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Title: The Earth Tripper
Author: Kelley, Leo P. 1928-
Type: Paperback – novel
Publisher: Fawcett Gold Medal
Publisher ID: T2719
Copyright: 1973 by author
Pages count: 159
Edition: 1st printing
Cover artist: not credited – no signature line on cover
Publication date: May 1973
Cover Price: .75
Comments: Leo P. Kelley’s first published speculative fiction was in 1955 and abruptly terminated in 1974. He published 9 novels and two anthologies. I have read his 1971 book The Coins of Murph and would recommend it. This book is on my shelf of books “to be read someday” boy is it loaded. The Fawcett edition T2719 is considered to be the “First Edition”. The cover is a “psychedelic experience” type illustration fairly common on paperback covers in early 70’s
Culpability: All images are from publications owned by Calwalader Ringgold /\ Weazel. Image scanning, editing and compiling of bibliographic data was performed by Calwalader Ringgold /\ Weazel.
LOGLINE:
Collective is a gripping, real-time docu-thriller that follows a heroic team of journalists as they expose shocking corruption in the Romanian national health-care system.
SYNOPSIS:
After an explosive fire claims the lives of 27 people at Bucharest nightclub, Colectiv, officials reassure the public that surviving victims will receive care in facilities that are “better than in Germany.” Weeks later, a rising causality count leads intrepid reporters at the Sports Gazette to investigate. Just as a crucial tip exposes Hexi Pharma, a local firm’s culpability, the firm’s owner dies under mysterious circumstances and the health minister quietly resigns amid the uproar -but this is only the first chapter in a thrilling, ever- twisting exposé.
Closely tracking the efforts of the Gazette team as they methodically discover layer upon layer of fraud and criminal malfeasance, Alexander Nanau’s COLLECTIVE is a fast- paced, real-time detective story about truth, accountability, and the value of an independent press in partisan times.
"When I started working on this film in early 2016, I never imagined that the year would be a major turning point for democracy all around the world. I never suspected that, by the end of the production, most of what could be said about Romanian society would be equally relevant for older, more established democracies, be it the UK, the US, Italy, Brazil, Hungary, Poland, Turkey, etc. There was a pattern of populists taking over, lying and attacking the free press, misusing state institutions in their own interest and perverting the very meaning of liberal values and social structures. 2016 tested democracies worldwide, but it also tested each and every one of us."
––Alexander Nanau
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
On this day 16 February 1986 the Soviet cruise liner Mikhail Lermontov sank after hitting rocks in the Marlborough Sounds.
The ship was carrying 738 passengers, most of whom were elderly Australians. It left Picton at 3 pm and passed Ship Cove Bay two hours later. Disaster struck soon after when the ship entered the dangerous passage between Cape Jackson and Jackson Head and hit submerged rocks. As the compartments of the ship flooded, the captain realised the ship was in danger of sinking and decided to ground it in shallow waters at Port Gore Bay. Between 7.30 and 9.30 at night all passengers and crew were evacuated from the ship but one person died, refrigeration engineer Pavel Zaglyadimov. The ship now lies on its side at a depth of 30 metres underwater and has become a popular dive site.
Shown here is the result of the inquiry by Soviet marine authorities into the sinking. It found Picton harbourmaster and pilot Captain Don Jamison guilty of causing the shipwreck and three vessel’s officers culpable. Soviet diplomats shielded the ship captain Vladislav Vorobyov from the media focussing on Jamison as the guilty party. The Soviet authorities could not penalise Jamison but permanently transferred Vorobyov to shore duties. Chief navigator S V Stepanischev received the harshest punishment as he was sentenced to four years in prison.
ABJP W4103/42 22949 338/43 1
collections.archives.govt.nz/en/web/arena/search#/?q=R215...
More information can be found here:
nzhistory.govt.nz/page/sinking-mikhail-lermontov
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El lunes 25 de noviembre es el Día Internacional contra la violencia machista y a lo largo y ancho del mundo se celebrarán masivas manifestaciones en respuesta a esta lacra. Como ya hemos hecho en multitud de ocasiones -desde el 8 de marzo, pasando por las movilizaciones masivas contra la justicia patriarcal que amparó a “la Manada” y, ahora a la “Manada de Manresa”- en el Estado español volveremos a exigir el fin de la violencia machista que año tras año nos explota, oprime, humilla y asesina.
No tenemos miedo, sí tenemos rabia
La fuerza arrolladora que ha demostrado el movimiento por los derechos de las mujeres trabajadoras y jóvenes es imparable y sigue siendo un ejemplo muy poderoso. Por eso no es ninguna casualidad que la derecha franquista -PP, Ciudadanos y Vox- ataque e intente desprestigiar la lucha que millones de mujeres, junto con nuestros compañeros, estamos protagonizando.
En el Estado español estas manifestaciones del 25 de noviembre se celebrarán tras las elecciones generales del pasado 10-N, cuyos resultados vuelven a poner encima de la mesa una cuestión fundamental: que la lucha de la clase trabajadora y la juventud en defensa de nuestros derechos y contra los y las culpables de nuestra opresión es nuestra mayor fuerza. Desde Libres y Combativas no minimizamos ni restamos importancia al avance electoral de la extrema derecha de Vox, pero sí queremos resaltar que el bloque reaccionario ha vuelto a fracasar en su objetivo de hacerse con el Gobierno y que la derecha tiene enormes dificultades para seguir ganando apoyos: pierden casi 900.000 votos respecto a las elecciones del 28A.
La derecha y la extrema derecha son una amenaza muy real para todos los derechos que hemos conquistado en base a la movilización y a la lucha en las calles. Por eso sabemos, que la única forma de derrotar la ofensiva que representan es precisamente levantando una izquierda combativa en las calles, que defienda un feminismo revolucionario y de combate, un ecologismo anticapitalista, el fin de los recortes en la educación y la sanidad, el fin de la precariedad y la explotación, que garantice un sistema de pensiones público y digno… todas las reivindicaciones que durante años hemos exigido en las calles.
Conseguir todas estas reivindicaciones no es ninguna utopía. El próximo gobierno de coalición entre el PSOE y Unidas Podemos ha sido recibido por amplios sectores de la juventud y la clase trabajadora como una oportunidad para ello. Eso supone confrontar con los grandes poderes económicos, con los bancos, con la Iglesia Católica y los planes de austeridad de la Unión Europea. No queremos palabras, queremos hechos. Ya tenemos la experiencia de los últimos meses de gobierno del PSOE, que a pesar de considerarse el "gobierno más feminista de la historia", seguía respetando, entre muchas otras cosas, la justicia franquista y patriarcal que deja en libertad a violadores y culpa a las víctimas. No echamos a Rajoy de la Moncloa ni hemos derrotado a la derecha en las urnas dos veces para que todo siga igual. ¡La lucha debe continuar!
Somos feministas y anticapitalistas
La batalla contra la violencia machista es la lucha contra el sistema capitalista que la genera. Es la lucha contra la cosificación y la mercantilización de nuestros cuerpos, contra la trata, los vientres de alquiler, la prostitución y la pornografía. Es la lucha por unos salarios justos y unos puestos de trabajo dignos. Por una educación sexual inclusiva en los centros educativos para educar en el respeto, la igualdad y la inclusión. Contra la LGTBIfobia y la moral podrida de la Iglesia Católica.
El próximo 25 de noviembre tomaremos las calles de nuevo por todo ello. Porque es en las calles donde venceremos a este sistema y construiremos una sociedad nueva donde nadie conozca la explotación, la injusticia ni la miseria.
¡Únete a Libres y Combativas!
¡El 25N todas y todos a las calles contra la violencia machista!
..................................................Monday, November 25 is International Day against sexist violence and massive demonstrations will be held throughout the world in response to this scourge. As we have done on many occasions - from March 8, through the massive mobilizations against patriarchal justice that protected “La Manada” and, now to “Manada de Manresa” - in the Spanish State we will demand the end of the macho violence that year after year exploits us, oppresses, humiliates and murders.
We are not afraid, we are angry
The overwhelming force demonstrated by the movement for the rights of working women and youth is unstoppable and remains a very powerful example. That is why it is no accident that the Francoist right -PP, Citizens and Vox- attack and try to discredit the struggle that millions of women, along with our partners, are leading.
In the Spanish State, these demonstrations on November 25 will be held after the general elections of the past 10-N, whose results once again put a fundamental issue on the table: that the struggle of the working class and youth in defense of our rights and against those guilty of our oppression is our greatest strength. From Free and Combative we do not minimize or downplay the electoral progress of the extreme right of Vox, but we do want to highlight that the reactionary bloc has failed again in its objective of seizing the Government and that the right has enormous difficulties to continue gaining support : they lose almost 900,000 votes regarding the 28A elections.
The right and the extreme right are a very real threat to all the rights we have won based on mobilization and street fighting. That is why we know that the only way to defeat the offensive they represent is precisely by raising a combative left in the streets, defending a revolutionary and combat feminism, an anti-capitalist ecology, the end of cuts in education and health, the end of precariousness and exploitation, which guarantees a public and dignified pension system ... all the demands we have demanded for years on the streets.
Getting all these claims is no utopia. The next coalition government between the PSOE and United We have been received by broad sectors of youth and the working class as an opportunity for this. That means confronting the great economic powers, the banks, the Catholic Church and the austerity plans of the European Union. We don't want words, we want facts. We already have the experience of the last months of the PSOE government, which despite being considered the "most feminist government in history", continued to respect, among many other things, the Franco and patriarchal justice that frees rapists and blames the victims. We do not throw Rajoy de la Moncloa nor have we defeated right at the polls twice so that everything remains the same. The fight must continue!
We are feminists and anti-capitalists
The battle against sexist violence is the fight against the capitalist system that generates it. It is the fight against the reification and commodification of our bodies, against trafficking, rent bellies, prostitution and pornography. It is the fight for fair wages and decent jobs. For an inclusive sexual education in educational centers to educate in respect, equality and inclusion. Against LGBTIphobia and the rotten morals of the Catholic Church.
On November 25 we will take the streets again for all this. Because it is in the streets where we will overcome this system and build a new society where no one knows exploitation, injustice or misery.
Join Free and Combative!
The 25N all and everyone on the streets against sexist violence!
Life in Windsor was much different after the Winter Break. I don’t know what it was, it sure wasn’t as explosive as the first half, for one the courses were changed. Asian Studies 101 was now taught by young Professor Burton whose field was that of China, I found this subject almost as fascinating as studying India. Mr Burtons style of teaching was much different than Professor Spellmans, it was interesting but it was no rock concert the way the previous lecturer shook your head, made you think and examine yourself. In place of the first semester Drama course I took the more interesting Communication Arts course which switched to a lecture series held in a huge auditorium attended by a couple of hundred students. The lecturer was the department head Dr Romanow. Rounding things out there was more Theology taught by Father Culliton and Philosophy 101 presented to us by Professor Deck. Geography unfortunatlely had been dropped in the first semester as there was an element of mathematics that one needed in order to understand some matters, I was not up to the task.
Funds were getting tight for Peter and myself. Our second portion of the grants were slow in coming to the bank where they were direct deposited. With a sigh of releif we greeted the funds when they did arrive. The money didn’t last very long most of it was needed for rent and other necessities. By mid February we were flat broke and we had to survive until Mid May when classes would be over. Mary Lewis a Chinese Canadian girl who worked on the Harpoon the alternative campus newspaper came up to the apartment for a dinner. I remember this well as I served a new creation, breaded, then baked tinned sardines with a can of tomato soup for a sauce. She was a lovely girl, she did not complain being that mannerly kind of person, polite to the end. Mary must have been aware of my poverty. We were like buddies, her folks owned a business she was getting educated, a liberal woman from downtown Windsor.
There was a memorable time in March, Pete and I must have been desperate as I was cooking our last package of meat, smelly grey sausages. They were sizzling away on the stove in the tiny kitchen when Pete brings old Johnny Blue up to say hello. Blue first apologized for ripping us off months earlier at the party, blamed that on his friend Doc Pat. Blue said, “you can’t eat those sausages, they’ve spoiled, they’re bad!” He was right they had gone smelly, it was the last thing we had to eat in the house. Old Blue, he had a solution, he gave us directions to a large church across the main street a few blocks away in the more working class part of town. He then told us the ministers name that we had to see, it was a Protestant church, he told us what day the church pastor would talk to us, told Pete and I to both go separately, that way we would get a coupon voucher each instead of just one. In order to survive until that day we got up early a few mornings and took the money out of the milk bottles of neighbouring homes. Our eyes lit when we found crisp one dollar bills in some of the bottles there was also lots of change, enough to keep us fed for the time being.
The following Wednesday as pointed out by Blue, Pete and self headed to the church at about three in the afternoon. We entered the church office where a kindly middle aged minister listened to our story, ‘no food, no jobs, struggling students’ we truly were hungry, he gave us both a cheque for twenty dollars each, actually a food voucher for a local grocery store, the new modern Steinbergs located downtown quite close to the multi level St Vincent de Paul store and the waterfront. Well we were like millionaires! I bought us a carton of smokes, a roast pork, ordered some deli meat which we ate while pushing the cart up the aisle then hid the packaging as we got the other necessities for the coming week. Things like milk and eggs and bread, coffee, cereal, sugar, fixings for a real spaghetti sauce, more meats. I recall almost dancing in the aisles! Everything that we were out of had been purchased! When I got home I invited Mary Lewis up for a real meal, she brought a bottle of wine and the neighbour, Sam dropped in with some Ouzo as he had a habit of doing whenever we were making a racket.
Every week afterwards we would head out to the church to pick up our vouchers that were waiting for us in the church office. We never had to eat anymore rotting sausages thanks to Johnny Blue he more than paid us back for the trouble he created back in the fall. I now look on his theft of our party money as a loan, a street sort of lay a way plan, we got much more from the church than the $85.00 that was taken. Neither of our families was able to help us with money for food, at my house in Toronto, it was a daily struggle for mom to put food on the table. I think in Petes situation it was a question of his pride, not wanting to ask for help. We didn’t have to go out in the morning stillness to steal milk bottles off of the neighbours porches anymore. If anyone is wondering where the milk money in the milk bottles on the porches was going, we took it, early in the mornings that late winter early spring of 1972.
Dr.Romanow’s lectures were intended to be an introduction to the workings of the media. I didn’t fall for his line of shit, all he would talk about were the positive aspects of media, the great media as if it was not culpable for the brainwashing of millions of mindless Westerners, reducing the vast majority of them to trash heads, thoughtless fools who program their existences around certain televised events, their heads stuck in newspapers that give the news that they (corporate editors) want you to read and radio shows that spend more time flogging products that are not needed leaving you at times depressed because of over-information. As Spellman once wisely pointed out ‘in ancient civilizations news traveled at a tortoise like pace it is human nature but it didn’t get to you in seconds or minutes as it does today’. We sit there watching events, like the bombing of Iraq, or the Tsunami victims relations as they mourn their dead, we have sanitized the event, when you occasionally see a dead body on TV you don’t smell the death, you don’t see the tears or feel the emotions partly because TV has already shown you more graphic images on regular programming, we are all to familiar with death and tragedy because of this so when something really happens you are desensitized you reach for those emotions that you used in media and find they are diluted.
I’d go to class and try to keep my mouth shut. When the professor was talking about commercials for example I’d intentionally speak out disrupting the class to bring my point of view into play, bringing to light the fact that a seemingly good company like General Electric was also supplying nuclear equipment for American dominated nations. There were many other examples of the media controlling the minds of Westerners and I was more than happy to point this out, but you know, even though some students would compliment me on the information I think 99 per cent of them just went about like robots concerned only with their grades not being able to view the big picture not able to get away from the ME. Dow and Monsanto were big targets, at the time I attacked them relentlessly, factories around the world were being picketed by educated people, there was an air of defiance and it was an honour to be a small part of the peoples demonstration. At times I’d leave the oval shaped auditorium energized by the event, the opportunity to lash out at the candy coating the lecturer was putting on his topics, he was nothing more than a media dupe. My mark on a frivolous essay at the end of the semester was poor and I complained about this to no avail, I dug my own grave. I deserved that mark but for class participation I should have gotten a medal!
The first semester Drama class had some interesting moments, I wish I had stuck with this line of study that I had fluked on as a replacement for English. There were several elements of the classes that would have made a difference in my career paths. Students learned hands on methods of editing film, real film, movie film, as well we worked in a studio using large Television cameras. There was a component of the course that dealt entirely with theatre. I wonder if my shyness had something to do with my being unable to discern a latent interest in these topics. The drama professor was a consummate professional.
Drama was broken into two segments, first semester was a hands on Drama introduction where a gifted Lady Professor taught by discussion and practical workshops the numerous intricate crafts that are required to make a production, from behind the stage work, set design, lighting, selling tickets, promotion, to what for some was the more interesting facets, acting, writing scripts, editing, costumes etc, it is a big field. There were 'in class' plays that we filmed and then evaluated the performances of, this was most interesting as we got to use some professional TV cameras on stands, for one of our assignments the Professor had us all write a one person play and we had to put on the play as a major portion of our semesters work. She was none to pleased when I handed in my script about Jesus Christ. In the play I played two rolls, one of Jesus making a phone call to God, asking God some relevant questions, there was a little swearing, and I never thought that the subject matter was out of bounds. I used language like two ordinary street people might do.
Jesus speaking, (telephone rings up in heaven, someone picks up the phone, a voice is heard), “Is this God?”
“Yes this is the Most Divine, All Knowing, Infallible, Speaker of the Truth in all languages, All Forgiving, Ever Watchful of Evil Doers, can I help you?”
Jesus looks at the audience, smirks a little, makes Jack Nicholson eyes and says,
“If you are so fucking smart how come we gotta use phones to communicate?”
Well the Professor blew a gasket, just about stopped me from continuing, gave me just a passing mark, I never would have thought she could let her religious beliefs impact on her judgment, but she sure as hell did. Other than that there was a guest speaker one day, a famous set designer, as he was introducing himself he said in a voice that switched from male to female without batting an eyelash, "I just came back from Greece, he shook his bum, where, as you know, there is a double standard for men, then he stuck his tongue out a little and continued talking, you know, so it was a very enjoyable experience.” But my play about God and Christ was irreverent, here’s this forty something teacher telling all of us to go and bend over for the boys because it’s alright you’re in Greece! I got even with the Drama department in the next semester, when it switched to Communication Arts, as I had decided to shit disturb whenever I felt the Prof was using the media to promote ideas that supported the western lifestyles in ways I found to be against Truth.
Mr Burton was an associate professor in the Asian Studies department, he had just returned from China he was married to a lovely Chinese woman who was tall and had naturally rouged cheeks with high cheekbones. From time to time we sat in the cafeteria for coffee her halting English causing her to blush innocently, she was my friend. One day she appeared in our class at which time she showed the students a film with images of burning bodies, both young and old people, Japanese people rolling on the floor the earth in pain, half their limbs gone, their skin melting off, just before they died. There were dead infants, grieving parents, photos of entire cities gone, burned to the ground. This was a graphic account of the horrors of the bombs that fell on Nagasaki and Hiroshima. It was an important moment as all of the students myself included had been brainwashed by the media to think the bombing of these cities was a small thing, mainline press would never show such graphic details of the nuclear bombings.
Burton had an idea to take three or four students to the BC woods to work in logging camps for the summer, study all things Chinese during our time off, learn some Cantonese dialect at night while sitting around the campfire and save a bunch of money so we could all travel to China the following year, and work on Chinese communes. I was dating a nice girl from Hamilton who was a nursing student. When I told her of our plans she kinda dropped me though there were other reasons, my partying, her career of nursing was going to have to be put on hold so we could go save the Chinese! Good old Burton he sure lit a spark. Those heady ideas, where do they go? As you know it took me over twenty more years to get to China but I got there and I got to B.C. too.
As a topic for an essay I had chosen a title that interested me, it was “The Importance of the Colour Purple in Ancient Chinese Society.” Professor Burton gave me a good mark an A- but not what I was expecting as I had researched the topic extensively, using over twenty reference books that backed up the title. Burton commented on the fact ‘a more serious topic could have been chosen’ as the choice of topics was up to the student. Today I wonder if anyone else has wrote on the same topic, now that the seriousness of the Chinese situation has lessened in the minds of some Westerners. Just recently (2005) I learned that Doctor Spellman had studied the Significance of the number 12 in ancient Indian Civilization. Those purple mushrooms from the woods of New Brunswick got a mention in the essay. If nothing else it was an excellent exercise in creative writing. Sadly the essay was destroyed not to far down the road by Alex along with all the other paper treasures I had collected over the year, that still hurts. When almost fourty years later the photo of me in the Buffalo skin Mounties coat at Tribag Mine was given to me by a relation an entire block of memories opened up that had been locked away in pain.
Being broke, just eating, no cash for beer, the grind started to take its toll. I also think there may have been withdrawals from lsd, and the other intoxicants we so freely enjoyed prior to this period of life. My personality flattened out, was I experiencing depression by chance? The spark which I had come to school with was gone, perhaps I had burned out. Had I underestimated the commitment needed to get through the courses, probably, there wasn’t much support from the family, they were just getting by themselves, living in their nightmare, thank goodness the strong friendship base was there, always was in place, very supportive.
An assignment had been given to us by Father Culliton for our final mark. The student was expected to read a long complex Teilhard de Chardin text. With the info garnered within we would be able to answer a dozen or so Theology questions, ten or twenty pages of very serious stuff. I had met a Quebec third year student, a radical, we shared a common smoking interest and I mentioned my plight, he offered to write the answers to the questions for me, I gave him $20 dollars and left town the year over, packed my suitcase and headed back to Toronto. Before leaving I checked out the courses for the next year, you needed to chose a major in order to re register. Without English I didn’t have many choices, I should have went with Communication Arts but signed up for Asian Studies instead with a minor in Com Arts, what was going on in my head? For Asian Studies you had to learn Hindi, and some Sanskrit, those books the Gita, the Shads, the Sutra they are like Shakespeare only in translated Hindi. I had the summer to think it over. The report card arrived a month or so later, surprisingly I passed with a C+ average, I like to think it was almost a B! The good Father later said he never received my final test, he passed me any ways on class participation, the same in philosophy Prof Deck passed me on class participation, Romanow passed me, had to, class participation, the high Asian Studies mark buoyed the other marks up. This was great for a Mt Dinky boy with a grade nine education. If one understands the varied aspects of my life they will comprehend the success this year as A Scholar has meant to me.
Mike Duran Ft. Anuel AA, Kevin Roldan, Bryant Myers, Noriel & Darkiel – Culpable (Official Remix)
Download/Descarga: Mike Duran Ft. Anuel AA, Kevin Roldan, Bryant Myers, Noriel & Darkiel – Culpable (Official Remix)
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1. Que hora es? : 21:53
2. Nombre? : Consuelo Sandoval :)
3. Por quién te dieron ese nombre? : no sé .. porque les gustó :S
4. Sobrenombre? : ahaha muchos.. pero el mas común Kela :) o kelita D:
5. Por que te dieron ese sobrenombre? : jajajaj xd larga historia que no contaré xd
6. Cuando es tu cumpleaños?: 26 de marzo
7. Signo Zodiacal? : aries :D
8. Lugar de nacimiento? : santiago
9: Lugar preferido: el metro? xd no sé
10. Amor platonico: alvaro lopez de los bunkers, josé palma (actor) & gael garcia baba!
11. Como te vistes? : jeans polera convers y em seria D:
12. Marca de ropa? : da =
13. Tatuajes? : me encantaria uno en el dedo ._.
14. Vicios? : mmm.. comer
15. Color de pelo? : castañio claro D: o negro xd
16. Extensiones? : naaah
17. Color de ojos? : cafe oscuro
18. Lentes de contacto? : no :B
19. Estado civil? : soltera xd
20. Estuviste o estás enamorado? : mm no
21. De quien?: :B
22. Has estado en otro continente?: no :(
23. Te desabrochas los zapatos antes de sacártelos?: jaja noo que lata xd
24. Amaste tanto a alguien como para llorar?: si ¬¬
25. Estuviste en un choque de autos? : mmm no ..
26. Has tenido alguna fractura? : no :B
27. Dia o noche? : noche (6)
28. En clases o en vacaciones? : jajaj vacaciones igual
29. Por que? : ah que sapo :D
30. Salchichas o Hamburguesas? : vienesas (6) xd las amo, son muy ricas xd
31. Pepsi o Coca cola? : ahaah pepsicola ! xD naa sprite D: naa da =
32. Cerveza o vino? : ninguno D:
33. El vaso mitad lleno o mitad vacío? : mitad lleno
34. Cereales preferidos? : chokapik :B
35. Numero de calzado? : 38-39 :$
36. Numero favorito? : 6, 12, 4 D:
37. Pan con que? : mmm con mermelada o palta o keso o jamon o mm no sé
38. Supersticioso? : mm ni tanto D:
39. Tipo de música? : de todo, menos metal, hip hop, regetoM D:
40. Grupo de música? : Los bunkers & miranda xD
41. Canción favorita? : jaja muchas =/
42. Algo que te haga reír? : que no me hace reir pos xd
43. Algo que te haga llorar? : mm decepciones y sentir que no puedo hacer nada.
44. Algo que te haga enojar? : jajaj que me molesten todo el rato con lo mismo xd
45. Tema de conversación más destacado? : ahh muchos xd
46. El día mas feliz? : ninguno en especial :B
47. Restaurante de comida? : ahaah da lo mismo xd no em .. no sé alguno piola y con comida chilensis xd
48. Comida preferida? : papas fritas, chocolates & emm la comida en gnral.
49. Cuándo fue la última visita al hospital? : como hace 1 mes D:
50. Tu color favorito?: morado, verde, naranjo, negro, blanco, celeste D:
51. Donde te ves en diez años? : ahah ojala que estudiando lo que me guste :)
52. De quien recibiste este e-Mail? : jajaj lo robe de por ahi xd
53. Quien de tus amigos vive más lejos? : mmm mi petit D:
54. Cuántos hijos te gustaría tener? : 6 , pero con uno ya muero xd
55. Tienes mascota? : no ._.
56. Tienes computadora en casa? : ahah see
57. Tienes Internet? : tambien
58. CD preferido? : mmm ninguno en especial xd
59. Mejor sentimiento? : amor y felicidad
60 Mejor amiga? : jajaaj ah "mierdita" xd no sé
61. Mejor amigo? : jajaaj es dificil tener un mejor amigo pero creo que lo tengo o.o
62. Mejor chiste? : ahah xd no sé no me muchos chistes .. soy mas fome ._.
63. Peor chiste? : aahah los sin sentido xd
64. Mejor Frase? : ahaha te quiero puro darte XXD
65. Peor Frase? : jajaja xd , la tengo Loca 1313
66. Lo primero que piensas cuando despiertas? : oh no me meo xd no mentira ..mmm que lata .. tngo que esperar el dia entero para volver a dormir u_U
67. Las tormentas te gustan o te asustan? : me asustan peromegustansi no estoy sola
68. A que le temes? : a fracasar yno cumplir mis sueños D:
69. Algo que tienes puesto siempre y no te lo quitas? : mis pulseras verde amarilla y roja (8)
70. Como andas vestido ahora ? : aahah sosten, calzon, pijama xd y polera D:
71. Que hay en las paredes de tu habitación? : mm muchas fotos de revistas
72. Que hay debajo de tu cama? : otra cama xd
73. Que Escondes debajo de tu cama o has escondido? : mmm nada .. polvo
74. Escribe algo a la persona que te envío este mail? : jajaaj xd meil?
75. Qué le dirías a alguien y no te atreves?: ajja no pasa ná filo filo filo contigo(8)
76. Tímido o extrovertido? : los dos D:
77. Que te gusta que te regalen? : abrazos apretaditos & cartitas :D
78. Que no te gusta de ti? : mmm.. lo rara que soy a veces
79. Si pudieras ser otra persona quien serías?: jaaj nadie
80. Si fueras otra persona, serías tu amigo? : obvio (8) mi mejor amigo xd
81. Te gusta leer? : no tu mash xd
82. Hablas algún otro idioma? : ahah "inglish" mas o menos
83. Tu pasatiempo favorito? : recortar cosas de las revistas y sacar fotos si es que puedo D:
84. Playa o montaña? : ninguno de los dos
85. Coleccionas algo? : fotos queme gustanD:
86. Tienes alguna fobia? : a las arañas y estoy superando mi homofobia :)
87. Tu programa de TV favorito? : ninguno D:
88. Equipo de futbol? : la U por ser de alguno
89 Lo ultimo que haces antes de dormir? : escuchar musica
90. Música que estas escuchando?: ahora? nada xD
91. Que significa esto para ti? : mmm quizas para que me conozcan mas :B
92. Que hora es? : 22:35 o.o
"Some people make the world special just by being in it."
During the Jazz Age:
No matter how much Diasy Buchanan was determined to find her missing daughter Pammy, Pammy did not have a similar desire to be reunited with her mother. Pammy was living blissfully with teenaged Angel. To Pammy, Angel was not simply like a sister; she was, as the little girl said, "my new Mommy."
Pammy, Angel and Daisy were unaware that New York reporter Grace Garamond was almost as determined to find Pammy as Daisy was. And due to Angel's singing at her wedding reception, Grace had more hope of finding the little girl. She had glimpsed Pammy peeking out from the curtain behind
Angel and her instincts told her to track them down in Angel's hometown of Paris.
Though people had their own aims where Pammy was concerned, what did the little girl want?
If she were found, would she readjust with relative ease to life with Daisy?
Would she be completely miserable to be taken from Angel and returned to a mother who, in Pammy's mind, never treated her with love and attention?
Did Daisy, who longed to make up for her emotional neglect of Pammy, have an absolute and inherent right to custody of her daughter?
If there were a court case to determine Pammy's custody or Angel's culpability in her abduction, would any judge listen to what a tiny girl wanted or simply assume that regardless of the child's feelings, any grief on Pammy's part at being removed from Angel was 'just a phase'?
Would Pammy, like little Gloria Vanderbilt, simply be dubbed a "poor little rich girl" being fought over by adults?
Pammy's love for Angel was bigger than she was small. But if Pammy were found by Grace or Daisy, to whom would that matter?
TO BE CONTINUED.
**PLEASE BE SURE TO SEE SWAGGYWIGGUMS WONDERFUL FLICKR PAGE WITH PHOTOSTORIES FEATURING GRACE, VESPA, SABRINA, LADY BEATRICE, AND PRINCESS CRESSIDA EUDORA THAT ARE PART OF THE DAISY &MISSING PAMMY/BLYTHE QUAKE SAGA
The Royal Park Bridge is a bascule bridge across the Intracoastal Waterway, linking Palm Beach and West Palm Beach, Florida. It gained widespread attention in February 2022 when a woman fell to her death as its movable spans rose.
Elisha Newton "Cap" Dimick, a former state senator and first mayor of Palm Beach, built the original Royal Park Bridge as a wooden structure in 1911. He named the bridge after a housing project he was developing in Palm Beach called the Royal Park Addition. The toll was 25 cents per vehicle and 5 cents per pedestrian. In 1919, Palm Beach County purchased the bridge for $40,000. Two years later, the county intended to replace the bridge with a concrete span. However, two days prior to its scheduled opening, the bridge collapsed. A two-lane concrete replacement of the original bridge finally opened on August 11, 1924. This incarnation of the Royal Park Bridge suffered severe damage during the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane, including to its west approach, draw span, wiring, and protective fenders, some of which were completely removed. However, temporary repairs, including the addition of wood and dirt fill-in, allowed vehicular and boat traffic to resume less than two weeks after the storm.
The entirety of the original 1911 bridge was replaced in 1959. During that time, the county added two lanes along the south side of the bridge and installed two drawbridges, at a cost of around $1.5 million. This bridge remained in use for about 40 years, until the discovery of wood borers led to its condemnation in 1998. In December of the following year, a temporary bridge opened, constructed at a cost of $13 million.
The current Royal Park Bridge is a bascule bridge. It opened in 2005.
On February 6, 2022, Carol Esterling Wright was killed while crossing the bridge with her bike when its spans suddenly started rising. The bridge tender on duty, Artissua Paulk, was fired, arrested, and subsequently charged with manslaughter by culpable negligence. Paulk's supervisor was also fired for allegedly encouraging Paulk to falsely report conducting a proper inspection of the bridge prior to opening the drawbridge. Additionally, the victim's family filed a lawsuit against the bridge tender and Florida Drawbridges Inc. (FDI), resulting in a $8.2 million settlement in July 2022. FDI also agreed to conduct background checks and retrain all of its bridge tenders. In January 2023, Paulk pled guilty to one count of manslaughter and received a sentence of two days in jail, 200 hours of community service, and 8 years probation.
West Palm Beach is a city in and the county seat of Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. It is located immediately to the west of the adjacent Palm Beach, which is situated on a barrier island across the Lake Worth Lagoon. The population was 117,415 at the 2020 census. West Palm Beach is a principal city of the Miami metropolitan area, which was home to 6,138,333 people in 2020. It is the oldest incorporated municipality in the South Florida area, incorporated as a city two years before Miami in November 1894. West Palm Beach is located approximately 68 miles (109 km) north of Downtown Miami.
The history of West Palm Beach, Florida, began more than 5,000 years ago with the arrival of the first aboriginal natives. Native American tribes such as the Jaegas inhabited the area. Though control of Florida changed among Spain, England, the United States, and the Confederate States of America, the area remained largely undeveloped until the 20th century. By the 1870s and 1880s, non-Native American settlers had inhabited areas in the vicinity of West Palm Beach and referred to the settlement as "Lake Worth Country". However, the population remained very small until the arrival of Henry Flagler in the 1890s. Flagler constructed hotels and resorts in Palm Beach to create a travel destination for affluent tourists, who could travel there via his railroad beginning in 1894.
Flagler originally intended for West Palm Beach to serve as a residential area for the workers at his hotels in Palm Beach. In 1893, George W. Potter surveyed and platted the original 48 blocks of the city. West Palm Beach would be incorporated as a town on November 5, 1894, before becoming a city in 1903. Upon the establishment of Palm Beach County in 1909, West Palm Beach received the designation of county seat. The city developed much more rapidly during the 1920s land boom, which saw a nearly four-fold increase in population between 1920 and 1927 and the construction of many of the city's historical buildings and neighborhoods. However, the 1928 hurricane – which devastated the city – and end of the land boom ushered the area into an era of economic decline just prior to the onset of the Great Depression.
West Palm Beach experienced an economic rebound in the post-World War II years, as veterans who trained at Morrison Field vacationed or relocated to the area. The city also markedly expanded westward in the 1950s and 1960s, with thousands of acres of wetlands drained and filled. In the latter decade, a municipal stadium, auditorium, and mall were built on the newly drained and filled land. Commercial development west of the original city boundaries led to urban decay in downtown by the 1980s. However, the beautification of Clematis Street beginning in the early 1990s, and the opening of CityPlace in 2000 led to a revitalized downtown area. In 2018, the United States Census Bureau estimated that the city had a population of 111,398.
Archaeological evidence suggests that the Jaegas settled in modern-day Palm Beach County as many as 5,000 years ago. The first contact between Native Americans in the area and Europeans occurred in 1513 upon Juan Ponce de León's landfall at the Jupiter Inlet. Europeans encountered a thriving native population, the Mayaimi in the Lake Okeechobee Basin, while the Jaegas and Ais resided east of Lake Okeechobee and along the east coast north of the Tequestas. When the Spanish arrived, there were perhaps about 20,000 Native Americans in South Florida. The native peoples had all but been wiped out through war, enslavement, or European diseases, by the time the English gained control of Florida in 1763. Other native people from Alabama and Georgia moved into Florida in the early 18th century. They were of varied ancestry, but Europeans called them all Creeks. In Florida, they were known as the Seminole and Miccosukee Indians. American settlers and Seminoles fought against each other due to land and escaped slaves, who were granted protection by the Seminoles. They resisted the government's efforts to move them to the Indian Territory west of the Mississippi. The Seminoles and the United States government fought with each other in three wars between 1818 and 1858. By the end of the third war, very few Seminoles remained in Florida.
The area that was to become West Palm Beach was settled in the late 1870s and 1880s by a few hundred settlers who called the vicinity "Lake Worth Country". These settlers were a diverse community from different parts of the United States and the world. They included founding families such as the Potters and the Lainharts, who would go on to become leading members of the business community in the fledgling city. Irving R. Henry filed the first homestead claim in 1880, claiming 131 acres (53 ha). Henry would later sell the land to Captain O. S. Porter. The first non-Native American settlers in Palm Beach County resided around Lake Worth, – an enclosed freshwater lake at the time – named after Colonel William Jenkins Worth, who served in the Second Seminole War in 1842. Reverend Elbridge Gale and his son are believed to have constructed the first log cabin on the western shore of Lake Worth, located near where the intersection of 29th Street and Poinsettia Avenue stands today. Most settlers engaged in the growing of tropical fruits and vegetables for shipment to the north via Lake Worth and the Indian River.
In 1890, the United States Census counted over 200 people settled along Lake Worth in the vicinity of what would become West Palm Beach. The area at this time also boasted a hotel, the "Cocoanut House", a church, and a post office. Henry Flagler, who was instrumental to Palm Beach County's development in the late 19th century and early 20th century, first visited in 1892, describing the area as a "veritable paradise". The first newspaper in the area, The Gazetteer, began publication in 1893, but the paper ceased printing issues after burning in a downtown fire in 1896. Additionally, West Palm Beach's first business, Lainhart and Potter Lumber Company, and the first bank, Dade County State Bank, were both established in 1893. That year, Flagler began planning a city to house the employees working in the two grand hotels on the neighboring island of Palm Beach.
Flagler paid two area settlers, Porter and Louie Hillhouse, a combined sum of $45,000 for the original town site. Flagler hired George W. Potter, Dade County's first surveyor, to set aside 48 blocks for development stretching from Clear Lake to Lake Worth, an area that would later become West Palm Beach. The east-to-west oriented streets were named alphabetically from north to south – Althea, Banyan, Clematis, Datura, Evernia, Fern – while some of the north-to-south roads were called Lantana, Narcissus, Olive, Poinsettia, Rosemary, and Tamarind. Most of these names are still used today. Over in Palm Beach, construction began on the Royal Poinciana Hotel on May 1, 1893. The lots in West Palm Beach were auctioned off in the ballroom of the Royal Poinciana on February 4, 1894, one week before the hotel opened for business. In late March, Flagler's Florida East Coast Railway reached West Palm Beach.
On November 5, 1894, residents met at the "Calaboose", which served as the first jail and police station. The building formerly stood at Clematis Street and Poinsettia, now Dixie Highway. The 78 people there voted on a motion to incorporate, with 77 in favor and 1 against. They also decided to name the municipality "West Palm Beach", originally a town. This made West Palm Beach the first incorporated municipality in the county and in Southeast Florida. On the following day, 78 people also met to vote on the new town officers. Voters elected John S. Earman as the first mayor, while Henry J. Burkhardt, E. H. Dimick, J. M. Garland, H. T. Grant, J. F. Lamond, and George Zapf became the town's first aldermen. Eli Sims and W. L. Tolbert were chosen to be town clerk and town marshal, respectively. Later in November 1894, the Flagler Alerts, an all-volunteer fire department, was established as the first fire department in the city.
