al amanecer llegó al pie del Tepeyac. De repente oyó música que parecía el gorjeo de miles de pájaros. Muy sorprendido se paró, alzó su vista a la cima del cerro y vio que estaba iluminado con una luz extraña. Cesó la música y en seguida oyó una dulce voz procedente de lo alto de la colina, llamándole: "Juanito; querido Juan Dieguito". Juan subió presurosamente y al llegar a la cumbre vio a la Santísima Virgen María en medio de un arco iris, ataviada con esplendor celestial. Su hermosura y mirada bondadosa llenaron su corazón de gozo infinito mientras escuchó las palabras tiernas que ella le dirigió a él. Ella habló en azteca. Le dijo que ella era la Inmaculada Virgen María, Madre del Verdadero Dios. Le reveló cómo era su deseo más vehemente tener un templo allá en el llano donde, como madre piadosa, mostraría todo su amor y misericordia a él y a los suyos y a cuantos solicitaren su amparo. "Y para realizar lo que mi clemencia pretende, irás a la casa del Obispo de México y le dirás que yo te envío a manifestarle lo que mucho deseo; que aquí en el llano me edifique un templo. Le contarás cuanto has visto y admirado, y lo que has oído. Ten por seguro que le agradeceré bien y lo pagaré, porque te haré feliz y merecerás que yo te recompense el trabajo y fatiga con que vas a procurar lo que te encomiendo. Ya has oído mi mandato, hijo mío, el más pequeño: anda y pon todo tu esfuerzo".
Juan se inclinó ante ella y le dijo: "Señora mía: ya voy a cumplir tu mandato; me despido de ti, yo, tu humilde siervo".
Cuando Juan llegó a la casa del Obispo Zumárraga y fue llevado a su presencia, le dijo todo lo que la Madre de Dios le había dicho. Pero el Obispo parecía dudar de sus palabras, pidiéndole volver otro día para escucharle más despacio.
Ese mismo día regresó a la cumbre de la colina y encontró a la Santísima Virgen que le estaba esperando. Con lágrimas de tristeza le contó cómo había fracasado su empresa. Ella le pidió volver a ver al Sr. Obispo el día siguiente. Juan Diego cumplió con el mandato de la Santísima Virgen. Esta vez tuvo mejor éxito; el Sr. Obispo pidió una señal.
Juan regresó a la colina, dio el recado a María Santísima y ella prometió darle una señal al siguiente día en la mañana. Pero Juan Diego no podía cumplir este encargo porque un tío suyo, llamado Juan Bernardino había enfermado gravemente.
Dos días más tarde, el día doce de diciembre, Juan Bernardino estaba moribundo y Juan Diego se apresuró a traerle un sacerdote de Tlaltelolco. Llegó a la ladera del cerro y optó ir por el lado oriente para evitar que la Virgen Santísima le viera pasar. Primero quería atender a su tío. Con grande sorpresa la vio bajar y salir a su encuentro. Juan le dio su disculpa por no haber venido el día anterior. Después de oír las palabras de Juan Diego, ella le respondió: "Oye y ten entendido, hijo mío el más pequeño, que es nada lo que te asusta y aflige. No se turbe tu corazón, no temas esa ni ninguna otra enfermedad o angustia. ¿Acaso no estoy aquí yo, que soy tu madre? ¿No estás bajo mi sombra? ¿No soy tu salud? ¿Qué más te falta? No te aflija la enfermedad de tu tío, que no morirá ahora de ella; está seguro de que ya sanó".
Cuando Juan Diego oyó estas palabras se sintió contento. Le rogó que le despachara a ver al Señor Obispo para llevarle alguna señal y prueba a fin de que le creyera. Ella le dijo:
"Sube, hijo mío el más pequeño, a la cumbre donde me viste y te di órdenes, hallarás que hay diferentes flores; córtalas, recógelas y en seguida baja y tráelas a mi presencia".
Juan Diego subió y cuando llegó a la cumbre, se asombró mucho de que hubieran brotado tan hermosas flores. En sus corolas fragantes, el rocío de la noche semejaba perlas preciosas. Presto empezó a córtalas, las echó en su regazo y las llevó ante la Virgen. Ella tomó las flores en sus manos, las arregló en la tilma y dijo: "Hijo mío el más pequeño, aquí tienes la señal que debes llevar al Señor Obispo. Le dirás en mi nombre que vea en ella mi voluntad y que él tiene que cumplirla. Tú eres mi embajador muy digno de confianza. Rigurosamente te ordeno que sólo delante del Obispo despliegues tu tilma y descubras lo que llevas".
Cuando Juan Diego estuvo ante el Obispo Fray Juan de Zumárraga, y le contó los detalles de la cuarta aparición de la Santísima Virgen, abrió su tilma para mostrarle las flores, las cuales cayeron al suelo. En este instante, ante la inmensa sorpresa del Señor Obispo y sus compañeros, apareció la imagen de la Santísima Virgen María maravillosamente pintada con los más hermosos colores sobre la burda tela de su manto.
LA CURACIÓN DE JUAN BERNARDINO
El mismo día, doce de diciembre, muy temprano, la Santísima Virgen se presentó en la choza de Juan Bernardino para curarle de su mortal enfermedad. Su corazón se llenó de gozo cuando ella le dio el feliz mensaje de que su retrato milagrosamente aparecido en la tilma de Juan Diego, iba a ser el instrumento que aplastara la religión idólatra de sus hermanos por medio de la enseñanza que el divino códice-pintura encerraba.
Te-coa-tla-xope en la lengua Azteca quiere decir "aplastará la serpiente de piedra". Los españoles oyeron la palabra de los labios de Juan Bernardino. Sonó como "de Guadalupe. Sorprendidos se preguntaron el por qué de este nombre español, pero los hijos predilectos de América, conocían bien el sentido de la frase en su lengua nativa. Así fue como la imagen y el santuario adquirieron el nombre de Guadalupe, título que ha llevado por cuatro siglos.
Se lee en la Sagrada Escritura que en tiempo de Moisés y muchos años después un gran cometa recorría el espacio. Tenía la apariencia de una serpiente de fuego. Los indios de México le dieron el nombre de Quetzalcoatl, serpiente con plumas. Le tenían mucho temor e hicieron ídolos de piedra, en forma de serpiente emplumada, a los cuales adoraban, ofreciéndoles sacrificios humanos. Después de ver la sagrada imagen y leer lo que les dijo, los indios abandonaron sus falsos dioses y abrazaron la Fe Católica. Ocho millones de indígenas se convirtieron en sólo siete años después de la aparición de la imagen.
LA TILMA DE JUAN DIEGO
La tilma en la cual la imagen de la Santísima Virgen apareció, está hecha de fibra de maguey. La duración ordinaria de esta tela es de veinte años a lo máximo. Tiene 195 centímetros de largo por 105 de ancho con una sutura en medio que va de arriba a abajo.
Impresa directamente sobre esta tela, se encuentra la hermosa figura de Nuestra Señora. El cuerpo de ella mide 140 centímetros de alto.
Esta imagen de la Santísima Virgen es el único retrato auténtico que tenemos de ella. Su conservación en estado fresco y hermoso por más de cuatro siglos, debe considerarse milagrosa. Se venera en la Basílica de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe en la Ciudad de México, donde ocupa el sitio de honor en el altar mayor.
La Sagrada Imagen duró en su primera ermita desde el 26 de diciembre, 1535 hasta el ano de 1622.
La segunda iglesia ocupó el mismo lugar donde se encuentra hoy la Basílica. Esta duró hasta 1695. Unos pocos años antes fue construida la llamada Iglesia de los Indios junto a la primera ermita, la cual sirvió entonces de sacristía para el nuevo templo. En 1695, cuando fue demolido el segundo templo, la milagrosa imagen fue llevada a la Iglesia de los Indios donde se quedó hasta 1709 fecha en que se dedicó el nuevo hermoso templo que todavía despierta la admiración de Mexicanos y extranjeros.
LA CORONACIÓN
El doce de octubre de 1895 la bendita imagen de la Santísima Virgen fue coronada por decreto del Santo Padre, León XIII, y el doce de octubre de 1945, cincuentenario de la coronación, su Santidad Pío XII en su célebre radio mensaje a los Mexicanos le aplicó el titulo de Emperatriz de las Américas.
Muy recientemente, el doce de octubre de 1961, su Santidad Juan XXIII, dirigió un radio mensaje a los Congresistas del II Congreso Interamericano Mariano quienes se encontraron presentes dentro de la Nacional e Insigne Basílica de Guadalupe. En este día, a las doce en punto, se escuchó la sonora voz del Santo Padre quien pronunció las siguientes palabras:
Amadísimos Congresistas y fieles todos de América:
María, Madre de Dios y Madre nuestra, esa tierna palabra que estos días vuestros labios repiten sin fin con el título bendito de Madre de Guadalupe, abre este nuestro saludo que dirigimos a cuantos tomáis parte en el Segundo Congreso Mariano Interamericano y a todos los países de América.
Feliz oportunidad ésta del 50 aniversario del Patronato de María Santísima de Guadalupe sobre toda la América Latina, que tanto bien ha producido entre los pueblos del Continente, para alentaros en vuestras manifestaciones de mutuo amor y de devoción a la que es Madre de vida y Fuente de gracia.
Día histórico aquél doce de octubre en que el grito "tierra" anunciaba la unión de dos mundos, hasta entonces desconocidos entre sí, y señalaba el nacimiento a la fe de esos dos continentes; a la fe en Cristo -"luz verdadera que ilumina a todo hombre"- (Jo. 1, 9.) de la cual María es como la "aurora consurgens" que precede la claridad del día. Más adelante "la siempre Virgen Santa María, Madre del verdadero Dios por quien se vive", derrama su ternura y delicadeza maternal en la colina, del Tepeyac, confiando al indio Juan Diego con su mensaje unas rosas que de su tilma caen mientras en ésta queda aquél retrato suyo dulcísimo que manos humanos no pintaran.
Así quería Nuestra Señora continuar mostrando su oficio de Madre: Santa María de Guadalupe, siempre símbolo y artífice de esta fusión que formaría la nacionalidad mexicana y, en expansión cargada de sentidos, rebasaría las fronteras para ofrecer al mundo ese coro magnífico de pueblos que rezan en español.
Primero Madre y Patrona de México, luego de América y de Filipinas: el sentido histórico de su mensaje iba cobrando así plenitud, mientras abría sus brazos a todos los horizontes en un anhelo universal de amor.
Abre el alma a la esperanza cuando en ese mismo Continente se viene estudiando y poniendo en práctica para elevar el nivel de vidas de los pueblos humanos. Vemos con aplauso las iniciativas encaminadas a procurar personal preparado para el apostolado a los países escasos de clero o de religiosos en el deseo de sostener su fe y de continuar la misión salvadora de la Iglesia.
¡Cuánto podrá ayudar a mantener vivos estos ideales cristianos de fraternidad vuestro Congreso! Qué altura y qué nobleza adquieren las relaciones entre los individuos y los pueblos cuando se las contempla a la luz de nuestra fraternidad en Cristo: "onmes vos fratres estis" (Mat. 23,8) según proclama el lema de vuestro Congreso. .
Y cuanto en esta convivencia alienta el amor y la consideración de una Madre común, entonces los vínculos de la familia humana adquieren la eficacia de algo más vital, más sentido que sublima el poder y la fuerza de cualquier ley.
Tenéis ahí a María, la Madre común, puesto que es Madre de Cristo, la que con su solicitud y compasión maternal ha contribuido a que se nos devuelva la vida divina y sobrenatural, la que en la persona del discípulo amado nos fue donada como Madre espiritual por Cristo mismo en la cruz.
Salve Madre de América! Celestial Misionera del nuevo Mundo, que desde el Santuario del Tepeyac has sido, durante más de cuatro Siglos Madre y Maestra en la fe de los pueblos de América. Sé también su amparo y sálvalos oh Inmaculada María; asiste a sus gobernantes, infunde nuevo celo a sus Prelados, aumenta las virtudes en el clero; y conserva siempre la fe en el pueblo.
Oiga María estos votos para que los presente a Cristo en cuyo nombre y con el más vivo afecto de nuestro corazón de Padre os bendecimos.
SAN JUAN DIEGO
San Juan Diego nació en 1474 en el "calpulli" de Tlayacac en Cuauhtitlán, México, establecido en 1168 por la tribu nahua y conquistado por el jefe Azteca Axayacatl en 1467. Cuando nació recibió el nombre de Cuauhtlatoatzin, que quiere decir "el que habla como águila" o "águila que habla".Juan Diego perteneció a la más numerosa y baja clase del Imperio Azteca, sin llegar a ser esclavo. Se dedicó a trabajar la tierra y fabricar matas las que luego vendía. Poseía un terreno en el que construyó una pequeña vivienda. Contrajo matrimonio con una nativa pero no tuvo hijos.
Entre 1524 y 1525 se convierte al cristianismo y fue bautizado junto a su esposa, él recibió el nombre de Juan Diego y ella el de María Lucía. Fueron bautizados por el misionero franciscano Fray Toribio de Benavente, llamado por los indios "Motolinia" o " el pobre".
Antes de su conversión Juan Diego ya era un hombre piadoso y religioso. Era muy reservado y de carácter místico, le gustaba el silencio y solía caminar desde su poblado hasta Tenochtitlán, a 20 kilómetros de distancia, para recibir instrucción religiosa. Su esposa María Lucía falleció en 1529. En ese momento Juan Diego se fue a vivir con su tío Juan Bernardino en Tolpetlac, a sólo 14 kilómetros de la iglesia de Tlatilolco, Tenochtitlán. Durante una de sus caminatas camino a Tenochtitlán, que solían durar tres horas a través de montañas y poblados, ocurre la primera aparición de Nuestra Señora, en el lugar ahora conocido como "Capilla del Cerrito", donde la Virgen María le habló en su idioma, el náhuatl.
Juan Diego tenía 57 años en el momento de las apariciones, ciertamente una edad avanzada en un lugar y época donde la expectativa de vida masculina apenas sobrepasaba los 40 años.Luego del milagro de Guadalupe Juan Diego fue a vivir a un pequeño cuarto pegado a la capilla que alojaba la santa imagen, tras dejar todas sus pertenencias a su tío Juan Bernardino. Pasó el resto de su vida dedicado a la difusión del relato de las apariciones entre la gente de su pueblo.
Murió el 30 de mayo de 1548, a la edad de 74 años. Juan Diego fue beatificado en abril de 1990 por el Papa Juan Pablo II y proclamado santo el 31 de Julio de 2002 . (Biografía extraída de la agencia católica de noticias ACIPRENSA).
Water & Light at Sassi Mazar Balochistan May30, 2015
SUN SHINES IN THE NIGHT
Sassi punnu mausoleum got Solar Energy
Every year thousands of peoples from various parts of Sindh, Baluchistan and Punjab gather at the shrine of Sassi and Punnu in Singher village to attend a 3 days carnival. Singher village is , 52 Kilometers away from Hub town. Singher means chain, as the village is surrounded by the chain of hills where it is believed that Sassi and Punnu were buried under a landslide.
