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Photographed May 2017 : Agfa ISOLETTE II (Agfa SOLINAR 75mm/3.5). ILFORD FP4 PLUS rated ASA 80 developed in ADOX ATOMAL 49 (100ml > 600ml, 10min 30sec, 20*C). Negative was illuminated on a light box and scanned with an iPad mini using FilmScanner app; image then processed in Flickr.
Coonalpyn – from Desert to Downs.
In the early years, Coonalpyn was known as the Ninety Mile Desert. It was not a desert in a true sense as it consisted of Mallee scrub, yaccas and banksias interspersed with lagoon and swamp flats, low fossil limestone hills and sand ridges. Early in 1850 Police Inspector Tolmer travelled through this vast uninhabited area on his way to the Victorian Goldfields to safely bring gold back to SA for assaying here. After 1852 Government wells and signs were established every 20 miles to aid travellers passing though the desert country. The pastoral era began with John Barton Hack who had a pastoral property here and chose the name Coonalpyn Downs for his estate from a local Aboriginal word meaning barren woman. Coonalpyn Downs was a 123 square mile leasehold property. It had several owners in the 19th century and the homestead was a substantial six roomed stone dwelling. By 1895 the land from Tailem Bend through to Coonalpyn and Tintinara was being managed under pastoral lease by the Cooke Family. Parts of it were resumed by the government to create settlements along the intercolonial railway line to Melbourne but larger areas were not resumed until the early 20th century. Coonalpyn is situated in the Hundred of Coneybeer which was declared and surveyed around 1895. (Frederick Coneybeer was a unionist and state parliamentarian for most years from 1893 to 1930.)
In 1887 the Adelaide-Melbourne rail link opened up the area and a small settlement at Coonalpyn was established. It began with the Coonalpyn Post Office followed by the primary school in 1889. But the township of Coonalpyn was proclaimed in 1909. The Coonalpyn Congregational (now Uniting) Church on Poyntz Terrace now the Dukes Highway was built in 1927 but Congregational services were held in the old institute from 1907. Fund raising for the Coonalpyn Congregational Church was under way by 1919. Also in 1927 the primary school moved from the institute hall where it had been held to a new government school room in the western part of Coonalpyn. Coonalpyn originally had two Lutheran Congregations (Bethlehem and Emmanuel) which were formed in 1930 and in 1940 respectively. They both held services in the Institute but in the early 1950s the two congregations cooperated to build a Lutheran Church at a cost of £5,000 that both congregations could use. The new church was dedicated in November 1952 and was the first Lutheran Church in Australia to serve both main Lutheran synods (ELCA and UELCA). In 1966 with Lutheran churches unification it changed its name to Redeemer Lutheran Church. E.T.S.A power came to Coonalpyn in 1962. Before this, private operators supplied electricity. A boost to the community occurred in 1968 when a water pipeline from Tailem Bend to Keith was constructed. The Coonalpyn Hotel was proposed in 1953 and finally constructed in 1956. The town has a general cemetery on the outskirts. The stone RSL Hall was the original institute hall which closed in 1953 when a new one opened. This institute was open by 1906 and during the 1930s and 1940s Catholic masses were held within it. The old institute was sold at public auction in 1954. It is not known when the RSL acquired it. The new 1953 Institute was built at a cost of £8,000 and it was opened by the Premer Sir Thomas Playford. Catholic masses were moved to the new institute after 1954. The town also still holds an annual agricultural show which was first held in 1945. A new bank of Adelaide opened in 1954 in the former chemist shop. The town was growing.
In the early 1950s the town boomed as the so called Ninety Mile Desert was transformed into the Coonalpyn Downs with the addition of trace elements to the soil which suddenly made them productive for some crops but especially for pastures (subterranean clover) for sheep and cattle. This important work took years of research and development and the actual discovery of the importance of trace elements to soil fertility was only discovered by intelligent chance by scientist Hedley Marston and his colleague David Riceman. Riceman noticed grass under coper power lines was greener than grass elsewhere because of constant dripping water from the wires in winter. He investigated this further. Marston’s work with trace elements transformed the Ninety Mile Desert from poor scrub to thriving farms carrying luxuriant pastures. Deficiencies of copper and zinc as well as of phosphorus in the sandy soils of the area were demonstrated by Marston's colleague, D.S. Riceman. Co-operative experiments with a private landowner, Mr J.E. Becker (later Sir Ellerton Becker) were begun by Riceman in 1944 which led to a definition of the mineral nutrients limiting pasture establishment. Superphosphate appropriately supplemented with copper and zinc gave spectacular pasture and cropping results. The Australian Mutual Provident Society invested capital in family farm holdings and first developed much of the land which it later sold to farmers. The prices of land in the Coonalpyn district and Keith area rose from about 25/- per hectare to about £25! This was a major scientific breakthrough. Much of David Riceman’s experimental work was carried on the property of Sir Ellerton Becker near Keith.
Today after decades of decline it is now revitalised by the silo art of the town. Bulk handling of grain began in SA in the early 1950s but most silos in the Upper South East were only built in the 1960s or later. They are now managed by Viterra grain buyers and exporters. Victoria began silo art in Australia and created a specific silo art trial across the Victorian Wimmera several years ago. Coonalpyn decided to follow suit in an attempt to revitalise the town. The silo art in Coonalpyn was only completed in April 2017. The paintings are 35 metres high. Five silos were painted and the work was done with a grant from the Coorong Council. $80,000 was needed for the project with local fund raising and grants from Country Arts SA and the Regional Arts fund. The Coorong Council employed the services of Brisbane artist Guido van Helten who created the first silo art mural in the Victorian Wimmera town of Brim. Helten visited the town of Coonalpyn for most of the month of February and decided to use actual portraits of children from the Coonalpyn School. They are truly stunning and they are encouraging some of the four to five thousands vehicles a day that pass through the town to stop and look more closely at the silo art. Van Helten has painted similar giant silos in Florida, Russia, Mexico, Poland, the Ukraine, and Belgium etc. To take advantage of the silo art a new café and coffee shop has opened in Coonalpyn. South Australia is unlikely to create a silo art trail as the next silos transformed by art are in Kimba about 660 kilometres away! Above is the silo art of Brim in Victoria’s Wimmera painted by the same artist but it is less successful than the Coonalpyn silo art. The colours are drabber, all the faces look downwards and it is extremely difficult to tell that the third figure form the left is a female farmer. In our view he should have made the contribution of local women to farming at Brim much more obvious. Coonalpyn is also the home of the Careship Coorong snail farm. It was established in 2011 to provide a kind of therapeutic environment for people suffering from dementia. Volunteers run the snail farm and the coordinator learn of the scheme from care farms in the Netherlands. The farm is home to about 15,000 snails which will be harvested from 2018 as they are destined to become a gourmet style of pâté. The dementia volunteers capture escaped snails and ensure the gardens are thriving to provide food for the snails. The farm has received an Alzheimer’s Australia award and it is the first snail farm in Australia but the concept of care farms for dementia sufferers is more common in Europe.
nrhp # 14000030- Completed in 1920, the industrial university and recreational institution was developed by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company for the welfare of its employees. The building included an auditorium with a seating capacity of 1686, the largest stage and theater in Akron in its time, and one of the largest in Ohio. The gymnasium was comparable to a college indoor athletic stadium. There were bowling alleys, target and rifle ranges, bath rooms and lavatories Goodyear university, and a cafeteria capable of accommodating 8,000 daily. Dormitory rooms were available for both men and women, in addition to recreational rooms and the library.[3] There were three entrances, two on East Market and one through the gymnasium.[2]
Wide corridors bisected the main floor longitudinally, separating the 12 store rooms and the auditorium and gymnasium. The auditorium was well appointed. Its main floor and suspended balcony seated 1,686. The stage was 40 feet (12 m) across, with double apertures, so as to permit its use by both the main auditorium and gymnasium. The gymnasium had a seating capacity of 5,000 people. An indirect lighting system was used throughout the auditorium with the exception of hanging candle fixtures which case a glow upon mural panels arranged on the side wall. A French Renaissance decoration scheme was used.[3] The large gymnasium with gallery had a floor space of 172 by 100 feet (52 m × 30 m), large enough to permit five basketball games simultaneously.
