View allAll Photos Tagged Culpability,
In july 1955, fifteen days of climbing training, organized by the Youth and Sports of Morocco (then under French protectorate ), have been nearly to end tragically.
We left with an instructor to explore the bed of a dried river who had cut deeply the plateau of the High Atlas where was intallé our camps.
The entrance to the river was dominated by two towering cliffs hundred and fifty meters high.
Our intention was to way out on the plateau.
The first few hours were relatively easy climbing that we did not pose a problem.
The error, which could have been fatal to us, came because we made a rappel by rope which prohibits us all back. We were thus condemned , regardless of the difficulties that we could meet, always moving forward to finally way out " from above" , ie to lead the plateau.
The night came and we were still prisoners gorges of the wadi. Some of my classmates , other culpable negligence of the teacher, were swimsuit. They shivered with cold.
Finally, the next day, in the early afternoon, we came on the set and rejoined our camp. Needless to say the monitor was seriously year due to the ease with which he had led half a dozen students in such a hazardous expedition .
The following photos show some very perilous passages. In one of which I almost unscrew more than sixty feet high ...
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"Stage de Haute Montagne dans l'Atlas."
Quinze jours de stage de haute montagne, organisée par la Jeunesse et les Sports du Maroc ( alors sous protectorat français), faillirent se terminer tragiquement.
Nous étions partis avec un moniteur pour aller explorer le lit d'un oued desséché qui avait profondément entaillé le plateau du Haut Atlas où était intallé notre camps.
L'entrée de l'oued était dominé par deux imposantes falaises de cent cinquante mètres de haut.
Notre intention était de le remonter jusqu'au plateau.
Les premières heures furent relativement facile, de l'escalade qui ne nous posait pas de problème.
L'erreur, qui aurait pu nous être fatale, vint du fait que nous effectuâmes une descente en rappel qui nous interdit tout retour en arrière. Nous étions ainsi condamnés, quelles que soient les difficultés que nous pouvions rencontrer, à toujours aller de l'avant pour réussir enfin à sortir "par le haut", c'est à dire à déboucher sur le plateau.
La nuit vint et nous étions toujours prisonniers des gorges de l'oued. Certains de mes camarades, autre coupable négligence du moniteur, étaient en maillot de bain. Ils grelottaient de froid.
Enfin, le lendemain, en début d'après-mid , nous débouchâmes sur le plateau et rejoignîmes notre camp. Inutile de préciser que le moniteur fut sérieusement mis an cause pour la légèreté avec laquelle il avait entraîné une demi douzaine de stagiaires dans un expédition aussi hasardeuse.
Les photos qui suivent montrent quelques passages très périlleux dont un où j'ai bien failli dévisser de plus de vingt mètre de haut …
Hey! I'm back, or something :)
I'm sorry for being so out lately, but i've been very very busy. Now it seems that I have a break, because the Xmas holidays are coming, so I'll try to catch up with all your pics.
This pic is one of the Graphic Design exercises I've done lately. I had to build typography with objects and texture x)
FATALITY AT THE HOSPITAL
DEATH OF A PATIENT.
A patient named Robert Muir, about 50 years, was accidentally killed at the Auckland Hospital last night. He fell or jumped out of one of the Hospital windows about 8 p.m., and sustained such injuries that he shortly expired. He was a wheelwright of Kyber Pass Road, who has a shop opposite Seccombe's brewery. He had been ill for some time, and it is supposed that in some way he eluded the vigilance of those in charge and jumped out of the window. An inquest was proceeding at the Hospital this afternoon, Sergeant Treanor being in charge.
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS18990623.2.91
THE HOSPITAL ACCIDENT
THE INQUIRY.
After we went to press yesterday afternoon the following evidence was taken at the inquiry into the recent fatality at the Auckland Hospital, whereby Robert Muir lost his life: —
William Elwin, a patient in the Hospital, said that Nurse Pascoe left the ward and went into the pantry just before the accident occurred. Witness went out of the ward about two minutes after her, and shut the door behind him. This was the time the nurses generally got the drinks ready for the patients before nurses were changed. Witness went out of the building and down the steps, to go to the fever wards, and just then he heard glass breaking and a thud, and saw someone lying on the ground. A nurse came to the man's assistance, and he was then taken away on a stretcher. He had previously noticed nothing peculiar in Muir's demeanour. There was nothing to suggest that he was deranged or delirious.
Dr. J. H. Neil, assistant medical officer, stated that he saw Muir on Thursday afternoon. Mrs Muir was there. She was much distressed, and said that deceased wished to leave the Hospital. He told her that her husband could not leave without permission of the hon. physician, and that he would not leave without her being apprised of his discharge. There was nothing extraordinary in the conduct of Mr Muir. He said that there was no power to keep him in the Hospital. Mrs Muir made no suggestion of her husband being delirious, or that he wanted special watchfulness. Witness did not remember Mrs Muir's inquiry as to deceased's condition. He did not say that deceased was not seriously ill. Witness next saw Muir at about 7.45 p.m., when making his night round. He asked if he were getting on all right, and received an affirmative reply. When witness heard of the fatality he had not the slightest, idea of the identity of the man till he saw him in the operating theatre.
Nurse Lennard, charge nurse of No. 2 ward, deposed that she was on duty on the night of the fatality, which took place at about eight o'clock. He had dressed himself in the afternoon with the idea of going home. Witness accompanied Dr. Neil on his night rounds in No. 2 ward and the special ward, leaving Nurse Pascoe on duty. She was absent from No. 2 ward about five minutes, and returned to the ward before the accident. Shortly afterwards she went into an an adjacent room to write her report. Nurse Pascoe being then in the ward. Immediately after leaving the ward she heard a crash a.nd then rushed into the ward. She saw the patient's feet disappear through the window when she reached the foot of the bed. She did not see Nurse Pascoe on her return to the ward.
Nurse Pascoe stated that she was on duty on Thursday last from 3 to 8 p.m. Mrs Muir spoke to her, and said that her husband was light-headed, and that he wanted to go home. The patient did not give any trouble or make any complaints. At Nurse Lennard's instructions she brought Dr. Neil to see the patients at 7.50 p.m. She went through the ward to the pantry. Deceased was then sitting up on his pillows, and she put him down in the bed. He was then quite calm. She had just got to the pantry when she heard a crash. When Mrs Muir spoke to her in the afternoon she said that her husband was light-headed, and that he had said that they were going to kill all the old people off.
Edward Wolstenhohne, porter, deposed that he picked up deceased and carried him to the operating theatre.
Mrs Muir, widow of deceased, stated that her husband entered the Hospital at his own desire. When witness called on the Thursday he took no notice of her. She heard him make some rambling remarks, and he was apparently light-headed. He was aroused by her voice, and asked her to have him taken home. Witness told Nurse Pascoe the condition of her husband, and after she had seen him a doctor was sent for. Mr Muir said that he must go home, and the doctor soothed him, afterwards telling witness that he was not well enough to go home. Dr. Neil did not say that there was nothing much the matter with her husband.
This being all the evidence, the inquiry was adjourned till the ordinary meeting of the Board on Monday, when a decision will be given.
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS18990629.2.43
An inquiry was held yesterday afternoon at the hospital, into the circumstances surrounding the death of Robert Aluir, a patient. who jumped from one of the windows of No. 2 ward on the 22nd inst., and died on the following day. The inquiry was conducted before the Hospital and Charitable Aid Board, and evidence was given by the nurses in change of the ward, Dr. Neil, and two patients who saw the occurrence. The decision of the Board will be given at their meeting on Monday next. Mrs. Muir, the widow has been left in very straitened circumstances. She has a large family to provide for, and an effort is being made to assist her. A subscription list has been opened at the Great Northern Brewery.
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18990629.2.20
THE HOSPITAL FATALITY.
DEATH OF A PATIENT
VERDICT OF "TEMPORARY INSANITY."
An inquest was held at the Auckland Hospital yesterday afternoon into the circumstances attending the death of Robert Muir, a patient 51 years of age, who threw himself out of a window of ward two, on the northern side of the Hospital. Muir leaves a wife and family who live in Kyber Pass Road. Dr. Philson conducted the inquest.
Arthur Cash, carter, of Vincent Lane, and at present a patient at the hospital, was the first witness. He said that on Thursday evening, at 8 o'clock, he was in bed in No. 2 ward, on the northern side, opposite to deceased. Muir had been in bed, but witness saw him rise up and break a large pane of glass in one of the windows. He (deceased) then stood on a box, got through the broken window, and stood on the windowsill outside. A patient named Wilson tried to lay hold of him, but failed, and deceased jumped down on to the asphalt below, a distance of some 30ft. Witness heard no sound, nor did he see deceased afterwards. He did not know deceased, had never spoken to him, nor did he know the nature of his disease. Deceased had been in the hospital but three or four days. Witness did not consider him a troublesome patient or think that he required special watching. He did not see who was attending to deceased particularly, there being three female nurses in the No. 2 ward. There were no nurses in the ward at the time, one having just left about two minutes before the occurrence. The gas was lighted in the ward.
Dr. James Hardie Neil, house physician, stated that deceased had been admitted to the hospital with a letter from Dr. Hooper, to the effect that he was suffering from heart disease and pneumonia—this was on June 10. On examination, the heart was shown to be very week, and deceased, though quite rational, complained bitterly of shortness of breath and want of sleep. Under treatment Muir improved somewhat, and on the 22nd expressed a wish to go home to his wife and family, but was informed that he was not fit to go. Witness visited the ward on the evening of the occurrence, left it at ten minutes to eight, and a few minutes later was informed that a patient had thrown himself out of the window of No. 2 ward. Witness went down and found deceased in the operating room. He was alive, and showed only a few scratches on his hips, there being no other wounds or fractures. Deceased spoke deliriously, and was evidently in great pain. He was treated at once for shock, and witness sent for Dr. Haines, hon. surgeon, who was almost immediately in attendance, but found no injury but those mentioned. The patient did fairly well up to four o'clock on the morning of the 23rd, when he died in the presence of two of the nurses. Witness opened the body, and found a flabby, dilated heart. The cause of death was heart disease, accelerated by shock from falling from a height of 25ft.
The nurses not having witnessed the occurrence, no further evidence was called.
The jury returned a verdict to the effect that deceased had died from heart disease, accelerated by shock through jumping from a window while temporarily, insane.
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS18990624.2.30
Another effort is being made to assist Mrs, Muir, the widow of the man who jumped out of the hospital window and was killed. Mr. Quinlan, of the Edinburgh Castle Hotel, is organising a benefit social on her behalf. She is left with four children in straitened circumstances.
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH18990701.2.23
Was it Culpable Neglect?
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/TO18990701.2.5
No blame attached to the offficials
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS18990703.2.53
Plot 8: Robert Coran Muir (52) 1899 – Coach Builder – Jumped out of Hospital window
ROBERT CORAN
MUIR
of Wigtownshire
Scotland
died 23rd June
1899
If you are worried about your or someone else's mental health, the best place to get help is your GP or local mental health provider. However, if you or someone else is in danger or endangering others, call police immediately on 111.
Or if you need to talk to someone else:
1737, Need to talk? Free call or text 1737 any time for support from a trained counsellor
Lifeline – 0800 543 354 or (09) 5222 999 within Auckland
Samaritans – 0800 726 666
Suicide Crisis Helpline – 0508 828 865 (0508 TAUTOKO)
thelowdown.co.nz – or email team@thelowdown.co.nz or free text 5626
Anxiety New Zealand – 0800 ANXIETY (0800 269 4389)
Supporting Families in Mental Illness – 0800 732 825
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_IX
Neferkare Setepenre Ramesses IX (also written Ramses) (originally named Amon-her-khepshef Khaemwaset) (ruled 1129–1111 BC) was the eighth pharaoh of the Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt. He was the third longest serving king of this Dynasty after Ramesses III and Ramesses XI. He is now believed to have assumed the throne on I Akhet day 21 based on evidence presented by Jürgen von Beckerath in a 1984 GM article. According to Papyrus Turin 1932+1939, Ramesses IX enjoyed a reign of 18 years and 4 months and died in his 19th Year in the first month of Peret between day 17 and 27. His throne name, Neferkare Setepenre, means "Beautiful Is The Soul of Re, Chosen of Re." Ramesses IX is believed to be the son of Mentuherkhepeshef, a son of Ramesses III, since Mentuherkhopshef's wife, the lady Takhat bears the prominent title of King's Mother on the walls of tomb KV10, which she usurped and reused in the late 20th Dynasty; no other 20th Dynasty king is known to have had a mother with this name. Ramesses IX was, therefore, probably a grandson of Ramesses III.
His reign is best known for the year 16 and year 17 tomb robbery trials, recorded in the Abbott Papyrus, the Leopold II-Amherst Papyrus, Papyrus BM 10054 and on the recto of both Papyrus BM 10053 and Papyrus BM 10068. It has been suggested that the undated Papyrus Mayer B, dealing with the plundering of the tomb of Ramesses VI, may also stem from his reign but, so far, this remains conjecture.
During these trials it became clear that several royal and noble tombs in the Western Theban Necropolis had been robbed, including that of a 17th Dynasty king, Sobekemsaf II. Paser, Mayor of Eastern Thebes or Karnak, accused his subordinate Paweraa, the Mayor of West Thebes responsible for the safety of the necropolis, of being either culpable in this wave of robberies or negligent in his duties of protecting the Valley of the Kings from incursions by tomb robbers. Paweraa played a leading part in the vizierial commission set up to investigate, and, not surprisingly, it proved impossible for Paweraa to be officially charged with any crime due to the circumstantiality of the evidence. Paser disappeared from sight soon after the report was filed.
In the sixth year of his reign, he inscribed his titulature in the Lower Nubian town of Amara West. Most of his building works centre on the sun temple centre of Heliopolis in Lower Egypt where the most significant monumental works of his reign are located. However, he also decorated the wall to the north of the Seventh Pylon in the Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak. Finally, his name has been found at the Dakhla Oasis in Western Egypt and Gezer at Canaan which may suggest a residual Egyptian influence in Asia; the majority of the New Kingdom Empire's possessions in Canaan and Syria had long been lost to the Sea Peoples by his reign. He is also known for having honoured his predecessors Ramesses II, Ramesses III and Ramesses VII. He also paid close attention to Lower Egypt and built a substantial monument at Heliopolis.
Ramesses IX is known to have had two sons: at Heliopolis, "a gateway was reinscribed with texts including the king's names and also those of the prince and High Priest Nebmaatre, who was fairly certainly his son." Ramesses IX's second son, Montuherkhopshef C, perhaps this king's intended heir, who did not live long enough to succeed his father, took over the former KV19 tomb of Sethirkhepsef B in the Valley of the Kings. The throne was instead assumed by Ramesses X whose precise relationship to Ramesses IX is unclear. Ramesses X might have been Ramesses IX's son, but this assumption remains unproven. Tomb KV19, which was one of the most beautifully decorated tombs in the royal valley, had been abandoned by Sethirkhepsef B when the latter assumed the throne as king Ramesses VIII and one of prince Montuherkhopshef's depictions there "bears the prenomen cartouche to Ramesses IX on its belt" thereby establishing the identity of this prince's father. The tomb of Ramesses IX, KV6, has been open since antiquity, as is evidenced by the presence of Roman and Greek graffiti on the tomb walls. It is quite long in the tradition of the 'syringe' tunnels of the later 19th and 20th Dynasties and lies directly opposite the tomb of Ramesses II in the Valley of the Kings; this fact may have influenced Ramesses IX's choice of location for his final resting place due to its proximity to this great Pharaoh. While Ramesses IX's chief queen is not precisely identified in surviving Egyptian inscriptions, she was most likely Baketwernel.
In 1881, the mummy of Ramesses IX (nr. 5209) was found in the Deir el-Bahri cache (DB320) within one of the two coffins of Neskhons—wife of the Theban High Priest Pinedjem II. This pharaoh's mummy was not apparently examined by Grafton Elliot Smith and not included in his 1912 catalogue of the Royal Mummies. When the mummy was unwrapped by Maspero, a bandage was found from a year 5, mentioning the lady Neskhons, most probably from the reign of king Siamun. A further strip of linen from a year 7 identified the mummy as "Ra Khaemwaset" which can be taken as a reference to either Ramesses Khaemwaset Meryamun (IX) or Ramesses Khaemwaset Meryamun Neterheqainu (XI). But since an ivory box of Neferkare Ramesses IX was found in the royal cache itself, and Ramesses XI was probably never buried at Thebes but rather in Lower Egypt, "the [royal] mummy is most likely to be that of Ramesses IX himself." It is estimated that the king was about 50 years old when he died (but it is extremely difficult to correctly establish the age of mummies) and his mummy was found to have broken limbs, a broken neck and damage to its nose, which is missing.
In April 2021 his mummy was moved from the Museum of Egyptian Antiquities to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 other kings and 4 queens in an event termed the Pharaohs' Golden Parade.
The novel Ancient Evenings by Norman Mailer is told from the perspective of characters living during the reign of Ramesses IX, including Ramesses IX himself. Most but not all of the novel takes place on one long evening in 1123 or 1122 BCE, during which the characters (including Ramesses IX) tell stories of the past. The majority of the book concerns the reign of Ramesses II, approximately 150 years before the night of the narrative; the Battle of Kadesh (1274 BCE) is in turn the central event of this sub-narrative.
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
Title: The World of Tiers Volume 1
Author: Farmer, Philip Jose 1918-2009
Type: Hardbound; anthology; 2 novels
Publisher: Nelson Doubleday, Inc.
Copyright: 1965 Ace Books, 1966 by author
Pages count: 312 pgs
Edition: Science Fiction Book Club
Cover artist: Boris Vallejo 1941-
Publication date: unknown
Cover Price: not listed
Magazine appearance: not listed
Comments: This volume consists of the following three related novels:
The Makers of the Universe, 1965, 170 pgs.
The Gates of Creation, 1966, 150 pgs.
The Lavalite World, 1977, 127 pgs.
Nice Vallejo cover.
Culpability: All images are from publications owned by Calwalader Ringgold /\ Weazel. Image scanning, editing and compiling of bibliographic data was performed by Calwalader Ringgold /\ Weazel.
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BarcelonA - AnarquistA *
Photo-Report - March 2014
www.flickr.com/photos/sterneck/sets/72157643657256375
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Barcelona - Arte Rebelde *
Photo-Report - March 2014
www.flickr.com/photos/sterneck/sets/72157643655743885
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Wolfgang Sterneck:
In the Cracks of the World
Photo-Reports:
Articles (german / english) :
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JO TAMBÉ ESTAVA AL PARLAMENT... I HO TORNARIA A FER
El dia 31 de març comença el judici contra les 20 persones imputades per l’intent de bloqueig del Parlament del 15 de Juny del 2011. Aquell dia s'anaven a iniciar el tràmits per aprovar els pressupostos amb el primer paquet de retallades a Catalunya, que va propiciar el tancament d'empreses públiques, la privatització de la sanitat, les retallades al sector de la cultura, educació, etc.
La mobilització “Aturem el Parlament” va succeir dues setmanes després del brutal desallotjament de la Plaça Catalunya a mans dels antidisturbis dels Mossos d'Esquadra a les ordres del que era conseller d'Interior i ara ho és d'Empresa i Ocupació, Felip Puig. També responsable del dispositiu policial que va disparar contra l'ull d'Esther Quintana.
La criminalització per part de la premsa subvencionada pel Govern i l'escalada repressiva que va venir després (judicis contra persones que volien impedir un desnonament al Clot, nombroses detencions a les vagues generals, multes absurdes per les persones que es manifestaven o per enganxar cartells, etc), va ser i és encara, una resposta planejada per procurar frenar l'augment de la indignació i de la força de les protestes populars contra el poder polític, econòmic i altres injustícies quotidianes, com el patriarcat i el racisme.
Durant aquells dies, la gent es va organitzar arreu per construir política des del carrer, com moltes seguim fent. La política que volem és assembleària, horitzontal, autogestionada, sense representants, és del poble i per al poble, i xoca amb la política institucional que ens governa. La qual ha estat protagonista d'un espiral de corrupció i de tenir llaços, sovint familiars o personals, amb grans empreses privades que reben encàrrecs d'obres públiques i amb els peixos grossos del poder financer.
Aquell dia érem milers de persones les que vam anar a intentar aturar el Parlament, per combatre el drama de tantes vides immerses en la misèria, els acomiadaments per les retallades, els suïcidis pels desnonaments, etc. Perquè moltes d'aquestes barbàries s'aproven dins dels murs d'aquest edifici. Per aquest motiu estàvem assenyalant els culpables el 15 de Juny de 2011 i per això mateix, ho tornaríem a fer sense por, perquè legitimem la nostra actuació, i perquè si la gent del carrer, a qui ens afecta tot això, no lluitem, ningú altre ho farà per nosaltres.
Sabem i tenim clar que aquest és un judici polític, una farsa per atemorir a aquelles que decideixen plantar cara i actuar contra els responsables de tanta precarietat. De fet, ens reafirmem al comprovar que l'acció directa contra els poderosos i generar alternatives de vida els molesta, i molt. Per això, i perquè som conscients del poder que podem tenir quan ens organitzem, no ens volem doblegar davant les seves intimidacions i fem una crida a estendre la solidaritat a aquells i aquelles que pateixen la repressió i la violència quotidiana d'aquest sistema econòmic, en les seves infinitats de formes.
Convoquem manifestació el dia 29 de març a Barcelona a les 18:30 a Plaça Catalunya.
SOLIDARITAT AMB TOTES LES REPRESALIADES I AMB AQUELLES QUE LLUITEN!!
La propera vegada que agafin un helicòpter, que sigui per marxar ben lluny i no tornar a molestar!
encausadesparlament.wordpress.com
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I was at the Catalan Parliament too…
and I would do it again
On March 31st the court case against the 20 people who are charged with an attempt to block the Catalan Paliament on June 15th 2012 will begin. That day in June, the process of implementing the first round of budget cuts in Catalonia began. Cuts that involved closing public companies, the privatization of health care,as well as cuts in the area of culture, education, etc.
The mobilization “Aturem el Parlament” (“Paralize the Parliament”), took place two weeks after the brutal eviction of Plaza Catalunya (Barcelona), by the riot police Mossos d´Esquadra under the command of Felip Puig. He was the minister of the Interior at that time and is currently the minister of companies and labour. He was also responsible for the police operation that shot Esther Quintana in the eye.
The criminalization by the media (that is funded by the state) and the increase of repression which followed (court cases against people trying to prevent an eviction in the neighbourhood of el Clot, many detentions during the general strikes, absurd fees for people protesting or hanging banners with tape etc), was, and still is, a planned response to try to stop the rise of outrage and the strength of popular demostrations against economic and political power, and other daily injustices (such as patriarchy and racism).
During those days, people organized themselves all over to build and create politics from the streets, as many of us continue to do. The politics we want are based in assemblies, horizontal, self-organized, without leaders; they belong to the people and they are for the people, and clash with the institutional politics which govern us. The same institutional politics and their protagonists are creating a corruption spiral and have relationships, mostly family-based, with private companies (that receive contracts for public constructions) and with high-up people with economic power.
That day we were thousands of people trying to paralyze the Catalan Parliament in order to fight the drama of so many lives embedded in misery, the layoffs due to the cuts, the suicides due to evictions, etc. Because many of these atrocities are approved behind the walls of that building. This is the reason that we were pointing out the guilty ones that 25 of June 2012, and because of this, we would to it again without fear. Because we legitimize our action, and because if we, the people from the street -whom are the most affected-, don´t fight, nobody will do it for us.
We know that this is a political court case, a farce to scare those who decide to stand up and take action against thoseresponsibleforall this precariousness. In fact, we reaffirm our ideals and actions after proving that direct action and the creation of alternatives of life bothers them, a lot. Because of this, and because we are aware of the power we can have when we are organized, we don´t want to bow down to their intimidation. We call for a spread of solidarity for all the ones who suffer daily repression and violence within this economic system, in its infinite shapes.
SOLIDARITY WITH ALL THE REPRESSED AND THOSE WHO FIGHT!!
The next time that they take an helicopter, it should be to go far away, and not come back to bother us.
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Repression in Spain. A call for international solidarity
During the last three years Spanish society has witnessed a period of intense social protests against austerity, corruption, unemployment and so on. As in other times in history, the greater and more radicalised the protest the bigger the repression that the state organises against it. Since the general strike in September 2010, a common trend of this repression strategy is been a kind of ‘laissez faire’ in the streets but followed by ´selective´ detentions months later. Police have been literally knocking doors down of those who continuously take part in different actions and demonstrations, and consequently dozens of people have been arrested.
On June the 15th 2011, ten thousand people surrounded the Catalan parliament in Barcelona. That day the government wanted to approve a vast austerity cut in health and education, and the idea was to block politicians from getting into the building. “Inexplicably” the police did not protect some politicians, which caused direct confrontation with protesters, and of course that fact was used by the media as an example of violence against democracy. After that, people were violently dispersed, and the MPs could do their job.
On October the 4th 2011, 22 people were arrested in their homes. They have been accused of a crime against the state, using a law designed for coup leaders and that had never been used before in Spain. They now face a penalty of up to 8 years in jail, whereas some of them have been also accused of different crimes related to other demonstrations. The trial will start in March the 31st 2014 and it is expected to last four days.