Although Flagler intended for the West Palm Beach area to be the southern terminus of his railroad, the track was extended farther southward to Miami after two severe freezes in the winter of 1894–95. The Weather Bureau office, then located in Jupiter, recorded temperatures of 24 and 27 °F (−4 and −3 °C) on December 29, 1894, and February 9, 1895, respectively. Though the railroad continued southward to Miami and eventually to Key West, Flagler and his workers continued building structures in the early years of Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. Completion of a railroad bridge across Lake Worth in 1895 allowed passengers to directly reach Palm Beach from West Palm Beach. A census conducted that year reported a population of 1,192 people. However, the town's population decreased by more than half during the second half of the 1890s due to damage to the citrus industry caused by the aforementioned freezes, a brief cessation in construction activity, and national recessions.
At the V-shaped split at the east end of Clematis Street, "City Park" (later known as Flagler Park) was constructed, which contained a bandstand, a field for impromptu baseball games, and by 1896, a free "reading room". Two large fires devastated downtown West Palm Beach in early 1896. On January 2, an overheated stove at Midway Plaisance Saloon and Restaurant resulted in a fire that spread across all of Banyan Street. The next fire occurred on February 20, ignited after a man accidentally knocked over an oil lamp. Much of Narcissus Street burned, including the building housing The Gazetteer, which never resumed publication. The fire led to stricter building codes, with structures required to be made of bricks. Wilmon Whilldin, who served as mayor from 1898 to 1899, led a transition away from tents and shanty homes. He also emphasized the importance of more dwellings, parks, shade trees, and sanitation.
By the turn of the century, West Palm Beach had electrical and telephone service, a library, a sewer system, a pumping station, and paved roads. The 1900 Census indicated a population of 564. The library was established that year. Charles John Clarke, owner of the Palm Beach Yacht Club, donated the two-story building to be used as the library. Other donations allowed the building to be transported across the Lake Worth Lagoon via barge. The building replaced the reading room at City Park. By 1903, the town council submitted a city charter to the Florida Legislature, which was approved on July 21.
In September, a hurricane made landfall near Fort Lauderdale. As inclement weather conditions began arriving in West Palm Beach, businesses suspended their normal operations and people boarded up buildings, even as strong winds arrived. Many buildings lost their roofs, and much debris, including roofing materials, branches, paper, and driftwood, littered the streets. As northeast winds reached their peak late on September 11 and early on September 12, parts of buildings blew away. In the African-American section of the city, several buildings were destroyed. Just one of the four churches stood after the hurricane. Despite the hurricane, the city continued to grow, with newer businesses and more people arriving.
Banyan Street, originally the only location where alcohol was sold, gained an infamous reputation for its brothels, gambling halls, and saloons, which included an incident in 1895 in which Mayor Earman was arrested and charged with public intoxication while accompanying a prostitute. He was acquitted of the charges. By 1904, some local women called Carrie Nation, a radical temperance movement member notorious for attacking alcohol-serving establishments with a hatchet. However, there is no indication of her ravaging the saloons on Banyan Street. During the following years, the road's continuously poor reputation resulted in it being renamed First Street in 1925, which was reverted to Banyan Street in 1989.[26] The city's first fire department building and city hall opened in 1905 at the northeast corner of Datura Street and Poinsetta Street (modern day U.S. Route 1, also known as Dixie Highway). In 1909, Palm Beach County was formed by the Florida State Legislature, carved out of the northern portion of Dade County. West Palm Beach became the county seat. That same year, the West Palm Beach Telephone Company, the area's first telephone service, was incorporated with 65 customers.
According to the 1910 United States Census, the population of West Palm Beach was 1,743. Prior to the 1910s, many African Americans in the area lived in a segregated section of Palm Beach called the "Styx", with an estimated population of 2,000 at its peak. However, between 1910 and 1912, African Americans were evicted from the Styx. Urban legend states that the Styx was burned down by Flager's white laborers, as the shanty town was viewed as an eyesore. However, there is much evidence to refute this theory. Most of the displaced residents relocated to the northern end of West Palm Beach, in neighborhoods today known as Northwest, Pleasant City, and Freshwater.
After the passage of the Dick Act in 1903, Florida became the first state to establish its own National Guard. In 1914, a unit was established in West Palm Beach. Personnel from this unit were deployed to the Mexico–United States border from July 1916 to March 1917 and for service in Europe in October 1917.
In 1916, a neo-classical county courthouse was opened. Prior to the opening of the courthouse, county business was conducted at a school building located at Clematis Avenue and Poinsettia Street. The building underwent renovations in the 1950s and 1960s. It was used as the county courthouse until a new courthouse opened in 1995. The Board of County Commissioners agreed in 2002 to return the historic courthouse to its original design. Restoration was completed in March 2008 at a cost of just over $18 million. Today, the original courthouse houses the Historical Society of Palm Beach County and the Richard and Pat Johnson Palm Beach County History Museum.
The Palm Beach Post became a daily newspaper in January 1916, after publishing weekly editions since its founding in 1909. Based in West Palm Beach, the paper is the oldest continuously published daily newspaper in the county. As of November 2017, The Palm Beach Post ranked as the fifth largest newspaper by circulation in the state of Florida, behind only the Miami Herald, Sun-Sentinel, Orlando Sentinel, and Tampa Bay Times.
The West Palm Beach Canal opened in 1917. The canal stretched from the Lake Worth Lagoon westward to Twenty Mile Bend and then northwestward to Canal Point, where it enters Lake Okeechobee. The canal lowered Lake Okeechobee and allowed land to be drained for agriculture, while also allowing easier transportation of crops to the coast. The city capitalized on this development and built a new canal branch and dock facilities, boat slips, a turning basin, and warehouses. West Palm Beach soon became the county's shopping center for pineapple, sugar cane, and winter vegetables.
By the 1910s, a movement to transition to a council–manager government gained enough momentum to allow a vote in 1919. Under the proposal, the citizens would elect members of the city council, who would in turn select the mayor. On August 29, 1919, voters approved the proposal by 201–82. The proposal also called for a primary for the election of city commissioners to be held within three weeks. The rules for the primary stated the top three vote-getters were elected to the city council. David F. Dunkle became the first mayor under this system, with his inauguration occurring on September 22, 1919.
Although construction slowed dramatically during World War I, West Palm Beach and the state of Florida, unlike most of the nation, was not hit as hard by the Post–World War I recession, as the completion of major roadways such as Dixie Highway and the milder climate attracted middle-class tourists. Investors and realtors heavily promoted living and vacationing in Florida. The city grew rapidly in the 1920s as part of the Florida land boom. The population of West Palm Beach quadrupled from 1920 to 1927, coupled with significant growth in businesses and public services. Property values also rose significantly, from $13.6 million in 1920 to $61 million in 1925.
All areas of West Palm Beach east of Australian Avenue had been platted by 1927, although sections north of 36th Street and south of Southern Boulevard remained mostly undeveloped. Many of the city's landmark structures and preserved neighborhoods were constructed in the 1920s. For example, during this time, the Harvey and Clarke architectural firm – formed by Henry Stephen Harvey (the Mayor of West Palm Beach from 1924 to 1926) and L. Philips Clarke in 1921 – designed several structures listed on the National Register of Historic Places, including the Alfred J. Comeau House, American National Bank Building, Comeau Building, Dixie Court Hotel (demolished in 1990), Guaranty Building and Pine Ridge Hospital. Several waterfront hotels were built in the 1920s, including the Royal Palm, El Verano, and Pennsylvania. Other notable projects constructed during this era included Good Samaritan Hospital and the Seaboard Airline Railroad Station. Additionally, the city opened its first permanent library on January 26, 1924, named the Memorial Library in honor of those who died during World War I.
See also: Effects of the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane in Florida
The 1928 Okeechobee hurricane devastated West Palm Beach. The city observed at least 10 in (250 mm) of rainfall. Among the buildings destroyed included a furniture store, pharmacy, warehouse, hotel, school, an ironworks, and the fire station. All of the theaters in the city suffered severe damage or destruction. Generally, wood-frame buildings fared poorly and many other structures lost their roofs, while the few concrete-built structures remained standing. Skylights at the county courthouse and city hall shattered, damaging documents and records. Only one business on Clematis Street escaped serious damage, while two buildings remained standing on the north side of Banyan Boulevard (then known as First Street) between Dixie Highway and Olive Avenue, owing to the frail construction of the business buildings in that section of the city. The latter, considered the auto row of West Palm Beach, was reduced to "a mass of debris", according to The New York Times. Partially destruction of the hospital led to a temporary hospital being set up in the Pennsylvania Hotel, which itself suffered damage after the chimney crashed through 14 floors. At the city library, more than half of the books were destroyed and the floor was covered with about 2 ft (0.61 m) of water and mud. Waves washed up mounds of sand and debris across Banyan Boulevard, Clematis Street, and Datura Street, to Olive Avenue.
The buildings used by The Palm Beach Post and the Palm Beach Times suffered severe damage, though both companies continued to publish newspapers with little interruption. The Central Farmers Trust Company, the city's only bank, was deroofed and flooded. Prior to the storm, the American Legion building was designated as the headquarters for the Red Cross, but the building was severely damaged, forcing the Red Cross to relocate its relief post to another building. At Palm Beach High School, then located where the Dreyfoos School of the Arts stands today, the clock tower collapsed. The storm deroofed most buildings at Saint Ann's Catholic Church, while Bradley Hall Towers suffered total destruction. At Flamingo Park, one of the worst hit areas of the city, many homes suffered damage, while a shopping center on Lake Avenue experienced near complete destruction. In contrast, the El Cid and Northwood neighborhoods generally experienced only superficial impact. Fallen pine trees blocked many streets in Vedado. At Bacon Park, the area west of Parker Avenue was desolate.
Many homes also experienced damage in the African-American section of the city, where most dwellings were built of discarded material. On one street, only two houses did not lose either their walls or roof. Strong winds tossed cars and walls down the streets. During the storm, about 100 people ran to a trash incinerator, a concrete-reinforced building. Local Black churches suffered significant damage. Tabernacle Missionary Baptist Church lost many bricks on its front facade, much of the metal grillwork around the entrances, and its roof.. The storm destroyed Payne Chapel AME Church, while St. Patrick's Catholic Church received about $40,000 in damage. According to county coroner T. M. Rickards, the streets were "shoulder-deep in debris. The suffering throughout was beyond words." Throughout the city, the storm destroyed 1,711 homes and damaged 6,369 others, leaving about 2,100 families homeless. Additionally, the hurricane demolished 268 businesses and impacted 490 others. In all, damage totaled approximately $13.8 million and 11 deaths occurred.
Farther inland, the hurricane is believed to have killed at least 2,500 people in cities just southeast of Lake Okeechobee, particularly in Bean City, Belle Glade, Chosen, Pahokee, and South Bay. After the storm, at least 743 bodies were brought to West Palm Beach for burial. Due to racial segregation, all but eight of the victims that received a proper burial at Woodlawn Cemetery were white. The remaining 674 bodies who were black or of an unidentifiable race were mass buried at a site near the junction of 25th Street and Tamarind Avenue, which was the city's paupers cemetery. After the burials were complete, Mayor Vincent Oaksmith proclaimed an hour of mourning on October 1 for those who died during the storm. At the pauper's cemetery, a funeral service was hosted by several local clergymen and attended by about 3,000 people, including educator Mary McLeod Bethune. A memorial was placed at Woodlawn Cemetery on behalf of the victims of the storm, but no such marker was placed at the paupers cemetery mass burial site until 2003, around the 75th anniversary of the storm.
The economic decline and the storm combined caused further skepticism among potential investors and buyers of land in the area. As a result, property values plummeted. During the end of the 1920s, several banks and hotels throughout the county declared bankruptcy or were sold to new owners, Palm Beach Bank and Trust. In October 1929, the Wall Street Crash of 1929 occurred, initiating the Great Depression. Real estate costs in West Palm Beach dropped 53 percent to $41.6 million between 1929 and 1930 and further to only $18.2 million by 1935. Twelve banks failed in Palm Beach County by 1930. However, houses continued to be constructed by the private sector. Also in despite of the economic turmoil, the population continued to increase, albeit at a far slower rate than the previous decades. Between 1920 and 1930, the city's population went from 8,659 to 26,610, a 207.3% increase. However, from 1930 to 1940, the population of the city increased from 26,610 to 33,693, or 26.6%.
In 1933, Palm Beach Junior College (PBJC) was established in West Palm Beach at Palm Beach High School, which is now Dreyfoos School of the Arts, becoming the first junior college in Florida. County school superintendent Joe Youngblood and Palm Beach High School principal Howell Watkins were instrumental in founding the college. Watkins was selected to be the college's first dean. Initially, the college's goal was to provide additional training to local high school graduates who were unable to find jobs during the Great Depression. The college would move out of its original building in 1948 and later to its current main campus in Lake Worth in 1956. PBJC eventually expanded to five campuses – Belle Glade (1972), Boca Raton (1983), Loxahatchee Groves (2017), and Palm Beach Gardens (1980). The college was renamed Palm Beach Community College in 1988 and then Palm Beach State College in 2010.[61]
After learning to fly an airplane in 1932, Grace Morrison began an effort to gain support for a public airport in Palm Beach County. Construction began in the mid-1930s and costed about $180,000 to build. Morrison died in a car accident in Titusville a few months before the airport opened in 1936. In its early years, the airport was called Morrison Field in her honor. The inaugural flight from Morrison Field was piloted by Dick Merrill. Due to poor weather conditions in Pennsylvania, the plane had to crash land near Matamoras. Also in 1936, WJNO-AM 1290 (then WJNO - 1230 AM) signed on, becoming West Palm Beach's first radio station.
During World War II, Florida's long coastline became vulnerable to attack. German U-boats sank dozens of merchant ships and oil tankers just off the coast of Palm Beach, which was under black out conditions to minimize night visibility to German U-boats. The U.S. Army Air Corps (a forerunner of the United States Air Force) established an Air Transport Command post at Morrison Field. The army constructed barracks, hangars, and other buildings to support about 3,000 soldiers. Throughout the course of the war, over 45,000 pilots trained or flew out of the command post, many in preparation for the Normandy landings. The 313th Material Squadron was moved from Miami Municipal Airport to Morrison Field in April 1942, with approximately 1,000 men working around the clock in order to repair and test aircraft before they were put into service. In 1947, Morrison Field was deactivated and returned to the possession of Palm Beach County.[66] Morrison Field was renamed Palm Beach International Airport (PBIA) later that year.
Late on August 26, 1949, a Category 4 hurricane made landfall in Lake Worth. In West Palm Beach, the hurricane produced sustained winds of 120 mph (190 km/h) and gusts up to 130 mph (210 km/h) at PBIA. The airport itself suffered about $1 million in damage, with several hangars destroyed and 16 planes ruined and 5 others affected. Additionally, 15 C-46s suffered damage. Throughout West Palm Beach, about 2,000 homes out of about 7,000 in the city were damaged. It was estimated that the hurricane caused more than $4 million in damage in West Palm Beach.
As a result of the Korean War, PBIA again became a military post in 1951. Temporarily renamed Palm Beach Air Force Base, nearly 23,000 Air Force personnel trained at the base during the Korean War. The federal government proposed keeping Palm Beach Air Force Base as a permanent military facility, but ultimately decided to return it to Palm Beach County control in 1959, and the name was reverted to Palm Beach International Airport.
The 1950s saw another boom in population, partly due to the return of many soldiers and airmen who had served or trained in the area during World War II. Also, the advent of air conditioning encouraged growth, as year-round living in a tropical climate became more acceptable to northerners. West Palm Beach became the nation's fourth fastest growing metropolitan areas during the 1950s; the city's borders spread west of Military Trail and south to Lake Clarke Shores. Between 1949 and 1962, property values rose from $72 million to $147.5 million, while the population in 1950 was 43,612 and increased about 30% by 1960. In 1955, using a $18 million bond issue, the City of West Palm Beach upgraded its sewer system and purchased the water treatment plant (then owned by Henry Flagler's estate) and land to the west of the city's boundaries, including 20 sq mi (52 km2) of wetlands (from Flagler Water Systems) and an additional 17,000 acres (6,900 ha) of land previously owned by Flagler's Model Land Company.
About two year later, the city sold about 5,500 acres (2,200 ha) of that land for $4.35 million to Perini Corporation of Massachusetts president Louis R. Perini, Sr. In order to transform the wetlands into dry land, Perini hired Gee and Jensen Engineers, who used approximately 30,000,000 cubic yards (23,000,000 m3) of fill to complete the task. Perini constructed the Roosevelt Estates neighborhood for middle class African-Americans. Additionally, Perini changed the name of 12th Street to Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard and extended it westward. The road was curved southwestward to eventually connect with Okeechobee Boulevard. Perini would also construct the first section of Interstate 95 in Palm Beach County in 1966, from Okeechobee Boulevard to 45th Street.
In the 1960s, Perini sold much of the land back to the city of West Palm Beach. The city, in turn, built West Palm Beach Municipal Stadium in 1963, the West Palm Beach Auditorium in 1965, and the Palm Beach Mall in 1967. On October 26, 1967, the Palm Beach Mall opened along Palm Beach Lakes Boulevard between Interstate 95 and Congress Avenue. The opening ceremony included a ribbon-cutting by Governor Claude Kirk, Mayor Reid Moore Jr., and Miss USA 1967 winner Cheryl Patton. About 40,000 visited the mall on its opening day. Upon opening, the mall contained 87 stores over a 1,000,000 sq ft (93,000 m2) area. The mall gradually began to draw businesses and patrons away from downtown, especially when Burdines left downtown in 1979.
The 1950s and 1960s also saw the opening of the Palm Beach Zoo (then known as the Dreher Park Zoo) in 1957 and the South Florida Science Center and Aquarium in 1961. The first shopping plaza in Palm Beach County, the Palm Coast Plaza, opened in 1959 along Dixie Highway near the city's southern boundary. At the time, it was considered "the largest and most complete shopping center between Miami and Jacksonville". The city of West Palm Beach opened a new library at the east end of Clematis Street on April 30, 1962, to replace the Memorial Library. In 1968, Palm Beach Atlantic University (PBA), an accredited, private Christian university, began at a downtown local church, before opening a campus in the 1980s.
On January 19, 1977, West Palm Beach recorded its first ever snowfall event, as part of a cold wave episode. Snow fell between 6:10 a.m. and 8:40 a.m., but hardly any accumulation was measured, as the snow almost immediately melted or was blown away after touchdown. PBIA also recorded temperatures as low as 27 °F (−3 °C).
By the 1980s, downtown West Palm Beach had become notorious for crime, poverty, and vacant and dilapidated businesses and houses. Then-United States Senator Lawton Chiles referred to the area as a "war zone" during his visit in September 1987, while local politicians were not optimistic about the future of downtown. The city had the highest crime rate for a city of its size in the late 1980s. Crack USA: County Under Siege, a 1989 documentary film about the crack epidemic, was filmed in West Palm Beach.
In 1986, private investors David C. Paladino and Henry J. Rolfs presented a 20-year, $433 million project to revitalize the western side of downtown. The proposal included plans 3,700,000 sq ft (340,000 m2) for offices, 1,900,000 sq ft (180,000 m2) for retail stores, 800 hotel rooms, and 700 housing units. Paladino and Rolfs purchased and razed properties across 77 acres (31 ha) of land – more than 300 properties – adjacent to Okeechobee Boulevard for about $40 million, with the exception of First United Methodist Church, which later became the Harriet Himmel Theater. The duo donated 5 acres (2.0 ha) of land for development of the Kravis Center for the Performing Arts, which opened in 1992. However, by the early 1990s, the project was discontinued after Rolfs exhausted his personal fortune and due to defaulted loans, foreclosures, lawsuits, and a recession.
After several decades under the Council–manager government, public opinion shifted in favor of electing a strong mayor and having a mayor–council government by the early 1990s. Under one proposal, the mayor would be elected to a four-year term and be eligible for re-election once, the city manager and mayor would share administrative duties, and the mayor would receive the power to veto commission votes, which could be overridden by a 4–1 vote. Additionally, the mayor would be authorized to line-item veto the budget, initiate investigations, and supervise contracts and purchases involving more than $5,000. After a successful petition drive, this proposal would be listed on the ballot as Question 2. In response, the city commission submitted Question 1, which effectively added a weak mayor. In this proposal, the difference versus Question 2 is that the city manager would retain administrative authority, the mayor would vote with city commissioners only in the event of a tie, and the mayor could not veto votes by the city commission. In the referendum for mayor, voters were required to vote yes or no on Question 1 and Question 2. If both received a majority of yes votes, the question with more votes passed. The election was held on March 12, 1991. Both propositions received a majority of the votes. Question 1 received 2,944 yes votes versus 2,665 no votes, a margin of 52.6%–47.4%. Question 2 passed by a margin of 65.7%–34.3% and a vote total of 3,779–1,972. Therefore, Question 2 prevailed, allowing citizens of West Palm Beach to directly elect a strong mayor.
The first general election for Mayor of West Palm Beach since the late 1910s occurred on November 5, 1991. Candidates included attorney and former state representative Joel T. Daves III, city senior planner Jim Exline, Nancy M. Graham, Josephine Stenson Grund, property management company owner Michael D. Hyman, and former Palm Beach County commissioner Bill Medlen. Graham and Hyman received 34.3% and 24.9% of the vote, respectively, allowing them to advance to a run-off election held on November 19. Graham defeated Hyman by a margin of 55.8%–44.2%. She was sworn in as the city's first strong mayor on November 21.
During the campaign, Graham vowed for improvements to downtown. Much of the renovations in downtown began after a $18.2 million bond was issued to the city in October 1992, with $4 million allotted to the waterfront. Among the first projects was a beautification of Clematis Street, which was complete in December 1993. Over the previous six months, benches, sidewalks, and trees were replaced. The project resulted in several businesses moving to Clematis Street. Architect Dan Kiley was hired for several of the waterfront projects, including building an amphitheater, remodeling the library, and designing an interactive water fountain at Flagler Park.
The plan for building the amphitheater would require the city to spend about $1 million for construction, as well as $171,400 for the demolition of a Holiday Inn. The building was chosen because it had remained vacant and gutted since 1986, while plans for reselling or remodeling the building for a different use fell through. A nearby bank agreed to finance most of the cost of purchasing the building, allowing the city to acquire the hotel for only $1,000. Controlled Demolition, Inc. was hired for the demolition, which was scheduled for December 31, 1993, about 10 seconds before midnight. More than 20,000 people attended the explosion event, which was triggered by about 300 sticks of dynamite. Graham sold $25 tickets for a close-up view of the explosion. Revenue from tickets and donations totaled almost $1 million.
Among the most ambitious efforts to rejuvenate economic activity in downtown West Palm Beach was CityPlace. After the city reacquired the land formerly proposed for the Downtown/Uptown project by eminent domain and a multi-million dollar loan in 1995, the city began appealing to large architectural firms to develop the site Of the three proposed bid, the city commission chose CityPlace by a vote of 5–1 on October 9, 1996.[100] The $375 million project called for an 18 to 24 screen movie theater and a number of restaurants, upscale stores, apartments, and office buildings, all centered around the historical First United Methodist Church, which later became the Harriet Himmel Theatre. Overall, about 2,000,000 sq ft (190,000 m2) of land development was approved. In return, the city agreed to invest $75 million for construction of streets, parking garages, and plazas, with $20 million already borrowed for purchasing land. Construction began in 1998, with stores expected to open in November 1999, though CityPlace would actually open in October 2000.
CityPlace opened to the public on October 27, 2000, with 31 stores and 1 restaurant opening during the first weekend. Barnes & Noble, Macy's, and a Muvico Parisian 20 and IMAX theater served as the original anchors. The initial focus of CityPlace involved attracting many high-end stores as tenants, though emphasis shifted to home furnishings during the housing bubble. By the Great Recession, the scope turned heavily toward dining and entertainment establishments becoming tenants. Related Companies re-branded CityPlace as "Rosemary Square" in April 2019. The company intends to transform Rosemary Square from a lifestyle center to a more urban-like environment, using $550 million to construct new restaurants, a new mixed-use luxury residential tower, a new hotel, and an office tower containing 300,000 sq ft (28,000 m2) of space. Some asphalt roads were replaced with gray and white pavers and converted to create more pedestrian-walking space. The shopping center would later be re-named The Square. In 2023, the movie theater was demolished; Related Companies intends to construct two office towers in its place and add a 455-seat IMAX theater.
As the county seat of Palm Beach County, West Palm Beach entered the national spotlight during the 2000 presidential election. According to the results officially certified by Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris, George W. Bush very narrowly carried the state of Florida over Al Gore – by 537 votes. Both candidates needed to win the state of Florida in order to secure at least 270 electoral votes, and thereby prevail in the presidential election. The close results and Palm Beach County's controversial butterfly ballot led to a notorious recount. Among those serving on the canvassing board included former West Palm Beach mayor Carol Roberts. Ultimately, the United States Supreme Court decided in Bush v. Gore on December 12, 2000, that Harris's tally would stand, awarding Bush the 25 electoral votes of Florida and the presidential election.
In 2004 and 2005, several tropical cyclones impacted Palm Beach County, including hurricanes Frances, Jeanne, and Wilma. West Palm Beach was affected most by Hurricane Wilma in October 2005, with the eye passing directly over the city at Category 2 intensity. Wilma produced hurricane-force winds and gusts up to 101 mph (163 km/h) at the Palm Beach International Airport. Throughout the city, 1,194 businesses suffered minor damage and 105 others experienced severe impact, while one was destroyed. A total of 6,036 homes received some degree of damage from the storm, while 16 were completely demolished. Additionally, 20 city government buildings were damaged. Overall, damage in West Palm Beach totaled approximately $425.8 million, with $267.4 million in damage to businesses, $153.1 million to residences, and $5.3 million to public property.
In the spring of 2009, City Center opened for business at the corner of Clematis Street and Dixie Highway. Constructed at a cost of approximately $154 million, the complex included a new library and city hall, while several city departments relocated to the complex. The city opened the Mandel Public Library of West Palm Beach on April 13, 2009 at City Center, replacing the original library at the east end of Clematis Street. The original library was demolished later that year for construction of a waterfront park and pavilion, which opened to the public in February 2010. The Mandel Public Library is approximately 2.5 times larger than the former library. The library currently circulates more than 800,000 items and has over 100,000 registered card holders.
The 2010 United States Census counted a population of 99,919 people in West Palm Beach. With the number being just 81 short of 100,000, then-outgoing mayor Lois Frankel indicated the potential for challenging the tally, as having a population of at least 100,000 would entitle the city to additional grants. Additionally, the United States Census Bureau estimated that the city had a population of 100,665 people on April 1, 2010. However, the city government apparently did not challenge the 99,919 population figure, as it remains in the official census records.
Although CityPlace revitalized downtown, it also contributed to the demise of the Palm Beach Mall. After a significant decline in foot traffic and tenants, as well as failed attempts to lure big box stores such as Bass Pro and IKEA to the mall, it was demolished in 2013. Palm Beach Outlets, designed and operated by New England Development, opened in February 2014 at the same location. The 460,000 sq ft (43,000 m2) outlet mall, comprising more than 100 stores, is anchored by Saks Fifth Avenue.
With the closure of the municipal stadium in 1997 (and its subsequent demolition in 2002), West Palm Beach had lost its ability to host spring training for a Major League Baseball. However, with the opening of the FITTEAM Ballpark of the Palm Beaches in 2017, spring training returned to the city after a 20-year hiatus. The 6,500 seat stadium hosts the spring training events for the Houston Astros and Washington Nationals. In its inaugural year, 55,881 people attended Astros training games. However, in 2018, attendance increased to 67,931 people as a result of the Astros' 2017 World Series championship.
The high-speed train Brightline opened its first two stations in Fort Lauderdale and West Palm Beach in January 2018, with a Miami station opened in May of that year. Brightline extended its service to Orlando in 2023.
Statue of Sir Henry Parkes (see later) on the Department of Lands building.
The Lands Department building, 23-33 Bridge Street was designed by James Barnet and built in two stages in 1876-1880 and 1888-1893. The site had been occupied since 1788 by the Surveyor General. The new Lands Act of 1884 required additional office accommodation and a second stage was urgently required by 1887. The 23 statues on the cornice of the building were not completed until 1901.
The highly important Datum Bench Mark Plug which controls all levels in the state, was inserted on the front of the building at some time between 1887 and 1894. Initially the building was shared by Lands and by Mines and Agriculture.
It remains the home of the Department of Land and Water Conservation. The building was and still is one of Sydney’s most elaborate sandstone facades. At the upper levels the building has concrete lanterns to copper-roofed domes, a revolving observatory dome (never used), and a prominent stone tower with a distinctive onion-shaped dome.
Parkes, Sir Henry (1815–1896) by A. W. Martin
Sir Henry Parkes (1815-1896), politician and journalist, was born on 27 May 1815 in Warwickshire, England, youngest of the seven children of Thomas Parks, tenant farmer on Stoneleigh Abbey Estate, and his wife Martha, née Faulconbridge. Forced off their farm in 1823 by debt, the Parkes family moved to Glamorganshire and about 1825 settled in Birmingham, where Thomas was a gardener and odd-job man. Henry's formal education was in his own words, 'very limited and imperfect'; he briefly attended Stoneleigh parish school and later joined the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute. Obliged as a boy to help in supporting the family, he worked as a road labourer and in a brickpit and rope-walk, before being apprenticed to John Holding, bone and ivory turner of Moseley Street. Having served his articles, he began his own business in 1837. On 11 July 1836 at Edgbaston Parish Church he had married Clarinda, 23-year-old daughter of John Varney, butcher. They regularly attended Carr's Lane Independent Chapel under the formidable John Angell James, whose precepts and oratorical style left a permanent impression on Parkes. Another important Birmingham influence was Thomas Attwood's Political Union, which Parkes joined at 17. He heard Attwood, Scholefield and Edmunds orate at Newhall Hill, sported the union badge and in 1833 dedicated a poem on the wrongs of Poland to Attwood's son.
The business failed and in 1838 Parkes took Clarinda to London in search of better prospects. They survived a few weeks by pawning his tools, then determined to leave for New South Wales as bounty migrants. In March 1839 Hetherington's Charter published verses from Parkes as 'A Poet's Farewell', indignantly condemning a society through whose injustices 'men like this are compelled to seek the means of existence in a foreign wilderness'. Parkes assured his Birmingham family of his certainty of 'making my fortune and coming back to fetch all of you'. He and Clarinda sailed from Gravesend on 27 March 1839 in the Strathfieldsaye, their ears 'incessantly assailed by the coarse expressions and blasphemies' of other steerage passengers.
They reached Sydney on 25 July 1839 with a first surviving child born at sea two days earlier. Parkes found work as a labourer on Sir John Jamison's Regentville estate but after six months returned to Sydney to work in Thomas Burdekin's iron-mongery and Peter Russell's brass-foundry. In 1840 he became a tide-waiter in the Customs Department, slowly bought tools and in 1845 set up in Hunter Street as an ivory turner and importer of fancy goods. Impressed by what seemed 'flattering prospects' of developing 'a respectable mercantile business', he opened branches in Maitland and Geelong, but both failed and by 1850 he was in financial difficulties, writing remorsefully to his wife of 'too culpable neglect of my business in Sydney'. He had by then become deeply involved in literary and political activities, attractions which highlighted the dullness of a business life.
Parkes's talents as a writer, extraordinary for one so lacking in formal education, developed quickly in the 1840s. He was briefly Sydney correspondent for the Launceston Examiner, and contributed occasional poems and articles on political and literary topics, sometimes under the pseudonym 'Faulconbridge', to the Sydney Morning Herald, the Australasian Chronicle and the Atlas. In 1842 he published by subscription a first book of verse, Stolen Moments. Through W. A. Duncan and Charles Harpur, his 'chief advisers on matters of intellectual resource and enquiry', he came to be associated with most of the colony's radical patriots. Discussion gave place in 1848 to action, when with J. K. Heydon he became organizing secretary of a tradesmen's committee which successfully promoted Robert Lowe for the City of Sydney seat in the Legislative Council. Later that year he joined radicals in the Constitutional Association which developed out of the Lowe committee to agitate for franchise extension and land reform. In his first public speech, made at the City Theatre in January 1849, Parkes advocated universal suffrage as the best guarantee that the people, 'growing in enlightenment', would avoid 'the excesses of Paris and Frankfurt'. His radicalism reached a brief apogee in April 1850 when Rev. John Dunmore Lang and J. R. Wilshire established the Australian League to work for universal suffrage and transformation of the Australian colonies into a 'Great Federal Republic'. Parkes wrote to Lang to denounce the 'dung-hill aristocracy of Botany Bay' and to assert his eagerness to 'enrol in the league for the entire freedom and independence' of this 'land of my adoption and of my children's birth'. In July he worked as chief organizer and canvasser when Lang stood against J. R. Holden for a vacant Sydney seat in the Legislative Council. In this campaign Parkes joined the Chartist, David Blair, to issue the Representative: A Daily Journal of the Election as a counter to the 'discreditable handbills' circulated by Lang's opponents. Lang won the seat but his league did not survive long and Parkes's republicanism soon evaporated. Daniel Deniehy told Lang that Parkes had 'too much, not of the Englishman in him, but of “Englishmanism” about him', to lend serious comfort to the republicans of New South Wales. But this was only part of the story; Parkes was already finding a more congenial cause in the liberal movement which by the early 1850s was becoming the most effective spearhead against the old colonial conservatives.
Parkes, who had been prominent in the great protest which greeted the convict ship Hashemy in 1849, eagerly dedicated his organizational talents to the Anti-transportation League and drifted easily into the liberal campaigns against the anti-democratic Electoral Act of 1851. Late in 1850 he found support to set up as editor-proprietor of the Empire, a newspaper destined to be the chief organ of mid-century liberalism and to serve as the rallying and reconciliation point for the sharpest radical and liberal minds of the day. Critics of the existing system as diverse as C. G. Duffy, Edward Butler, James Martin, William Forster, Deniehy and Lang were contributors but Parkes was presiding genius. Full-time journalist and politician now, he abandoned shopkeeping for a happy reconciliation of desire and duty: the Empire allowed devotion to a political cause and promised steady economic support for a growing family. By 1853, deeply involved in organizing the Constitution Committee to oppose Wentworth's constitution bill, he was ready to seek a place in the Legislative Council. Failing at a by-election that year, he won Wentworth's old Sydney seat in 1854, defeating Charles Kemp in a contest generally seen as a trial of strength between liberals and conservatives over the constitutional issue. The radicals' acceptance of a frankly liberal Parkes as their candidate in place of Lang symbolized the merging in his person of radical and liberal movements. The liberal leader, Charles Cowper, warmly welcomed him to the council as an opponent of 'Wentworthian and Thomsonian policy', and Parkes's election to the Chamber of Commerce signified his acceptance into the inner liberal group.
Parkes entered the council near its end: the constitutional proposals were under scrutiny in London and no longer a subject for effective local debate. Meanwhile the liberals' reformism was chiefly reflected in a range of inquiries instituted by the dying council into such matters as a nautical school for boys, the importation of Asiatic labour, the adulteration of food and the state of agriculture. In this work Parkes won repute as an assiduous and imaginative committeeman.
In March 1856 at the first Legislative Assembly established by the new Constitution, Parkes was one of the liberal bunch which carried all four seats in the premier Sydney City constituency. He supported Cowper in the complex manoeuvres of the first parliament until obliged in December to resign to give full attention to the Empire, then in serious financial difficulties. He re-entered parliament in January 1858 for the North Riding of Cumberland but in August had to resign for insolvency. The Empire had collapsed, ending his dream of using the paper as 'an independent power to vivify, elevate and direct the political life of the country' and leaving him 'to begin life afresh with a wife and five children to support, a name in a commercial sense ruined and a doubt of the practical character of my mind'. He survived bankruptcy proceedings, struggled on with the support of friends and the proceeds of occasional journalism and planned briefly to abandon politics for a legal career. But in June 1859 he was back in parliament to represent East Sydney.
Politics in the assembly had by then settled into a faction mould. Having in 1857 declared his independence of Cowper and John Robertson, Parkes developed a personal following in the House and in 1859-60 emerged as critic and rival of the established liberal leadership. But economic insecurity made him vulnerable, and early in 1861 he accepted an invitation by Cowper to tour England with W. B. Dalley as government lecturer on emigration at a salary of £1000.
Parkes sailed in May, leaving his family in poverty on their rented farm at Werrington. In England he attended vigorously to his duties, though with limited success. Prevailing English sentiment was well expressed by Sir John Pakington, who declared at Parkes's meeting in Droitwich his unwillingness to see 'the pith of our English population seeking a home elsewhere'. Early in 1863 Parkes returned to Sydney in good spirits, his self-confidence strengthened by the kind attention he had received from government officials and such literary idols as Carlyle, Hughes and Cobden, and having established while in Birmingham a new fancy goods importing business which he hoped might in the next six years 'provide for the rest of our lives'.
An opportunity to return to parliament offered itself in August 1863 when J. B. Darvall sought ministerial re-election at East Maitland. Parkes opposed Darvall and lost the contest after a bitter campaign, but in January 1864 was returned at a by-election for Kiama, a seat he held until 1870. From late 1864 until early 1866 he opposed consecutive Martin and Cowper ministries, while steadily rebuilding his own faction. In 1865 Cowper tried without success to buy him off again, with offers first of the lucrative post of inspector of prisons, then of a portfolio in his ministry. By early 1866 Martin and Parkes were in private negotiation: successful censure of Cowper followed and Martin, commissioned to form a ministry, included Parkes, as colonial secretary, and two followers.
This coalition, scarcely more than a marriage of convenience, failed to develop a positive and unanimous programme. Its leaders differed on such basic issues as the tariff, state aid, electoral and land reform. Parkes was responsible for establishing the hulk Vernon as a nautical school for destitute boys, for an Act requiring the inspection of hospitals and for bringing to Sydney under Lucy Osburn nursing sisters trained by Florence Nightingale. But the government's support was uncertain and its ministers quarrelsome; its only major legislation in two years and a half of office, Parkes's 1866 Public Schools Act, passed the assembly with Opposition assistance. This measure was Parkes's first important contribution to education reform. Prompted by the high cost of competing national and denominational systems of education, it aimed at rationalizing expenditure by placing both under a Council of Education which was also to oversee teacher training and the content of secular lessons.
The measure aroused sectarian controversy which Parkes did little to assuage. It revived again in March 1868 when H. J. O'Farrell attempted to assassinate the visiting Duke of Edinburgh. The government, alleging a Fenian plot, carried a savage Treason Felony Act suspending civil rights, but no conspiracy was discovered. In September Parkes resigned from the ministry in protest at its handling of a quarrel between the treasurer, Geoffrey Eagar, and W. A. Duncan, collector of customs. Lacking Parkes's support, Martin's ministry fell within a month. Meanwhile in a speech at Kiama Parkes had alleged that he had evidence to prove O'Farrell had acted on Fenian orders and that one conspirator had been murdered when suspected of revealing the plot. While his move had obvious political purposes, Parkes's correspondence also shows that he was obsessed with fears for his own safety and a belief in Catholic ambitions to seize political hegemony. A select committee under W. J. Macleay found no proof of the allegations, but though Parkes rallied sectarian and factional support to have its report expunged from the records of the House, the 'Kiama ghost' long remained an embarrassment.