On the second floor, in addition to the auditorium balcony and emporium and balcony to the gymnasium, were tool rooms, writing and music rooms, a large and well equipped library, and a large community room for men. An industrial cafeteria, equipped with culinary appliance also occupied the second floor. Dormitories for 300 men were situated on the triangular space near the intersection of Goodyear Avenue and East Market Street.[3]
On the third floor were located the legislative chambers of the House of Representatives and Senate of the Goodyear Industrial Republic. Well-equipped committee and secretaries' rooms adjoined the house and senate.[4] A large girls' community hall was also housed on this floor. As on the floor below, the triangular space was used for dormitories for girls until other housing places were found. The remainder of this floor was devoted to women's recreational rooms, including a large assembly room for sewing and domestic science classes. This floor also included dormitory provisions for women.[3]
The fourth floor was given over to "Goodyear University" with accommodation for 5,500 students. There were 65 class rooms and studies which were augmented by fully equipped laboratories on the fourth and fifth floors. Near the front of the building, there was a large student's assembly room.[3]
On the seventh floor, there was a well-equipped picture department.[3] Films were used for educational purposes in classrooms to teach students the details of various operations of manufacturing rubber products. There were also facilities for developing and screening pictures to be used in Akron and in branches all over the world.[4]
In the basement, there were locker rooms with 5,500 lockers, 12 bowling alleys, six rifle ranges, a large clothes checking room and a barber shop.[3] A tunnel from the factory building across the street was created give access to the basement.
from Wikipedia
OLYMPUS OM-D E-M5 Mark II + OLYMPUS M.ZUIKO DIGITAL ED 40-150mm F2.8 PRO + MC-14
Developed by Adobe Photoshop Lightroom CC 2015.3
My entry for Worldwide Pinhole Photography Day 2020.
Taken on Pinhole day 2020 (4/26/2020)
Lensless 75mm pinhole camera
Arista EDU 100 4x5 sheet film
Stand developed Rodinal 1+100
Printed on Ilford Multrigrade IV developed in Kodak Dektol
Development details on FilmDev
Check it out on the Pinholeday site, and also check out the other entries this year!
Ein Foto mit historischer Kamera gemacht.
A photo taken with historical photographs.
Aufnahme, picture: 2013;
Fotoapparat, camera: Certo Dolly, Baujahr, year of manufacture: 1935;
Objektiv, lens: Steinheil Cassar 2,9/7,5;
Film, film: Kodak TMax 400, Rollfilm, rolls ch120 6x6 cm;
Entwickelt, developed: Kodak XTOL;
Scann: Negativ, negative;
Bearbeitet, edit: Tonwertkorrektur, levels;
Das Foto wurde mit dieser Kamera gemacht:
The picture was taken with this camera:
www.flickr.com/photos/74455234@N04/11401818553/in/photost...
Hier mein Album - Fotos mit historischer Kamera:
Here is my album - photos of historical Camera:
Covent Garden (/ˈkɒvənt/) is a district in London on the eastern fringes of the West End, between St. Martin's Lane and Drury Lane. It is associated with the former fruit and vegetable market in the central square, now a popular shopping and tourist site, and the Royal Opera House, which is also known as "Covent Garden". The district is divided by the main thoroughfare of Long Acre, north of which is given over to independent shops centred on Neal's Yard and Seven Dials, while the south contains the central square with its street performers and most of the elegant buildings, theatres and entertainment facilities, including the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and the London Transport Museum.
Though mainly fields until the 16th century, the area was briefly settled when it became the heart of the Anglo-Saxon trading town of Lundenwic. After the town was abandoned, part of the area was walled off by 1200 for use as arable land and orchards by Westminster Abbey, and was referred to as "the garden of the Abbey and Convent". The land, now called "the Covent Garden", was seized by Henry VIII, and granted to the Earls of Bedford in 1552. The 4th Earl commissioned Inigo Jones to build some fine houses to attract wealthy tenants. Jones designed the Italianate arcaded square along with the church of St Paul's. The design of the square was new to London, and had a significant influence on modern town planning, acting as the prototype for the laying-out of new estates as London grew. A small open-air fruit and vegetable market had developed on the south side of the fashionable square by 1654. Gradually, both the market and the surrounding area fell into disrepute, as taverns, theatres, coffee-houses and brothels opened up; the gentry moved away, and rakes, wits and playwrights moved in. By the 18th century it had become a well-known red-light district, attracting notable prostitutes. An Act of Parliament was drawn up to control the area, and Charles Fowler's neo-classical building was erected in 1830 to cover and help organise the market. The area declined as a pleasure-ground as the market grew and further buildings were added: the Floral Hall, Charter Market, and in 1904 the Jubilee Market. By the end of the 1960s traffic congestion was causing problems, and in 1974 the market relocated to the New Covent Garden Market about three miles (5 km) south-west at Nine Elms. The central building re-opened as a shopping centre in 1980, and is now a tourist location containing cafes, pubs, small shops, and a craft market called the Apple Market, along with another market held in the Jubilee Hall.
Covent Garden, with the postcode WC2, falls within the London boroughs of Westminster and Camden, and the parliamentary constituencies of Cities of London and Westminster and Holborn and St Pancras. The area has been served by the Piccadilly line at Covent Garden tube station since 1907; the journey from Leicester Square, at 300 yards, is the shortest in London.
Early history
The route of the Strand on the southern boundary of what was to become Covent Garden was used during the Roman period as part of a route to Silchester, known as "Iter VII" on the Antonine Itinerary. Excavations in 2006 at St Martin-in-the-Fields revealed a Roman grave, suggesting the site had sacred significance. The area to the north of the Strand was long thought to have remained as unsettled fields until the 16th century, but theories by Alan Vince and Martin Biddle that there had been an Anglo-Saxon settlement to the west of the old Roman town of Londinium were borne out by excavations in 1985 and 2005. These revealed Covent Garden as the centre of a trading town called Lundenwic, developed around 600 AD, which stretched from Trafalgar Square to Aldwych. Alfred the Great gradually shifted the settlement into the old Roman town of Londinium from around 886 AD onwards, leaving no mark of the old town, and the site returned to fields.
Around 1200 the first mention of an abbey garden appears in a document mentioning a walled garden owned by the Benedictine monks of the Abbey of St. Peter, Westminster. A later document, dated between 1250 and 1283, refers to "the garden of the Abbot and Convent of Westminster". By the 13th century this had become a 40-acre (16 ha) quadrangle of mixed orchard, meadow, pasture and arable land, lying between modern-day St. Martin's Lane and Drury Lane, and Floral Street and Maiden Lane. The use of the name "Covent"—an Anglo-French term for a religious community, equivalent to "monastery" or "convent" —appears in a document in 1515, when the Abbey, which had been letting out parcels of land along the north side of the Strand for inns and market gardens, granted a lease of the walled garden, referring to it as "a garden called Covent Garden". This is how it was recorded from then on.
The Bedford Estate (1552–1918)
After the Dissolution of the Monasteries in 1540, Henry VIII took for himself the land belonging to Westminster Abbey, including the convent garden and seven acres to the north called Long Acre; and in 1552 his son, Edward VI, granted it to John Russell, 1st Earl of Bedford. The Russell family, who in 1694 were advanced in their peerage from Earl to Duke of Bedford, held the land from 1552 to 1918.
Russell had Bedford House and garden built on part of the land, with an entrance on the Strand, the large garden stretching back along the south side of the old walled-off convent garden. Apart from this, and allowing several poor-quality tenements to be erected, the Russells did little with the land until the 4th Earl of Bedford, Francis Russell, an active and ambitious businessman, commissioned Inigo Jones in 1630 to design and build a church and three terraces of fine houses around a large square or piazza. The commission had been prompted by Charles I taking offence at the condition of the road and houses along Long Acre, which were the responsibility of Russell and Henry Carey, 2nd Earl of Monmouth. Russell and Carey complained that under the 1625 Proclamation concerning Buildings, which restricted building in and around London, they could not build new houses; the King then granted Russell, for a fee of £2,000, a licence to build as many new houses on his land as he "shall thinke fitt and convenient". The church of St Paul's was the first building, begun in July 1631 on the western side of the square. The last house was completed in 1637.