There will be a national day of solidarity in Spain on March the 29th with demonstrations in several cities. So we also call for international solidarity.
You can call, email or block different Spanish embassies or institutions. Or you can do whatever you consider appropriate…
“That day we tried to block the Catalan parliament to combat the drama of many lives immersed in poverty, layoffs by cuts, suicides by evictions, etc. Because many of these atrocities are approved behind the walls of that building. We were pointing at the guilty, and because of that we would do it again without fear. We know this is a political trial, a farce to scare those who choose to stand up and take action against those responsible for such precarious living conditions. In fact, we reaffirm it to find that both direct action against the powerful and generate alternative lives bothers them a lot. For this reason, and because we understand the power that we can have as we organise ourselves, we do not want to bow to their intimidation and we make a call to extend solidarity to those suffering the daily repression and violence of this economic system, in its myriad forms”.
encausadesparlament.wordpress.com/manifest-suport/manifes...
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"Audiència Nacional Demolició!"
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[See also: Animal Rights March 2nd Sept 2017]
Loud and lively anti-fur demonstration on the opening day of London Fashion Week 2017.
The organisers note that -
"Despite many big labels like Armani, Stella McCartney, Calvin Klein and Vivienne Westwood denouncing fur, London Fashion Week continues to provide the largest platform for fur in the UK - even though fur is illegal to produce in this country.
As high fashion drips down into high street fashion, the relentless promotion of fur by high brow designers is culpable in the normalisation of cheap high street fur items that have been brought back into shops and market stalls. London Fashion Week is currently responsible for the deaths of millions of innocent animals who are enslaved and tortured for their fur. This has to stop."
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Kyle's 365 has been a huge inspiration, and this one is for you, Kyle. Thanks also to the preview team!
I've always had a problem with punctuality, of course it's usually the children's fault, or Ros :) but just occasionally I can't blame them and I realise that I'm just as culpable. Partly, I suppose it's the desire to not waste time waiting that means I always leave at the last possible moment (and then get held up/delayed/forget something etc etc), partly it's my ability to get so wrapped up in what I'm doing I forget about the world and all sense of time goes out the window. The odd thing is that I hate being late, it's so rude.
Must try harder. (Which unfortunately seems to be a motto for my life - I wonder what the Latin for it is. It'd probably look better)
My 52 Week Self-portrait Project is not an exercise in narcissism but an attempt to grow as a portrait photographer. Please leave me a comment - however small - and don't be afraid to criticise. Thanks
CRUSHED BY A BOILER.
FATAL ACCIDENT AT NEW LYNN.
While a new boiler was being tested at the Brick, Tile, and Pottery Company's works, New Lynn, yesterday, the temporary foundations collapsed, and the boiler fell, crushing beneath it a man named Robert Ezzy, and striking the supervising engineer, John Colinshaw, under whose direction the test was being conducted. As soon as the accident happened medical aid was summoned, and Drs. Carolan, Harding Porter and Dudley were sent for. Dr. Porter and Dr. Carolan were quickly in attendance, and it was found that Mr. Ezzy had sustained a fracture of one leg, and that his thigh was crushed. He was sent at once to the District Hospital, where he died late last night. The supports of the boiler had to be sawn away before he could be liberated. Mr. Colinshaw's injuries were also very serious. His face was shockingly injured, the nose being crushed, and his eye socket very badly fractured. Several pieces of bone had to be removed from the eye socket, and it is doubtful whether the optic nerve is not destroyed. The eyeball is intact. but terribly bruised. It is almost certain that the sight of this one eye will be affected. When Mr Colinshaw was struck he was knocked down, and when down was again struck by the boiler. An operation was performed by Dr. Porter, chloroform being administered by Drs. Carolan and Dudley. Mr. Colinshaw was removed to the Waverley Hotel, Auckland, where he had been staying. His condition gives the medical men some anxiety.
A man who was working at the boiler saw that the ground beneath it was collapsing, but he was unable to warn the others, as he was so alarmed that his speech left him, and he had scarcely time to get clear when the boiler fell.
Mr. Ezzy was a married man, and his home was at New Lynn.
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19060531.2.34
The remains of the late Mr. Ezzy, who died from injuries received at the New Lynn Pottery Company's works on May 30, were interred at Waikumete on Sunday. The cortege left the residence of deceased on June 2 at New Lynn, and was attended by members of the family and several members of the A.O. Druids from Ruckland. Rev. Mr Grieg officiated. Much sympathy is expressed for the widow. The late Mr. Ezzy was a trooper in the Australian Bushmen, and held the South African and Coronation medals, and was held in high esteem.
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/AS19060611.2.39
NEW LYNN FATAL ACCIDENT.
QUESTION OF PROPER PRECAUTIONS.
RIDER BY THE JURY.
The inquest in connection with the death of Albert Ezzy, who died from injuries received at the New Lynn Pottery Company's works on May 30, was continued at the hospital yesterday morning, having been adjourned for the evidence of the Government inspector of machinery.
Mr. T. Cotter appeared on behalf of the superintending engineer, and Mr. Alexander on behalf of deceased's relatives.
Henry Wetherilt, senior inspector of machinery for the Auckland district, stated that he inspected the debris on May 3, the day after the accident. The machinery was then in a confused heap, but his observations led him to believe the boiler which came down had not been properly supported. Ultimately brickwork would have been placed round, and until that brickwork was in position other necessary supporting work was required. He would not have trusted the boiler to stand in the position it was in without efficient support. The result of his inspection led him to firmly believe that the boiler and its supports were not sufficiently supported nearest the engine-house. He would say that the kauri ricker, position of which was produced, was not a sufficient support. The outside of the timber should have betokened to a careful man that the ricker was unsound. Witness would have had six strong struts supporting the boiler structure. The leaving of the side nearest the stack of bricks unsupported was anything but prudent.
The Coroner: In your opinion, was it not the absolute duty of Mr. Cowlishaw, the superintending engineer, to see that the stays were in place, he having said he could not say when the other three supports were removed?
Witness: I should think a man's own sense of safety would lead him to see that the supports were in position. On Mr. Cowlishaw's own evidence I would not have trusted my life under that boiler to inspect it minutely. I consider it was the duty of Mr. Cowlishaw to see that the structure was sufficiently supported on all four sides.
The Coroner: Mr. Cowlishaw said the fact that the stays were placed where they were would not affect the stability of the structure, as they were placed there in the course of erection; and after the nipples, or connecting tubes, were bolted up the structure would have stood by itself. Mr. Cotter: And that will be our evidence. We have witnesses and produce photos, to show that a similar boiler erected at Ashburton was passed by the Government inspector when there were no supports whatever, beyond the actual structure itself.
Witness: Dock it not appeal to anyone's common sense that, those four long legs at the corners of the framework are not sufficient support?
Mr. Cotter: Mr. Cowlishaw has had long experience.
The Coroner: It is not a question of ability, but culpability.
The Witness: So many times in my experience have things been done in one particular way until there is an accident, and then they realise how lucky they must have been in the past. Long before that boiler was in the stage of erection it was the firm should have given me notice of it. I did not know there was such a boiler here until after the accident. They are not obliged by the Act to give notice, but every firm in the colony does give notice and supply designs, and we apply our formula and know what test to apply. I may be an extra cautious man, but whoever trusted their lives under these boilers in the past. I would not do it. I still say, notwithstanding that the nipples or connecting tubes were fixed, supports were absolutely necessary for, the complete safety of the structure.
The Coroner: Having in view the fact that Mr. Cowlishaw was in charge of this structure, and having in view the fact that the structure was not sufficiently supported on four sides, would you express to the jury your opinion as to whether Mr. Cowlishaw's bare duty should have consisted in satisfying himself beyond all question that the structure was properly supported. That is somewhat involved, but what I want you to say is whether or not you consider that Mr. Cowlishaw was guilty of culpable negligence.
Witness: I don't know in what other way to put it. He might have done it for so long without any support that he believed it safe. For my part, I say that Mr. Cowlishaw was neglectful in not having the structure equally supported on each of its four sides. He deemed it desirable to put up six supports, and they should have remained there. There was an absence of such care as a reasonable, prudent superintending engineer would exercise.
To Mr. Cotter: Witness would not say it was absolutely impossible for the boiler and framework to stand, and be tested without requiring further support, but, personally, he would not have risked it. He had no control whatever over the actual erection. His only control would be when he went to make the inspection of the boiler, and regard for his own personal safety would lead him to require additional support before making the inspection.
Mr, Cotter: If a person had put tip other boilers in the same way, without accident, would you say he was criminally negligent?
Witness: I don't say he was criminally negligent.
After some further discussion, the witness said, in reply to Mr. Cotter: "I do not consider that Mr. Cowlishaw, if he had previously erected this kind of boiler, and the same had remained rigid on its four legs without additional support, after the connecting pipes had been fixed, would he guilty of culpable or criminal negligence in thinking that this boiler would be safe without additional stays. The fact that the water had remained in the boiler for three days previously would lead anyone to suppose that the structure was secure, and would, in my opinion, justify him in assuming that it was safe. It does not surprise me to learn that Mr. Carmen, a Government inspector of machinery, inspected such a boiler at Ashburton, when there were no supports beyond the structure itself.
William George Hillyer, manager for Messrs. Reid and Gray at the Ashburton branch, called by Mr. Cotter, stated he had superintended the creation of a similar boiler at Ashburton, and no supports were used after the framework was completed. A similar boiler stood for a week, on the Sydney show ground without support. The boilers were made in England complete in every detail, and only put together here. Mr. Cowlishaw was sent out from Home by the maker of the Hornsby boilers to superintend erections.
Medical testimony having been given, the jury retired for half-an-hour, and then returned with a verdict that deceased came to his death through shock caused by the falling of a boiler. The jury was further of the opinion that sufficient precaution was not taken by Mr. Cowlishaw in the erection of the boiler.
The Coroner: This involves a serious question. By this do you mean that you consider he was so neglectful that he caused the death of the deceased?
The Foreman: I think that is implied.
The Coroner: Then, do you mean to say in your verdict that Mr. Cowlishaw was guilty of any crime?
The Foreman: We simply came to the conclusion set forth, and we're, not concerned with the rest.
The Coroner: Pardon me, you are. I am bound to take a jury's verdict, but it must be concise. The second part leaves it open to doubt as to whether you mean that he was guilty of manslaughter or culpable negligence.
Mr. Cotter: I thought that point was cleared up. You said that the evidence of Mr. Wetherill did not justify a verdict of manslaughter. If there is any doubt. I want to call further evidence.
The Coroner: The jury must give a decisive verdict.
The jury retired, again for a short period, and returned with the verdict, "That, in the opinion of the jury, deceased's death was the result of shock, caused through the falling upon him of a boiler at New Lynn, and that the occurrence was accidental and by misfortune." The jury, also added a rider expressing the opinion that in the election of similar constructions, the greatest possible precautions against accident should be adopted.
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19060615.2.83
Plot 14a: Albert Ezzy (39) 1906 – Orchardist – Crushed by a boiler
Plot 14b: Laura Woodruffe (28) 1911
In Loving Memory
of
ALBERT
beloved husband of
Ada E. EZZY
Born N.S.W. 1867.
Died 30th May 1906.
– through injuries
received at –
New Lynn.
Rest dearest Albert
sweetly rest
They miss you most
who loved you best.
Also
LAURA CLYTHA
beloved wife of
Arthur
WOODRUFFE
born March 29th 1882
died Sept. 12th 1911
Sleep dear one.
HORNUNG, Erik (1985/1995). Tal der Könige: Die Ruhestätte der Pharaonen. Weltbild Verlag GmbH, Augsburg/Artemis Verlag AG, Zurich.
---
Ramesses IX (also written Ramses) (originally named Amon-her-khepshef Khaemwaset) (ruled 1129 – 1111 BC) was the eighth king of the Twentieth dynasty of Egypt. He was the third longest serving king of this Dynasty after Ramesses III and Ramesses XI. He is now believed to have assumed the throne on I Akhet day 21 based on evidence presented by Jürgen von Beckerath in a 1984 GM article. According to Papyrus Turin 1932+1939, Ramesses IX enjoyed a reign of 18 Years and 4 months and died in his 19th Year in the first month of Peret between day 17 and 27. His throne name, Neferkare Setepenre, means "Beautiful Is The Soul of Re, Chosen of Re." Ramesses IX is believed to be the son of Mentuherkhepeshef, a son of Ramesses III since Montuherkhopshef's wife, the lady Takhat bears the prominent title of King's Mother on the walls of tomb KV10 which she usurped and reused in the late 20th dynasty; no other 20th dynasty king is known to have had a mother with this name. Ramesses IX was, therefore, probably a grandson of Ramesses III.
His reign is best known for the year 16 and year 17 tomb robbery trials, recorded in the Abbott Papyrus, the Leopold II-Amherst Papyrus, Papyrus BM 10054 and on the recto of both Papyrus BM 10053 and Papyrus BM 10068. It has been suggested that the undated Papyrus Mayer B, dealing with the plundering of the tomb of Ramesses VI may also stem from his reign but, so far, this remains conjecture.
During these trials it became clear that several royal and noble tombs in the Western Theban necropolis had been robbed, including that of a 17th Dynasty king, Sobekemsaf II. Paser, Mayor of Eastern Thebes or Karnak, accused his subordinate Paweraa, the Mayor of West Thebes responsible for the safety of the necropolis, of being either culpable in this wave of robberies or negligent in his duties of protecting the Valley of the Kings from incursions by tomb robbers. Paweraa played a leading part in the vizierial commission set up to investigate, and, not surprisingly, it proved impossible for Paweraa to be officially charged with any crime due to the circumstantiality of the evidence. Paser disappeared from sight soon after the report was filed. Ramesses IX brought a measure of stability to Egypt after the wave of tomb robberies. He also paid close attention to Lower Egypt and built a substantial monument at Heliopolis.
In the sixth year of his reign, he inscribed his titulature in the Lower Nubian town of Amara West. Most of his building works centre on the sun temple centre of Heliopolis in Lower Egypt where the most significant monumental works of his reign are located. However, he also decorated the wall to the north of the Seventh Pylon in the Temple of Amun-Re at Karnak. Finally, his name has been found at the Dakhla Oasis in Western Egypt and Gezer at Canaan which may suggest a residual Egyptian influence in Asia; the majority of the New Kingdom Empire's possessions in Canaan and Syria had long been lost to the Sea Peoples by his reign. He is also known for having honoured his predecessors Ramesses II, Ramesses III and Ramesses VII.
Ramesses IX is known to have had 2 sons: at Heliopolis, "a gateway was reinscribed with texts including the king's names and also those of the prince and High Priest Nebmaatre, who was fairly certainly his son." Ramesses IX's second son, Montuherkhopshef C, perhaps this king's intended heir, who did not live long enough to succeed his father, took over the former KV19 tomb of Sethirkhepsef B in the Valley of the Kings. The throne was instead assumed by Ramesses X whose precise relationship to Ramesses IX is unclear. Ramesses X might have been Ramesses IX's son, but this assumption remains unproven. Tomb KV19, which was one of the most beautifully decorated tombs in the royal valley, had been abandoned by Sethirkhepsef B when the latter assumed the throne as king Ramesses VIII and one of prince Montuherkhopshef's depictions there "bears the prenomen cartouche to Ramesses IX on its belt" thereby establishing the identity of this prince's father. The tomb of Ramesses IX, (KV6), has been open since antiquity, as is evidenced by the presence of Roman and Greek graffiti on the tomb walls. It is quite long in the tradition of the 'syringe' tunnels of the later 19th and 20th Dynasties and lies directly opposite the tomb of Ramesses II in the Valley of the Kings; this fact may have influenced Ramesses IX's choice of location for his final resting place due to its proximity to this great Pharaoh. While Ramesses IX's chief queen is not precisely identified in surviving Egyptian inscriptions, she was most likely Baketwernel.
In 1881, the mummy of Ramesses IX (nr. 5209) was found in the Deir el-Bahri cache (DB320) within one of the two coffins of Neskhons—wife of the Theban High Priest Pinedjem II. This pharaoh's mummy was not apparently examined by Grafton Elliot Smith and not included in his 1912 catalogue of the Royal Mummies. When the mummy was unwrapped by Maspero, a bandage was found from a year 5, mentioning the lady Neskhons, most probably from the reign of king Siamun. A further strip of linen from a year 7 identified the mummy as "Ra Khaemwaset" which can be taken as a reference to either Ramesses Khaemwaset Meryamun (IX) or Ramesses Khaemwaset Meryamun Neterheqainu (XI). But since an ivory box of Neferkare Ramesses IX was found in the royal cache itself, and Ramesses XI was probably never buried at Thebes but rather in Lower Egypt, "the [royal] mummy is most likely to be that of Ramesses IX himself." It is estimated that the king was about 50 years old when he died (but it is extremely difficult to correctly establish the age of mummies) and his mummy was found to have broken limbs, a broken neck and damage to its nose, which is missing.
The novel Ancient Evenings by Norman Mailer is told from the perspective of characters living during the reign of Ramesses IX, including Ramesses IX himself (Wikipedia).
'Dejé la habitación desordenada, no me molesté en colocar los zapatos esparcidos por el suelo, los libros y papeles del escritorio, ni siquiera cerré la tapa del ordenador. Todo sucede por una razón, cada uno obtiene lo que se merece y mierdas así siempre me han sacado de quicio, sólo sirven para calmar conciencias castigadas y tranquilizar a estúpidos que dejaron que les tomaran el pelo o a pobres desgraciados cuya vida les ha castigado absurda e inexplicablemente. Salí del sucio portal con la cabeza gacha, a veces no queda más remedio que ir a comprar lo necesario para subsistir, y el peor momento para darte cuenta es cuando acabas de cambiarte de ropa, ponerte cómodo y decidir que pasarás las próximas 4 horas tirado frente al ordenador viendo series con subtítulos en español latinoamericano y comiendo cualquier cosa grasienta que tendrá de todo menos algo sano y nutritivo.
Al girar la esquina me crucé con una chica jóven... (seguir leyendo)'
carpe Diem
Belinda
2010
hola!!! un wallpaper que hize hace mucho!
hoy revisando mui papalera de reciclaje! lo encontre! i ps ya lo restaure y lo subi :D
me gsuto elr esulktado final! el blend lo hize hace uff! solo q ya lo habia borrado en un ataque de ira! hahha.
Enjoy!
WARNING: There may be more information in the following little ditty about mrwaterslide than you are prepared to handle, and if you are at all afraid that that might be the case, don't read on.
1.) Not yet two-years-old, I put the Drano in the goldfish bowl.
2.) Out with the family for Sunday dinner at the Old Washington Inn (a little flea-bite town whose sole claim to fame was that Morgan's Raiders had come riding through), I locked the front door, a deed undiscovered for close to an hour. My mother says that my father had to give them a substantial sum of money to make-up for their loss of business.
3.) I had a rubber ball, or a series of rubber balls, that I bounced and caught, bounced and caught, bounced and caught, bounced and caught, bounced and caught, bounced and caught, indoors and out, against the house, against the wallpaper, against the brick wall in the garden, on and on, again and again, almost neverending. Once, when the ball rolled into the next room, my grandmother got it and put it in her apron. I knew that she had it. I asked her if she had it. She said she hadn't seen it. I was stymied. I couldn't call my grandmother a liar. I think I went for the rest of the day without my rubber ball.
4.) I first got to second base at the Boy Scout National Jamboree held at Valley Forge in Pennsylvania. Me and some other guy whose name might have been Ricky struck-up a conversation with these two girls who claimed to be Candy Stripers at a local King-of-Prussia hospital. Maybe they had their Candy Stripers uniforms on, which would give the story a little Japanese erotic kinky twist, except that I was not yet a dirty-old-man. We walked them all-the-way to the other side of the park, and bade them a prolonged groping goodbye. When we got back to our group, we had been found-out as curfew violators and were confined to our tents for the whole of the next day, until the next evening when they let us out to go hear LBJ, who flew in in a helicopter and vigorously defended his Viet Nam policy. While we were in the tent together, Ricky and I listened to that song about how "If you want to be happy for the rest of your life, you've got to marry an ugly wife," and Ricky pointed out the dirty lyrics.
5.) The day The White Album came out, we (the guys on my end of the hall in the dorm) got a bottle of Tanqueray and all got drunk. When the record got to that line in "Rocky Raccoon" about "stinking of gin," we all roared with laughter. Larry Goldblatt, who didn't drink and whose parents had a lot of money (most everyone there had parents who had more money than my parents had), came in with his $350 camera (when $350 was a lot of money---probably it was a Leica) and began taking pictures.
I remember looking up at him, helpless and well-neigh delirious, and thinking "Oh shit," or words to that effect. He took our photographs and made them in to postcards, and, when Christmas break came around, he sent one to each of us, at our home addresses. I went to the mailbox that day, and when I saw the card and that image of my drunken self, hair matted to my head, and realized what it was, I tore it into pieces and threw it in the trash, to my everlasting shame.
6.) I owned Bausch & Lomb @ $192 a share and rode it all the way down, like Slim Pickens in Dr. Strangelove, to something like $32 a share, where I sold it. I sold my Twenty-Century Fox stock just before Rupert Murdock made the tender offer and it skyrocketed. I bought defense industry put options when Reagan took office, thinking I would make some money, if nothing else, out of his presidency. The stock market tanked and soon my $8000 had vanished.
7.) Riding in the car on the way to the church for my grandmother's funeral, my grandfather (a Methodist preacher) told me that he had always hoped I would be the one to carry on his ministry.
8.) I am a member of The In-The-Middle-Of-The-Pedernales-River Club. I am a member of The On-A-Levee-By-The-Mississippi Club. I am a member of The On-Top-Of-A-Fire-Tower Club. I am not a member of The Mile-High Club.
9.) Once, sitting with my girlfriend on the roof of my house in Missouri with a beer and a cigarette, watching the sun go down (our almost nightly ritual) I looked up directly overhead and saw Jesus Christ, or at least that Christ imaged in the Shroud of Turin, but only from the waist up. It wasn't like kind-of like that Christ---it was the spitting image of that Shroud of Turin Christ, only it was a cloud, of course. "Look at that," I said to my girlfriend, and she looked up and said, "It's Jesus Christ."
10.) I have a $2400 burn on my legs. At work one night, in too much of a hurry, I opened a pressurized steam jacket too quickly to check on a pot roast that was boiling in a 600 pan. A Niagara Falls of boiling water came leaping out at me. The burn on my right leg is an almost perfectly formed rectangle, not really noticeable.
The burn on my left leg is shaped like a medium-sized Idaho potato. When I had been going up to the Burn Unit for three or four weeks to have the dressing changed, one of the nurses said, "I wonder why they didn't give you a skin graft," looking at the burn on my left leg. When I saw people who had really bad burns, I knew I was lucky.
The burns itch like crazy in the wintertime. I was disappointed that I didn't get more money.
11.) I may well be a father. The last time I saw her, she looked to be about four-months pregnant, but she was with her husband in the produce aisle at the grocery store, and I couldn't very well go up to her and ask her how she was doing.
It's a Long Short Story, of course, and, as I tell my Latin friends, "mi no culpable."
12.) Me being impulsive and all, if you asked me just now which historical figure I would like to return as, I would say, "Johnny Appleseed."
13.) I am not the kind of person who has no regrets. When Tom Rush sings that song called "No Regrets," about how he's walking away and he has "no regrets," the regret in his voice is palpable. That song is on an album called, "The Urge For Going," which is the second album (vinyl) I ever bought, and Tom Rush's version of Joni Mitchell's song "The Urge For Going," is undoubtedly my favorite song of all-time.
I would lie in bed at night with my little transitor radio and listen to WBZ Boston, hoping against hope that they would play that song. Later, in college, I dated a girl from Bryn Mawr who told me that the girls in her suite at her private girl's school drew straws to see who got to spend the night with Tom Rush. She never did tell me if she was the one who got the short straw.
14.) I don't believe in that astrology crap, but I read somewhere that Capricorn's are late-bloomers, and I'm counting on that.
15.) On my tombstone, it will say, "He Never Voted For A Republican President." However, the thought of mouldering in the ground disgusts me, and I plan to be cremated.
16.) I can't believe I ever was as a happy as the person in this photograph seems to be. In fact, I can't believe that the person in this photograph was that happy. He was not a particularly nice person, at that point in his life. Fact is, he may not be a particularly nice person even now. He is, however, capable of goodness and decency, nice or not. As someone told him just the other day, "Chef, if it wasn't for white folks like you, and I mean this sincerely, Obama could never have become President." That sentence felt less like vindication than redemption.
He hopes to be this happy again someday, and soon.
Love killed six times more Indians than terror attacks, government records revealed.
Between 2001 and 2015, love was the officially recorded reason for as many as 38,585 murders and culpable homicide cases. Terror, on the other hand, killed 20,000 people, including civilians and security forces, in the same period. Andhra Pradesh witnessed the highest number of love-related murder cases.
Times of India. April 02/2017.
Pic. a love scene from a Drama.