Before the monsoon a carnival organizing committee receives donation from the Baloch tribal chiefs of Sindh and Balochistan to bear the expenditures of the event. Collected funds are mostly used for providing food, water and accommodation to all the devotees there. Sufi Faqirs (singers) from Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab travel to perform songs on the occasion to pay homage to Sassi Punnu, the popular tragic romance of Sindh and Balochistan. Besides folk songs, a traditional Sindhi game malakhro similar to Japanese wrestling sumo also attracts a large number of the people to come there.
Lands from mountains with old graves scattered in the area and rainy water ways are quite difficult to cross for the travellers. Despite this, devotees, males and females, travel long distance to visit the site the entire year. For the local people, camel is the only means of transport and people gather there during the occasion.
There is only one well, which is useful for the communities otherwise the entire area underground water level is unsafe for human consumption. In case the area receives monsoon rains the people use rainy water from ponds.
For the benefit of peoples living in surroundings as well as devotees who visit during carnival and over the year, Masood Lohar, country Manager UNDP, GEF small grant program decided to use solar energy for providing clean and safe water and lighting on the mausoleum.
On 30th May 2015, Shaan Technologies Private Limited installed a 3 HP Solar Powered pump on a 250 ft deep well that is located near the tomb. Operating on a 3 kilowatt solar panel bank this pump provide 30 Gallon water per minutes & eliminates requirement of diesel generator operated pump that organizing committee previously used to supply water during the festival.
Now solar pump serves as a continuous source of clean water without any additional cost. A water tank is provided to store pumped water. This tank helped as a 24 hours ready source of water for the local people.
In addition to that 2 solar powered floodlights were also installed in front yard of tomb. These 14 watt LED lights runs on a 35 watt solar panel that provide sufficient power to run LED lamps up to 12 hours. Dusk to Dawn photo sensors is also used in the system that automatically turns on the light just before the sunset and turns off at dawn. This project was financed by the UNDP GEF Small grant program. Lodhie foundation contributed 10% cost of the project under its poverty alleviation initiative.
Project Summary
Location: Sassi Punnu Moseleum, Singher Village, Near Hub Dam, Baluchistan
Coordinates: 25°18'41"N 66°53'21"E
Nearby cities: Karachi, Hub City, Sonmiani / Winder city
Initiated By: UNDP, GEF Small Grant Program in association of Lodhie Foundation
Implemented by: Shaan Technologies Private Limited Karachi
Implantation Date: 30Th May 2015
Equipment installed:
(1) One 3HP DC Submersible water pump with 3KW Solar panels and Pump Controller
(2) Two Solar Powered LED Floodlights
Beneficiaries: Up to 2500 people living in the Singher village and surroundings
Folktale of Sassi & Punnu
Sassi Punnu is a famous folktale of love told in the length and breadth of Sindh, Pakistan. The story is about a faithful wife who is ready to undergo all kinds of troubles that would come her way while seeking her beloved husband who was separated from her by the rivals
Sassi was the daughter of a Brahman Hindu Rajah from Rohri . Upon Sassui's birth, astrologers predicted that she was a curse for the royal family’s prestige. The Raja ordered that the child be put in a wooden box and thrown in the Sindhu, present day’s river Indus. However, she was saved by a washer-man belonging to Bhanbhor, near Gharo district, Thatta . The washer-man raised her as his own daughter.
When Sassui became a young girl, she was as beautiful as the fairies of heaven. Stories of her beauty reached Punhun a prince from Kech Makran Balochistan and he became desperate to meet Sassi. The handsome young Prince therefore travelled to Bhambore. He sent his clothes to Sassi's father (a washerman) so that he could catch a glimpse of Sassi. When he visited the washerman's house, they fell in love at first sight. Sassui's father was dispirited, hoping that Sassi would marry a washerman and no one else. He asked Punnhun to prove that he was worthy of Sassui by passing the test as a washerman. Punnhun agreed to prove his love. While washing, he tore all the clothes as, being a prince, he had never washed any clothes; he thus failed the agreement. But before he returned those clothes, he hid gold coins in the pockets of all the clothes, hoping this would keep the villagers quiet. The trick worked, and Sassui's father agreed to the marriage.
At last Punnu (Punhoon) married her. However, his father, Ari, the King of Ketch, did not like his son getting married to a low-caste girl, so he instructed his other sons to go to Bhanbhor and bring back Punnu at any cost. They visited Punnu as his guests and during the night they intoxicated him and his wife. Later, they put their brother on one of the camels and left. When Sassi woke up in the morning, she was shocked to find Punnu missing and all his brothers gone. She understood their trickery. She left Bhambhor immediately to Kech Makran on foot in search of him. The Kech Makran is located along the Makran Coastal Highway in Baluchistan, Pakistan.
After crossing Pab Mountain, she reached the Harho range. She could not proceed further when her path was blocked by the Phor River. So she started retracing her steps. Soon she was accosted by a beastly goatherd who intended to molest her. Sassi prayed to God for protection. Immediately the ground below her feet started caving in like quicksand and she disappeared within seconds. Seeing the miracle, the goatherd repented sincerely, and to make amends for his misconduct, he made a grave in the site and became its custodian.
Punnu found no peace of mind at Kech. He languished and soon became an invalid. Under the circumstances, his father allowed him to return to Bhambhor.
During his return journey, Punnu happened to pass by the site where Sassi had met her death. When the goatherd came to know his story, he told him as to what had happened to Sassi. Punnu was beside himself on hearing the horrible news.
He prayed to God to unite him with Sassi. Again the ground became quicksand and he soon disappeared into the bowels of the earth. So came to an end the tragic love story of Sassi and Punnu. The legendary grave still exists in this valley.
The famous Sufi saint and poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai sings this historic tale in his sufi poetry “Shah jo Risalo” as an example of eternal love and union with Divine.
Sassi’s resting place is said to be about 45 miles away in the Pub range to the west of Karachi. A local man of some importance constructed a simple mausoleum in 1980 over the joint grave of Sassi and Punnu. It is often visited by tourists.
Water & Light at Sassi Mazar Balochistan May30, 2015
SUN SHINES IN THE NIGHT
Sassi punnu mausoleum got Solar Energy
Every year thousands of peoples from various parts of Sindh, Baluchistan and Punjab gather at the shrine of Sassi and Punnu in Singher village to attend a 3 days carnival. Singher village is , 52 Kilometers away from Hub town. Singher means chain, as the village is surrounded by the chain of hills where it is believed that Sassi and Punnu were buried under a landslide.
Before the monsoon a carnival organizing committee receives donation from the Baloch tribal chiefs of Sindh and Balochistan to bear the expenditures of the event. Collected funds are mostly used for providing food, water and accommodation to all the devotees there. Sufi Faqirs (singers) from Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab travel to perform songs on the occasion to pay homage to Sassi Punnu, the popular tragic romance of Sindh and Balochistan. Besides folk songs, a traditional Sindhi game malakhro similar to Japanese wrestling sumo also attracts a large number of the people to come there.
Lands from mountains with old graves scattered in the area and rainy water ways are quite difficult to cross for the travellers. Despite this, devotees, males and females, travel long distance to visit the site the entire year. For the local people, camel is the only means of transport and people gather there during the occasion.
There is only one well, which is useful for the communities otherwise the entire area underground water level is unsafe for human consumption. In case the area receives monsoon rains the people use rainy water from ponds.
For the benefit of peoples living in surroundings as well as devotees who visit during carnival and over the year, Masood Lohar, country Manager UNDP, GEF small grant program decided to use solar energy for providing clean and safe water and lighting on the mausoleum.
On 30th May 2015, Shaan Technologies Private Limited installed a 3 HP Solar Powered pump on a 250 ft deep well that is located near the tomb. Operating on a 3 kilowatt solar panel bank this pump provide 30 Gallon water per minutes & eliminates requirement of diesel generator operated pump that organizing committee previously used to supply water during the festival.
Now solar pump serves as a continuous source of clean water without any additional cost. A water tank is provided to store pumped water. This tank helped as a 24 hours ready source of water for the local people.
In addition to that 2 solar powered floodlights were also installed in front yard of tomb. These 14 watt LED lights runs on a 35 watt solar panel that provide sufficient power to run LED lamps up to 12 hours. Dusk to Dawn photo sensors is also used in the system that automatically turns on the light just before the sunset and turns off at dawn. This project was financed by the UNDP GEF Small grant program. Lodhie foundation contributed 10% cost of the project under its poverty alleviation initiative.
Project Summary
Location: Sassi Punnu Moseleum, Singher Village, Near Hub Dam, Baluchistan
Coordinates: 25°18'41"N 66°53'21"E
Nearby cities: Karachi, Hub City, Sonmiani / Winder city
Initiated By: UNDP, GEF Small Grant Program in association of Lodhie Foundation
Implemented by: Shaan Technologies Private Limited Karachi
Implantation Date: 30Th May 2015
Equipment installed:
(1) One 3HP DC Submersible water pump with 3KW Solar panels and Pump Controller
(2) Two Solar Powered LED Floodlights
Beneficiaries: Up to 2500 people living in the Singher village and surroundings
Folktale of Sassi & Punnu
Sassi Punnu is a famous folktale of love told in the length and breadth of Sindh, Pakistan. The story is about a faithful wife who is ready to undergo all kinds of troubles that would come her way while seeking her beloved husband who was separated from her by the rivals
Sassi was the daughter of a Brahman Hindu Rajah from Rohri . Upon Sassui's birth, astrologers predicted that she was a curse for the royal family’s prestige. The Raja ordered that the child be put in a wooden box and thrown in the Sindhu, present day’s river Indus. However, she was saved by a washer-man belonging to Bhanbhor, near Gharo district, Thatta . The washer-man raised her as his own daughter.
When Sassui became a young girl, she was as beautiful as the fairies of heaven. Stories of her beauty reached Punhun a prince from Kech Makran Balochistan and he became desperate to meet Sassi. The handsome young Prince therefore travelled to Bhambore. He sent his clothes to Sassi's father (a washerman) so that he could catch a glimpse of Sassi. When he visited the washerman's house, they fell in love at first sight. Sassui's father was dispirited, hoping that Sassi would marry a washerman and no one else. He asked Punnhun to prove that he was worthy of Sassui by passing the test as a washerman. Punnhun agreed to prove his love. While washing, he tore all the clothes as, being a prince, he had never washed any clothes; he thus failed the agreement. But before he returned those clothes, he hid gold coins in the pockets of all the clothes, hoping this would keep the villagers quiet. The trick worked, and Sassui's father agreed to the marriage.
At last Punnu (Punhoon) married her. However, his father, Ari, the King of Ketch, did not like his son getting married to a low-caste girl, so he instructed his other sons to go to Bhanbhor and bring back Punnu at any cost. They visited Punnu as his guests and during the night they intoxicated him and his wife. Later, they put their brother on one of the camels and left. When Sassi woke up in the morning, she was shocked to find Punnu missing and all his brothers gone. She understood their trickery. She left Bhambhor immediately to Kech Makran on foot in search of him. The Kech Makran is located along the Makran Coastal Highway in Baluchistan, Pakistan.
After crossing Pab Mountain, she reached the Harho range. She could not proceed further when her path was blocked by the Phor River. So she started retracing her steps. Soon she was accosted by a beastly goatherd who intended to molest her. Sassi prayed to God for protection. Immediately the ground below her feet started caving in like quicksand and she disappeared within seconds. Seeing the miracle, the goatherd repented sincerely, and to make amends for his misconduct, he made a grave in the site and became its custodian.
Punnu found no peace of mind at Kech. He languished and soon became an invalid. Under the circumstances, his father allowed him to return to Bhambhor.
During his return journey, Punnu happened to pass by the site where Sassi had met her death. When the goatherd came to know his story, he told him as to what had happened to Sassi. Punnu was beside himself on hearing the horrible news.
He prayed to God to unite him with Sassi. Again the ground became quicksand and he soon disappeared into the bowels of the earth. So came to an end the tragic love story of Sassi and Punnu. The legendary grave still exists in this valley.
The famous Sufi saint and poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai sings this historic tale in his sufi poetry “Shah jo Risalo” as an example of eternal love and union with Divine.
Sassi’s resting place is said to be about 45 miles away in the Pub range to the west of Karachi. A local man of some importance constructed a simple mausoleum in 1980 over the joint grave of Sassi and Punnu. It is often visited by tourists.
Kashgar is an oasis city with an approximate population of 350,000. It is the westernmost city in China, located near the border with Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. Kashgar has a rich history of over 2,000 years and served as a trading post and strategically important city on the Silk Road between China, the Middle East, and Europe. Kashgar is part of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor.
Located historically at the convergence point of widely varying cultures and empires, Kashgar has been under the rule of the Chinese, Turkic, Mongol, and Tibetan empires. The city has also been the site of an extraordinary number of battles between various groups of people on the steppes.
Now administered as a county-level unit of the People's Republic of China, Kashgar is the administrative centre of its eponymous prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region which has an area of 162,000 square kilometres and a population of approximately 3.5 million. The city's urban area covers 15 km2, though its administrative area extends over 555 km2.
NAME
The modern Chinese name is 喀什 (Kāshí), a shortened form of the longer and less-frequently used (simplified Chinese: 喀什噶尔; traditional Chinese: 喀什噶爾; pinyin: Kāshígé’ěr; Uyghur: قەشقەر). Ptolemy (AD 90-168), in his Geography, Chapter 15.3A, refers to Kashgar as “Kasi”. Its western and probably indigenous name is the Kāš ("rock"), to which the East Iranian -γar ("mountain"); cf. Pashto and Middle Persian gar/ġar, from Old Persian/Pahlavi girīwa ("hill; ridge (of a mountain)") was attached. Alternative historical Romanizations for "Kashgar" include Cascar and Cashgar.
Non-native names for the city, such as the old Chinese name Shule 疏勒 and Tibetan Śu-lig may have originated as an attempts to transcribe the Sanskrit name for Kashgar, Śrīkrīrāti ("fortunate hospitality")
Variant transcriptions of the official Uyghur: يېڭىشەھەر include: K̂äxk̂är or Kaxgar, as well as Jangi-schahr, Kashgar Yangi Shahr, K’o-shih-ka-erh, K’o-shih-ka-erh-hsin-ch’eng, Ko-shih-ka-erh-hui-ch’eng, K’o-shih-ko-erh-hsin-ch’eng, New Kashgar, Sheleh, Shuleh, Shulen, Shu-lo, Su-lo, Su-lo-chen, Su-lo-hsien, Yangi-shaar, Yangi-shahr, Yangishar, Yéngisheher, Yengixəh̨ər and Еңишәһәр.