Parkes's financial difficulties had been mounting: his importing venture failed and in December 1870 he collapsed again into bankruptcy. He resigned his seat but soon assured his sister that he would be 're-elected to the Legislature whenever I choose to offer myself, and strange as it may seem two-thirds of the mercantile classes will vote for me. They have got a notion that I am wholly unfit for business, but the fittest of all men for Parliament'. He survived by borrowing from friends, working as a journalist and briefly acting as travelling agent for H. H. Hall. In January 1872 he was returned for Mudgee in time to help in ousting the Martin-Robertson coalition ministry. General elections in February-March confirmed Martin's defeat and after complex negotiations Parkes became premier for the first time. His achievement bore witness to the political arts of which he was now supreme master: besides his own followers the ministry included old Cowper-Robertson men and Butler, a barrister who had covertly engineered sectional Catholic support for Parkes at the election.
The ministry took office in May at a time of commercial prosperity. By December, thanks chiefly to the rising sale of public lands, the Treasury had a substantial surplus. Parkes embarked on vigorous development of public works, effected a downward revision of tariff schedules and negotiated an agreement with Victoria on free border trade. Though once 'bitten by the doctrine of fostering infant industries' Parkes had in 1861 learnt from Cobden the error of his ways: now as tariff reformer, he received a gold medal from the Cobden Club and established his image as high priest of free trade in New South Wales. He also won the confidence of Sir Hercules Robinson, a convinced free trader and experienced colonial governor, whose eagerness to discuss administrative and constitutional problems with cordiality and balance proved important for Parkes's development.
Despite favourable assembly majorities, the council mauled government bills to consolidate the criminal law and to redraw electoral boundaries. The governor refused a ministerial request for new appointments and the council threw out a bill which, with overwhelming assembly support, aimed to give the Upper House an elective component. Echoes of former constitutional battles brought Parkes kudos as an old liberal campaigner. He emerged less happily from another crisis which arose in 1873 when his attorney-general and personal friend, Butler, resigned in protest against his failure to honour an implied promise of the chief justiceship then vacant. Though correct in judging that Martin had superior claims to the post, Parkes extricated himself from the obligation to Butler without displaying the frankness of a gentleman or the sensitivity of a friend and colleague. His deviousness is understandable in the light of pressure from the Bar, of his instinct for intrigue, of his unease at Butler's unpredictability and of the danger of his ministry falling. The reputations of both men were not enhanced when Butler made public their correspondence. The unhappy consequence of the breach was more than personal since the Parkes-Butler alliance had effected a liberal-Catholic rapprochement full of promise for the colony's best interests.
After an assembly motion in November 1874 which condemned the handling of messages on the governor's response to petitions for and against the release of Frank Gardiner, the ministry resigned in January 1875. Public passions muddied the constitutional issues at stake and the ministry's defeat had resulted from a clever Opposition stratagem: the permanent significance of the case lay in calmer discussions between Robinson, Parkes and the Colonial Office leading to clearer definition of the responsibilities of ministers and governor in exercising the prerogative of pardon.
Parkes led the opposition to Robertson's ministry of 1875 and was premier from March to August 1877. By then politics had drifted into chaos. Of the faction leaders of the 1860s only Parkes and Robertson remained, but neither helped to readjust members' loyalties by developing distinctive policies; while both shuffled on major issues, a 'third party' was formed under J. S. Farnell and short-lived governments did little more than business essential to the conduct of administration. On 13 December 1878 Robertson resigned from parliament, hoping that 'the Assembly will naturally arrange itself into two parties'. Four days later a meeting of opposition members, mostly Robertson's followers, invited Parkes to become their leader. On 21 December he formed a new ministry with himself colonial secretary and Robertson, speedily appointed to the Upper House, vice-president of the Executive Council. 'It only remains to be hoped', wrote Governor Robinson dryly, 'that these gentlemen who have for nearly a quarter of a century assailed each other with such bitter political hostility will now work together harmoniously in the same cabinet'. But Parkes's claim that the coalition had been effected 'without any violation of principles' was substantially correct. The government, overwhelmingly supported in the assembly, passed appropriation and loan bills with an ease unknown to its predecessors. By late 1880 its Lands, Public Instruction and Electoral Acts had surpassed in importance any legislation for more than a decade. Elections in November enlarged the ministry's majority. Its 1881 Licensing Act regulated the liquor trade and established local option, for which the temperance movement had long clamoured. Chinese immigration was restricted and employers' liability for workmen's injuries extended. New public works were started, electoral boundaries revised and stipendiary magistrates set up.
The Public Instruction Act was for Parkes the ministry's most significant measure, an earnest of his deep conviction of the social necessity of equal educational opportunity. He had steadily defended the 1866 settlement against pressure from the Public School League and embattled Catholic and Anglican denominationalists until by the late 1870s administrative difficulties on the Council of Education, concern to spread scarce resources more widely and the alliance with Robertson led him to move in a way most practical politicians were coming to think inevitable. Archbishop Vaughan's 'audacious' attacks on National schools embittered the debate but did not prompt the 1880 legislation. Parkes correctly insisted that his bill was not anti-religious and tempered pragmatism with that liberal faith in 'freedom and equality' for which he had argued in his Empire days. Though he understood the Catholic position, he grieved at the separation of Catholic children from others with whom they would have to 'mix in later years', and his exhortations still echoed the simple colonial nativism of the 1840s and 1850s: 'let us be of whatever faith we may, let us still remember that we are above everything else free citizens of a free commonwealth'.
In December 1881 on medical advice Parkes began a holiday voyage, leaving Robertson as acting premier. He was accepted abroad, according to The Times, as 'the most commanding figure in Australian politics'. Hoping to further Australian interests, he secured commissions from all colonial governments except Victoria to represent, in the United States government and financial circles, their wish for support for the trans-Pacific steamship service and for a relaxation of import duties on wool. Though Parkes's speeches and talks on these matters had no perceptible effect on American policy he was treated everywhere with flattering attention which made his six weeks in America something of a personal triumph. He arrived in England in March 1882. His health was still poor but he found strength to become one of the social lions of the season: 'fortunately for me', he wrote, 'I can enjoy the Dinners because I have little exertion and new men of mark I constantly meet are of unfailing interest to me'. He was noticed by royalty, politicians, expatriate Australians, guilds and companies; he spoke at dinners, visited Birmingham as the mayor's guest, stayed three days with the Tennysons at Farringford, lunched at Brussels with the King and Queen of Belgium and at Potsdam spent a day as the special guest of Prince Frederick and his wife, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria. Invited by Lord Leigh he visited his birthplace, Stoneleigh, where he slept at the abbey and spoke to an assembly of village children in authoritative tones: 'you will not all rise to a position of power, honour, influence and responsibility such as that I now fill. But by resolving to discharge the duties of life, and in being of use and service in your day and generation, you will do far better than I have done'. He returned to Australia in August to be honoured at civic banquets in Melbourne and Sydney.
Parkes spoke to friends of new ministerial goals: to establish a comprehensive system of local government and make a vigorous attempt to federate the colonies. But on 16 November the government was defeated on Robertson's land bill and advised a dissolution. A general election proved unfavourable; Parkes lost the East Sydney seat but won Tenterfield and the government resigned on 4 January 1883. Its abrupt fall followed Robertson's refusal to recognize weaknesses in his 1861 land system. The governor, Lord Augustus Loftus, also noted that since his return Parkes had squandered the 'popularity and confidence he had previously enjoyed … had become dictatorial in his mode of action and overbearing in his manner, and whether intentionally or not had assumed a despotic tone which latterly became not only offensive to the Parliament but to the country'.
Loss of office dampened Parkes's zest for politics and loss of ministerial salary brought him financial problems: he returned to business and went to England as agent for a Sydney firm. Though absent from July 1883 to August 1884 he held the Tenterfield seat at the request of his constituents. In England a busy social round was punctuated by hard work on his own affairs. He addressed the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce and other public meetings in Scotland and was the moving spirit in founding the Australasian Investment Co., with its head office in Edinburgh and in Sydney a colonial board, on which he was to be prominent. He brought ivory goods home for sale and undertook to become Australasian representative of the engineering firm of Latimer, Clark, Muirhead & Co. After three months in the assembly as an ordinary Opposition member, he resigned on 3 November in protest at what he saw as the corrupt railway policy of Alexander Stuart's government. To a friend he also wrote that at 70 he was being forced by adversity 'to close a great career' to give all his time to improving his finances.
This self-imposed retirement ended when in March 1885 he attacked Dalley's decision to send colonial troops to the Sudan and contested the Argyle seat as the 'one way of constitutionally testing the opinion of the country'. Though his election by a narrow majority proved little, his principled and lucid approach to the Sudan affair did much, once jingoism abated, to reduce the government's prestige. In parliament he faced an expulsion move by enemies anxious to brand as a 'gross libel' his public assertion, made when resigning Tenterfield, that 'political character had almost disappeared from the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly'. He survived and before the dissolution in October became the spearhead of a sustained Opposition attack on the government's alleged corruption.
In the elections Parkes contested St Leonards against G. R. Dibbs and won the seat after an acrimonious campaign. In the new parliament the government fell after announcing a large deficit resulting from economic recession and the collapse of land revenue following Stuart's land reforms. Robertson unwillingly formed a ministry in December but Parkes refused to join him. Robertson fell in February 1886 and Jennings took office, to struggle in a turbulent House to carry measures to meet the financial crisis. A group led by Parkes, alarmed by protectionist clamour out of doors, chose to interpret a proposed 5 per cent ad valorem tariff as 'sneaking in protection'. The climax to wild scenes in the assembly came at midnight on Saturday, 10 July, when after three days of continuous sitting Parkes led his followers out of the House, throwing on the table a written protest against the government's determination to sit on into the next day as a violation both of the Constitution and of the Sabbath.
When Jennings resigned in January 1887 Parkes formed his fourth ministry and went to the country with the slogan 'good government and commercial freedom'. He won a resounding victory, partly through his own energetic electioneering and partly through the work of the Free Trade Association of New South Wales which had taken charge of organizing the campaign. In the new parliament he led a majority whose dedication to the principle of free trade forced political divisions into a party-like mould and signalled the imminent end of the old faction system. For Parkes a ministerial salary compensated for the collapse of his commercial hopes in a third bankruptcy.
By 1889 the ministry had 'balanced' the budget, mildly reformed the tariff and amended the bankruptcy and criminal laws. Major reform of public works administration and railway management followed. In 1888 Parkes had responded to the Chinese immigration crisis with restrictive measures which defied imperial authority and nettled other colonial leaders anxious for concerted action. Given these successes, some mystery surrounds Parkes's virtual abdication of power in January 1889 when he 'courted defeat' by refusing to answer charges against the integrity of W. M. Fehon, appointed to the new Railway Commission. Parkes professed weariness in face of the Opposition's obstructive tactics; some supporters were disgruntled at his equivocal attitude to free trade and direct taxation, and his cabinet was divided. Parkes was also under personal strain: he was still in financial difficulties; Clarinda had died on 2 February 1888; and his marriage at St Paul's Church of England, Redfern, on 6 February 1889 to Eleanor Dixon offended his family and provoked social censure.
Defeated on a snap adjournment division, Parkes resigned on 16 January. In protest William McMillan rallied the free traders who denied supply to the new Dibbs government and the House was dissolved. Narrowly victorious at the poll, the free trade party asked Parkes to resume leadership. In March he was back in office at the head of a reconstituted free trade ministry, and held office until October 1891, being dependent after June on support from the new Labor Party.
For Parkes, the principal departure of these years was the campaign which resulted in the Federation Conference and the Australasian Federal Convention of 1890-91. Though an advocate of colonial union for over thirty years, Parkes had shunned the Federal Council and puzzled federalists by seeking, largely at the prompting of Sir Alfred Stephen, to alter the name of New South Wales to Australia. In January 1889 he had announced in Melbourne his readiness to join 'heart in hand' to promote true Federation, and in June warmed to a suggestion from the governor, Lord Carrington, that to confederate the colonies would be a 'glorious finish' to his life. He told his daughter that he had lost much of his 'former relish for parliamentary work' and was moved by 'repeated suggestions and invitations from the other colonies' to offer himself 'as leader in a great movement to federate on a solid basis all the colonies'. He sounded Duncan Gillies on the subject and in October employed Major-General Edwards's reports on defence as evidence of the urgent need for Federation. In that month, as a counter to Gillies's insistence that New South Wales join the Federal Council, he went to Brisbane to consult Queensland ministers and on his return journey delivered at Tenterfield a speech calling for a federal convention to devise 'a great national Government for all Australia'. The following Federal Conference and Convention owed much to the private negotiations of Lord Carrington yet were also personal diplomatic triumphs for Parkes and at the convention he was, according to Alfred Deakin, 'from first to last the Chief and leader'.
Political opportunism and the hope of strengthening his immediate position in New South Wales doubtless supported large-minded idealism in Parkes's commitment to Federation after 1889. But in Sydney the draft Constitution bill of 1891 divided free traders, was suspected by Labor and aroused little public enthusiasm. Meantime the maritime strike and its aftermath focussed attention on more urgent social issues. While the other colonies awaited a lead, Parkes failed to press the bill to an issue in his parliament, dallying lest opponents persuade the electors 'that we had consumed our time in the “fad” of federation … and had neglected the legislation so urgently required for the advancement of New South Wales'. He was also in poor physical shape to fight forlorn battles after injuries from a cab accident in 1890, though he continued to hold the reins of government firmly, as acting premier McMillan found in September when an injudicious reaction to the Circular Quay riots earned sharp censure from the premier. But another minister, J. H. Carruthers, feared that Parkes's health was 'gradually breaking and feebleness supervening his usual vigour'.
In October 1891 Parkes supported a motion to adjourn the debate on the recommittal of the coal mines regulation bill; the motion was not carried and he resigned leaving office with 'joyful satisfaction'. Though pressed to stay as free trade Opposition leader he refused. 'I am working on my book and … resting from political turmoil', he told Carrington two months later. In June 1892 Parkes completed Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History, his great apologia, its vitality reflecting the wells of strength that were his. By 1893 'extremely well in bodily health', he toured Victoria in November to speak on Federation, dined and danced at Government House, and enjoyed the Derby with Sydney friends who invited him out in a 'brand new drag and four fine horses': he 'climbed to a top seat with a young lady on each side of me and went to Flemington with a dash'. But his old political acumen did not accompany renewed physical strength. In 1894 he pettishly revealed his resentment of (Sir) George Reid's re-election as free trade leader and shocked friends by moving formal censure on the new government. Out of tune with Reid's fiscal and social reformism, he became obsessed with an ambition to head 'a new Party'. In the 1895 election he joined his old enemy Dibbs to form a shadowy 'Federal Party', which was labelled by the Sydney Morning Herald as 'an act of flagrant political immorality—an insult to the country'. In the Sydney-King electorate he challenged Reid, to fail after a vituperative campaign, which underlined his genuine concern for Federation but cruelly revealed his insensitiveness to the electorate's mood and the erosion by old age of his former powers. He unsuccessfully contested two other seats, and his political career was at an end.
Parkes had been appointed K.C.M.G. in 1877 and G.C.M.G. in 1888. Lady Parkes, 'for whom I have paid so heavy a penalty and who has been such a true friend to me', died of cancer during the King campaign. He determined to retire to 'perfect privacy', but still spoke on Federation, hinted at another trip to England and rejoiced 'in better health than for many years past'. On 24 October 1895 he married Julia Lynch, but on 27 April 1896 died suddenly at his home Kenilworth, Annandale, of heart failure after an attack of pneumonia. He was reconciled on his deathbed to Reid and at his own wish was buried without pomp beside his first wife at Faulconbridge on the Blue Mountains. He was survived by his third wife and by five daughters and a son of the twelve children of his first marriage, and by four sons and a daughter of the second. The Bulletin, which had never spared him, carried a cartoon-epitaph which captured the momentary mood of the whole colony. Under the caption 'Finis', a young cornstalker, the 'Little Boy from Manly', with tear-filled eyes wistfully closed a great volume, on its spine the simple legend, 'Parkes'.
Largest figure of nineteenth century Australian politics, Parkes also remains the most enigmatic. In a celebrated obituary, William Astley saw him merely as a 'master of the art of seeming great'; more sensitively, Alfred Deakin felt 'there was in him the man he dressed himself to appear'. Deakin's instinct for the real Parkes has not in fact been bettered: 'though not rich or versatile, his personality was massive, durable and imposing, resting upon elementary qualities of human nature elevated by a strong mind. He was cast in the mould of a great man and though he suffered from numerous pettinesses, spites and failings, he was in himself a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found in Parliament and whose resources of character and intellect enabled him in his later years to overshadow all his contemporaries'. Parkes's papers add other dimensions which indicate a personality moulded over a long and changeful life by inner conflict, as he sought to reconcile deeply held principles, a mighty drive for self-realization and the compromises which were the price of success. Astley further sensed that his 'heart was … not in politics but in literature, in history and in art. There was a singular vein of sentiment in his nature which found no appropriate vent in his public existence … To see him handle a letter of Tennyson or Carlyle, or the simple autograph of Lincoln, was to receive a lesson in reverence. Books and other mementoes of the illustrious dead were to him the wine of life. And yet he was no scholar—scarcely even to be termed a student. As to his own place in literature, his poems are a byword'. Fate deprived him of easy paths to the preferred life of the 'choice spirit' (his phrase), through gentle birth, education, independence or business success, and the way of politics offered a sometimes unhappy alternative.
His vanity, craving for recognition and overbearing manner were the concomitants of a ruthless pursuit of personal success. Yet fiery integrity bit through in his scorn for the world's judgment of his marital and financial affairs and his inner resources provided resilience to weather crises which might have destroyed other men. While a remarkable instinct for political guile explains his ascendency in faction politics, he held tenaciously to important principles and prejudices. He was ever suspicious of the Church of Rome, steady in his concern to prevent cant depriving children of education, genuine in his wish to see justice achieved within the framework of a laissez faire system, dedicated to the idea of keeping Australian society racially homogeneous and sincere in his chosen role as guardian of constitutional proprieties. His probity and skill as an administrator cannot be seriously challenged and his energy and self-sacrifice in tasks sincerely undertaken command profound respect.
Bearded after 1861, he was always physically impressive, though imposing rather than handsome. For studied oratory he had few peers among colonial contemporaries, despite his uncertainty about aspirates and a tendency towards affectation. He collected autographs, books and artistic bric-à-brac, and his friends were always intrigued by his choice menagerie of native wild animals. Though temperate, he enjoyed champagne and had, as William Walker had it, great faith in the virtue of gastronomy as a political force.
Parkes's other volumes of verse were Murmurs of the Stream (1857), Studies in Rhyme (1870), The Beauteous Terrorist and Other Poems (1885), Fragmentary Thoughts (1889) and Sonnets and Other Verse (1895). His other prose works include Australian Views of England: Eleven Letters Written in 1861 and 1862 (1869) and many political pamphlets. An Emigrant's Home Letters is an edited collection of his letters to his family in 1838-43, published in 1896 by his daughter Annie.
Portraits by Julian Ashton are in the National Memorial School of Arts, Tenterfield, and copies are in the Parliament Houses in Sydney and Canberra; by Tom Roberts in the National Gallery, Adelaide; by Mary Stoddard in the Legislative Council Chamber, Sydney; and by John Henry Chinner in the National Library of Australia. A bust by Nelson Illingworth is in the National Library and a bust by Theodora Cowen in the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
Statue of Sir Henry Parkes (see later) on the Department of Lands building.
The Lands Department building, 23-33 Bridge Street was designed by James Barnet and built in two stages in 1876-1880 and 1888-1893. The site had been occupied since 1788 by the Surveyor General. The new Lands Act of 1884 required additional office accommodation and a second stage was urgently required by 1887. The 23 statues on the cornice of the building were not completed until 1901.
The highly important Datum Bench Mark Plug which controls all levels in the state, was inserted on the front of the building at some time between 1887 and 1894. Initially the building was shared by Lands and by Mines and Agriculture.
It remains the home of the Department of Land and Water Conservation. The building was and still is one of Sydney’s most elaborate sandstone facades. At the upper levels the building has concrete lanterns to copper-roofed domes, a revolving observatory dome (never used), and a prominent stone tower with a distinctive onion-shaped dome.
Parkes, Sir Henry (1815–1896) by A. W. Martin
Sir Henry Parkes (1815-1896), politician and journalist, was born on 27 May 1815 in Warwickshire, England, youngest of the seven children of Thomas Parks, tenant farmer on Stoneleigh Abbey Estate, and his wife Martha, née Faulconbridge. Forced off their farm in 1823 by debt, the Parkes family moved to Glamorganshire and about 1825 settled in Birmingham, where Thomas was a gardener and odd-job man. Henry's formal education was in his own words, 'very limited and imperfect'; he briefly attended Stoneleigh parish school and later joined the Birmingham Mechanics' Institute. Obliged as a boy to help in supporting the family, he worked as a road labourer and in a brickpit and rope-walk, before being apprenticed to John Holding, bone and ivory turner of Moseley Street. Having served his articles, he began his own business in 1837. On 11 July 1836 at Edgbaston Parish Church he had married Clarinda, 23-year-old daughter of John Varney, butcher. They regularly attended Carr's Lane Independent Chapel under the formidable John Angell James, whose precepts and oratorical style left a permanent impression on Parkes. Another important Birmingham influence was Thomas Attwood's Political Union, which Parkes joined at 17. He heard Attwood, Scholefield and Edmunds orate at Newhall Hill, sported the union badge and in 1833 dedicated a poem on the wrongs of Poland to Attwood's son.
The business failed and in 1838 Parkes took Clarinda to London in search of better prospects. They survived a few weeks by pawning his tools, then determined to leave for New South Wales as bounty migrants. In March 1839 Hetherington's Charter published verses from Parkes as 'A Poet's Farewell', indignantly condemning a society through whose injustices 'men like this are compelled to seek the means of existence in a foreign wilderness'. Parkes assured his Birmingham family of his certainty of 'making my fortune and coming back to fetch all of you'. He and Clarinda sailed from Gravesend on 27 March 1839 in the Strathfieldsaye, their ears 'incessantly assailed by the coarse expressions and blasphemies' of other steerage passengers.
They reached Sydney on 25 July 1839 with a first surviving child born at sea two days earlier. Parkes found work as a labourer on Sir John Jamison's Regentville estate but after six months returned to Sydney to work in Thomas Burdekin's iron-mongery and Peter Russell's brass-foundry. In 1840 he became a tide-waiter in the Customs Department, slowly bought tools and in 1845 set up in Hunter Street as an ivory turner and importer of fancy goods. Impressed by what seemed 'flattering prospects' of developing 'a respectable mercantile business', he opened branches in Maitland and Geelong, but both failed and by 1850 he was in financial difficulties, writing remorsefully to his wife of 'too culpable neglect of my business in Sydney'. He had by then become deeply involved in literary and political activities, attractions which highlighted the dullness of a business life.
Parkes's talents as a writer, extraordinary for one so lacking in formal education, developed quickly in the 1840s. He was briefly Sydney correspondent for the Launceston Examiner, and contributed occasional poems and articles on political and literary topics, sometimes under the pseudonym 'Faulconbridge', to the Sydney Morning Herald, the Australasian Chronicle and the Atlas. In 1842 he published by subscription a first book of verse, Stolen Moments. Through W. A. Duncan and Charles Harpur, his 'chief advisers on matters of intellectual resource and enquiry', he came to be associated with most of the colony's radical patriots. Discussion gave place in 1848 to action, when with J. K. Heydon he became organizing secretary of a tradesmen's committee which successfully promoted Robert Lowe for the City of Sydney seat in the Legislative Council. Later that year he joined radicals in the Constitutional Association which developed out of the Lowe committee to agitate for franchise extension and land reform. In his first public speech, made at the City Theatre in January 1849, Parkes advocated universal suffrage as the best guarantee that the people, 'growing in enlightenment', would avoid 'the excesses of Paris and Frankfurt'. His radicalism reached a brief apogee in April 1850 when Rev. John Dunmore Lang and J. R. Wilshire established the Australian League to work for universal suffrage and transformation of the Australian colonies into a 'Great Federal Republic'. Parkes wrote to Lang to denounce the 'dung-hill aristocracy of Botany Bay' and to assert his eagerness to 'enrol in the league for the entire freedom and independence' of this 'land of my adoption and of my children's birth'. In July he worked as chief organizer and canvasser when Lang stood against J. R. Holden for a vacant Sydney seat in the Legislative Council. In this campaign Parkes joined the Chartist, David Blair, to issue the Representative: A Daily Journal of the Election as a counter to the 'discreditable handbills' circulated by Lang's opponents. Lang won the seat but his league did not survive long and Parkes's republicanism soon evaporated. Daniel Deniehy told Lang that Parkes had 'too much, not of the Englishman in him, but of “Englishmanism” about him', to lend serious comfort to the republicans of New South Wales. But this was only part of the story; Parkes was already finding a more congenial cause in the liberal movement which by the early 1850s was becoming the most effective spearhead against the old colonial conservatives.
Parkes, who had been prominent in the great protest which greeted the convict ship Hashemy in 1849, eagerly dedicated his organizational talents to the Anti-transportation League and drifted easily into the liberal campaigns against the anti-democratic Electoral Act of 1851. Late in 1850 he found support to set up as editor-proprietor of the Empire, a newspaper destined to be the chief organ of mid-century liberalism and to serve as the rallying and reconciliation point for the sharpest radical and liberal minds of the day. Critics of the existing system as diverse as C. G. Duffy, Edward Butler, James Martin, William Forster, Deniehy and Lang were contributors but Parkes was presiding genius. Full-time journalist and politician now, he abandoned shopkeeping for a happy reconciliation of desire and duty: the Empire allowed devotion to a political cause and promised steady economic support for a growing family. By 1853, deeply involved in organizing the Constitution Committee to oppose Wentworth's constitution bill, he was ready to seek a place in the Legislative Council. Failing at a by-election that year, he won Wentworth's old Sydney seat in 1854, defeating Charles Kemp in a contest generally seen as a trial of strength between liberals and conservatives over the constitutional issue. The radicals' acceptance of a frankly liberal Parkes as their candidate in place of Lang symbolized the merging in his person of radical and liberal movements. The liberal leader, Charles Cowper, warmly welcomed him to the council as an opponent of 'Wentworthian and Thomsonian policy', and Parkes's election to the Chamber of Commerce signified his acceptance into the inner liberal group.
Parkes entered the council near its end: the constitutional proposals were under scrutiny in London and no longer a subject for effective local debate. Meanwhile the liberals' reformism was chiefly reflected in a range of inquiries instituted by the dying council into such matters as a nautical school for boys, the importation of Asiatic labour, the adulteration of food and the state of agriculture. In this work Parkes won repute as an assiduous and imaginative committeeman.
In March 1856 at the first Legislative Assembly established by the new Constitution, Parkes was one of the liberal bunch which carried all four seats in the premier Sydney City constituency. He supported Cowper in the complex manoeuvres of the first parliament until obliged in December to resign to give full attention to the Empire, then in serious financial difficulties. He re-entered parliament in January 1858 for the North Riding of Cumberland but in August had to resign for insolvency. The Empire had collapsed, ending his dream of using the paper as 'an independent power to vivify, elevate and direct the political life of the country' and leaving him 'to begin life afresh with a wife and five children to support, a name in a commercial sense ruined and a doubt of the practical character of my mind'. He survived bankruptcy proceedings, struggled on with the support of friends and the proceeds of occasional journalism and planned briefly to abandon politics for a legal career. But in June 1859 he was back in parliament to represent East Sydney.
Politics in the assembly had by then settled into a faction mould. Having in 1857 declared his independence of Cowper and John Robertson, Parkes developed a personal following in the House and in 1859-60 emerged as critic and rival of the established liberal leadership. But economic insecurity made him vulnerable, and early in 1861 he accepted an invitation by Cowper to tour England with W. B. Dalley as government lecturer on emigration at a salary of £1000.
Parkes sailed in May, leaving his family in poverty on their rented farm at Werrington. In England he attended vigorously to his duties, though with limited success. Prevailing English sentiment was well expressed by Sir John Pakington, who declared at Parkes's meeting in Droitwich his unwillingness to see 'the pith of our English population seeking a home elsewhere'. Early in 1863 Parkes returned to Sydney in good spirits, his self-confidence strengthened by the kind attention he had received from government officials and such literary idols as Carlyle, Hughes and Cobden, and having established while in Birmingham a new fancy goods importing business which he hoped might in the next six years 'provide for the rest of our lives'.
An opportunity to return to parliament offered itself in August 1863 when J. B. Darvall sought ministerial re-election at East Maitland. Parkes opposed Darvall and lost the contest after a bitter campaign, but in January 1864 was returned at a by-election for Kiama, a seat he held until 1870. From late 1864 until early 1866 he opposed consecutive Martin and Cowper ministries, while steadily rebuilding his own faction. In 1865 Cowper tried without success to buy him off again, with offers first of the lucrative post of inspector of prisons, then of a portfolio in his ministry. By early 1866 Martin and Parkes were in private negotiation: successful censure of Cowper followed and Martin, commissioned to form a ministry, included Parkes, as colonial secretary, and two followers.
This coalition, scarcely more than a marriage of convenience, failed to develop a positive and unanimous programme. Its leaders differed on such basic issues as the tariff, state aid, electoral and land reform. Parkes was responsible for establishing the hulk Vernon as a nautical school for destitute boys, for an Act requiring the inspection of hospitals and for bringing to Sydney under Lucy Osburn nursing sisters trained by Florence Nightingale. But the government's support was uncertain and its ministers quarrelsome; its only major legislation in two years and a half of office, Parkes's 1866 Public Schools Act, passed the assembly with Opposition assistance. This measure was Parkes's first important contribution to education reform. Prompted by the high cost of competing national and denominational systems of education, it aimed at rationalizing expenditure by placing both under a Council of Education which was also to oversee teacher training and the content of secular lessons.
The measure aroused sectarian controversy which Parkes did little to assuage. It revived again in March 1868 when H. J. O'Farrell attempted to assassinate the visiting Duke of Edinburgh. The government, alleging a Fenian plot, carried a savage Treason Felony Act suspending civil rights, but no conspiracy was discovered. In September Parkes resigned from the ministry in protest at its handling of a quarrel between the treasurer, Geoffrey Eagar, and W. A. Duncan, collector of customs. Lacking Parkes's support, Martin's ministry fell within a month. Meanwhile in a speech at Kiama Parkes had alleged that he had evidence to prove O'Farrell had acted on Fenian orders and that one conspirator had been murdered when suspected of revealing the plot. While his move had obvious political purposes, Parkes's correspondence also shows that he was obsessed with fears for his own safety and a belief in Catholic ambitions to seize political hegemony. A select committee under W. J. Macleay found no proof of the allegations, but though Parkes rallied sectarian and factional support to have its report expunged from the records of the House, the 'Kiama ghost' long remained an embarrassment.
Parkes's financial difficulties had been mounting: his importing venture failed and in December 1870 he collapsed again into bankruptcy. He resigned his seat but soon assured his sister that he would be 're-elected to the Legislature whenever I choose to offer myself, and strange as it may seem two-thirds of the mercantile classes will vote for me. They have got a notion that I am wholly unfit for business, but the fittest of all men for Parliament'. He survived by borrowing from friends, working as a journalist and briefly acting as travelling agent for H. H. Hall. In January 1872 he was returned for Mudgee in time to help in ousting the Martin-Robertson coalition ministry. General elections in February-March confirmed Martin's defeat and after complex negotiations Parkes became premier for the first time. His achievement bore witness to the political arts of which he was now supreme master: besides his own followers the ministry included old Cowper-Robertson men and Butler, a barrister who had covertly engineered sectional Catholic support for Parkes at the election.
The ministry took office in May at a time of commercial prosperity. By December, thanks chiefly to the rising sale of public lands, the Treasury had a substantial surplus. Parkes embarked on vigorous development of public works, effected a downward revision of tariff schedules and negotiated an agreement with Victoria on free border trade. Though once 'bitten by the doctrine of fostering infant industries' Parkes had in 1861 learnt from Cobden the error of his ways: now as tariff reformer, he received a gold medal from the Cobden Club and established his image as high priest of free trade in New South Wales. He also won the confidence of Sir Hercules Robinson, a convinced free trader and experienced colonial governor, whose eagerness to discuss administrative and constitutional problems with cordiality and balance proved important for Parkes's development.
Despite favourable assembly majorities, the council mauled government bills to consolidate the criminal law and to redraw electoral boundaries. The governor refused a ministerial request for new appointments and the council threw out a bill which, with overwhelming assembly support, aimed to give the Upper House an elective component. Echoes of former constitutional battles brought Parkes kudos as an old liberal campaigner. He emerged less happily from another crisis which arose in 1873 when his attorney-general and personal friend, Butler, resigned in protest against his failure to honour an implied promise of the chief justiceship then vacant. Though correct in judging that Martin had superior claims to the post, Parkes extricated himself from the obligation to Butler without displaying the frankness of a gentleman or the sensitivity of a friend and colleague. His deviousness is understandable in the light of pressure from the Bar, of his instinct for intrigue, of his unease at Butler's unpredictability and of the danger of his ministry falling. The reputations of both men were not enhanced when Butler made public their correspondence. The unhappy consequence of the breach was more than personal since the Parkes-Butler alliance had effected a liberal-Catholic rapprochement full of promise for the colony's best interests.
After an assembly motion in November 1874 which condemned the handling of messages on the governor's response to petitions for and against the release of Frank Gardiner, the ministry resigned in January 1875. Public passions muddied the constitutional issues at stake and the ministry's defeat had resulted from a clever Opposition stratagem: the permanent significance of the case lay in calmer discussions between Robinson, Parkes and the Colonial Office leading to clearer definition of the responsibilities of ministers and governor in exercising the prerogative of pardon.
Parkes led the opposition to Robertson's ministry of 1875 and was premier from March to August 1877. By then politics had drifted into chaos. Of the faction leaders of the 1860s only Parkes and Robertson remained, but neither helped to readjust members' loyalties by developing distinctive policies; while both shuffled on major issues, a 'third party' was formed under J. S. Farnell and short-lived governments did little more than business essential to the conduct of administration. On 13 December 1878 Robertson resigned from parliament, hoping that 'the Assembly will naturally arrange itself into two parties'. Four days later a meeting of opposition members, mostly Robertson's followers, invited Parkes to become their leader. On 21 December he formed a new ministry with himself colonial secretary and Robertson, speedily appointed to the Upper House, vice-president of the Executive Council. 'It only remains to be hoped', wrote Governor Robinson dryly, 'that these gentlemen who have for nearly a quarter of a century assailed each other with such bitter political hostility will now work together harmoniously in the same cabinet'. But Parkes's claim that the coalition had been effected 'without any violation of principles' was substantially correct. The government, overwhelmingly supported in the assembly, passed appropriation and loan bills with an ease unknown to its predecessors. By late 1880 its Lands, Public Instruction and Electoral Acts had surpassed in importance any legislation for more than a decade. Elections in November enlarged the ministry's majority. Its 1881 Licensing Act regulated the liquor trade and established local option, for which the temperance movement had long clamoured. Chinese immigration was restricted and employers' liability for workmen's injuries extended. New public works were started, electoral boundaries revised and stipendiary magistrates set up.
The Public Instruction Act was for Parkes the ministry's most significant measure, an earnest of his deep conviction of the social necessity of equal educational opportunity. He had steadily defended the 1866 settlement against pressure from the Public School League and embattled Catholic and Anglican denominationalists until by the late 1870s administrative difficulties on the Council of Education, concern to spread scarce resources more widely and the alliance with Robertson led him to move in a way most practical politicians were coming to think inevitable. Archbishop Vaughan's 'audacious' attacks on National schools embittered the debate but did not prompt the 1880 legislation. Parkes correctly insisted that his bill was not anti-religious and tempered pragmatism with that liberal faith in 'freedom and equality' for which he had argued in his Empire days. Though he understood the Catholic position, he grieved at the separation of Catholic children from others with whom they would have to 'mix in later years', and his exhortations still echoed the simple colonial nativism of the 1840s and 1850s: 'let us be of whatever faith we may, let us still remember that we are above everything else free citizens of a free commonwealth'.
In December 1881 on medical advice Parkes began a holiday voyage, leaving Robertson as acting premier. He was accepted abroad, according to The Times, as 'the most commanding figure in Australian politics'. Hoping to further Australian interests, he secured commissions from all colonial governments except Victoria to represent, in the United States government and financial circles, their wish for support for the trans-Pacific steamship service and for a relaxation of import duties on wool. Though Parkes's speeches and talks on these matters had no perceptible effect on American policy he was treated everywhere with flattering attention which made his six weeks in America something of a personal triumph. He arrived in England in March 1882. His health was still poor but he found strength to become one of the social lions of the season: 'fortunately for me', he wrote, 'I can enjoy the Dinners because I have little exertion and new men of mark I constantly meet are of unfailing interest to me'. He was noticed by royalty, politicians, expatriate Australians, guilds and companies; he spoke at dinners, visited Birmingham as the mayor's guest, stayed three days with the Tennysons at Farringford, lunched at Brussels with the King and Queen of Belgium and at Potsdam spent a day as the special guest of Prince Frederick and his wife, eldest daughter of Queen Victoria. Invited by Lord Leigh he visited his birthplace, Stoneleigh, where he slept at the abbey and spoke to an assembly of village children in authoritative tones: 'you will not all rise to a position of power, honour, influence and responsibility such as that I now fill. But by resolving to discharge the duties of life, and in being of use and service in your day and generation, you will do far better than I have done'. He returned to Australia in August to be honoured at civic banquets in Melbourne and Sydney.
Parkes spoke to friends of new ministerial goals: to establish a comprehensive system of local government and make a vigorous attempt to federate the colonies. But on 16 November the government was defeated on Robertson's land bill and advised a dissolution. A general election proved unfavourable; Parkes lost the East Sydney seat but won Tenterfield and the government resigned on 4 January 1883. Its abrupt fall followed Robertson's refusal to recognize weaknesses in his 1861 land system. The governor, Lord Augustus Loftus, also noted that since his return Parkes had squandered the 'popularity and confidence he had previously enjoyed … had become dictatorial in his mode of action and overbearing in his manner, and whether intentionally or not had assumed a despotic tone which latterly became not only offensive to the Parliament but to the country'.
Loss of office dampened Parkes's zest for politics and loss of ministerial salary brought him financial problems: he returned to business and went to England as agent for a Sydney firm. Though absent from July 1883 to August 1884 he held the Tenterfield seat at the request of his constituents. In England a busy social round was punctuated by hard work on his own affairs. He addressed the Glasgow Chamber of Commerce and other public meetings in Scotland and was the moving spirit in founding the Australasian Investment Co., with its head office in Edinburgh and in Sydney a colonial board, on which he was to be prominent. He brought ivory goods home for sale and undertook to become Australasian representative of the engineering firm of Latimer, Clark, Muirhead & Co. After three months in the assembly as an ordinary Opposition member, he resigned on 3 November in protest at what he saw as the corrupt railway policy of Alexander Stuart's government. To a friend he also wrote that at 70 he was being forced by adversity 'to close a great career' to give all his time to improving his finances.