The houses initially attracted the wealthy, though when a market developed on the south side of the square around 1654, the aristocracy moved out and coffee houses, taverns, and prostitutes moved in. The Bedford Estate was expanded in 1669 to include Bloomsbury, when Lord Russell married Lady Rachel Vaughan, one of the daughters of the 4th Earl of Southampton.
By the 18th century, Covent Garden had become a well-known red-light district, attracting notable prostitutes such as Betty Careless and Jane Douglas. Descriptions of the prostitutes and where to find them were provided by Harris's List of Covent Garden Ladies, the "essential guide and accessory for any serious gentleman of pleasure". In 1830 a market hall was built to provide a more permanent trading centre. In 1913, Herbrand Russell, 11th Duke of Bedford agreed to sell the Covent Garden Estate for £2 million to the MP and land speculator Harry Mallaby-Deeley, who sold his option in 1918 to the Beecham family for £250,000.
Modern changes
Charles Fowler's 1830 neo-classical building restored as a retail market.
The Covent Garden Estate was part of Beecham Estates and Pills Limited from 1924 to 1928, after which time it was managed by a successor company called Covent Garden Properties Company Limited, owned by the Beechams and other private investors. This new company sold some properties at Covent Garden, while becoming active in property investment in other parts of London. In 1962 the bulk of the remaining properties in the Covent Garden area, including the market, were sold to the newly established government-owned Covent Garden Authority for £3,925,000.
By the end of the 1960s, traffic congestion had reached such a level that the use of the square as a modern wholesale distribution market was becoming unsustainable, and significant redevelopment was planned. Following a public outcry, buildings around the square were protected in 1973, preventing redevelopment. The following year the market moved to a new site in south-west London. The square languished until its central building re-opened as a shopping centre in 1980. An action plan was drawn up by Westminster Council in 2004 in consultation with residents and businesses to improve the area while retaining its historic character. The market buildings, along with several other properties in Covent Garden, were bought by a property company in 2006.
Geography
Historically, the Bedford Estate defined the boundary of Covent Garden, with Drury Lane to the east, the Strand to the south, St. Martin's Lane to the west, and Long Acre to the north. However, over time the area has expanded northwards past Long Acre to High Holborn, and since 1971, with the creation of the Covent Garden Conservation Area which incorporated part of the area between St Martins Lane and Charring Cross Road, the Western boundary is sometimes considered to be Charring Cross Road. Shelton Street, running parallel to the north of Long Acre, marks the London borough boundary between Camden and Westminster. Long Acre is the main thoroughfare, running north-east from St Martin's Lane to Drury Lane.
The area to the south of Long Acre contains the Royal Opera House, the market and central square, and most of the elegant buildings, theatres and entertainment facilities, including the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, and the London Transport Museum; while the area to the north of Long Acre is largely given over to independent retail units centred on Neal Street, Neal's Yard and Seven Dials; though this area also contains residential buildings such as Odhams Walk, built in 1981 on the site of the Odhams print works, and is home to over 6,000 residents.
Governance
The Covent Garden estate was originally under the control of Westminster Abbey and lay in the parish of St Margaret. During a reorganisation in 1542 it was transferred to St Martin in the Fields, and then in 1645 a new parish was created, splitting governance of the estate between the parishes of St Paul Covent Garden and St Martin, both still within the Liberty of Westminster. St Paul Covent Garden was completely surrounded by the parish of St Martin in the Fields. It was grouped into the Strand District in 1855 when it came within the area of responsibility of the Metropolitan Board of Works.
In 1889 the parish became part of the County of London and in 1900 it became part of the Metropolitan Borough of Westminster. It was abolished as a civil parish in 1922. Since 1965 Covent Garden falls within the London boroughs of Westminster and Camden, and is in the Parliamentary constituencies of Cities of London and Westminster and Holborn and St Pancras. For local council elections it falls within the St James's ward for Westminster, and the Holborn and Covent Garden ward for Camden.
Economy
The area's historic association with the retail and entertainment economy continues. In 1979, Covent Garden Market reopened as a retail centre; in 2010, the largest Apple Store in the world opened in The Piazza. The central hall has shops, cafes and bars alongside the Apple Market stalls selling antiques, jewellery, clothing and gifts; there are additional casual stalls in the Jubilee Hall Market on the south side of the square. Long Acre has a range of clothes shops and boutiques, and Neal Street is noted for its large number of shoe shops. London Transport Museum and the side entrance to the Royal Opera House box office and other facilities are also located on the square. During the late 1970s and 1980s the Rock Garden music venue was popular with up and coming punk rock and New Wave artists.
The market halls and several other buildings in Covent Garden were bought by CapCo in partnership with GE Real Estate in August 2006 for £421 million, on a 150-year head lease. The buildings are let to the Covent Garden Area Trust, who pay an annual peppercorn rent of one red apple and a posy of flowers for each head lease, and the Trust protects the property from being redeveloped. In March 2007 CapCo also acquired the shops located under the Royal Opera House. The complete Covent Garden Estate owned by CapCo consists of 550,000 sq ft (51,000 m2), and has a market value of £650 million.
Landmarks
The Royal Opera House, often referred to as simply "Covent Garden", was constructed as the "Theatre Royal" in 1732 to a design by Edward Shepherd. During the first hundred years or so of its history, the theatre was primarily a playhouse, with the Letters Patent granted by Charles II giving Covent Garden and Theatre Royal, Drury Lane exclusive rights to present spoken drama in London. In 1734, the first ballet was presented; a year later Handel's first season of operas began. Many of his operas and oratorios were specifically written for Covent Garden and had their premières here. It has been the home of The Royal Opera since 1945, and the Royal Ballet since 1946.
The current building is the third theatre on the site following destructive fires in 1808 and 1857. The façade, foyer and auditorium were designed by Edward Barry, and date from 1858, but almost every other element of the present complex dates from an extensive £178 million reconstruction in the 1990s. The Royal Opera House seats 2,268 people and consists of four tiers of boxes and balconies and the amphitheatre gallery. The stage performance area is roughly 15 metres square. The main auditorium is a Grade 1 listed building. The inclusion of the adjacent old Floral Hall, previously a part of the old Covent Garden Market, created a new and extensive public gathering place. In 1779 the pavement outside the playhouse was the scene of the murder of Martha Ray, mistress of the Earl of Sandwich, by her admirer the Rev. James Hackman.
Covent Garden square
Balthazar Nebot's 1737 painting of the square before the 1830 market hall was constructed.
The central square in Covent Garden is simply called "Covent Garden", often marketed as "Covent Garden Piazza" to distinguish it from the eponymous surrounding area. Laid out in 1630, it was the first modern square in London, and was originally a flat, open space or piazza with low railings. A casual market started on the south side, and by 1830 the present market hall was built. The space is popular with street performers, who audition with the site's owners for an allocated slot. The square was originally laid out when the 4th Earl of Bedford, Francis Russell, commissioned Inigo Jones to design and build a church and three terraces of fine houses around the site of a former walled garden belonging to Westminster Abbey. Jones's design was informed by his knowledge of modern town planning in Europe, particularly Piazza d'Arme, in Leghorn, Tuscany, Piazza San Marco in Venice, Piazza Santissima Annunziata in Florence, and the Place des Vosges in Paris. The centrepiece of the project was the large square, the concept of which was new to London, and this had a significant influence on modern town planning in the city,[56] acting as the prototype for the laying-out of new estates as the metropolis grew. Isaac de Caus, the French Huguenot architect, designed the individual houses under Jones's overall design.