HISTORY
HAN DYNASTY
The earliest mention of Kashgar occurs when a Chinese Han dynasty envoy traveled the Northern Silk Road to explore lands to the west.
Another early mention of Kashgar is during the Former Han (also known as the Western Han dynasty), when in 76 BC the Chinese conquered the Xiongnu, Yutian (Khotan), Sulei (Kashgar), and a group of states in the Tarim basin almost up to the foot of the Tian Shan range.
Ptolemy speaks of Scythia beyond the Imaus, which is in a “Kasia Regio”, probably exhibiting the name from which Kashgar and Kashgaria (often applied to the district) are formed. The country’s people practised Zoroastrianism and Buddhism before the coming of Islam.
In the Book of Han, which covers the period between 125 BC and 23 AD, it is recorded that there were 1,510 households, 18,647 people and 2,000 persons able to bear arms. By the time covered by the Book of the Later Han (roughly 25 to 170 AD), it had grown to 21,000 households and had 3,000 men able to bear arms.
The Book of the Later Han provides a wealth of detail on developments in the region:
"In the period of Emperor Wu [140-87 BC], the Western Regions1 were under the control of the Interior [China]. They numbered thirty-six kingdoms. The Imperial Government established a Colonel [in charge of] Envoys there to direct and protect these countries. Emperor Xuan [73-49 BC] changed this title [in 59 BC] to Protector-General.
Emperor Yuan [40-33 BC] installed two Wuji Colonels to take charge of the agricultural garrisons on the frontiers of the king of Nearer Jushi [Turpan].
During the time of Emperor Ai [6 BC-AD 1] and Emperor Ping [AD 1-5], the principalities of the Western Regions split up and formed fifty-five kingdoms. Wang Mang, after he usurped the Throne [in AD 9], demoted and changed their kings and marquises. Following this, the Western Regions became resentful, and rebelled. They, therefore, broke off all relations with the Interior [China] and, all together, submitted to the Xiongnu again.
The Xiongnu collected oppressively heavy taxes and the kingdoms were not able to support their demands. In the middle of the Jianwu period [AD 25-56], they each [Shanshan and Yarkand in 38, and 18 kingdoms in 45], sent envoys to ask if they could submit to the Interior [China], and to express their desire for a Protector-General. Emperor Guangwu, decided that because the Empire was not yet settled [after a long period of civil war], he had no time for outside affairs, and [therefore] finally refused his consent [in AD 45].
In the meantime, the Xiongnu became weaker. The king of Suoju [Yarkand], named Xian, wiped out several kingdoms. After Xian’s death [c. AD 62], they began to attack and fight each other. Xiao Yuan [Tura], Jingjue [Cadota], Ronglu [Niya], and Qiemo [Cherchen] were annexed by Shanshan [the Lop Nur region]. Qule [south of Keriya] and Pishan [modern Pishan or Guma] were conquered and fully occupied by Yutian [Khotan]. Yuli [Fukang], Danhuan, Guhu [Dawan Cheng], and Wutanzili were destroyed by Jushi [Turpan and Jimasa]. Later these kingdoms were re-established.
During the Yongping period [AD 58-75], the Northern Xiongnu forced several countries to help them plunder the commanderies and districts of Hexi. The gates of the towns stayed shut in broad daylight."
And, more particularly in reference to Kashgar itself, is the following record:
"In the sixteenth Yongping year of Emperor Ming 73, Jian, the king of Qiuci (Kucha), attacked and killed Cheng, the king of Shule (Kashgar). Then he appointed the Qiuci (Kucha) Marquis of the Left, Douti, King of Shule (Kashgar). ‹See TfD›
In winter 73, the Han sent the Major Ban Chao who captured and bound Douti. He appointed Zhong, the son of the elder brother of Cheng, to be king of Shule (Kashgar). Zhong later rebelled. (Ban) Chao attacked and beheaded him."
THE KUSHANS
The Book of the Later Han also gives the only extant historical record of Yuezhi or Kushan involvement in the Kashgar oasis:
"During the Yuanchu period (114-120) in the reign of Emperor, the king of Shule (Kashgar), exiled his maternal uncle Chenpan to the Yuezhi (Kushans) for some offence. The king of the Yuezhi became very fond of him. Later, Anguo died without leaving a son. His mother directed the government of the kingdom. She agreed with the people of the country to put Yifu (lit. “posthumous child”), who was the son of a full younger brother of Chenpan on the throne as king of Shule (Kashgar). Chenpan heard of this and appealed to the Yuezhi (Kushan) king, saying:
"Anguo had no son. His relative (Yifu) is weak. If one wants to put on the throne a member of (Anguo’s) mother’s family, I am Yifu’s paternal uncle, it is I who should be king."
The Yuezhi (Kushans) then sent soldiers to escort him back to Shule (Kashgar). The people had previously respected and been fond of Chenpan. Besides, they dreaded the Yuezhi (Kushans). They immediately took the seal and ribbon from Yifu and went to Chenpan, and made him king. Yifu was given the title of Marquis of the town of Pangao [90 li, or 37 km, from Shule].
‹See TfD›
Then Suoju (Yarkand) continued to resist Yutian (Khotan), and put themselves under Shule (Kashgar). Thus Shule (Kashgar), became powerful and a rival to Qiuci (Kucha) and Yutian (Khotan)."
However, it was not very long before the Chinese began to reassert their authority in the region:
“In the second Yongjian year (127), during Emperor Shun’s reign, Chenpan sent an envoy to respectfully present offerings. The Emperor bestowed on Chenpan the title of Great Commandant-in-Chief for the Han. Chenxun, who was the son of his elder brother, was appointed Temporary Major of the Kingdom. ‹See TfD›
In the fifth year (130), Chenpan sent his son to serve the Emperor and, along with envoys from Dayuan (Ferghana) and Suoju (Yarkand), brought tribute and offerings.”
From an earlier part of the same text comes the following addition:
“In the first Yangjia year (132), Xu You sent the king of Shule (Kashgar), Chenpan, who with 20,000 men, attacked and defeated Yutian (Khotan). He beheaded several hundred people, and released his soldiers to plunder freely. He replaced the king [of Jumi] by installing Chengguo from the family of [the previous king] Xing, and then he returned.”[38]
Then the first passage continues:
“In the second Yangjia year (133), Chenpan again made offerings (including) a lion and zebu cattle. ‹See TfD›
Then, during Emperor Ling’s reign, in the first Jianning year, the king of Shule (Kashgar) and Commandant-in-Chief for the Han (i.e. presumably Chenpan), was shot while hunting by the youngest of his paternal uncles, Hede. Hede named himself king.
‹See TfD›
In the third year (170), Meng Tuo, the Inspector of Liangzhou, sent the Provincial Officer Ren She, commanding five hundred soldiers from Dunhuang, with the Wuji Major Cao Kuan, and Chief Clerk of the Western Regions, Zhang Yan, brought troops from Yanqi (Karashahr), Qiuci (Kucha), and the Nearer and Further States of Jushi (Turpan and Jimasa), altogether numbering more than 30,000, to punish Shule (Kashgar). They attacked the town of Zhenzhong [Arach − near Maralbashi] but, having stayed for more than forty days without being able to subdue it, they withdrew. Following this, the kings of Shule (Kashgar) killed one another repeatedly while the Imperial Government was unable to prevent it.”
THREE KINGDOMS TO THE SUI
These centuries are marked by a general silence in sources on Kashgar and the Tarim Basin.
The Weilüe, composed in the second third of the 3rd century, mentions a number of states as dependencies of Kashgar: the kingdom of Zhenzhong (Arach?), the kingdom of Suoju (Yarkand), the kingdom of Jieshi, the kingdom of Qusha, the kingdom of Xiye (Khargalik), the kingdom of Yinai (Tashkurghan), the kingdom of Manli (modern Karasul), the kingdom of Yire (Mazar − also known as Tágh Nák and Tokanak), the kingdom of Yuling, the kingdom of Juandu (‘Tax Control’ − near modern Irkeshtam), the kingdom of Xiuxiu (‘Excellent Rest Stop’ − near Karakavak), and the kingdom of Qin.
However, much of the information on the Western Regions contained in the Weilüe seems to have ended roughly about (170), near the end of Han power. So, we can’t be sure that this is a reference to the state of affairs during the Cao Wei (220-265), or whether it refers to the situation before the civil war during the Later Han when China lost touch with most foreign countries and came to be divided into three separate kingdoms.
Chapter 30 of the Records of the Three Kingdoms says that after the beginning of the Wei Dynasty (220) the states of the Western Regions did not arrive as before, except for the larger ones such as Kucha, Khotan, Kangju, Wusun, Kashgar, Yuezhi, Shanshan and Turpan, who are said to have come to present tribute every year, as in Han times.
In 270, four states from the Western Regions were said to have presented tribute: Karashahr, Turpan, Shanshan, and Kucha. Some wooden documents from Niya seem to indicate that contacts were also maintained with Kashgar and Khotan around this time.
In 422, according to the Songshu, ch. 98, the king of Shanshan, Bilong, came to the court and "the thirty-six states in the Western Regions" all swore their allegiance and presented tribute. It must be assumed that these 36 states included Kashgar.
The "Songji" of the Zizhi Tongjian records that in the 5th month of 435, nine states: Kucha, Kashgar, Wusun, Yueban, Tashkurghan, Shanshan, Karashahr, Turpan and Sute all came to the Wei court.
In 439, according to the Weishu, ch. 4A, Shanshan, Kashgar and Karashahr sent envoys to present tribute.
According to the Weishu, ch. 102, Chapter on the Western Regions, the kingdoms of Kucha, Kashgar, Wusun, Yueban, Tashkurghan, Shanshan, Karashahr, Turpan and Sute all began sending envoys to present tribute in the Taiyuan reign period (435-440).
In 453 Kashgar sent envoys to present tribute (Weishu, ch. 5), and again in 455.
An embassy sent during the reign of Wencheng Di (452-466) from the king of Kashgar presented a supposed sacred relic of the Buddha; a dress which was incombustible.
In 507 Kashgar, is said to have sent envoys in both the 9th and 10th months (Weishu, ch. 8).
In 512, Kashgar sent envoys in the 1st and 5th months. (Weishu, ch. 8).
Early in the 6th century Kashgar is included among the many territories controlled by the Yeda or Hephthalite Huns, but their empire collapsed at the onslaught of the Western Turks between 563 and 567 who then probably gained control over Kashgar and most of the states in the Tarim Basin.
TANG DYNASTY
The founding of the Tang dynasty in 618 saw the beginning of a prolonged struggle between China and the Western Turks for control of the Tarim Basin. In 635, the Tang Annals reported an emissary from the king of Kashgar to the Tang capital. In 639 there was a second emissary bringing products of Kashgar as a token of submission to the Tang state.
Buddhist scholar Xuanzang passed through Kashgar (which he referred to as Ka-sha) in 644 on his return journey from India to China. The Buddhist religion, then beginning to decay in India, was active in Kashgar. Xuanzang recorded that they flattened their babies heads, tattooed their bodies and had green eyes. He reported that Kashgar had abundant crops, fruits and flowers, wove fine woolen stuffs and rugs. Their writing system had been adapted from Indian script but their language was different from that of other countries. The inhabitants were sincere Buddhist adherents and there were some hundreds of monasteries with more than 10,000 followers, all members of the Sarvastivadin School.
At around the same era, Nestorian Christians were establishing bishoprics at Herat, Merv and Samarkand, whence they subsequently proceeded to Kashgar, and finally to China proper itself.
In 646, the Turkic Kagan asked for the hand of a Tang Chinese princess, and in return the Emperor promised Kucha, Khotan, Kashgar, Karashahr and Sarikol as a marriage gift, but this did not happen as planned.
In a series of campaigns between 652 and 658, with the help of the Uyghurs, the Chinese finally defeated the Western Turk tribes and took control of all their domains, including the Tarim Basin kingdoms. Karakhoja was annexed in 640, Karashahr during campaigns in 644 and 648, and Kucha fell in 648.
In 662 a rebellion broke out in the Western Regions and a Chinese army sent to control it was defeated by the Tibetans south of Kashgar.
After another defeat of the Tang Chinese forces in 670, the Tibetans gained control of the whole region and completely subjugated Kashgar in 676-8 and retained possession of it until 692, when the Tang dynasty regained control of all their former territories, and retained it for the next fifty years.
In 722 Kashgar sent 4,000 troops to assist the Chinese to force the "Tibetans out of "Little Bolu" or Gilgit.
In 728, the king of Kashgar was awarded a brevet by the Chinese emperor.
In 739, the Tangshu relates that the governor of the Chinese garrison in Kashgar, with the help of Ferghana, was interfering in the affairs of the Turgesh tribes as far as Talas.
In 751 the Chinese were defeated by an Arab army in the Battle of Talas. The An Lushan Rebellion led to the decline of Tang influence in Central Asia due to the fact that the Tang dynasty was forced to withdraw its troops from the region to fight An Lushan. The Tibetans cut all communication between China and the West in 766.
Soon after the Chinese pilgrim monk Wukong passed through Kashgar in 753. He again reached Kashgar on his return trip from India in 786 and mentions a Chinese deputy governor as well as the local king.
BATTLES WITH ARAB CALIPHATE
In 711, the Arabs invaded Kashgar, but did not hold the city for any length of time. Kashgar and Turkestan lent assistance to the reigning queen of Bukhara, to enable her to repel the Arabs. Although the Muslim religion from the very commencement sustained checks, it nevertheless made its weight felt upon the independent states of Turkestan to the north and east, and thus acquired a steadily growing influence. It was not, however, till the 10th century that Islam was established at Kashgar, under the Kara-Khanid Khanate.
THE TURKIC RULE
According to the 10th-century text, Hudud al-'alam, "the chiefs of Kashghar in the days of old were from the Qarluq, or from the Yaghma." The Karluks, Yaghmas and other tribes such as the Chigils formed the Karakhanids. The Karakhanid Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan converted to Islam in the 10th century and captured Kashgar. Kashgar was the capital of the Karakhanid state for a time but later the capital was moved to Balasaghun. During the latter part of the 10th century, the Muslim Karakhanids began a struggle against the Buddhist Kingdom of Khotan, and the Khotanese defeated the Karakhanids and captured Kashgar in 970. Chinese sources recorded the king of Khotan offering to send them a dancing elephant captured from Kashgar. Later in 1006, the Karakhanids of Kashgar under Yusuf Kadr Khan conquered Khotan.
The Karakhanid Khanate however was beset with internal strife, and the khanate split into two, the Eastern and Western Karakhanid Khanates, with Kashgar falling within the domain of the Eastern Karakhanid state. In 1089, the Western Karakhanids fell under the control of the Seljuks, but the Eastern Karakhanids was for the most part independent.