This self-imposed retirement ended when in March 1885 he attacked Dalley's decision to send colonial troops to the Sudan and contested the Argyle seat as the 'one way of constitutionally testing the opinion of the country'. Though his election by a narrow majority proved little, his principled and lucid approach to the Sudan affair did much, once jingoism abated, to reduce the government's prestige. In parliament he faced an expulsion move by enemies anxious to brand as a 'gross libel' his public assertion, made when resigning Tenterfield, that 'political character had almost disappeared from the proceedings of the Legislative Assembly'. He survived and before the dissolution in October became the spearhead of a sustained Opposition attack on the government's alleged corruption.
In the elections Parkes contested St Leonards against G. R. Dibbs and won the seat after an acrimonious campaign. In the new parliament the government fell after announcing a large deficit resulting from economic recession and the collapse of land revenue following Stuart's land reforms. Robertson unwillingly formed a ministry in December but Parkes refused to join him. Robertson fell in February 1886 and Jennings took office, to struggle in a turbulent House to carry measures to meet the financial crisis. A group led by Parkes, alarmed by protectionist clamour out of doors, chose to interpret a proposed 5 per cent ad valorem tariff as 'sneaking in protection'. The climax to wild scenes in the assembly came at midnight on Saturday, 10 July, when after three days of continuous sitting Parkes led his followers out of the House, throwing on the table a written protest against the government's determination to sit on into the next day as a violation both of the Constitution and of the Sabbath.
When Jennings resigned in January 1887 Parkes formed his fourth ministry and went to the country with the slogan 'good government and commercial freedom'. He won a resounding victory, partly through his own energetic electioneering and partly through the work of the Free Trade Association of New South Wales which had taken charge of organizing the campaign. In the new parliament he led a majority whose dedication to the principle of free trade forced political divisions into a party-like mould and signalled the imminent end of the old faction system. For Parkes a ministerial salary compensated for the collapse of his commercial hopes in a third bankruptcy.
By 1889 the ministry had 'balanced' the budget, mildly reformed the tariff and amended the bankruptcy and criminal laws. Major reform of public works administration and railway management followed. In 1888 Parkes had responded to the Chinese immigration crisis with restrictive measures which defied imperial authority and nettled other colonial leaders anxious for concerted action. Given these successes, some mystery surrounds Parkes's virtual abdication of power in January 1889 when he 'courted defeat' by refusing to answer charges against the integrity of W. M. Fehon, appointed to the new Railway Commission. Parkes professed weariness in face of the Opposition's obstructive tactics; some supporters were disgruntled at his equivocal attitude to free trade and direct taxation, and his cabinet was divided. Parkes was also under personal strain: he was still in financial difficulties; Clarinda had died on 2 February 1888; and his marriage at St Paul's Church of England, Redfern, on 6 February 1889 to Eleanor Dixon offended his family and provoked social censure.
Defeated on a snap adjournment division, Parkes resigned on 16 January. In protest William McMillan rallied the free traders who denied supply to the new Dibbs government and the House was dissolved. Narrowly victorious at the poll, the free trade party asked Parkes to resume leadership. In March he was back in office at the head of a reconstituted free trade ministry, and held office until October 1891, being dependent after June on support from the new Labor Party.
For Parkes, the principal departure of these years was the campaign which resulted in the Federation Conference and the Australasian Federal Convention of 1890-91. Though an advocate of colonial union for over thirty years, Parkes had shunned the Federal Council and puzzled federalists by seeking, largely at the prompting of Sir Alfred Stephen, to alter the name of New South Wales to Australia. In January 1889 he had announced in Melbourne his readiness to join 'heart in hand' to promote true Federation, and in June warmed to a suggestion from the governor, Lord Carrington, that to confederate the colonies would be a 'glorious finish' to his life. He told his daughter that he had lost much of his 'former relish for parliamentary work' and was moved by 'repeated suggestions and invitations from the other colonies' to offer himself 'as leader in a great movement to federate on a solid basis all the colonies'. He sounded Duncan Gillies on the subject and in October employed Major-General Edwards's reports on defence as evidence of the urgent need for Federation. In that month, as a counter to Gillies's insistence that New South Wales join the Federal Council, he went to Brisbane to consult Queensland ministers and on his return journey delivered at Tenterfield a speech calling for a federal convention to devise 'a great national Government for all Australia'. The following Federal Conference and Convention owed much to the private negotiations of Lord Carrington yet were also personal diplomatic triumphs for Parkes and at the convention he was, according to Alfred Deakin, 'from first to last the Chief and leader'.
Political opportunism and the hope of strengthening his immediate position in New South Wales doubtless supported large-minded idealism in Parkes's commitment to Federation after 1889. But in Sydney the draft Constitution bill of 1891 divided free traders, was suspected by Labor and aroused little public enthusiasm. Meantime the maritime strike and its aftermath focussed attention on more urgent social issues. While the other colonies awaited a lead, Parkes failed to press the bill to an issue in his parliament, dallying lest opponents persuade the electors 'that we had consumed our time in the “fad” of federation … and had neglected the legislation so urgently required for the advancement of New South Wales'. He was also in poor physical shape to fight forlorn battles after injuries from a cab accident in 1890, though he continued to hold the reins of government firmly, as acting premier McMillan found in September when an injudicious reaction to the Circular Quay riots earned sharp censure from the premier. But another minister, J. H. Carruthers, feared that Parkes's health was 'gradually breaking and feebleness supervening his usual vigour'.
In October 1891 Parkes supported a motion to adjourn the debate on the recommittal of the coal mines regulation bill; the motion was not carried and he resigned leaving office with 'joyful satisfaction'. Though pressed to stay as free trade Opposition leader he refused. 'I am working on my book and … resting from political turmoil', he told Carrington two months later. In June 1892 Parkes completed Fifty Years in the Making of Australian History, his great apologia, its vitality reflecting the wells of strength that were his. By 1893 'extremely well in bodily health', he toured Victoria in November to speak on Federation, dined and danced at Government House, and enjoyed the Derby with Sydney friends who invited him out in a 'brand new drag and four fine horses': he 'climbed to a top seat with a young lady on each side of me and went to Flemington with a dash'. But his old political acumen did not accompany renewed physical strength. In 1894 he pettishly revealed his resentment of (Sir) George Reid's re-election as free trade leader and shocked friends by moving formal censure on the new government. Out of tune with Reid's fiscal and social reformism, he became obsessed with an ambition to head 'a new Party'. In the 1895 election he joined his old enemy Dibbs to form a shadowy 'Federal Party', which was labelled by the Sydney Morning Herald as 'an act of flagrant political immorality—an insult to the country'. In the Sydney-King electorate he challenged Reid, to fail after a vituperative campaign, which underlined his genuine concern for Federation but cruelly revealed his insensitiveness to the electorate's mood and the erosion by old age of his former powers. He unsuccessfully contested two other seats, and his political career was at an end.
Parkes had been appointed K.C.M.G. in 1877 and G.C.M.G. in 1888. Lady Parkes, 'for whom I have paid so heavy a penalty and who has been such a true friend to me', died of cancer during the King campaign. He determined to retire to 'perfect privacy', but still spoke on Federation, hinted at another trip to England and rejoiced 'in better health than for many years past'. On 24 October 1895 he married Julia Lynch, but on 27 April 1896 died suddenly at his home Kenilworth, Annandale, of heart failure after an attack of pneumonia. He was reconciled on his deathbed to Reid and at his own wish was buried without pomp beside his first wife at Faulconbridge on the Blue Mountains. He was survived by his third wife and by five daughters and a son of the twelve children of his first marriage, and by four sons and a daughter of the second. The Bulletin, which had never spared him, carried a cartoon-epitaph which captured the momentary mood of the whole colony. Under the caption 'Finis', a young cornstalker, the 'Little Boy from Manly', with tear-filled eyes wistfully closed a great volume, on its spine the simple legend, 'Parkes'.
Largest figure of nineteenth century Australian politics, Parkes also remains the most enigmatic. In a celebrated obituary, William Astley saw him merely as a 'master of the art of seeming great'; more sensitively, Alfred Deakin felt 'there was in him the man he dressed himself to appear'. Deakin's instinct for the real Parkes has not in fact been bettered: 'though not rich or versatile, his personality was massive, durable and imposing, resting upon elementary qualities of human nature elevated by a strong mind. He was cast in the mould of a great man and though he suffered from numerous pettinesses, spites and failings, he was in himself a large-brained self-educated Titan whose natural field was found in Parliament and whose resources of character and intellect enabled him in his later years to overshadow all his contemporaries'. Parkes's papers add other dimensions which indicate a personality moulded over a long and changeful life by inner conflict, as he sought to reconcile deeply held principles, a mighty drive for self-realization and the compromises which were the price of success. Astley further sensed that his 'heart was … not in politics but in literature, in history and in art. There was a singular vein of sentiment in his nature which found no appropriate vent in his public existence … To see him handle a letter of Tennyson or Carlyle, or the simple autograph of Lincoln, was to receive a lesson in reverence. Books and other mementoes of the illustrious dead were to him the wine of life. And yet he was no scholar—scarcely even to be termed a student. As to his own place in literature, his poems are a byword'. Fate deprived him of easy paths to the preferred life of the 'choice spirit' (his phrase), through gentle birth, education, independence or business success, and the way of politics offered a sometimes unhappy alternative.
His vanity, craving for recognition and overbearing manner were the concomitants of a ruthless pursuit of personal success. Yet fiery integrity bit through in his scorn for the world's judgment of his marital and financial affairs and his inner resources provided resilience to weather crises which might have destroyed other men. While a remarkable instinct for political guile explains his ascendency in faction politics, he held tenaciously to important principles and prejudices. He was ever suspicious of the Church of Rome, steady in his concern to prevent cant depriving children of education, genuine in his wish to see justice achieved within the framework of a laissez faire system, dedicated to the idea of keeping Australian society racially homogeneous and sincere in his chosen role as guardian of constitutional proprieties. His probity and skill as an administrator cannot be seriously challenged and his energy and self-sacrifice in tasks sincerely undertaken command profound respect.
Bearded after 1861, he was always physically impressive, though imposing rather than handsome. For studied oratory he had few peers among colonial contemporaries, despite his uncertainty about aspirates and a tendency towards affectation. He collected autographs, books and artistic bric-à-brac, and his friends were always intrigued by his choice menagerie of native wild animals. Though temperate, he enjoyed champagne and had, as William Walker had it, great faith in the virtue of gastronomy as a political force.
Parkes's other volumes of verse were Murmurs of the Stream (1857), Studies in Rhyme (1870), The Beauteous Terrorist and Other Poems (1885), Fragmentary Thoughts (1889) and Sonnets and Other Verse (1895). His other prose works include Australian Views of England: Eleven Letters Written in 1861 and 1862 (1869) and many political pamphlets. An Emigrant's Home Letters is an edited collection of his letters to his family in 1838-43, published in 1896 by his daughter Annie.
Portraits by Julian Ashton are in the National Memorial School of Arts, Tenterfield, and copies are in the Parliament Houses in Sydney and Canberra; by Tom Roberts in the National Gallery, Adelaide; by Mary Stoddard in the Legislative Council Chamber, Sydney; and by John Henry Chinner in the National Library of Australia. A bust by Nelson Illingworth is in the National Library and a bust by Theodora Cowen in the Art Gallery of New South Wales.
Once the heart of the southwest Dallas community—a grand, palatial gathering place marked by a brightly lit sign that spelled T-E-X-A-S, touting top-of-the-line acoustics and appurtenances, the Texas Theatre was opened at 231 West Jefferson Boulevard with fanfare on April 21, 1931 by billionaire Howard Hughes. The Texas Theatre was the novelty of long time Oak Cliff resident and entrepreneur, C. R. McHenry, better known in the community as “Uncle Mack.” McHenry’s dream was to build a theater with state-of-the-art projection and sound equipment.
McHenry partnered with four Dallas area businessmen to help him realize this dream: Harold B. Robb, E. H. Rowley, W. G. Underwood and David Bernbaum. Together they hired renowned architect W. Scott Dunne to design the Texas. The men spared no expense and boasted that the theater was “fireproof”—constructed entirely of concrete. The theater’s opera seating cost $19,000, the projection and sound system cost $12,000, the 1,240 yards of the finest grade carpet cost $5,000, and the Barton organ, the second largest in the City of Dallas, cost $10,000. However, McHenry was most proud of the cooling and ventilation system, which blew 200,000 cubic feet of air per minute through a water-cooled system pumped from a 4,000-gallon tank. The cooling system made “The Texas” the first theater in Dallas with air conditioning.
However 72 years later, as a Dallas Morning News writer suggests, it may be safe to speculate that few care about the historic details of the Texas Theatre-if not for its significance to the events on November 22, 1963.
On November 22, 1963 at approximately 1:45 p.m., nearly 15 Dallas police officers converged on the Texas Theatre in search of a man who had entered without paying. That man was Lee Harvey Oswald—President John F. Kennedy’s accused lone assassin.
President Kennedy’s assassination marked a violent end to the Age of Camelot and forever scarred the American psyche. As the Texas Theatre rocketed into the international spotlight, an urgency to hide, deny and destroy it tore its way through Dallas. Shortly thereafter—in what is coined locally among preservationists as the most comprehensive architectural cover-up of the Twentieth Century—the theater’s vibrant designs, false bridges, towers and campaniles, decorative wood railings, and star and cloud painted ceilings were sealed from public view under a mass of lath and spray applied plaster.
Even today, a sense of culpability for the President’s assassination lingers, and with it, residual inclinations to resist renovating the theater. As such, the very reason for which it qualifies as a nationally historic landmark poses a substantial threat to its restoration. Despite this, the theater has managed to repeatedly escape the wrecking ball.
As technology in moving, talking, and color pictures progressed and drive-ins and multiplex cinema became the rave, the Texas Theatre’s patrons slowly moved on to other entertainment venues. Failing to capture a considerable audience, United Artists closed the theater in 1989. In an attempt to save it, the Texas Theatre Historical Society (TTHS) bought the theater in 1990. Acknowledging its importance to the President’s assassination, TTHS allowed Oliver Stone to remodel the exterior façade for his 1990 film, JFK. However in 1992, the Society was no longer able to make the mortgage payments and the theater closed once more. Shortly thereafter, former usher and sign changer Don Dubois of Texas Rosewin-Midway Properties saved the theater from the wrecking ball. Nevertheless, two years later in 1995, it was nearly destroyed by a five-alarm fire, forcing the doors shut yet again.
In 1996, Pedro Villa rescued the theater from demolition when he learned of plans to convert it into a furniture warehouse. However, as Villa’s resources were exhausted and his pleas for investments went unheard, the theater defaulted back to Texas Rosewin-Midway Properties. The tattered and torn building remained vacant for three years, succumbing to vandals, stray animals, and hostile weather.
Even then, however, Michael Jenkins of Dallas Summer Musicals (DSM) believed the Texas Theatre could be Oak Cliff’s “crown jewel.” As such, DSM made a proposal to the City of Dallas in latter 2000 to develop the theater into a critically needed community performing arts center. Preferring to stay in the theater management business as opposed to theater ownership, DSM, along with the City of Dallas approached the Oak Cliff Chamber of Commerce and its philanthropic arm, the Oak Cliff Foundation, with a plan to manage the theater if the foundation would purchase it.
In 2001, the Oak Cliff Foundation was awarded $1.6 million from the City of Dallas Neighborhood Renaissance Partnership Program to purchase and renovate the theater. The foundation agreed to raise additional funds to complete the renovation and contract Dallas Summer Musicals to manage the performing arts center. Unfortunately, the Oak Cliff Foundation purchased the theater just a few weeks before the horrible events of 9/11, which has hindered the fundraising process. In fact, the terrorist attack’s impact has proved devastating for many non-profit cultural arts-related organizations 1 .
Nonetheless, in 2002, Komatsu Architecture, Inc. and Phoenix I Restoration and Construction, Ltd. were selected for the project based on their substantial experience in historic renovation and restoration of old courthouses, performance halls, and movie theaters. Together with DSM and the Oak Cliff Foundation, Komatsu and Phoenix created a master plan to first renovate and then restore the Texas Theatre. This plan provides that live performances will begin after renovation and before restoration 2 . Restoration will occur during dark periods of the theater to minimize the impact on performances and the profitability of the venue. To date, approximately $1 million has been spent toward select demolition, electrical, plumbing and other “bare bones” essentials.
Description taken from: www.oakclifffoundation.org/history.asp
A lenda da serea e o músico
Era o mundo agresivo e tristeiro, era o mundo todo dunha mesma cor, todo impregnado dun mesmo aroma, todo tinguido de azul, azul bágoa, azul sangue. Era o mundo violento e abatido, e nel soaba unha única canción, unha única melodía na que se mesturaba toda unha orquestra de lamentos, de saloucos, de súplicas desesperadas. O Deus Creador agasallara ó seu mundo con miles de bens (a luz do sol, a beleza das estrelas, o resplandor do riso, o respirar da natureza), pero esquecera un detalle moi importante, un pequeno obsequio polo que os habitantes daquel fermoso pero monótono mundo non podían gozar da calor da felicidade: o Deus Creador esquecera engadir nos corazóns dos seres humanos o amor.
Ninguén quería a ninguén, ninguén confiaba en ninguén, a ninguén lle importaba ninguén. Todos vivían por cumpriren os seus propios intereses, soñaban os seus propios soños, pero existían tantas guerras e conflictos que morrían mozos moi novos e víanse desgraciadas polo resto das súas vidas rapazas ás que violaban cando nos seus corazóns aínda vivía o espírito de nenas. Era un mundo no que se construían imaxinarios castelos que se derrubaban antes de que aparecera a primeira pedra.
Había, sen embargo, naquel mundo un lugar diferente, unha paisaxe na que os salaios non constituían a melodía diaria, unha fermosa praia solitaria á que endexamais ninguén chegara, e nela a area e as ondas que a mollaban, xogando a debuxar liñas que se entrelazaban, eran tan puras e tan virxes que os queixumes dos humanos non as podían manchar. Unha area tan virxe que nin sequera sabía da existencia doutra cousa que non fosen o mar, as rochas, os peixes e as gaivotas.
Pero aconteceu un día que os pés dunha persoa chegaron a pisar aquel chan, e os seus ollos, vermellos de chorar por aquel mundo enfermo, descubriron a praia na que podería quedar ata que o Deus Creador tomara a decisión de o levar de alí. E sentou por riba da area e comezou a facer soa-las cordas da súa vella guitarra, namentres as acompañaba coa voz máis doce que entre os humanos poida existir. Os peixes escoitábano dende o profundo do mar e os paxaros ficaban preto del, incrédulos e marabillados ó mesmo tempo.
Entón, un día apareceu, deitada na beira do mar, cos ollos máis fermosos que se poidan imaxinar, dourados, unha serea, que dende o lugar onde vivía escoitara cantar ó mozo e quedara pampa. A serea permaneceu alí durante moitos días e moitas noites, escoitando a doce canción do rapaz, que estaba tan sumido na súa música que non se decatara da presencia daquela princesa do mar que o estaba a mirar co sorriso máis puro e verdadeiro.
Deste xeito, transcorreron preto de sete días, e finalmente o humano caeu ó chan, branco, teso, como se levase moito tempo morto e unicamente a forza da súa canción o mantivera alí cantando todos aqueles días e todas aquelas noites.
Cando o mozo espertou, o primeiro que os seus ollos tristes viron foi á serea, que, gracias a algunha menciña sacada do fondo do océano, o curara. O humano comprendeu o que ocorrera, e de contado a bondade que emitía a cara de nena da serea namorouno.
Dende entón, a serea e o rapaz humano víanse a cotío, e el cantáballe aquela fermosa canción, que deixou de ser un soño de ter un mundo distinto e se converteu nunha sinfonía dedicada á ledicia de amar. Porque o seu amor era grande, grande como non se pode imaxinar, e fermoso, fermoso e doce, doce e sutil, sutil e forte.
E, fronte ó mundo sumido na amargura de non amar, aquel humano e aquela dama do océano atoparon o sentimento que o Deus Creador lles negara.
Pero ocorreu entón unha noite que a voz do Deus rompeu a beleza do canto do mozo, e esa voz suprema díxolles ós amantes:
- Sodes ditosos, porque ninguén máis neste mundo ó que dei forma pode gozar da felicidade que vós atopastes.
Os namorados sentíronse moi culpables, e suplicaron ó Deus que fixera que naquela terra todos fosen quen de sentir amor, amizade, cariño.
- Podo cumpri-lo voso desexo - respondeu o Deus -, pero hai un prezo que teredes que pagar a cambio: non volveredes vervos; ti, filla das augas, non sairás á superficie, e ti, fillo da terra, non mollarás nunca máis os pés no mar.
Os namorados choraron con amargura, pero ámbolos dous desexaban que todos puidesen experimentar a felicidade de sentir amor, así que dixéronse adeus para sempre e xuraron ó Deus que non se volverían ver.
***
As olas batendo nas rochas, os risos dos nenos, as voces preocupadas dos pais: o normal nunha praia. Con estes sons exercendo de coros na súa melodía, un vello, calvo no cocote, pero con longa barba gris e ollos vermellos de noites en branco, toca a súa vella guitarra e canta, coa voz estragada polos anos e polo tabaco, unha canción de amor. Un neno achégaselle.
- ¿Para quen cantas? - pregunta.
- Canto para o fondo do mar.
Una Flor一朵花A Flower
La cantante y actriz estadounidense Sofia Carson
Una Flor
Song by Sofia Carson ‧ 2018
Quiero ser franca, honesta contigo
No soy culpable pero me has enloquecido
Quiero ser franca, honesta contigo
Te necesito mucho mas des lo
Debido y es difícil explicar y te regalo
Una flor por cada beso que me diste
Una flor por cada lagrima que no llore
Una flor por cada tarde que me amaste
Una flor por el instante en que me enamore
Es imposible pretender que no muero
Por tu sonrisa
Por tu mirada que me hipnotiza
Es imposible no decirte te quiero
Es que puedo mas, callar mi corazón
Ya es tan difícil respirar sin ti
Una flor por cada beso que me diste
Una flor por cada lagrima que no llore
Una flor por cada tarde que me amaste
Una flor por el instante en que me enamore
Una flor por cada beso que me diste
Una flor por cada lagrima que no llore
Y una flor por cada tarde que me amaste
Una flor por el instante en que me enamore
美國歌手兼演員索菲亞卡森
一朵花
索菲亞卡森的歌曲 • 2018
我想坦誠地和你說話
我沒有罪，但你讓我發瘋
我想坦誠地和你說話
我更需要你
因為很難解釋，我給你
你給我的每一個吻都代表一朵花
每滴未流出的眼淚都會有一朵花
每天下午一朵花代表你愛我
一朵花代表我墜入愛河的那一刻
我無法假裝自己沒有死
為了你的微笑
你的眼神讓我著迷
我無法不告訴你我愛你
我可以做更多，讓我的心安靜下來
沒有你，我很難呼吸
你給我的每一個吻都代表一朵花
每滴未流下的眼淚都代表一朵花
每天下午一朵花代表你愛我
一朵花代表我墜入愛河的那一刻
你給我的每一個吻都代表一朵花
每滴未流下的眼淚都代表一朵花
每天下午你都會給我一朵花那是你對我的愛
一朵花代表我墜入愛河的那一刻
American singer and actress Sofia Carson
A Flower
Song by Sofia Carson ‧ 2018
I want to be frank, honest with you
I'm not guilty but you've driven me crazy
I want to be frank, honest with you
I need you much more than
I should and it's hard to explain and I give you
A flower for every kiss you gave me
A flower for every tear I didn't cry
A flower for every afternoon you loved me
A flower for the moment I fell in love
It's impossible to pretend I won't die
For your smile
For your look that hypnotizes me
It's impossible not to tell you I love you
It's that I can do more, to silence my heart
It's already so difficult to breathe without you
A flower for every kiss you gave me
A flower for every tear I didn't cry
A flower for every afternoon you loved me
A flower for the moment I fell in love
A flower for every kiss you gave me
A flower for every tear I didn't I cried
And a flower for every afternoon that you loved me
A flower for the moment that I fell in love
TITLE: Man Who Japed
AUTHOR: Philip Kindred Dick 1928-82
TYPE: paperback novel
PUBLISHER: Ace Double Novel D-193 with Space Born by E.C. Tubb
COVER PRICE: $.35
ISBN:
PAGES: 160
COPYRIGHT: 1956 by A.A. Wyn, Inc
PUB DATE: 1956
EDITION: 1st edition, 1st publication
COVER ARTIST:
ISFDB: Yes
RATING:
COMMENTS:
Cover for The Man Who Japed is stated "Complete & Unabridged"
Artists signature on cover "EMSH"
The Man Who Japed 160 pages
INDEX: 0275 - Man Who Japed - 028 - PKD - IFB
QUOTE “This is Managing Director Dill,” the teacher said, “The Coordinating Director of the Unity System.” Managing Director Dill is responsible only to Vulcan 3. No human being except Director Dill is permitted to approach the computer banks. “Mr. Dill,” a girl’s voice came. “Can I ask you something?” “Certainly,” Dill said halting briefly at the classroom door. “Director Dill, don’t you feel ashamed of yourself when you let a machine tell you what to do?”…from Vulcan’s Hammer by Philip K. Dick
CULPABILITY: All images posted are from publications owned by RC/\Weazel. RC/\Weazel performed image scanning, editing and the compiling of bibliographic data.
ISFDB: Internet Speculative Fiction Data Base.
RATING: On a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being great and 1 don’t read.
NO entry indicates specific information not available from book.
... there was a guy, so busy working on his full-professorship, that didn't even visit his friends of the kingdom of Flickr .... I am sure, he really feels guilty!
.... érase una vez un tío tan liado en preparar papeles para la ANECA, que ni siquiera visitaba a sus amigos del reino de flickr ... Estoy convencido que se siente culpable.
1954 - Grünenthal patents thalidomide
1957 - Thalidomide is licensed in Germany
1957 - Germany main release of the drug (test marketing started at least a year earlier)
1958 - Thalidomide is licensed in the UK to Distillers
1958 - UK distribution begins through the NHS
1960 - Drug companies attempted to release Thalidomide in the USA but held back by Dr Frances Kelsey of the FDA until evidence of its safety was proven
1961 - Drug withdrawal announced in Germany, UK withdrawal commenced within a week, newborns still affected till 1965
1962 - A Belgian woman was found not guilty of murdering her thalidomide baby
1962 - First (and final) public announcement in UK that drug was not to be used
1964 - It's discovered that the drug had a radical effect on some of the painful symptoms of leprosy
1973 - The Thalidomide Trust is established
1978 - The first German pharmaceutical law was passed in 1978, tests for teratogenicity became a legal requirement for drug approval.
1980s - Scientists once again became interested in the drug's complex properties and researchers began to explore its use in the treatment of a number of diseases, including cancer
1986 - Guinness bought Distillers
Late 1990's - It becomes apparent that many of the thalidomide surviors were encountering health problems including accelerated wear of joints and limbs, which were causing pain and further disability. By the age of 40, a number have had to have hip replacements and even shoulder replacements
1995 - Guinness agrees to contribute financially to the Thalidomide Trust
1997 - Dr. Bart Barlogie’s reported thalidomide’s initial effectiveness against Multiple Myeloma and it was later approved in the United States by the FDA for use in this malignancy
1998 - Guinness merges with Grand Metropolitan and forms Diageo
2004 - the government agrees to grant tax exemption to thalidomide beneficiaries of the Thalidomide Trust
2005 - Diageo makes an agreement with the Thalidomide Trust to increase funds
2009 - The UK Government admits it will contribute three years of limited funding to the Thalidomide Trust to assist with health needs
2010 - The UK Government acknowledges the pain and suffering caused by all those affected by thalidomide
Spain
1954 - Grünenthal patentes talidomida
1957 - La talidomida se licencia en Alemania
1957 - Alemania principal de liberación del fármaco ( comercialización de la prueba encendido al menos un año antes)
1958 - La talidomida tiene licencia en el Reino Unido para Distillers
1958 - Distribución Reino Unido comienza a través del NHS
1960 - Las compañías farmacéuticas intentaron liberar la talidomida en los EE.UU., pero frenados por el Dr. Frances Kelsey de la FDA hasta que se demostró evidencia de su seguridad
1961 - La retirada del fármaco anunciado en Alemania , Reino Unido inició la retirada dentro de una semana , los recién nacidos todavía afectada hasta 1965
1962 - Una mujer belga fue encontrado no culpable de asesinar a su bebé de la talidomida
1962 - La primera ( y última ) anuncio público en el Reino Unido que las drogas no se iba a utilizar
1964 - Ha descubierto que el fármaco tenía un efecto radical en algunos de los síntomas dolorosos de la lepra
1973 - Se establece la talidomida Fideicomiso
1978 - La primera ley farmacéutica alemana fue aprobada en 1978 , las pruebas de teratogenicidad se convirtió en un requisito legal para la aprobación de medicamentos .
1980 - Los científicos una vez más se interesó en propiedades complejas de la droga y los investigadores comenzaron a explorar su uso en el tratamiento de varias enfermedades , incluyendo cáncer
1986 - Guinness compró Distillers
Finales de 1990 - Se hace evidente que muchos de los surviors talidomida se encuentran con problemas de salud, incluyendo el desgaste acelerado de las articulaciones y extremidades , que estaban causando dolor y una mayor discapacidad . A la edad de 40 años, algunos han tenido que tener reemplazos de cadera e incluso reemplazos del hombro
1995 - Guinness se compromete a contribuir económicamente a la talidomida Fideicomiso
1997 - El Dr. Bart Barlogie reportado la eficacia inicial de la talidomida contra el mieloma múltiple y más tarde fue aprobado en los Estados Unidos por la FDA para su uso en este tipo de cáncer
1998 - Guinness se fusiona con Grand Metropolitan y Diageo formas
2004 - el gobierno se compromete a conceder la exención de impuestos a los beneficiarios de la talidomida talidomida Fideicomiso
2005 - Diageo tiene un acuerdo con la talidomida Fiduciario para aumentar los fondos
2009 - El Gobierno del Reino Unido admite que contribuirá con tres años de financiamiento limitado a la talidomida confianza para ayudar con las necesidades de salud
2010 - El Gobierno británico reconoce el dolor y el sufrimiento causado por todos los afectados por la talidomida
German
1954 - Grünenthal Thalidomid Patente
1957 - Thalidomid ist in Deutschland zugelassen
1957 - Deutschland Haupt- Freisetzung des Wirkstoffs (Test -Marketing gestartet mindestens ein Jahr zuvor )
1958 - Thalidomid wird in Großbritannien lizenziert Distillers
1958 - UK Verteilung beginnt durch den NHS
1960 - Pharmafirmen versucht, Thalidomid in den USA lassen aber zurück von Dr. Frances Kelsey von der FDA bis Beweise für ihre Sicherheit nachgewiesen wurde gehalten
1961 - Drogenentzug in Deutschland angekündigt , UK Rücktritt innerhalb einer Woche begonnen , Neugeborene noch bis 1965 betroffen
1962 - Ein belgischer Frau wurde für nicht schuldig befunden des Mordes an ihrem Baby Thalidomid
1962 - Erste (und letzte ) öffentliche Ankündigung in UK , dass Drogen nicht verwendet werden
1964 - Es wird festgestellt, dass das Medikament eine radikale Wirkung auf einige der schmerzhaften Symptome der Lepra hatte
1973 - Der Contergan- Trust gegründet
1978 - Die erste deutsche Arzneimittelgesetz 1978 verabschiedet wurde, wurde für Tests Teratogenität eine gesetzliche Verpflichtung für Arzneimittelzulassung .
1980er - Wissenschaftler wurde wieder interessierte in der Droge komplexen Eigenschaften und Forscher begannen , die Nutzung zu erkunden in der Behandlung einer Reihe von Krankheiten , darunter Krebs
1986 - Guinness gekauft Distillers
Ende der 1990er Jahre - Es wird deutlich, dass viele der Thalidomid surviors wurden begegnen gesundheitlichen Problemen einschließlich beschleunigter Verschleiß von Gelenken und Gliedmaßen , die Schmerzen und weiteren Behinderung wurden . Bis zum Alter von 40 , haben eine Reihe musste Hüftprothesen und sogar Schulter Ersatz haben
1995 - Guinness stimmt , sich finanziell an der Thalidomid Vertrauen
1997 - Dr. Bart Barlogie berichtete Thalidomid anfängliche Wirksamkeit gegen das Multiple Myelom , und es wurde später in den USA von der FDA zugelassen zur Verwendung in dieser Bösartigkeit
1998 - Guinness verschmilzt mit Grand Metropolitan und Formen Diageo
2004 - Die Regierung stimmt zu, Steuerbefreiung für Thalidomid Nutznießer der Thalidomid Vertrauen gewähren
2005 - Diageo macht eine Vereinbarung mit dem Thalidomid Trust Fonds zu erhöhen
2009 - Die britische Regierung räumt ein, es wird drei Jahre der begrenzten Mittel auf die Thalidomid Vertrauen tragen dazu mit gesundheitlichen Bedürfnissen zu unterstützen
2010 - Die britische Regierung räumt ein, den Schmerz und das Leid von all jenen von Thalidomid verursacht betroffen
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
TITLE: Blade Runner/Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep
AUTHOR: Philip Kindred Dick 1928-82
TYPE: paperback novel
PUBLISHER: Ballantine 30129 Del Rey
COVER PRICE: $ 2.75
ISBN: 0-345-30129-3
PAGES: 216
COPYRIGHT: 1968 by author
PUB DATE: May 1982
EDITION: 1st Ballantine
COVER ARTIST:
ISFDB: No verification
RATING: Not read
NOTATION: movie tie in – note name change
INDEX: 0081 - Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep - 001 - Ballantine May 1982 - PKD -FB
QUOTE “Science fiction writers, I am sorry to say, really do not know anything. We can't talk about science, because our knowledge of it is limited and unofficial, and usually our fiction is dreadful.” Philip K. Dick
CULPABILITY: All images posted are from publications owned by RC/\Weazel. RC/\Weazel performed image scanning, editing and the compiling of bibliographic data.
The Postcard
A briefkaart that was published by Uitgave A Vigevano, Amsterdam. Although the location and date of posting have been removed along with the stamp, we do know that the card was posted to:
D. Wellinghoff,
Overtoom 500,
Amsterdam,
Holland.
There was no message on the divided back.
There are many postcards showing Dutch women and girls on this photostream, and they are almost invariably shown knitting.
Where boys are also present, they are usually shown wearing very baggy trousers and smoking a pipe, which would certainly not be allowed today.
Volendam
Volendam is a small town in North Holland in the Netherlands, in the municipality of Edam-Volendam. The town has about 22,000 inhabitants (November 2007), and is twinned with Coventry in the UK.
Originally, Volendam was the location of the harbour of the nearby Edam. However in 1357, the inhabitants of Edam dug a shorter canal to the Zuiderzee with its own separate harbour.
This removed the need for Volendam's original harbour, which was then dammed and used for land reclamation. Farmers and local fishermen settled there, forming the new community of Volendam, which literally meant 'Filled dam'.
In the early part of the 20th. century Volendam became an artists' retreat, with both Picasso and Renoir spending time there.
The majority of the population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church, which is deeply connected to the village culture. Historically, many missionaries and bishops grew up in Volendam. Today there is the chapel of Our Lady of the Water, which is located in a village park.
The Volendam Café Fire
The Volendam New Year's café fire occurred during the 2000–2001 New Year's night. The fire began early on New Year's Day 2001 and caused the death of 14 young people. 241 people were admitted to hospital, 200 of whom suffered serious burns.
The fire took place in a building that housed three bars. On New Year's Eve it was packed with more than 350 young people between 13 and 22 years of age when a short blaze happened in the café De Hemel ("Heaven") which was located on the top floor after a sparkler hit Christmas decorations that hung from the ceiling. The temperature in the room reached 400 °C (752 °F). Many of the partygoers were wearing highly flammable synthetic fabrics which clung to their flesh as they melted and burned.
There was great panic and the heat, lack of oxygen and people falling over each other made escaping extremely difficult. There also were bars in front of the windows and there were too few emergency exits, all of which contributed to the high number of injuries.
Survivors stated that shortly after the fire began, all the lights went out, contributing to the panic.
The first report reached the Amsterdam ambulance service at 00:38 local time on the 1st. January. The first fire engine arrived at 00:46.
Mayor Frank IJsselmuiden claimed that the crowd had panicked because all but one of the emergency exits were blocked.
Many of those injured were hurt when they smashed windows and leapt from third and second floor windows in an attempt to escape the fire. Others including 53 injured individuals were admitted due to burns, with some being flown to special burns units in Belgium and Germany.
Investigation Into the Fire
The fire was initially investigated intensively by media and politicians. New rules were introduced for decorations in cafés, nightclubs and other venues. The owner and managers of the building were indicted for culpability.
An inquiry showed that the owner Jan Veerman had been negligent in providing escape routes, as well as failing to soak the Christmas decorations with a fire-resistant substance. Also there were too many people in the building at the time of the incident.
The owner was given a conditional prison sentence and community service. As a result of the inquiry Mayor of Edam-Volendam Frank IJsselmuiden and alderman Wim Visscher resigned their positions.
Tourism in Volendam
Volendam is a popular tourist destination. It is well-known for its old fishing boats and the traditional clothing still worn by some residents.
The women's costume of Volendam, with its high, pointed bonnet, is one of the most recognizable of the Dutch traditional costumes, and is often featured on tourist postcards and posters (although there are believed to be fewer than 50 women now wearing the costume as part of their daily lives, most of them elderly).
There is a regular ferry connection to Marken, a peninsula close by.
Volendam also features a small museum about its history and clothing style, and visitors can have their pictures taken in traditional Dutch costumes.
Volendam on Film
Volendam was a shooting location in Vikas Bahl's 2014 Bollywood film, Queen. The actors established an Indian food shop called Rani's Gol Gappa.
The owner was an Italian, Marco Canadea, as Marcello. The role of Queen was played by Indian actress Kangana Ranaut.
The film follows the story of Rani Mehra, a diffident Punjabi girl from New Delhi who embarks on her honeymoon to Paris and Amsterdam by herself after her fiancé calls off their wedding.
Queen is cited as a ground-breaking and an influential feminist film by many scholars. Over the years, the film has built a strong cult following. It was named as one of the best films of the decade (2010's) by multiple publications such as Paste and Film Companion.
Several publications such as O, The Oprah Magazine, and Cosmopolitan have named it as one of the best films of Indian Cinema. Shubhra Gupta from The Indian Express named Queen as one of the 75 finest and most iconic films made in India in the last 70 years.
Music in Volendam
Volendam is well known for its distinctive music, which is called Palingsound (literally "Eel Sound") in reference to Volendam's status as fishing village.
During the 1960's, the local group The Cats was a very popular group in the Netherlands and abroad.
Another band from Volendam was BZN, which became popular in the late 1960's and early 1970's. In 1995 BZN performed a duet with the ten-year-old Jan Smit, who quickly became a celebrity in his own right.