The church of St Paul's was the first building, and was begun in July 1631 on the western side of the square. The last house was completed in 1637. Seventeen of the houses had arcaded portico walks organised in groups of four and six either side of James Street on the north side, and three and four either side of Russell Street. These arcades, rather than the square itself, took the name Piazza; the group from James Street to Russell Street became known as the "Great Piazza" and that to the south of Russell Street as the "Little Piazza". None of Inigo Jones's houses remain, though part of the north group was reconstructed in 1877–79 as Bedford Chambers by William Cubitt to a design by Henry Clutton.
Covent Garden market
The first record of a "new market in Covent Garden" is in 1654 when market traders set up stalls against the garden wall of Bedford House. The Earl of Bedford acquired a private charter from Charles II in 1670 for a fruit and vegetable market, permitting him and his heirs to hold a market every day except Sundays and Christmas Day. The original market, consisting of wooden stalls and sheds, became disorganised and disorderly, and the 6th Earl requested an Act of Parliament in 1813 to regulate it, then commissioned Charles Fowler in 1830 to design the neo-classical market building that is the heart of Covent Garden today. The contractor was William Cubitt and Company. Further buildings were added—the Floral hall, Charter Market, and in 1904 the Jubilee Market for foreign flowers was built by Cubitt and Howard.
By the end of the 1960s, traffic congestion was causing problems for the market, which required increasingly large lorries for deliveries and distribution. Redevelopment was considered, but protests from the Covent Garden Community Association in 1973 prompted the Home Secretary, Robert Carr, to give dozens of buildings around the square listed-building status, preventing redevelopment. The following year the market relocated to its new site, New Covent Garden Market, about three miles (5 km) south-west at Nine Elms. The central building re-opened as a shopping centre in 1980, with cafes, pubs, small shops and a craft market called the Apple Market. Another market, the Jubilee Market, is held in the Jubilee Hall on the south side of the square. The market halls and several other buildings in Covent Garden have been owned by the property company Capital & Counties Properties (CapCo) since 2006.
Theatre Royal, Drury Lane
The current Theatre Royal on Drury Lane is the most recent of four incarnations, the Second of which opened in 1663, making it the oldest continuously used theatre in London. For much of its first two centuries, it was, along with the Royal Opera House, a patent theatre granted rights in London for the production of drama, and had a claim to be one of London's leading theatres. The first theatre, known as "Theatre Royal, Bridges Street", saw performances by Nell Gwyn and Charles Hart. After it was destroyed by fire in 1672, English dramatist and theatre manager Thomas Killigrew engaged Christopher Wren to build a larger theatre on the same spot, which opened in 1674. This building lasted nearly 120 years, under leadership including Colley Cibber, David Garrick, and Richard Brinsley Sheridan. In 1791, under Sheridan's management, the building was demolished to make way for a larger theatre which opened in 1794; but that survived only 15 years, burning down in 1809. The building that stands today opened in 1812. It has been home to actors as diverse as Shakespearean actor Edmund Kean, child actress Clara Fisher, comedian Dan Leno, the comedy troupe Monty Python (who recorded a concert album there), and musical composer and performer Ivor Novello. Since November 2008 the theatre has been owned by composer Andrew Lloyd Webber and generally stages popular musical theatre. It is a Grade I listed building.
London Transport Museum
The London Transport Museum is in a Victorian iron and glass building on the east side of the market square. It was designed as a dedicated flower market by William Rogers of William Cubitt and Company in 1871, and was first occupied by the museum in 1980. Previously the transport collection had been held at Syon Park and Clapham. The first parts of the collection were brought together at the beginning of the 20th century by the London General Omnibus Company (LGOC) when it began to preserve buses being retired from service. After the LGOC was taken over by the London Electric Railway (LER), the collection was expanded to include rail vehicles. It continued to expand after the LER became part of the London Passenger Transport Board in the 1930s and as the organisation passed through various successor bodies up to TfL, London's transport authority since 2000. The Covent Garden building has on display many examples of buses, trams, trolleybuses and rail vehicles from 19th and 20th centuries as well as artefacts and exhibits related to the operation and marketing of passenger services and the impact that the developing transport network has had on the city and its population.
St Paul's Church
St Paul's, commonly known as the Actors' Church, was designed by Inigo Jones as part of a commission by Francis Russell in 1631 to create "houses and buildings fitt for the habitacons of Gentlemen and men of ability". Work on the church began that year and was completed in 1633, at a cost of £4,000, with it becoming consecrated in 1638. In 1645 Covent Garden was made a separate parish and the church was dedicated to St Paul. It is uncertain how much of Jones's original building is left, as the church was damaged by fire in 1795 during restoration work by Thomas Hardwick; though it is believed that the columns are original—the rest is mostly Georgian or Victorian reconstruction.
Culture
The Covent Garden area has long been associated with both entertainment and shopping, and this continues. Covent Garden has 13 theatres, and over 60 pubs and bars, with most south of Long Acre, around the main shopping area of the old market. The Seven Dials area in the north of Covent Garden was home to the punk rock club The Roxy in 1977, and the area remains focused on young people with its trendy mid-market retail outlets.
Street performance
Street entertainment at Covent Garden was noted in Samuel Pepys's diary in May 1662, when he recorded the first mention of a Punch and Judy show in Britain. Impromptu performances of song and swimming were given by local celebrity William Cussans in the eighteenth century. Covent Garden is licensed for street entertainment, and performers audition for timetabled slots in a number of venues around the market, including the North Hall, West Piazza, and South Hall Courtyard. The courtyard space is dedicated to classical music only. There are street performances at Covent Garden Market every day of the year, except Christmas Day. Shows run throughout the day and are about 30 minutes in length. In March 2008, the market owner, CapCo, proposed to reduce street performances to one 30-minute show each hour.
Pubs and bars
The Covent Garden area has over 60 pubs and bars; several of them are listed buildings, with some also on CAMRA's National Inventory of Historic Pub Interiors; some, such as The Harp in Chandos Place, have received consumer awards. The Harp's awards include London Pub of the Year in 2008 by the Society for the Preservation of Beers from the Wood, and National Pub of the Year by CAMRA in 2011. It was at one time owned by the Charrington Brewery, when it was known as The Welsh Harp; in 1995 the name was abbreviated to just The Harp, before Charrington sold it to Punch Taverns in 1997. It has been owned by the landlady since 2010.
The Lamb and Flag in Rose Street has a reputation as the oldest pub in the area, though records are not clear. The first mention of a pub on the site is 1772 (when it was called the Cooper's Arms – the name changing to Lamb & Flag in 1833); the 1958 brick exterior conceals what may be an early 18th-century frame of a house replacing the original one built in 1638.[94] The pub acquired a reputation for staging bare-knuckle prize fights during the early 19th century when it earned the nickname "Bucket of Blood". The alleyway beside the pub was the scene of an attack on John Dryden in 1679 by thugs hired by John Wilmot, 2nd Earl of Rochester, with whom he had a long-standing conflict.
The Salisbury in St. Martin's Lane was built as part of a six-storey block around 1899 on the site of an earlier pub that had been known under several names, including the Coach & Horses and Ben Caunt's Head; it is both Grade II listed, and on CAMRA's National Inventory, due to the quality of the etched and polished glass and the carved woodwork, summed up as "good fin de siècle ensemble". The Freemasons Arms on Long Acre is linked with the founding of the Football Association in 1896; however, the meetings took place at The Freemasons Tavern on Great Queen Street, which was replaced in 1909 by the Connaught Rooms.
Other pubs that are Grade II listed are of minor interest, they are three 19th century rebuilds of 17th century/18th century houses, the Nell Gwynne Tavern in Bull Inn Court, the Nag's Head on James Street, and the White Swan on New Row; a Victorian pub built by lessees of the Marquis of Exeter, the Old Bell on the corner of Exeter Street and Wellington Street; and a late 18th or early 19th century pub the Angel and Crown on St. Martin's Lane.