Both the Karakhanid states were defeated in the 12th century by the Kara-Khitans who captured Balasaghun, however Karakhanid rule continued in Kashgar under the suzerainty of the Kara-Khitans. The Kara-Khitan rulers followed a policy of religious tolerance, Islamic religious life continued uninterrupted and Kashgar was also a Nestorian metropolitan see. The last Karakhanid of Kashgar was killed in a revolt in 1211 by the city's notables. Kuchlug, a usurper of the throne of the Kara-Khitans, then attacked Kashgar which finally surrendered in 1214.
THE MONGOLS
The Kara-Khitai in their turn were swept away in 1219 by Genghis Khan. After his death, Kashgar came under the rule of the Chagatai Khans. Marco Polo visited the city, which he calls Cascar, about 1273-4 and recorded the presence of numerous Nestorian Christians, who had their own churches. Later In the 14th century, a Chagataid khan Tughluq Timur converted to Islam, and Islamic tradition began to reassert its ascendancy.
In 1389−1390 Tamerlane ravaged Kashgar, Andijan and the intervening country. Kashgar endured a troubled time, and in 1514, on the invasion of the Khan Sultan Said, was destroyed by Mirza Ababakar, who with the aid of ten thousand men built a new fort with massive defences higher up on the banks of the Tuman river. The dynasty of the Chagatai Khans collapsed in 1572 with the division of the country among rival factions; soon after, two powerful Khoja factions, the White and Black Mountaineers (Ak Taghliq or Afaqi, and Kara Taghliq or Ishaqi), arose whose differences and war-making gestures, with the intermittent episode of the Oirats of Dzungaria, make up much of recorded history in Kashgar until 1759. The Dzungar Khanate conquered Kashgar and set up the Khoja as their puppet rulers.
QING CONQUEST
The Qing dynasty defeated the Dzungar Khanate during the Ten Great Campaigns and took control of Kashgar in 1759. The conquerors consolidated their authority by settling other ethnics emigrants in the vicinity of a Manchu garrison.
Rumours flew around Central Asia that the Qing planned to launch expeditions towards Transoxiana and Samarkand, the chiefs of which sought assistance from the Afghan king Ahmed Shah Abdali. The alleged expedition never happened so Ahmad Shah withdrew his forces from Kokand. He also dispatched an ambassador to Beijing to discuss the situation of the Afaqi Khojas, but the representative was not well received, and Ahmed Shah was too busy fighting off the Sikhs to attempt to enforce his demands through arms.
The Qing continued to hold Kashgar with occasional interruptions during the Afaqi Khoja revolts. One of the most serious of these occurred in 1827, when the city was taken by Jahanghir Khoja; Chang-lung, however, the Qing general of Ili, regained possession of Kashgar and the other rebellious cities in 1828.
The Kokand Khanate raided Kashgar several times. A revolt in 1829 under Mahommed Ali Khan and Yusuf, brother of Jahanghir resulted in the concession of several important trade privileges to the Muslims of the district of Altishahr (the "six cities"), as it was then called.
The area enjoyed relative calm until 1846 under the rule of Zahir-ud-din, the local Uyghur governor, but in that year a new Khoja revolt under Kath Tora led to his accession as the authoritarian ruler of the city. However, his reign was brief—at the end of seventy-five days, on the approach of the Chinese, he fled back to Khokand amid the jeers of the inhabitants. The last of the Khoja revolts (1857) was of about equal duration, and took place under Wali-Khan, who murdered the well-known traveler Adolf Schlagintweit.
1862 CHINESE HUI REVOLT
The great Dungan revolt (1862–1877) involved insurrection among various Muslim ethnic groups. It broke out in 1862 in Gansu then spread rapidly to Dzungaria and through the line of towns in the Tarim Basin.
Dungan troops based in Yarkand rose and in August 1864 massacred some seven thousand Chinese and their Manchu commander. The inhabitants of Kashgar, rising in their turn against their masters, invoked the aid of Sadik Beg, a Kyrgyz chief, who was reinforced by Buzurg Khan, the heir of Jahanghir Khoja, and his general Yakub Beg. The latter men were dispatched at Sadik’s request by the ruler of Khokand to raise what troops they could to aid his Muslim friends in Kashgar.
Sadik Beg soon repented of having asked for a Khoja, and eventually marched against Kashgar, which by this time had succumbed to Buzurg Khan and Yakub Beg, but was defeated and driven back to Khokand. Buzurg Khan delivered himself up to indolence and debauchery, but Yakub Beg, with singular energy and perseverance, made himself master of Yangi Shahr, Yangi-Hissar, Yarkand and other towns, and eventually became sole master of the country, Buzurg Khan proving himself totally unfit for the post of ruler.
With the overthrow of Chinese rule in 1865 by Yakub Beg (1820–1877), the manufacturing industries of Kashgar are supposed to have declined.
Yaqub Beg entered into relations and signed treaties with the Russian Empire and the British Empire, but when he tried to get their support against China, he failed.
Kashgar and the other cities of the Tarim Basin remained under Yakub Beg’s rule until May 1877, when he died at Korla. Thereafter Kashgaria was reconquered by the forces of the Qing general Zuo Zongtang during the Qing reconquest of Xinjiang.
QING RULE
There were eras in Xinjiang's history where intermarriage was common, "laxity" which set upon Uyghur women led them to marry Chinese men and not wear the veil in the period after Yaqub Beg's rule ended, it is also believed by Uyghurs that some Uyghurs have Han Chinese ancestry from historical intermarriage, such as those living in Turpan.
Even though Muslim women are forbidden to marry non-Muslims in Islamic law, from 1880-1949 it was frequently violated in Xinjiang since Chinese men married Muslim Turki (Uyghur) women, a reason suggested by foriengers that it was due to the women being poor, while the Turki women who married Chinese were labelled as whores by the Turki community, these marriages were illegitimate according to Islamic law but the women obtained benefits from marrying Chinese men since the Chinese defended them from Islamic authorities so the women were not subjected to the tax on prostitution and were able to save their income for themselves. Chinese men gave their Turki wives privileges which Turki men's wives did not have, since the wives of Chinese did not have to wear a veil and a Chinese man in Kashgar once beat a mullah who tried to force his Turki Kashgari wife to veil. The Turki women also benefited in that they were not subjected to any legal binding to their Chinese husbands so they could make their Chinese husbands provide them with as much their money as she wanted for her relatives and herself since otherwise the women could just leave, and the property of Chinese men was left to their Turki wives after they died. Turki women considered Turki men to be inferior husbands to Chinese and Hindus. Because they were viewed as "impure", Islamic cemeteries banned the Turki wives of Chinese men from being buried within them, the Turki women got around this problem by giving shrines donations and buying a grave in other towns. Besides Chinese men, other men such as Hindus, Armenians, Jews, Russians, and Badakhshanis intermarried with local Turki women. The local society accepted the Turki women and Chinese men's mixed offspring as their own people despite the marriages being in violation of Islamic law. Turki women also conducted temporary marriages with Chinese men such as Chinese soldiers temporarily stationed around them as soldiers for tours of duty, after which the Chinese men returned to their own cities, with the Chinese men selling their mixed daughters with the Turki women to his comrades, taking their sons with them if they could afford it but leaving them if they couldn't, and selling their temporary Turki wife to a comrade or leaving her behind.
An anti-Russian uproar broke out when Russian customs officials, 3 Cossacks and a Russian courier invited local Turki (Uyghur) prostitutes to a party in January 1902 in Kashgar, this caused a massive brawl by the inflamed local Turki Muslim populace against the Russians on the pretense of protecting Muslim women because there was anti-Russian sentiment being built up, even though morality was not strict in Kashgar, the local Turki Muslims violently clashed with the Russians before they were dispersed by guards, the Chinese sought to end to tensions to prevent the Russians from building up a pretext to invade.
After the riot, the Russians sent troops to Sarikol in Tashkurghan and demanded that the Sarikol postal services be placed under Russian supervision, the locals of Sarikol believed that the Russians would seize the entire district from the Chinese and send more soldiers even after the Russians tried to negotiate with the Begs of Sarikol and sway them to their side, they failed since the Sarikoli officials and authorities demanded in a petition to the Amban of Yarkand that they be evacuated to Yarkand to avoid being harassed by the Russians and objected to the Russian presence in Sarikol, the Sarikolis did not believe the Russian claim that they would leave them alone and only involved themselves in the mail service.
Many of the young Kashgari women were most attractive in appearance, and some of the little girls quite lovely, their plaits of long hair falling from under a jaunty little embroidered cap, their big dark eyes, flashing teeth and piquant olive faces reminding me of Italian or Spanish children. One most beautiful boy stands out in my memory. He was clad in a new shirt and trousers of flowered pink, his crimson velvet cap embroidered with gold, and as he smiled and salaamed to us I thought he looked like a fairy prince. The women wear their hair in two or five plaits much thickened and lengthened by the addition of yak's hair, but the children in several tiny plaits.
The peasants are fairly well off, as the soil is rich, the abundant water-supply free, and the taxation comparatively light. It was always interesting to meet them taking their live stock into market. Flocks of sheep with tiny lambs, black and white, pattered along the dusty road; here a goat followed its master like a dog, trotting behind the diminutive ass which the farmer bestrode; or boys, clad in the whity-brown native cloth, shouted incessantly at donkeys almost invisible under enormous loads of forage, or carried fowls and ducks in bunches head downwards, a sight that always made me long to come to the rescue of the luckless birds.
It was pleasant to see the women riding alone on horseback, managing their mounts to perfection. They formed a sharp contrast to their Persian sisters, who either sit behind their husbands or have their steeds led by the bridle; and instead of keeping silence in public, as is the rule for the shrouded women of Iran, these farmers' wives chaffered and haggled with the men in the bazar outside the city, transacting business with their veils thrown back.
Certainly the mullas do their best to keep the fair sex in their place, and are in the habit of beating those who show their faces in the Great Bazar. But I was told that poetic justice had lately been meted out to one of these upholders of the law of Islam, for by mistake he chastised a Kashgari woman married to a Chinaman, whereupon the irate husband set upon him with a big stick and castigated him soundly.
That a Muslim should take in marriage one of alien faith is not objected to; it is rather deemed a meritorious act thus to bring an unbeliever to the true religion. The Muslim woman, on the other hand, must not be given in marriage to a non-Muslim; such a union is regarded as the most heinous of sins. In this matter, however, compromises are sometimes made with heaven: the marriage of a Turki princess with the emperor Ch'ien-lung has already been referred to; and, when the present writer passed through Minjol (a day's journey west of Kashgar) in 1902, a Chinese with a Turki wife (? concubine) was presented to him.
FIRST EAST TURKESTAN REPUBLIC
Kashgar was the scene of continual battles from 1933 to 1934. Ma Shaowu, a Chinese Muslim, was the Tao-yin of Kashgar, and he fought against Uyghur rebels. He was joined by another Chinese Muslim general, Ma Zhancang.
BATTLE OF KASHGAR (1933)
Uighur and Kirghiz forces, led by the Bughra brothers and Tawfiq Bay, attempted to take the New City of Kashgar from Chinese Muslim troops under General Ma Zhancang. They were defeated.
Tawfiq Bey, a Syrian Arab traveler, who held the title Sayyid (descendent of prophet Muhammed) and arrived at Kashgar on August 26, 1933, was shot in the stomach by the Chinese Muslim troops in September. Previously Ma Zhancang arranged to have the Uighur leader Timur Beg killed and beheaded on August 9, 1933, displaying his head outside of Id Kah Mosque.
Han chinese troops commanded by Brigadier Yang were absorbed into Ma Zhancang's army. A number of Han chinese officers were spotted wearing the green uniforms of Ma Zhancang's unit of the 36th division, presumably they had converted to Islam.
BATTLE OF KASHGAR (1934)
The 36th division General Ma Fuyuan led a Chinese Muslim army to storm Kashgar on February 6, 1934, attacking the Uighur and Kirghiz rebels of the First East Turkestan Republic. He freed another 36th division general, Ma Zhancang, who was trapped with his Chinese Muslim and Han Chinese troops in Kashgar New City by the Uighurs and Kirghiz since May 22, 1933. In January, 1934, Ma Zhancang's Chinese Muslim troops repulsed six Uighur attacks, launched by Khoja Niyaz, who arrived at the city on January 13, 1934, inflicting massive casualties on the Uighur forces. From 2,000 to 8,000 Uighur civilians in Kashgar Old City were massacred by Tungans in February, 1934, in revenge for the Kizil massacre, after retreating of Uighur forces from the city to Yengi Hisar. The Chinese Muslim and 36th division Chief General Ma Zhongying, who arrived at Kashgar on April 7, 1934, gave a speech at Id Kah Mosque in April, reminding the Uighurs to be loyal to the Republic of China government at Nanjing. Several British citizens at the British consulate were killed or wounded by the 36th division on March 16, 1934.
PEOPLE´S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Kashgar was incorporated into the People's Republic of China in 1949. During the Cultural Revolution, one of the largest statues of Mao in China was built in Kashgar, near People's Square. In 1986, the Chinese government designated Kashgar a "city of historical and cultural significance". Kashgar and surrounding regions have been the site of Uyghur unrest since the 1990s. In 2008, two Uyghur men carried out a vehicular, IED and knife attack against police officers. In 2009, development of Kashgar's old town accelerated after the revelations of the deadly role of faulty architecture during the 2008 Sichuan earthquake. Many of the old houses in the old town were built without regulation, and as a result, officials found them to be overcrowded and non-compliant with fire and earthquake codes. When the plan started, 42% of the city's residents lived in the old town. With compensation, residents of faulty buildings are being counseled to move to newer, safer buildings that will replace the historic structures in the $448 million plan, including high-rise apartments, plazas, and reproductions of ancient Islamic architecture. The European Parliament issued a resolution in 2011 calling for "culture-sensitive methods of renovation." The International Scientific Committee on Earthen Architectural Heritage (ISCEAH) has expressed concern over the demolition and reconstruction of historic buildings. ISCEAH has, additionally, urged the implementation of techniques utilized elsewhere in the world to address earthquake vulnerability.
Following the July 2009 Urumqi riots, the government focused on local economic development in an attempt to ameliorate ethnic tensions in the greater Xinjiang region. Kashgar was made into a Special Economic Zone in 2010, the first such zone in China's far west. In 2011, a spate of violence over two days killed dozens of people. By May 2012 two-thirds of the old city had been demolished, fulfilling "political as well as economic goals." In July 2014 the Imam of the Id Kah Mosque, Juma Tayir, was assassinated in Kashgar.