The popular music groups 3JS and Nick & Simon are famously from Volendam; their members have all participated in local musical performances through the years.
"Orpheus sank off the west coast of Auckland, New Zealand on 7 February 1863: 189 crew out of the ship's complement of 259 died in the disaster, making it the worst maritime tragedy to occur in New Zealand waters" from en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Orpheus_(1860)
RECTANGULAR WHITE MARBLE TABLET SET WITHIN A FRAME. RELIEF PLAQUE PLACED AT THE TOP OF THE TABLET RELIEF PLAQUE DEPICTS THE SINKING SHIP
Inscription
"IN MEMORY OF/ THE OFFICERS AND 166/ PETTY OFFICERS SEAMAN AND MARINES,/ WHO LOST THEIR LIVE, IN THE WRECK OF/ HER MAJESTY'S SHIP ORPHEUS/ ON THE MANUKA BAR, NEW ZEALAND ON 7TH OF FEBRUARY 1863,/ (NAMES)/ ERECTED AS A TOKEN OF ADMIRATION OF THE DISCIPLINE/ AND HEROISM DISPLAYED BY ALL ON BOARD./ 1882."
Ref WM 46484
www.iwm.org.uk/memorials/item/memorial/46484
"On the 21st April, drowned, through some injury to his boat in a heavy squall, between Picton and Onahau Bay, Queen Charlotte Sound, New Zealand, Bryan Sneyd Herbert Broughton, aged 24, second son of the late Rev. Bryan Sneyd Broughton, rector of Washington, in the county of Durham."
Deaths Notices Leeds Inteligencer Newspaper Saturday 26th July 1862
Saturday 4 th April 1863 The Secretary of the Admiralty begs to acquaint the Editor of The Times that the following intelligence has been received at this office:-
"Suez, April 2nd.
"Her Majesty's ship Orpheus was a total wreck on Manakaou Bar, New Zealand, on the 7th of February, 1863, with loss of Commodore Burnett, 22 officers, and 167 men. Nothing saved. Survivors, 8 officers and 62 men- Officers, C. Hill, lieutenant; Yonge (supposed to be D.D. Yonge), lieutenant; Amphlett, paymaster; Hund (supposed to be C.G. Hunt, midshipman); Filding (supposed to be B.W. Fielding), midshipman; H.M Barkly, naval cadet; W. Mason, boatswain; J. Beer, carpenter."
Further information will be given respecting the seamen who survive, but, owing to the incorrect spelling of the telegram, it is impossible to give the names with any hope of accuracy until they have been compared with the Records in office.
Monday 6th April 1863 THE WRECK OF THE ORPHEUS.- The following list of seamen saved from the wreck of Her Majesty's ship Orpheus has been received by telegraph at the Admiralty: - H. Brown, Henry Brown, quartermaster; Bales, probably W.E. Bayliss, painter; Morley, John Morley, capt. Forecastle; J. Wilson, there are two men of the name (one Josh. W. Wilson, capt. Hold the other Jas. Wilson, capt. Foretop); Finnis, John Finnis, capt. Maintop; Stupple, Henry Stupple, boatswain's mate; Oliert, Wm. Oliert (alias Alex. Hills), signalman; Weir, Chas. Weir, capt. Mast; Kennedy, James Kennedy, ditto; Carpenter, Robt. Carpenter, cox., cutter; Wm. Johnson, Wm. Johnson, capt. mizzen top; J. Russell, J.J. Russell (there is a Thos. Russell. A.B.); W. Russell, Wm. Russell, ordinary second class; Ward, George Ward, A.B.; Mayes, Wm. Mayes, A.B.; Walker, Hen. J. Walker, A.B.; J. Hall, there are two men of this name, John Hall (1), ordinary, and James Hall, ordinary; Quinton, John Quinton; captain foretop; Walsh, Edward Walsh, ordinary; Parson, James Parsons, ordinary; Horrigan, John Horrigan, commodore's servant; Nicholson, John Nicholson, carpenter's crew; Brigg, Edward Briggs, carpenter's crew; Partbury, Henry Portbury, A.B.; Doly, Patrick Daley, A.B.; Koop, probably Henry Corps, quartermaster; no man of the name of Koop; Taylor, James Taylor, stoker; Clus, William Clews, stoker, ran awav on the 14th of September, 1862; nothing to show that he returned to the ship; Crierson, R.M., Joseph Crouson, drummer, R.M.; Rolf, R.M., no such name (there is a R. Roe, private R.M.); Betortelp, probably Henry Bentlett, boy first class; Izers, cannot be identified; no name resembling this on the books; Banuister, no such name on the books to December 31,1862, latest returns; Hunt, probably John Higham, A.B.; Hudosted, probably George Hurlstone, boy first class; Burton, Thomas H. Burton, boy first class; Hubert, no man of the name (there are two men of the name of Herbert, viz., T. Herbert, A.B., and W. Herbert, boy second class); Ideson, John D. Ideson, boy second class; Butler, no such name on the books to 31st of December, 1862, the latest returns received; R. Young, no R. Young - there are John Young, ordinary, and George Young, A.B.; Palin, William Palin. A.B.; Geary, Thomas Geary, A.B.; Fisked, probably William Fisher, A.B.; James, no man of this name; Brown, no James Brown, there is an Alfred Brown, stoker; Snudden, Thomas Snudden, A.B.; Hubert, probably one of the Herberts mentioned above; Caland, probably James Boland, ordinary; Sparshott, William Sparshott, ordinary second class; Wells, Noah Wells, ordinary second class; Ankell, Alfred Ankelt, ordinary second class; Cochine, J.G. Cochrane, ordinary second class; Roberts, George Roberts, ordinary; Quille, probably George Turtle, ordinary; Sul, probably John G. Seale, ordinary; Newman, Henry Newman, ordinary second class; Pilbrow, probably Alfred Pilbeam, ordinary; Hahrg, probably Arthur Haggis, captain Cox.; Laryish, probably William Langush, ordinary; Tilley, Arthur S. Tilley, ordinary; Jordan, Joseph Jordan; Graann, probably Henry J. Graham, ordinary; J. Graam, Jomes Graham, ordinary.
Wednesday 8th April 1863 The screw corvette Orpheus, 21, 400-horse power, the news of the total wreck of which has been received, was one of the most recent of the corvette class of vessels built at Chatham dockyard, and was launched from that establishment on the 24th of June, 1860. She was considered the finest of that description of vessel ever constructed, and was built under the personal superintendence of Mr. O.W. Lang, the present master-shipbuilder at Chatham, from the designs of Sir Baldwin Walker, the then Controller of the Navy. Her dimensions were:- Extreme length, 226ft. 6in.; extreme breath, 40ft. 8in.; depth in hold, 24ft. 2in.; burden, 1,705 tons. She was fitted with a pair of 400-horse power engines by Messrs. Humphreys, Tennant, and Co. As this was her first voyage, the greatest interest was experienced for her success, and the news of her wreck was received with the deepest regret.
Monday 13th April 1863 (From Our Own Correspondent.)
Melbourne, February 24th .
I regret to say that I have to announce the wreck of Her Majesty's ship Orpheus, on the bar of Manukau Harbour, on the west coast of New Zealand, with the loss of 189 lives, 70 only having been saved. The Orpheus left Sydney on the 1st day of this month.
Monday 13th April 1863
LOSS OF HER MAJESTY'S SHIP ORPHEUS.
ADMIRALTY, APRIL 12th 1863.
The Secretary of the Admiralty begs to acquaint the Editor of The Times that the intelligence contained in the accompanying document has been received at this office: -
"Her Majesty's ship Miranda, Auckland,
February 10th 1863.
"My Lord,- In addition to my first letter from the scene of the wreck of Her Majesty's ship Orpheus, dated the 8th inst., sent to their Lordships, to save the Southern Mail, by the Wonga Wonga, I have to enclose for their further information the detailed narrative of Lieutenant C. Hill, the second lieutenant, and the senior surviving officer. It is a clear and truthful account of the whole proceedings of this melancholy calamity, so far as he and the other officers that are saved are acquainted with them.
"2. According to my judgment on the spot, nothing can exceed the exertions of Lieutenant Hill, the other officers, and all the survivors of the crew, who, at the imminent peril of their own lives, continued to the last to make the utmost endeavours to save the lives of their shipmates.
"3. I am informed that the Wonga Wonga was at the time of the Orpheus striking steaming out of the south channel of the Manukau. She first steamed outside the bar to the entrance of the main channel, hut afterwards returned by the south channel, picking up the boats off Paratutai Point, and towing them to the wreck by the main channel.
"4. Their Lordships will observe from the narrative of Lieutenant Hill that from the time the steamer was first observed, at 2 o'clock, until she reached the wreck at 6, the most critical and invaluable time was unaccountably lost, but Captain Renner and all on board the Wonga Wonga were most kind and hospitable in the treatment of the sufferers when they reached his ship from the wreck.
"5. Mr. Wing, pilot, and in charge of the signal station at the Manukau, informed me that the wreck of the Orpheus is precisely on the bearings laid down in Captain Drury's chart and sailing directions, since the publication of which the middle banks and small shoal on which the ship first touched have shifted bodily and considerably to the north.
"6. With their Lordships, I deeply deplore the loss to Her Majesty's service of an officer so distinguished as Commodore Burnett; it appears he met his much-to-be-regretted death when, sitting in the mizen-futtock rigging, the mast fell over to port, and, the top striking him on the head when in the water. It is said he never made the least exertion to save himself.
"7. I have directed Mr. Sullivan to proceed in Her Majesty's ship Harrier to tho Manukau Heads, and to detach an officer and party as far as he may consider necessary along the shore, north and south, for the purpose of burying, with such honours as circumstances will admit, the bodies of any officers and men, late of Her Majesty's ship Orpheus, which may be found, and also to recover such remains of the wreck, public and private, as he may deem fit; so soon as he may consider it no longer necessary to continue on this service I have directed him to conduct the duties of senior naval officer in New Zealand.
"8. With the view to save the mail which will leave Sydney on the 20th inst., it is my intention to proceed at once under steam to that port with the six officers and 10 of the crew of the Orpheus who have been selected as the most able to give evidence relative to the loss of that ship. These I propose sending to England by the mail steamer; the remaining 51 men and boys I have detained for disposal on the station; the majority have already volunteered for the Miranda and Harrier. I have sent 25 to the Harrier, for about which number she has vacancies to complete her complement.
"I have the honour to be, my Lord, your obedient humble servant,
"ROBERT JENKINS, Captain and Senior Officer.
"The Right Hon. Lord Clarence E. Paget, C.B, Secretary to the Admiralty."
"Her Majesty's ship Miranda, Auckland,
New Zealand, February 5th.
"Sir,- In obedience to your directions. I have the honour to report for the information of the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, that Her Majesty's Ship Orpheus sailed from Sydney on the 31st of January. After a fine passage to the coast of New Zealand, we sighted the land on the morning of the 7th inst.; it was my forenoon watch, at about eight miles from the bar of the Manukau. Steam was got up in two boilers; we had been condensing. The ship proceeded at 12 30, under all plain sail, with starboard foretopmast studsail set, towards Manukau, steering east till 1 o'clock, then N.E.E., being the courses laid down - so the master told me - in Captain Drury's sailing directions, keeping the Ninepin on with the end of Paratutai. The hands were on deck, the ropes manned for shortening sail, the commodore, commander, and master on the bridge; leadsmen in both chains; spare tiller shipped, with relieving tackles hooked, and six men stationed; gratings and hatchway covers were placed ready for battening down.
"The wind S.W. to S.S.W., force 5 to 6, with occasional slight squalls; high water at 12 20. As we approached the bar there was nothing more to see, in the shape of rollers or sea on, than I had been led to expect. The signal from the pilot station had been flying since 11 30 a.m, ' Take the bar;' the commodore and master were very attentive with the chart on the bridge, and very particular in the steerage of the ship, and in their orders to the engine-room, to keep the steam at command, the signal officer and signalman on the look out. At about 1 30 she touched slightly in the after part, when the commodore gave the order, 'Give her all the steam you can.' At about 1 40 the ship struck forward; order given, 'Astern full speed;' but the engines or screw never moved. At the same time the commodore ordered 'Hands shorten sail.' The ship broached to, with her head to the northward, lurching heavily to port, the rollers setting in from the westward, which immediately made a clean sweep of the upper deck, taking away port quarter boats (second cutter and jolly boat), netting, and bulwark. Sail was shortened as far as possible, the men not being able to keep the deck; immediately the ship took the ground the hatchways were battened down, which, however, proved perfectly useless, as the fastenings were thrown up by the bumping of the ship.
"The commodore then ordered the port guns to be thrown overboard (we succeeded in lightening the ship of four guns), and the starboard cutter to be manned and lowered, the paymaster and secretary to place in her his private signals, the public records, and the ship's books; but from the heavy lurching of the ship the men were unable to pass all the books they wanted; some were lost overboard. Mr. Fielding had orders to land what he had got and return. After great difficulty the cutter got clear of the ship. She was reported to be swamped two or three times. When seen on one occasion five hands were observed to be missing. It was about this time a steamer was seen coming out of the Heads. The commodore next ordered the pipe, 'Hands out boats,' yards and stays having previously been triced up. The pinnace was the first boat out. As I was returning from the maintop Commander Burton ordered me into the pinnace to go to the assistance of the cutter; the commodore then came to the starboard gangway, and on my telling him that I had seen the cutter all right when on the main yard he ordered me to take Mr. Amphlett, paymaster, who was well acquainted with the place on shore, for the purpose of getting assistance. Mr. Amphlett was then and there told to jump into the boat; this was at 2 30. We shoved off, and with great difficulty, from the strong ebb, cleared the ship. As we proceeded I observed the smoke of a steamer to the southward, going seaward. After a two hours' pull against a heavy rolling sea, we weared the Ninepin, when I spoke Mr. Wing in the pilot boat. We learnt from him that the steamer in sight (now seen coming up the South Channel) was the Wonga Wonga, returning to the Heads, that he had no boat to send to the Harrier to report our distress, that there was a lifeboat hauled up on shore, hut no hands or means to get her afloat; it would take 12 men a considerable time. The cutter now came up with us; Mr. Wing and his Maories came into the pinnace, while Mr. Amphlett, two sick men, and two boys, and two others started off in the whaler of the Harrier.
"We pushed on to the steamer, now between the Heads, waving, signalizing, and making every effort to gain her attention; after some delay she turned round and closed us, taking pinnace and cutter in tow, proceeding to the wreck, which we reached at 6 p.m. I found her very much lying over to port, the masts all standing, the crew in the rigging above the tops, the sea at times sweeping as high as the futtock rigging; the sails had been cut away from the yards, it being impossible to furl them. Taking, in addition the pilot's boatcrew, four young Maories, with the pinnace being to windward of the wreck, we dropped down to about 30 or 40 yards on her starboard bow, hailed the men on the bowsprit and jibboom to jump off and swim for it. I picked up seven or eight; having drifted to leeward, the steamer came and towed me to windward. I dropped down a second time with the cutter in company. This time three or four more men were taken in in the pinnace, and the boatswain and four or five in the cutter. It was now about 7 o'clock; the flood tide had made, the rollers soon became very high and dangerous on the change; the jibboom broke off short by the cap; it was quite impossible, with safety to the boats, to remain any longer by the wreck. As I was going back I shouted to the wreck to make a final attempt but none would venture.
"The steamer picked up boats and anchored close to the north side of the South Spit; distant from wreck about three-quarters of a mile. This was at 8 o'clock. At 8 30 the masts went. Boats returned to the wreck. The Wonga Wonga kept burning blue lights, blowing her steam whistle and ringing her bell. The pinnace picked up six or eight and returned to the steamer with one or two in the last stage of exhaustion. On again nearing the wreck I found the ship completely broken up. It was a beautiful clear moonlight night, and masses of the wreck kept passing in with the flood, clinging to which Lieutenant Yonge and six or eight men were saved. The cutter got so far to leeward that she made for the land, the pinnace returning to the steamer. We remained on deck the whole night, keeping a sharp look-out. At daylight nothing could be seen of the ill-fated Orpheus but a stump of one mast and a few ribs.
"From the commencement and during the whole proceedings nothing could exceed the coolness and decision of Commodore Burnett, C.B., the commander, and the officers all in their stations, sentries on the spirit room and store rooms; while the good feeling and steadiness of the men was beyond all praise, remaining at their posts until ordered by the commodore to mount the rigging. Many were washed overboard in obeying orders.
"I must not forget to mention the gallant conduct of the Maori crew; they were first and foremost in saving lives. On going ashore in the cutter Mr. Hunt and Mr. Barkly (midshipmen) were picked up, one Maori taking Mr. Barkly on his back and carrying him along the beach to his hut. They afterwards gave them food and put them in their own beds for the night.
"William Johnson (captain of the mizentop) three times jumped out of the pinnace with a rope to the rescue, and was the means of saving three drowning men.
"On board the Woaga Wonga, which officers and men reached cold and naked, the greatest kindness and hospitality were shown and continued by all on board, until we were transferred to the Avon, where I had reported myself to you.
"I have the honour to be, Sir, your obedient servant,
"CHARLES HILL,
"Lieutenant Her Majesty's ship Orpheus."
"LIST of SURVIVORS.
"Officers.- Lieutenant Charles Hill, Lieutenant Duke D. Yonge, Mr. E.A. Amphlett (paymaster), Mr. Bernal W. Fielding (midshipman), Mr. C. George Hunt (midshipman) Mr. H.M. Barkly (midshipman), Mr. W. Mason (boatswain), and Mr. James Beer (carpenter).
"Seamen.- Robert Carpenter, William Fisher, William Johnson, George Turtle, Charles Weir, W. Cooper, W. Clews, Alfred Pilbeam, Samuel Bannister, Noah Wells, John Quinton, James Parsons, Henry Walker, John Nicholson, Joseph Jordan, George Roberts, William Russell, James Summers, Henry Holmes, James Taylor, George Ward, James Kennedy, William Langrish, William Pasin, Patrick Daley, Edward Briggs, Arthur Tilly, Thomas Smedden, George Seal, Charles Fox, Thomas Burton, William Ollert, William Ball, Henry Graham, Joseph Boland, Henry Portbury, James J. Brown, James Wilson, Thomas Herbert, John Cochrane, Alfred Ankett, Henry Bentell, Henry Brown, Frederick Butter (belonging to Harrier), Henry Stuffle, James Graham, John Finnies, Edward Walsh, William Mayes, Henry Newman, Thomas Rusgell, George Young, John Hall, John Morby, William Geary, James Sparshott, George Hurlestone, Richard Roe (marine), Joseph Crowson (drummer), William Herbert,(boy second class), John Ideson (boy), William Horrigan (commissioner's servant), picked up at 1 o'clock on the 8th by a coaster off Peeponga.
"List of Men left behind at Sydney.- Sergeant Carter (Royal Marines), George Monday (gunner Royal Marine Artillery), Stephen Hodge (private Royal Marines), George Tarpler (boy first class), James Ashwood (boy first class), Thomas Rees (able bodied seaman), William Barnes (boy first class)
"CHARLES HILL,
"Lieutenant Her Majesty's ship Orpheus."
(From the New Zealander, February. 9th.)
Yesterday (Sunday) morning, at an early hour, the inhabitants of Auckland were horrified by the intelligence that Her Majesty's ship Orpheus, for sometime back expected on this station, had been totally wrecked in attempting to cross the Manakau bar, and with the awful loss of 185 souls out of a ship's company mustering 256 officers, seamen, boys, and marines. The Orpheus (a fine new corvette of 21 guns, 1,706 tons, 400-horse power), sailed from Sydney on the 31st of January, and after a fair passage, under canvas, fetched the land off the Manakau heads on Saturday, at noon. The ship was at that time under al plain sail, and within eight miles of the entrance, the signal flying on Paratutai -"Take the bar" - Commodore Burnett and the master being at that time on the bridge. Steam was got up at once, the commodore determining to go in. The lead was kept going; a sharp look out was observed, the ship steering east until one p.m, and then north-east by east, the Ninepin rock on with Paratutai, being in accordance with: Drury's sailing directions in the New Zealand Pilot. At twenty minutes past one the ship bumped slightly, but still went ahead. At half-past one, however, she struck hard, and orders were given to back astern full speed. The engines never moved. The ship fell off broadside to the rollers, the sea knocking away her stern post, port bulwarks, and boats, and making a clean sweep over all. The wind was from about S.W. to W.S.W., a stiff breeze, with occasional puffs. In this dismal plight Commodore Burnett, whose coolness and decision were the theme of admiration among his officers and men, gave orders to Mr. Fielding, midshipman, to take a cutter with the records, ship's books, and other articles; but, on losing sight of her, fearing that she was swamped, the pinnace was got out, and, with Lieutenant Hill and Mr. Amphlett, paymaster, was despatched to her assistance, with instructions to push on towards the heads, in the vain hope of obtaining relief through White's lifeboat, known to be stationed there, but, alas, without a crew to launch or to man her. It was an awful moment, but it is gratifying to know that even in this extremity all hands, officers and men, spoke in praise of each other, and of their gallant chief, who expressed a determination to be the last to quit the wreck, After the pinnace had left the launch was got over the side, with 40 men to lay out anchors, in the hope of making grapplings fast to haul into smooth water. The ebb title unhappily swept her under the bows, where she was stove, and nearly all on board, including Lieutenant Jekyll, were drowned. The pinnace meanwhile continued her course towards the heads, descrying the steamer Wonga Wonga, outward bound for Wellington; the anxiety was intense, as the Wonga Wonga went round and round, and nearly out of sight. Mr. Amphlett at length succeeded in reaching the pilot-boat, and came up with Her Majesty's ship Harrier at half-past 10 p.m. The Wonga Wonga anchored, and the few survivors were transferred to her from the boats of the Orpheus that had been got afloat. Had White's lifeboat been able to be launched and manned, we are informed, upon good authority, that most of the ill-starred seamen might have been saved. The heavy guns broke adrift about half-past 5 p.m., tearing up the upper-deck, and driving the people to the tops, the rollers becoming longer and heavier. The masts stood firmly until the flood tide made, at about half-past 6 p.m. They then began to go, and the ship parted in halves, the rollers breaking into the tops. When the masts went the crew gave three cheers, as if taking farewell of life. Commodore Burnett and the young gentlemen were in the mizzen-top; all perished, except Mr. Barkly, son of the Governor of Victoria. Commander Burton, Mr. Strong, sailing-master, and Lieutenant Mudge, who were in the main-top, were lost, the men who were saved succeeded in getting down the jibstay on to the jib-boom, dropping from thence into smooth water, where they were packed up, Many of the survivors are badly wounded, having legs and arms broken, and bodies bruised and maimed by the guns and falling spars. A despatch from Commander Sullivan, Her Majesty's ship Harrier, which was received on Saturday at midnight, informed his Excellency the Governor of this disastrous event. With the utmost promptitude the military authorities took measures to render every possible assistance- Colonel Gamble, Quartermaster-General; D.A.C.G. Chislett, Mr. Hamley, Ordnance Department, with six ambulance waggons, tents, 500 blankets, and other requisites, setting out for Onehunga. The steamer Avon, in charge of Mr. Hunt, with Captain Jenkins, Her Majesty's ship Miranda, started yesterday at 2 a.m. On reaching the heads not a vestige of wreck was to be seen. The Wonga Wonga, which was on her way to Onehunga, on meeting the Avon, transferred the rescued seamen to that vessel, and proceeded on her southern voyage. The Harrier got under weigh on Sunday at 4 a.m, but, having grounded, had to wait the flood tide, and did not get fairly away until nearly 3 p.m., about which hour the Avon had got back. The Avon went at once alongside the Onehunga wharf, and every care and attention were paid to the wounded.
(From the Wellington Spectator, February 12th.)
The Wonga Wonga sailed, from the Onehunga wharf, Manakau, on the 7th inst. On arriving at the bar she noticed a vessel in the offing, apparently a man-of-war, but the signal being up to take the south channel the Wonga proceeded on her course. On getting well clear of the channel, Captain Renner noticed the vessel to be labouring very heavily, and apparently ashore. Captain Renner then proceeded to the outer entrance of the north channel, but being unable to take it, on account of the heavy sea on the bar, he returned to the pilot station by the south channel. On reaching the pilot station he found two boats, the pinnace and cutter, belonging to the ill-fated vessel. The pilot then went on board the Wonga Wonga, took the two boats in tow, and proceeded to the scene of the disaster. On arriving there he found that the sea was making a complete breach over the vessel, and she was, of course, labouring very heavily. He then found it was impossible to get alongside with the boats, in consequence of the heavy sea; the boats were therefore pulled as close as possible under the jib-boom, and the officers in charge of them called to the crew to jump into the water and they would pick them up, as it was the only chance left of saving their lives. Several of the men jumped into the water and were picked up by the boats, but some were unfortunately drowned in the surf by the drawback. At this stage of the proceedings the scene was most appalling, the only chance of the crew getting saved being to jump into the boiling surf. All the men at this time were clinging to the rigging. The Wonga was steaming as close as possible to the scene of the wreck, and was fearfully tossed about by the tumultuous sea. The boats then returned to the Wonga, having succeeded in picking up about 14 of the drowning men, several of whom were nearly exhausted, and every means was adopted to restore animation, by the application of hot blankets and other remedies. Several who were wounded and very much bruised had their wounds dressed, and every possible attention shown them. The boats in charge of the second lieutenant again gallantly put off to the wreck, and succeeded in rescuing several from a watery grave. By this time it was becoming dark, and the pilot, not deeming it prudent for the Wonga to remain in the position she was then in, proceeded a short distance into the channel and anchored. At about 9 o'clock, the night being very dark, the foremast went by the hoard, casting all the poor fellows who were clinging to it into the raging billows. Immediately after, the main and mizzen masts fell over the side, carrying the last of the crew with them. During all this time the most superhuman exertions were being made by the second lieutenant and the gallant crews to rescue his unfortunate shipmates. The two boats, and a boat belonging to the Wonga, were pulling about amid the breakers until past midnight. All hopes of saving any more lives having vanished, the pinnace, in charge of the second lieutenant, returned, with several more of the unfortunate crew, to the Wonga, and the cutter proceeded into the pilot station, being unable to fetch the Wonga, and landed seven more of the crew in safety, including the son of Sir Henry Barkly, the Governor of Victoria, who was saved after clinging to a spar for upwards of two hours. The Wonga burnt blue lights, and showed other signals until daylight, in hopes of picking up any more of the unfortunate crew who might be floating about the wreck. At daylight, the Wonga proceeded towards the wreck, but by this time a very small portion of the ill-fated vessel was to be seen. Commander Jenkins returned thanks to Captain Renner, his officers, and the crew of the Wonga Wonga, for their praiseworthy exertions and unremitting kindness to the sufferers. One of the captains of the mizzentop, who was one of the boat's crew, gallantly jumped overboard three times, and on each occasion succeeded in saving a shipmate from a watery grave. The Commodore was last seen in the mizzen rigging, and is supposed to have been killed by the falling of a spar. The wind was about W.S.W., with a terrific sea on, when the Orpheus went to pieces.
Tu 14 April 1863 We have received the following letter from our Malta correspondent, dated Valetta, April 7:-
"… Several officers and men who were saved from the wreck of Her Majesty's ship Orpheus, on the coast of New Zealand, arrived this morning in the mail packet Ellora, on their way to England. They are Lieut. Hill, Lieut. Yonge, Paymaster Amphlett, Mr. Hunt, Mr. Fielding, and Mr. Barkly, midshipmen ; Mr. Mason and Mr. Beer, petty officers, and nine seamen".
Sa 18 April 1863
THE LOSS OF THE ORPHEUS.
The following dispatch, addressed to the Duke of Newcastle, has been received from Sir G. Grey, Governor of New Zealand :-
"New Zealand.- No. 10.
"Government-house, Auckland, February. 9th, 1863.
"My Lord Duke,- I have the honour to report to your Grace the total loss of Her Majesty's ship Orpheus on the bar of the harbour of Manukau, on the west coast of the North Island, nearly opposite to the harbour of Auckland, which is on the east coast.
"2. Eight officers and 61 men have been saved from the wreck. The names of the officers who have been saved are given in the enclosure to this despatch. Twenty-three officers and 158 men, it is believed, have perished, as the vessel has entirely gone to pieces, and nothing has been seen of them. The names of the missing officers are also given in the list transmitted herewith.
"3. It is positively known that many of these officers and men have perished, as they were killed in the presence of the survivors by spars and ropes. There is but slight hope that any of them can be alive; they can only have escaped by having been first washed out to sea on some spar, and then washed up on some other part of the coast.
"4. The ship, as far as I can collect, was rather to the southward of the port, and was, at about half-past 1 o'clock in the day, with beautiful weather and a fair wind, making the harbour under steam and sail, going about 12 knots. Running thus from the southward, she was intending to make the passage across the bar as laid down in the chart of 1853. Since that time the bar has shifted about three-quarters of a mile to the northward. She was thus rather more than that distance too far to the southward, and touched first on a small shoal off the middle banks, and in a few minutes ran directly on to them, where there is always a very heavy sea, and where her position (about four miles out at sea) was hopeless.
"5. At between 4 and 5 o'clock a small coasting steamer, the Wonga Wonga, which was going out of the harbour, seeing her peril, went to her assistance, but, from the heavy sea and breakers, was unable to get very near her; but the boats of the Orpheus, and those of the men who were saved under the shelter of the steamer, managed from time to time to pick up others. They were aided in the most gallant and determined manner by three Maories from the pilot-station, who steered the boats.
"6. The conduct of Commodore Burnett, his officers, and men, was perfectly heroic. I have never heard instances of greater courage, carelessness of self, and efforts to save the ship and others than have been detailed to me. At about 9 at night the mainmast went overboard; the other two masts went in less than 20 minutes afterwards. Those of the crew (and they were a great number) who had not yet been washed overboard or killed by spars and ropes were on the masts and rigging, and the poor fellows, as these went, gave three parting cheers and then perished. I am told that not a murmur or cry was heard from the wounded and dying, and yet the manner of some of their deaths was terrible. Altogether it is one of the most affecting events that I have ever heard of, and yet one that excites admiration from the courage, self-devotion, and energetic resignation both of the many who perished and the few who were saved.
"I have, &c.,
"G. GREY.
"His Grace the Duke of Newcastle, K.G."
Monday 20th April 1863 The surviving officers and crew of Her Majesty's ship Orpheus arrived on board Her Majesty's ship Victory, at Portsmouth, on Friday evening. They arrived at Portsmouth by Southampton steampacket from the Peninsular and Oriental Mail Company's mail steamship Ellora, which arrived the same day at that port from Malta.
Tuesday 21st April 1863
HOUSE OF LORDS, MONDAY, APRIL 20th.
THE LOSS OF THE ORPHEUS.
The Earl of ELLENBOROUGH said he wished to put a question to the noble duke at the head of the Admiralty respecting the loss of Her Majesty's ship Orpheus. In the official despatch on the subject it was stated that the Orpheus, with nearly 200 men, was lost by acting, not against, but in compliance with the directions on her chart. The telegraph flag was flying telling her to take the bar; she obeyed that instruction, and consequently was wrecked. Since the chart was issued in 1853 the sand at the mouth of the harbour of Manukau had shifted three quarters of a mile, and in consequence the Orpheus, instead of passing safely through the channel, ran directly on the sand itself. He wished to know what steps the Admiralty were in the habit of taking for the purpose of collecting information on foreign stations respecting those changes which occurred from time to time, affecting the navigation of the waters, and also what means they adopted for disseminating that information among the officers of the Royal Navy. Although it appeared, in this instance, that Her Majesty's officers were unacquainted with the changes which had occurred, the merchant service were not ignorant of them, for he had seen in the newspapers a letter from a gentleman commanding a vessel stating that they were perfectly well known.
The Duke of SOMERSET said he was very glad that the noble earl had put this question to him, as it enabled him to correct an error on the subject which was very generally prevalent, and into which it was not surprising that the noble earl had fallen, as it originated in the despatch of the Governor of New Zealand, Sir George Grey. In that despatch it was stated that the Orpheus "was intending to make the passage across the bar, as laid down in the chart of 1853. Since that time the bar has shifted about three-quarters of a mile to the northward. She was thus rather more than that distance too far to the southward." The loss of this fine vessel and her gallant crew was, of course, a most painful calamity; but it would have been an additional source of deep affliction if it had been caused by any neglect on the part of the Admiralty in not communicating to the officers of the ship the changes which were known to have occurred in the harbour. So far, however, was this from being the case that the chart of 1853 was brought to the notice of the Hydrographer's office in October 1861, if not before. A notice was then drawn up, of which printed copies were sent to the senior officer on the Australian station to be distributed among the ships in that quarter. That notice contained the following observations:-
"It appears from the Remark Book of Her Majesty's Ship Niger, 1861, by Mr. A.J. Veitch, Master, that since the survey by Captain Drury in 1853 the main channel at the entrance of Manukau Harbour has shifted; as also, that the code of signals noticed in the New Zealand Pilot, 2d edition, 1859, established to assist the navigation of that port, has been altered and improved. The following directions will therefore supersede those heretofore in use; but from the shifting nature of the entrance of Manukau Harbour, as also of all the bar harbours on the west coast of the north island, the seaman is cautioned to pay strict attention to directions that may be given from pilot stations; and it has been recommended as a general rule, in the absence of direct information of changes in the channels, that that portion which has the smoothest water between the breakers should be taken, as experience has proved that it will be the deepest part. The north side of the middle banks forming the southern boundary of the main channel to Manukau, has extended to the northward since Captain Drury's survey in 1853; vessels, therefore, in crossing the bar of this harbour should bring the Nine Pinrock twice its base open to the southward of Paratutai, N.E. by E 1/2 E., which will lead about a cable northward of the breakers."
Thus seamen were first cautioned that the bar had shifted, and were also warned to pay attention to local information. When he first heard of the accident to the Orpheus he was anxious to learn whether the officers had ever received the notice he had referred to. He therefore sent for the issue book kept in the Hydrographic-office, from which it appeared that the New Zealand notice was sent to Portsmouth on the 13th of November, 1861, and placed in No. 5 Australian chart box. On the 23d of November the Orpheus drew this No. 5 box from the store at Portsmouth, and the receipt for it was in the Hydrographic-office at the Admiralty. Moreover, he had seen an officer on Saturday who was saved from the wreck, and he believed he was correct in stating that the master of the Orpheus had a copy of the very notice in question in his hand at the time when the ship was approaching the bar. He mentioned these circumstances only to justify the Admiralty, and to show that they were not chargeable with neglect of duty. He would not go any further into the subject. Their lordships were doubtless aware that the Orpheus, which drew about 20ft. Of water, was rather larger than most of the ships frequenting that coast, end he might observe that he had sent her out at the pressing instance of the Governor of New Zealand. The noble earl had also asked what were the general orders of the Admiralty in regard to correcting charts. Those orders were very complete. The master was directed to note all inaccuracies in any of the charts supplied to the ship, but especially in those published by the Admiralty, so that the requisite alterations might be presently made. If the position of the dangers was materially altered, or if he should discover any new dangers, or if the inaccuracies he might have detected in the charts were of importance, he was to report them immediately to the Admiralty by the very first opportunity, so that no time should be lost in applying the necessary corrections. Again when a hydrographic notice of a newly discovered shoal, or rock, or other danger, or a notice to mariners of a new or altered light, buoy, beacon, or land mark was received on board, the master was at once to insert it in red ink in all the charts to which it referred (these being always enumerated at the foot of the notice), and to note the same in the sailing directions, reporting to the captain that he had so done. Further, all masters of Her Majesty's ships were required to report to the Secretary of the Admiralty through their captain the discovery of any new rock or shoal. The governors of our colonies and. Consuls constantly sent information, and harbour masters and merchant captains did the same. The Hydrographic-office was in constant correspondence with all parties who could furnish information in all parts of the world. As soon as it was received, if considered of fair authority, it was printed and circulated not only for the benefit of Her Majesty's ships, but of all navigators. He thought he had now shown that every care was taken to let the officers of the unfortunate vessel know the changes which had taken place in the harbour. He had only to add that there would of course be an inquiry into all the circumstances connected with the loss of the ship, and then probably it would be ascertained how the vessel came to be lost. He could not omit bearing testimony to the gallant bearing of all on board, and of the crew of the vessel, who, seeing death coming upon them in all directions, still remained steadfast in the execution of their duty. (Hear, hear.) Such conduct afforded a fine example of the courage and bravery of British seamen. (Hear, hear.)
Thursday 23rd April 1863 A meeting has been convened for this evening by the Mayor of Portsmouth to raise a public subscription for the relief of the widows and orphans of those who perished in the wreck of the Orpheus.
Tuesday 28th April 1863 A naval court assembled on board Her Majesty's ship Victory at Portsmouth yesterday, for the trial, pro forma, of Lieutenant Charles Hill, and the surviving officers and crew of Her Majesty's ship Orpheus at present in England, for the recent loss of that ship on the bar of Manukau harbour, New Zealand. The Court was composed of Captain Scott, Her Majesty's ship Victory, President; Captains Wainwright, Cumming, Phillimore, Chamberlain, and Seccombe. After hearing a mass of evidence the finding was read by the Deputy Judge-Advocate. It set forth that Her Majesty's ship Orpheus was lost by striking on the bar of Manukau harbour on the day named when going over it in the absence of pilot boats, that no blame whatever was attached to Commodore Burnett, C.B., or any of her officers and crew, that the conduct of every officer, seaman and marine, man and boy. On board was deserving of the very highest praise, and that Lieut. Hill and the officers and crew of Her Majesty's late ship Orpheus were therefore fully and honourably acquitted. Lieut. Hill was then called to the table and presented with, his sword. The President observed that the duly he had to perform was gratifying to him, and that he only expressed the feelings of the entire Court when he said they felt the sword could not be intrusted to better and more worthy hands. It gives us much pleasure to announce that Her Majesty has forwarded to Sir Michael Seymour, G.C.B., Admiral Commanding at Portsmouth, through Sir C. Phipps, the sum of 50 l. for the families of the crew of the Orpheus, with the expression of Her Majesty's deep sympathy with them in their affliction.