Cultural connections
Covent Garden, and especially the market, have appeared in a number of works. Eliza Doolittle, the central character in George Bernard Shaw's play, Pygmalion, and the musical adaptation by Alan Jay Lerner, My Fair Lady, is a Covent Garden flower seller. Alfred Hitchcock's 1972 film Frenzy about a Covent Garden fruit vendor who becomes a serial sex killer, was set in the market where his father had been a wholesale greengrocer. The daily activity of the market was the topic of a 1957 Free Cinema documentary by Lindsay Anderson, Every Day Except Christmas, which won the Grand Prix at the Venice Festival of Shorts and Documentaries.
Transport
Covent Garden is served by the Piccadilly line at Covent Garden tube station on the corner of Long Acre and James Street. The station was opened by Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway on 11 April 1907, four months after services on the rest of the line began operating on 15 December 1906. Platform access is only by lift or stairs; until improvements to the exit gates in 2007, due to high passenger numbers (16 million annually), London Underground had to advise travellers to get off at Leicester Square and walk the short distance (the tube journey at less than 300 yards is London's shortest) to avoid the congestion. Stations just outside the area include the Charing Cross tube station and Charing Cross railway station, Leicester Square tube station, and Holborn tube station. While there is only one bus route in Covent Garden itself—the RV1, which uses Catherine Street as a terminus, just to the east of Covent Garden square—there are over 30 routes which pass close by, mostly on the Strand or Kingsway.
Softly drumming. Dylan on the drums with Ragtag Rabble at Dublin Corners Farm Brewer.
Yashica-D Twin Lens Reflex
Kentmere Pan 400 developed in D76 1:1 14 min
Epson Perfection V500 Photo scanner
#ilfordfilm, #kentmere400, #kentmerepan400,
#tlr, #twinlensreflex, #yashicad, #blackandwhite, #shootfilmstaypoor, #ishootfilm,
#brewery, #beer, #dublincornersfarmbrewery, #drums; #musicians,
A micro (macro) photograph of a tomato flower which has produced a baby tomato, near a larger cherry tomato in the process of ripening.
Experience more such delights with me in my set, "Reminisces of an Old Gardener:"
www.flickr.com/photos/motorpsiclist/albums/72177720306515483
Developed five raw images into an HDR image.
Equipment:
Parameters:
Software: Photomatix Pro version 5.0.1
Presets: Balanced
Software: Software: Image Data converter Ver. 4.2.02.10112
Output
Save as type: TIFF Files(*.TIF)
Color space: sRGB 16 bit
Software: Adobe Photoshop Lightroom 5.6
Basic
WB
Temp: -10
Tint: +10
Tone
Exposure: +0.10
HSL
Hue
Red: +10
Orange: +10
Lens Correction
Lens Vignetting
Amount:-50
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Graduate Filter(horizon)
Effect: Custom
Temp: -70
Exposure: 3.50
Contrast: 60
Highlights: 25
Clarity: 25
Saturation: 10
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Adjustment Brush(K)(bottom)
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file: DSC03509_10_11_12_13_tonemapped_balanced-1
Galle Face | West Coast, Sri Lanka
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Picture taken during a medieval display at Berkeley Castle on the late August Bank Holiday. The man on the right explained how weapons developed through the ages and did so in a humorous way. The castle is thought to be the location of King Edward II's murder in 1327. More recently it was used as the location for 'The Other Boleyn Girl' in TV.
Olympus Pen EE-3 (half frame) | Kodak Portra 400 - fresh
Date: Oct. 7-10, 2022
Location: MA, ME, NH, VT, USA
Digitized with Lumix GX85 + Olympus 30mm Macro | Atrodona Copy Box + Negative Carrier | OnePlus 8 Pro Light Table
Negative Lab Pro v2.4.1 | Color Model: None | Pre-Sat: 3 | Tone Profile: Linear + Gamma | WB: Kodak | LUT: None
Home developed with Cinestill Cs41 | 3:30/104F Dev | 8:00/104F Blix | Rondinax 35U Dev Box
Leica M3 Zeiss Planar 50mm f2 ZM
Long Expired Ektachrome 100 Professional
Arista Rapid E6 Slide Developing Kit
Château d'Avignon
Throughout the 18th century, the Avignon family gradually develops an estate of high yield farmland by creating irrigation channels from the Petite Rhône. In 1893, Louis Prat-Noilly (1845 – 1932), a wealthy wine merchant from Marseille, buys the property, converts the castle into a hunting lodge and has it extended and sumptuoustly decorated; he creates a park and planted with rare tree species.
Being a man with a keen interest in the innovations of his time, he includes all the latest techniques in the refurbishing of the castle. The Conseil Général des Bouches-du-Rhône invited us to visit this singular property which is a testomony to the expensive tastes and modernity of the industial upper middle class at the dawn of the 20th century.
At the time of our visit, several artists have displayed their perfromances and/or installation on site, throughout the parc and chateau:
Bertille Bak / Dominique Blais / Pierre-Laurent Cassière / Marie Chéné et Pascal Messaoudi / François Cys / Bertrand Gadenne / Gethan& Myles / Laurent Gongora / Mathias Isouard / Grégoire Lauvin & Peter Sinclair / Thierry Mouillé / Emmanuel Rivière
Summer Holidays 2015; roadtrip to and through the Provençe.
More France | Chateau d’Avignon |
Coachwork by Carrozzeria Touring
Tractor manufacturer Ferruccio Lamborghini, complained to Enzo Ferrari about several mechanical issues concerning the Ferrari he had just purchased. He decided to start up his own car factory. This 350 GT is the first production model.
The story goes that Ferruccio Lamborghini, a tractor manufacturer, complained to Enzo Ferrari about several mechanical issues concerning the Ferrari he had just purchased, whereupon Enzo told him to stick to building tractors. The enraged and stubborn Lamborghini decided to start up his own car factory to compete with Ferrari.
The first prototype, the 350 GTV, was launched in 1963 in Turin. The production version, the 350 GT, was introduced in Geneva a year later.
The sleek, elegant and sporty body with the large rear window was designed by Franco Scaglione. The coachwork was built by Touring of Milan, using the ‘Superleggera’ (‘superlight’) system: aluminium panels were mounted directly onto a tubular steel framework. The 3.5-litre, twelve-cylinder engine with four overhead camshafts was developed by Ferrari engineer Giotto Bizzarrini, giving the car a top speed of 240 km/h.
Only 120 examples of the Lamborghini 350 GT were produced.
3,5 Liter
V12
280 hp
Louwman Museum
Den Haag - The Hague
Nederland - Netherlands
March 2013
Olympus-S SC G.Zuiko 1:1.8 f=4.2cm
Ilford Pan 400 pushed to 800 ISO
Home developed in Silberra Aphenol (Kodak Xtol alternative), 14.5 min, 20°C
Mamiya RB67 with Mamiya-Sekor 90/3.8 and 45 mm extension ring no. 1 equipped with yellow filter, and Rollei Superpan 200 developed with Kodak T-max developing kit. Scan Epson V600
san francisco, ca
taken 8 september 2024
rolleiflex 3.5f
zeiss planar 75mm/3.5
kentmere 400
+1 dev
Scanned with dslr
Home developed
kodak d76 stock
8min 23sec/24º
home-developed film from a few years ago. this one is from a roll that looked like accidental double exposures -- i think the film had gotten stuck or something, and i wound it back up in a darkroom bag and took photos over it. but it was half-frames overlaps of stuff i hadn't intended to make double exposures of.
[BjD] Belial Japan Develop.
slurl.com/secondlife/Gomorra/150/252/2299
[BjD] Customer's gallery.
www.flickr.com/groups/1332562@N25/
Eros et Thanatos
Belial Japan Develop
Mt.Akadake from lake Taisetsu, Kamikawa, Hokkaido, three days ago. Yesterday many towns in Hokkaido were covered with snow for the first time in this season.
Canon A-1, Tokina SZX 50-300mm, negative ISO 100 expired exposed as ISO 50, developing time shortened.
This 35mm Fomapan 100 Classic film photo was developed at Caffenol Lab, using Cawanol developer.
Cawanol is available online via: www.caffenollab.com for you to develop black and white film at home.