CLIMATE
Kashgar features a desert climate (Köppen BWk) with hot summers and cold winters, with large temperature differences between those two seasons: The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −5.3 °C in January to 25.6 °C in July, while the annual mean is 11.84 °C. Spring is long and arrives quickly, while fall is somewhat brief in comparison. Kashgar is one of the driest cities on the planet, averaging only 64 millimetres of precipitation per year. The city’s wettest month, July, only sees on average 9.1 millimetres of rain. Because of the extremely arid conditions, snowfall is rare, despite the cold winters. Records have been as low as −24.4 °C in January and up to 40.1 °C in July. The frost-free period averages 215 days. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 50% in March to 70% in September, the city receives 2,726 hours of bright sunshine annually.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Kashgar is predominately peopled by Muslim Uyghurs. Compared to Ürümqi, Xinjiang's capital and largest city, Kashgar is less industrial and has significantly fewer Han Chinese residents.
ECONOMICS AND SOCIETY
The city has a very important Sunday market. Thousands of farmers from the surrounding fertile lands come into the city to sell a wide variety of fruit and vegetables. Kashgar’s livestock market is also very lively. Silk and carpets made in Hotan are sold at bazaars, as well as local crafts, such as copper teapots and wooden jewellery boxes.
In order to boost the economy in Kashgar region, the government classified the area as the sixth Special Economic Zone of China in May 2010.
Mahmud al-Kashgari (Turkish: Kâşgarlı Mahmud) (Mahmut from Kashgar) wrote the first Turkic–Arabic Exemplary Dictionary called Divan-ı Lugat-it Türk[citation needed]
The movie The Kite Runner was filmed in Kashgar. Kashgar and the surrounding countryside stood in for Kabul and Afghanistan, since filming in Afghanistan was not possible due to safety and security reasons.
SIGHTS
Kashgar's Old City has been called "the best-preserved example of a traditional Islamic city to be found anywhere in Central Asia". It is estimated to attract more than one million tourists annually.
- Id Kah Mosque, the largest mosque in China, is located in the heart of the city.
- People's Park, the main public park in central Kashgar.
- An 18 m high statue of Mao Zedong in Kashgar is one of the few large-scale statues of Mao remaining in China.
- The tomb of Afaq Khoja in Kashgar is considered the holiest Muslim site in Xinjiang. Built in the 17th century, the tiled mausoleum 5 km northeast of the city centre also contains the tombs of five generations of his family. Abakh was a powerful ruler, controlling Khotan, Yarkand, Korla, Kucha and Aksu as well as Kashgar. Among some Uyghur Muslims, he was considered a great Saint (Aulia).
- Sunday Market in Kashgar is renowned as the biggest market in central Asia; a pivotal trading point along the Silk Road where goods have been traded for more than 2,000 years. The market is open every day but Sunday is the largest.
TRANSPORTATION
AIR
Kashgar Airport serves mainly domestic flights, the majority of them from Urumqi. The only scheduled international flights are passenger and cargo services with Pakistan's capital Islamabad.
RAIL
Kashgar has the westernmost railway station in China. It is connected to the rest of China's rail network via the Southern Xinjiang Railway, which was built in December 1999. Kashgar–Hotan Railway opened for passenger traffic in June 2011, and connected Kashgar with cities in the southern Tarim Basin including Shache (Yarkand), Yecheng (Kargilik) and Hotan. Travel time to Urumqi from Kashgar is approximately 25 hours, while travel time to Hotan is approximately ten hours.
The investigation work of a further extension of the railway line to Pakistan has begun. In November 2009, Pakistan and China agreed to set up a joint venture to do a feasibility study of the proposed rail link via the Khunjerab Pass.
Proposals for a rail connection to Osh in Kyrgyzstan have also been discussed at various levels since at least 1996.
In 2012, a standard gauge railway from Kashgar via Tajikistan and Afghanistan to Iran and beyond has been proposed.
ROAD
The Karakorum highway (KKH) links Islamabad, Pakistan with Kashgar over the Khunjerab Pass. The China–Pakistan Economic Corridor is a multibillion-dollar project was that will upgrade transport links between China and Pakistan, including the upgrades to the Karakorum highway. Bus routes exist for passenger travel south into Pakistan. Kyrgyzstan is also accessible from Kashgar, via the Torugart Pass and Irkeshtam Pass; as of summer 2007, daily bus service connects Kashgar with Bishkek’s Western Bus Terminal. Kashgar is also located on China National Highways G314 (which runs to Khunjerab Pass on the Sino−Pakistani border, and, in the opposite direction, towards Ürümqi), and G315, which runs to Xining, Qinghai from Kashgar.
WIKIPEDIA
Hanuman is a Hindu god and an ardent devotee of Rama. He is a central character in the Indian epic Ramayana and its various versions. He also finds mentions in several other texts, including Mahabharata, the various Puranas and some Jain texts. A vanara, Hanuman participated in Rama's war against the demon king Ravana. Several texts also present him as an incarnation of Lord Shiva. He is the son of Kesari, and is also described as the son of Vayu, who according to several stories, played a role in his birth. Several sects including Arya Samaj believe that Hanuman was a human and not vanara.
ETYMOLOGY & OTHER NAMES
The Sanskrit texts mention several legends about how Sri Hanuman got his name. One legend is that Indra, the king of the deities, struck Sri Hanuman's jaw during his childhood (see below). The child received his name from the Sanskrit words Hanu ("jaw") and -man (or -mant, "prominent" or "disfigured"). The name thus means "one with prominent or disfigured jaw". Another theory says the name derives from the Sanskrit words Han ("killed" or "destroyed") and maana (pride); the name implies "one whose pride was destroyed". Some Jain texts mention that Sri Hanuman spent his childhood on an island called Hanuruha, which is the origin of his name.
According to one theory, the name "Hanuman" derives from the proto-Dravidian word for male monkey (ana-mandi), which was later Sanskritized to "Hanuman" (see historical development below). Linguistic variations of "Hanuman" include Hanumat, Anuman (Tamil), Anoman (Indonesian), Andoman (Malay) and Hunlaman (Lao).
Hanuman came to be regarded as an avatar (incarnation) of Shiva by the 10th century CE (this development possibly started as early as in the 8th century CE). Hanuman is mentioned as an avatar of Shiva or Rudra in the Sanskrit texts like Mahabhagvata Purana, Skanda Purana, Brhaddharma Purana and Mahanataka among others. This development might have been a result of the Shavite attempts to insert their ishta devata (cherished deity) in the Vaishnavite texts, which were gaining popularity. The 17th century Oriya work Rasavinoda by Divakrsnadasa goes on to mention that the three gods – Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva – combined take to the form of Hanuman.
Hanuman became more important in the medieval period, and came to be portrayed as the ideal devotee (bhakta) of Rama. His characterization as a lifelong brahmachari (celibate) was another important development during this period. The belief that Hanuman's celibacy is the source of his strength became popular among the wrestlers in India. The celibacy or brahmacharya aspect of Hanuman is not mentioned in the original Ramayana.
BIRTH & CHILDHOOD
Hanuman was born to the vanaras. His mother Anjana was an apsara who was born on earth due to a curse. She was redeemed from this curse on her giving birth to a son. The Valmiki Ramayana states that his father Kesari was the son of Brihaspati and that Kesari also fought on Rama's side in the war against Ravana. Anjana and Kesari performed intense prayers to Shiva to get a child. Pleased with their devotion, Shiva granted them the boon they sought. Hanuman, in another interpretation, is the incarnation or reflection of Shiva himself.
Hanuman is often called the son of the deity Vayu; several different traditions account for the Vayu's role in Hanuman's birth. One story mentioned in Eknath's Bhavartha Ramayana (16th century CE) states that when Anjana was worshiping Shiva, the King Dasharatha of Ayodhya was also performing the ritual of Putrakama yagna in order to have children. As a result, he received some sacred pudding (payasam) to be shared by his three wives, leading to the births of Rama, Lakshmana, Bharata, and Shatrughna. By divine ordinance, a kite snatched a fragment of that pudding and dropped it while flying over the forest where Anjana was engaged in worship. Vayu, the Hindu deity of the wind, delivered the falling pudding to the outstretched hands of Anjana, who consumed it. Hanuman was born to her as a result. Another tradition says that Anjana and her husband Kesari prayed Shiva for a child. By Shiva's direction, Vayu transferred his male energy to Anjana's womb. Accordingly, Hanuman is identified as the son of the Vayu.
Another story of Hanuman's origins is derived from the Vishnu Purana and Naradeya Purana. Narada, infatuated with a princess, went to his lord Vishnu, to make him look like Vishnu, so that the princess would garland him at swayamvara (husband-choosing ceremony). He asked for hari mukh (Hari is another name of Vishnu, and mukh means face). Vishnu instead bestowed him with the face of a vanara. Unaware of this, Narada went to the princess, who burst into laughter at the sight of his ape-like face before all the king's court. Narada, unable to bear the humiliation, cursed Vishnu, that Vishnu would one day be dependent upon a vanara. Vishnu replied that what he had done was for Narada's own good, as he would have undermined his own powers if he were to enter matrimony. Vishnu also noted that Hari has the dual Sanskrit meaning of vanara. Upon hearing this, Narada repented for cursing his idol. But Vishnu told him not repent as the curse would act as a boon, for it would lead to the birth of Hanuman, an avatar of Shiva, without whose help Rama (Vishnu's avatar) could not kill Ravana.
BIRTH PLACE
Multiple places in India are claimed as the birthplace of Hanuman.
According to one theory, Hanuman was born on 'Anjaneya Hill', in Hampi, Karnataka. This is located near the Risyamukha mountain on the banks of the Pampa, where Sugreeva and Rama are said to have met in Valmiki Ramayana's Kishkinda Kanda. There is a temple that marks the spot. Kishkinda itself is identified with the modern Anegundi taluk (near Hampi) in Bellary district of Karnataka.
Anjan, a small village about 18 km away from Gumla, houses "Anjan Dham", which is said to be the birthplace of Hanuman. The name of the village is derived from the name of the goddess Anjani, the mother of Hanuman. Aanjani Gufa (cave), 4 km from the village, is believed to be the place where Anjani once lived. Many objects of archaeological importance obtained from this site are now held at the Patna Museum.
The Anjaneri (or Anjneri) mountain, located 7 km from Trimbakeshwar in the Nasik district, is also claimed as the birthplace of Hanuman.
According to Anjan Dham, Hanuman was born on Lakshka Hill near Sujangarh in Churu district, Rajasthan.
CHILDHOOD
As a child, believing the sun to be a ripe mango, Hanuman pursued it in order to eat it. Rahu, a Vedic planet corresponding to an eclipse, was at that time seeking out the sun as well, and he clashed with Hanuman. Hanuman thrashed Rahu and went to take sun in his mouth.[18] Rahu approached Indra, king of devas, and complained that a monkey child stopped him from taking on Sun, preventing the scheduled eclipse. This enraged Indra, who responded by throwing the Vajra (thunderbolt) at Hanuman, which struck his jaw. He fell back down to the earth and became unconscious. A permanent mark was left on his chin (हनुः hanuḥ "jaw" in Sanskrit), due to impact of Vajra, explaining his name. Upset over the attack, Hanuman's father figure Vayu deva (the deity of air) went into seclusion, withdrawing air along with him. As living beings began to asphyxiate, Indra withdrew the effect of his thunderbolt. The devas then revived Hanuman and blessed him with multiple boons to appease Vayu.
Brahma gave Hanuman a boon that would protect him from the irrevocable Brahma's curse. Brahma also said: "Nobody will be able to kill you with any weapon in war." From Brahma he obtained the power of inducing fear in enemies, of destroying fear in friends, to be able to change his form at will and to be able to easily travel wherever he wished. From Shiva he obtained the boons of longevity, scriptural wisdom and ability to cross the ocean. Shiva assured safety of Hanuman with a band that would protect him for life. Indra blessed him that the Vajra weapon will no longer be effective on him and his body would become stronger than Vajra. Varuna blessed baby Hanuman with a boon that he would always be protected from water. Agni blessed him with immunity to burning by fire. Surya gave him two siddhis of yoga namely "laghima" and "garima", to be able to attain the smallest or to attain the biggest form. Yama, the God of Death blessed him healthy life and free from his weapon danda, thus death would not come to him. Kubera showered his blessings declaring that Hanuman would always remain happy and contented. Vishwakarma blessed him that Hanuman would be protected from all his creations in the form of objects or weapons. Vayu also blessed him with more speed than he himself had. Kamadeva also blessed him that the sex will not be effective on him.So his name is also Bala Bramhachari.
On ascertaining Surya to be an all-knowing teacher, Hanuman raised his body into an orbit around the sun and requested to Surya to accept him as a student. Surya refused and explained claiming that he always had to be on the move in his chariot, it would be impossible for Hanuman to learn well. Undeterred, Hanuman enlarged his form, with one leg on the eastern ranges and the other on the western ranges, and facing Surya again pleaded. Pleased by his persistence, Surya agreed. Hanuman then learned all of the latter's knowledge. When Hanuman then requested Surya to quote his "guru-dakshina" (teacher's fee), the latter refused, saying that the pleasure of teaching one as dedicated as him was the fee in itself. Hanuman insisted, whereupon Surya asked him to help his (Surya's) spiritual son Sugriva. Hanuman's choice of Surya as his teacher is said to signify Surya as a Karma Saakshi, an eternal witness of all deeds. Hanuman later became Sugriva's minister.
Hanuman was mischievous in his childhood, and sometimes teased the meditating sages in the forests by snatching their personal belongings and by disturbing their well-arranged articles of worship. Finding his antics unbearable, but realizing that Hanuman was but a child, (albeit invincible), the sages placed a mild curse on him by which he became unable to remember his own ability unless reminded by another person. The curse is highlighted in Kishkindha Kanda and he was relieved from the curse by the end of Kishkindha Kanda when Jambavantha reminds Hanuman of his abilities and encourages him to go and find Sita and in Sundara Kanda he used his supernatural powers at his best.
ADVANTURES IN RAMAYANA
The Sundara Kanda, the fifth book in the Ramayana, focuses on the adventures of Hanuman.
MEETING WITH RAMA
Hanuman meets Rama during the Rama's 14-year exile. With his brother Lakshmana, Rama is searching for his wife Sita who had been abducted by Ravana. Their search brings them to the vicinity of the mountain Rishyamukha, where Sugriva, along with his followers and friends, are in hiding from his older brother Vali.
Having seen Rama and Lakshmana, Sugriva sends Hanuman to ascertain their identities. Hanuman approaches the two brothers in the guise of a brahmin. His first words to them are such that Rama says to Lakshmana that none could speak the way the brahmin did unless he or she had mastered the Vedas. He notes that there is no defect in the brahmin's countenance, eyes, forehead, brows, or any limb. He points out to Lakshmana that his accent is captivating, adding that even an enemy with sword drawn would be moved. He praises the disguised Hanuman further, saying that sure success awaited the king whose emissaries were as accomplished as he was.
When Rama introduces himself, the brahman identitifies himself as Hanuman and falls prostrate before Rama, who embraces him warmly. Thereafter, Hanuman's life becomes interwoven with that of Rama. Hanuman then brings about friendship and alliance between Rama and Sugriva; Rama helps Sugriva regain his honour and makes him king of Kishkindha. Sugriva and his vanaras, most notably Hanuman, help Rama defeat Raavana and reunite with Sita.