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
Title: The Earth Tripper
Author: Kelley, Leo P. 1928-
Type: Paperback – novel
Publisher: Fawcett Gold Medal
Publisher ID: T2719
Copyright: 1973 by author
Pages count: 159
Edition: 1st printing
Cover artist: not credited – no signature line on cover
Publication date: May 1973
Cover Price: .75
Comments: Leo P. Kelley’s first published speculative fiction was in 1955 and abruptly terminated in 1974. He published 9 novels and two anthologies. I have read his 1971 book The Coins of Murph and would recommend it. This book is on my shelf of books “to be read someday” boy is it loaded. The Fawcett edition T2719 is considered to be the “First Edition”. The cover is a “psychedelic experience” type illustration fairly common on paperback covers in early 70’s
Culpability: All images are from publications owned by Calwalader Ringgold /\ Weazel. Image scanning, editing and compiling of bibliographic data was performed by Calwalader Ringgold /\ Weazel.
LOGLINE:
Collective is a gripping, real-time docu-thriller that follows a heroic team of journalists as they expose shocking corruption in the Romanian national health-care system.
SYNOPSIS:
After an explosive fire claims the lives of 27 people at Bucharest nightclub, Colectiv, officials reassure the public that surviving victims will receive care in facilities that are “better than in Germany.” Weeks later, a rising causality count leads intrepid reporters at the Sports Gazette to investigate. Just as a crucial tip exposes Hexi Pharma, a local firm’s culpability, the firm’s owner dies under mysterious circumstances and the health minister quietly resigns amid the uproar -but this is only the first chapter in a thrilling, ever- twisting exposé.
Closely tracking the efforts of the Gazette team as they methodically discover layer upon layer of fraud and criminal malfeasance, Alexander Nanau’s COLLECTIVE is a fast- paced, real-time detective story about truth, accountability, and the value of an independent press in partisan times.
"When I started working on this film in early 2016, I never imagined that the year would be a major turning point for democracy all around the world. I never suspected that, by the end of the production, most of what could be said about Romanian society would be equally relevant for older, more established democracies, be it the UK, the US, Italy, Brazil, Hungary, Poland, Turkey, etc. There was a pattern of populists taking over, lying and attacking the free press, misusing state institutions in their own interest and perverting the very meaning of liberal values and social structures. 2016 tested democracies worldwide, but it also tested each and every one of us."
––Alexander Nanau
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
On this day 16 February 1986 the Soviet cruise liner Mikhail Lermontov sank after hitting rocks in the Marlborough Sounds.
The ship was carrying 738 passengers, most of whom were elderly Australians. It left Picton at 3 pm and passed Ship Cove Bay two hours later. Disaster struck soon after when the ship entered the dangerous passage between Cape Jackson and Jackson Head and hit submerged rocks. As the compartments of the ship flooded, the captain realised the ship was in danger of sinking and decided to ground it in shallow waters at Port Gore Bay. Between 7.30 and 9.30 at night all passengers and crew were evacuated from the ship but one person died, refrigeration engineer Pavel Zaglyadimov. The ship now lies on its side at a depth of 30 metres underwater and has become a popular dive site.
Shown here is the result of the inquiry by Soviet marine authorities into the sinking. It found Picton harbourmaster and pilot Captain Don Jamison guilty of causing the shipwreck and three vessel’s officers culpable. Soviet diplomats shielded the ship captain Vladislav Vorobyov from the media focussing on Jamison as the guilty party. The Soviet authorities could not penalise Jamison but permanently transferred Vorobyov to shore duties. Chief navigator S V Stepanischev received the harshest punishment as he was sentenced to four years in prison.
ABJP W4103/42 22949 338/43 1
collections.archives.govt.nz/en/web/arena/search#/?q=R215...
More information can be found here:
nzhistory.govt.nz/page/sinking-mikhail-lermontov
For updates on our On This Day series and news from Archives New Zealand, follow us on Twitter www.twitter.com/ArchivesNZ
Material supplied by Archives New Zealand.
El lunes 25 de noviembre es el Día Internacional contra la violencia machista y a lo largo y ancho del mundo se celebrarán masivas manifestaciones en respuesta a esta lacra. Como ya hemos hecho en multitud de ocasiones -desde el 8 de marzo, pasando por las movilizaciones masivas contra la justicia patriarcal que amparó a “la Manada” y, ahora a la “Manada de Manresa”- en el Estado español volveremos a exigir el fin de la violencia machista que año tras año nos explota, oprime, humilla y asesina.
No tenemos miedo, sí tenemos rabia
La fuerza arrolladora que ha demostrado el movimiento por los derechos de las mujeres trabajadoras y jóvenes es imparable y sigue siendo un ejemplo muy poderoso. Por eso no es ninguna casualidad que la derecha franquista -PP, Ciudadanos y Vox- ataque e intente desprestigiar la lucha que millones de mujeres, junto con nuestros compañeros, estamos protagonizando.
En el Estado español estas manifestaciones del 25 de noviembre se celebrarán tras las elecciones generales del pasado 10-N, cuyos resultados vuelven a poner encima de la mesa una cuestión fundamental: que la lucha de la clase trabajadora y la juventud en defensa de nuestros derechos y contra los y las culpables de nuestra opresión es nuestra mayor fuerza. Desde Libres y Combativas no minimizamos ni restamos importancia al avance electoral de la extrema derecha de Vox, pero sí queremos resaltar que el bloque reaccionario ha vuelto a fracasar en su objetivo de hacerse con el Gobierno y que la derecha tiene enormes dificultades para seguir ganando apoyos: pierden casi 900.000 votos respecto a las elecciones del 28A.
La derecha y la extrema derecha son una amenaza muy real para todos los derechos que hemos conquistado en base a la movilización y a la lucha en las calles. Por eso sabemos, que la única forma de derrotar la ofensiva que representan es precisamente levantando una izquierda combativa en las calles, que defienda un feminismo revolucionario y de combate, un ecologismo anticapitalista, el fin de los recortes en la educación y la sanidad, el fin de la precariedad y la explotación, que garantice un sistema de pensiones público y digno… todas las reivindicaciones que durante años hemos exigido en las calles.
Conseguir todas estas reivindicaciones no es ninguna utopía. El próximo gobierno de coalición entre el PSOE y Unidas Podemos ha sido recibido por amplios sectores de la juventud y la clase trabajadora como una oportunidad para ello. Eso supone confrontar con los grandes poderes económicos, con los bancos, con la Iglesia Católica y los planes de austeridad de la Unión Europea. No queremos palabras, queremos hechos. Ya tenemos la experiencia de los últimos meses de gobierno del PSOE, que a pesar de considerarse el "gobierno más feminista de la historia", seguía respetando, entre muchas otras cosas, la justicia franquista y patriarcal que deja en libertad a violadores y culpa a las víctimas. No echamos a Rajoy de la Moncloa ni hemos derrotado a la derecha en las urnas dos veces para que todo siga igual. ¡La lucha debe continuar!
Somos feministas y anticapitalistas
La batalla contra la violencia machista es la lucha contra el sistema capitalista que la genera. Es la lucha contra la cosificación y la mercantilización de nuestros cuerpos, contra la trata, los vientres de alquiler, la prostitución y la pornografía. Es la lucha por unos salarios justos y unos puestos de trabajo dignos. Por una educación sexual inclusiva en los centros educativos para educar en el respeto, la igualdad y la inclusión. Contra la LGTBIfobia y la moral podrida de la Iglesia Católica.
El próximo 25 de noviembre tomaremos las calles de nuevo por todo ello. Porque es en las calles donde venceremos a este sistema y construiremos una sociedad nueva donde nadie conozca la explotación, la injusticia ni la miseria.
¡Únete a Libres y Combativas!
¡El 25N todas y todos a las calles contra la violencia machista!
..................................................Monday, November 25 is International Day against sexist violence and massive demonstrations will be held throughout the world in response to this scourge. As we have done on many occasions - from March 8, through the massive mobilizations against patriarchal justice that protected “La Manada” and, now to “Manada de Manresa” - in the Spanish State we will demand the end of the macho violence that year after year exploits us, oppresses, humiliates and murders.
We are not afraid, we are angry
The overwhelming force demonstrated by the movement for the rights of working women and youth is unstoppable and remains a very powerful example. That is why it is no accident that the Francoist right -PP, Citizens and Vox- attack and try to discredit the struggle that millions of women, along with our partners, are leading.
In the Spanish State, these demonstrations on November 25 will be held after the general elections of the past 10-N, whose results once again put a fundamental issue on the table: that the struggle of the working class and youth in defense of our rights and against those guilty of our oppression is our greatest strength. From Free and Combative we do not minimize or downplay the electoral progress of the extreme right of Vox, but we do want to highlight that the reactionary bloc has failed again in its objective of seizing the Government and that the right has enormous difficulties to continue gaining support : they lose almost 900,000 votes regarding the 28A elections.
The right and the extreme right are a very real threat to all the rights we have won based on mobilization and street fighting. That is why we know that the only way to defeat the offensive they represent is precisely by raising a combative left in the streets, defending a revolutionary and combat feminism, an anti-capitalist ecology, the end of cuts in education and health, the end of precariousness and exploitation, which guarantees a public and dignified pension system ... all the demands we have demanded for years on the streets.
Getting all these claims is no utopia. The next coalition government between the PSOE and United We have been received by broad sectors of youth and the working class as an opportunity for this. That means confronting the great economic powers, the banks, the Catholic Church and the austerity plans of the European Union. We don't want words, we want facts. We already have the experience of the last months of the PSOE government, which despite being considered the "most feminist government in history", continued to respect, among many other things, the Franco and patriarchal justice that frees rapists and blames the victims. We do not throw Rajoy de la Moncloa nor have we defeated right at the polls twice so that everything remains the same. The fight must continue!
We are feminists and anti-capitalists
The battle against sexist violence is the fight against the capitalist system that generates it. It is the fight against the reification and commodification of our bodies, against trafficking, rent bellies, prostitution and pornography. It is the fight for fair wages and decent jobs. For an inclusive sexual education in educational centers to educate in respect, equality and inclusion. Against LGBTIphobia and the rotten morals of the Catholic Church.
On November 25 we will take the streets again for all this. Because it is in the streets where we will overcome this system and build a new society where no one knows exploitation, injustice or misery.
Join Free and Combative!
The 25N all and everyone on the streets against sexist violence!
Life in Windsor was much different after the Winter Break. I don’t know what it was, it sure wasn’t as explosive as the first half, for one the courses were changed. Asian Studies 101 was now taught by young Professor Burton whose field was that of China, I found this subject almost as fascinating as studying India. Mr Burtons style of teaching was much different than Professor Spellmans, it was interesting but it was no rock concert the way the previous lecturer shook your head, made you think and examine yourself. In place of the first semester Drama course I took the more interesting Communication Arts course which switched to a lecture series held in a huge auditorium attended by a couple of hundred students. The lecturer was the department head Dr Romanow. Rounding things out there was more Theology taught by Father Culliton and Philosophy 101 presented to us by Professor Deck. Geography unfortunatlely had been dropped in the first semester as there was an element of mathematics that one needed in order to understand some matters, I was not up to the task.
Funds were getting tight for Peter and myself. Our second portion of the grants were slow in coming to the bank where they were direct deposited. With a sigh of releif we greeted the funds when they did arrive. The money didn’t last very long most of it was needed for rent and other necessities. By mid February we were flat broke and we had to survive until Mid May when classes would be over. Mary Lewis a Chinese Canadian girl who worked on the Harpoon the alternative campus newspaper came up to the apartment for a dinner. I remember this well as I served a new creation, breaded, then baked tinned sardines with a can of tomato soup for a sauce. She was a lovely girl, she did not complain being that mannerly kind of person, polite to the end. Mary must have been aware of my poverty. We were like buddies, her folks owned a business she was getting educated, a liberal woman from downtown Windsor.
There was a memorable time in March, Pete and I must have been desperate as I was cooking our last package of meat, smelly grey sausages. They were sizzling away on the stove in the tiny kitchen when Pete brings old Johnny Blue up to say hello. Blue first apologized for ripping us off months earlier at the party, blamed that on his friend Doc Pat. Blue said, “you can’t eat those sausages, they’ve spoiled, they’re bad!” He was right they had gone smelly, it was the last thing we had to eat in the house. Old Blue, he had a solution, he gave us directions to a large church across the main street a few blocks away in the more working class part of town. He then told us the ministers name that we had to see, it was a Protestant church, he told us what day the church pastor would talk to us, told Pete and I to both go separately, that way we would get a coupon voucher each instead of just one. In order to survive until that day we got up early a few mornings and took the money out of the milk bottles of neighbouring homes. Our eyes lit when we found crisp one dollar bills in some of the bottles there was also lots of change, enough to keep us fed for the time being.
The following Wednesday as pointed out by Blue, Pete and self headed to the church at about three in the afternoon. We entered the church office where a kindly middle aged minister listened to our story, ‘no food, no jobs, struggling students’ we truly were hungry, he gave us both a cheque for twenty dollars each, actually a food voucher for a local grocery store, the new modern Steinbergs located downtown quite close to the multi level St Vincent de Paul store and the waterfront. Well we were like millionaires! I bought us a carton of smokes, a roast pork, ordered some deli meat which we ate while pushing the cart up the aisle then hid the packaging as we got the other necessities for the coming week. Things like milk and eggs and bread, coffee, cereal, sugar, fixings for a real spaghetti sauce, more meats. I recall almost dancing in the aisles! Everything that we were out of had been purchased! When I got home I invited Mary Lewis up for a real meal, she brought a bottle of wine and the neighbour, Sam dropped in with some Ouzo as he had a habit of doing whenever we were making a racket.
Every week afterwards we would head out to the church to pick up our vouchers that were waiting for us in the church office. We never had to eat anymore rotting sausages thanks to Johnny Blue he more than paid us back for the trouble he created back in the fall. I now look on his theft of our party money as a loan, a street sort of lay a way plan, we got much more from the church than the $85.00 that was taken. Neither of our families was able to help us with money for food, at my house in Toronto, it was a daily struggle for mom to put food on the table. I think in Petes situation it was a question of his pride, not wanting to ask for help. We didn’t have to go out in the morning stillness to steal milk bottles off of the neighbours porches anymore. If anyone is wondering where the milk money in the milk bottles on the porches was going, we took it, early in the mornings that late winter early spring of 1972.
Dr.Romanow’s lectures were intended to be an introduction to the workings of the media. I didn’t fall for his line of shit, all he would talk about were the positive aspects of media, the great media as if it was not culpable for the brainwashing of millions of mindless Westerners, reducing the vast majority of them to trash heads, thoughtless fools who program their existences around certain televised events, their heads stuck in newspapers that give the news that they (corporate editors) want you to read and radio shows that spend more time flogging products that are not needed leaving you at times depressed because of over-information. As Spellman once wisely pointed out ‘in ancient civilizations news traveled at a tortoise like pace it is human nature but it didn’t get to you in seconds or minutes as it does today’. We sit there watching events, like the bombing of Iraq, or the Tsunami victims relations as they mourn their dead, we have sanitized the event, when you occasionally see a dead body on TV you don’t smell the death, you don’t see the tears or feel the emotions partly because TV has already shown you more graphic images on regular programming, we are all to familiar with death and tragedy because of this so when something really happens you are desensitized you reach for those emotions that you used in media and find they are diluted.
I’d go to class and try to keep my mouth shut. When the professor was talking about commercials for example I’d intentionally speak out disrupting the class to bring my point of view into play, bringing to light the fact that a seemingly good company like General Electric was also supplying nuclear equipment for American dominated nations. There were many other examples of the media controlling the minds of Westerners and I was more than happy to point this out, but you know, even though some students would compliment me on the information I think 99 per cent of them just went about like robots concerned only with their grades not being able to view the big picture not able to get away from the ME. Dow and Monsanto were big targets, at the time I attacked them relentlessly, factories around the world were being picketed by educated people, there was an air of defiance and it was an honour to be a small part of the peoples demonstration. At times I’d leave the oval shaped auditorium energized by the event, the opportunity to lash out at the candy coating the lecturer was putting on his topics, he was nothing more than a media dupe. My mark on a frivolous essay at the end of the semester was poor and I complained about this to no avail, I dug my own grave. I deserved that mark but for class participation I should have gotten a medal!
The first semester Drama class had some interesting moments, I wish I had stuck with this line of study that I had fluked on as a replacement for English. There were several elements of the classes that would have made a difference in my career paths. Students learned hands on methods of editing film, real film, movie film, as well we worked in a studio using large Television cameras. There was a component of the course that dealt entirely with theatre. I wonder if my shyness had something to do with my being unable to discern a latent interest in these topics. The drama professor was a consummate professional.
Drama was broken into two segments, first semester was a hands on Drama introduction where a gifted Lady Professor taught by discussion and practical workshops the numerous intricate crafts that are required to make a production, from behind the stage work, set design, lighting, selling tickets, promotion, to what for some was the more interesting facets, acting, writing scripts, editing, costumes etc, it is a big field. There were 'in class' plays that we filmed and then evaluated the performances of, this was most interesting as we got to use some professional TV cameras on stands, for one of our assignments the Professor had us all write a one person play and we had to put on the play as a major portion of our semesters work. She was none to pleased when I handed in my script about Jesus Christ. In the play I played two rolls, one of Jesus making a phone call to God, asking God some relevant questions, there was a little swearing, and I never thought that the subject matter was out of bounds. I used language like two ordinary street people might do.
Jesus speaking, (telephone rings up in heaven, someone picks up the phone, a voice is heard), “Is this God?”
“Yes this is the Most Divine, All Knowing, Infallible, Speaker of the Truth in all languages, All Forgiving, Ever Watchful of Evil Doers, can I help you?”
Jesus looks at the audience, smirks a little, makes Jack Nicholson eyes and says,
“If you are so fucking smart how come we gotta use phones to communicate?”
Well the Professor blew a gasket, just about stopped me from continuing, gave me just a passing mark, I never would have thought she could let her religious beliefs impact on her judgment, but she sure as hell did. Other than that there was a guest speaker one day, a famous set designer, as he was introducing himself he said in a voice that switched from male to female without batting an eyelash, "I just came back from Greece, he shook his bum, where, as you know, there is a double standard for men, then he stuck his tongue out a little and continued talking, you know, so it was a very enjoyable experience.” But my play about God and Christ was irreverent, here’s this forty something teacher telling all of us to go and bend over for the boys because it’s alright you’re in Greece! I got even with the Drama department in the next semester, when it switched to Communication Arts, as I had decided to shit disturb whenever I felt the Prof was using the media to promote ideas that supported the western lifestyles in ways I found to be against Truth.
Mr Burton was an associate professor in the Asian Studies department, he had just returned from China he was married to a lovely Chinese woman who was tall and had naturally rouged cheeks with high cheekbones. From time to time we sat in the cafeteria for coffee her halting English causing her to blush innocently, she was my friend. One day she appeared in our class at which time she showed the students a film with images of burning bodies, both young and old people, Japanese people rolling on the floor the earth in pain, half their limbs gone, their skin melting off, just before they died. There were dead infants, grieving parents, photos of entire cities gone, burned to the ground. This was a graphic account of the horrors of the bombs that fell on Nagasaki and Hiroshima. It was an important moment as all of the students myself included had been brainwashed by the media to think the bombing of these cities was a small thing, mainline press would never show such graphic details of the nuclear bombings.
Burton had an idea to take three or four students to the BC woods to work in logging camps for the summer, study all things Chinese during our time off, learn some Cantonese dialect at night while sitting around the campfire and save a bunch of money so we could all travel to China the following year, and work on Chinese communes. I was dating a nice girl from Hamilton who was a nursing student. When I told her of our plans she kinda dropped me though there were other reasons, my partying, her career of nursing was going to have to be put on hold so we could go save the Chinese! Good old Burton he sure lit a spark. Those heady ideas, where do they go? As you know it took me over twenty more years to get to China but I got there and I got to B.C. too.
As a topic for an essay I had chosen a title that interested me, it was “The Importance of the Colour Purple in Ancient Chinese Society.” Professor Burton gave me a good mark an A- but not what I was expecting as I had researched the topic extensively, using over twenty reference books that backed up the title. Burton commented on the fact ‘a more serious topic could have been chosen’ as the choice of topics was up to the student. Today I wonder if anyone else has wrote on the same topic, now that the seriousness of the Chinese situation has lessened in the minds of some Westerners. Just recently (2005) I learned that Doctor Spellman had studied the Significance of the number 12 in ancient Indian Civilization. Those purple mushrooms from the woods of New Brunswick got a mention in the essay. If nothing else it was an excellent exercise in creative writing. Sadly the essay was destroyed not to far down the road by Alex along with all the other paper treasures I had collected over the year, that still hurts. When almost fourty years later the photo of me in the Buffalo skin Mounties coat at Tribag Mine was given to me by a relation an entire block of memories opened up that had been locked away in pain.
Being broke, just eating, no cash for beer, the grind started to take its toll. I also think there may have been withdrawals from lsd, and the other intoxicants we so freely enjoyed prior to this period of life. My personality flattened out, was I experiencing depression by chance? The spark which I had come to school with was gone, perhaps I had burned out. Had I underestimated the commitment needed to get through the courses, probably, there wasn’t much support from the family, they were just getting by themselves, living in their nightmare, thank goodness the strong friendship base was there, always was in place, very supportive.
An assignment had been given to us by Father Culliton for our final mark. The student was expected to read a long complex Teilhard de Chardin text. With the info garnered within we would be able to answer a dozen or so Theology questions, ten or twenty pages of very serious stuff. I had met a Quebec third year student, a radical, we shared a common smoking interest and I mentioned my plight, he offered to write the answers to the questions for me, I gave him $20 dollars and left town the year over, packed my suitcase and headed back to Toronto. Before leaving I checked out the courses for the next year, you needed to chose a major in order to re register. Without English I didn’t have many choices, I should have went with Communication Arts but signed up for Asian Studies instead with a minor in Com Arts, what was going on in my head? For Asian Studies you had to learn Hindi, and some Sanskrit, those books the Gita, the Shads, the Sutra they are like Shakespeare only in translated Hindi. I had the summer to think it over. The report card arrived a month or so later, surprisingly I passed with a C+ average, I like to think it was almost a B! The good Father later said he never received my final test, he passed me any ways on class participation, the same in philosophy Prof Deck passed me on class participation, Romanow passed me, had to, class participation, the high Asian Studies mark buoyed the other marks up. This was great for a Mt Dinky boy with a grade nine education. If one understands the varied aspects of my life they will comprehend the success this year as A Scholar has meant to me.