( Photograph made with the Canon AL-1 camera and a Canon FD 50mm F1.8 S.C. lens. Location: The Big Apple )
Canon AE1-Program
Canon FD 50mm, f1.4
Kodak Vision3 50D
Tetenal Colortec C41 kit
Reflecta RPS 10M
Colorperfect, Photoshop, Lightroom.
Snatched from the streets of San Diego in late March 2016 by a group of masked assailants, Diz has been spending some time (voluntarily) working on a guest post covering motion picture film development at home.
If you've ever thought about shooting and developing your own motion picture stock ...
emulsive.org/articles/developing-motion-picture-film-dark...
Articles, Experiments
#C41, #Darkroom, #Developing, #Diz, #ECN2, #Kodak, #Kodak_250D_5207, #Kodak_500T_5219, #Kodak_50D_5203
View my flickr set on gardens by the bay
.:Taken from From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:.
About Marina Bay Sands
Marina Bay Sands (traditional Chinese: 濱海灣金沙; simplified Chinese: 滨海湾金沙) is an integrated resort fronting Marina Bay in Singapore. Developed by Las Vegas Sands, it is billed as the world's most expensive standalone casino property at S$8 billion, including cost of the prime land.[1][2]
With the casino complete, the resort features a 2,561-room hotel, a 1,300,000-square-foot (120,000 m2) convention-exhibition centre, the 800,000-square-foot (74,000 m2) The Shoppes at Marina Bay Sands mall, an iconic ArtScience museum, two large theatres, seven "celebrity chef" restaurants, two floating Crystal Pavilions, an ice skating rink, and the world's largest atrium casino with 500 tables and 1,600 slot machines. The complex is topped by a 340m-long SkyPark with a capacity of 3,900 people and a 150m infinity swimming pool, set on top of the world's largest public cantilevered platform, which overhangs the north tower by 67m.[3][4] The 20-hectare resort was designed by Moshe Safdie Architects. The local architect of record was Aedas Singapore, and engineering was provided by Arup and Parsons Brinkerhoff (MEP). The main contractor was Ssangyong Engineering and Construction.[5]
Originally set to open in 2009, Las Vegas Sands faced delays caused by escalating costs of material and labour shortages from the onset. The severe global financial crisis also pressured the company to delay its projects elsewhere to complete the integrated resort.[6] Although Marina Bay Sands has been compared on scale and development costs to MGM's CityCenter, the latter is a mixed-use development, with condominium properties (comprising three of the seven main structures) being sold off.[7][8]
The resort was officially opened with a two-day celebration on 23 June 2010 at 3.18 pm, after a partial opening (which included the casino) on 27 April 2010.[9] The SkyPark opened a day later on 24 June 2010. The theatres were completed in time for the first performance by Riverdance on 30 November 2010. The floating pavilions are still being built and are expected to be fully completed by 2011. The indoor skating rink, which uses artificial ice, opened to a performance by Michelle Kwan on 18 December 2010. The ArtScience Museum opened to the public and the debut of a 13-minute light, laser and water spectacle called Wonder Full on 19 February 2011 marked the full completion of the entire Integrated Resort.
The grand opening of Marina Bay Sands was held on 17 February 2011. It also marked the opening of the seven celebrity chef restaurants. The highly-anticipated Broadway musical The Lion King debuted on 3 March 2011.[10] The last portion of the Marina Bay Sands, the floating pavilions, were finally opened to the public when the two tenants (Louis Vuitton and Pangaea Club) opened on 18 September 2011 and 22 September 2011 respectively.
About Garden by the Bay
Gardens by the Bay consists of three distinctive waterfront gardens – Bay South, Bay East and Bay Central, spanning a total of 101 hectares. They are set in the heart of Singapore’s new downtown Marina Bay, encircling the Marina Reservoir like a green necklace. The Gardens will complement the array of attractions around Marina Bay.
Gardens by the Bay is an integral part of a strategy by the Singapore government that further transforms Singapore from a ‘Garden City’ to a ‘City in a Garden’, in which the city is woven into a green and floral tapestry. This aims to raise the quality of life in Singapore with a more holistic and all-encompassing programme that enhances greenery and flora in the city. First announced to the public by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong during the National Day Rally in August 2005, Gardens by the Bay will become Singapore’s premier urban outdoor recreation space, and a national icon.
An international competition for the design of the master plan was held in January 2006 to elicit the best designs for the Gardens. This attracted more than 70 entries submitted by 170 firms from 24 countries, from which two firms – Grant Associates and Gustafson Porter – were eventually awarded the master plan design for the Bay South and Bay East Gardens respectively.
The Gardens are being developed in phases. Bay South is currently being constructed and is slated to be completed by June 2012. Bay East has been developed as an interim park in support of the Youth Olympic Games 2010, and is scheduled to open to the public in late 2011 or early 2012. The full master plan implementation of Bay East and the development of Bay Central are part of the next phase of development.
...:Taken from From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:.
The Singapore Flyer is a giant Ferris wheel located in Singapore, constructed in 2005–2008. Described by its operators as an observation wheel,[2] it reaches 42 stories high, with a total height of 165 m (541 ft), making it the tallest Ferris wheel in the world, 5 m (16 ft) taller than the Star of Nanchang and 30 m (98 ft) taller than the London Eye.
Situated on the southeast tip of the Marina Centre reclaimed land, it comprises a 150 m (492 ft) diameter wheel, built over a three-story terminal building which houses shops, bars and restaurants, and offers broad views of the city centre and beyond to about 45 km (28 mi), including the Indonesian islands of Batam and Bintan, as well as Johor, Malaysia.
The final capsule was installed on 2 October 2007, the wheel started rotating on 11 February 2008 and it officially opened to the public on 1 March 2008.[1] Tickets for rides on the first 3 nights were sold out for S$8,888 (US$6,271), an auspicious number in Chinese culture.[2] The grand opening for the Flyer was held on 15 April 2008.[3]
Each of the 28 air-conditioned capsules is capable of holding 28 passengers, and a complete rotation of the wheel takes about 30 minutes.[4] Initially rotating in a counter-clockwise direction when viewed from Marina Centre, its direction was changed on 4 August 2008 under the advice of Feng shui masters.[5]
.:From www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_news&task=... :.
About Super trees
Concept and Overview
•Supertrees are uniquely designed vertical gardens ranging from 25 to 50 metres in height (9 to 16 storey), with emphasis placed on the vertical display of tropical flowering climbers, epiphytes and ferns.
•There are a total of 18 Supertrees, all located within Bay South at Gardens by the Bay. Out of the 18 Supertrees, twelve are situated in the Supertree Grove while the remaining six are placed in clusters of threes near the Arrival Square and Dragonfly Lake.
•Given the relatively short time span to create a garden from reclaimed land, the Supertrees provide an immediate scale and dimension to the Gardens while marrying the form and function of mature trees.
•They also create height to balance the current and future tall developments in the Marina Bay area.
•In the day, the Supertrees' large canopies provide shade and shelter. At night, the Supertrees will come alive with lighting and projected media.
•Eleven of the Supertrees are embedded with environmentally sustainable functions.
•A 128-metre-long aerial walkway will connect the two 42-metre Supertrees in the Supertree Grove and enable visitors to take in a different view of the Gardens from a height of 22 metres.
•The 50-metre Supertree will have a treetop bistro that will offer a panoramic view of the Gardens and surrounding Marina Bay area, while F&B outlets located in the Supertree Grove will offer a casual dining experience amidst the lush garden setting. These are among the many dining options that will be available in the Gardens.
•Visitors can look forward to getting up-close to the Supertrees when Bay South officially opens in June 2012.
Construction
The Supertree comprises four major parts:
•Reinforcement concrete core - Inner vertical structure that upholds the Supertree;
•Trunk - A steel frame that will be attached around the reinforcement concrete core;
•Planting panels - Installed on the trunk in preparation for the planting of the living skin;
•Canopy - Shaped like an inverted umbrella, the canopy will be assembled and hoisted via a hydraulic jack system (with the exception of the 50m Supertree canopy which will be assembled at its final height).