In their search for Sita, a group of Vanaras reaches the southern seashore. Upon encountering the vast ocean, every vanara begins to lament his inability to jump across the water. Hanuman too is saddened at the possible failure of his mission, until the other vanaras and the wise bear Jambavantha begin to extol his virtues. Hanuman then recollects his own powers, enlarges his body, and flies across the ocean. On his way, he encounters a mountain that rises from the sea, proclaims that it owed his father a debt, and asks him to rest a while before proceeding. Not wanting to waste any time, Hanuman thanks the mountain, touches it briefly, and presses on. He then encounters a sea-monster, Surasa, who challenges him to enter her mouth. When Hanuman outwits her, she admits that her challenge was merely a test of his courage. After killing Simhika, a rakshasi, he reaches Lanka.
FINDING SITA
Hanuman reaches Lanka through flight and marvels at its beauty. After he finds Sita in captivity in a garden, Hanuman reveals his identity to her, reassures her that Rama has been looking for her, and uplifts her spirits. He offers to carry her back to Rama, but she refuses his offer, saying it would be an insult to Rama as his honour is at stake. In order to give Sita faith, Hanuman gives her a ring that Rama wanted Hanuman to give her. After meeting Sita, Hanuman begins to wreak havoc, gradually destroying the palaces and properties of Lanka. He kills many rakshasas, including Jambumali and Aksha Kumar. To subdue him, Ravana's son Indrajit uses the Brahmastra. Though immune to the effects of this weapon Hanuman, out of respect to Brahma, allows himself be bound. Deciding to use the opportunity to meet Ravana, and to assess the strength of Ravana's hordes, Hanuman allows the rakshasa warriors to parade him through the streets. He conveys Rama's message of warning and demands the safe return of Sita. He also informs Ravana that Rama would be willing to forgive him if he returns Sita honourably.
Enraged, Ravana orders Hanuman's execution, whereupon Ravana's brother Vibhishana intervenes, pointing out that it is against the rules of engagement to kill a messenger. Ravana then orders Hanuman's tail be lit afire. As Ravana's forces attempted to wrap cloth around his tail, Hanuman begins to lengthen it. After frustrating them for a while, he allows it to burn, then escapes from his captors, and with his tail on fire he burns down large parts of Lanka. After extinguishing his flaming tail in the sea, he returns to Rama.
SHAPESHIFTING
In the Ramayana Hanuman changes shape several times. For example, while he searches for the kidnapped Sita in Ravana's palaces on Lanka, he contracts himself to the size of a cat, so that he will not be detected by the enemy. Later on, he takes on the size of a mountain, blazing with radiance, to show his true power to Sita.
Also he enlarges & immediately afterwards contracts his body to out-wit Surasa, the she-demon, who blocked his path while crossing the sea to reach Lanka. Again, he turns his body microscopically small to enter Lanka before killing Lankini, the she-demon guarding the gates of Lanka.
He achieved this shape-shifting by the powers of two siddhis; Anima and Garima bestowed upon him in his childhood by Sun-God, Surya.
MOUNTAIN LIFTING
When Lakshmana is severely wounded during the battle against Ravana, Hanuman is sent to fetch the Sanjivani, a powerful life-restoring herb, from Dronagiri mountain in the Himalayas, to revive him. Ravana realises that if Lakshmana dies, a distraught Rama would probably give up, and so he dispatches the sorcerer Kalanemi to intercept Hanuman. Kalanemi, in the guise of a sage, deceives Hanuman, but Hanuman uncovers his plot with the help of an apsara, whom he rescues from her accursed state as a crocodile.
Ravana, upon learning that Kalanemi has been slain by Hanuman, summons Surya to rise before its appointed time because the physician Sushena had said that Lakshmana would perish if untreated by daybreak. Hanuman realizes the danger, however, and, becoming many times his normal size, detains the Sun God to prevent the break of day. He then resumes his search for the precious herb, but, when he finds himself unable to identify which herb it is, he lifts the entire mountain and delivers it to the battlefield in Lanka. Sushena then identifies and administers the herb, and Lakshmana is saved. Rama embraces Hanuman, declaring him as dear to him as his own brother. Hanuman releases Surya from his grip, and asks forgiveness, as the Sun was also his Guru.
Hanuman was also called "langra veer"; langra in Hindi means limping and veer means "brave". The story behind Hanuman being called langra is as follows. He was injured when he was crossing the Ayodhya with the mountain in his hands. As he was crossing over Ayodhya, Bharat, Rama's young brother, saw him and assumed that some Rakshasa was taking this mountain to attack Ayodhya. Bharat then shot Hanuman with an arrow, which was engraved with Rama's name. Hanuman did not stop this arrow as it had Rama's name written on it, and it injured his leg. Hanuman landed and explained to Bharat that he was moving the mountain to save his own brother, Lakshmana. Bharat, very sorry, offered to fire an arrow to Lanka, which Hanuman could ride in order to reach his destination more easily. But Hanuman declined the offer, preferring to fly on his own, and he continued his journey with his injured leg.
PATALA INCIDENT
In another incident during the war, Rama and Lakshmana are captured by the rakshasa Mahiravana and Ahiravan), brother of Ravana, who held them captive in their palace in Patala (or Patalpuri) - the netherworld. Mahiravana keeps them as offerings to his deity. Searching for them, Hanuman reaches Patala, the gates of which are guarded by a young creature called Makardhwaja (known also as Makar-Dhwaja or Magar Dhwaja), who is part reptile and part Vanara.
The story of Makardhwaja's birth is said to be that when Hanuman extinguished his burning tail in the ocean, a drop of his sweat fell into the waters, eventually becoming Makardhwaja, who perceives Hanuman as his father. When Hanuman introduces himself to Makardhwaja, the latter asks his blessings. Hanuman enters Patala.
Upon entering Patala, Hanuman discovers that to kill Mahiravana, he must simultaneously extinguish five lamps burning in different directions. Hanuman assumes the Panchamukha or five-faced form of Sri Varaha facing north, Sri Narasimha facing south, Sri Garuda facing west, Sri Hayagriva facing the sky and his own facing the east, and blows out the lamps. Hanuman then rescues Rama and Lakshmana. Afterwards, Rama asks Hanuman to crown Makardhwaja king of Patala. Hanuman then instructs Makardhwaja to rule Patala with justice and wisdom.
To date Chandraloak Devpuri mandir is located at Dugana a small village 17 km from Laharpur,Sitapur district,Uttar Pradesh. A divine place where Chakleswar Mahadev situated.
HONOURS
Shortly after he is crowned Emperor upon his return to Ayodhya, Rama decides to ceremoniously reward all his well-wishers. At a grand ceremony in his court, all his friends and allies take turns being honoured at the throne. Hanuman approaches without desiring a reward. Seeing Hanuman come up to him, an emotionally overwhelmed Rama embraces him warmly, declaring that he could never adequately honour or repay Hanuman for the help and services he received from the noble Vanara. Sita, however, insists that Hanuman deserved honour more than anyone else, and Sita gives him a necklace of precious stones adorning her neck.
When he receives it, Hanuman immediately takes it apart, and peers into each stone. Taken aback, many of those present demand to know why he is destroying the precious gift. Hanuman answers that he was looking into the stones to make sure that Rama and Sita are in them, because if they are not, the necklace is of no value to him. At this, a few mock Hanuman, saying his reverence and love for Rama and Sita could not possibly be as deep as he implies. In response, Hanuman tears his chest open, and everyone is stunned to see Rama and Sita literally in his heart.
HANUMAN RAMAYANA
After the victory of Rama over Ravana, Hanuman went to the Himalayas to continue his worship of the Lord Rama. There he scripted a version of the Ramayana on the Himalayan mountains using his nails, recording every detail of Rama's deeds. When Maharishi Valmiki visited him to show him his own version of the Ramayana, he saw Hanuman's version and became very disappointed.
When Hanuman asked Valmiki the cause of his sorrow, the sage said that his version, which he had created very laboriously, was no match for the splendour of Hanuman's, and would therefore go ignored. At this, Hanuman discarded his own version, which is called the Hanumad Ramayana. Maharishi Valmiki was so taken aback that he said he would take another birth to sing the glory of Hanuman which he had understated in his version.
Later, one tablet is said to have floated ashore during the period of Mahakavi Kalidasa, and hung at a public place to be deciphered by scholars. Kalidasa is said to have deciphered it and recognised that it was from the Hanumad Ramayana recorded by Hanuman in an extinct script, and considered himself very fortunate to see at least one pada of the stanza.
AFTER RAMAYANA WAR
After the war, and after reigning for several years, the time arrived for Rama to depart to his supreme abode Vaikuntha. Many of Rama's entourage, including Sugriva, decided to depart with him. Hanuman, however, requested from Rama that he will remain on earth as long as Rama's name was venerated by people. Sita accorded Hanuman that desire, and granted that his image would be installed at various public places, so he could listen to people chanting Rama's name. He is one of the immortals (Chiranjivi) of Hinduism.
MAHABHARATA
Hanuman is also considered to be the brother of Bhima, on the basis of their having the same father, Vayu. During the Pandavas' exile, he appears disguised as a weak and aged monkey to Bhima in order to subdue his arrogance. Bhima enters a field where Hanuman is lying with his tail blocking the way. Bhima, unaware of his identity, tells him to move it out of the way. Hanuman, incognito, refuses. Bhima then tries to move the tail himself but he is unable, despite his great strength. Realising he is no ordinary monkey, he inquires as to Hanuman's identity, which is then revealed. At Bhima's request, Hanuman is also said to have enlarged himself to demonstrate the proportions he had assumed in his crossing of the sea as he journeyed to Lanka and also said that when the war came, he would be there to protect the Pandavas. This place is located at Sariska National Park in the Alwar District of the State of Rajasthan and named as Pandupole (Temple of Hanuman ji).Pandupole is very famous tourist spot of Alwar.
During the great battle of Kurukshetra, Arjuna entered the battlefield with a flag displaying Hanuman on his chariot. The incident that led to this was an earlier encounter between Hanuman and Arjuna, wherein Hanuman appeared as a small talking monkey before Arjuna at Rameshwaram, where Rama had built the great bridge to cross over to Lanka to rescue Sita. Upon Arjuna's wondering aloud at Rama's taking the help of monkeys rather than building a bridge of arrows, Hanuman challenged him to build a bridge capable of bearing him alone; Arjuna, unaware of the vanara's true identity, accepted. Hanuman then proceeded to repeatedly destroy the bridges made by Arjuna, who decided to take his own life. Krishna smiled and placed his divine discus beneath the bridge,and this time hanuman could no longer break it.Vishnu then appeared before them both after originally coming in the form of a tortoise, chiding Arjuna for his vanity and Hanuman for making Arjuna feel incompetent. As an act of penitence, Hanuman decided to help Arjuna by stabilizing and strengthening his chariot during the imminent great battle. After, the battle of Kurukshetra was over, Krishna asked Arjuna, that today you step down the chariot before me. After Arjuna got down, Krishna followed him and thanked Hanuman for staying with them during the whole fight in the form of a flag on the chariot. Hanuman came in his original form, bowed to Krishna and left the flag, flying away into the sky. As soon as he left the flag, the chariot began to burn and turned into ashes. Arjuna was shocked to see this, then Krishna told Arjuna, that the only reason his chariot was still standing was because of the presence of Himself and Hanuman, otherwise, it would have burnt many days ago due to effects of celestial weapons thrown at it in the war.
According to legend, Hanuman is one of the four people to have heard the Bhagwad Gita from Krishna and seen his Vishvarupa (universal) form, the other three being Arjuna, Sanjaya and Barbarika, son of Ghatotkacha.
OTHER TEXTS
Apart from Ramayana and Mahabharata, Hanuman is mentioned in several other texts. Some of these stories add to his adventures mentioned in the earlier epics, while others tell alternative stories of his life.
Paumacariya (also known as Pauma Chariu or Padmacharit), the Jain version of Ramayana written by Vimalasuri, mentions Hanuman as a Vidyadhara (a supernatural being), who is the son of Pavangati and Anjana Sundari. Anjana gives birth to Hanuman in a forest cave, after being banished by her in-laws. Her maternal uncle rescues her from the forest; while boarding his vimana, Anjana accidentally drops her baby on a rock. However, the baby remains uninjured while the rock is shattered. The baby is raised in Hanuruha, his great uncle's island kingdom, from which Hanuman gets his name. In this version, Hanuman is not celibate. He marries princess Anangakusuma, the daughter of Kharadushana and Ravana's sister Chandranakha. Ravana also presents Hanuman one of his nieces as a second wife. After becoming an ally of Sugriva, Hanuman acquires a hundred more wives. Hanuman is originally enraged at Rama for murdering his father-in-law Kharadushana. However, he becomes a supporter of Rama after meeting him and learning about Sita's kidnapping by Ravana. He goes to Lanka on Rama's behalf, but is unable to convince Ravana to surrender. Ultimately, he joins Rama in the war against Ravana and performs several heroic deeds. After the victory and subsequent celebrations, both Rama and Hanuman take Jaineshwari Diksha and become Jain Munis and achieve salvation. Later Jain texts such as Uttarapurana (9th century CE) by Gunabhadra and Anjana-Pavananjaya (12th century CE) tells the same story.
The Brahma Purana mentions that the vanaras built several Shiva lingams in Kishkindha. After his return to Ayodhya, Rama asks Hanuman to destroy these lingams, as they are no longer required. However, when Hanuman is unable to uproot these lingams, Rama orders them to worshipped permanently. The Skanda Purana mentions a variant of this story, which happens in Rameswaram. The Narada Purana describes Hanuman as a master of vocal music, and as an embodiment of the combined power of Shiva and Vishnu.
Apart from the Puranas, the Agama Saunaka Samhitha, and Agastya Sara Samhitha explains certain stories which are not mentioned in other Hindu texts along with the worship rituals of Hanuman. Recently a simple English Translation of some of stories are released as a book named Tales Of Hanuman: Tales from the eternal life of Hanuman
The 16th-century Indian poet Tulsidas wrote Hanuman Chalisa, a devotional song dedicated to Hanuman. He claimed to have visions where he met face to face with Hanuman. Based on these meetings, he wrote Ramcharitmanas, an Awadhi language version of Ramayana. The Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple (Varanasi) is said to be located on the spot where Tulsidas had these visions. The works of Tulsidas played an important role in increasing the popularity of Hanuman worship in North India.
Durga Chalisa mentions that Hanuman leads and welcomes the procession of the ferocious lion-riding Bhavani.