Monday 4th May 1863 NO ONE TO BLAME!- The Court of Inquiry into the circumstances of the wreck of the Orpheus have found, as we are informed by the correspondent of The Times, "that Her Majesty's ship Orpheus was lost by striking on the bar of Manukau harbour when going over it in the absence of pilot boats, that no blame whatever was attached to Commodore Burnett, C.B., or any of her officers and crew, and that the conduct of every officer, seaman and marine, man and boy, on board was deserving of the very highest praise." This is an astounding verdict, excepting only the last award of praise, thoroughly merited, as regards the conduct of all after the stranding of the ship. The conclusion is that no one was to blame for the loss of a fine ship in broad day and moderate weather. It was all right that she should attempt to enter the Manukau when she had no particular business there; it was all right that she should make the attempt at the wrong tide-time; in short, it was right that she should be lost, for, if there was no wrong in the case, all was right and as it ought to be. It is unfortunately true that the officers to whom blame may have attached are not living to defend themselves, but surely the Court, without direct censure, might have adverted to the causes of the disaster with regret, and thus given a warning against the repetition of the same errors. As it is, the imprudences seem approved and sanctioned. The Court found that the ship was lost by striking on the bar when going over it in the absence of pilot boats. The bar is only a cable's length in breadth. The ship first touched according to lieutenant Hill's statement, at 1 30, and 10 minutes afterwards struck, where she went to pieces. Was she, then, with all plain sail set, a fair wind and steam power in aid, 10 minutes in traversing the distance of a cable's length? If not, she was clearly not lost on the bar, the passage over which could not have taken her two minutes, allowing for a strong adverse tide, As we have before explained, the ship was lost on the Middle-bank, inside the bar, and not at all in the position of a bar, which, as the name expresses, stretches across the entrance of a harbour or port; the Middle lies in the direction of the entrance, and its north side makes the south side of the channel. The Court find that the ship struck in the absence of pilot boats. Does it pretend that pilot boats could be expected? Is it not well known that the pilot boats do not go beyond the Heads, and in the Admiralty Sailing Directions is it not notified that "it is seldom possible for the pilot boat to board outside the bar?" And for this reason all necessary directions for guidance are given by signals from the pilot-station at the Paratutai Head. But if, notwithstanding information to the contrary, the ship expected a pilot and was disappointed, why did she not then give up the attempt and proceed to Auckland, with a leading wind round the north cape? It is quite clear that the disaster was referable to the culpable error of attempting the entrance at the wrong tide-time. The signal for water was made at 11 30, 50 minutes before high water, and if there was only water enough in the 50 minutes before high water, there would certainly not be more in the 50 minutes after high water; for wherever there is a great inlet like the Manukau the first of the ebb runs off quicker than the last of the flood runs in. But with only 50 minutes of tide time to be depended on the Orpheus did not even approach the bar till that time had expired, and might have passed it about an hour and ten minutes after high water, when the tide had fallen full half a fathom, and a rougher weather-tide had increased the sand, and by so much diminished the depth of water necessary to float the long-legged ship over the shoals. But there was nothing to blame in all this according to the view of the naval Court, and officers are free to follow the example of Commodore Burnett without fear of censure, living or dead. Certain we are that the unfortunate officer himself must in his last moments bitterly have reproached himself for the rash error by which he had thrown away the lives of so many brave men. No officer's character stood higher than that of Commodore Burnett, and inexplicable is the one fatal error closing his meritorious career. Perhaps it never occurred to the Court to inquire what the ship was doing from daybreak, when she made the land, to midday, when she ran her head against the shore, for the answer might give some clue to the cause of the disaster, and might not be reconcilable with the foregone conclusion that no one was to blame.- Examiner.
Friday 8th May 1863
THE LOSS OF THE ORPHEUS.
The Secretary of the Admiralty presents his compliments to the Editor of The Times, and encloses herewith a return of the names of officers and men who perished in the wreck of Her Majesty's late ship Orpheus, at the entrance of the Manukau harbour, New Zealand, on the 7th. Of February last.
Admiralty, March 7th.
A Return of the Names of Officers and Men lost in the Wreck of Her Majesty's ship Orpheus, at the entrance of the Manukau harbour, New Zealand, on the 7th of February, 1863:-
William F. Burnett, C.B., commodore; William T.F.W. Mudge and Arthur Jekyll, lieutenants; William D. Strong, master; Robert H. Burton, commander; William J. Taylor, second master; William Hudson, gunner; Arthur R. Mallock, Thomas H. Broughton, and George H. Verner, midshipmen; John J. Tozer, master's assistant; Rev. C.B. Hazlewood, chaplain and naval instructor; William H.P.M. Gillham, secretary (assistant-paymaster); A.D. Johnston, assistant-paymaster; James Clarkson, asistant surgeon; Samuel Stephens, chief engineer; Jqhn H. Adams, engineer; John H. Vickery, assistant-engineer, 1st class; Edward J. Miller, William Adamson, and George F. Gossage (lent from the Miranda), assistant-engineers, 2d class; Henry N. Naylen, clerk; George Townsend ship's steward; George Drew, ship's cook; John E. Ernest, master-at-arms; Thomas Osborne, ship's corporal; William Sheppard and John Hutchins, gunner's mates; Frederick Kemp, Jesse Bignell, Frederick Allen, and Thomas Lane, leading stokers; Michael Mahoney, ropemaker; John Bosworthick, blacksmith; John Trautman, carpenter's mate; David Norris, caulker; George Warn and Henry Corps, quartermasters; Arthur Haggis, captain's coxswain; Thomas Ambrose, captain maintop; Abraham Voice, coxswain launch; John Pascoe and William Milliard, boatswain's mates; Joseph. W. Wilson; captain hold; John Plowman and Edwin Lloyd, captains after guard; George .Redman, armourer; George Vincent, caulker's mate; John Davey, captain mizen-top; Samuel…Mardon, musician; Henry Baker; cooper; Henry Redman, sick berth attendant; Alfred Brown, Felix Kelley, James Healy, David Lee, John H. Maud, Charles Davis, Andrew Dorey, William Swain, and John Moore, stokers; Thomas Smith, sailmaker's crew; William E. Bayliss, painter; George Hill and Thomas Kelly, leading seamen; Charles E. Rowe, John Pay, and Henry Thomas, carpenter's crew; John Wealords, shipwright; John Woodrow, tailor; George Anderson, Thomas Parke, Henry Sheargold, Edwin Pelham, William H. Hutton, William Stephenson, James M'Cloud, John Higham, Joseph Northover, Charles Whetnam, Jos. J. Rockett, Robert Randall, Edward Jenner, John Young, Edward Springer, John Hewitt, Harry Mark, George Mark, and William Cowen, A.B.sa; William Hillier and John Davis, ordinary second-class; John Cleary, James Hall, Daniel Hines, Edward Finn, William Rowland, Herbert Adams, John Bennett, William Blackwill, Alfred Crow, Noah Jones, Samuel Cole, James Ellis, William H. Bickle, William Halson, and Peter Newman, ordinary; Henry Weatherstone, William Palmer, Henry Welstead, and William Gannaway, ordinary second-class; William H. Cookney, wardroom steward; Thomas Stoneham, wardroom cook; C. Goldshmidt, captain's steward; Augustus Holdgate, captain's cook; John Hyde, gunroom steward; George Mitchell, gunroom cook; Samuel Scutt, engineer's servant; and John Phillips, engineer's cook. Boys.- James Goodwin, William F. Hunt, Edward M. Warner, William Jenkins, John T. Broadway, William J. Bridle, William J. Orchard, John Kingston, Jeremiah Murphy, Denis Donoghue, George Duffett, Charles Theobald, George Bunce, John Simmonds, Isaiah Thompson, and John Searle, first-class; Samuel F. Spencer, ship's steward's-boy; John H. Avis, William Davis, Albert Early, John Knowlden, Richard White, William Hartfield, Robert H. Veal, Thomas Callaghan, and John Cronin, second-class. Royal Marines.-Edward E. Hill, First lieutenant Royal Marine Artillery; John Howard, corporal; Sidney Hoyle, Thomas Ladbroke, John Shorthouse, David Horsfield, Daniel Davis, John Greenwood, Henry Baylam, Francis Starrs. Michael Flanaghan, Thomas Coffins, John Durkin, George Gray, Thomas Doren, Thomas Littlefield, Stephen Foyle, Henry Gardner, and John Heard, privates; William Tranter, sergeant; George Gordon, corporal; John Broad-wood, Bradley Starkay, John Kave, Lewis Cramp, Henry Crabb, Samuel Johnson, Thomas Brady, William Hobbs, Thomas Letheby, George King, William Burge, Charles Heath, and John Vince, gunners; Charles Binfield, Thomas Tucker, Henry Pearin, George Trott, Thomas Gould, John Williams, James Andrews, John P. Masters, Richard Williams, John Budge, and Peter Pafford. Privates.
Thursday 14th May 1863 WRECK OF THE ORPHEUS.- In 1846, in Her Majesty's sloop Osprey, Captain Patten was wrecked off the same fatal bar. An interesting account of the encampment of her crew, and their march across the island of New Zealand, was written by the steward (Mr. H. Moon), and has been introduced by the Lords of the Admiralty into the seamen's libraries. The signal then was, "Take the bar, there is no danger."
THE ORPHEUS RELIEF FUND.- The widows and relatives of the crew of Her Majesty's late ship Orpheus, who have been paid allotments for the month of April from the relief fund at the Royal Naval College, Portsmouth, are requested to attend at the college at 11 o'clock on Friday morning, the 29th of May, when they will be paid the allotments for the month of May. Any other applications for relief from the fund will be considered at the same time.
Monday 14th March 1864
(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)
MELBOURNE, JANUARY 25th.
… I may also mention in this place that since the disastrous wreck of the Orpheus the entrance into Manukau harbour has been re-surveyed, and carefully, and, I am informed, rather profusely buoyed, so that the steamers engaged in the inter-provincial trade, and those in communication with the General, pass into and out of that harbour with safety and with perfect confidence.
Thursday 14th July 1864
THE WAR IN NEW ZEALAND.
(FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.)
MELBOURNE, MAY 26th.
The following is the list of killed and wounded. Where not described otherwise, the wounds are gunshot wounds:-
HER MAJESTY'S SHIP CURACOA - Lieutenant Hill, late of the Orpheus; and James Harris, ordinary seaman.
Thursday 17th November 1864
DREADFUL ACCIDENT AT TUNIS.
(From the Malta Times, November 10th.) It is with feelings of the deepest sorrow that we have to announce in our columns to-day an awful calamity which has befallen a number of brave officers and men of Her Majesty's ship Orlando. The afflicting tidings reached us by the French steamer Du Trembly, arrived this morning from Tunis, that one of the boats of the above ship bad been upset in a squall, by which no less than eight of her officers, three seamen, and a marine lost their lives. All the men-of-war in port, including the French frigate Cacque, immediately hoisted their flags half-mast high, and a like testimony of regret and mourning was shown by many of the merchant ships in harbour as soon as the lamentable event became more generally known. The following are the particulars of this catastrophe, which will cast many families into mourning:-It appears that on the morning of the 3d inst. a cutter, having on board the following officers:- Lieutenant Still, Surgeon Wood, Captain Pritchard, Royal Marines, Midshipmen De Gama, Fielding, and Kemble, Master's-Assistant Hadrill, and Assistant-Paymaster Stratford, together with four seamen and one marine, left the ship on a picnic party, and while returning at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, under sail, a sudden squall struck the boat when about a thousand yards from the shore, and upset it. Seeing that all hope of assistance was impossible, one of the seamen struck out for the shore, and was the only man saved. Ha was found the next morning completely exhausted, and in a state of nudity, in an Arab hut, by another cutter of the Orlando, which, in tow of the French frigate Invincible's steam launch, had been sent in search of the missing boat. Up to the last accounts, nothing else had been found but a jacket belonging to Mr. Fielding and a portion of the mast of the boat, notwithstanding the Orlando and gunboat Tyrian had been searching under steam for the missing bodies. The Orlando is expected here at the end of the week. The sudden calamity has created universal sympathy in Tunis. All the foreign representatives displayed their flags half-mast, and waited upon the English Consul-General to express their condolence and respect for the memory of so many brave officers and men appertaining to Her Majesty's naval forces, whose untimely death has deprived their Sovereign and their country of their valuable service. The Commandant Chevalier of His Imperial Majesty's ship Inflexible, senior officer of the French Emperor's ships in those waters, also waited on Her Majesty's representative for the same purpose, and the French Consul-General wrote besides a very feeling letter of condolence on the melancholy occasion. His Highness the Bey also conveyed his sympathy and condolence, and gave strict order to the authorities on the coast to protect any of the bodies of the victims that might be washed ashore, and to report immediately any such occurrence to the Bey's Government. It is a circumstance of melancholy interest to know that Mr. Fielding, one of the unfortunate young officers who perished on this occasion, was one of the few survivors of the lamentable wreck of Her Majesty's ship Orpheus on the coast of New Zealand.
"Bryan and Clement Broughton had emigrated to the western arm of Queen Charlotte Sound on the South Island. Clement had settled in Anakiwa and become a sheep farmer. Bryan, too, was almost certainly engaged in farming, exploiting the knowledge he had acquired at the Royal Agricultural College in Cirencester in 1853/4, where he had obtained a Diploma, coming first in the Order of Merit and having his name placed on the College’s Honours board. He had married Maria Theresa Downes, at Picton, Marlborough, in January 1861.
After playing cricket in Picton on 21 April 1862, Bryan Broughton was sailing home between Picton and Onahau Bay when a heavy squall arose and he was drowned, aged 24, leaving a wife and a three-month-old baby daughter (Broughton Bay in Keneperu Sound was subsequently named after him). " Mark Penfold from an article about their aunt pittvillehistory.org.uk/bios/9920.html
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LOST - Commodore, W. F. Burnett, C.B., Commander, R. H. Burton, Lieutenants, Mudge and Jykill Master, W. D. Strong Lieutenant Hill, Royal Marine Artillery Rev. C. Hazlewood, Chaplain Mr Gillham, Commodore's Secretary Mr Johnston, Assistant Paymaster Dr Clarkson, Surgeon Dr Crawford, Assistant Surgeon W. Stephens, Chief Engineer W. D. Taylor, Second Master A. R. Mallock, Midshipman T. H. Broughton, G. H. Verner, J. J. Tosser, Master's Assistant ; Mr Avian, Assistant Clerk J. H. Adams, Engineer 3lr Vickery, Engineer's Assistant Mr Miller, Engineer's Assistant, Mr Adams, Engineer's Assistant G. Gossage, Engineer's Assistant W. Hudson, Gunner.
SAVED - Lieutenant Yonge Lieutenant Hill Paymaster Amphlett Mr Barfely, Midshipman Mr Fielding,Midshipman, Mr Hunt, Midhsipman, Mr Mason, Boatswain Mr Beer, Carpenter and 61 Sailors and Marines.
A la fotografia, el Pont dels Sospirs fotografiat des del "Ponte della Paglia" (Pont de la Palla).
El Pont dels sospirs s'anomena així perquè era l'últim lloc on els familiars de les persones sentenciades com a culpables, els podien veure quan passaven del Palau Ducal on eren jutjats, fins a la presó.
Designed & built in Glasgow in 1883, transported in pieces on the “City of York” to Port Adelaide where she was reassembled for use as a tug & lighter in Port Pirie. Sold 1927, converted into a ketch with a diesel engine & 2 masts and served in SA’s coastal ports loading overseas ships with wool, wheat, barley & other goods for export. She was often in the news for running aground or being rammed and requiring repairs. Sold again 1962, she supplied Kangaroo Island until her retirement in 1982, she was removed from the water 2005 and now stands on shore adjacent to the “City of Adelaide’.
“Much inconvenience is felt on account of having no steam-tug in the Port. I believe Captain Wilson, late owner of the craft Star of Hope, has gone to England to purchase a suitable tug in time for next season.” [Port Augusta Dispatch 23 Aug 1882]
“Captain Wilson. . . another vessel to take the place of his Star of Hope. . . The hull, deckhouses, and decks are of iron, and the machinery is of the most modern description, the vessel having compound engines, with horizontal tubular boiler. The vessel is intended for towing and lighterage purposes, and during the construction had been supervised by Captain Wilson. The hull was built in the yard, and when put together the various plates and pieces were marked and numbered to facilitate fixing her up again on arrival here. The material was shipped on board the City of York, and directly it is landed here it will be put together and the craft launched as quickly as possible, when she will take up the old berth at Port Pirie.” [Register 20 Feb 1883]
“A boiler and engines were landed from the ship City of York on Thursday afternoon for a huge steam-tug to be employed at Port Pirie. The hull was also imported in pieces, and the vessel will be put together and rigged out at Port Adelaide.” [Advertiser 13 Apr 1883]
“The new steamer for Captain Wilson, which lately came out from Scotland in sections, is now being put together in Mr. Cruikshank's ship-building yard at Birkenhead, Port Adelaide. It is the largest vessel ever seen is the course of construction on a Port cradle. . .The vessel was designed and built by Messrs. T. B. Seath & Co., of Rutherglen, Glasgow, and is the 229th steamer constructed by them during the last quarter of a century. Seath & Co. are the shipbuilders for the Trinity Board of London, and are considered to be one of the best firms on the Clyde for the building of steamships.” [Advertiser 26 Apr 1883]
“the steamer Nelcebee, destined for the Spencer's Gulf trade, was launched from Cruickshank's shipbuilding-yard. The Nelcebee is an iron-built screw-steamer, 115 feet long, 19 feet beam, and 9 ft. 6 in. depth, and was the 229th boat designed by Mr. Seth, at Glasgow, where she was fitted up. She was sent out in pieces, and put together for Captain Wilson by Mr. Cruickshank.” [Evening Journal 21 Jun 1883]
“Fears are entertained at Port Adelaide in respect to the safety of the steamer Nelcebee, now more than a week overdue from Tasmania. She left Port Adelaide for Circular Head in ballast on August 1, arriving there safely in two or three days. She loaded 12 tons of potatoes for Mr. Charlick, of Port Adelaide, and steamed away in apparently good trim and condition on Tuesday, August 7, since which time she has not been heard of.” [Advertiser 20 Aug 1883]
“Kingscote, August 23. The missing steamer Nelcebee arrived here at 12 o'clock to-day. Captain Wilson reports that he left Circular Head on the 7th August. The wind having veered to the west-north-west he was obliged to go into Sea Elephant Bay, King's Island.” [Register 24 Aug 1883]
“The Nelcebee.— This steamer arrived at the Semaphore on Sunday, having been twenty days out from Circular Head, with a cargo of potatoes. . . all were well on board and had been so throughout. It further transpired that the reason for her non-arrival was the fact that during some very heavy weather the pumps choked with chips and rubbish, to such an extent that on returning to shelter there were seventeen buckets of rubbish and a bucket and a half of rivets taken from the bilges and pump-pipes.” [Register 27 Aug 1883]
“The steamer Nelcebee started for Port Pirie on Saturday. If the prospects of the harvest are only partly confirmed she will prove a valuable adjunct to the trade of that port, as she is adapted specially for towage and lighterage purposes.” [Advertiser 3 Sep 1883]
“Port Augusta. . . The City of Adelaide, for the United kingdom, was towed out on Saturday morning by the Nelcebee.” [Register 22 Oct 1883]
“Port Augusta. . . The last wool ship, the Ascalon, cleared this morning in tow of the Nelcebee. Her cargo, which consists of 4,502 bales of wool, besides several tons of horns, hoofs, and scrap iron, is estimated to be worth about £70,000, being the most valuable sent home this season.” [Weekly Chronicle 27 Oct 1883]
“Port Germein. . . The steamer Nelcebee, with an iron barge in tow, arrived safely with her charge this afternoon. The barge will hold 800 bags of wheat, and will be invaluable for lighterage purposes. The arrival of the Nelcebee and the Parliamentary party at the same time caused a little mild excitement.” [Advertiser 29 Nov 1883]
“Marine excursions seem to have taken on with the public during the last few months, owing, no doubt, to the very hot weather we have been experiencing. St. Patrick's Literary Society having decided to try one, the Steam Tug Company's boat, ‘Nelcebee’, was engaged for Tuesday, when a large crowd left the Semaphore Jetty, their route being towards Brighton, passing the anchorage, thus giving those on board an opportunity of seeing the English Mail Steamer.” [Southern Cross 19 Feb 1897]
“The old favourite Elder Liner Torrens was fully equipped for the homeward voyage on Wednesday, and in the latter part of the afternoon was towed out by the tug Nelcebee. The Torrens takes away a large assorted cargo for London, including 7,135 bags bark, 6.S02 bags concentrates, 1,789 ingots spelter, 1,016 bales wool, a quantity of skins and tallow, and 480 ingots copper. For St. Helena, where the vessel calls en route, she has a large quantity of grain, comprising 1,400 bags flour, 340 bags oats, and some bags of wheat and barley. There is also a consignment of dripping for St. Helena, comprising 340 cases. The Torrens, which left in charge of Captain Angel, had five passengers on board for London.” [Evening Journal 25 Mar 1897]
“Port Pirie. . . Whilst towing the Chiltonford out to-day the Nelcebee swung athwart the stream, and before she could be straightened the Chiltonford drifted on her forcing the Nelcebee's bow through a plate of the Clackmannanshire.” [Advertiser 8 Jun 1897]
“The Adelaide Steamtug Company is said to have entered into a contract with the Broken Hill Proprietary Company to convey about 1,000 tons of ironstone flux from Iron Knob to Port Pirie weekly. It is expected that the hulks York and Urebus, along with the tug Nelcebee, will shortly be dispatched to Port Pirie for this purpose.” [Evening Journal 12 Aug 1901]
“Port Pirie. . . The tug Nelcebee, which left here yesterday for south-east ports to engage in lightering wool, is reported to be ashore on Bird Island, near Wallaroo.” [Register 29 Oct 1901]
“the steamer Nelcebee, which was stranded on Bird Island in heavy weather on Monday last, had been floated. She was got off at 7 o'clock on Friday morning, and left in tow of the launch Mermaid for Wallaroo.” [Advertiser 2 Nov 1901]
“Tugboat Nelcebee collides with dolphin. . . The Nelcebee, with Captain Anderson in charge, left the jetty at Hummocks Hill at .midnight with about nine passengers on board and a barge in tow. A strong ebb tide was running at the time, and this swept the Nelcebee close into the dolphin, some feet away from the jetty, and the vessel hit the obstruction when passing. The captain and crew were so busy attending to the barge that the mishap was not noticed at the time. . . The first mate had a boat lowered, and conveyed the passengers to the jetty. . . When the tide rose there was four feet of water in the cabins and mess room.” [Port Pirie Recorder 29 Feb 1916]
“the Adelaide Steamtug Company's Nelcebee, which has been carrying passengers and cargo between Port Pirie and Whyalla, and was being withdrawn for overhaul.” [Chronicle 5 Jun 1926]
“Wharf visitors at Port Adelaide have expressed curiosity concerning a grey-painted vessel with steamer lines, but having the sailer rig, lying at Darling's Wharf, Birkenhead. A complete transformation. . . few would recognise the craft as the former steamer Nelcebee, which for many years did yeoman service in Spencer's Gulf.” [News 19 Jan 1928]
“Two vessels that changed hands recently were slipped today for repainting below waters mark and to permit other work being done. They are the Eleanor and Nelcebee. Both ships were at one time steam driven and were used for towing purposes. They are now sail rigged, and in both vessels motor engines are to be fitted to provide auxiliary power.” [News 21 Jan 1928]
“A collision occurred in the Port River yesterday afternoon between the Coast Steamship Company's small steamer Warrawee and the ketch Nelcebee, owned by Captain E. Hipkins. . . both vessels escaped without serious damage. At the time of the mishap the Warrawee was preparing to berth at McLaren wharf after completing the passage from Edithburgh, and the ketch was passing from the Basin through Robinson-bridge on her way down to the steamer Anglo Saxon, berthed at Queen's wharf.” [Advertiser 20 Jan 1931]
“The sight of the old Nelcebee — now privately owned and converted into an auxiliary craft-chugging its way down the river on Thursday morning roused recollections of the days when this boat was on the run between here and Hummocky Hill (as Whyalla was then called) under the command of Captain Benton. At least two trips a week used to be made in those times, and probably many will have painful memories of their experiences as passengers. In rough weather the Nelcebee used to have the reputation of being able to do anything but stand on her bow.” [Recorder, Port Pirie 11 Apr 1931]
“Port Victoria. . . Serious consequences were narrowly averted when the schooner Gerard and motor lighter Nelcebee came into collision last night. . . The Nelcebee had loaded 2,100 bags of wheat at Tumby Bay, and was bound for the barque Padua here. . . the Neleelbee's crew was transferred to the Gerard. Captain Hipkins stood by his ship, and when it was seen that there was hope of saving her the crew was recalled. Two hundred and fifty bags of wheat were hastily jettisoned, and with the Gerard standing by, the craft was steered for Wardang Island with all speed. Here the vessel was beached at one a.m. . . Much of the wheat will be damaged.” [Advertiser 27 Jan 1934]
“Temporarily patched up, the Nelcebee has returned to Port Adelaide and is now undergoing extensive repairs on the central slip at Birkenhead. No estimate of the damage has been prepared, but costs of repairs are expected to be heavy. The vessel was damaged six inches below the waterline, just forward of the bridge, and considerable damage was done to the upper decking.” [News 3 Feb 1934]
“The first Court of Marine Enquiry to sit in South Australia since 1918 began the hearing today of serious charges against the masters of two ketches, the Gerard and the Nelcebee.” [News 23 Apr 1934]
“Edward Henry Hipkins, jun., master of the ketch Nelcebee, was found guilty of culpable negligence, and his certificate of competency was suspended for six months. The court added a recommendation that during the period of suspension he should be granted a mate's certificate. Gustav Reinhold Emanuel Bergland, master of the auxiliary schooner Gerard, was found guilty of a technical offence, which in no way reflected upon his competency as a seaman. He was severely censured for not having kept a better look-out.” [News 5 May 1934]
“in the Supreme Court. . . opened the case for Caroline Hipkins, owner of the ship Nelcebee, who sued for £1200 damages from the captain and owners of the ship Gerard, which collided with the Nelcebee near Wardang Island, off Port Victoria, about midnight on January 25. The defendants, Oscar Einar Olsson, of first avenue, Cheltenham, Gustaf R. E. Bergland, of Bower road, Glanville, R. Fricker & Co., Ltd., of Lipson street, Port Adelaide, David Deex, of Durham terrace, Franklin, Percy R. Flicker, of Port Adelaide, and Doreen May Fricker, of Port Adelaide, counterclaimed £900 damages.” [Advertiser 18 May 1934]
“in the Supreme Court in Admiralty Jurisdiction Mr. Justice Piper found that the ship Nelcebee was free from blame in the collision with the Gerard. . . the master of the Gerard was to blame for not having had and maintained a proper look-out, and that the collision was caused by the negligent navigation of the Gerard. Judgment was given for Caroline Hipkins, owner of the Nelcebee, for damages to be decided by the Registrar, and costs to be decided by the court. . . The claim was for £1,200 damages, and by consent it was amended today to £1,800 damages.” [Recorder, Port Pirie 29 Jun 1934]
“Sydney. . . the High Court today dismissed with costs the appeal from Mr. Justice Piper's decision in favor of Caroline Hipkins, owner of the schooner Nelcebee, She had claimed £1,800 damages from the master and owners of the schooner Gerard. . . The master and owners of the Gerard counterclaimed for £900. Mr. Justice Starke considered that both vessels should be held to blame, with the result that the loss should be divided.” [News 29 Dec 1934]
“The fourth court proceedings regarding a collision at sea, near Wardang Island, between the schooners Nelcebee and Gerard, shortly before midnight on January 25, 1934, were begun yesterday, before a specially constituted Court of Marine Enquiry, at the Port Adelaide Courthouse.” [Advertiser 1 Jul 1936]
“The dismissal yesterday of charges against Capt. Edward H. Hipkins, jun., master of the auxiliary schooner Nelcebee, by the Court of Marine Inquiry presided over by Mr. President Kelly, marked the end of a long fight to have his name cleared, following a collision between his vessel and the auxiliary schooner Gerard off Port Victoria on January 25, 1934. . . The Court of Marine Inquiry. . . will report to the Harbors Board. It has no power to order that the certificate endorsement be expunged. . . request for this to be done would be considered by the members of the board.” [The Mail 18 Jul 1936]
“The Minister of Marine (Mr. Hudd) promised to have investigations made as to whether the endorsement on the certificate of the master of the Nelcebee, as a result of the collision with the Gerard, had been removed, in view of his exoneration by the Supreme and High Courts and a second Marine Court.” [Advertiser 29 Jul 1936]
“Additions to Port Nautical Museum. . . Capt. E. H. Hipkins has presented the key of the tug Nelcebee's propeller, taken out when the boiler and engine of that tug were removed, and she was converted to an auxiliary schooner.” [The Mail 1 May 1937]
“The Nelcebee which sailed out of Pirie in the past was a steam tug, and it came back yesterday as an auxiliary schooner. With two masts and a diminutive funnel abaft, the regenerated Nelcebee is for the moment on His Majesty's service, inspecting navigational lights and beacons. . . Now a privately owned vessel, the Nelcebee has been chartered by South Australian Harbors Board for her present trip. . . Her chief employment now is as a carrier of wheat and barley.” [Recorder, Port Pirie 20 Oct 1938]
“the old Nelcebee is still puffing her way round the coast of South Australia with wheat and other cargoes, and occasionally visits Pirie, the port in which, during her prime, she moved and tugged shipping amounting to many hundreds of thousands of tons.” [Recorder, Port Pirie 8 Apr 1939]
“Shipping at Port Vincent. The Nelcebee lifted 1,200 bags of barley on account of T. H. Webb.” [Pioneer, Yorketown 10 May 1940]
“The ketches Nelcebee and John Lewis have been busy lightering the remainder of last season's wheat to overseas ships anchored at Port Lincoln.” [Advertiser 9 Oct 1946]
“The Nelcebee ran aground on rocks and coral 200 yards from the shore about four miles west of Port Turton Jetty about 3 a.m. today. The vessel is holed near the bows, and the forward hold is flooded. Six people in the ketch are unharmed. They are the master (Capt. Brandford), his wife, and two-year-old daughter, and three crew members.” [The Mail 9 Jun 1951]
“The 168-ton ketch Nelcebee, stranded on a reef off Point Turton, Yorke Peninsula, may be abandoned as a total loss. Further attempts to get the Nelcebee off the reef have been left until Monday, when there will be a very low tide.” [News 14 Jun 1951]
“Nelcebee was towed off the rocks near Point Turton today, 12 days after it went aground. After the hull had been packed with 400 empty sealed drums and a canvas had been placed over the holed forward section, two other ketches, the Hawk and John Lewis, towed the Nelcebee to a sandy shore near Point Turton. The ketch was beached and an examination will be made to see if it is safe to tow it back to Port Adelaide.” [Advertiser 22 Jun 1951]
“The ketch Nelcebee will begin fortnightly cargo runs from Port Adelaide to Cowell on Monday week. . . A spokesman for the Nelcebee's owners, M. B. Crouch & Co., said today: 'The ketch will carry about 150 tons of cargo and will take about 36 hours each way. It has Diesel engines and a sail. The crew of six will be commanded by Captain A. H, Branford. The Nelcebee is well known in the SA coastal lightering trade. For many years it has carried grain from small ports to Port Lincoln, Wallaroo, and Port Pirie.” [The Mail 12 Jul 1952]
“Cowell. . . The Nelcebee arrived this week with 50 tons of general cargo and sailed with 400 bales of wool.” [Advertiser 9 Aug 1952]
one last pic from the end of the night after the banquet after accidentally (well i knew my laces were long and dragging because of how i chose to tie my heels earlier that evening so although i didn’t purposely step on my own laces i guess i’m still culpable) when my shoelaces got underfoot. it was a little shaky on the walk back to the hotel room and in the elevator i think my boss thought about tying my shoes but as he kept staring maybe figuring out how to do so i told him don’t worry about them and walked the whole way with my laces untied. i took this one last pic before bed once back in the room.
Fuertes imágenes del empresario Saymon Díaz junto a la cantante Belinda salen al Internet (mira esto) TVNotas:
Luego de que se ha visto envuelta en un video erótico, demandas y fraudes, ahora está en un nuevo escándalo, al aparecer unas fotografías tan sensuales que se tomó con un representante artístico de República Dominicana, de nombre Saymon Díaz.
Belinda_y_saymon beli_saymon_belinda_saymon lenceria_belinda
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nuevo capítulo de Belinda en mujeres asesinas se dice q ella está por lanzar nueva linea de lenceria jczr tv notas tvnotas hoy televisa
Respuesta de Belinda ante el escándalo de las fotos con Symon Díaz
belinda y saymon díaz segun tv notas tvnotas.com
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www.flickr.com/photos/55999340@N06/
01- Letra Religión. 02- Letra Culpable. 03- Letra Duele. 04- Letra Wacko. 05- Letra Planeta. 06- Letra Bossa. 07- Letra Mueve. 08- Letra Lolita. 09- Letra Egoísta. 10- Letra Cuida De Mi. 11- Letra Amor Transgénico. 12- Letra Eventos Desafortunados. 13- Letra Sal De Mi Piel. 14- Letra Dopamina.
Belinda, saymon, diaz, fotos, imágenes, empresario, jczr, tvnotas, lenceria, desnuda sexo, pornp, anal, culona, beli carpe diem belinda, saymon, diaz, fotos, imagenes, empresario, jczr, tvnotas, lenceria, desnuda, sexo, porno, anal, danna, prensa, beli, carpe, diem, sex, porn, xxx, chiches belinda_y_saymon_diaz_fotos_jczr_lolita, beli belinda, saymon, diaz, beli, tetas, jczr, nalgas, carpediem, dopamina, culo, img.
belinda_y_saymon_diaz_jczr_tvnotas_fotos_imagenes
'The Impundulu is a mythological creature in the folklore of the tribes of the Southern Africa including the Pondo, the Zulu and the Xhosa. The impundulu, which translates as "lightning bird" takes the form of a black and white bird, the size of a human which is said to summon thunder and lightning with its wings and talons.' [Wikipedia]
The lightning bird is known to have super special powers, and for being generally creepy all round. Among certain African tribes the Hammerkop is believed to be the lightning bird. The creature only manifests itself as a bird to women and, 'In one instance a village girl described a black bird that ran up her hoe and left claw marks on her body before it flew back to the clouds.'[Wikipedia]
Both the bird and it's eggs can be found where lightning strikes, and parts are often used in traditional medicine, sometimes to catch thieves. Apparently the lightning bird also enjoys a good blood fest, and can be found sucking on human blood, most notably enemies of the witchdoctor. Yum yum! Of course it is also known to seduce naughty girls :) MissYucki read that "In 2005, a South African man was convicted of culpable homicide after killing a two year old child he believed to be an impundulu." [Wikipedia]
Looks like a nasty case of 'wilful fire raising*' here.
Today's lecture - wilful fire raising ;
* Wilful fire-raising is a common law offence under Scots law applicable to deliberately starting fires with intent to cause damage to property.
The offence is not fully equivalent to the offence charged as Arson in England and Wales but can be found described in such a manner in some official statistics dealing with destruction of property by fire where the equivalence has been made as a matter of convenience. In particular the Scots Law offence has to be "wilful"; if a fire is the result of an act of recklessness then the offence of Culpable and Reckless Conduct applies.[1] It is common to find both offences charged together where criminal events involve fire and both offences carry a maximum sentence of life imprisonment.
Prior to the case of Byrne v H.M. Advocate (No. 2)[2] there was a distinction between “wilful fire-raising” and “culpable and reckless fire-raising”.[3] The former dealt with heritable property (e.g. buildings, trees, crops) while the latter dealt with other property. That case determined that fire-raising (in a criminal context) would be either wilful or reckless (distinct from English statute law [4] which places both together).
Kolkata Police yesterday had registered a case against the Hyderabad-based construction firm IVRCL under sections 304 (culpable homicide not amounting to murder), 308 (attempt to commit culpable homicide) and 407 of the IPC and sealed the local office of the company engaged in flyover’s...
headlinesview.com/kolkata-flyover-collapse-police-detains...
Walmart says it will kill plans to build 3 new stores if DC wage bill passes
July 09, 2013
FoxNews.com
Walmart says it will cancel its plans to build three new stores in D.C. if local lawmakers approve a bill that would force the retailer to pay its employees at least $12.50 an hour.
Alex Barron, a regional general manager for Walmart U.S., writes in an op-ed published in the Washington Post Tuesday that the company feels the D.C. Council's proposed "living wage" legislation “would clearly inject unforeseen costs into the equation that will create an uneven playing field and challenge the fiscal health of our planned D.C. stores.”
Walmart currently has three other new stores under construction in the area, and Barron says those stores will also be jeopardized if the bill passes.
The bill is backed by worker advocates and unions that say employees of big-box stores should earn a "living wage." It applies only to stores doing business in spaces of 75,000 feet or more. It would require such stores to pay every employee no less than $12.50 an hour, up from D.C.'s current minimum wage of $8.25.
The Washington Post reports a group of Walmart public relations executives and lobbyists informed lawmakers of their decision Tuesday.
It's About Time Walmart Waged An Ad Campaign Like This One
Dale Buss, Forbes Contributor
5/14/2013
It’s about time Walmart fielded a TV-advertising campaign that explains just why the stores are still so popular with Americans despite the disbelieving objections of elites that keep picking at the world’s biggest retailer for one reason after another.
By focusing in a clear-eyed way in its new campaign, “The Real Walmart,” on the strengths of the company and how they benefit various huge constituencies—American consumers, Walmart workers, and Walmart’s supply-chain participants—the brand has a good shot at engendering more of the endemic kind of cultural goodwill that perpetually has escaped it.
It’s one thing to be known as the king of everyday low prices, which has been Walmart’s positioning with U.S. consumers for decades. But these ads collectively make a broader and more comprehensive argument for the tremendous net positive that Walmart remains for the American economy.
“We have wanted to do this for a long time because we know that people trust Walmart even more when they understand the opportunities we provide our associates, who the customers are that shop with us and how we deliver low prices,” Bill Simon, president and CEO of Walmart US, said in a press release.
In some ways, such a campaign has indeed been a long time coming. As a mammoth entity that affects vast swaths of the U.S. economy right down to the purchasing power of millions of individual households, Walmart has always been an easy target for activists who often object to the company simply as a matter of scale and, just as often, to its small-town origins and the conservative bent of its founding family.
Over the years, of course, Walmart has been critiqued vigorously about its competitive effects on local small retailers where the chain sets up shop, its promotion policies for women, its wage scales, its environmental footprint, its desire to locate in inner cities, and its decisions to be culturally demure about stocking music and movies.
Studies have demonstrated that the typical American household saves as much as a few thousand dollars a year because of Walmart’s influence over retailing, whether they shop at Walmart at all, but it’s been easy for the chain’s many critics to overlook such a benefit while depicting the company as a corporate ogre.
A company as large as Walmart is always going to have culpabilities and vulnerabilities that critics can use to attempt to undermine its broadly positive claims; and it’s going to continue to be a popular target for media and for liberal NGOs. With its new U.S. advertising campaign, Walmart hopes it can help explain that the good the company does far outweighs the bad—and why.
Wal-Mart's wages drive employees onto public benefits, report says
June 07, 2013, Los Angeles Times
Wal-Mart Stores Inc. wages are so low they force many of its employees onto the public doles, creating a drag on taxpayers and the economy, according to a new report from the staff of congressional Democrats.
The report analyzes data from Wisconsin's Medicaid program, estimating that a single 300-person Wal-Mart Supercenter in that state likely costs taxpayers at least $904,542 per year and could cost up to $1,744,590 per year, or roughly $5,815 per employee.
"While employers like Wal-Mart seek to reap significant profits through the depression of labor costs, the social costs of this low-wage strategy are externalized," concludes the report's authors, the Democratic staff of the U.S. House Committee on Education and the Workforce. "Low wages not only harm workers and their families — they cost taxpayers."