Environmentally Sustainable Functions
•Eleven Supertrees will have canopies embedded with environmentally sustainable functions.
•Some will have photovoltaic cells to harvest solar energy for lighting up the Supertrees. Some will be integrated with the cooled conservatories and serve as air exhaust receptacles.
Plants
•Over 162,900 plants comprising more than 200 species and varieties of bromeliads, orchids, ferns and tropical flowering climbers will be planted on the 18 Supertrees.
•Examples of some of the species that will be planted on the Supertrees include the Tillandsia stricta from Brazil, Tillandsia fasciculate from Panama, Cattleya maxima from Ecuador, and Pseudorhipsalis from Costa Rica.
•The plants are chosen based on the following considerations:
◦Suitable for vertical planting
◦Lightweight and hardy
◦Soil-less
◦Easy to maintain
◦Suitable for Singapore's Climate
◦Not commonly found in Singapore
◦Visually interesting
•The Supertrees will have different planting schemes in various colours ranging from warm tones like reds, browns, orange and yellows, to cooler hues like silver and pink.
.:From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia:.
About Garden by the Bay
Gardens by the Bay consists of three distinctive waterfront gardens – Bay South, Bay East and Bay Central, spanning a total of 101 hectares. They are set in the heart of Singapore’s new downtown Marina Bay, encircling the Marina Reservoir like a green necklace. The Gardens will complement the array of attractions around Marina Bay.
Gardens by the Bay is an integral part of a strategy by the Singapore government that further transforms Singapore from a ‘Garden City’ to a ‘City in a Garden’, in which the city is woven into a green and floral tapestry. This aims to raise the quality of life in Singapore with a more holistic and all-encompassing programme that enhances greenery and flora in the city. First announced to the public by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong during the National Day Rally in August 2005, Gardens by the Bay will become Singapore’s premier urban outdoor recreation space, and a national icon.
An international competition for the design of the master plan was held in January 2006 to elicit the best designs for the Gardens. This attracted more than 70 entries submitted by 170 firms from 24 countries, from which two firms – Grant Associates and Gustafson Porter – were eventually awarded the master plan design for the Bay South and Bay East Gardens respectively.
The Gardens are being developed in phases. Bay South is currently being constructed and is slated to be completed by June 2012. Bay East has been developed as an interim park in support of the Youth Olympic Games 2010, and is scheduled to open to the public in late 2011 or early 2012. The full master plan implementation of Bay East and the development of Bay Central are part of the next phase of development.
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The Lockheed P-38 Lightning was a World War II American fighter aircraft built by Lockheed. Developed to a United States Army Air Corps requirement, the P-38 had distinctive twin booms and a single, central nacelle containing the cockpit and armament. Named "fork-tailed devil" (der Gabelschwanz-Teufel) by the Luftwaffe and "two planes, one pilot" (2飛行機、1パイロット Ni hikōki, ippairotto?) by the Japanese, the P-38 was used in a number of roles, including dive bombing, level bombing, ground-attack, night fighting, photoreconnaissance missions, and extensively as a long-range escort fighter when equipped with drop tanks under its wings.
The P-38 was used most successfully in the Pacific Theater of Operations and the China-Burma-India Theater of Operations as the mount of America's top aces, Richard Bong (40 victories) and Thomas McGuire (38 victories). In the South West Pacific theater, the P-38 was the primary long-range fighter of United States Army Air Forces until the appearance of large numbers of P-51D Mustangs toward the end of the war.
The P-38 was unusually quiet for a fighter, the exhaust muffled by the turbo-superchargers. It was extremely forgiving, and could be mishandled in many ways, but the rate of roll in the early versions was too slow for it to excel as a dogfighter. The P-38 was the only American fighter aircraft in production throughout American involvement in the war, from Pearl Harbor to Victory over Japan Day.
Design and development[edit]
Lockheed designed the P-38 in response to a February 1937 specification from the United States Army Air Corps. Circular Proposal X-608 was a set of aircraft performance goals authored by First Lieutenant Benjamin S. Kelsey (later Brigadier General) and First Lieutenant Gordon P. Saville (later General) for a twin-engine, high-altitude "interceptor" having "the tactical mission of interception and attack of hostile aircraft at high altitude." Kelsey recalled in 1977 that he and Saville drew up the specification using the word interceptor as a way to bypass the inflexible Army Air Corps requirement for pursuit aircraft to carry no more than 500 lb (227 kg) of armament including ammunition, as well as the restriction of single-seat aircraft to one engine. Kelsey was looking for a minimum of 1,000 lb (454 kg) of armament. Kelsey and Saville aimed to get a more capable fighter, better at dog-fighting and at high-altitude combat. Specifications called for a maximum airspeed of at least 360 mph (580 km/h) at altitude, and a climb to 20,000 ft (6,100 m) within six minutes, the toughest set of specifications USAAC had ever presented. The unbuilt Vultee XP1015 was designed to the same requirement, but was not advanced enough to merit further investigation. A similar single-engine proposal was issued at the same time, Circular Proposal X-609, in response to which the Bell P-39 Airacobra was designed. Both proposals required liquid-cooled Allison V-1710 engines with turbo-superchargers and gave extra points for tricycle landing gear.
The Lockheed design team, under the direction of Hall Hibbard and Clarence "Kelly" Johnson, considered a range of twin-engine configurations, including both engines in a central fuselage with push-pull propellers.
The eventual configuration was rare in terms of contemporary fighter aircraft design, with only the preceding Fokker G.1, the contemporary Focke-Wulf Fw 189 Luftwaffe reconnaissance aircraft, and the later Northrop P-61 Black Widow night fighter having a similar planform. The Lockheed team chose twin booms to accommodate the tail assembly, engines, and turbo-superchargers, with a central nacelle for the pilot and armament. The XP-38 gondola mockup was designed to mount two .50-caliber (12.7 mm) M2 Browning machine guns, with 200 rpg, two .30-caliber (7.62 mm) Brownings, with 500 rpg, and a T1 Army Ordnance 23-mm (.90 in) autocannon with a rotary magazine as a substitute for the non-existent 25-mm Hotchkiss aircraft autocannon specified by Kelsey and Saville. In the YP-38s, a larger John Browning-designed, Colt-made M9 37-mm (1.46 in) autocannon with 15 rounds replaced the T1. The 15 rounds were in three 5-round clips, an unsatisfactory arrangement according to Kelsey, and the M9 did not perform reliably in flight. Further armament experiments from March to June 1941 resulted in the P-38E combat configuration of four M2 Browning machine guns, and one Hispano 20-mm (.79 in) autocannon with 150 rounds.
P-38 armament, concentrated in the nose of the aircraft
Clustering all the armament in the nose was unlike most other U.S. aircraft, which used wing-mounted guns with trajectories set up to crisscross at one or more points in a convergence zone. Nose-mounted guns did not suffer from having their useful ranges limited by pattern convergence, meaning that good pilots could shoot much farther. A Lightning could reliably hit targets at any range up to 1,000 yd (910 m), whereas other fighters had to pick a single convergence range between 100 and 250 yd (230 m). The clustered weapons had a "buzz saw" effect on any target at the receiving end, making the aircraft effective for strafing as well. The rate of fire was about 650 rounds per minute for the 20×110-mm cannon round (130-gram shell) at a muzzle velocity of about 2,887 ft/s (880 m/s), and for the .50-caliber machine guns (43–48-gram rounds), about 850 rpm at 2,756 ft/s (840 m/s) velocity. Combined rate of fire was over 4,000 rpm with roughly every sixth projectile a 20-mm shell. The duration of sustained firing for the 20-mm cannon and .50-caliber machine guns was approximately 14 seconds and 35 seconds, respectively.