The non-Indian versions of Ramayana, such as the Thai Ramakien, mention that Hanuman had relationships with multiple women, including Svayamprabha, Benjakaya (Vibhisana's daughter), Suvannamaccha and even Ravana's wife Mandodari. According to these versions of the Ramayana, Macchanu is son of Hanuman borne by Suvannamaccha, daughter of Ravana. The Jain text Paumacariya also mentions that Hanuman married Lankasundari, the daughter of Lanka's chief defender Bajramukha. Another legend says that a demigod named Matsyaraja (also known as Makardhwaja or Matsyagarbha) claimed to be his son. Matsyaraja's birth is explained as follows: a fish (matsya) was impregnated by the drops of Hanuman's sweat, while he was bathing in the ocean.
PROPHECY & LEGACY
A number of religious leaders have claimed to have seen Hanuman over the course of the centuries, notably Madhvacharya (13th century CE), Tulsidas (16th century), Samarth Ramdas (17th century), Raghavendra Swami (17th century) and Swami Ramdas (20th century).
Swaminarayan, founder of the Hindu Swaminarayan sects, holds that other than worship of God through the Narayana Kavacha, Hanuman is the only deity who may be worshiped in the event of trouble by evil spirits.
Others have also asserted his presence wherever the Ramayana is read.
“Bow down to Hanumān, who is the slayer of demons, and who is present with head bowed and eyes full of flowing tears wherever the fame of Rāma is sung.”
This can be found in other texts such as the Vinaya Patrika by Tulsidas and the Mahabharta, and in other texts with only slight variation in language. During the readings of the Ramayana (Ramayanpath), a special puja and space (asan) are reserved for Hanuman.
TEMPLES
Hanuman is worshipped by villagers as a boundary guardian, by Shaiva ascetics as a Yogi, and by wrestlers for his strength. There are numerous temples for Hanuman, and his images are usually installed at all temples where images of avatars of Vishnu are installed. Hanuman temples are believed to keep the area and surroundings free of rakshasas (demons) and other evil beings. Hanuman idols are found on mountain roads because it is believed that he protects people from accidents.
Jakhu temple is a famous temple at Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh. The word "Jakhu" is derived from "Yaku"/"Yaksha". The hill is the legendary abode of Yaksha, Kinners Nagas and Asuras. The temple was founded on a plain where, according to legend, Hanuman's sudden landing flattened a hill. A 33-metre statue of Hanuman has been erected at the top of the 2,591-metre tall Jakhu Hill, the highest point in Shimla.
According to the Ramayana, during the battle between Lord Rama and Ravana at Lanka, Lakshmana, brother of Lord Rama, was mortally wounded by an arrow. To save his life, Hanuman journeyed to the Himalayas to retrieve the Sanjeevani herb. En route, he encountered a meditating sage on Jakhu mountain; as he paused to inquire about the herb, Hanuman's landing on the mountain compressed the earth, changing the shape of the mountain to its present state. In his haste to depart, Hanuman is said to have left his friends behind, and they are said to continue to roam the area even today. A temple honoring Lord Hanuman was constructed by the Jakhu sage.
The oldest known independent Hanuman statue is the one at Khajuraho, which has an inscription dated Sam. 940 (AD 883) mentioning that it was erected by Gahil's son Gollak.
Sankat Mochan Shri Hanuman Mandir, located in the Punjab town of Phillaur is one of the popular temples of Hanuman. Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple, Varanasi, believed to be built by Tulsidas, is second most popular temple in the city.
Namakkal Anjaneyar temple is located in the town of Namakkal, Tamil Nadu. There is an 18-feet idol of Sri Hanuman in the temple facing east, worshipping Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Swami (one of the avatar of god Vishnu) in this temple. Anjenayar idol is Swayambu, believed to be growing in height; thus, temple has no roof enclosing.
Sholinghur Sri Yoga Narasimha swami temple and Sri Yoga Anjaneyar temple, located in Sholinghur, a town which is about 30 km from Arakkonam of Vellore District.Sri yoga Anjaneyar temple located over small hill containing 480 steps from ground. Lord Anjaneyar with Sathurpujam (sathur=four, pujam=arms) Sri Sangu and Sri Chakaram 2 hands and Jabba Malai and Jaba Shankaram in other two respectively facing Sri yoga Narasimha swami and Yoga Amurthavalli Thayar present over hill (periya malai= big hill) with 1305 steps from ground. Sholinghur shetram one among 108 divya desams also one of most famous temple of our Lord Anjaneya.
Ragigudda Anjaneya temple is a Hanuman temple located in JP Nagar Bangalore. The temple is located on a hillock.
The Hanuman temple at Nerul, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India is situated inside SIES complex. The Hanuman idol is 10 m tall and is installed on a pedestal of height 4 m, bringing the total height to 14 m. In the picture shown, Hanuman has silver coverings (Silver Kavasam). The 33 feet Hanuman idol is carved out of single granite stone. This is the tallest single granite stone Hanuman idol in India as per the temple.
Similarly, a 10 m idol of Sri Anjaneyar was entrenched in 1989 at Nanganallur in Chennai, India. The distinguishing factor of the idol is that it was molded out of a single rock.
An 26-m Karya Siddhi Hanuman statue was installed at Carapichaima in Trinidad and Tobago, by Avadhoota Dattapeetham's Pontiff Ganapathy Sachchidananda. It is the tallest in the Western hemisphere and second tallest in the world. One has also built a Karya Siddhi Hanuman Temple in Frisco, Texas in the U.S.
The tallest Hanuman statue is the Veera Abhaya Anjaneya Hanuman Swami, standing 135 feet tall at Yerravaram, 46 km from Rajahmundry in Andhra Pradesh, installed in 2003.
The image of Hanuman is said to have come alive and moved when installed at the Shri Hanuman Mandir, Sarangpur. The temple is noted for getting rid of evil spirits.
Suchindram temple is a pious place lying about 14 km from Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu. The temple is famous for it 18 feet tall Hanuman idol. This idol is decorated fully with butter (Vennai kappu in Tamil) and Sandalwood paste (Chandana kappu in Tamil).
In Rajasthan,Hanuman Temples at Mehendipur Balaji in Dausa district (80 km from Jaipur) and Salasar dhaam in Churu district (160 km from Jaipur) attract a large number of devotees from all over India. [{Chandraloak Devpuri Balaji}] is located in Dugana 17 km from Laharpur district-sitapur,UttarPradesh
Bhaktha Anjaneyar is Temple is located in Vedasandur, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu.
Kaviyoor is a small village about 5–6 km from the town of Thiruvalla, Kerala The Kaviyoor Mahadevar Temple here is about 100 years old and the Hanuman temple inside the Shiva temple is considered as very auspicious by devotees. Hanuman idol consecrated here is made of Panchaloha and is depicting him telling the story of Ramayana to Sita in the Asoka Vana.
Yalagur, a small village about 30–35 km from the town of Bagalkot in Karnataka, also has a temple dedicated to Hanuman.
Sri Baktha Hanuman Temple, Ramboda.Sri Lanka. Ramboda is a place where Hanuman was searching for Sita Devi.
WORSHIP
Some of the prayers, songs, mantras, shlokas, devoted to Hanuman include Hanuman Chalisa, Bajranga Baan, Maruti Strotam, Anjaneya Dandakam, Vadvanal Strotam, Hanuman Sathhika, Hanuman Bahuk, Hanuman Dwadesha, Bhimrupi Strotam, Sundara Kanda, Maruti Gayatri Mantra, Hanumansahasranam stotra (Stotra of thousand names of Hanuman), Ek-mukhi Hanuman Raksha Kavacham, Pancha-mukhi Hanuman Raksha Kavacham and Sapta-mukhi Hanuman Raksha Kavacham.
"Ram Raksha Strotam", the Sanskrit Strota, a Shield of Rama has lines devoted to Hanuman, saying, whoever, reads this, will be protected by Hanuman.
PANCHAMUKHA SRI HANUMAN
Sri Hanuman assumed Panchamukha or five-faced form to kill Ahiravana, a powerful rakshasa black-magician and practitioner of the dark arts during the Ramayana war. Ahiravana, brother of Ravana, had taken Lord Rama and Lakshmana to netherworld as captive, and the only way to kill him was to extinguish five lamps burning in different directions, all at the same instant. Sri Hanuman assumed His Panchamukha form and accomplished the task, thus killing the rakshasa, and freeing Rama and Lakshmana.
This form of Sri Hanuman is very popular, and is also known as Panchamukha Anjaneya and Panchamukhi Anjaneya. (Anjaneya, which means "son of Anjana", is another name of Sri Hanuman). These faces show there is nothing in the world which does not come under any the influence of any of the five faces, symbolic of his all around security to all devotees. This also signifies vigilance and control over the five directions - north, south, east, west and the upward direction/zenith.
There are five ways of prayer, Naman, Smaran, Keerthanam, Yachanam and Arpanam. The five faces depict these five forms. Lord Sri Hanuman always used to Naman, Smaran and Keerthanam of Lord Sri Rama. He totally surrendered (Arpanam) to his Master Sri Rama. He also begged (yachanam) Sri Rama to bless him the undivided love.
The weapons are a parashu, a Khanda, a chakra, a dhaalam, a gada, a trishula, a kumbha, a Katar, a plate filled with blood and again a big Gada.
Chitrakoot in Central India is claimed to be the resting place of Sri Hanuman. The Hanuman Dhara Temple is situated on the peak of mountain where there is natural rock formation image of Shri Hanuman inside the cave and a natural stream of water falling on the tail. It is believed that after the coronation of Lord Rama, Sri Hanuman requested for a permanent place to settle in the Kingdom of Lord Rama, where his Injury of burns on his tails will be cured. Lord Rama, then with his arrow, spurred a stream of water on the tip of mountain and asked Sri Hanuman to rest there with water of the stream falling on his tail to cool down burning sensation in his tail. The access to the cave temple is through stairs starting from bottom of the mountain to its top. It takes roughly 30 to 40 minutes to reach the temple. Over time the temple has gained a new name, namely Hanuman Dhara.
Sri Panchamukha Anjaneya Swami was the main deity of Sri Raghavendra Swami. The place where he meditated on this five-faced form of Sri Hanuman is now known as Panchamukhi, wherein a temple for him has been built. There is also a shrine for Panchamukha Anjaneya Swami at Kumbakonam in Tamil Nadu, India. A 12 m tall monolithic green granite murti of Sri Panchamukha Hanuman has been installed in Thiruvallur, also in Tamil Nadu. This place was known as Rudravanam in olden times when many saints and seers had blessed this place with their presence. The Panchamukha Hanuman Ashram itself was established by a saint called Venkatesa Battar. A four foot image of Panchmukha Hanuman has been consecrated West of Lusaka, Zambia in Oye Kapi farm.
RELATION WITH SHANI
In Hinduism, Hanuman is one of the few deities not afflicted by Shani. Hanuman is the one of the deities in Hindu religion, over whom Shani could not cast his spell. Shani could not overcome Hanuman and as such people worship Hanuman to get rid of malefic effects of Shani.
In the Ramayana, Hanuman is said to have rescued Shani, from the clutches of Ravana.
In gratitude, Shani promised Hanuman that those who prayed him (Hanuman) would be rescued from the painful effects of Saturn, which in Hindu astrology, is said to produce malefic effects on one's life when one is afflicted "negatively" with Saturn.
Another version of the encounter between Lord Hanuman and Shani Bhagavan is that the latter once climbed on to Lord Hanuman's shoulder, implying that he (Hanuman) was coming under the effects of the influence of Shani. At this, Hanuman assumed a large size, and Shani was caught painfully between Hanuman's shoulders and the ceiling of the room they were in. As the pain was unbearable, Shani requested Hanuman to release him, promising that he (Shani) would moderate the malefic effects of his influence on a person praying to Hanuman. Hanuman released Shani thereafter.
In the verse with a thousand Names of Hanuman the Hanumansahasranam stotra, Shani is one of the Names of Hanuman. In some regions of India, Hanuman is also seen sporting an iron whip akin to Shani.
WIKIPEDIA
A 1st class relic of cloth which stained a body fluid and blood of Blessed Stanislaus
Life[edit]
Early life[edit]
Jan Papczyński was born on 18 May 1631, in the village of Podegrodzie - now near Stary Sącz - as the youngest of the eight children of Tomasz Papczyński and Zofia Tacikowska. His father was a local blacksmith and also served as the village bailiff. As a youngster, he cared for his father's herd of sheep and came to know the countryside well.[1]
Education[edit]
Stanisłaus's first beginnings with school gave no indication of his later career as an academic. He had difficulty with studies, nevertheless he mastered his temperament, overcame material problems associated with his social standing, and advanced in studies, graduating from one school to another: in Podegrodzie, then in Nowy Sacz. At the age of fifteen he entered the Jesuit College at Jaroslaw, the Piarist College of Podoliniec in 1649, and in 1650 the Jesuit College of Lvov, from which he was forced to flee due to an attack by Cossack troops. At the age of twenty-three he completed his general and philosophical studies at the Jesuit College of Rawa Mazowiecka.[1]
He is described him as a tall, slender young man, with a swarthy complexion, tall forehead and deep, pensive eyes gazing from under his eyebrows.[2] His father died while Jan was studying in Lvov.
Piarist[edit]
On 2 July 1654, Papczyński joined the Piarist Order, newly established in Poland, in their monastery in Podoliniec and was given the religious name of "Stanisłaus of Jesus and Mary". He performed the lowliest tasks, cleaning out stables and barns, chopping wood, and washing dishes.[2] He made his second year of novitiate in Warsaw, while studying theology with the Recollect Franciscan friars. Those were the times of the Swedish invasion known as "the Deluge", that made a deep impression on the young seminarian's life. From the perspective of his whole life's experience, he thus described in his testimony one incident from those days: "I confess," he writes, "that I leave this world professing the Roman Catholic faith for which I was ready to pour out my blood during the war with Sweden. One day my companion and I were exiting the Old Town, when a heretic soldier, his unsheathed sword in hand, attacked us near the Dominican Fathers. My companion (even though he was German) fled, and I, falling to my knees, stuck out my neck for the blow. However, by the decree of Divine Providence, I did not sustain any wounds although I was struck three times with great force. Afterward, I felt great pains for an hour and a half because of that."[2]
On 22 July 1656, Papka made his profession of religious vows as the first Polish member of the Piarist Congregation. He was ordained to the priesthood on 12 March 1661.[3]
While still a seminarian, Papczyński taught rhetoric in the Piarist colleges of Rzeszow and Podoliniec, and then after ordination he taught in a Warsaw college. He wrote a textbook entitled "Prodromus reginae artium" (The Messenger of the Queen of Arts), and used it in his lectures. This textbook underwent four reprints during subsequent years. This work merited special praise[3] for its pedagogical character as well as the selection of rhetoric which witnesses to the author's patriotic sentiments and his special devotion to the Virgin Mary. Also, in this textbook he postulated the equality of all citizens before the law and took a critical stand in regards to the "liberum veto." ("free veto" = an unexplained veto)
As a priest Papczyński heard confessions and gave sermons. On greater feasts he was invited to preach in the many churches of the capital. One sermon he preached on Thomas Aquinas, delivered at the Dominican church, was published in 1664 under the title Doctor Angelicus (The Angelic Doctor). Taking advantage of Papczyński's contacts with influential people, his superiors entrusted him with gathering petitions for the beatification of the Order's founder, Joseph Calasanz.[3] Papczyński obtained many letters. From 1663 to 1667 he directed the Confraternity of Our Lady of Grace, Patroness of Warsaw, whose image was in the Piarist's Church on Dluga Street.