Titled "The Low-Wage Drag on Our Economy: Wal-Mart's Low Wages and Their Effect on Taxpayers and Economic Growth," the report is an update to a 2004 report. The revised version advocates for several measures, including reforming labor laws to make collective bargaining easier and raising the minimum wage.
The report analyzes data from Wisconsin because "it appears to be the most recent and comprehensive." The state released Medicaid enrollment by employer as of the fourth quarter of 2012.
Wal-Mart was first on the list with 3,216 employees enrolled in BadgerCare, the state's Medicaid program. Including the children and dependents of these employees, Wal-Mart accounts for 9,207 enrollees.
The report assumes that about a quarter of the store's employees enroll in other taxpayer-funded programs, including Section 8 housing, national school lunch programs, the earned-income tax credit and others.
Wal-Mart, in an analysis posted on its website, described the report as "flawed," criticizing the reliance on the data from Wisconsin to make "vast generalizations." In its rebuttal, the company said the report failed to take into account Wal-Mart's size and that the number of its workers on Medicaid is similar to other big retailers and comparable to the national average.
The company also notes that President Clinton's welfare reform law changed public welfare programs to focus on working families, increasing Medicaid eligibility by as much as 300% above the poverty line.
Concern over wages at Wal-Mart is not new. The company has a long history of discouraging unions from representing workers and has long been criticized because a chunk of its workforce is on public assistance.
In California, lawmakers are concerned that the public will get saddled with even bigger expenses from Wal-Mart employees as the federal health care law expands. Legislators in the Golden State are calling for fines that could reach about $6,000 for every full-time employee who ends up on Medi-Cal, the state's Medicaid program for the poor.
U.S. Department of Justice
May 28, 2013
Retailer Admits Violating Criminal and Civil Laws Designed to Protect Water Quality and to Ensure Proper Handling of Hazardous Wastes and Pesticides
Walmart Stores Inc. pleaded guilty today in cases filed by federal prosecutors in Los Angeles and San Francisco to six counts of violating the Clean Water Act by illegally handling and disposing of hazardous materials at its retail stores across the United States. The Bentonville, Arkansas-based company also pleaded guilty today in Kansas City, Missouri, to violating the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) by failing to properly handle pesticides that had been returned by customers at its stores across the country.
As a result of the three criminal cases brought by the Justice Department, as well as a related civil case filed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Walmart will pay approximately $81.6 million for its unlawful conduct. Coupled with previous actions brought by the states of California and Missouri for the same conduct, Walmart will pay a combined total of more than $110 million to resolve cases alleging violations of federal and state environmental laws.
According to documents filed in U.S. District Court in San Francisco, from a date unknown until January 2006, Walmart did not have a program in place and failed to train its employees on proper hazardous waste management and disposal practices at the store level. As a result, hazardous wastes were either discarded improperly at the store level—including being put into municipal trash bins or, if a liquid, poured into the local sewer system—or they were improperly transported without proper safety documentation to one of six product return centers located throughout the United States.
“By improperly handling hazardous waste, pesticides, and other materials in violation of federal laws, Walmart put the public and the environment at risk and gained an unfair economic advantage over other companies,” said Ignacia S. Moreno, Assistant Attorney General for the Justice Department’s Environment and Natural Resources Division. “Today, Walmart acknowledged responsibility for violations of federal laws and will pay significant fines and penalties, which will, in part, fund important environmental projects in the communities impacted by the violations and help prevent future harm to the environment.”
Wal-Mart Meeting Spurs Protests Over Low Pay, Safety Issues
June 07, 2013, NPR.org
Retailing giant Wal-Mart Stores' annual shareholders' meeting this week showed signs of the company's recent turbulence, as protesters assembled at corporate headquarters to shout slogans and demands.
Despite a court-issued restraining order, the protesters, including workers who are on strike, decried low wages and called for better safety procedures for supply-chain workers. And some of their views were heard inside the meeting, as well. The strikers were in Bentonville, Ark., with the support of the United Food and Commercial Workers Union and the labor group OUR Walmart.
Wal-Mart employs more than 2 million people around the world, according to the company. It generated sales of around $466 billion in fiscal year 2013.
Despite appearances by celebrities Hugh Jackman, Kelly Clarkson, John Legend, and Tom Cruise, Wal-Mart's 2013 meeting brought serious concerns along with the company's celebration.
"This year's shareholders' meeting comes at a time of turmoil for the world's largest retailer, which finds itself dealing with empty shelves, labor unrest, bribery scandals and tumbling sales," as Daily Finance reports.
German postcard by Film-Foto-Verlag, no. A 3684/1, 1941-1944. Photo: Tobis / Star-Foto-Atelier.
German actor Paul Henckels (1885-1967) appeared in over 230 films, often as a supporting actor. He played in films by directors like Fritz Lang, Jacques Feyder, and G.W. Pabst. He also worked as a stage actor, a stage director, and as a theatre manager.
Paul Henckels was born in1885 in Hürth, near Köln (Cologne), Germany. His father was the industrialist and painter Paul Abraham Henckels and his mother was the actress Cäcilia Warszawska. Paul studied from 1905 till 1907 at the Hochschule für Bühnenkunst at the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus. He made his first stage appearance in Kotzebue’s Die deutschen Kleinstädter; and was a great success in the title role of Schneider Wibbel (1913), written by his school buddy Hans Müller-Schlösser. The great Max Reinhardt invited him in 1920 to come to Berlin. In 1921 Henckels was a co-founder and the artistic director of the Schlosspark-Theater in Berlin. Here he appeared in 1922 as Molière’s Der Geizige/The Miser. He later would work for the Volksbühne, Deutschen Theater, and many other Berlin stages. From 1936 till 1945 he was engaged at the prestigious Preußischen Staatstheater in Berlin under intendant Gustaf Gründgens. In 1921 film star Henny Porten discovered him for the cinema and he made his film debut in Das Geheimnis der sechs Spielkarten, 5. Teil – Das Herz König (1921). Among his other silent films are INRI (1923, Robert Wiene), Thérèse Raquin (1928, Jacques Feyder), Der Biberpelz/The Beaver Fur (1928, Erich Schönfelder) opposite La Jana, Geschlecht in Fesseln (1928, Wilhelm Dieterle) and § 173 St.G.B. Blutschande/Culpable Marriages (1929, James Bauer). When the sound film was near at hand he was enthusiastic about the idea of a talking picture. He worked at the ‘practice of the sound film actor’, and directed a short film Paul Graets als Berliner Zeitungsjunge (1929). The early sound film offered him leading parts in such films as Skandal um Eva/Scandal Around Eva (1930, Georg Wilhelm Pabst) starring Henny Porten, Er und sein Diener/He and His Servant (1931, Steve Sekely) and Flachsmann als Erzieher/Flachsmann as Educator (1930, Carl Heinz Wolff) opposite Charlotte Ander. He directed himself in Schneider Wibbel/Tailor Wibbel (1931, Paul Henckels).
Typical for Paul Henckel's film characters is their accent and humour from the Rhineland region. He often played cranky and stubborn fellows. Among his films were Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse/ The Testament of Dr. Mabuse (1933, Fritz Lang), Ein idealer Gatte/An Ideal Husband (1935, Herbert Selpin) starring Brigitte Helm; Napoleon ist an allem Schuld/Napoleon is to Blame for Everything (1938, Curt Goetz), Der Maulkorb/The Muzzle (1938, Erich Engel) and Zwei in einer großen Stadt/Two in a Big City (1942, Volker von Collande). Unforgettable was his character Professor Bommel in Die Feuerzangenbowle (1944, Helmut Weiss). This is the second film version of Heinrich Spoerl's novel about pupils playing various tricks and jokes on their teachers. The twist in the story is the leader of the pack, the major cause of the teachers' headaches: Johannes Pfeiffer (Heinz Rühmann) is not a real pupil at all. He is a successful playwright with a Ph.D. One evening at the pub his friends discover that he never went to a school but was educated privately. The stories of their boyhood years persuade him to see for himself and 'be a boy again'. The film was made in 1944, so it is a bit astonishing that the Nazi censors were prepared to pass a film with such an anti-authoritarian message. Die Feuerzangenbowle is very well made and today enjoys a cult status in Germany.
Paul Henckels’ first post-war film was Wozzeck (1947, Georg C. Klaren), based on the famous play by Georg Büchner. In this early DEFA production, he played a cold and cynically experimenting doctor. His later roles were more stereotypical characters. To his last films belong Pension Schöller (1952, Georg Jacoby) starring Camilla Spira, Staatsanwältin Corda/Prosecutor Corda (1954, Karl Ritter), Kirschen in Nachbars Garten/Cherries in the Neighbour’s Garden (1956, Erich Engels), and Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull/Confessions of Felix Krull (1957, Kurt Hoffmann) featuring Horst Buchholz. He focussed on his stage work and did recital tours, performing Wilhelm Busch and German classics. During the 1950s and 1960s he also appeared often on tv, like in Die fröhliche Weinrunde/The Cheerful Wine Bout with singer Margit Schramm, and in Nachsitzen für Erwachsene/Detention for Adults as a professor, who explained interesting phenomenons for a class with four adults (among them was film actor Hans Richter). In 1962 he was awarded the Filmband in Gold for his longtime and important contributions to the German cinema. Paul Henckels died in 1967 in Kettwig, now Essen. He was married to actress Thea Grodtzinsky. His first wife was Cecilia Brie, a former actress, with whom he had three children.
Sources: Thomas Staedeli (Cyranos), Stephanie D'heil (Steffi-line.de), Wikipedia, Filmportal.de, and IMDb.
フリーザ Furīza
Cierto día estableció contacto con la raza Saiyajin. Dada la afición de estos seres a la lucha, Freeza decidió comprarles los planetas que conquistaran, y los mantuvo a su servicio un tiempo. Sin embargo, su mayor temor era que fuera cierta la Leyenda del Super Saiyajin, así que por seguridad decidió destruir el Planeta Vegeta, aunque se salvaron los Saiyajin Raditz, Paragus, Turles, Broly, Nappa, el Príncipe Vegeta, el Príncipe Table y Kakarotto.Existen dos versiones de cómo sucedió esto:
* Freeza se enfrentó previamente al Rey Vegeta, al que venció sin ninguna dificultad, y posteriormente destruyó al planeta. Esto se ve durante recuerdos, exclusivamente en el anime.
* Freeza mandó aniquilar primero a todos los Saiyajin que habían salido en misiones al exterior excepto a Raditz, Vegeta y Nappa, a quienes mintió para controlarlos. Más tarde destruyó al planeta, y al resto de Saiyajin, con una bola de energía destruye planetas llamada Death Ball. Paragus, Turles, Broly y Kakarotto sobrevivieron gracias a que no se sabia nada de su ubicación.
Lo cierto es que hizo creer a los supervivientes que su planeta había sido destruido por un enorme meteorito; curiosamente, algunos dioses como Kaiō Sama llegaron a creerse esta versión, o posiblemente mintio sobre ese suceso para evitar que Goku se enfrentara a Freeza. Dodoria, uno de los guardaespaldas de Freeza, junto con Zarbon, le revelo esto a Vegeta cuando él estaba a punto de matarlo, y le suplico piedad. A Vegeta pareció no importarle nada y lo destruyo a Dodoria, pero en realidad ahí despertó su gran odio hacia Freeza, sabiendo que lo habían usado todo ese tiempo.
Tras la derrota de Raditz en la Tierra contra Piccolo y Son Gokū, tanto Freeza como Vegeta escucharon por el rastreador que era cierta la leyenda de las Dragon Balls, así que decidieron viajar a Namek, cada uno por su cuenta, para pedirle al Dragón Sagrado la inmortalidad. Freeza llegó a reunir todas las Dragon Balls, pero no consiguió invocar al Dragón ya que había que pedirle el deseo a Polunga en el idioma de Namek. En un descuido, Vegeta le robó las Dragon Balls y se alió con Gohan, Krilin y Dende con el propósito de hacerse inmortal para vencer a Freeza. Freeza los descubrió y mandó tras ellos a las Fuerzas Especiales Ginyū.
Freeza descubrió a Gohan, Krilin y Vegeta cuando pedían los deseos, Vegeta peleo contra el pero no pudo vencerle cuando Freeza hizo su primera transformación. Después de esto, Freeza Tortura y hiere de muerte a Krillin de un modo cruel (Lo ensartó con su cuerno y jugó un rato con él clavado) Piccolo llego a ayudarles luego de fusionarse con Neil, primero la pelea esta pareja, pero después Piccolo revela todo su poder, esta era muy superior a la primera transformación de Freeza, que tenía 1.000.000 de poder de pelea. Entonces Freeza se da a conocer en su segunda transformación, superando el poder de Piccolo y dándole una paliza. Freeza no dura mucho en su segunda transformación, después de esto revela todo su poder.
Su tercera transformación tenía aspecto inofensiva, infantil, pero que después, haciendo ver su poder, seria mucho más poderosa que las demás. Mientras tanto, Vegeta, lleno de ambición por convertirse en el legendario Super Saiyajin, le pide a Krilin que intente matarlo, porque los Saiyajins tienen la habilidad de aumentar su poder cuando se recuperan de una situación cercana a la muerte. Krilin lo hace con mucha dificultad, ya que no quería que Vegeta se haga más fuerte, pero lo termina haciendo. Vegeta, curado por Dende, decide enfrentarse a Freeza. Estaba seguro de que ahora el era el legendario Super Saiyajin, pero no alcanza ni a hacerle daño alguno al máximo poder de Freeza.
Al fin llega Gokū, Freeza utiliza el Death Beam o Rayo Mortal ante un Vegeta muy mal herido, provocándole la muerte. Vegeta, antes de morir, le revela a Gokū que Freeza fue el verdadero culpable de la destrucción del planeta Vegeta, y, por lo tanto, de su padre, Bardock, y todos los Saiyajins. Gokū decide pelear con todas sus fuerzas pero a pesar de que le da algunos golpes a Freeza, este le da una paliza y solo peleando a la 4ta parte de su poder, y Gokū usando el kaioh ken x20. Goku se decide a hacer la Genkidama con toda la energía del Planeta Namek y los demás planetas cercanos. Esta Genkidama pareció acabar con Freeza, pero Freeza logro esquivarla, primero quiso atacar a Gokū con su Death Beam, pero Picollo se interpone a costa de quedar muy malherido. Luego mata a Krilin, su muerte logra que Gokū desate toda su ira y se convierta en la etapa tan ansiada por Vegeta, el Super Saiyajin. A partir de ahí, Gokú le da una paliza a Freeza peleando. Con esto, Freeza se enoja y eleva su poder al máximo, aumentando su masa muscular considerablemente. Ahí, la pelea es pareja, llegando a ser una de las más espectaculares de la serie. Hasta que Gokú supera a Freeza, que al usar el 100% de su poder no lo logra controlar y comienza a perder poder, Freeza que con una bola de energía va a hacer estallar el planeta, después de un corto plazo de tiempo. Namek estaba a punto de estallar. Freeza uso dos Tsuibi Kienzan, pero cae al suelo en medio de la pelea, cuando se va a levantar, uno de los dos Tsuibi Kienzan lo parte por la mitad, Gokū le grita para advertirle pero es demasiado tarde. Queda cortado ya sin poder pelear, al irse Gokú le da un poco de energía para que pueda escapar, pero Freeza la desperdicia atacando a Gokú quien le devuelve el ataque.
Después de un año es reconstruido en forma de cyborg por su padre, King Cold. Al llegar a la Tierra se llevó la sorpresa de que Gokú no era el único Super Saiyajin; Trunks, hijo de Vegeta y Bulma, vino del futuro y derrotó sin ningún problema a Freeza, a su padre y a su ejército con la ayuda de su espada y de sus poderes de Super Saiyajin.
Se lo ve junto a su padre King Cold, Cell, Dr. Gero y otros villanos en el Infierno observando con una bola de cristal el último enfrentamiento entre Gokū y Vegeta contra Majin Boo, deseándole suerte a Boo. Esto sólo pasa en el anime (en el manga, el infierno no existe, o al menos, los malvados no conservan el cuerpo al morir).
A good and righteous man.
One of the Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חסידי אומות העולם)
Here is a search for photos on Flickr of Chiune Sugihara:
www.flickr.com/search/?text=chiune%20Sugihara
Here is the site for Righteous Among The Nations:
encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/righteous-among...
encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/chiune-sempo-su...
________________________________
Here is his bio on Wikipedia:
Chiune Sugihara (杉原 千畝, Sugihara Chiune, 1 January 1900 – 31 July 1986)[1] was a Japanese diplomat who served as vice-consul for the Japanese Empire in Kaunas, Lithuania. During the Second World War, Sugihara helped thousands of Jews flee Europe by issuing transit visas to them so that they could travel through Japanese territory, risking his job and the lives of his family.[2][3] The fleeing Jews were refugees from German-occupied Western Poland and Soviet-occupied Eastern Poland, as well as residents of Lithuania. In 1985, the State of Israel honored Sugihara as one of the Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חסידי אומות העולם) for his actions. He is the only Japanese national to have been so honored. The year 2020 was "The Year of Chiune Sugihara" in Lithuania. It has been estimated as many as 100,000 people alive today are the descendants of the recipients of Sugihara visas.[4]
Contents
1 Early life and education
2 Manchurian Foreign Office
3 Lithuania
3.1 Jewish refugees
3.1.1 Sugihara's visas
3.1.2 Numbers saved
4 Resignation
5 Later life
6 Honor Restored
7 Family
8 Legacy and honors
9 Biographies
10 Notable people helped by Sugihara
11 See also
12 References
13 Further reading
14 External links
Early life and education
Chiune Sugihara was born on 1 January 1900 (Meiji 33), in Mino, Gifu prefecture, to a middle-class father, Yoshimi Sugihara (杉原好水 Sugihara Yoshimi), and an upper-middle class mother, Yatsu Sugihara (杉原やつ Sugihara Yatsu).[5] When he was born, his father worked at a tax office in Kozuchi-town and his family lived in a borrowed temple, with the Buddhist temple Kyōsen-ji (教泉寺) where he was born nearby. He was the second son among five boys and one girl.[1] His father and family moved into the tax office within the branch of the Nagoya Tax Administration Office one after another. In 1903 (Meiji 36) his family moved to Asahi Village in Niu-gun, Fukui Prefecture. In 1904 (Meiji 37) they moved to Yokkaichi city Mie Prefecture. On 25 October 1905 (Meiji 38), they moved to Nakatsu Town, Ena-gun, Gifu Prefecture. In 1906 (Meiji 39) on 2 April, Chiune entered Nakatsu Town Municipal Elementary School (now Nakatsugawa City Minami Elementary School in Gifu Prefecture). On 31 March 1907 (Meiji 40), he transferred to Kuwana Municipal Kuwana Elementary School in Mie Prefecture (currently Kuwana Municipal Nissin Elementary School). In December of that same year, he transferred to Nagoya Municipal Furuwatari Elementary School (now Nagoya Municipal Heiwa Elementary School). In 1912, he graduated with top honors from Furuwatari Elementary School and entered Aichi prefectural 5th secondary school (now Zuiryo high school), a combined junior and senior high school. His father wanted him to become a physician, but Chiune deliberately failed the entrance exam by writing only his name on the exam papers. Instead, he entered Waseda University in 1918 (Taishō 7) and majored in English language. At that time, he entered Yuai Gakusha, the Christian fraternity that had been founded by Baptist pastor Harry Baxter Benninhof, to improve his English.
In 1919 (Taishō 8), he passed the Foreign Ministry Scholarship exam. From 1920 to 1922 (Taishō 9 to 11), Sugihara served in the Imperial Army as a second lieutenant with the 79th Infantry, stationed in Korea, then part of the Empire of Japan. He resigned his commission in November 1922 and took the Foreign Ministry's language qualifying exams the following year, passing the Russian exam with distinction. The Japanese Foreign Ministry recruited him and assigned him to Harbin, China, where he also studied the Russian and German languages and later became an expert on Russian affairs.
Chiune Sugihara's birth Registry, indicating his birthplace as Kozuchi Town, Mugi District, nowadays known as Mino City in Gifu Prefecture.
Observation Kozuchi-town from Mt. Ogura. Kyosenji Temple where Chiuna Sugihara was born and village section Named "Chiune" which can be seen from the temple.
Kyōsen-ji Temple (教泉寺). This temple was located at the address reported as the birthplace of Sugihara Chiune, and there was a Kōzuchi tax office that Chiune father served in the immediate area.
Chiune Bridge. A bridge over Chiune-cho which was the origin of the name of Chiune.
Bus stop of Chiune-cho where the name of Sugihara Chiune was derived
Manchurian Foreign Office
When Sugihara served in the Manchurian Foreign Office, he took part in the negotiations with the Soviet Union concerning the Northern Manchurian Railroad.
During his time in Harbin, Sugihara married Klaudia Semionovna Apollonova and converted to Christianity (Russian Orthodox Church),[6] using the baptismal name Sergei Pavlovich.[2]
In 1935, Sugihara quit his post as Deputy Foreign Minister in Manchuria in protest over Japanese mistreatment of the local Chinese.[citation needed]
Sugihara and his wife divorced in 1935, before he returned to Japan, where he married Yukiko (1913–2008, née Kikuchi[7]) after the marriage; they had four sons Hiroki, Chiaki, Haruki, Nobuki. As of 2010, Nobuki is the only surviving son and represents the Sugihara family.[8]
Chiune Sugihara also served in the Information Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and as a translator for the Japanese delegation in Helsinki, Finland.[9]
Lithuania
Righteous
Among the Nations
Righteous Among the Nations medal simplified.svg
The Holocaust
Rescuers of Jews
Righteousness
Seven Laws of Noah
Yad Vashem
Notable individuals
Irena Adamowicz
Gino Bartali
Archbishop Damaskinos
Odoardo Focherini
Francis Foley
Helen of Greece and Denmark
Princess Alice of Battenberg
Marianne Golz
Paul Grüninger
Jane Haining
Feng-Shan Ho
Wilm Hosenfeld
Constantin Karadja
Jan Karski
Derviš Korkut
Valdemar Langlet
Carl Lutz
Aristides de Sousa Mendes
Tadeusz Pankiewicz
Giorgio Perlasca
Nurija Pozderac
Marion Pritchard
Roland de Pury
Ángel Sanz Briz
Oskar Schindler
Anton Schmid
Irena Sendler
Klymentiy Sheptytsky
Ona Šimaitė
Henryk Sławik
Tina Strobos
Chiune Sugihara
Betsie ten Boom
Casper ten Boom
Corrie ten Boom
Johan van Hulst
Raimondo Viale
Raoul Wallenberg
Johan Hendrik Weidner
Rudolf Weigl
Jan Zwartendijk
Leopold Socha
Franciszka Halamajowa
By country
Austrian
Croatian
German
Lithuanian
Norwegian
Polish (List)
Ukrainian
v
t
e
In 1939, Sugihara became a vice-consul of the Japanese Consulate in Kaunas, Lithuania. His duties included reporting on Soviet and German troop movements,[1] and to find out if Germany planned an attack on the Soviets and, if so, to report the details of this attack to his superiors in Berlin and Tokyo.[10]
Sugihara had cooperated with Polish intelligence as part of a bigger Japanese–Polish cooperative plan.[11]
Jewish refugees
As the Soviet Union occupied sovereign Lithuania in 1940, many Jewish refugees from Poland (Polish Jews) as well as Lithuanian Jews tried to acquire exit visas. Without the visas, it was dangerous to travel, yet it was impossible to find countries willing to issue them. Hundreds of refugees came to the Japanese consulate in Kaunas, trying to get a visa to Japan. At the time, on the brink of the war, Lithuanian Jews made up one third of Lithuania's urban population and half of the residents of every town.[12] In the period between 16 July and 3 August 1940, the Dutch Honorary Consul Jan Zwartendijk provided over 2,200 Jews with official third destination passes to Curaçao, a Caribbean island and Dutch colony that required no entry visa or to Surinam.
European Jewish refugees began to arrive in Japan in July 1940 and departed by September 1941. An overview during this period is described in the Annual Reports of 1940[13] & 1941[14] by the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (JDC).
In June 1940, Italy entered into the war and the Mediterranean route was closed. The Committee in Great Germany, forced to seek new outlets for emigration, arranged for the transportation of Jews from Germany across Europe and Asia (via the trans-Siberian railway) to Vladivostok, thence to Japan. From Japan the refugees were to embark for destinations in the Western Hemisphere.
On December 31, 1940, the Soviet Union declared all persons residing in Lithuania as on September 1, 1940, the right to apply for Soviet citizenship. While the great bulk of Polish refugees in Lithuania opted for Soviet citizenship, there was a group of 4,000–5,000 persons for whom the New Order offered little opportunity. These were principally rabbis, yeshiva students, members of the intellectual classes and leaders of various Jewish communal and labor organizations. Most of them immediately applied for exit permits from Lithuania. Although during the early weeks of 1941 exit permits and Japanese transit visas were readily granted, the problem was how to find transportation costs for those people whose very existences were jeopardized if they remained in Lithuania. The JDC in collaboration with a number of other American Jewish groups, contributed toward the funds required for the Trans-Siberian trip to Japan of 1,700 persons.
In July 1940, Jewish refugees in Germany and other countries began arriving in Japan at Tsuruga, Shimonoseki and Kobe.[15] Japanese embassies and consulates except Kaunas issued 3,448 Japanese transit visas from January 1940 to March 1941.[16] Most of them held valid end-visas and immediately departed Japan. From October 1940, Polish refugees from Lithuania began to land on Tsuruga. Their number increased sharply from January 1941 onwards. "By the end of March there were close to 2,000 in the country, mostly in Kobe. More than half of these refugees did not hold valid end-visas and were unable to proceed further than Japan". They were forced to stay for a long time to find the immigration countries.
The number of Jewish refugees who came to Japan, as seen in Table 1, has documents with 4,500,[17] 5,000[18] or 6,000.[19] 552 persons of the second row of the table do not match the number of departing persons edited by Jewcom.[20] Siberian railway had been closed and no evidence supporting this figure is found in JDC annual reports or MOFA documents. For 200 persons described in Note 1 of Table 1, there is a document in Archives of MOFA that the Japanese consulate of Vladivostok transferred about 50 Jewish refugees who had stranded in Vladivostok to Shanghai with Soviet Union cargo on April 26, 1941.[21]
Sugihara's visas
At the time, the Japanese government required that visas be issued only to those who had gone through appropriate immigration procedures and had enough funds. Most of the refugees did not fulfill these criteria. Sugihara dutifully contacted the Japanese Foreign Ministry three times for instructions. Each time, the Ministry responded that anybody granted a visa should have a visa to a third destination to exit Japan, with no exceptions.[1]
From 18 July to 28 August 1940, aware that applicants were in danger if they stayed behind, Sugihara decided to ignore his orders and issued ten-day visas to Jews for transit through Japan. Given his inferior post and the culture of the Japanese Foreign Service bureaucracy, this was an unusual act of disobedience. He spoke to Soviet officials who agreed to let the Jews travel through the country via the Trans-Siberian Railway at five times the standard ticket price.
Sugihara continued to hand-write visas, reportedly spending 18 to 20 hours a day on them, producing a normal month's worth of visas each day, until 4 September, when he had to leave his post before the consulate was closed. By that time, he had granted thousands of visas to Jews, many of whom were heads of households and thus permitted to take their families with them. It is claimed that before he left, he handed the official consulate stamp to a refugee so that more visas could be forged.[22] His son, Nobuki Sugihara, adamantly insisted in an interview with Ann Curry that his father never gave the stamp to anyone.[23] According to witnesses, he was still writing visas while in transit from his hotel and after boarding the train at the Kaunas Railway Station, throwing visas into the crowd of desperate refugees out of the train's window even as the train pulled out.
In final desperation, blank sheets of paper with only the consulate seal and his signature (that could be later written over into a visa) were hurriedly prepared and flung out from the train. As he prepared to depart, he said, "Please forgive me. I cannot write anymore. I wish you the best." When he bowed deeply to the people before him, someone exclaimed, "Sugihara. We'll never forget you. I'll surely see you again!"[9]
Sugihara himself wondered about official reaction to the thousands of visas he issued. Many years later, he recalled, "No one ever said anything about it. I remember thinking that they probably didn't realize how many I actually issued."[24]
Numbers saved
On the number of refugees passing through Japan who held Japanese transit visas for Curaçao issued by Sugihara, the so-called "Sugihara visa", there are two documents stating numbers 2,200[25] and 6,000.[9] 6,000 persons as stated in "Visas for Life" is likely hearsay.
K. Watanabe argued that there could be 6,000 for the reason that use by three family members per visa is reasonable, that there were newspaper articles with 6,000, and that most of the refugees landing on Tsuruga were now admitted to have a Sugihara visa. On September 29, 1983, Fuji Television aired a documentary "One visa that divided the fate - the Japanese who saved 4,500 Jews".
In 1985, when Chiune Sugihara received Righteous among the Nations award, some Japanese newspapers reported that he saved 6,000 persons and others 4,500.[26] The Japan Times, dated January 19, 1985, headlined "Japanese Man honored for saving 6,000 Jews", and reported "Sugihara defied orders from Tokyo and issued transit visas to nearly 6,000 Jews". US newspapers referred to Sugihara as 'a diplomat who defied his government's orders and issued a transit visas for 6,000 Jews.
Table 2 shows the number of refugees who had stayed at Kobe in 1941 based on Archives of MOFA. Refugees classified as "No visa" in table are presumed to have held fakes of Japanese transit visas issued by Sugihara.[27] The Soviets wanted to purge Polish refugees who had been stranded in Soviet territory with Japanese transit visas as soon as possible,[28] and so permitted them to get on the train to Vladivostok with or without a destination visa. The Japanese government was forced to admit the entry of them. On April 8, 1941, of the 1,400 Polish Jews staying at Kobe, "for Curaçao" and "No visa" were about 1,300.
The Polish ambassador in Tokyo, Tadeusz Romer, remembered, "They (Polish refugees) only had fictitious Dutch visas for the island of Curaçao and Japanese transit visas". According to the refugee name list surveyed by Fukui Prefecture,[29] of the 306 persons who landed at Tsuruga Port in October 1940, there were 203 Poles. Their destinations were US 89, Palestine 46, Curaçao 24, and others. It is estimated that about 80% of them were on the Sugihara visa list.[30] The documents of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum[31] and "Refugee and Survivor" do not mention the number of people saved by "Sugihara visa".
More than half of the refugees who entered with invalid visas including "Sugihara visa" obtained valid visas with the help of JDC, HIAS, the Embassy of Poland and Japanese government, and embarked host countries. In August–September 1941, Japanese authorities transferred about 850 refugees[32] stranded in Japan to Shanghai before Japan and the United States began war. According to Emigration Table by Jewcom, the number of Polish refugees leaving Japan was Shanghai 860, US 532, Canada 186, Palestine 186, Australia 81, South Africa 59, and others 207 in total 2,111.
The total number of Jews saved by Sugihara is in dispute, estimating about 6,000; family visas—which allowed several people to travel on one visa—were also issued, which would account for the much higher figure. The Simon Wiesenthal Center has estimated that Chiune Sugihara issued transit visas for about 6,000 Jews and that around 40,000 descendants of the Jewish refugees are alive today because of his actions.[1] Polish intelligence produced some false visas.[33] Sugihara's widow and eldest son estimate that he saved 10,000 Jews from certain death, whereas Boston University professor and author, Hillel Levine, also estimates that he helped "as many as 10,000 people", but that far fewer people ultimately survived.[34] Indeed, some Jews who received Sugihara's visas failed to leave Lithuania in time, were later captured by the Germans who invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, and perished in the Holocaust.
The Diplomatic Record Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs has opened to the public two documents concerning Sugihara's file: the first aforementioned document is a 5 February 1941 diplomatic note from Chiune Sugihara to Japan's then Foreign Minister Yōsuke Matsuoka in which Sugihara stated he issued 1,500 out of 2,139 transit visas to Jews and Poles; however, since most of the 2,139 people were not Jewish, this would imply that most of the visas were given to Polish Jews instead. Levine then notes that another document from the same foreign office file "indicates an additional 3,448 visas were issued in Kaunas for a total of 5,580 visas" which were likely given to Jews desperate to flee Lithuania for safety in Japan or Japanese occupied-China.
Many refugees used their visas to travel across the Soviet Union to Vladivostok and then by boat to Kobe, Japan, where there was a Jewish community. Romer, the Polish ambassador in Tokyo, organized help for them. From August 1940 to November 1941, he had managed to get transit visas in Japan, asylum visas to Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Burma, immigration certificates to the British Mandate of Palestine, and immigrant visas to the United States and some Latin American countries for more than two thousand Polish-Lithuanian Jewish refugees, who arrived in Kobe, Japan, and the Shanghai Ghetto, China.
The remaining number of Sugihara survivors stayed in Japan until they were deported to Japanese-held Shanghai, where there was already a large Jewish community that had existed as early as the mid-1930s. Some took the route through Korea directly to Shanghai without passing through Japan. A group of thirty people, all possessing a visa of "Jakub Goldberg", were shuttled back and forth on the open sea for several weeks before finally being allowed to pass through Tsuruga.[35] Most of the around 20,000 Jews survived the Holocaust in the Shanghai ghetto until the Japanese surrender in 1945, three to four months following the collapse of the Third Reich itself.
Resignation
External image
image icon Sugihara and his wife in front of a gate in Prague. It reads "No Jews allowed" in German but "Jews allowed" in Czech, because someone scratched out the "no"
Sugihara was reassigned to Königsberg, East Prussia[34][page needed] before serving as a Consul General in Prague, Czechoslovakia, from March 1941 to late 1942 and in the legation in Bucharest, Romania from 1942 to 1944. He was promoted to the rank of third secretary in 1943, and was decorated with the Order of the Sacred Treasure, 5th Class, in 1944. When Soviet troops entered Romania, they imprisoned Sugihara and his family in a POW camp for eighteen months. They were released in 1946 and returned to Japan through the Soviet Union via the Trans-Siberian railroad and Nakhodka port. In 1947, the Japanese foreign office asked him to resign, nominally due to downsizing. Some sources, including his wife Yukiko Sugihara, have said that the Foreign Ministry told Sugihara he was dismissed because of "that incident" in Lithuania.[34][36]
Later life
Sugihara settled in Fujisawa in Kanagawa prefecture with his wife and three sons. To support his family he took a series of menial jobs, at one point selling light bulbs door to door. He suffered a personal tragedy in 1947 when his youngest son, Haruki, died at the age of seven, shortly after their return to Japan.[10] In 1949 they had one more son, Nobuki, who is the last son alive representing the Chiune Sugihara Family, residing in Belgium. Chiune Sugihara later began to work for an export company as general manager of a U.S. Military Post Exchange. Utilizing his command of the Russian language, Sugihara went on to work and live a low-key existence in the Soviet Union for sixteen years, while his family stayed in Japan.
In 1968, Yehoshua (alternatively spelled Jehoshua or Joshua) Nishri, an economic attaché to the Israeli Embassy in Tokyo and one of the Sugihara beneficiaries, finally located and contacted him. Nishri had been a Polish teen in the 1940s. The next year Sugihara visited Israel and was greeted by the Israeli government. Sugihara beneficiaries began to lobby for his recognition by Yad Vashem. In 1984, Yad Vashem recognised him as Righteous Among the Nations (Hebrew: חסידי אומות העולם, translit. Khasidei Umot ha-Olam).[37] Sugihara was too ill to travel to Israel, so his wife and youngest son Nobuki accepted the honor on his behalf.
In 1985, 45 years after the Soviet invasion of Lithuania, he was asked his reasons for issuing visas to the Jews. Sugihara explained that the refugees were human beings, and that they simply needed help.
You want to know about my motivation, don't you? Well. It is the kind of sentiments anyone would have when he actually sees refugees face to face, begging with tears in their eyes. He just cannot help but sympathize with them. Among the refugees were the elderly and women. They were so desperate that they went so far as to kiss my shoes. Yes, I actually witnessed such scenes with my own eyes. Also, I felt at that time, that the Japanese government did not have any uniform opinion in Tokyo. Some Japanese military leaders were just scared because of the pressure from the Nazis; while other officials in the Home Ministry were simply ambivalent. People in Tokyo were not united. I felt it silly to deal with them. So, I made up my mind not to wait for their reply. I knew that somebody would surely complain about me in the future. But, I myself thought this would be the right thing to do. There is nothing wrong in saving many people's lives... The spirit of humanity, philanthropy... neighborly friendship... with this spirit, I ventured to do what I did, confronting this most difficult situation – and because of this reason, I went ahead with redoubled courage.[38]
When asked by Moshe Zupnik why he risked his career to save other people, he said simply: "I do it just because I have pity on the people. They want to get out so I let them have the visas."
Chiune Sugihara died at a hospital in Kamakura, on 31 July 1986. Despite the publicity given him in Israel and other nations, he had remained virtually unknown in his home country. Only when a large Jewish delegation from around the world, including the Israeli ambassador to Japan, attended his funeral, did his neighbors find out what he had done.[36] His subsequent considerable posthumous acclaim contrasts with the obscurity in which he lived following the loss of his diplomatic career.[39]
Honor Restored
His death spotlighed his humanitarian acts during WW2 and created the opportunity to revise his reputation as a diplomat in his own country. In 1991 Muneo Suzuki, Parliamentaly Vice-President of Foreign Affairs, apologized to Chiune's family for the long-time unfair treatments of Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Official honor restoration by Japanese Government was made on October 10, 2000, when Foreign Minister Yohei Kono set the award plaque and gave a commendation speech at the ceremony for Sugihara at Diplomatic Archives.
Family
Yukiko Sugihara (1914–2008) – wife. Poet and author of "Visas for 6,000 Lives". Eldest daughter of high school principal in Kagawa Prefecture, granddaughter of Buddhist priest in Iwate Prefecture. Well versed in German. Member of Kanagawa Prefecture Poetry Committee and Selection Committee for Asahi Shimbun's Kadan poetry section. Author of Poetry Anthology: White Nights and other. Died on October 8, 2008
Hiroki Sugihara (1936–2001) – eldest son. Studied in California upon graduating from Shonan High School in Kanagawa Prefecture in Japan. Translated his mother's book Visas for Life into English.
Chiaki Sugihara (1938–2010) – second son. Born in Helsinki. Studied in California.
Haruki Sugihara (1940–1947) – third son. He was born in Kaunas. Died at the age of 7 of leukemia.
Monument of Chiune Sugihara in Waseda University
Nobuki Sugihara (1949–) – fourth son. Attended Hebrew University in Israel in 1968 at the invitation of the Israeli Foreign Ministry and the Jewish Fund. Represents the Sugihara family as the only surviving son of Chiune. Since his attendance at the award ceremony of the Sugihara Righteous Forest in the outskirt of Jerusalem on behalf of Chiune in 1985, Nobuki has been actively attending Chiune-related events around the world as the family's spokesperson. Nobuki also heads NPO Sugihara, registered in Belgium, in order to promote peace in the Middle East.
Grandchildren: Chiune Sugihara had 9 grandchildren (8 still alive) and 9 great-grandchildren.
Legacy and honors
Port of Humanity Tsuruga Museum in Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan contains a Sugihara Chiune Corner.
Sugihara Street in Vilnius, Lithuania, Chiune (Sempo) Sugihara Street in Jaffa, Israel, and the asteroid 25893 Sugihara are named after him.