The Lockheed design incorporated tricycle undercarriage and a bubble canopy, and featured two 1,000-hp (746 kW) turbo-supercharged 12-cylinder Allison V-1710 engines fitted with counter-rotating propellers to eliminate the effect of engine torque, with the superchargers positioned behind the engines, with the exhaust side of the units exposed along the dorsal surfaces of the booms. Counter-rotation was achieved by the use of "handed" engines, which meant that the crankshaft of each engine turned in the opposite direction of its counterpart. The V-12 engines required changing only the spark plug firing order in order for the direction of the crankshaft to be reversed, according to the General Motors Allison V-1710 Service School Handbook.
It was the first American fighter to make extensive use of stainless steel and smooth, flush-riveted butt-jointed aluminum skin panels. It was also the first fighter to fly faster than 400 mph (640 km/h).
Pacific theater
Wartime poster encouraging greater production of P-38s
The P-38 was used most extensively and successfully in the Pacific theater, where it proved ideally suited, combining excellent performance with very long range, and had the added reliability of two engines for long missions over water. The P-38 was used in a variety of roles, especially escorting bombers at altitudes between 18–25,000 ft (5,500-7,600 m). The P-38 was credited with destroying more Japanese aircraft than any other USAAF fighter. Freezing cockpits were not a problem at low altitude in the tropics. In fact, since there was no way to open a window while in flight as it caused buffeting by setting up turbulence through the tailplane, it was often too hot; pilots taking low altitude assignments would often fly stripped down to shorts, tennis shoes, and parachute. While the P-38 could not out-turn the A6M Zero and most other Japanese fighters when flying below 200 mph (320 km/h), its superior speed coupled with a good rate of climb meant that it could utilize energy tactics, making multiple high-speed passes at its target. Also, its focused firepower was even more deadly to lightly armored Japanese warplanes than to the Germans'. The concentrated, parallel stream of bullets allowed aerial victory at much longer distances than fighters carrying wing guns. It is therefore ironic that Dick Bong, the United States' highest-scoring World War II air ace (40 victories solely in P-38s), would fly directly at his targets to make sure he hit them (as he himself acknowledged his poor shooting ability), in some cases flying through the debris of his target (and on one occasion colliding with an enemy aircraft which was claimed as a "probable" victory). The twin Allison engines performed admirably in the Pacific.
Postwar operations[edit]
The end of the war left the USAAF with thousands of P-38s rendered obsolete by the jet age. The last P-38s in service with the United States Air Force were retired in 1949.[82] A total of 100 late-model P-38L and F-5 Lightnings were acquired by Italy through an agreement dated April 1946. Delivered, after refurbishing, at the rate of one per month, they finally were all sent to the AMI by 1952. The Lightnings served in 4 Stormo and other units including 3 Stormo, flying reconnaissance over the Balkans, ground attack, naval cooperation and air superiority missions. Due to unfamiliarity in operating heavy fighters, old engines, and pilot errors, a large number of P-38s were lost in at least 30 accidents, many of them fatal. Despite this, many Italian pilots liked the P-38 because of its excellent visibility on the ground and stability on takeoff. The Italian P-38s were phased out in 1956; none survived the inevitable scrapyard.
Surplus P-38s were also used by other foreign air forces with 12 sold to Honduras and 15 retained by China. Six F-5s and two unarmed black two-seater P-38s were operated by the Dominican Air Force based in San Isidro Airbase, Dominican Republic in 1947. The majority of wartime Lightnings present in the continental U.S. at the end of the war were put up for sale for US$1,200 apiece; the rest were scrapped. P-38s in distant theaters of war were bulldozed into piles and abandoned or scrapped; very few avoided that fate.
Variants:
Over 10,000 Lightnings were manufactured in all, becoming the only U.S. combat aircraft that remained in continuous production throughout the duration of American participation in World War II. The Lightning had a major effect on other aircraft; its wing, in a scaled-up form, was used on the L-049 Constellation.
Popular culture
1950 Studebaker Champion
Harley Earl arranged for several of his designers to view a YP-38 prototype shortly before World War II, and its design directly inspired the tail fins of the 1948–1949 Cadillac
The P-38 was also the inspiration for Raymond Loewy and his design team at Studebaker for the 1950 and 1951 model-year Studebakers.
The whine of the speeder bike engines in Return of the Jedi was partly achieved by recording the engine noise of a P-38, combined with that of a North American P-51 Mustang.
Studebaker Champion Convertible (1950)
Studebaker was proud to be "First by Far With a Postwar Car," but after three years on the market, its vehicles very much needed a distinctive new look for their carried-over bodies. In fact, the 1950-1951 Studebaker origins were as a counterpoint to the post-war car, when celebrated styling consultant Raymond Loewy decided his staff should look to the heavens for inspiration.
Perhaps no automaker is more identified with a single design than Studebaker with its 1950-1951 "bullet-nose" cars. The feisty South Bend independent didn't invent the "spinner" front end -- the 1948 Tucker and 1949-1950 Ford used similar themes, as have several European models. Studebaker's styling differed mainly in degree.
Ads called it "The Next Look," implying it would start a trend. It didn't, but that mattered little to company executives, who were content to chalk up sales unmatched in Studebaker's previous 48 years of auto production and in any of the next 16.
When Studebaker contracted Loewy Associates to design all-new 1947 models, Exner and Cole worked up their own proposal in secret -- with the advantage of engineering parameters not made available to the "official" Loewy team. It was this design that management ultimately chose and introduced in mid 1946. Studebaker was two years ahead of the competition -- "First by Far With a Postwar Car," as ads blared. To Exner's chagrin, advertising credited Loewy with the new styling.
Loewy promptly fired Exner for his treachery and replaced him with Bob Bourke, Exner's subordinate and friend. Bourke, who made significant contributions to the '47 design, would head Loewy's South Bend studio into 1955, after which Studebaker and Loewy parted company.
People loved the 1947 Studebakers, the little-changed '48s, and the modestly updated '49s. Though the fresh styling concealed mostly prewar mechanical concepts, refinements were made to improve longevity and reliability.
For example, the low-price Champion had arrived in spring 1939 with a lightweight L-head six of 164.3 cubic inches. This went to 169.6 cubic inches and 80 horsepower for 1941-49, then added five horsepower. The costlier Commanders used a larger six dating from Studebaker's 1932 Rockne. By 1949, this engine was up to 245.6 cubic inches and 100 horsepower.
The 1947-1949 models were a great sales success, lifting Studebaker to eighth in the U.S. industry with a market share of 4.12 percent. Production was at record levels. So were corporate profits -- $27.56 million in calendar 1949 alone. Things looked great, and were about to get even better.
The bullet-nose idea had been on Bourke's drawing board since 1940-1941, when he first sketched several elements of the eventual 1950 Studebaker. Chief among them was a protruding nose with flanking pontoon fenders suggesting the front of an airplane.
Public reaction is what matters in the auto industry, and "The Next Look" 1950 Studebaker, featuring the company's signature "bullet-nose" look for the first time, was a winner -- more popular than even the 1947. Sales began in August 1949, nearly a month ahead of other 1950 cars.
For all this hoopla, the 1950s were identical to the 1947-49 models except for the bullet nose, minor trim, and vertical instead of horizontal taillights. However, the new front end added an inch to wheelbases, taking Champions to 113, Commanders to 120. Both lines again offered two- and four-door sedans, a convertible, and a five-passenger Starlight coupe with its distinctive panoramic rear window.
Demand for the bullet-nose '50s proved so strong that Studebaker added a third shift at its large South Bend factory and ran its Southern California and Hamilton, Ontario, assembly plants at or near capacity. A 14-month model "year" (July 15, 1949, to September 27, 1950) produced 343,164 cars -- the most for any vehicle in Studebaker's long history. By the end of 1950, company employment was up to 25,000, a peacetime record.
Text for the Lockheed P-38 Lightning has been taken from Wikipedia. Text regarding the 1950 Studebaker Champion Convertible has been reproduced from sections of the website "How Stuff Works".
This Lockheed P-38 Lightning from 1941, and 1950 Studebaker Champion Convertible has been created in Lego miniland-scale for Flickr LUGNuts 79th Build Challenge, - "LUGNuts goes Wingnuts", - featuring automotive vehicles named after, inspired by, or related to aircraft.