Mike Duran Ft. Anuel AA, Kevin Roldan, Bryant Myers, Noriel & Darkiel – Culpable (Official Remix)
Download/Descarga: Mike Duran Ft. Anuel AA, Kevin Roldan, Bryant Myers, Noriel & Darkiel – Culpable (Official Remix)
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1. Que hora es? : 21:53
2. Nombre? : Consuelo Sandoval :)
3. Por quién te dieron ese nombre? : no sé .. porque les gustó :S
4. Sobrenombre? : ahaha muchos.. pero el mas común Kela :) o kelita D:
5. Por que te dieron ese sobrenombre? : jajajaj xd larga historia que no contaré xd
6. Cuando es tu cumpleaños?: 26 de marzo
7. Signo Zodiacal? : aries :D
8. Lugar de nacimiento? : santiago
9: Lugar preferido: el metro? xd no sé
10. Amor platonico: alvaro lopez de los bunkers, josé palma (actor) & gael garcia baba!
11. Como te vistes? : jeans polera convers y em seria D:
12. Marca de ropa? : da =
13. Tatuajes? : me encantaria uno en el dedo ._.
14. Vicios? : mmm.. comer
15. Color de pelo? : castañio claro D: o negro xd
16. Extensiones? : naaah
17. Color de ojos? : cafe oscuro
18. Lentes de contacto? : no :B
19. Estado civil? : soltera xd
20. Estuviste o estás enamorado? : mm no
21. De quien?: :B
22. Has estado en otro continente?: no :(
23. Te desabrochas los zapatos antes de sacártelos?: jaja noo que lata xd
24. Amaste tanto a alguien como para llorar?: si ¬¬
25. Estuviste en un choque de autos? : mmm no ..
26. Has tenido alguna fractura? : no :B
27. Dia o noche? : noche (6)
28. En clases o en vacaciones? : jajaj vacaciones igual
29. Por que? : ah que sapo :D
30. Salchichas o Hamburguesas? : vienesas (6) xd las amo, son muy ricas xd
31. Pepsi o Coca cola? : ahaah pepsicola ! xD naa sprite D: naa da =
32. Cerveza o vino? : ninguno D:
33. El vaso mitad lleno o mitad vacío? : mitad lleno
34. Cereales preferidos? : chokapik :B
35. Numero de calzado? : 38-39 :$
36. Numero favorito? : 6, 12, 4 D:
37. Pan con que? : mmm con mermelada o palta o keso o jamon o mm no sé
38. Supersticioso? : mm ni tanto D:
39. Tipo de música? : de todo, menos metal, hip hop, regetoM D:
40. Grupo de música? : Los bunkers & miranda xD
41. Canción favorita? : jaja muchas =/
42. Algo que te haga reír? : que no me hace reir pos xd
43. Algo que te haga llorar? : mm decepciones y sentir que no puedo hacer nada.
44. Algo que te haga enojar? : jajaj que me molesten todo el rato con lo mismo xd
45. Tema de conversación más destacado? : ahh muchos xd
46. El día mas feliz? : ninguno en especial :B
47. Restaurante de comida? : ahaah da lo mismo xd no em .. no sé alguno piola y con comida chilensis xd
48. Comida preferida? : papas fritas, chocolates & emm la comida en gnral.
49. Cuándo fue la última visita al hospital? : como hace 1 mes D:
50. Tu color favorito?: morado, verde, naranjo, negro, blanco, celeste D:
51. Donde te ves en diez años? : ahah ojala que estudiando lo que me guste :)
52. De quien recibiste este e-Mail? : jajaj lo robe de por ahi xd
53. Quien de tus amigos vive más lejos? : mmm mi petit D:
54. Cuántos hijos te gustaría tener? : 6 , pero con uno ya muero xd
55. Tienes mascota? : no ._.
56. Tienes computadora en casa? : ahah see
57. Tienes Internet? : tambien
58. CD preferido? : mmm ninguno en especial xd
59. Mejor sentimiento? : amor y felicidad
60 Mejor amiga? : jajaaj ah "mierdita" xd no sé
61. Mejor amigo? : jajaaj es dificil tener un mejor amigo pero creo que lo tengo o.o
62. Mejor chiste? : ahah xd no sé no me muchos chistes .. soy mas fome ._.
63. Peor chiste? : aahah los sin sentido xd
64. Mejor Frase? : ahaha te quiero puro darte XXD
65. Peor Frase? : jajaja xd , la tengo Loca 1313
66. Lo primero que piensas cuando despiertas? : oh no me meo xd no mentira ..mmm que lata .. tngo que esperar el dia entero para volver a dormir u_U
67. Las tormentas te gustan o te asustan? : me asustan peromegustansi no estoy sola
68. A que le temes? : a fracasar yno cumplir mis sueños D:
69. Algo que tienes puesto siempre y no te lo quitas? : mis pulseras verde amarilla y roja (8)
70. Como andas vestido ahora ? : aahah sosten, calzon, pijama xd y polera D:
71. Que hay en las paredes de tu habitación? : mm muchas fotos de revistas
72. Que hay debajo de tu cama? : otra cama xd
73. Que Escondes debajo de tu cama o has escondido? : mmm nada .. polvo
74. Escribe algo a la persona que te envío este mail? : jajaaj xd meil?
75. Qué le dirías a alguien y no te atreves?: ajja no pasa ná filo filo filo contigo(8)
76. Tímido o extrovertido? : los dos D:
77. Que te gusta que te regalen? : abrazos apretaditos & cartitas :D
78. Que no te gusta de ti? : mmm.. lo rara que soy a veces
79. Si pudieras ser otra persona quien serías?: jaaj nadie
80. Si fueras otra persona, serías tu amigo? : obvio (8) mi mejor amigo xd
81. Te gusta leer? : no tu mash xd
82. Hablas algún otro idioma? : ahah "inglish" mas o menos
83. Tu pasatiempo favorito? : recortar cosas de las revistas y sacar fotos si es que puedo D:
84. Playa o montaña? : ninguno de los dos
85. Coleccionas algo? : fotos queme gustanD:
86. Tienes alguna fobia? : a las arañas y estoy superando mi homofobia :)
87. Tu programa de TV favorito? : ninguno D:
88. Equipo de futbol? : la U por ser de alguno
89 Lo ultimo que haces antes de dormir? : escuchar musica
90. Música que estas escuchando?: ahora? nada xD
91. Que significa esto para ti? : mmm quizas para que me conozcan mas :B
92. Que hora es? : 22:35 o.o
"Some people make the world special just by being in it."
During the Jazz Age:
No matter how much Diasy Buchanan was determined to find her missing daughter Pammy, Pammy did not have a similar desire to be reunited with her mother. Pammy was living blissfully with teenaged Angel. To Pammy, Angel was not simply like a sister; she was, as the little girl said, "my new Mommy."
Pammy, Angel and Daisy were unaware that New York reporter Grace Garamond was almost as determined to find Pammy as Daisy was. And due to Angel's singing at her wedding reception, Grace had more hope of finding the little girl. She had glimpsed Pammy peeking out from the curtain behind
Angel and her instincts told her to track them down in Angel's hometown of Paris.
Though people had their own aims where Pammy was concerned, what did the little girl want?
If she were found, would she readjust with relative ease to life with Daisy?
Would she be completely miserable to be taken from Angel and returned to a mother who, in Pammy's mind, never treated her with love and attention?
Did Daisy, who longed to make up for her emotional neglect of Pammy, have an absolute and inherent right to custody of her daughter?
If there were a court case to determine Pammy's custody or Angel's culpability in her abduction, would any judge listen to what a tiny girl wanted or simply assume that regardless of the child's feelings, any grief on Pammy's part at being removed from Angel was 'just a phase'?
Would Pammy, like little Gloria Vanderbilt, simply be dubbed a "poor little rich girl" being fought over by adults?
Pammy's love for Angel was bigger than she was small. But if Pammy were found by Grace or Daisy, to whom would that matter?
TO BE CONTINUED.
**PLEASE BE SURE TO SEE SWAGGYWIGGUMS WONDERFUL FLICKR PAGE WITH PHOTOSTORIES FEATURING GRACE, VESPA, SABRINA, LADY BEATRICE, AND PRINCESS CRESSIDA EUDORA THAT ARE PART OF THE DAISY &MISSING PAMMY/BLYTHE QUAKE SAGA
The Royal Park Bridge is a bascule bridge across the Intracoastal Waterway, linking Palm Beach and West Palm Beach, Florida. It gained widespread attention in February 2022 when a woman fell to her death as its movable spans rose.
Elisha Newton "Cap" Dimick, a former state senator and first mayor of Palm Beach, built the original Royal Park Bridge as a wooden structure in 1911. He named the bridge after a housing project he was developing in Palm Beach called the Royal Park Addition. The toll was 25 cents per vehicle and 5 cents per pedestrian. In 1919, Palm Beach County purchased the bridge for $40,000. Two years later, the county intended to replace the bridge with a concrete span. However, two days prior to its scheduled opening, the bridge collapsed. A two-lane concrete replacement of the original bridge finally opened on August 11, 1924. This incarnation of the Royal Park Bridge suffered severe damage during the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, including to its west approach, draw span, wiring, and protective fenders, some of which were completely removed. However, temporary repairs, including the addition of wood and dirt fill-in, allowed vehicular and boat traffic to resume less than two weeks after the storm.
The entirety of the original 1911 bridge was replaced in 1959. During that time, the county added two lanes along the south side of the bridge and installed two drawbridges, at a cost of around $1.5 million. This bridge remained in use for about 40 years, until the discovery of wood borers led to its condemnation in 1998. In December of the following year, a temporary bridge opened, constructed at a cost of $13 million.
The current Royal Park Bridge is a bascule bridge. It opened in 2005.
On February 6, 2022, Carol Esterling Wright was killed while crossing the bridge with her bike when its spans suddenly started rising. The bridge tender on duty, Artissua Paulk, was fired, arrested, and subsequently charged with manslaughter by culpable negligence. Paulk's supervisor was also fired for allegedly encouraging Paulk to falsely report conducting a proper inspection of the bridge prior to opening the drawbridge. Additionally, the victim's family filed a lawsuit against the bridge tender and Florida Drawbridges Inc. (FDI), resulting in a $8.2 million settlement in July 2022. FDI also agreed to conduct background checks and retrain all of its bridge tenders. In January 2023, Paulk pled guilty to one count of manslaughter and received a sentence of two days in jail, 200 hours of community service, and 8 years probation.
West Palm Beach is a city in and the county seat of Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. It is located immediately to the west of the adjacent Palm Beach, which is situated on a barrier island across the Lake Worth Lagoon. The population was 117,415 at the 2020 census. West Palm Beach is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to 6,138,333 people in 2020. It is the oldest incorporated municipality in the South Florida area, incorporated as a city two years before Miami in November 1894. West Palm Beach is located approximately 68 miles (109 km) north of Downtown Miami.
The history of West Palm Beach, Florida, began more than 5,000 years ago with the arrival of the first aboriginal natives. Native American tribes such as the Jaegas inhabited the area. Though control of Florida changed among Spain, England, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, the area remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century. By the 1870s and 1880s, non-Native American settlers had inhabited areas in the vicinity of West Palm Beach and referred to the settlement as "Lake Worth Country". However, the population remained very small until the arrival of Henry Flagler in the 1890s. Flagler constructed hotels and resorts in Palm Beach to create a travel destination for affluent tourists, who could travel there via his railroad beginning in 1894.
Flagler originally intended for West Palm Beach to serve as a residential area for the workers at his hotels in Palm Beach. In 1893, George W. Potter surveyed and platted the original 48 blocks of the city. West Palm Beach would be incorporated as a town on November 5, 1894, before becoming a city in 1903. Upon the establishment of Palm Beach County in 1909, West Palm Beach received the designation of county seat. The city developed much more rapidly during the 1920s land boom, which saw a nearly four-fold increase in population between 1920 and 1927 and the construction of many of the city's historical buildings and neighborhoods. However, the 1928 hurricane – which devastated the city – and end of the land boom ushered the area into an era of economic decline just prior to the onset of the Great Depression.
West Palm Beach experienced an economic rebound in the post-World War II years, as veterans who trained at Morrison Field vacationed or relocated to the area. The city also markedly expanded westward in the 1950s and 1960s, with thousands of acres of wetlands drained and filled. In the latter decade, a municipal stadium, auditorium, and mall were built on the newly drained and filled land. Commercial development west of the original city boundaries led to urban decay in downtown by the 1980s. However, the beautification of Clematis Street beginning in the early 1990s, and the opening of CityPlace in 2000 led to a revitalized downtown area. In 2018, the United States Census Bureau estimated that the city had a population of 111,398.
Archaeological evidence suggests that the Jaegas settled in modern-day Palm Beach County as many as 5,000 years ago. The first contact between Native Americans in the area and Europeans occurred in 1513 upon Juan Ponce de León's landfall at the Jupiter Inlet. Europeans encountered a thriving native population, the Mayaimi in the Lake Okeechobee Basin, while the Jaegas and Ais resided east of Lake Okeechobee and along the east coast north of the Tequestas. When the Spanish arrived, there were perhaps about 20,000 Native Americans in South Florida. The native peoples had all but been wiped out through war, enslavement, or European diseases, by the time the English gained control of Florida in 1763. Other native people from Alabama and Georgia moved into Florida in the early 18th century. They were of varied ancestry, but Europeans called them all Creeks. In Florida, they were known as the Seminole and Miccosukee Indians. American settlers and Seminoles fought against each other due to land and escaped slaves, who were granted protection by the Seminoles. They resisted the government's efforts to move them to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi. The Seminoles and the United States government fought with each other in three wars between 1818 and 1858. By the end of the third war, very few Seminoles remained in Florida.
The area that was to become West Palm Beach was settled in the late 1870s and 1880s by a few hundred settlers who called the vicinity "Lake Worth Country". These settlers were a diverse community from different parts of the United States and the world. They included founding families such as the Potters and the Lainharts, who would go on to become leading members of the business community in the fledgling city. Irving R. Henry filed the first homestead claim in 1880, claiming 131 acres (53 ha). Henry would later sell the land to Captain O. S. Porter. The first non-Native American settlers in Palm Beach County resided around Lake Worth, – an enclosed freshwater lake at the time – named after Colonel William Jenkins Worth, who served in the Second Seminole War in 1842. Reverend Elbridge Gale and his son are believed to have constructed the first log cabin on the western shore of Lake Worth, located near where the intersection of 29th Street and Poinsettia Avenue stands today. Most settlers engaged in the growing of tropical fruits and vegetables for shipment to the north via Lake Worth and the Indian River.
In 1890, the United States Census counted over 200 people settled along Lake Worth in the vicinity of what would become West Palm Beach. The area at this time also boasted a hotel, the "Cocoanut House", a church, and a post office. Henry Flagler, who was instrumental to Palm Beach County's development in the late 19th century and early 20th century, first visited in 1892, describing the area as a "veritable paradise". The first newspaper in the area, The Gazetteer, began publication in 1893, but the paper ceased printing issues after burning in a downtown fire in 1896. Additionally, West Palm Beach's first business, Lainhart and Potter Lumber Company, and the first bank, Dade County State Bank, were both established in 1893. That year, Flagler began planning a city to house the employees working in the two grand hotels on the neighboring island of Palm Beach.
Flagler paid two area settlers, Porter and Louie Hillhouse, a combined sum of $45,000 for the original town site. Flagler hired George W. Potter, Dade County's first surveyor, to set aside 48 blocks for development stretching from Clear Lake to Lake Worth, an area that would later become West Palm Beach. The east-to-west oriented streets were named alphabetically from north to south – Althea, Banyan, Clematis, Datura, Evernia, Fern – while some of the north-to-south roads were called Lantana, Narcissus, Olive, Poinsettia, Rosemary, and Tamarind. Most of these names are still used today. Over in Palm Beach, construction began on the Royal Poinciana Hotel on May 1, 1893. The lots in West Palm Beach were auctioned off in the ballroom of the Royal Poinciana on February 4, 1894, one week before the hotel opened for business. In late March, Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway reached West Palm Beach.
On November 5, 1894, residents met at the "Calaboose", which served as the first jail and police station. The building formerly stood at Clematis Street and Poinsettia, now Dixie Highway. The 78 people there voted on a motion to incorporate, with 77 in favor and 1 against. They also decided to name the municipality "West Palm Beach", originally a town. This made West Palm Beach the first incorporated municipality in the county and in Southeast Florida. On the following day, 78 people also met to vote on the new town officers. Voters elected John S. Earman as the first mayor, while Henry J. Burkhardt, E. H. Dimick, J. M. Garland, H. T. Grant, J. F. Lamond, and George Zapf became the town's first aldermen. Eli Sims and W. L. Tolbert were chosen to be town clerk and town marshal, respectively. Later in November 1894, the Flagler Alerts, an all-volunteer fire department, was established as the first fire department in the city.
Although Flagler intended for the West Palm Beach area to be the southern terminus of his railroad, the track was extended farther southward to Miami after two severe freezes in the winter of 1894–95. The Weather Bureau office, then located in Jupiter, recorded temperatures of 24 and 27 °F (−4 and −3 °C) on December 29, 1894, and February 9, 1895, respectively. Though the railroad continued southward to Miami and eventually to Key West, Flagler and his workers continued building structures in the early years of Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. Completion of a railroad bridge across Lake Worth in 1895 allowed passengers to directly reach Palm Beach from West Palm Beach. A census conducted that year reported a population of 1,192 people. However, the town's population decreased by more than half during the second half of the 1890s due to damage to the citrus industry caused by the aforementioned freezes, a brief cessation in construction activity, and national recessions.
At the V-shaped split at the east end of Clematis Street, "City Park" (later known as Flagler Park) was constructed, which contained a bandstand, a field for impromptu baseball games, and by 1896, a free "reading room". Two large fires devastated downtown West Palm Beach in early 1896. On January 2, an overheated stove at Midway Plaisance Saloon and Restaurant resulted in a fire that spread across all of Banyan Street. The next fire occurred on February 20, ignited after a man accidentally knocked over an oil lamp. Much of Narcissus Street burned, including the building housing The Gazetteer, which never resumed publication. The fire led to stricter building codes, with structures required to be made of bricks. Wilmon Whilldin, who served as mayor from 1898 to 1899, led a transition away from tents and shanty homes. He also emphasized the importance of more dwellings, parks, shade trees, and sanitation.
By the turn of the century, West Palm Beach had electrical and telephone service, a library, a sewer system, a pumping station, and paved roads. The 1900 Census indicated a population of 564. The library was established that year. Charles John Clarke, owner of the Palm Beach Yacht Club, donated the two-story building to be used as the library. Other donations allowed the building to be transported across the Lake Worth Lagoon via barge. The building replaced the reading room at City Park. By 1903, the town council submitted a city charter to the Florida Legislature, which was approved on July 21.
In September, a hurricane made landfall near Fort Lauderdale. As inclement weather conditions began arriving in West Palm Beach, businesses suspended their normal operations and people boarded up buildings, even as strong winds arrived. Many buildings lost their roofs, and much debris, including roofing materials, branches, paper, and driftwood, littered the streets. As northeast winds reached their peak late on September 11 and early on September 12, parts of buildings blew away. In the African-American section of the city, several buildings were destroyed. Just one of the four churches stood after the hurricane. Despite the hurricane, the city continued to grow, with newer businesses and more people arriving.
Banyan Street, originally the only location where alcohol was sold, gained an infamous reputation for its brothels, gambling halls, and saloons, which included an incident in 1895 in which Mayor Earman was arrested and charged with public intoxication while accompanying a prostitute. He was acquitted of the charges. By 1904, some local women called Carrie Nation, a radical temperance movement member notorious for attacking alcohol-serving establishments with a hatchet. However, there is no indication of her ravaging the saloons on Banyan Street. During the following years, the road's continuously poor reputation resulted in it being renamed First Street in 1925, which was reverted to Banyan Street in 1989.[26] The city's first fire department building and city hall opened in 1905 at the northeast corner of Datura Street and Poinsetta Street (modern day U.S. Route 1, also known as Dixie Highway). In 1909, Palm Beach County was formed by the Florida State Legislature, carved out of the northern portion of Dade County. West Palm Beach became the county seat. That same year, the West Palm Beach Telephone Company, the area's first telephone service, was incorporated with 65 customers.
According to the 1910 United States Census, the population of West Palm Beach was 1,743. Prior to the 1910s, many African Americans in the area lived in a segregated section of Palm Beach called the "Styx", with an estimated population of 2,000 at its peak. However, between 1910 and 1912, African Americans were evicted from the Styx. Urban legend states that the Styx was burned down by Flager's white laborers, as the shanty town was viewed as an eyesore. However, there is much evidence to refute this theory. Most of the displaced residents relocated to the northern end of West Palm Beach, in neighborhoods today known as Northwest, Pleasant City, and Freshwater.
After the passage of the Dick Act in 1903, Florida became the first state to establish its own National Guard. In 1914, a unit was established in West Palm Beach. Personnel from this unit were deployed to the Mexico–United States border from July 1916 to March 1917 and for service in Europe in October 1917.
In 1916, a neo-classical county courthouse was opened. Prior to the opening of the courthouse, county business was conducted at a school building located at Clematis Avenue and Poinsettia Street. The building underwent renovations in the 1950s and 1960s. It was used as the county courthouse until a new courthouse opened in 1995. The Board of County Commissioners agreed in 2002 to return the historic courthouse to its original design. Restoration was completed in March 2008 at a cost of just over $18 million. Today, the original courthouse houses the Historical Society of Palm Beach County and the Richard and Pat Johnson Palm Beach County History Museum.
The Palm Beach Post became a daily newspaper in January 1916, after publishing weekly editions since its founding in 1909. Based in West Palm Beach, the paper is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the county. As of November 2017, The Palm Beach Post ranked as the fifth largest newspaper by circulation in the state of Florida, behind only the Miami Herald, Sun-Sentinel, Orlando Sentinel, and Tampa Bay Times.
The West Palm Beach Canal opened in 1917. The canal stretched from the Lake Worth Lagoon westward to Twenty Mile Bend and then northwestward to Canal Point, where it enters Lake Okeechobee. The canal lowered Lake Okeechobee and allowed land to be drained for agriculture, while also allowing easier transportation of crops to the coast. The city capitalized on this development and built a new canal branch and dock facilities, boat slips, a turning basin, and warehouses. West Palm Beach soon became the county's shopping center for pineapple, sugar cane, and winter vegetables.
By the 1910s, a movement to transition to a council–manager government gained enough momentum to allow a vote in 1919. Under the proposal, the citizens would elect members of the city council, who would in turn select the mayor. On August 29, 1919, voters approved the proposal by 201–82. The proposal also called for a primary for the election of city commissioners to be held within three weeks. The rules for the primary stated the top three vote-getters were elected to the city council. David F. Dunkle became the first mayor under this system, with his inauguration occurring on September 22, 1919.
Although construction slowed dramatically during World War I, West Palm Beach and the state of Florida, unlike most of the nation, was not hit as hard by the Post–World War I recession, as the completion of major roadways such as Dixie Highway and the milder climate attracted middle-class tourists. Investors and realtors heavily promoted living and vacationing in Florida. The city grew rapidly in the 1920s as part of the Florida land boom. The population of West Palm Beach quadrupled from 1920 to 1927, coupled with significant growth in businesses and public services. Property values also rose significantly, from $13.6 million in 1920 to $61 million in 1925.
All areas of West Palm Beach east of Australian Avenue had been platted by 1927, although sections north of 36th Street and south of Southern Boulevard remained mostly undeveloped. Many of the city's landmark structures and preserved neighborhoods were constructed in the 1920s. For example, during this time, the Harvey and Clarke architectural firm – formed by Henry Stephen Harvey (the Mayor of West Palm Beach from 1924 to 1926) and L. Philips Clarke in 1921 – designed several structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Alfred J. Comeau House, American National Bank Building, Comeau Building, Dixie Court Hotel (demolished in 1990), Guaranty Building and Pine Ridge Hospital. Several waterfront hotels were built in the 1920s, including the Royal Palm, El Verano, and Pennsylvania. Other notable projects constructed during this era included Good Samaritan Hospital and the Seaboard Airline Railroad Station. Additionally, the city opened its first permanent library on January 26, 1924, named the Memorial Library in honor of those who died during World War I.
See also: Effects of the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane in Florida
The 1928 Okeechobee hurricane devastated West Palm Beach. The city observed at least 10 in (250 mm) of rainfall. Among the buildings destroyed included a furniture store, pharmacy, warehouse, hotel, school, an ironworks, and the fire station. All of the theaters in the city suffered severe damage or destruction. Generally, wood-frame buildings fared poorly and many other structures lost their roofs, while the few concrete-built structures remained standing. Skylights at the county courthouse and city hall shattered, damaging documents and records. Only one business on Clematis Street escaped serious damage, while two buildings remained standing on the north side of Banyan Boulevard (then known as First Street) between Dixie Highway and Olive Avenue, owing to the frail construction of the business buildings in that section of the city. The latter, considered the auto row of West Palm Beach, was reduced to "a mass of debris", according to The New York Times. Partially destruction of the hospital led to a temporary hospital being set up in the Pennsylvania Hotel, which itself suffered damage after the chimney crashed through 14 floors. At the city library, more than half of the books were destroyed and the floor was covered with about 2 ft (0.61 m) of water and mud. Waves washed up mounds of sand and debris across Banyan Boulevard, Clematis Street, and Datura Street, to Olive Avenue.
The buildings used by The Palm Beach Post and the Palm Beach Times suffered severe damage, though both companies continued to publish newspapers with little interruption. The Central Farmers Trust Company, the city's only bank, was deroofed and flooded. Prior to the storm, the American Legion building was designated as the headquarters for the Red Cross, but the building was severely damaged, forcing the Red Cross to relocate its relief post to another building. At Palm Beach High School, then located where the Dreyfoos School of the Arts stands today, the clock tower collapsed. The storm deroofed most buildings at Saint Ann's Catholic Church, while Bradley Hall Towers suffered total destruction. At Flamingo Park, one of the worst hit areas of the city, many homes suffered damage, while a shopping center on Lake Avenue experienced near complete destruction. In contrast, the El Cid and Northwood neighborhoods generally experienced only superficial impact. Fallen pine trees blocked many streets in Vedado. At Bacon Park, the area west of Parker Avenue was desolate.
Many homes also experienced damage in the African-American section of the city, where most dwellings were built of discarded material. On one street, only two houses did not lose either their walls or roof. Strong winds tossed cars and walls down the streets. During the storm, about 100 people ran to a trash incinerator, a concrete-reinforced building. Local Black churches suffered significant damage. Tabernacle Missionary Baptist Church lost many bricks on its front facade, much of the metal grillwork around the entrances, and its roof.. The storm destroyed Payne Chapel AME Church, while St. Patrick's Catholic Church received about $40,000 in damage. According to county coroner T. M. Rickards, the streets were "shoulder-deep in debris. The suffering throughout was beyond words." Throughout the city, the storm destroyed 1,711 homes and damaged 6,369 others, leaving about 2,100 families homeless. Additionally, the hurricane demolished 268 businesses and impacted 490 others. In all, damage totaled approximately $13.8 million and 11 deaths occurred.
Farther inland, the hurricane is believed to have killed at least 2,500 people in cities just southeast of Lake Okeechobee, particularly in Bean City, Belle Glade, Chosen, Pahokee, and South Bay. After the storm, at least 743 bodies were brought to West Palm Beach for burial. Due to racial segregation, all but eight of the victims that received a proper burial at Woodlawn Cemetery were white. The remaining 674 bodies who were black or of an unidentifiable race were mass buried at a site near the junction of 25th Street and Tamarind Avenue, which was the city's paupers cemetery. After the burials were complete, Mayor Vincent Oaksmith proclaimed an hour of mourning on October 1 for those who died during the storm. At the pauper's cemetery, a funeral service was hosted by several local clergymen and attended by about 3,000 people, including educator Mary McLeod Bethune. A memorial was placed at Woodlawn Cemetery on behalf of the victims of the storm, but no such marker was placed at the paupers cemetery mass burial site until 2003, around the 75th anniversary of the storm.