In 1992, the town of Yaotsu opened the Park of Humanity, on a hill over looking the town. In 2000, the Sugihara Chiune Memorial Hall was opened to the public. Since its establishment, more than 600,000 visitors, Japanese and foreign, visited and studied about Sugihara and his virtue.
A corner for Sugihara Chiune is set up in the Port of Humanity Tsuruga Museum near Tsuruga Port, the place where many Jewish refugees arrived in Japan, in the city of Tsuruga, Fukui, Japan.[40]
The Sugihara House Museum is in Kaunas, Lithuania.[41] The Conservative synagogue Temple Emeth, in Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts, US, built a "Sugihara Memorial Garden"[42] and holds an Annual Sugihara Memorial Concert.
When Sugihara's widow Yukiko traveled to Jerusalem in 1998, she was met by tearful survivors who showed her the yellowing visas that her husband had signed. A park in Jerusalem is named after him. Sugihara appeared on a 1998 Israeli postage stamp. The Japanese government honored him on the centennial of his birth in 2000.[1]
In 2001, a sakura park with 200 trees was planted in Vilnius, Lithuania, to mark the 100th anniversary of Sugihara.[43]
In 2002, a memorial statue of Chiune Sugihara by Ramon G. Velazco titled "Chiune Sugihara Memorial, Hero of the Holocaust" was installed in the Little Tokyo neighborhood of Los Angeles, California, US. The life-size bronze statue depicts Sugihara seated on a bench and holding a hand-written visa. Adjacent to the statue is a granite boulder with dedication plaques and a quotation from the Talmud: "He who saves one life, saves the entire world."[44] Its dedication was attended by consuls from Japan, Israel and Lithuania, Los Angeles city officials and Sugihara's son, Chiaki Sugihara.[45] In 2015 the statue sustained vandalism damage to its surface.[44]
In 2007 he was posthumously awarded the Commander's Cross with the Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta,[46] and the Commander's Cross Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland by the President of Poland in 1996.[47] Also, in 1993, he was awarded the Life Saving Cross of Lithuania. He was posthumously awarded the Sakura Award by the Japanese Canadian Cultural Centre (JCCC) in Toronto in November 2014.
In June 2016, a street in Netanya, Israel, was named for Sugihara in the presence of his son Nobuki, as a number of Netanya's current residents are descendants of the Lithuanian Jews who had been given a means of escaping the Third Reich.[48] There is also a street named Rua Cônsul Chiune Sugihara in Londrina, Brazil.
The Lithuanian government declared 2020 "The Year of Chiune Sugihara", promising to erect a monument to him and issue postage stamps in his honor.[49]
Biographies
Levine, Hillel (4 November 1996). In Search of Sugihara: The Elusive Japanese Diplomat Who Risked his Life to Rescue 10,000 Jews From the Holocaust. Free Press. ISBN 978-0684832517.
Yukiko Sugihara, Visas for Life, translated by Hiroki Sugihara, San Francisco, Edu-Comm, 1995.
Yukiko Sugihara, Visas pour 6000 vies, traduit par Karine Chesneau, Ed. Philippe Picquier, 1995.
A Japanese TV station in Japan made a documentary film about Chiune Sugihara. This film was shot in Kaunas, at the place of the former embassy of Japan.
Sugihara: Conspiracy of Kindness (2000) from PBS shares details of Sugihara and his family and the fascinating relationship between the Jews and the Japanese in the 1930s and 1940s.[50]
On 11 October 2005, Yomiuri TV (Osaka) aired a two-hour-long drama entitled Visas for Life about Sugihara, based on his wife's book.[51]
Chris Tashima and Chris Donahue made a film about Sugihara in 1997, Visas and Virtue, which won the Academy Award for Live Action Short Film.[52]
A 2002 children's picture book, Passage to Freedom: The Sugihara Story, by Ken Mochizuki and illustrated by Dom Lee, is written from the perspective of Sugihara's young sons and in the voice of Hiroki Sugihara (age 5, at the time). The book also includes an afterword written by Hiroki Sugihara.
In 2015, Japanese fictional drama film Persona Non Grata (杉原千畝 スギハラチウネ) was produced, Toshiaki Karasawa played Sugihara.
Notable people helped by Sugihara
Leaders and students of the Mir Yeshiva, Yeshivas Tomchei Temimim (formally of Lubavitch/Lyubavichi, Russia) relocated to Otwock, Poland and elsewhere.
Yaakov Banai, commander of the Lehi movement's combat unit and later an Israeli military commander.
Joseph R. Fiszman, a noted scholar and Professor Emeritus of Political Science at the University of Oregon.[53]
Robert Lewin, a Polish art dealer and philanthropist.
Leo Melamed, financier, head of the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME), and pioneer of financial futures.
John G. Stoessinger, professor of diplomacy at the University of San Diego.
Zerach Warhaftig, an Israeli lawyer and politician, and a signatory of Israel's Declaration of Independence.
George Zames, control theorist
Bernard and Rochelle Zell, parents of business magnate Sam Zell
See also
Individuals and groups assisting Jews during the Holocaust
Aristides de Sousa Mendes
Varian Fry
Tatsuo Osako
Setsuzo Kotsuji
Giorgio Perlasca
John Rabe
Abdol Hossein Sardari
Oskar Schindler
Raoul Wallenberg
Nicholas Winton
Jan Zwartendijk
Persona Non Grata (2015 film)
Handful of Rain
References
^ a b c d e f Tenembaum B. "Sempo "Chiune" Sugihara, Japanese Savior". The International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
^ a b Levine, Hillel (4 November 1996). In Search of Sugihara: The Elusive Japanese Diplomat Who Risked his Life to Rescue 10,000 Jews From the Holocaust. Free Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0684832517.
Mochizuki, Ken; Lee, Dom (1997). Passage to Freedom : The Sugihara Story (1st ed.). New York: Lee & Low Books. Afterword. ISBN 1880000490. OCLC 35565958.
Liphshiz, Cnaan (23 May 2019). "Holocaust hero Chiune Sugihara's son sets record straight on his father's story". Times of Israel. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
The birthplace is recorded as Kouzuchi-town, Mugi district in the family registry of the Sugiharas
Pulvers, Roger (11 July 2015). "Chiune Sugihara: man of conscience". The Japan Times Online. ISSN 0447-5763. Retrieved 4 August 2017.
Masha Leon: ""Remembering Yukiko Sugihara", forward.com
(in French) Anne Frank au Pays du Manga – Diaporama : Le Fils du Juste, Arte, 2012
^ a b c Yukiko Sugihara (1995). Visas for life. Edu-Comm Plus. ISBN 978-0-9649674-0-3.
^ a b Sugihara, Seishiro (2001), Chiune Sugihara and Japan's Foreign Ministry, between Incompetence and Culpability. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
"Polish-Japanese Secret Cooperation During World War II: Sugihara Chiune and Polish Intelligence". Asiatic Society of Japan. March 1995. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
Cassedy, Ellen. "We Are Here: Facing History In Lithuania." Bridges: A Jewish Feminist Journal 12, no. 2 (2007): 77–85.
JDC, "Aiding Jews Overseas, Report of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Inc. for 1940 and the first 5 months of 1941" pp. 27–28, 39
JDC, "Aiding Jews Overseas, Report of the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Inc. for 1941 and the first 5 months of 1942" pp. 15–16, 33.
JACAR.B04013208900, I-0881/0244
JACAR.B04013209400,I-0882/0102
Marthus, Jurgen "Jewish Responses to Persecution vol. III 1941–1942" p. 43
Warhaftig, Zorach (1988). Refugee and Survivor: Rescue Efforts during the Holocaust. Yad Vashem. ISBN 978-965308005-8.
Watanabe, Katsumasa (2000). 真相・杉原ビザ [The truth – Sugihara Visa] (in Japanese), Tokyo: Taisyo Syuppan
Jewcom. "Emigration from Japan, July 1940 – November 1941"
JACAR.B04013209600,0882/0245
Wolpe, David. "The Japanese Man Who Saved 6,000 Jews With His Handwriting."" New York Times. 15 October 2018. 15 October 2018.
Interview with Ann Curry on May 22, 2019 at the Museum of Jewish Heritage in NYC
Sakamoto, Pamela Rotner (1998). Japanese diplomats and Jewish refugees: a World War II dilemma. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96199-2.
Guryn, Andrzej. "Tadeusz Romer. Help for polish Jews in Far East
Japan Times and Asahi on 19 January 1985, as 6,000, Nikkei and Mainichi on 17 January 1985, as 4,500
Altman, Ilya. "The issuance of visas to war refugees by Chiune Sugihara as reflected in documents of Russian Archives" (2017)
JACAR.B04013209400,i-0882/0036
JACAR.B04013209100,I0881/0448
Kanno, Kenji. "The Arrival of Jewish Refugees to Wartime Japan as reported in the local newspaper Fukui Shinbun(Part I: 1940)" (PDF). ナマール(in Japanese). Kobe・Yudaya Kenkyukai. No 22 (2018).
ushmm "Polish Jews in Lithuania:Escape to Japan"
JACAR.B04013209700,I-0882/0326
Aleksandra Hądzelek (University of Technology Sydney, Australia) (2016). "The memory of Sugihara and the "visas for life" in Poland" (PDF). rcin.org.pl.
^ a b c Levine, Hillel (1996). In search of Sugihara: the elusive Japanese diplomat who risked his life to rescue 10,000 Jews from the Holocaust. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-684-83251-7.
"The Asiatic Society of Japan". Archived from the original on 6 January 2015. Retrieved 26 May 2014.
^ a b Lee, Dom; Mochizuki, Ken (2003). Passage to Freedom: The Sugihara Story. New York: Lee & Low Books. ISBN 978-1-58430-157-8.
Hauser, Zvi (28 October 2020). "Persona non grata no more: Chiune Sugihara - analysis".
Levine, Hillel (1996). In search of Sugihara: the elusive Japanese diplomat who risked his life to rescue 10,000 Jews from the Holocaust. New York: Free Press.
Fogel, Joshua A. "The Recent Boom in Shanghai Studies." Journal of the History of Ideas 71, no. 2 (2010): 313–333.
"Port of Humanity Tsuruga Museum". Tmo-tsuruga.com. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
"Sugihara House Museum". Archived from the original on 5 February 2011. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
"Inside Our Walls". Retrieved 3 April 2011.
"Chiune Sugihara sakura park - Vilnius". wikimapia.org. Retrieved 29 July 2019.
^ a b "Statue of Chiune Sugihara (Chiune Sugihara Memorial)". Public Art in Public Places. 3 March 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
Kyodo News International, Inc. "Sugihara statue dedicated in L.A.'s Little Tokyo". The Free Library. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
"2007 Order of Polonia Restituta" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2011.
"1996 Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland" (PDF). Retrieved 3 April 2011.
"Israel names street after diplomat Sugihara, who issued 'visas for life' to Jews during WWII". japantimes.co.jp. The Japan Times. 8 June 2016. Retrieved 8 June 2016. A ceremony on a planned street named after the late Japanese diplomat Chiune Sugihara was held in Netanya, Israel, on Tuesday. Sugihara issued transit visas to thousands of Jews people during World War II, which later came to be known as "visas for life," as they saved many from Nazi persecution. Netanya is known as a place where many Jews arrived after fleeing from the oppression thanks to visas issued by Sugihara. The plan to build the street marks 30 years since Sugihara's death. "It's such an honor. I wish my father was here," said Sugihara's fourth son, Nobuki, 67.
Rankin, Jennifer (4 January 2020). "My father, the quiet hero: how Japan's Schindler saved 6,000 Jews". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 January 2020.
"Sugihara: Conspiracy of Kindness | PBS". Retrieved 3 April 2011.
"Visas that Saved Lives, The Story of Chiune Sugihara (Holocaust Film Drama)". Archived from the original on 18 December 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2011.
"Visas and Virtue (2001) – IMDb". Retrieved 3 April 2011.
Fiszman, Rachele. "In Memoriam." PS: Political Science and Politics 33, no. 3 (2000): 659–60.
Further reading
Esin Ayirtman - Sugihara (2020) Chiune Sugihara ISBN 978-9464007862
Yukiko Sugihara (1995), Visas for Life, translation by Hiroki Sugihara and Anne Hoshiko Akabori, Edu-Comm Plus Editors, ISBN 978-0964967403
Yutaka Taniuchi (2001), The miraculous visas – Chiune Sugihara and the story of the 6000 Jews, New York: Gefen Books. ISBN 978-4-89798-565-7
Seishiro Sugihara & Norman Hu (2001), Chiune Sugihara and Japan's Foreign Ministry : Between Incompetence and Culpability, University Press of America. ISBN 978-0-7618-1971-4
Ganor, Solly (2003). Light One Candle: A Survivor's Tale from Lithuania to Jerusalem. Kodansha America. ISBN 978-1-56836-352-3.
Gold, Alison Leslie (2000). A Special Fate: Chiune Sugihara: Hero Of The Holocaust. New York: Scholastic. ISBN 978-0-439-25968-2.
Kranzler, David (1988). Japanese, Nazis and Jews: The Jewish Refugee Community of Shanghai, 1938–1945. Ktav Pub Inc. ISBN 978-0-88125-086-2.
Saul, Eric (1995). Visas for Life : The Remarkable Story of Chiune & Yukiko Sugihara and the Rescue of Thousands of Jews. San Francisco: Holocaust Oral History Project. ISBN 978-0-9648999-0-2.
Iwry, Samuel (2004). To Wear the Dust of War: From Bialystok to Shanghai to the Promised Land, an Oral History (Palgrave Studies in Oral History). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-6576-9.
Paldiel, Mordecai (2007). Diplomat heroes of the Holocaust. Jersey City, NJ: distrib. by Ktav Publishing House. ISBN 978-0-88125-909-4.
Sakamoto, Pamela Rotner (1998). Japanese diplomats and Jewish refugees: a World War II dilemma. New York: Praeger. ISBN 978-0-275-96199-2.
Staliunas, Darius; Stefan Schreiner; Leonidas Donskis; Alvydas Nikzentaitis (2004). The vanished world of Lithuanian Jews. Amsterdam: Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-0850-2.
Steinhouse, Carl L (2004). Righteous and Courageous: How a Japanese Diplomat Saved Thousands of Jews in Lithuania from the Holocaust. Authorhouse. ISBN 978-1-4184-2079-6.
Ten Green Bottles: The True Story of One Family's Journey from War-torn Austria to the Ghettos of Shanghai by Vivian Jeanette Kaplan (St. Martin's Press, 2004) ISBN 0-312-33054-5
J.W.M. Chapman, "Japan in Poland's Secret Neighbourhood War" in Japan Forum No. 2, 1995.
Ewa Pałasz-Rutkowska & Andrzej T. Romer, "Polish-Japanese co-operation during World War II" in Japan Forum No. 7, 1995.
Takesato Watanabe (1999), "The Revisionist Fallacy in The Japanese Media 1 – Case Studies of Denial of Nazi Gas Chambers and NHK's Report on Japanese & Jews Relations" in Social Sciences Review, Doshisha University, No. 59.
Gerhard Krebs, Die Juden und der Ferne Osten at the Wayback Machine (archived 5 November 2005), NOAG 175–176, 2004.
Gerhard Krebs, "The Jewish Problem in Japanese-German Relations 1933–1945" in Bruce Reynolds (ed.), Japan in Fascist Era, New York, 2004.
Jonathan Goldstein, "The Case of Jan Zwartendijk in Lithuania, 1940" in Deffry M. Diefendorf (ed.), New Currents in Holocaust Research, Lessons and Legacies, vol. VI, Northwestern University Press, 2004.
Hideko Mitsui, "Longing for the Other : traitors' cosmopolitanism" in Social Anthropology, Vol 18, Issue 4, November 2010, European Association of Social Anthropologists.
"Lithuania at the beginning of WWII"
George Johnstone, "Japan's Sugihara came to Jews' rescue during WWII" in Investor's Business Daily, 8 December 2011.
William Kaplan, One More Border: The True Story of One Family's Escape from War-Torn Europe, ISBN 0-88899-332-3
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Chiune Sugihara (category)
[1]
Official NPO SUGIHARA
The Chiune Sugihara Memorial Hall in Yaotsu Town
Google honors Chiune Sugihara with Doodle
NPO Chiune Sugihara. Visas For Life Foundation in Japan
Chiune Sugihara Centennial Celebration
Jewish Virtual Library: Chiune and Yukiko Sugihara
Revisiting the Sugihara Story from Holocaust Survivors and Remembrance Project: "Forget You Not"
Visas for Life Foundation
Immortal Chaplains Foundation Prize for Humanity 2000 (awarded to Sugihara in 2000)
Foreign Ministry says no disciplinary action for "Japan's Schindler"
Foreign Ministry honors Chiune Sugihara by setting his Commemorative Plaque (10 October 2000)
Japanese recognition of countryman
Chiune Sempo Sugihara – Righteous Among the Nations – Yad Vashem
United States Holocaust Memorial Museum – Online Exhibition Chiune (Sempo) Sugihara
Yukiko Sugihara's Farewell on YouTube
Sugihara Museum in Kaunas, Lithuania
Interview Nobuki Sugihara
Chiune Sugihara at Find a Grave
TITLE: Our Lady Of Darkness
AUTHOR: Fritz Leiber 1910-92
TYPE: paperback novel
PUBLISHER: Berkley
COVER PRICE: $ 1.75
ISBN: 0-425-03660-X
PAGES: 183
COPYRIGHT: 1977 by author
PUB DATE: Feb 1978
EDITION: 1st paperback; prior HB
COVER ARTIST:
ISFDB: No
RATING: 6
INDEX: 0316 - Our Lady Of Darkness - 09 - FL - IFB
Awards:
1978 - Our Lady of Darkness Ditmar Award, Best International Long Fiction (Nomination)
1978 - Our Lady of Darkness Gandalf Award, Book-Length Fantasy (Nomination)
1978 - Our Lady of Darkness Locus Poll Award, Best Fantasy Novel (Place: 2)
1978 - Our Lady of Darkness World Fantasy Award, Best Novel (Win)
QUOTE: The seven eyes of Ningauble the Wizard floated back to his hood as he reported to Fafhrd: "I have seen much, yet cannot explain all. The Gray Mouser is exactly twenty-five feet below the deepest cellar in the palace of Gilpkerio Kistomerces. Even though twenty-four parts in twenty-five of him are dead, he is alive. "Now about Lankhmar. She's been invaded, her walls breached everywhere and desperate fighting is going on in the streets, by a fierce host which out-numbers Lankhmar's inhabitants by fifty to one and equipped with all modern weapons. Yet you can save the city." "How?" demanded Fafhrd. Ningauble shrugged. "You're a hero. You should know." Fritz Leiber, from "The Swords of Lankhmar"
CULPABILITY: All images posted are from publications owned by RC/\Weazel. RC/\Weazel performed image scanning, editing and the compiling of bibliographic data.
ISFDB: Internet Speculative Fiction Data Base.
RATING: On a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being great and 1 don’t read.
NO entry indicates specific information not available from book.
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
ni ama ni esclava
primero en lengua argentina
Este viernes, para variar, nos venimos RABIOSAS, eso quiere decir, llenas de energías para la lucha.
Necesitamos recordar que el machismo, la misoginia – odio hacia las mujeres – y el femicidio - asesinato de mujeres - siguen casi tan activos como entonces.
Por un lado nos preguntamos si deberíamos estar contentas de que en Chile, el Sr. Alfredo Cabrera Opazo[1] haya sido condenado a perpetua por tirar a su hija Javierita, de 7 años, por el balcón. El asesino tenía la intención de castigar más fuertemente a Claudia, con quien estaba casado y madre de la niña, quien yacía en el piso inmóvil por los golpes q este sujeto le había propinado y casi matado.
Nos preguntamos si deberíamos estar contentas porque este caso es uno más de violencia estructural que una condena no cambia. Es más que obvio que estamos satisfechas con la resolución del caso, pero lo que nos genera RABIA, ergo, continuar en la lucha, es saber y tener conciencia que mientras se conocían los resultados, estaban siendo asesinadas otras Javieritas y otras Claudias estaban siendo atacadas violentamente.
Mientras tanto en Argentina, a Ana María Acevedo, le prohibían la posibilidad de abortar; tenía 3 hijxs menores de 5 años y estaba con cáncer. Lxs 3 habían nacido con cesárea, la posibilidad de una cuarta, implicaría un grave riesgo, pero el mandato rezaba no abortarás. Anteriormente le habían prohibido a Ana María que se hiciera una ligadura de trompas. Queda en evidencia el salvaje sistema en el que las mujeres estamos expuestas. Pero esto no es todo, “justificando” su embarazo, le fue negado su derecho a una quimioterapia. Queremos gritar, una vez más, nuestra rabia por una sociedad patriarcal, clasista y misógina. Ana María no solamente era muy pobre, también era analfabeta y desconocía sus derechos. Ella murió el jueves 17 de mayo, sólo tenía 20 años. ¿Hay derecho a dejar huerfanitxs a niñxs de 1, 3 y 4 años de edad?
¡Saquen sus rosarios de nuestros ovarios, carajo!
Nos sigue dando rabia escuchar que porque haya una Condolezza sentada en el poder de gringolandya, haya personas que confundan ESO con avance, que piensen que el mundo hoy es más justo e igual para hombres y mujeres y que el machismo es cosa del pasado.
Lo que relatábamos arriba no son pequeños extractos de la sección policial del diario, son pequeñas ilustraciones de nuestras vidas, lo que sucede es que esas cosas no son noticia para la prensa común, pero para nosotras SÍ. Tendremos que visibilizar siempre estos casos para poder cambiar nuestra realidad, la de todas las personas sin distinción de sexos ni géneros.
Creemos que aún se desconoce lo que es el feminismo. Muchas personas aún siguen creyendo que es el opuesto al machismo. Decidimos que nuestra comidita de hoy trajera servida de forma tentadora en un plato, una especie de racconto de los comienzos del feminismo y de algunas de sus líneas. Lo hacemos de las manos de nuestras compañeras anarkistas y junto con ellas nos preguntamos de qué avance hablamos y de qué mujeres. ¿De las que observan la vida sentadas desde sus sillones, contentas de que sus maridos sepan diferenciar el detergente del suavizante? O ¿de las que queremos cambiar la sociedad de una forma estructural en la que ninguna de las partes sea la beneficiaria por encima de otra clase o categoría social?
Recordemos ahora y siempre
Educación sexual para decidir, anticonceptivos para no abortar, aborto legal para no morir.
No entramos en la discusión si el feto tiene vida o no. Vemos, nos vemos, muriendo por la cantidad de abortos clandestinos que se realizan. Recordemos que las mujeres con dinero eligen si abortan o no, las
pobres, no tienen con qué elegir. Por eso el tema del aborto es una cuestión de clases.
Ver enrebeldia.blogspot.com/2007/05/maledicto-16-ya-est-en-br...
28 de mayo Día mundial de acción por la salud de las mujeres
Las compañeras de la Marcha Mundial de Mujeres nos enviaron la actividad que estarán haciendo en San Pablo : Acción en defensa del Aborto legal y seguro
Una condición para la garantía da autonomía y salud de las mujeres. Se realizará el lanzamiento del Comité de Lucha por la Legalización del Aborto.
“Estaremos en las calles debatiendo con la gente y explicando nuestras posiciones”.
Lunes 28 de mayo, 16 horas.
Plaza Ramos de Azevedo, en frente al Teatro Municipal.
Y ya que hablamos de las calles y de movilizaciones, es de destacar lo que fue este miércoles 23 en Brasil, Día Nacional de Luchas. Lo que para la prensa burguesa y capitalista es un “incómodo” para nosotrxs es una fiesta. Es la reacción, más vale tarde que nunca, de los movimientos sociales en Brasil: “Llegó la hora de asumir y tomar las calles. Parar las fábricas, cortar las rutas y ocupar los latifundios.”[2] Unos días atrás, los estudiantes de la Universidad de San Pablo tomaron la rectoría para luchar contra el deterioro de la enseñanza pública. A diferencia de otros momentos, se nota una lucha más libertaria y más independiente de partidos. ¿Será por eso que trajeron nuevamente las “viejas” canciones de los años 70’ ? Raúl Seixas, estaba presente en los carteles de la Av. Paulista: "Yo soy la mosca que se paro en tu sopa".
Quien sabe estamos comenzando una nova fase en Brasil, mucho más que ver com algunos países de América Latina.
Para seguir leyendo, hacé click aquí : enrebeldia.blogspot.com/
Nos volvemos a encontrar el 15 de junio ya que el 9 estaremos en San Pablo.
Un fuerte abrazo para que nos encuentre unidas en la lucha
Agora em língua brasileira
nem ama nem escrava
Nesta sexta super, para variar, estamos em FÚRIAS, isso quer dizer: estamos cheias de energia para a luta.
Mas, necessitamos recordar sempre que o machismo, a misoginia – ódio às mulheres – e o femicidio – assassinato de mulheres – seguem quase tão ativos como antes.
A gente se pergunta se deveríamos estar contentes de que no Chile, o Sr. Alfredo Cabrera Opazo[3] tenha sido condenado a perpétua por jogar sua filha Javierita, de 7 anos, pela sacada. O assassino tinha a intenção de castigar mais brutalmente a Claudia, com quem estava casado e era mãe da menina, e que jazias imóvel no chão, quase morta, pelos golpes que tinha sofrido do sujeito.
Infelizmente, nossa consciência não nos permite apenas festejar essa condenação. Este caso é mais uma manifestação estrutural de violência que apenas uma condenação não pode mudar. É óbvio que estamos satisfeitas com a resolução do caso, mas o que gera mais RAIVA, é saber e ter a consciência de que enquanto se conheciam os resultados, outras Javieritas estavam sendo assassinadas e outras Claudias estavam sendo violentamente agredidas.
Enquanto isso, na Argentina proibiam a Ana María Acevedo a possibilidade de abortar; tinha 3 filxs menores de 5 anos e estava com câncer. Xs 3 haviam nascido por cesárea, a possibilidade de uma quarta, implicaria em risco grave, mas o mandato rezava não abortarás. Anteriormente haviam proibido a Ana María de fazer uma ligadura de trompas. Fica evidenciado o sistema selvagem em que as mulheres estamos expostas. Mas isso não é tudo, “justificando” por sua gravidez, foi negado seu direito a uma quimioterapia. Queremos gritar, uma vez mais, nossa raiva contra a sociedade patriarcal, classista e misógina. Ana Maria não era apenas muito pobre, também era analfabeta e desconhecia seus direitos. Ela morreu na quinta, 17 de maio, tinha apenas 20 anos. Existe direito no ato de deixar órfãs a crianças de 1, 3 e 4 anos de idade?
Tirem seus rosários de nossos ovários!
Continua nos enraivecendo quando escutamos pessoas que consideram que haver uma Condolezza sentada no poder da gringolandya represente um avanço, que pensem que o mundo hoje é mais justo e igual para homens e mulheres e que o machismo é coisa do passado.
O que relatamos acima, não são pequenos extratos da seção policial do diário, são pequenas ilustrações de nossas vidas, o que sucede é que essas coisas não são notícia para a imprensa comum, mas para nós SIM. Temos que visibilizar sempre esses casos para poder mudar nossa realidade, a de todas as pessoas sem distinção de sexos, nem de gêneros.
Acreditamos que ainda se desconhece o que é feminismo. Muitas pessoas ainda acreditam que é o oposto do machismo. Decidimos que nosso ranguinho de hoje virá servido de forma tentadora sobre uma bandeja muito especial, uma espécie de resumo dos inícios do feminismo e de algumas de suas principais correntes. Essa bandeja virá carretada pelas irreverentes mãos de nossas companheiras anarkistas e em coro nos perguntamos: de que avanço estamos falando e de que mulheres? Das que observam a vida sentadas de suas poltronas, contentes de que seus maridos saibam diferenciar o detergente do amaciante? Ou das que queremos transformar a sociedade desde as estruturas, para que nenhuma das partes seja privilegiada sobre outra classe ou categoria social?
Recordemos agora e sempre:
Educação
sexual para decidir, anticoncepcionais para não abortar, aborto legal para não morrer.
Não entramos na discussão se o feto tem vida ou não. Vemos, nos vemos, morrendo pela quantidade de abortos clandestinos que se realizam. Recordemos que as mulheres com dinheiro podem escolher se abortam ou não, mas as pobres, não tem como escolher. Por isso o tema do aborto é uma questão de classe.
Ver enrebeldia.blogspot.com/2007/05/maledicto-16-ya-est-en-br...
28 de maio Dia mundial de ação pela saúde das mulheres
As companheiras da Marcha Mundial de Mulheres nos enviaram a atividade que estarão fazendo em São Paulo : Ação em defesa do Aborto legal e seguro.
Uma condição para a garantia da autonomia e saúde das mulheres. Se realizará o lançamento do Comitê de Luta pela Legalização do Aborto.
“Estaremos nas ruas debatendo com as pessoas e explicando nossas posições”.
Segunda, 28 de maio, 16 horas.
Praça Ramos de Azevedo, em frente ao Teatro Municipal.
E já que falamos de ruas e de mobilizações, destacamos o que ocorreu nesta quarta-feira, 23, no Brasil, Dia Nacional de Lutas. O que para a imprensa burguesa e capitalista é um “incômodo para a vida da cidade” para nós é uma festa. É a reação, antes tarde do que nunca, dos movimentos sociais no Brasil: “É chegada a hora de botar o bloco na rua. Parar fábricas, fechar estradas e ocupar o latifúndio..”[4] Dias antes os estudantes da USP tomaram a reitoria para lutar contra a destruição do ensino público e, diferentemente de outros momentos, mais libertários e livres de partidos. Não é por nada que reintroduziram o maluco beleza, Raul Seixas, nas faixas que tremulavam na Av. Paulista: "Eu sou a mosca que pousou na sua sopa" .
Quem sabe estamos começando uma nova fase no Brasil para não fazer feio frente à América Latina.
Para seguir lendo, click aqui : enrebeldia.blogspot.com/
Voltamos a nos encontrar no 15 de junho já que dia 9 estaremos em São Paulo.
Um forte abraço para que a gente se encontre unidas na luta.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[1] Para más información colectivamoiras.blogspot.com/2007/05/culpable.html
www.flickr.com/photos/83523012@N00/507517177/
[3] Para mais informação: colectivamoiras.blogspot.com/2007/05/culpable.html
The Postcard
A Real Photograph Series postcard published by Boots Cash Chemists. The image is a glossy real photograph.
The card was posted in Buxton on Friday the 24th. June 1910 to:
John Surth,
I. I. Surth Esq.,
Melbourne Road,
Near Lincoln.
The message on the divided back of the card was as follows:
"Tell Mother that Aunt
Louisa's address is:
'Avondale',
Promenade,
Southport.
Best love for all.
Will write tomorrow.
Aunty".
Boots Cash Chemists, Ltd.
John Boot of Nottingham, England opened his first store in 1849 and began a tradition of serving the health needs of ordinary people as cheaply as he could.
After his son Jessie married Florence Rowe in 1886 the business began to greatly expand as she took interest in it. When the name was changed in 1888 to Boots Pure Drugs they began to sell all sorts of items, including postcards by the 1890’s.
These lithographic cards issued under the Pelham Series name included animals, art reproductions, patriotic themes, and view-cards. Many real photo cards were manufactured for them by Valentine’s.
As time went on the colors in their cards grew more intense until they gave them an easily recognizable look. Boots grew into a chain of more than 800 stores.
Volendam
Volendam is a small town in North Holland in the Netherlands, in the municipality of Edam-Volendam. The town has about 22,000 inhabitants (November 2007), and is twinned with Coventry in the UK.
Originally, Volendam was the location of the harbour of the nearby Edam. However in 1357, the inhabitants of Edam dug a shorter canal to the Zuiderzee with its own separate harbour.
This removed the need for Volendam's original harbour, which was then dammed and used for land reclamation. Farmers and local fishermen settled there, forming the new community of Volendam, which literally meant 'Filled dam'.
In the early part of the 20th. century Volendam became an artists' retreat, with both Picasso and Renoir spending time there.
The majority of the population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church, which is deeply connected to the village culture. Historically, many missionaries and bishops grew up in Volendam. Today there is the chapel of Our Lady of the Water, which is located in a village park.
The Volendam Café Fire
The Volendam New Year's café fire occurred during the 2000–2001 New Year's night. The fire began early on New Year's Day 2001 and caused the death of 14 young people. 241 people were admitted to hospital, 200 of whom suffered serious burns.
The fire took place in a building that housed three bars. On New Year's Eve it was packed with more than 350 young people between 13 and 22 years of age when a short blaze happened in the café De Hemel ("Heaven") which was located on the top floor after a sparkler hit Christmas decorations that hung from the ceiling. The temperature in the room reached 400 °C (752 °F). Many of the partygoers were wearing highly flammable synthetic fabrics which clung to their flesh as they melted and burned.
There was great panic and the heat, lack of oxygen and people falling over each other made escaping extremely difficult. There also were bars in front of the windows and there were too few emergency exits, all of which contributed to the high number of injuries.
Survivors stated that shortly after the fire began, all the lights went out, contributing to the panic.
The first report reached the Amsterdam ambulance service at 00:38 local time on the 1st. January. The first fire engine arrived at 00:46.
Mayor Frank IJsselmuiden claimed that the crowd had panicked because all but one of the emergency exits were blocked.
Many of those injured were hurt when they smashed windows and leapt from third and second floor windows in an attempt to escape the fire. Others including 53 injured individuals were admitted due to burns, with some being flown to special burns units in Belgium and Germany.
Investigation Into the Fire
The fire was initially investigated intensively by media and politicians. New rules were introduced for decorations in cafés, nightclubs and other venues. The owner and managers of the building were indicted for culpability.
An inquiry showed that the owner Jan Veerman had been negligent in providing escape routes, as well as failing to soak the Christmas decorations with a fire-resistant substance. Also there were too many people in the building at the time of the incident.
The owner was given a conditional prison sentence and community service. As a result of the inquiry Mayor of Edam-Volendam Frank IJsselmuiden and alderman Wim Visscher resigned their positions.
Tourism in Volendam
Volendam is a popular tourist destination. It is well-known for its old fishing boats and the traditional clothing still worn by some residents.
The women's costume of Volendam, with its high, pointed bonnet, is one of the most recognizable of the Dutch traditional costumes, and is often featured on tourist postcards and posters (although there are believed to be fewer than 50 women now wearing the costume as part of their daily lives, most of them elderly).
There is a regular ferry connection to Marken, a peninsula close by.
Volendam also features a small museum about its history and clothing style, and visitors can have their pictures taken in traditional Dutch costumes.
Volendam on Film
Volendam was a shooting location in Vikas Bahl's 2014 Bollywood film, Queen. The actors established an Indian food shop called Rani's Gol Gappa.
The owner was an Italian, Marco Canadea, as Marcello. The role of Queen was played by Indian actress Kangana Ranaut.
The film follows the story of Rani Mehra, a diffident Punjabi girl from New Delhi who embarks on her honeymoon to Paris and Amsterdam by herself after her fiancé calls off their wedding.
Queen is cited as a ground-breaking and an influential feminist film by many scholars. Over the years, the film has built a strong cult following. It was named as one of the best films of the decade (2010's) by multiple publications such as Paste and Film Companion.
Several publications such as O, The Oprah Magazine, and Cosmopolitan have named it as one of the best films of Indian Cinema. Shubhra Gupta from The Indian Express named Queen as one of the 75 finest and most iconic films made in India in the last 70 years.
Music in Volendam
Volendam is well known for its distinctive music, which is called Palingsound (literally "Eel Sound") in reference to Volendam's status as fishing village.
During the 1960's, the local group The Cats was a very popular group in the Netherlands and abroad.
Another band from Volendam was BZN, which became popular in the late 1960's and early 1970's. In 1995 BZN performed a duet with the ten-year-old Jan Smit, who quickly became a celebrity in his own right.
The popular music groups 3JS and Nick & Simon are famously from Volendam; their members have all participated in local musical performances through the years.
The Wireless Act of 1910
So what else happened on the day that John's aunty posted the card?
Well, on the 24th. June 1910, President Taft signed the 'Wireless Act of 1910' into law. The Act required all ships carrying at least 50 persons to install radio communication by the 1st. July 1911.
Alfa Romeo
Also on that day, Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Autombili (ALFA) was founded in Milan. The automaker is now known by the name Alfa Romeo.
Exterior view of the Union Carbide pesticide factory scene of the world's worst industrial disaster.
Interior shot of the factory before it was stripped of some of its most valuable components and subsequently abandoned to the elements.
The factory remains ruined and abandoned to this day and there are approximately 350 Metric tonnes of highly toxic waste stored above ground.
Of greater concern are the many thousands of tonnes of toxic waste that were buried, in an untreated state, on the site.
Rain water runs through his waste, along with the remains of the abandoned solar evaporation ponds, and leaches toxic chemicals in to the local ground water aquifer.
The toxic plume has now spread for miles from the factory and many thousands of impoverished people have been using it, for decades, as their primary water supply.
TITLE: Martian Time Slip
AUTHOR: Philip Kindred Dick 1928-82
TYPE: paperback novel
PUBLISHER: Ballantine U2191
COVER PRICE: $ .50
ISBN:
PAGES: 220
COPYRIGHT: 1964 by author
PUB DATE: 04-1964
EDITION: 1st edition - 1st publication
COVER ARTIST:
ISFDB: Yes verified
NOTATION: cover states “An original Ballantine Science Fiction novel” rear cover states “This is an original publication – not a reprint”
INDEX: 0132 - Martian Time Slip - Ballantine - 021 - PKD - FB
QUOTE “This is Managing Director Dill,” the teacher said, “The Coordinating Director of the Unity System.” Managing Director Dill is responsible only to Vulcan 3. No human being except Director Dill is permitted to approach the computer banks. “Mr. Dill,” a girl’s voice came. “Can I ask you something?” “Certainly,” Dill said halting briefly at the classroom door. “Director Dill, don’t you feel ashamed of yourself when you let a machine tell you what to do?”…from Vulcan’s Hammer by Philip K. Dick
CULPABILITY: All images posted are from publications owned by RC/\Weazel. RC/\Weazel performed image scanning, editing and the compiling of bibliographic data.
ISFDB: Internet Speculative Fiction Data Base.
RATING: On a scale of 1 to 10 with 10 being great and 1 don’t read.
NO entry indicates specific information not available from book.
Culpable, Matsorri, www.flickr.com/photos/matsorri/ , se va a enterar esta chavalita !!!, ya se que la foto es un poco pose pero es la ultima que tengo Aquí estan las reglas (Rules):
1 - Stop what you're doing.
2 - TAKE A PICTURE OF YOURSELF RIGHT NOW. Don't primp, just snap one!
3 -Upload it.
4 - Tag 5 people to do the same (name check in your comment and/or send flickrmail)
Yo nomino a Joha, sin ella no estaria con vosotras, a Maria Jesus, que lo mismo gracias a ellas nos empezamos a unir, a Mer, pero ya esta nominada y no se si esto vale, a Toti, a Marde, por simpaticas las dos y voy a nominar a Pitxi, por si Mer esta nominada, espero que las demas no se enfaden conmigo, un besote para todas