Leaving the Piarists[edit]
Due to differences in understanding of the Order's character, Papczyński's relations with his superiors kept getting more strained and eventually led to his leaving the Order. He strove to restore the early rigor of their way of life, while practices in the province tended to favor laxity. Because of his views and actions, as interpreted by some of his superiors, he was the cause of confusion among Piarists, while he himself felt misunderstood. Later he used to call this period of his life "a long-lasting martyrdom". In those difficult times he wrote two series of meditations: Orator crucifixus (The crucified Speaker) and Christus patiens (The suffering Christ).
Not being able to find for himself, within the Piarists, the proper climate for life and work and at the same time seeing also a rift within the Province between his supporters and adversaries, Papczyński asked the Superior General to release him from his religious vows. On 11 December 1670, he left the Order. In the presence of his Piarist superiors he declared: "I offer and consecrate to God, the Almighty Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit, as well as to the Mother of God, the ever-Virgin Mary, conceived without sin, my heart, my soul, my body, leaving absolutely nothing for myself, so that henceforth I may be the slave of God Almighty and of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary. Consequently, I vow to serve Them zealously, in chastity, to the end of my life, in the society of Marian Clerics of the Immaculate Conception, which by the grace of God I wish to found".
New Marian congregation[edit]
Papczyński's was made more difficult by his being of common birth and advocating a very rigorous lifestyle in the prevalent aristocratic mentality. He found support for his plan from the Bishop of Poznan, Stefan Wierzbowski. Rejecting proposals from different Orders and bishops (those of Cracow and Plock), Papczyński went as a chaplain to Jakub Karski's house in Lubocza near Nowe Miasto-on-Pilica in order to prepare himself for this new undertaking. There, in September 1671, he was vested in a white religious habit in honor of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary. He also prepared the project of the future Order's statute entitled "Norma vitae" (Rule of Life), which he established as an order of canons regular. At the same time he wrote a moral and ascetical treatise called "Templum Dei Mysticum" (The Mystical Temple of God), which underwent several reprints. In this book he expressed his belief that lay people, and not only priests and religious, are called to holiness.
Seeking candidates for his planned order, in September 1673, Papczyński went to Puszcza Korabiewska near Skierniewice, where a former soldier, Stanislaus Krajewski, and companions lived as hermits. There, on the land donated by Krajewski, he built and organized his Institute's first house, which he called a "Retreat House". Bishop Stanislaus Swiecicki, who came on a canonical visitation on 24 October 1673, approved this community living in accord with the "Norma vitae" under Papczyński's guidance. He left them his own "Statutes" on the characteristics of hermits and penitentials. The Marians consider this date as the beginning of their Order.
Wierzbowski wished to engage the newly created religious community in fulfilling of his plans of the renewal of religious life in the diocese. Particularly in the town of Gora near Warsaw where he established the holy city of Mazowsze which he called New Jerusalem. There he built many churches and chapels commemorating the Passion of Christ. To serve the arriving pilgrims, he brought over several religious orders, among them Papczyński's community. In 1677, he consigned to him the Church of the Lord's Cenacle with its adjacent monastery. The previous obligations of living a hermits' lifestyle were not in force at this institution. Papczyński lived here until his death, 24 years later.
On 21 April 1679, Wierzbowski canonically constituted Stanislaus's institute, composed of two houses, as an Order of diocesan right. The stated goal of the community was to spread devotion to the Virgin Mary, and to assist poor souls in purgatory, particularly those who died in fields of battle and victims of plagues. Papczyński also directed his spiritual sons to undertake pastoral works, especially assisting pastors by hearing confessions, as well as catechizing and delivering sermons to the faithful, particularly the most spiritually neglected in regards to religion. Papczyński introduced abstinence from drinking vodka in the order. King John III Sobieski, who was known for his kindness towards strict religious orders, took the Marians under his special protection.
However, the simple vows which the Marians were making at the time were not strongly binding, and the fate of the Congregation depended simply on the bishop. This problem became particularly apparent after the death of Bishop Wierzbowski in 1687. For these reasons Papczyński, who was already 60 years old, set out on a journey by foot to Rome in 1690, in order to obtain papal approval for his Order. Unfortunately, he arrived there at a time when the Holy See was without a pope, and only procured a spiritual affiliation of the Marians with several other Orders. The approbation of "Norma vitae" as the Congregation's statutes, which took place a couple of years later, was a fruit of this journey.
In 1699, Papczyński made another attempt to procure the approbation of his Order, by sending to Rome Fr. Joachim Kozlowski as his envoy with full powers (plenipotentiary). Meeting with difficulties in obtaining the approbation of the Marian Order upon its own rule, Kozlowski approached the reformed Franciscan Minors for the "Rule of the Ten Virtues of the Blessed Virgin Mary", which included the Marians' legal dependence on this Order. Pope Innocent XII approved the document issued by the General of Franciscans on 24 October 1699. Although the Rule was received without previous consultation with Papczyński, it did not infringe the specific features of the Marian Institute and was thus gladly accepted by the Marian Legislator. The Marians became an Order with solemn vows and were freed from the authority of a local bishop, although they were dependent on the Franciscans for some time. Finally, the Marians received approbation as an order of apostolic right ridding themselves of restrictions. In their apostolic work they placed special emphasis on teaching truths of the faith to the faithful of lower classes, which was Church considered its most urgent task at the time.
On 6 June 1701, Papczyński pronounced a solemn profession of vows in the hands of the Apostolic Nuncio, Francisco Pignatelli, and then received the profession of vows from the other Marians, a very important milestone in establishing the first Polish religiouis order for men. On the way to the realization of this goal, for a duration of 30 years, Papczyński had to overcome innumerable difficulties. A few times he doubted whether or not God truly wanted him to follow this road.
Death and burial[edit]
He died on 17 September 1701, and was buried at the Church of the Lord's Cenacle in Gora Kalwaria.
Spirituality[edit]
At school, from the pulpit, in confessional, or at his desk, Papczyński proclaimed the word of God everywhere in speech and writing, emphasizing particularly the need to care for those wronged by the society. His work followed the beliefs proclaimed in "Templum Dei Mysticum": "O how admirable are those who mutually work with Christ, and, solely out of love for Him, sincerely and zealously announce all that is essential for salvation, for leading a Christian life, for rooting out vices, and increasing virtues. This is the greatest and most fruitful work of mercy".
Two centuries before the proclamation of the Dogma of the Immaculate Conception Stanislaus professed: "I believe everything that the holy Roman Church believes, but first of all I profess that the Most Holy Mother of God, Mary, was conceived without any stain of original sin". This privilege of the Immaculate Conception was very precious to him. He talked about it in sermons and wrote extensively on the subject. In 1670 he made a "vow of blood" witnessing his readiness to lay down his life if necessary in honor of Mary's Immaculate Conception. Papczyński lived in times illustrated by the Polish writer Henryk Sienkiewicz in his "Trilogy", describing the Cossack wars, the Swedish invasion of Poland, and finally, the Polish army's victory at Vienna. He himself accompanied Polish troops in battles against Turks in Ukraine in 1674, and witnessed that many people died unshriven.
Sainthood[edit]
Process and Venerable[edit]
A cause to beatify Papczyński was started in 1767, interrupted in 1775, and reopened in 1953. But because such a long time had passed since the his death, this process had to be accomplished "historically", which means that documents had to be searched for testimonies on one's life and virtues. Those documents were prepared and gathered in a 1000-page manuscript called "Positio". On 28 February 1980, the National Conference of Bishops in Poland petitioned the Pope to elevate Papczyński to the altars as a model of Christian life. Similar petitions were sent by major superiors of male and female congregations in Poland. Based on this evidence, on 28 November 1980, the Congregation for Saints made a decision that Papczyński's beatification cause may be brought before the Apostolic Tribunal.
Pope John Paul II approved this decision on 6 March 1981 which commenced sainthood proceedings and granted him the title Servant of God - the first stage in the process.
In the years 1981-1982, a process de non cultu was conducted in Warsaw. The decree super validitate Processus (regarding the validity of the diocesan process) was promulgated in 1990. Further evaluations of Positio super Virtutibus were also conducted. Then, on 22 January 1991, during an Ordinary Congress of the Congregation, chaired by Anthony Petti, General Promoter of the Faith, the theological consultants stated that Papczyński had practiced virtues to a heroic degree.
On 17 March 1992, after having listened to the report delivered by Paulino Limongi, Titular Archbishop of Nice in Hemimont, the cardinals and bishops gathered at an Ordinary Congregation stated that he had practiced the theological virtues, the cardinal virtues, and other virtues associated with these, to a heroic degree.
After the results of the research conducted by the Cardinal-Prefect, Cardinal Angelo Felici, had been presented to the pope, he accepted the decision of the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of the Saints and ordered that the decree on Papczyński's heroic virtues be prepared.
On 13 June 1992, the Pope invited the Cardinal-Prefect, the relators of the cause, the Secretary of the congregation, and other people who are usually summoned in such circumstances and, in the presence of all gathered with regard to the cause and its result, solemnly announced that:
It is considered to be a certain thing that Blessed Stanislaus of Jesus and Mary Papczyński practiced the theological virtues of faith, hope, and charity, the cardinal virtues of prudence, justice, temperance, and fortitude, and other virtues associated with these, to a heroic degree. The Pope ordered that this decree be made public and kept in the acts of the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints.
Beatification[edit]
The miracle needed for his beatification was investigated in the 2003-2004 timeframe and received formal validation from the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints on 7 May 2004. A medical board based in Rome met and approved the miracle on 12 May 2005 while theologians followed suit and approved it also on 20 September 2005. The cardinal and bishop members of the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints granted their formal approval on 3 October 2006, while Pope Benedict XVI approved it on 16 December 2006.
The miracle in question concerned Ursula Markowska on 4 April 2000.
He was beatified at the Marian Shrine in Licheń by a special delegate of Pope Benedict XVI – Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, Secretary of State of the Holy See on 16 September 2007.
Canonization[edit]
The second miracle required for his canonization was investigated in a diocesan tribunal and was ratified as being a valid process on 27 June 2014. The Rome-based medical board met and approved it on 17 September 2015 while the theologians also met and approved it on 10 November 2015. The cardinal and bishops who constituted the Sacred Congregation for the Causes of Saints also approved it on 12 January 2016.
Pope Francis approved the miracle on 21 January 2016; a date shall be determined for the canonization at a consistory of cardinals in March.
From the last will and testament of Stanisłaus Papczyński[edit]
"I give thanks to the Divine Majesty for graces, gifts, and goodness granted me with great generosity. I repent from the depth of my heart and I wish out of love of the Lord to repent more and more for all my sins, which I place in the deepest wounds of Jesus Christ, my Lord and Redeemer. I fall at the feet of Blessed Virgin Mary, Mother of God, and I give myself with the entire Congregation of her Immaculate Conception to her for eternity. I call on her gracious direction and effective care, and for the hour of my death I beg her most merciful and powerful protection from the ambushes of my enemies and all temporal and eternal Evil.
To all those who loved and supported the Congregation of the Immaculate Conception (which I founded through God’s inspiration to support all the faithful departed), I promise double reward from God’s hand.
I eagerly suggest to my brethren, if it be appropriate for me to say: Sons, you ought to have love for God and neighbor, devotion to the Catholic faith, and worship, love, and obedience to the Holy See, faithful preservation of the vows, humility, patience, support the souls in purgatory, and be at peace with everyone."
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JUST ANOTHER DAY IN PARADISE
.
She takes a hit of caffeine to revitalize the brain
Another day in paradise to anaesthetise the pain
As he sits across the table with his hands so tightly clenched
The wreak of wall mart after shave, she coughs to fight the stench
And his eyes they burn into her soul as not a word is spoken
You cannot put together what for so long has been broken
A marriage bed of blood and guts, vitriolic spewed
A love that died so long ago can never be renewed
As the eggs cook over easy and the bacon crispy, fries
The sadness in her broken heart is reflected in her eyes
For the colour left her hair a while back when she gave a damn
Now she tolerates the violence and still dreams her master plan
For the bruises of her saddened soul are patched by hopes and dreams
But the bruises to her flesh won't heal and within her soul she screams
Testosterone and alcohol within those bones that age
Repression of the underclass now fuel his drunken rage
Coffee cups and breakfast plates, cutlery and glass
Fading love and poverty, in life all things must pass
Wedding vows and happiness just memories of a life
An atmosphere so deep and dark, to break you'd cut with knife
She longs for how it used to be, before the punches came
When life and love were kind to her before the anguished shame
Now the monster living in her house and sleeping in her bed
Controls her life and rules her actions, fucking with her head
The waitress brings the breakfast plates and notices the bruises
Inwardly dismissive of the woman's life she chooses
But chains they bind us from the very cradle to the grave
And rules and common sense can so dictate how we behave
They eat in silence at the same old diner every day
A life less ordinary once the world is stripped away
Sometimes in life the pathways that we follow bring us down
Just another sordid story in this God foresaken town
Today is just another in a world that's turned to shit
If Hell on Earth existed then she's sure that she's in it
As she sips another mouthful to forget life's bitter taste
How she married at her leisure and now so repents in haste
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Rewritten on July 17th 2012
Photograph taken of my sister in Law Jean at 08:50am on August 31st 2011 in a restaurant in Newport on the Oregon Coast Highway 101, Oregon State, USA.
Nikon D700 28mm 1/15s f/2.8 iso200
Nikkor AF-S 24-70G ED IF. UV filter.
Nicolas Régnier
La Madeleine repentante
vers 1625
huile sur toile
Detroit, The Detroit Institute of Arts
"La Madeleine de Detroit est le premier tableau conservé de Régnier sur ce thème, qu'il a ensuite traité de nombreuses fois au cours de sa carrière vénitienne. De la leçon caravagesque, le peintre retient le clair-obscur tranché et le cadrage à mi-corps qui exaltent la présence du modèle.
La palette est d'un grand raffinement, jouant sur seulement trois déclinaisons : les pâles carnations, mises en valeur par les ors et ocres bruns et par le drapé rouge sang qui souligne la composition diagonale. L'audace de Régnier réside dans le traitement réaliste de la nudité de Madeleine, au rendu particulièrement sensuel, voire sulfureux, qui rappelle les figures ambiguës, encore adolescentes, de Caravage. Rarement la "belle pêcheresse" a été représentée si jeune et si charnelle."
Source : cartel de l'exposition.