The economic decline and the storm combined caused further skepticism among potential investors and buyers of land in the area. As a result, property values plummeted. During the end of the 1920s, several banks and hotels throughout the county declared bankruptcy or were sold to new owners, Palm Beach Bank and Trust. In October 1929, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 occurred, initiating the Great Depression. Real estate costs in West Palm Beach dropped 53 percent to $41.6 million between 1929 and 1930 and further to only $18.2 million by 1935. Twelve banks failed in Palm Beach County by 1930. However, houses continued to be constructed by the private sector. Also in despite of the economic turmoil, the population continued to increase, albeit at a far slower rate than the previous decades. Between 1920 and 1930, the city's population went from 8,659 to 26,610, a 207.3% increase. However, from 1930 to 1940, the population of the city increased from 26,610 to 33,693, or 26.6%.
In 1933, Palm Beach Junior College (PBJC) was established in West Palm Beach at Palm Beach High School, which is now Dreyfoos School of the Arts, becoming the first junior college in Florida. County school superintendent Joe Youngblood and Palm Beach High School principal Howell Watkins were instrumental in founding the college. Watkins was selected to be the college's first dean. Initially, the college's goal was to provide additional training to local high school graduates who were unable to find jobs during the Great Depression. The college would move out of its original building in 1948 and later to its current main campus in Lake Worth in 1956. PBJC eventually expanded to five campuses – Belle Glade (1972), Boca Raton (1983), Loxahatchee Groves (2017), and Palm Beach Gardens (1980). The college was renamed Palm Beach Community College in 1988 and then Palm Beach State College in 2010.[61]
After learning to fly an airplane in 1932, Grace Morrison began an effort to gain support for a public airport in Palm Beach County. Construction began in the mid-1930s and costed about $180,000 to build. Morrison died in a car accident in Titusville a few months before the airport opened in 1936. In its early years, the airport was called Morrison Field in her honor. The inaugural flight from Morrison Field was piloted by Dick Merrill. Due to poor weather conditions in Pennsylvania, the plane had to crash land near Matamoras. Also in 1936, WJNO-AM 1290 (then WJNO - 1230 AM) signed on, becoming West Palm Beach's first radio station.
During World War II, Florida's long coastline became vulnerable to attack. German U-boats sank dozens of merchant ships and oil tankers just off the coast of Palm Beach, which was under black out conditions to minimize night visibility to German U-boats. The U.S. Army Air Corps (a forerunner of the United States Air Force) established an Air Transport Command post at Morrison Field. The army constructed barracks, hangars, and other buildings to support about 3,000 soldiers. Throughout the course of the war, over 45,000 pilots trained or flew out of the command post, many in preparation for the Normandy landings. The 313th Material Squadron was moved from Miami Municipal Airport to Morrison Field in April 1942, with approximately 1,000 men working around the clock in order to repair and test aircraft before they were put into service. In 1947, Morrison Field was deactivated and returned to the possession of Palm Beach County.[66] Morrison Field was renamed Palm Beach International Airport (PBIA) later that year.
Late on August 26, 1949, a Category 4 hurricane made landfall in Lake Worth. In West Palm Beach, the hurricane produced sustained winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) and gusts up to 130 mph (210 km/h) at PBIA. The airport itself suffered about $1 million in damage, with several hangars destroyed and 16 planes ruined and 5 others affected. Additionally, 15 C-46s suffered damage. Throughout West Palm Beach, about 2,000 homes out of about 7,000 in the city were damaged. It was estimated that the hurricane caused more than $4 million in damage in West Palm Beach.
As a result of the Korean War, PBIA again became a military post in 1951. Temporarily renamed Palm Beach Air Force Base, nearly 23,000 Air Force personnel trained at the base during the Korean War. The federal government proposed keeping Palm Beach Air Force Base as a permanent military facility, but ultimately decided to return it to Palm Beach County control in 1959, and the name was reverted to Palm Beach International Airport.
The 1950s saw another boom in population, partly due to the return of many soldiers and airmen who had served or trained in the area during World War II. Also, the advent of air conditioning encouraged growth, as year-round living in a tropical climate became more acceptable to northerners. West Palm Beach became the nation's fourth fastest growing metropolitan areas during the 1950s; the city's borders spread west of Military Trail and south to Lake Clarke Shores. Between 1949 and 1962, property values rose from $72 million to $147.5 million, while the population in 1950 was 43,612 and increased about 30% by 1960. In 1955, using a $18 million bond issue, the City of West Palm Beach upgraded its sewer system and purchased the water treatment plant (then owned by Henry Flagler's estate) and land to the west of the city's boundaries, including 20 sq mi (52 km2) of wetlands (from Flagler Water Systems) and an additional 17,000 acres (6,900 ha) of land previously owned by Flagler's Model Land Company.
About two year later, the city sold about 5,500 acres (2,200 ha) of that land for $4.35 million to Perini Corporation of Massachusetts president Louis R. Perini, Sr. In order to transform the wetlands into dry land, Perini hired Gee and Jensen Engineers, who used approximately 30,000,000 cubic yards (23,000,000 m3) of fill to complete the task. Perini constructed the Roosevelt Estates neighborhood for middle class African-Americans. Additionally, Perini changed the name of 12th Street to Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard and extended it westward. The road was curved southwestward to eventually connect with Okeechobee Boulevard. Perini would also construct the first section of Interstate 95 in Palm Beach County in 1966, from Okeechobee Boulevard to 45th Street.
In the 1960s, Perini sold much of the land back to the city of West Palm Beach. The city, in turn, built West Palm Beach Municipal Stadium in 1963, the West Palm Beach Auditorium in 1965, and the Palm Beach Mall in 1967. On October 26, 1967, the Palm Beach Mall opened along Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard between Interstate 95 and Congress Avenue. The opening ceremony included a ribbon-cutting by Governor Claude Kirk, Mayor Reid Moore Jr., and Miss USA 1967 winner Cheryl Patton. About 40,000 visited the mall on its opening day. Upon opening, the mall contained 87 stores over a 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) area. The mall gradually began to draw businesses and patrons away from downtown, especially when Burdines left downtown in 1979.
The 1950s and 1960s also saw the opening of the Palm Beach Zoo (then known as the Dreher Park Zoo) in 1957 and the South Florida Science Center and Aquarium in 1961. The first shopping plaza in Palm Beach County, the Palm Coast Plaza, opened in 1959 along Dixie Highway near the city's southern boundary. At the time, it was considered "the largest and most complete shopping center between Miami and Jacksonville". The city of West Palm Beach opened a new library at the east end of Clematis Street on April 30, 1962, to replace the Memorial Library. In 1968, Palm Beach Atlantic University (PBA), an accredited, private Christian university, began at a downtown local church, before opening a campus in the 1980s.
On January 19, 1977, West Palm Beach recorded its first ever snowfall event, as part of a cold wave episode. Snow fell between 6:10 a.m. and 8:40 a.m., but hardly any accumulation was measured, as the snow almost immediately melted or was blown away after touchdown. PBIA also recorded temperatures as low as 27 °F (−3 °C).
By the 1980s, downtown West Palm Beach had become notorious for crime, poverty, and vacant and dilapidated businesses and houses. Then-United States Senator Lawton Chiles referred to the area as a "war zone" during his visit in September 1987, while local politicians were not optimistic about the future of downtown. The city had the highest crime rate for a city of its size in the late 1980s. Crack USA: County Under Siege, a 1989 documentary film about the crack epidemic, was filmed in West Palm Beach.
In 1986, private investors David C. Paladino and Henry J. Rolfs presented a 20-year, $433 million project to revitalize the western side of downtown. The proposal included plans 3,700,000 sq ft (340,000 m2) for offices, 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m2) for retail stores, 800 hotel rooms, and 700 housing units. Paladino and Rolfs purchased and razed properties across 77 acres (31 ha) of land – more than 300 properties – adjacent to Okeechobee Boulevard for about $40 million, with the exception of First United Methodist Church, which later became the Harriet Himmel Theater. The duo donated 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land for development of the Kravis Center for the Performing Arts, which opened in 1992. However, by the early 1990s, the project was discontinued after Rolfs exhausted his personal fortune and due to defaulted loans, foreclosures, lawsuits, and a recession.
After several decades under the Council–manager government, public opinion shifted in favor of electing a strong mayor and having a mayor–council government by the early 1990s. Under one proposal, the mayor would be elected to a four-year term and be eligible for re-election once, the city manager and mayor would share administrative duties, and the mayor would receive the power to veto commission votes, which could be overridden by a 4–1 vote. Additionally, the mayor would be authorized to line-item veto the budget, initiate investigations, and supervise contracts and purchases involving more than $5,000. After a successful petition drive, this proposal would be listed on the ballot as Question 2. In response, the city commission submitted Question 1, which effectively added a weak mayor. In this proposal, the difference versus Question 2 is that the city manager would retain administrative authority, the mayor would vote with city commissioners only in the event of a tie, and the mayor could not veto votes by the city commission. In the referendum for mayor, voters were required to vote yes or no on Question 1 and Question 2. If both received a majority of yes votes, the question with more votes passed. The election was held on March 12, 1991. Both propositions received a majority of the votes. Question 1 received 2,944 yes votes versus 2,665 no votes, a margin of 52.6%–47.4%. Question 2 passed by a margin of 65.7%–34.3% and a vote total of 3,779–1,972. Therefore, Question 2 prevailed, allowing citizens of West Palm Beach to directly elect a strong mayor.
The first general election for Mayor of West Palm Beach since the late 1910s occurred on November 5, 1991. Candidates included attorney and former state representative Joel T. Daves III, city senior planner Jim Exline, Nancy M. Graham, Josephine Stenson Grund, property management company owner Michael D. Hyman, and former Palm Beach County commissioner Bill Medlen. Graham and Hyman received 34.3% and 24.9% of the vote, respectively, allowing them to advance to a run-off election held on November 19. Graham defeated Hyman by a margin of 55.8%–44.2%. She was sworn in as the city's first strong mayor on November 21.
During the campaign, Graham vowed for improvements to downtown. Much of the renovations in downtown began after a $18.2 million bond was issued to the city in October 1992, with $4 million allotted to the waterfront. Among the first projects was a beautification of Clematis Street, which was complete in December 1993. Over the previous six months, benches, sidewalks, and trees were replaced. The project resulted in several businesses moving to Clematis Street. Architect Dan Kiley was hired for several of the waterfront projects, including building an amphitheater, remodeling the library, and designing an interactive water fountain at Flagler Park.
The plan for building the amphitheater would require the city to spend about $1 million for construction, as well as $171,400 for the demolition of a Holiday Inn. The building was chosen because it had remained vacant and gutted since 1986, while plans for reselling or remodeling the building for a different use fell through. A nearby bank agreed to finance most of the cost of purchasing the building, allowing the city to acquire the hotel for only $1,000. Controlled Demolition, Inc. was hired for the demolition, which was scheduled for December 31, 1993, about 10 seconds before midnight. More than 20,000 people attended the explosion event, which was triggered by about 300 sticks of dynamite. Graham sold $25 tickets for a close-up view of the explosion. Revenue from tickets and donations totaled almost $1 million.
Among the most ambitious efforts to rejuvenate economic activity in downtown West Palm Beach was CityPlace. After the city reacquired the land formerly proposed for the Downtown/Uptown project by eminent domain and a multi-million dollar loan in 1995, the city began appealing to large architectural firms to develop the site Of the three proposed bid, the city commission chose CityPlace by a vote of 5–1 on October 9, 1996.[100] The $375 million project called for an 18 to 24 screen movie theater and a number of restaurants, upscale stores, apartments, and office buildings, all centered around the historical First United Methodist Church, which later became the Harriet Himmel Theatre. Overall, about 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2) of land development was approved. In return, the city agreed to invest $75 million for construction of streets, parking garages, and plazas, with $20 million already borrowed for purchasing land. Construction began in 1998, with stores expected to open in November 1999, though CityPlace would actually open in October 2000.
CityPlace opened to the public on October 27, 2000, with 31 stores and 1 restaurant opening during the first weekend. Barnes & Noble, Macy's, and a Muvico Parisian 20 and IMAX theater served as the original anchors. The initial focus of CityPlace involved attracting many high-end stores as tenants, though emphasis shifted to home furnishings during the housing bubble. By the Great Recession, the scope turned heavily toward dining and entertainment establishments becoming tenants. Related Companies re-branded CityPlace as "Rosemary Square" in April 2019. The company intends to transform Rosemary Square from a lifestyle center to a more urban-like environment, using $550 million to construct new restaurants, a new mixed-use luxury residential tower, a new hotel, and an office tower containing 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) of space. Some asphalt roads were replaced with gray and white pavers and converted to create more pedestrian-walking space. The shopping center would later be re-named The Square. In 2023, the movie theater was demolished; Related Companies intends to construct two office towers in its place and add a 455-seat IMAX theater.
As the county seat of Palm Beach County, West Palm Beach entered the national spotlight during the 2000 presidential election. According to the results officially certified by Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris, George W. Bush very narrowly carried the state of Florida over Al Gore – by 537 votes. Both candidates needed to win the state of Florida in order to secure at least 270 electoral votes, and thereby prevail in the presidential election. The close results and Palm Beach County's controversial butterfly ballot led to a notorious recount. Among those serving on the canvassing board included former West Palm Beach mayor Carol Roberts. Ultimately, the United States Supreme Court decided in Bush v. Gore on December 12, 2000, that Harris's tally would stand, awarding Bush the 25 electoral votes of Florida and the presidential election.
In 2004 and 2005, several tropical cyclones impacted Palm Beach County, including hurricanes Frances, Jeanne, and Wilma. West Palm Beach was affected most by Hurricane Wilma in October 2005, with the eye passing directly over the city at Category 2 intensity. Wilma produced hurricane-force winds and gusts up to 101 mph (163 km/h) at the Palm Beach International Airport. Throughout the city, 1,194 businesses suffered minor damage and 105 others experienced severe impact, while one was destroyed. A total of 6,036 homes received some degree of damage from the storm, while 16 were completely demolished. Additionally, 20 city government buildings were damaged. Overall, damage in West Palm Beach totaled approximately $425.8 million, with $267.4 million in damage to businesses, $153.1 million to residences, and $5.3 million to public property.
In the spring of 2009, City Center opened for business at the corner of Clematis Street and Dixie Highway. Constructed at a cost of approximately $154 million, the complex included a new library and city hall, while several city departments relocated to the complex. The city opened the Mandel Public Library of West Palm Beach on April 13, 2009 at City Center, replacing the original library at the east end of Clematis Street. The original library was demolished later that year for construction of a waterfront park and pavilion, which opened to the public in February 2010. The Mandel Public Library is approximately 2.5 times larger than the former library. The library currently circulates more than 800,000 items and has over 100,000 registered card holders.
The 2010 United States Census counted a population of 99,919 people in West Palm Beach. With the number being just 81 short of 100,000, then-outgoing mayor Lois Frankel indicated the potential for challenging the tally, as having a population of at least 100,000 would entitle the city to additional grants. Additionally, the United States Census Bureau estimated that the city had a population of 100,665 people on April 1, 2010. However, the city government apparently did not challenge the 99,919 population figure, as it remains in the official census records.
Although CityPlace revitalized downtown, it also contributed to the demise of the Palm Beach Mall. After a significant decline in foot traffic and tenants, as well as failed attempts to lure big box stores such as Bass Pro and IKEA to the mall, it was demolished in 2013. Palm Beach Outlets, designed and operated by New England Development, opened in February 2014 at the same location. The 460,000 sq ft (43,000 m2) outlet mall, comprising more than 100 stores, is anchored by Saks Fifth Avenue.
With the closure of the municipal stadium in 1997 (and its subsequent demolition in 2002), West Palm Beach had lost its ability to host spring training for a Major League Baseball. However, with the opening of the FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches in 2017, spring training returned to the city after a 20-year hiatus. The 6,500 seat stadium hosts the spring training events for the Houston Astros and Washington Nationals. In its inaugural year, 55,881 people attended Astros training games. However, in 2018, attendance increased to 67,931 people as a result of the Astros' 2017 World Series championship.
The high-speed train Brightline opened its first two stations in Fort Lauderdale and West Palm Beach in January 2018, with a Miami station opened in May of that year. Brightline extended its service to Orlando in 2023.
Statue of Sir Henry Parkes (see later) on the Department of Lands building.
The Lands Department building, 23-33 Bridge Street was designed by James Barnet and built in two stages in 1876-1880 and 1888-1893. The site had been occupied since 1788 by the Surveyor General. The new Lands Act of 1884 required additional office accommodation and a second stage was urgently required by 1887. The 23 statues on the cornice of the building were not completed until 1901.
The highly important Datum Bench Mark Plug which controls all levels in the state, was inserted on the front of the building at some time between 1887 and 1894. Initially the building was shared by Lands and by Mines and Agriculture.
It remains the home of the Department of Land and Water Conservation. The building was and still is one of Sydney’s most elaborate sandstone facades. At the upper levels the building has concrete lanterns to copper-roofed domes, a revolving observatory dome (never used), and a prominent stone tower with a distinctive onion-shaped dome.
Parkes, Sir Henry (1815–1896) by A. W. Martin
Sir Henry Parkes (1815-1896), politician and journalist, was born on 27 May 1815 in Warwickshire, England, youngest of the seven children of Thomas Parks, tenant farmer on Stoneleigh Abbey Estate, and his wife Martha, née Faulconbridge. Forced off their farm in 1823 by debt, the Parkes family moved to Glamorganshire and about 1825 settled in Birmingham, where Thomas was a gardener and odd-job man. Henry's formal education was in his own words, 'very limited and imperfect'; he briefly attended Stoneleigh parish school and later joined the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute. Obliged as a boy to help in supporting the family, he worked as a road labourer and in a brickpit and rope-walk, before being apprenticed to John Holding, bone and ivory turner of Moseley Street. Having served his articles, he began his own business in 1837. On 11 July 1836 at Edgbaston Parish Church he had married Clarinda, 23-year-old daughter of John Varney, butcher. They regularly attended Carr's Lane Independent Chapel under the formidable John Angell James, whose precepts and oratorical style left a permanent impression on Parkes. Another important Birmingham influence was Thomas Attwood's Political Union, which Parkes joined at 17. He heard Attwood, Scholefield and Edmunds orate at Newhall Hill, sported the union badge and in 1833 dedicated a poem on the wrongs of Poland to Attwood's son.
The business failed and in 1838 Parkes took Clarinda to London in search of better prospects. They survived a few weeks by pawning his tools, then determined to leave for New South Wales as bounty migrants. In March 1839 Hetherington's Charter published verses from Parkes as 'A Poet's Farewell', indignantly condemning a society through whose injustices 'men like this are compelled to seek the means of existence in a foreign wilderness'. Parkes assured his Birmingham family of his certainty of 'making my fortune and coming back to fetch all of you'. He and Clarinda sailed from Gravesend on 27 March 1839 in the Strathfieldsaye, their ears 'incessantly assailed by the coarse expressions and blasphemies' of other steerage passengers.
They reached Sydney on 25 July 1839 with a first surviving child born at sea two days earlier. Parkes found work as a labourer on Sir John Jamison's Regentville estate but after six months returned to Sydney to work in Thomas Burdekin's iron-mongery and Peter Russell's brass-foundry. In 1840 he became a tide-waiter in the Customs Department, slowly bought tools and in 1845 set up in Hunter Street as an ivory turner and importer of fancy goods. Impressed by what seemed 'flattering prospects' of developing 'a respectable mercantile business', he opened branches in Maitland and Geelong, but both failed and by 1850 he was in financial difficulties, writing remorsefully to his wife of 'too culpable neglect of my business in Sydney'. He had by then become deeply involved in literary and political activities, attractions which highlighted the dullness of a business life.
Parkes's talents as a writer, extraordinary for one so lacking in formal education, developed quickly in the 1840s. He was briefly Sydney correspondent for the Launceston Examiner, and contributed occasional poems and articles on political and literary topics, sometimes under the pseudonym 'Faulconbridge', to the Sydney Morning Herald, the Australasian Chronicle and the Atlas. In 1842 he published by subscription a first book of verse, Stolen Moments. Through W. A. Duncan and Charles Harpur, his 'chief advisers on matters of intellectual resource and enquiry', he came to be associated with most of the colony's radical patriots. Discussion gave place in 1848 to action, when with J. K. Heydon he became organizing secretary of a tradesmen's committee which successfully promoted Robert Lowe for the City of Sydney seat in the Legislative Council. Later that year he joined radicals in the Constitutional Association which developed out of the Lowe committee to agitate for franchise extension and land reform. In his first public speech, made at the City Theatre in January 1849, Parkes advocated universal suffrage as the best guarantee that the people, 'growing in enlightenment', would avoid 'the excesses of Paris and Frankfurt'. His radicalism reached a brief apogee in April 1850 when Rev. John Dunmore Lang and J. R. Wilshire established the Australian League to work for universal suffrage and transformation of the Australian colonies into a 'Great Federal Republic'. Parkes wrote to Lang to denounce the 'dung-hill aristocracy of Botany Bay' and to assert his eagerness to 'enrol in the league for the entire freedom and independence' of this 'land of my adoption and of my children's birth'. In July he worked as chief organizer and canvasser when Lang stood against J. R. Holden for a vacant Sydney seat in the Legislative Council. In this campaign Parkes joined the Chartist, David Blair, to issue the Representative: A Daily Journal of the Election as a counter to the 'discreditable handbills' circulated by Lang's opponents. Lang won the seat but his league did not survive long and Parkes's republicanism soon evaporated. Daniel Deniehy told Lang that Parkes had 'too much, not of the Englishman in him, but of “Englishmanism” about him', to lend serious comfort to the republicans of New South Wales. But this was only part of the story; Parkes was already finding a more congenial cause in the liberal movement which by the early 1850s was becoming the most effective spearhead against the old colonial conservatives.
Parkes, who had been prominent in the great protest which greeted the convict ship Hashemy in 1849, eagerly dedicated his organizational talents to the Anti-transportation League and drifted easily into the liberal campaigns against the anti-democratic Electoral Act of 1851. Late in 1850 he found support to set up as editor-proprietor of the Empire, a newspaper destined to be the chief organ of mid-century liberalism and to serve as the rallying and reconciliation point for the sharpest radical and liberal minds of the day. Critics of the existing system as diverse as C. G. Duffy, Edward Butler, James Martin, William Forster, Deniehy and Lang were contributors but Parkes was presiding genius. Full-time journalist and politician now, he abandoned shopkeeping for a happy reconciliation of desire and duty: the Empire allowed devotion to a political cause and promised steady economic support for a growing family. By 1853, deeply involved in organizing the Constitution Committee to oppose Wentworth's constitution bill, he was ready to seek a place in the Legislative Council. Failing at a by-election that year, he won Wentworth's old Sydney seat in 1854, defeating Charles Kemp in a contest generally seen as a trial of strength between liberals and conservatives over the constitutional issue. The radicals' acceptance of a frankly liberal Parkes as their candidate in place of Lang symbolized the merging in his person of radical and liberal movements. The liberal leader, Charles Cowper, warmly welcomed him to the council as an opponent of 'Wentworthian and Thomsonian policy', and Parkes's election to the Chamber of Commerce signified his acceptance into the inner liberal group.
Parkes entered the council near its end: the constitutional proposals were under scrutiny in London and no longer a subject for effective local debate. Meanwhile the liberals' reformism was chiefly reflected in a range of inquiries instituted by the dying council into such matters as a nautical school for boys, the importation of Asiatic labour, the adulteration of food and the state of agriculture. In this work Parkes won repute as an assiduous and imaginative committeeman.
In March 1856 at the first Legislative Assembly established by the new Constitution, Parkes was one of the liberal bunch which carried all four seats in the premier Sydney City constituency. He supported Cowper in the complex manoeuvres of the first parliament until obliged in December to resign to give full attention to the Empire, then in serious financial difficulties. He re-entered parliament in January 1858 for the North Riding of Cumberland but in August had to resign for insolvency. The Empire had collapsed, ending his dream of using the paper as 'an independent power to vivify, elevate and direct the political life of the country' and leaving him 'to begin life afresh with a wife and five children to support, a name in a commercial sense ruined and a doubt of the practical character of my mind'. He survived bankruptcy proceedings, struggled on with the support of friends and the proceeds of occasional journalism and planned briefly to abandon politics for a legal career. But in June 1859 he was back in parliament to represent East Sydney.
Politics in the assembly had by then settled into a faction mould. Having in 1857 declared his independence of Cowper and John Robertson, Parkes developed a personal following in the House and in 1859-60 emerged as critic and rival of the established liberal leadership. But economic insecurity made him vulnerable, and early in 1861 he accepted an invitation by Cowper to tour England with W. B. Dalley as government lecturer on emigration at a salary of £1000.
Parkes sailed in May, leaving his family in poverty on their rented farm at Werrington. In England he attended vigorously to his duties, though with limited success. Prevailing English sentiment was well expressed by Sir John Pakington, who declared at Parkes's meeting in Droitwich his unwillingness to see 'the pith of our English population seeking a home elsewhere'. Early in 1863 Parkes returned to Sydney in good spirits, his self-confidence strengthened by the kind attention he had received from government officials and such literary idols as Carlyle, Hughes and Cobden, and having established while in Birmingham a new fancy goods importing business which he hoped might in the next six years 'provide for the rest of our lives'.
An opportunity to return to parliament offered itself in August 1863 when J. B. Darvall sought ministerial re-election at East Maitland. Parkes opposed Darvall and lost the contest after a bitter campaign, but in January 1864 was returned at a by-election for Kiama, a seat he held until 1870. From late 1864 until early 1866 he opposed consecutive Martin and Cowper ministries, while steadily rebuilding his own faction. In 1865 Cowper tried without success to buy him off again, with offers first of the lucrative post of inspector of prisons, then of a portfolio in his ministry. By early 1866 Martin and Parkes were in private negotiation: successful censure of Cowper followed and Martin, commissioned to form a ministry, included Parkes, as colonial secretary, and two followers.
This coalition, scarcely more than a marriage of convenience, failed to develop a positive and unanimous programme. Its leaders differed on such basic issues as the tariff, state aid, electoral and land reform. Parkes was responsible for establishing the hulk Vernon as a nautical school for destitute boys, for an Act requiring the inspection of hospitals and for bringing to Sydney under Lucy Osburn nursing sisters trained by Florence Nightingale. But the government's support was uncertain and its ministers quarrelsome; its only major legislation in two years and a half of office, Parkes's 1866 Public Schools Act, passed the assembly with Opposition assistance. This measure was Parkes's first important contribution to education reform. Prompted by the high cost of competing national and denominational systems of education, it aimed at rationalizing expenditure by placing both under a Council of Education which was also to oversee teacher training and the content of secular lessons.
The measure aroused sectarian controversy which Parkes did little to assuage. It revived again in March 1868 when H. J. O'Farrell attempted to assassinate the visiting Duke of Edinburgh. The government, alleging a Fenian plot, carried a savage Treason Felony Act suspending civil rights, but no conspiracy was discovered. In September Parkes resigned from the ministry in protest at its handling of a quarrel between the treasurer, Geoffrey Eagar, and W. A. Duncan, collector of customs. Lacking Parkes's support, Martin's ministry fell within a month. Meanwhile in a speech at Kiama Parkes had alleged that he had evidence to prove O'Farrell had acted on Fenian orders and that one conspirator had been murdered when suspected of revealing the plot. While his move had obvious political purposes, Parkes's correspondence also shows that he was obsessed with fears for his own safety and a belief in Catholic ambitions to seize political hegemony. A select committee under W. J. Macleay found no proof of the allegations, but though Parkes rallied sectarian and factional support to have its report expunged from the records of the House, the 'Kiama ghost' long remained an embarrassment.
Parkes's financial difficulties had been mounting: his importing venture failed and in December 1870 he collapsed again into bankruptcy. He resigned his seat but soon assured his sister that he would be 're-elected to the Legislature whenever I choose to offer myself, and strange as it may seem two-thirds of the mercantile classes will vote for me. They have got a notion that I am wholly unfit for business, but the fittest of all men for Parliament'. He survived by borrowing from friends, working as a journalist and briefly acting as travelling agent for H. H. Hall. In January 1872 he was returned for Mudgee in time to help in ousting the Martin-Robertson coalition ministry. General elections in February-March confirmed Martin's defeat and after complex negotiations Parkes became premier for the first time. His achievement bore witness to the political arts of which he was now supreme master: besides his own followers the ministry included old Cowper-Robertson men and Butler, a barrister who had covertly engineered sectional Catholic support for Parkes at the election.
The ministry took office in May at a time of commercial prosperity. By December, thanks chiefly to the rising sale of public lands, the Treasury had a substantial surplus. Parkes embarked on vigorous development of public works, effected a downward revision of tariff schedules and negotiated an agreement with Victoria on free border trade. Though once 'bitten by the doctrine of fostering infant industries' Parkes had in 1861 learnt from Cobden the error of his ways: now as tariff reformer, he received a gold medal from the Cobden Club and established his image as high priest of free trade in New South Wales. He also won the confidence of Sir Hercules Robinson, a convinced free trader and experienced colonial governor, whose eagerness to discuss administrative and constitutional problems with cordiality and balance proved important for Parkes's development.
Despite favourable assembly majorities, the council mauled government bills to consolidate the criminal law and to redraw electoral boundaries. The governor refused a ministerial request for new appointments and the council threw out a bill which, with overwhelming assembly support, aimed to give the Upper House an elective component. Echoes of former constitutional battles brought Parkes kudos as an old liberal campaigner. He emerged less happily from another crisis which arose in 1873 when his attorney-general and personal friend, Butler, resigned in protest against his failure to honour an implied promise of the chief justiceship then vacant. Though correct in judging that Martin had superior claims to the post, Parkes extricated himself from the obligation to Butler without displaying the frankness of a gentleman or the sensitivity of a friend and colleague. His deviousness is understandable in the light of pressure from the Bar, of his instinct for intrigue, of his unease at Butler's unpredictability and of the danger of his ministry falling. The reputations of both men were not enhanced when Butler made public their correspondence. The unhappy consequence of the breach was more than personal since the Parkes-Butler alliance had effected a liberal-Catholic rapprochement full of promise for the colony's best interests.
After an assembly motion in November 1874 which condemned the handling of messages on the governor's response to petitions for and against the release of Frank Gardiner, the ministry resigned in January 1875. Public passions muddied the constitutional issues at stake and the ministry's defeat had resulted from a clever Opposition stratagem: the permanent significance of the case lay in calmer discussions between Robinson, Parkes and the Colonial Office leading to clearer definition of the responsibilities of ministers and governor in exercising the prerogative of pardon.
Parkes led the opposition to Robertson's ministry of 1875 and was premier from March to August 1877. By then politics had drifted into chaos. Of the faction leaders of the 1860s only Parkes and Robertson remained, but neither helped to readjust members' loyalties by developing distinctive policies; while both shuffled on major issues, a 'third party' was formed under J. S. Farnell and short-lived governments did little more than business essential to the conduct of administration. On 13 December 1878 Robertson resigned from parliament, hoping that 'the Assembly will naturally arrange itself into two parties'. Four days later a meeting of opposition members, mostly Robertson's followers, invited Parkes to become their leader. On 21 December he formed a new ministry with himself colonial secretary and Robertson, speedily appointed to the Upper House, vice-president of the Executive Council. 'It only remains to be hoped', wrote Governor Robinson dryly, 'that these gentlemen who have for nearly a quarter of a century assailed each other with such bitter political hostility will now work together harmoniously in the same cabinet'. But Parkes's claim that the coalition had been effected 'without any violation of principles' was substantially correct. The government, overwhelmingly supported in the assembly, passed appropriation and loan bills with an ease unknown to its predecessors. By late 1880 its Lands, Public Instruction and Electoral Acts had surpassed in importance any legislation for more than a decade. Elections in November enlarged the ministry's majority. Its 1881 Licensing Act regulated the liquor trade and established local option, for which the temperance movement had long clamoured. Chinese immigration was restricted and employers' liability for workmen's injuries extended. New public works were started, electoral boundaries revised and stipendiary magistrates set up.
The Public Instruction Act was for Parkes the ministry's most significant measure, an earnest of his deep conviction of the social necessity of equal educational opportunity. He had steadily defended the 1866 settlement against pressure from the Public School League and embattled Catholic and Anglican denominationalists until by the late 1870s administrative difficulties on the Council of Education, concern to spread scarce resources more widely and the alliance with Robertson led him to move in a way most practical politicians were coming to think inevitable. Archbishop Vaughan's 'audacious' attacks on National schools embittered the debate but did not prompt the 1880 legislation. Parkes correctly insisted that his bill was not anti-religious and tempered pragmatism with that liberal faith in 'freedom and equality' for which he had argued in his Empire days. Though he understood the Catholic position, he grieved at the separation of Catholic children from others with whom they would have to 'mix in later years', and his exhortations still echoed the simple colonial nativism of the 1840s and 1850s: 'let us be of whatever faith we may, let us still remember that we are above everything else free citizens of a free commonwealth'.
In December 1881 on medical advice Parkes began a holiday voyage, leaving Robertson as acting premier. He was accepted abroad, according to The Times, as 'the most commanding figure in Australian politics'. Hoping to further Australian interests, he secured commissions from all colonial governments except Victoria to represent, in the United States government and financial circles, their wish for support for the trans-Pacific steamship service and for a relaxation of import duties on wool. Though Parkes's speeches and talks on these matters had no perceptible effect on American policy he was treated everywhere with flattering attention which made his six weeks in America something of a personal triumph. He arrived in England in March 1882. His health was still poor but he found strength to become one of the social lions of the season: 'fortunately for me', he wrote, 'I can enjoy the Dinners because I have little exertion and new men of mark I constantly meet are of unfailing interest to me'. He was noticed by royalty, politicians, expatriate Australians, guilds and companies; he spoke at dinners, visited Birmingham as the mayor's guest, stayed three days with the Tennysons at Farringford, lunched at Brussels with the King and Queen of Belgium and at Potsdam spent a day as the special guest of Prince Frederick and his wife, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria. Invited by Lord Leigh he visited his birthplace, Stoneleigh, where he slept at the abbey and spoke to an assembly of village children in authoritative tones: 'you will not all rise to a position of power, honour, influence and responsibility such as that I now fill. But by resolving to discharge the duties of life, and in being of use and service in your day and generation, you will do far better than I have done'. He returned to Australia in August to be honoured at civic banquets in Melbourne and Sydney.
Parkes spoke to friends of new ministerial goals: to establish a comprehensive system of local government and make a vigorous attempt to federate the colonies. But on 16 November the government was defeated on Robertson's land bill and advised a dissolution. A general election proved unfavourable; Parkes lost the East Sydney seat but won Tenterfield and the government resigned on 4 January 1883. Its abrupt fall followed Robertson's refusal to recognize weaknesses in his 1861 land system. The governor, Lord Augustus Loftus, also noted that since his return Parkes had squandered the 'popularity and confidence he had previously enjoyed … had become dictatorial in his mode of action and overbearing in his manner, and whether intentionally or not had assumed a despotic tone which latterly became not only offensive to the Parliament but to the country'.
Loss of office dampened Parkes's zest for politics and loss of ministerial salary brought him financial problems: he returned to business and went to England as agent for a Sydney firm. Though absent from July 1883 to August 1884 he held the Tenterfield seat at the request of his constituents. In England a busy social round was punctuated by hard work on his own affairs. He addressed the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce and other public meetings in Scotland and was the moving spirit in founding the Australasian Investment Co., with its head office in Edinburgh and in Sydney a colonial board, on which he was to be prominent. He brought ivory goods home for sale and undertook to become Australasian representative of the engineering firm of Latimer, Clark, Muirhead & Co. After three months in the assembly as an ordinary Opposition member, he resigned on 3 November in protest at what he saw as the corrupt railway policy of Alexander Stuart's government. To a friend he also wrote that at 70 he was being forced by adversity 'to close a great career' to give all his time to improving his finances.
This self-imposed retirement ended when in March 1885 he attacked Dalley's decision to send colonial troops to the Sudan and contested the Argyle seat as the 'one way of constitutionally testing the opinion of the country'. Though his election by a narrow majority proved little, his principled and lucid approach to the Sudan affair did much, once jingoism abated, to reduce the government's prestige. In parliament he faced an expulsion move by enemies anxious to brand as a 'gross libel' his public assertion, made when resigning Tenterfield, that 'political character had almost disappeared from the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly'. He survived and before the dissolution in October became the spearhead of a sustained Opposition attack on the government's alleged corruption.
In the elections Parkes contested St Leonards against G. R. Dibbs and won the seat after an acrimonious campaign. In the new parliament the government fell after announcing a large deficit resulting from economic recession and the collapse of land revenue following Stuart's land reforms. Robertson unwillingly formed a ministry in December but Parkes refused to join him. Robertson fell in February 1886 and Jennings took office, to struggle in a turbulent House to carry measures to meet the financial crisis. A group led by Parkes, alarmed by protectionist clamour out of doors, chose to interpret a proposed 5 per cent ad valorem tariff as 'sneaking in protection'. The climax to wild scenes in the assembly came at midnight on Saturday, 10 July, when after three days of continuous sitting Parkes led his followers out of the House, throwing on the table a written protest against the government's determination to sit on into the next day as a violation both of the Constitution and of the Sabbath.
When Jennings resigned in January 1887 Parkes formed his fourth ministry and went to the country with the slogan 'good government and commercial freedom'. He won a resounding victory, partly through his own energetic electioneering and partly through the work of the Free Trade Association of New South Wales which had taken charge of organizing the campaign. In the new parliament he led a majority whose dedication to the principle of free trade forced political divisions into a party-like mould and signalled the imminent end of the old faction system. For Parkes a ministerial salary compensated for the collapse of his commercial hopes in a third bankruptcy.
By 1889 the ministry had 'balanced' the budget, mildly reformed the tariff and amended the bankruptcy and criminal laws. Major reform of public works administration and railway management followed. In 1888 Parkes had responded to the Chinese immigration crisis with restrictive measures which defied imperial authority and nettled other colonial leaders anxious for concerted action. Given these successes, some mystery surrounds Parkes's virtual abdication of power in January 1889 when he 'courted defeat' by refusing to answer charges against the integrity of W. M. Fehon, appointed to the new Railway Commission. Parkes professed weariness in face of the Opposition's obstructive tactics; some supporters were disgruntled at his equivocal attitude to free trade and direct taxation, and his cabinet was divided. Parkes was also under personal strain: he was still in financial difficulties; Clarinda had died on 2 February 1888; and his marriage at St Paul's Church of England, Redfern, on 6 February 1889 to Eleanor Dixon offended his family and provoked social censure.
Defeated on a snap adjournment division, Parkes resigned on 16 January. In protest William McMillan rallied the free traders who denied supply to the new Dibbs government and the House was dissolved. Narrowly victorious at the poll, the free trade party asked Parkes to resume leadership. In March he was back in office at the head of a reconstituted free trade ministry, and held office until October 1891, being dependent after June on support from the new Labor Party.
For Parkes, the principal departure of these years was the campaign which resulted in the Federation Conference and the Australasian Federal Convention of 1890-91. Though an advocate of colonial union for over thirty years, Parkes had shunned the Federal Council and puzzled federalists by seeking, largely at the prompting of Sir Alfred Stephen, to alter the name of New South Wales to Australia. In January 1889 he had announced in Melbourne his readiness to join 'heart in hand' to promote true Federation, and in June warmed to a suggestion from the governor, Lord Carrington, that to confederate the colonies would be a 'glorious finish' to his life. He told his daughter that he had lost much of his 'former relish for parliamentary work' and was moved by 'repeated suggestions and invitations from the other colonies' to offer himself 'as leader in a great movement to federate on a solid basis all the colonies'. He sounded Duncan Gillies on the subject and in October employed Major-General Edwards's reports on defence as evidence of the urgent need for Federation. In that month, as a counter to Gillies's insistence that New South Wales join the Federal Council, he went to Brisbane to consult Queensland ministers and on his return journey delivered at Tenterfield a speech calling for a federal convention to devise 'a great national Government for all Australia'. The following Federal Conference and Convention owed much to the private negotiations of Lord Carrington yet were also personal diplomatic triumphs for Parkes and at the convention he was, according to Alfred Deakin, 'from first to last the Chief and leader'.
Political opportunism and the hope of strengthening his immediate position in New South Wales doubtless supported large-minded idealism in Parkes's commitment to Federation after 1889. But in Sydney the draft Constitution bill of 1891 divided free traders, was suspected by Labor and aroused little public enthusiasm. Meantime the maritime strike and its aftermath focussed attention on more urgent social issues. While the other colonies awaited a lead, Parkes failed to press the bill to an issue in his parliament, dallying lest opponents persuade the electors 'that we had consumed our time in the “fad” of federation … and had neglected the legislation so urgently required for the advancement of New South Wales'. He was also in poor physical shape to fight forlorn battles after injuries from a cab accident in 1890, though he continued to hold the reins of government firmly, as acting premier McMillan found in September when an injudicious reaction to the Circular Quay riots earned sharp censure from the premier. But another minister, J. H. Carruthers, feared that Parkes's health was 'gradually breaking and feebleness supervening his usual vigour'.
In October 1891 Parkes supported a motion to adjourn the debate on the recommittal of the coal mines regulation bill; the motion was not carried and he resigned leaving office with 'joyful satisfaction'. Though pressed to stay as free trade Opposition leader he refused. 'I am working on my book and … resting from political turmoil', he told Carrington two months later. In June 1892 Parkes completed Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History, his great apologia, its vitality reflecting the wells of strength that were his. By 1893 'extremely well in bodily health', he toured Victoria in November to speak on Federation, dined and danced at Government House, and enjoyed the Derby with Sydney friends who invited him out in a 'brand new drag and four fine horses': he 'climbed to a top seat with a young lady on each side of me and went to Flemington with a dash'. But his old political acumen did not accompany renewed physical strength. In 1894 he pettishly revealed his resentment of (Sir) George Reid's re-election as free trade leader and shocked friends by moving formal censure on the new government. Out of tune with Reid's fiscal and social reformism, he became obsessed with an ambition to head 'a new Party'. In the 1895 election he joined his old enemy Dibbs to form a shadowy 'Federal Party', which was labelled by the Sydney Morning Herald as 'an act of flagrant political immorality—an insult to the country'. In the Sydney-King electorate he challenged Reid, to fail after a vituperative campaign, which underlined his genuine concern for Federation but cruelly revealed his insensitiveness to the electorate's mood and the erosion by old age of his former powers. He unsuccessfully contested two other seats, and his political career was at an end.
Parkes had been appointed K.C.M.G. in 1877 and G.C.M.G. in 1888. Lady Parkes, 'for whom I have paid so heavy a penalty and who has been such a true friend to me', died of cancer during the King campaign. He determined to retire to 'perfect privacy', but still spoke on Federation, hinted at another trip to England and rejoiced 'in better health than for many years past'. On 24 October 1895 he married Julia Lynch, but on 27 April 1896 died suddenly at his home Kenilworth, Annandale, of heart failure after an attack of pneumonia. He was reconciled on his deathbed to Reid and at his own wish was buried without pomp beside his first wife at Faulconbridge on the Blue Mountains. He was survived by his third wife and by five daughters and a son of the twelve children of his first marriage, and by four sons and a daughter of the second. The Bulletin, which had never spared him, carried a cartoon-epitaph which captured the momentary mood of the whole colony. Under the caption 'Finis', a young cornstalker, the 'Little Boy from Manly', with tear-filled eyes wistfully closed a great volume, on its spine the simple legend, 'Parkes'.
Largest figure of nineteenth century Australian politics, Parkes also remains the most enigmatic. In a celebrated obituary, William Astley saw him merely as a 'master of the art of seeming great'; more sensitively, Alfred Deakin felt 'there was in him the man he dressed himself to appear'. Deakin's instinct for the real Parkes has not in fact been bettered: 'though not rich or versatile, his personality was massive, durable and imposing, resting upon elementary qualities of human nature elevated by a strong mind. He was cast in the mould of a great man and though he suffered from numerous pettinesses, spites and failings, he was in himself a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found in Parliament and whose resources of character and intellect enabled him in his later years to overshadow all his contemporaries'. Parkes's papers add other dimensions which indicate a personality moulded over a long and changeful life by inner conflict, as he sought to reconcile deeply held principles, a mighty drive for self-realization and the compromises which were the price of success. Astley further sensed that his 'heart was … not in politics but in literature, in history and in art. There was a singular vein of sentiment in his nature which found no appropriate vent in his public existence … To see him handle a letter of Tennyson or Carlyle, or the simple autograph of Lincoln, was to receive a lesson in reverence. Books and other mementoes of the illustrious dead were to him the wine of life. And yet he was no scholar—scarcely even to be termed a student. As to his own place in literature, his poems are a byword'. Fate deprived him of easy paths to the preferred life of the 'choice spirit' (his phrase), through gentle birth, education, independence or business success, and the way of politics offered a sometimes unhappy alternative.
His vanity, craving for recognition and overbearing manner were the concomitants of a ruthless pursuit of personal success. Yet fiery integrity bit through in his scorn for the world's judgment of his marital and financial affairs and his inner resources provided resilience to weather crises which might have destroyed other men. While a remarkable instinct for political guile explains his ascendency in faction politics, he held tenaciously to important principles and prejudices. He was ever suspicious of the Church of Rome, steady in his concern to prevent cant depriving children of education, genuine in his wish to see justice achieved within the framework of a laissez faire system, dedicated to the idea of keeping Australian society racially homogeneous and sincere in his chosen role as guardian of constitutional proprieties. His probity and skill as an administrator cannot be seriously challenged and his energy and self-sacrifice in tasks sincerely undertaken command profound respect.
Bearded after 1861, he was always physically impressive, though imposing rather than handsome. For studied oratory he had few peers among colonial contemporaries, despite his uncertainty about aspirates and a tendency towards affectation. He collected autographs, books and artistic bric-à-brac, and his friends were always intrigued by his choice menagerie of native wild animals. Though temperate, he enjoyed champagne and had, as William Walker had it, great faith in the virtue of gastronomy as a political force.
Parkes's other volumes of verse were Murmurs of the Stream (1857), Studies in Rhyme (1870), The Beauteous Terrorist and Other Poems (1885), Fragmentary Thoughts (1889) and Sonnets and Other Verse (1895). His other prose works include Australian Views of England: Eleven Letters Written in 1861 and 1862 (1869) and many political pamphlets. An Emigrant's Home Letters is an edited collection of his letters to his family in 1838-43, published in 1896 by his daughter Annie.
Portraits by Julian Ashton are in the National Memorial School of Arts, Tenterfield, and copies are in the Parliament Houses in Sydney and Canberra; by Tom Roberts in the National Gallery, Adelaide; by Mary Stoddard in the Legislative Council Chamber, Sydney; and by John Henry Chinner in the National Library of Australia. A bust by Nelson Illingworth is in the National Library and a bust by Theodora Cowen in the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
Statue of Sir Henry Parkes (see later) on the Department of Lands building.
The Lands Department building, 23-33 Bridge Street was designed by James Barnet and built in two stages in 1876-1880 and 1888-1893. The site had been occupied since 1788 by the Surveyor General. The new Lands Act of 1884 required additional office accommodation and a second stage was urgently required by 1887. The 23 statues on the cornice of the building were not completed until 1901.
The highly important Datum Bench Mark Plug which controls all levels in the state, was inserted on the front of the building at some time between 1887 and 1894. Initially the building was shared by Lands and by Mines and Agriculture.
It remains the home of the Department of Land and Water Conservation. The building was and still is one of Sydney’s most elaborate sandstone facades. At the upper levels the building has concrete lanterns to copper-roofed domes, a revolving observatory dome (never used), and a prominent stone tower with a distinctive onion-shaped dome.
Parkes, Sir Henry (1815–1896) by A. W. Martin
Sir Henry Parkes (1815-1896), politician and journalist, was born on 27 May 1815 in Warwickshire, England, youngest of the seven children of Thomas Parks, tenant farmer on Stoneleigh Abbey Estate, and his wife Martha, née Faulconbridge. Forced off their farm in 1823 by debt, the Parkes family moved to Glamorganshire and about 1825 settled in Birmingham, where Thomas was a gardener and odd-job man. Henry's formal education was in his own words, 'very limited and imperfect'; he briefly attended Stoneleigh parish school and later joined the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute. Obliged as a boy to help in supporting the family, he worked as a road labourer and in a brickpit and rope-walk, before being apprenticed to John Holding, bone and ivory turner of Moseley Street. Having served his articles, he began his own business in 1837. On 11 July 1836 at Edgbaston Parish Church he had married Clarinda, 23-year-old daughter of John Varney, butcher. They regularly attended Carr's Lane Independent Chapel under the formidable John Angell James, whose precepts and oratorical style left a permanent impression on Parkes. Another important Birmingham influence was Thomas Attwood's Political Union, which Parkes joined at 17. He heard Attwood, Scholefield and Edmunds orate at Newhall Hill, sported the union badge and in 1833 dedicated a poem on the wrongs of Poland to Attwood's son.
The business failed and in 1838 Parkes took Clarinda to London in search of better prospects. They survived a few weeks by pawning his tools, then determined to leave for New South Wales as bounty migrants. In March 1839 Hetherington's Charter published verses from Parkes as 'A Poet's Farewell', indignantly condemning a society through whose injustices 'men like this are compelled to seek the means of existence in a foreign wilderness'. Parkes assured his Birmingham family of his certainty of 'making my fortune and coming back to fetch all of you'. He and Clarinda sailed from Gravesend on 27 March 1839 in the Strathfieldsaye, their ears 'incessantly assailed by the coarse expressions and blasphemies' of other steerage passengers.
They reached Sydney on 25 July 1839 with a first surviving child born at sea two days earlier. Parkes found work as a labourer on Sir John Jamison's Regentville estate but after six months returned to Sydney to work in Thomas Burdekin's iron-mongery and Peter Russell's brass-foundry. In 1840 he became a tide-waiter in the Customs Department, slowly bought tools and in 1845 set up in Hunter Street as an ivory turner and importer of fancy goods. Impressed by what seemed 'flattering prospects' of developing 'a respectable mercantile business', he opened branches in Maitland and Geelong, but both failed and by 1850 he was in financial difficulties, writing remorsefully to his wife of 'too culpable neglect of my business in Sydney'. He had by then become deeply involved in literary and political activities, attractions which highlighted the dullness of a business life.
Parkes's talents as a writer, extraordinary for one so lacking in formal education, developed quickly in the 1840s. He was briefly Sydney correspondent for the Launceston Examiner, and contributed occasional poems and articles on political and literary topics, sometimes under the pseudonym 'Faulconbridge', to the Sydney Morning Herald, the Australasian Chronicle and the Atlas. In 1842 he published by subscription a first book of verse, Stolen Moments. Through W. A. Duncan and Charles Harpur, his 'chief advisers on matters of intellectual resource and enquiry', he came to be associated with most of the colony's radical patriots. Discussion gave place in 1848 to action, when with J. K. Heydon he became organizing secretary of a tradesmen's committee which successfully promoted Robert Lowe for the City of Sydney seat in the Legislative Council. Later that year he joined radicals in the Constitutional Association which developed out of the Lowe committee to agitate for franchise extension and land reform. In his first public speech, made at the City Theatre in January 1849, Parkes advocated universal suffrage as the best guarantee that the people, 'growing in enlightenment', would avoid 'the excesses of Paris and Frankfurt'. His radicalism reached a brief apogee in April 1850 when Rev. John Dunmore Lang and J. R. Wilshire established the Australian League to work for universal suffrage and transformation of the Australian colonies into a 'Great Federal Republic'. Parkes wrote to Lang to denounce the 'dung-hill aristocracy of Botany Bay' and to assert his eagerness to 'enrol in the league for the entire freedom and independence' of this 'land of my adoption and of my children's birth'. In July he worked as chief organizer and canvasser when Lang stood against J. R. Holden for a vacant Sydney seat in the Legislative Council. In this campaign Parkes joined the Chartist, David Blair, to issue the Representative: A Daily Journal of the Election as a counter to the 'discreditable handbills' circulated by Lang's opponents. Lang won the seat but his league did not survive long and Parkes's republicanism soon evaporated. Daniel Deniehy told Lang that Parkes had 'too much, not of the Englishman in him, but of “Englishmanism” about him', to lend serious comfort to the republicans of New South Wales. But this was only part of the story; Parkes was already finding a more congenial cause in the liberal movement which by the early 1850s was becoming the most effective spearhead against the old colonial conservatives.
Parkes, who had been prominent in the great protest which greeted the convict ship Hashemy in 1849, eagerly dedicated his organizational talents to the Anti-transportation League and drifted easily into the liberal campaigns against the anti-democratic Electoral Act of 1851. Late in 1850 he found support to set up as editor-proprietor of the Empire, a newspaper destined to be the chief organ of mid-century liberalism and to serve as the rallying and reconciliation point for the sharpest radical and liberal minds of the day. Critics of the existing system as diverse as C. G. Duffy, Edward Butler, James Martin, William Forster, Deniehy and Lang were contributors but Parkes was presiding genius. Full-time journalist and politician now, he abandoned shopkeeping for a happy reconciliation of desire and duty: the Empire allowed devotion to a political cause and promised steady economic support for a growing family. By 1853, deeply involved in organizing the Constitution Committee to oppose Wentworth's constitution bill, he was ready to seek a place in the Legislative Council. Failing at a by-election that year, he won Wentworth's old Sydney seat in 1854, defeating Charles Kemp in a contest generally seen as a trial of strength between liberals and conservatives over the constitutional issue. The radicals' acceptance of a frankly liberal Parkes as their candidate in place of Lang symbolized the merging in his person of radical and liberal movements. The liberal leader, Charles Cowper, warmly welcomed him to the council as an opponent of 'Wentworthian and Thomsonian policy', and Parkes's election to the Chamber of Commerce signified his acceptance into the inner liberal group.
Parkes entered the council near its end: the constitutional proposals were under scrutiny in London and no longer a subject for effective local debate. Meanwhile the liberals' reformism was chiefly reflected in a range of inquiries instituted by the dying council into such matters as a nautical school for boys, the importation of Asiatic labour, the adulteration of food and the state of agriculture. In this work Parkes won repute as an assiduous and imaginative committeeman.
In March 1856 at the first Legislative Assembly established by the new Constitution, Parkes was one of the liberal bunch which carried all four seats in the premier Sydney City constituency. He supported Cowper in the complex manoeuvres of the first parliament until obliged in December to resign to give full attention to the Empire, then in serious financial difficulties. He re-entered parliament in January 1858 for the North Riding of Cumberland but in August had to resign for insolvency. The Empire had collapsed, ending his dream of using the paper as 'an independent power to vivify, elevate and direct the political life of the country' and leaving him 'to begin life afresh with a wife and five children to support, a name in a commercial sense ruined and a doubt of the practical character of my mind'. He survived bankruptcy proceedings, struggled on with the support of friends and the proceeds of occasional journalism and planned briefly to abandon politics for a legal career. But in June 1859 he was back in parliament to represent East Sydney.
Politics in the assembly had by then settled into a faction mould. Having in 1857 declared his independence of Cowper and John Robertson, Parkes developed a personal following in the House and in 1859-60 emerged as critic and rival of the established liberal leadership. But economic insecurity made him vulnerable, and early in 1861 he accepted an invitation by Cowper to tour England with W. B. Dalley as government lecturer on emigration at a salary of £1000.
Parkes sailed in May, leaving his family in poverty on their rented farm at Werrington. In England he attended vigorously to his duties, though with limited success. Prevailing English sentiment was well expressed by Sir John Pakington, who declared at Parkes's meeting in Droitwich his unwillingness to see 'the pith of our English population seeking a home elsewhere'. Early in 1863 Parkes returned to Sydney in good spirits, his self-confidence strengthened by the kind attention he had received from government officials and such literary idols as Carlyle, Hughes and Cobden, and having established while in Birmingham a new fancy goods importing business which he hoped might in the next six years 'provide for the rest of our lives'.
An opportunity to return to parliament offered itself in August 1863 when J. B. Darvall sought ministerial re-election at East Maitland. Parkes opposed Darvall and lost the contest after a bitter campaign, but in January 1864 was returned at a by-election for Kiama, a seat he held until 1870. From late 1864 until early 1866 he opposed consecutive Martin and Cowper ministries, while steadily rebuilding his own faction. In 1865 Cowper tried without success to buy him off again, with offers first of the lucrative post of inspector of prisons, then of a portfolio in his ministry. By early 1866 Martin and Parkes were in private negotiation: successful censure of Cowper followed and Martin, commissioned to form a ministry, included Parkes, as colonial secretary, and two followers.
This coalition, scarcely more than a marriage of convenience, failed to develop a positive and unanimous programme. Its leaders differed on such basic issues as the tariff, state aid, electoral and land reform. Parkes was responsible for establishing the hulk Vernon as a nautical school for destitute boys, for an Act requiring the inspection of hospitals and for bringing to Sydney under Lucy Osburn nursing sisters trained by Florence Nightingale. But the government's support was uncertain and its ministers quarrelsome; its only major legislation in two years and a half of office, Parkes's 1866 Public Schools Act, passed the assembly with Opposition assistance. This measure was Parkes's first important contribution to education reform. Prompted by the high cost of competing national and denominational systems of education, it aimed at rationalizing expenditure by placing both under a Council of Education which was also to oversee teacher training and the content of secular lessons.
The measure aroused sectarian controversy which Parkes did little to assuage. It revived again in March 1868 when H. J. O'Farrell attempted to assassinate the visiting Duke of Edinburgh. The government, alleging a Fenian plot, carried a savage Treason Felony Act suspending civil rights, but no conspiracy was discovered. In September Parkes resigned from the ministry in protest at its handling of a quarrel between the treasurer, Geoffrey Eagar, and W. A. Duncan, collector of customs. Lacking Parkes's support, Martin's ministry fell within a month. Meanwhile in a speech at Kiama Parkes had alleged that he had evidence to prove O'Farrell had acted on Fenian orders and that one conspirator had been murdered when suspected of revealing the plot. While his move had obvious political purposes, Parkes's correspondence also shows that he was obsessed with fears for his own safety and a belief in Catholic ambitions to seize political hegemony. A select committee under W. J. Macleay found no proof of the allegations, but though Parkes rallied sectarian and factional support to have its report expunged from the records of the House, the 'Kiama ghost' long remained an embarrassment.
Parkes's financial difficulties had been mounting: his importing venture failed and in December 1870 he collapsed again into bankruptcy. He resigned his seat but soon assured his sister that he would be 're-elected to the Legislature whenever I choose to offer myself, and strange as it may seem two-thirds of the mercantile classes will vote for me. They have got a notion that I am wholly unfit for business, but the fittest of all men for Parliament'. He survived by borrowing from friends, working as a journalist and briefly acting as travelling agent for H. H. Hall. In January 1872 he was returned for Mudgee in time to help in ousting the Martin-Robertson coalition ministry. General elections in February-March confirmed Martin's defeat and after complex negotiations Parkes became premier for the first time. His achievement bore witness to the political arts of which he was now supreme master: besides his own followers the ministry included old Cowper-Robertson men and Butler, a barrister who had covertly engineered sectional Catholic support for Parkes at the election.
The ministry took office in May at a time of commercial prosperity. By December, thanks chiefly to the rising sale of public lands, the Treasury had a substantial surplus. Parkes embarked on vigorous development of public works, effected a downward revision of tariff schedules and negotiated an agreement with Victoria on free border trade. Though once 'bitten by the doctrine of fostering infant industries' Parkes had in 1861 learnt from Cobden the error of his ways: now as tariff reformer, he received a gold medal from the Cobden Club and established his image as high priest of free trade in New South Wales. He also won the confidence of Sir Hercules Robinson, a convinced free trader and experienced colonial governor, whose eagerness to discuss administrative and constitutional problems with cordiality and balance proved important for Parkes's development.
Despite favourable assembly majorities, the council mauled government bills to consolidate the criminal law and to redraw electoral boundaries. The governor refused a ministerial request for new appointments and the council threw out a bill which, with overwhelming assembly support, aimed to give the Upper House an elective component. Echoes of former constitutional battles brought Parkes kudos as an old liberal campaigner. He emerged less happily from another crisis which arose in 1873 when his attorney-general and personal friend, Butler, resigned in protest against his failure to honour an implied promise of the chief justiceship then vacant. Though correct in judging that Martin had superior claims to the post, Parkes extricated himself from the obligation to Butler without displaying the frankness of a gentleman or the sensitivity of a friend and colleague. His deviousness is understandable in the light of pressure from the Bar, of his instinct for intrigue, of his unease at Butler's unpredictability and of the danger of his ministry falling. The reputations of both men were not enhanced when Butler made public their correspondence. The unhappy consequence of the breach was more than personal since the Parkes-Butler alliance had effected a liberal-Catholic rapprochement full of promise for the colony's best interests.
After an assembly motion in November 1874 which condemned the handling of messages on the governor's response to petitions for and against the release of Frank Gardiner, the ministry resigned in January 1875. Public passions muddied the constitutional issues at stake and the ministry's defeat had resulted from a clever Opposition stratagem: the permanent significance of the case lay in calmer discussions between Robinson, Parkes and the Colonial Office leading to clearer definition of the responsibilities of ministers and governor in exercising the prerogative of pardon.
Parkes led the opposition to Robertson's ministry of 1875 and was premier from March to August 1877. By then politics had drifted into chaos. Of the faction leaders of the 1860s only Parkes and Robertson remained, but neither helped to readjust members' loyalties by developing distinctive policies; while both shuffled on major issues, a 'third party' was formed under J. S. Farnell and short-lived governments did little more than business essential to the conduct of administration. On 13 December 1878 Robertson resigned from parliament, hoping that 'the Assembly will naturally arrange itself into two parties'. Four days later a meeting of opposition members, mostly Robertson's followers, invited Parkes to become their leader. On 21 December he formed a new ministry with himself colonial secretary and Robertson, speedily appointed to the Upper House, vice-president of the Executive Council. 'It only remains to be hoped', wrote Governor Robinson dryly, 'that these gentlemen who have for nearly a quarter of a century assailed each other with such bitter political hostility will now work together harmoniously in the same cabinet'. But Parkes's claim that the coalition had been effected 'without any violation of principles' was substantially correct. The government, overwhelmingly supported in the assembly, passed appropriation and loan bills with an ease unknown to its predecessors. By late 1880 its Lands, Public Instruction and Electoral Acts had surpassed in importance any legislation for more than a decade. Elections in November enlarged the ministry's majority. Its 1881 Licensing Act regulated the liquor trade and established local option, for which the temperance movement had long clamoured. Chinese immigration was restricted and employers' liability for workmen's injuries extended. New public works were started, electoral boundaries revised and stipendiary magistrates set up.
The Public Instruction Act was for Parkes the ministry's most significant measure, an earnest of his deep conviction of the social necessity of equal educational opportunity. He had steadily defended the 1866 settlement against pressure from the Public School League and embattled Catholic and Anglican denominationalists until by the late 1870s administrative difficulties on the Council of Education, concern to spread scarce resources more widely and the alliance with Robertson led him to move in a way most practical politicians were coming to think inevitable. Archbishop Vaughan's 'audacious' attacks on National schools embittered the debate but did not prompt the 1880 legislation. Parkes correctly insisted that his bill was not anti-religious and tempered pragmatism with that liberal faith in 'freedom and equality' for which he had argued in his Empire days. Though he understood the Catholic position, he grieved at the separation of Catholic children from others with whom they would have to 'mix in later years', and his exhortations still echoed the simple colonial nativism of the 1840s and 1850s: 'let us be of whatever faith we may, let us still remember that we are above everything else free citizens of a free commonwealth'.
In December 1881 on medical advice Parkes began a holiday voyage, leaving Robertson as acting premier. He was accepted abroad, according to The Times, as 'the most commanding figure in Australian politics'. Hoping to further Australian interests, he secured commissions from all colonial governments except Victoria to represent, in the United States government and financial circles, their wish for support for the trans-Pacific steamship service and for a relaxation of import duties on wool. Though Parkes's speeches and talks on these matters had no perceptible effect on American policy he was treated everywhere with flattering attention which made his six weeks in America something of a personal triumph. He arrived in England in March 1882. His health was still poor but he found strength to become one of the social lions of the season: 'fortunately for me', he wrote, 'I can enjoy the Dinners because I have little exertion and new men of mark I constantly meet are of unfailing interest to me'. He was noticed by royalty, politicians, expatriate Australians, guilds and companies; he spoke at dinners, visited Birmingham as the mayor's guest, stayed three days with the Tennysons at Farringford, lunched at Brussels with the King and Queen of Belgium and at Potsdam spent a day as the special guest of Prince Frederick and his wife, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria. Invited by Lord Leigh he visited his birthplace, Stoneleigh, where he slept at the abbey and spoke to an assembly of village children in authoritative tones: 'you will not all rise to a position of power, honour, influence and responsibility such as that I now fill. But by resolving to discharge the duties of life, and in being of use and service in your day and generation, you will do far better than I have done'. He returned to Australia in August to be honoured at civic banquets in Melbourne and Sydney.
Parkes spoke to friends of new ministerial goals: to establish a comprehensive system of local government and make a vigorous attempt to federate the colonies. But on 16 November the government was defeated on Robertson's land bill and advised a dissolution. A general election proved unfavourable; Parkes lost the East Sydney seat but won Tenterfield and the government resigned on 4 January 1883. Its abrupt fall followed Robertson's refusal to recognize weaknesses in his 1861 land system. The governor, Lord Augustus Loftus, also noted that since his return Parkes had squandered the 'popularity and confidence he had previously enjoyed … had become dictatorial in his mode of action and overbearing in his manner, and whether intentionally or not had assumed a despotic tone which latterly became not only offensive to the Parliament but to the country'.
Loss of office dampened Parkes's zest for politics and loss of ministerial salary brought him financial problems: he returned to business and went to England as agent for a Sydney firm. Though absent from July 1883 to August 1884 he held the Tenterfield seat at the request of his constituents. In England a busy social round was punctuated by hard work on his own affairs. He addressed the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce and other public meetings in Scotland and was the moving spirit in founding the Australasian Investment Co., with its head office in Edinburgh and in Sydney a colonial board, on which he was to be prominent. He brought ivory goods home for sale and undertook to become Australasian representative of the engineering firm of Latimer, Clark, Muirhead & Co. After three months in the assembly as an ordinary Opposition member, he resigned on 3 November in protest at what he saw as the corrupt railway policy of Alexander Stuart's government. To a friend he also wrote that at 70 he was being forced by adversity 'to close a great career' to give all his time to improving his finances.
This self-imposed retirement ended when in March 1885 he attacked Dalley's decision to send colonial troops to the Sudan and contested the Argyle seat as the 'one way of constitutionally testing the opinion of the country'. Though his election by a narrow majority proved little, his principled and lucid approach to the Sudan affair did much, once jingoism abated, to reduce the government's prestige. In parliament he faced an expulsion move by enemies anxious to brand as a 'gross libel' his public assertion, made when resigning Tenterfield, that 'political character had almost disappeared from the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly'. He survived and before the dissolution in October became the spearhead of a sustained Opposition attack on the government's alleged corruption.
In the elections Parkes contested St Leonards against G. R. Dibbs and won the seat after an acrimonious campaign. In the new parliament the government fell after announcing a large deficit resulting from economic recession and the collapse of land revenue following Stuart's land reforms. Robertson unwillingly formed a ministry in December but Parkes refused to join him. Robertson fell in February 1886 and Jennings took office, to struggle in a turbulent House to carry measures to meet the financial crisis. A group led by Parkes, alarmed by protectionist clamour out of doors, chose to interpret a proposed 5 per cent ad valorem tariff as 'sneaking in protection'. The climax to wild scenes in the assembly came at midnight on Saturday, 10 July, when after three days of continuous sitting Parkes led his followers out of the House, throwing on the table a written protest against the government's determination to sit on into the next day as a violation both of the Constitution and of the Sabbath.
When Jennings resigned in January 1887 Parkes formed his fourth ministry and went to the country with the slogan 'good government and commercial freedom'. He won a resounding victory, partly through his own energetic electioneering and partly through the work of the Free Trade Association of New South Wales which had taken charge of organizing the campaign. In the new parliament he led a majority whose dedication to the principle of free trade forced political divisions into a party-like mould and signalled the imminent end of the old faction system. For Parkes a ministerial salary compensated for the collapse of his commercial hopes in a third bankruptcy.
By 1889 the ministry had 'balanced' the budget, mildly reformed the tariff and amended the bankruptcy and criminal laws. Major reform of public works administration and railway management followed. In 1888 Parkes had responded to the Chinese immigration crisis with restrictive measures which defied imperial authority and nettled other colonial leaders anxious for concerted action. Given these successes, some mystery surrounds Parkes's virtual abdication of power in January 1889 when he 'courted defeat' by refusing to answer charges against the integrity of W. M. Fehon, appointed to the new Railway Commission. Parkes professed weariness in face of the Opposition's obstructive tactics; some supporters were disgruntled at his equivocal attitude to free trade and direct taxation, and his cabinet was divided. Parkes was also under personal strain: he was still in financial difficulties; Clarinda had died on 2 February 1888; and his marriage at St Paul's Church of England, Redfern, on 6 February 1889 to Eleanor Dixon offended his family and provoked social censure.
Defeated on a snap adjournment division, Parkes resigned on 16 January. In protest William McMillan rallied the free traders who denied supply to the new Dibbs government and the House was dissolved. Narrowly victorious at the poll, the free trade party asked Parkes to resume leadership. In March he was back in office at the head of a reconstituted free trade ministry, and held office until October 1891, being dependent after June on support from the new Labor Party.
For Parkes, the principal departure of these years was the campaign which resulted in the Federation Conference and the Australasian Federal Convention of 1890-91. Though an advocate of colonial union for over thirty years, Parkes had shunned the Federal Council and puzzled federalists by seeking, largely at the prompting of Sir Alfred Stephen, to alter the name of New South Wales to Australia. In January 1889 he had announced in Melbourne his readiness to join 'heart in hand' to promote true Federation, and in June warmed to a suggestion from the governor, Lord Carrington, that to confederate the colonies would be a 'glorious finish' to his life. He told his daughter that he had lost much of his 'former relish for parliamentary work' and was moved by 'repeated suggestions and invitations from the other colonies' to offer himself 'as leader in a great movement to federate on a solid basis all the colonies'. He sounded Duncan Gillies on the subject and in October employed Major-General Edwards's reports on defence as evidence of the urgent need for Federation. In that month, as a counter to Gillies's insistence that New South Wales join the Federal Council, he went to Brisbane to consult Queensland ministers and on his return journey delivered at Tenterfield a speech calling for a federal convention to devise 'a great national Government for all Australia'. The following Federal Conference and Convention owed much to the private negotiations of Lord Carrington yet were also personal diplomatic triumphs for Parkes and at the convention he was, according to Alfred Deakin, 'from first to last the Chief and leader'.
Political opportunism and the hope of strengthening his immediate position in New South Wales doubtless supported large-minded idealism in Parkes's commitment to Federation after 1889. But in Sydney the draft Constitution bill of 1891 divided free traders, was suspected by Labor and aroused little public enthusiasm. Meantime the maritime strike and its aftermath focussed attention on more urgent social issues. While the other colonies awaited a lead, Parkes failed to press the bill to an issue in his parliament, dallying lest opponents persuade the electors 'that we had consumed our time in the “fad” of federation … and had neglected the legislation so urgently required for the advancement of New South Wales'. He was also in poor physical shape to fight forlorn battles after injuries from a cab accident in 1890, though he continued to hold the reins of government firmly, as acting premier McMillan found in September when an injudicious reaction to the Circular Quay riots earned sharp censure from the premier. But another minister, J. H. Carruthers, feared that Parkes's health was 'gradually breaking and feebleness supervening his usual vigour'.
In October 1891 Parkes supported a motion to adjourn the debate on the recommittal of the coal mines regulation bill; the motion was not carried and he resigned leaving office with 'joyful satisfaction'. Though pressed to stay as free trade Opposition leader he refused. 'I am working on my book and … resting from political turmoil', he told Carrington two months later. In June 1892 Parkes completed Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History, his great apologia, its vitality reflecting the wells of strength that were his. By 1893 'extremely well in bodily health', he toured Victoria in November to speak on Federation, dined and danced at Government House, and enjoyed the Derby with Sydney friends who invited him out in a 'brand new drag and four fine horses': he 'climbed to a top seat with a young lady on each side of me and went to Flemington with a dash'. But his old political acumen did not accompany renewed physical strength. In 1894 he pettishly revealed his resentment of (Sir) George Reid's re-election as free trade leader and shocked friends by moving formal censure on the new government. Out of tune with Reid's fiscal and social reformism, he became obsessed with an ambition to head 'a new Party'. In the 1895 election he joined his old enemy Dibbs to form a shadowy 'Federal Party', which was labelled by the Sydney Morning Herald as 'an act of flagrant political immorality—an insult to the country'. In the Sydney-King electorate he challenged Reid, to fail after a vituperative campaign, which underlined his genuine concern for Federation but cruelly revealed his insensitiveness to the electorate's mood and the erosion by old age of his former powers. He unsuccessfully contested two other seats, and his political career was at an end.
Parkes had been appointed K.C.M.G. in 1877 and G.C.M.G. in 1888. Lady Parkes, 'for whom I have paid so heavy a penalty and who has been such a true friend to me', died of cancer during the King campaign. He determined to retire to 'perfect privacy', but still spoke on Federation, hinted at another trip to England and rejoiced 'in better health than for many years past'. On 24 October 1895 he married Julia Lynch, but on 27 April 1896 died suddenly at his home Kenilworth, Annandale, of heart failure after an attack of pneumonia. He was reconciled on his deathbed to Reid and at his own wish was buried without pomp beside his first wife at Faulconbridge on the Blue Mountains. He was survived by his third wife and by five daughters and a son of the twelve children of his first marriage, and by four sons and a daughter of the second. The Bulletin, which had never spared him, carried a cartoon-epitaph which captured the momentary mood of the whole colony. Under the caption 'Finis', a young cornstalker, the 'Little Boy from Manly', with tear-filled eyes wistfully closed a great volume, on its spine the simple legend, 'Parkes'.
Largest figure of nineteenth century Australian politics, Parkes also remains the most enigmatic. In a celebrated obituary, William Astley saw him merely as a 'master of the art of seeming great'; more sensitively, Alfred Deakin felt 'there was in him the man he dressed himself to appear'. Deakin's instinct for the real Parkes has not in fact been bettered: 'though not rich or versatile, his personality was massive, durable and imposing, resting upon elementary qualities of human nature elevated by a strong mind. He was cast in the mould of a great man and though he suffered from numerous pettinesses, spites and failings, he was in himself a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found in Parliament and whose resources of character and intellect enabled him in his later years to overshadow all his contemporaries'. Parkes's papers add other dimensions which indicate a personality moulded over a long and changeful life by inner conflict, as he sought to reconcile deeply held principles, a mighty drive for self-realization and the compromises which were the price of success. Astley further sensed that his 'heart was … not in politics but in literature, in history and in art. There was a singular vein of sentiment in his nature which found no appropriate vent in his public existence … To see him handle a letter of Tennyson or Carlyle, or the simple autograph of Lincoln, was to receive a lesson in reverence. Books and other mementoes of the illustrious dead were to him the wine of life. And yet he was no scholar—scarcely even to be termed a student. As to his own place in literature, his poems are a byword'. Fate deprived him of easy paths to the preferred life of the 'choice spirit' (his phrase), through gentle birth, education, independence or business success, and the way of politics offered a sometimes unhappy alternative.
His vanity, craving for recognition and overbearing manner were the concomitants of a ruthless pursuit of personal success. Yet fiery integrity bit through in his scorn for the world's judgment of his marital and financial affairs and his inner resources provided resilience to weather crises which might have destroyed other men. While a remarkable instinct for political guile explains his ascendency in faction politics, he held tenaciously to important principles and prejudices. He was ever suspicious of the Church of Rome, steady in his concern to prevent cant depriving children of education, genuine in his wish to see justice achieved within the framework of a laissez faire system, dedicated to the idea of keeping Australian society racially homogeneous and sincere in his chosen role as guardian of constitutional proprieties. His probity and skill as an administrator cannot be seriously challenged and his energy and self-sacrifice in tasks sincerely undertaken command profound respect.
Bearded after 1861, he was always physically impressive, though imposing rather than handsome. For studied oratory he had few peers among colonial contemporaries, despite his uncertainty about aspirates and a tendency towards affectation. He collected autographs, books and artistic bric-à-brac, and his friends were always intrigued by his choice menagerie of native wild animals. Though temperate, he enjoyed champagne and had, as William Walker had it, great faith in the virtue of gastronomy as a political force.
Parkes's other volumes of verse were Murmurs of the Stream (1857), Studies in Rhyme (1870), The Beauteous Terrorist and Other Poems (1885), Fragmentary Thoughts (1889) and Sonnets and Other Verse (1895). His other prose works include Australian Views of England: Eleven Letters Written in 1861 and 1862 (1869) and many political pamphlets. An Emigrant's Home Letters is an edited collection of his letters to his family in 1838-43, published in 1896 by his daughter Annie.
Portraits by Julian Ashton are in the National Memorial School of Arts, Tenterfield, and copies are in the Parliament Houses in Sydney and Canberra; by Tom Roberts in the National Gallery, Adelaide; by Mary Stoddard in the Legislative Council Chamber, Sydney; and by John Henry Chinner in the National Library of Australia. A bust by Nelson Illingworth is in the National Library and a bust by Theodora Cowen in the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
Once the heart of the southwest Dallas community—a grand, palatial gathering place marked by a brightly lit sign that spelled T-E-X-A-S, touting top-of-the-line acoustics and appurtenances, the Texas Theatre was opened at 231 West Jefferson Boulevard with fanfare on April 21, 1931 by billionaire Howard Hughes. The Texas Theatre was the novelty of long time Oak Cliff resident and entrepreneur, C. R. McHenry, better known in the community as “Uncle Mack.” McHenry’s dream was to build a theater with state-of-the-art projection and sound equipment.
McHenry partnered with four Dallas area businessmen to help him realize this dream: Harold B. Robb, E. H. Rowley, W. G. Underwood and David Bernbaum. Together they hired renowned architect W. Scott Dunne to design the Texas. The men spared no expense and boasted that the theater was “fireproof”—constructed entirely of concrete. The theater’s opera seating cost $19,000, the projection and sound system cost $12,000, the 1,240 yards of the finest grade carpet cost $5,000, and the Barton organ, the second largest in the City of Dallas, cost $10,000. However, McHenry was most proud of the cooling and ventilation system, which blew 200,000 cubic feet of air per minute through a water-cooled system pumped from a 4,000-gallon tank. The cooling system made “The Texas” the first theater in Dallas with air conditioning.
However 72 years later, as a Dallas Morning News writer suggests, it may be safe to speculate that few care about the historic details of the Texas Theatre-if not for its significance to the events on November 22, 1963.
On November 22, 1963 at approximately 1:45 p.m., nearly 15 Dallas police officers converged on the Texas Theatre in search of a man who had entered without paying. That man was Lee Harvey Oswald—President John F. Kennedy’s accused lone assassin.
President Kennedy’s assassination marked a violent end to the Age of Camelot and forever scarred the American psyche. As the Texas Theatre rocketed into the international spotlight, an urgency to hide, deny and destroy it tore its way through Dallas. Shortly thereafter—in what is coined locally among preservationists as the most comprehensive architectural cover-up of the Twentieth Century—the theater’s vibrant designs, false bridges, towers and campaniles, decorative wood railings, and star and cloud painted ceilings were sealed from public view under a mass of lath and spray applied plaster.
Even today, a sense of culpability for the President’s assassination lingers, and with it, residual inclinations to resist renovating the theater. As such, the very reason for which it qualifies as a nationally historic landmark poses a substantial threat to its restoration. Despite this, the theater has managed to repeatedly escape the wrecking ball.
As technology in moving, talking, and color pictures progressed and drive-ins and multiplex cinema became the rave, the Texas Theatre’s patrons slowly moved on to other entertainment venues. Failing to capture a considerable audience, United Artists closed the theater in 1989. In an attempt to save it, the Texas Theatre Historical Society (TTHS) bought the theater in 1990. Acknowledging its importance to the President’s assassination, TTHS allowed Oliver Stone to remodel the exterior façade for his 1990 film, JFK. However in 1992, the Society was no longer able to make the mortgage payments and the theater closed once more. Shortly thereafter, former usher and sign changer Don Dubois of Texas Rosewin-Midway Properties saved the theater from the wrecking ball. Nevertheless, two years later in 1995, it was nearly destroyed by a five-alarm fire, forcing the doors shut yet again.
In 1996, Pedro Villa rescued the theater from demolition when he learned of plans to convert it into a furniture warehouse. However, as Villa’s resources were exhausted and his pleas for investments went unheard, the theater defaulted back to Texas Rosewin-Midway Properties. The tattered and torn building remained vacant for three years, succumbing to vandals, stray animals, and hostile weather.
Even then, however, Michael Jenkins of Dallas Summer Musicals (DSM) believed the Texas Theatre could be Oak Cliff’s “crown jewel.” As such, DSM made a proposal to the City of Dallas in latter 2000 to develop the theater into a critically needed community performing arts center. Preferring to stay in the theater management business as opposed to theater ownership, DSM, along with the City of Dallas approached the Oak Cliff Chamber of Commerce and its philanthropic arm, the Oak Cliff Foundation, with a plan to manage the theater if the foundation would purchase it.
In 2001, the Oak Cliff Foundation was awarded $1.6 million from the City of Dallas Neighborhood Renaissance Partnership Program to purchase and renovate the theater. The foundation agreed to raise additional funds to complete the renovation and contract Dallas Summer Musicals to manage the performing arts center. Unfortunately, the Oak Cliff Foundation purchased the theater just a few weeks before the horrible events of 9/11, which has hindered the fundraising process. In fact, the terrorist attack’s impact has proved devastating for many non-profit cultural arts-related organizations 1 .
Nonetheless, in 2002, Komatsu Architecture, Inc. and Phoenix I Restoration and Construction, Ltd. were selected for the project based on their substantial experience in historic renovation and restoration of old courthouses, performance halls, and movie theaters. Together with DSM and the Oak Cliff Foundation, Komatsu and Phoenix created a master plan to first renovate and then restore the Texas Theatre. This plan provides that live performances will begin after renovation and before restoration 2 . Restoration will occur during dark periods of the theater to minimize the impact on performances and the profitability of the venue. To date, approximately $1 million has been spent toward select demolition, electrical, plumbing and other “bare bones” essentials.
Description taken from: www.oakclifffoundation.org/history.asp
A lenda da serea e o músico
Era o mundo agresivo e tristeiro, era o mundo todo dunha mesma cor, todo impregnado dun mesmo aroma, todo tinguido de azul, azul bágoa, azul sangue. Era o mundo violento e abatido, e nel soaba unha única canción, unha única melodía na que se mesturaba toda unha orquestra de lamentos, de saloucos, de súplicas desesperadas. O Deus Creador agasallara ó seu mundo con miles de bens (a luz do sol, a beleza das estrelas, o resplandor do riso, o respirar da natureza), pero esquecera un detalle moi importante, un pequeno obsequio polo que os habitantes daquel fermoso pero monótono mundo non podían gozar da calor da felicidade: o Deus Creador esquecera engadir nos corazóns dos seres humanos o amor.
Ninguén quería a ninguén, ninguén confiaba en ninguén, a ninguén lle importaba ninguén. Todos vivían por cumpriren os seus propios intereses, soñaban os seus propios soños, pero existían tantas guerras e conflictos que morrían mozos moi novos e víanse desgraciadas polo resto das súas vidas rapazas ás que violaban cando nos seus corazóns aínda vivía o espírito de nenas. Era un mundo no que se construían imaxinarios castelos que se derrubaban antes de que aparecera a primeira pedra.
Había, sen embargo, naquel mundo un lugar diferente, unha paisaxe na que os salaios non constituían a melodía diaria, unha fermosa praia solitaria á que endexamais ninguén chegara, e nela a area e as ondas que a mollaban, xogando a debuxar liñas que se entrelazaban, eran tan puras e tan virxes que os queixumes dos humanos non as podían manchar. Unha area tan virxe que nin sequera sabía da existencia doutra cousa que non fosen o mar, as rochas, os peixes e as gaivotas.
Pero aconteceu un día que os pés dunha persoa chegaron a pisar aquel chan, e os seus ollos, vermellos de chorar por aquel mundo enfermo, descubriron a praia na que podería quedar ata que o Deus Creador tomara a decisión de o levar de alí. E sentou por riba da area e comezou a facer soa-las cordas da súa vella guitarra, namentres as acompañaba coa voz máis doce que entre os humanos poida existir. Os peixes escoitábano dende o profundo do mar e os paxaros ficaban preto del, incrédulos e marabillados ó mesmo tempo.
Entón, un día apareceu, deitada na beira do mar, cos ollos máis fermosos que se poidan imaxinar, dourados, unha serea, que dende o lugar onde vivía escoitara cantar ó mozo e quedara pampa. A serea permaneceu alí durante moitos días e moitas noites, escoitando a doce canción do rapaz, que estaba tan sumido na súa música que non se decatara da presencia daquela princesa do mar que o estaba a mirar co sorriso máis puro e verdadeiro.
Deste xeito, transcorreron preto de sete días, e finalmente o humano caeu ó chan, branco, teso, como se levase moito tempo morto e unicamente a forza da súa canción o mantivera alí cantando todos aqueles días e todas aquelas noites.
Cando o mozo espertou, o primeiro que os seus ollos tristes viron foi á serea, que, gracias a algunha menciña sacada do fondo do océano, o curara. O humano comprendeu o que ocorrera, e de contado a bondade que emitía a cara de nena da serea namorouno.
Dende entón, a serea e o rapaz humano víanse a cotío, e el cantáballe aquela fermosa canción, que deixou de ser un soño de ter un mundo distinto e se converteu nunha sinfonía dedicada á ledicia de amar. Porque o seu amor era grande, grande como non se pode imaxinar, e fermoso, fermoso e doce, doce e sutil, sutil e forte.
E, fronte ó mundo sumido na amargura de non amar, aquel humano e aquela dama do océano atoparon o sentimento que o Deus Creador lles negara.
Pero ocorreu entón unha noite que a voz do Deus rompeu a beleza do canto do mozo, e esa voz suprema díxolles ós amantes:
- Sodes ditosos, porque ninguén máis neste mundo ó que dei forma pode gozar da felicidade que vós atopastes.
Os namorados sentíronse moi culpables, e suplicaron ó Deus que fixera que naquela terra todos fosen quen de sentir amor, amizade, cariño.
- Podo cumpri-lo voso desexo - respondeu o Deus -, pero hai un prezo que teredes que pagar a cambio: non volveredes vervos; ti, filla das augas, non sairás á superficie, e ti, fillo da terra, non mollarás nunca máis os pés no mar.
Os namorados choraron con amargura, pero ámbolos dous desexaban que todos puidesen experimentar a felicidade de sentir amor, así que dixéronse adeus para sempre e xuraron ó Deus que non se volverían ver.
***
As olas batendo nas rochas, os risos dos nenos, as voces preocupadas dos pais: o normal nunha praia. Con estes sons exercendo de coros na súa melodía, un vello, calvo no cocote, pero con longa barba gris e ollos vermellos de noites en branco, toca a súa vella guitarra e canta, coa voz estragada polos anos e polo tabaco, unha canción de amor. Un neno achégaselle.
- ¿Para quen cantas? - pregunta.
- Canto para o fondo do mar.
Una Flor一朵花A Flower
La cantante y actriz estadounidense Sofia Carson
Una Flor
Song by Sofia Carson ‧ 2018
Quiero ser franca, honesta contigo
No soy culpable pero me has enloquecido
Quiero ser franca, honesta contigo
Te necesito mucho mas des lo
Debido y es difícil explicar y te regalo
Una flor por cada beso que me diste
Una flor por cada lagrima que no llore
Una flor por cada tarde que me amaste
Una flor por el instante en que me enamore
Es imposible pretender que no muero
Por tu sonrisa
Por tu mirada que me hipnotiza
Es imposible no decirte te quiero
Es que puedo mas, callar mi corazón
Ya es tan difícil respirar sin ti
Una flor por cada beso que me diste
Una flor por cada lagrima que no llore
Una flor por cada tarde que me amaste
Una flor por el instante en que me enamore
Una flor por cada beso que me diste
Una flor por cada lagrima que no llore
Y una flor por cada tarde que me amaste
Una flor por el instante en que me enamore
美國歌手兼演員索菲亞卡森
一朵花
索菲亞卡森的歌曲 • 2018
我想坦誠地和你說話
我沒有罪，但你讓我發瘋
我想坦誠地和你說話
我更需要你
因為很難解釋，我給你
你給我的每一個吻都代表一朵花
每滴未流出的眼淚都會有一朵花
每天下午一朵花代表你愛我
一朵花代表我墜入愛河的那一刻
我無法假裝自己沒有死
為了你的微笑
你的眼神讓我著迷
我無法不告訴你我愛你
我可以做更多，讓我的心安靜下來
沒有你，我很難呼吸
你給我的每一個吻都代表一朵花
每滴未流下的眼淚都代表一朵花
每天下午一朵花代表你愛我
一朵花代表我墜入愛河的那一刻
你給我的每一個吻都代表一朵花
每滴未流下的眼淚都代表一朵花
每天下午你都會給我一朵花那是你對我的愛
一朵花代表我墜入愛河的那一刻
American singer and actress Sofia Carson
A Flower
Song by Sofia Carson ‧ 2018
I want to be frank, honest with you
I'm not guilty but you've driven me crazy
I want to be frank, honest with you
I need you much more than
I should and it's hard to explain and I give you
A flower for every kiss you gave me
A flower for every tear I didn't cry
A flower for every afternoon you loved me
A flower for the moment I fell in love
It's impossible to pretend I won't die
For your smile
For your look that hypnotizes me
It's impossible not to tell you I love you
It's that I can do more, to silence my heart
It's already so difficult to breathe without you
A flower for every kiss you gave me
A flower for every tear I didn't cry
A flower for every afternoon you loved me
A flower for the moment I fell in love
A flower for every kiss you gave me
A flower for every tear I didn't I cried
And a flower for every afternoon that you loved me
A flower for the moment that I fell in love
TITLE: Man Who Japed
AUTHOR: Philip Kindred Dick 1928-82
TYPE: paperback novel
PUBLISHER: Ace Double Novel D-193 with Space Born by E.C. Tubb
COVER PRICE: $.35
ISBN:
PAGES: 160
COPYRIGHT: 1956 by A.A. Wyn, Inc
PUB DATE: 1956
EDITION: 1st edition, 1st publication
COVER ARTIST:
ISFDB: Yes
RATING:
COMMENTS:
Cover for The Man Who Japed is stated "Complete & Unabridged"
Artists signature on cover "EMSH"
The Man Who Japed 160 pages
INDEX: 0275 - Man Who Japed - 028 - PKD - IFB
QUOTE “This is Managing Director Dill,” the teacher said, “The Coordinating Director of the Unity System.” Managing Director Dill is responsible only to Vulcan 3. No human being except Director Dill is permitted to approach the computer banks. “Mr. Dill,” a girl’s voice came. “Can I ask you something?” “Certainly,” Dill said halting briefly at the classroom door. “Director Dill, don’t you feel ashamed of yourself when you let a machine tell you what to do?”…from Vulcan’s Hammer by Philip K. Dick
CULPABILITY: All images posted are from publications owned by RC/\Weazel. RC/\Weazel performed image scanning, editing and the compiling of bibliographic data.
ISFDB: Internet Speculative Fiction Data Base.
RATING: On a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being great and 1 don’t read.
NO entry indicates specific information not available from book.
... there was a guy, so busy working on his full-professorship, that didn't even visit his friends of the kingdom of Flickr .... I am sure, he really feels guilty!
.... érase una vez un tío tan liado en preparar papeles para la ANECA, que ni siquiera visitaba a sus amigos del reino de flickr ... Estoy convencido que se siente culpable.
1954 - Grünenthal patents thalidomide
1957 - Thalidomide is licensed in Germany
1957 - Germany main release of the drug (test marketing started at least a year earlier)
1958 - Thalidomide is licensed in the UK to Distillers
1958 - UK distribution begins through the NHS
1960 - Drug companies attempted to release Thalidomide in the USA but held back by Dr Frances Kelsey of the FDA until evidence of its safety was proven
1961 - Drug withdrawal announced in Germany, UK withdrawal commenced within a week, newborns still affected till 1965
1962 - A Belgian woman was found not guilty of murdering her thalidomide baby
1962 - First (and final) public announcement in UK that drug was not to be used
1964 - It's discovered that the drug had a radical effect on some of the painful symptoms of leprosy
1973 - The Thalidomide Trust is established
1978 - The first German pharmaceutical law was passed in 1978, tests for teratogenicity became a legal requirement for drug approval.
1980s - Scientists once again became interested in the drug's complex properties and researchers began to explore its use in the treatment of a number of diseases, including cancer
1986 - Guinness bought Distillers
Late 1990's - It becomes apparent that many of the thalidomide surviors were encountering health problems including accelerated wear of joints and limbs, which were causing pain and further disability. By the age of 40, a number have had to have hip replacements and even shoulder replacements
1995 - Guinness agrees to contribute financially to the Thalidomide Trust
1997 - Dr. Bart Barlogie’s reported thalidomide’s initial effectiveness against Multiple Myeloma and it was later approved in the United States by the FDA for use in this malignancy
1998 - Guinness merges with Grand Metropolitan and forms Diageo
2004 - the government agrees to grant tax exemption to thalidomide beneficiaries of the Thalidomide Trust
2005 - Diageo makes an agreement with the Thalidomide Trust to increase funds
2009 - The UK Government admits it will contribute three years of limited funding to the Thalidomide Trust to assist with health needs
2010 - The UK Government acknowledges the pain and suffering caused by all those affected by thalidomide
Spain
1954 - Grünenthal patentes talidomida
1957 - La talidomida se licencia en Alemania
1957 - Alemania principal de liberación del fármaco ( comercialización de la prueba encendido al menos un año antes)
1958 - La talidomida tiene licencia en el Reino Unido para Distillers
1958 - Distribución Reino Unido comienza a través del NHS
1960 - Las compañías farmacéuticas intentaron liberar la talidomida en los EE.UU., pero frenados por el Dr. Frances Kelsey de la FDA hasta que se demostró evidencia de su seguridad
1961 - La retirada del fármaco anunciado en Alemania , Reino Unido inició la retirada dentro de una semana , los recién nacidos todavía afectada hasta 1965
1962 - Una mujer belga fue encontrado no culpable de asesinar a su bebé de la talidomida
1962 - La primera ( y última ) anuncio público en el Reino Unido que las drogas no se iba a utilizar
1964 - Ha descubierto que el fármaco tenía un efecto radical en algunos de los síntomas dolorosos de la lepra
1973 - Se establece la talidomida Fideicomiso
1978 - La primera ley farmacéutica alemana fue aprobada en 1978 , las pruebas de teratogenicidad se convirtió en un requisito legal para la aprobación de medicamentos .
1980 - Los científicos una vez más se interesó en propiedades complejas de la droga y los investigadores comenzaron a explorar su uso en el tratamiento de varias enfermedades , incluyendo cáncer
1986 - Guinness compró Distillers
Finales de 1990 - Se hace evidente que muchos de los surviors talidomida se encuentran con problemas de salud, incluyendo el desgaste acelerado de las articulaciones y extremidades , que estaban causando dolor y una mayor discapacidad . A la edad de 40 años, algunos han tenido que tener reemplazos de cadera e incluso reemplazos del hombro
1995 - Guinness se compromete a contribuir económicamente a la talidomida Fideicomiso
1997 - El Dr. Bart Barlogie reportado la eficacia inicial de la talidomida contra el mieloma múltiple y más tarde fue aprobado en los Estados Unidos por la FDA para su uso en este tipo de cáncer
1998 - Guinness se fusiona con Grand Metropolitan y Diageo formas
2004 - el gobierno se compromete a conceder la exención de impuestos a los beneficiarios de la talidomida talidomida Fideicomiso
2005 - Diageo tiene un acuerdo con la talidomida Fiduciario para aumentar los fondos
2009 - El Gobierno del Reino Unido admite que contribuirá con tres años de financiamiento limitado a la talidomida confianza para ayudar con las necesidades de salud
2010 - El Gobierno británico reconoce el dolor y el sufrimiento causado por todos los afectados por la talidomida
German
1954 - Grünenthal Thalidomid Patente
1957 - Thalidomid ist in Deutschland zugelassen
1957 - Deutschland Haupt- Freisetzung des Wirkstoffs (Test -Marketing gestartet mindestens ein Jahr zuvor )
1958 - Thalidomid wird in Großbritannien lizenziert Distillers
1958 - UK Verteilung beginnt durch den NHS
1960 - Pharmafirmen versucht, Thalidomid in den USA lassen aber zurück von Dr. Frances Kelsey von der FDA bis Beweise für ihre Sicherheit nachgewiesen wurde gehalten
1961 - Drogenentzug in Deutschland angekündigt , UK Rücktritt innerhalb einer Woche begonnen , Neugeborene noch bis 1965 betroffen
1962 - Ein belgischer Frau wurde für nicht schuldig befunden des Mordes an ihrem Baby Thalidomid
1962 - Erste (und letzte ) öffentliche Ankündigung in UK , dass Drogen nicht verwendet werden
1964 - Es wird festgestellt, dass das Medikament eine radikale Wirkung auf einige der schmerzhaften Symptome der Lepra hatte
1973 - Der Contergan- Trust gegründet
1978 - Die erste deutsche Arzneimittelgesetz 1978 verabschiedet wurde, wurde für Tests Teratogenität eine gesetzliche Verpflichtung für Arzneimittelzulassung .
1980er - Wissenschaftler wurde wieder interessierte in der Droge komplexen Eigenschaften und Forscher begannen , die Nutzung zu erkunden in der Behandlung einer Reihe von Krankheiten , darunter Krebs
1986 - Guinness gekauft Distillers
Ende der 1990er Jahre - Es wird deutlich, dass viele der Thalidomid surviors wurden begegnen gesundheitlichen Problemen einschließlich beschleunigter Verschleiß von Gelenken und Gliedmaßen , die Schmerzen und weiteren Behinderung wurden . Bis zum Alter von 40 , haben eine Reihe musste Hüftprothesen und sogar Schulter Ersatz haben
1995 - Guinness stimmt , sich finanziell an der Thalidomid Vertrauen
1997 - Dr. Bart Barlogie berichtete Thalidomid anfängliche Wirksamkeit gegen das Multiple Myelom , und es wurde später in den USA von der FDA zugelassen zur Verwendung in dieser Bösartigkeit
1998 - Guinness verschmilzt mit Grand Metropolitan und Formen Diageo
2004 - Die Regierung stimmt zu, Steuerbefreiung für Thalidomid Nutznießer der Thalidomid Vertrauen gewähren
2005 - Diageo macht eine Vereinbarung mit dem Thalidomid Trust Fonds zu erhöhen
2009 - Die britische Regierung räumt ein, es wird drei Jahre der begrenzten Mittel auf die Thalidomid Vertrauen tragen dazu mit gesundheitlichen Bedürfnissen zu unterstützen
2010 - Die britische Regierung räumt ein, den Schmerz und das Leid von all jenen von Thalidomid verursacht betroffen
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
TITLE: Blade Runner/Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep
AUTHOR: Philip Kindred Dick 1928-82
TYPE: paperback novel
PUBLISHER: Ballantine 30129 Del Rey
COVER PRICE: $ 2.75
ISBN: 0-345-30129-3
PAGES: 216
COPYRIGHT: 1968 by author
PUB DATE: May 1982
EDITION: 1st Ballantine
COVER ARTIST:
ISFDB: No verification
RATING: Not read
NOTATION: movie tie in – note name change
INDEX: 0081 - Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep - 001 - Ballantine May 1982 - PKD -FB
QUOTE “Science fiction writers, I am sorry to say, really do not know anything. We can't talk about science, because our knowledge of it is limited and unofficial, and usually our fiction is dreadful.” Philip K. Dick
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