View allAll Photos Tagged Culpability,
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
"Entzun ezazue ondo esango dudana
Euskalerrietaz hitzegingo dut ta.
Azken bolada hontan egunkarietan,
Irrati telebista eta abarrekotan
badaude hitz batzuk:
Pakea, Arrazoia,
Behin eta berriro aipatzen direnak.
Gaixorik omen gaude,
larri ta etsituak,
gaitzaren izena:
Milenarismoa.
Basati eta arlote ,txit odolzaleak
elizkoi eta ankerra beti izan gara.
Eraikitzeko gauza ez gara inoiz izan
suntsitzeko bakarrik gaituzu bikainak.
Madrilen ez bilatu inongo erruduna
gure gaitzen sustraia datza gure baitan,
hala diote behintzat jakintsu guztiek:
Savater, Onaindia eta Caro Barojak.
Milenioa dator: Hala omen da.
Milenioa dator: zoritxarra!
Milenioa dator: ta gu honela!
Milenioa dator: Hau ikara!
Milenioa dator: Euskaldunok!
Milenioa dator: Guztiontzat!
Milenioa dator: Prest gaitezen!
Milenioa dator: Berehala."
(M-ak)
"Escuchad bien lo que voy ha decir,
porque voy a hablar de Euskalerria.
Últimamente, en los periódicos,
radio, television y demás
hay unas palabras:
Paz, Razón,
que se repiten eternamente.
Dicen que estamos enfermos,
apurados y rendidos,
el nombre de la enfermedad:
Milenarismo.
Salvajes y andrajosos, muy sanguinarios,
creyentes y viles siempre hemos sido.
Nunca hemos sido
capaces de construir nada,
sólo somos geniales
a la hora de destruir.
No busques en Madrid al culpable,
la raíz de nuestros males
reside en nosotros,
o eso dicen al menos
todos los sabios:
Savater, Onaindia y Caro Baroja.
Viene el milenio: Así parece ser.
Viene el milenio: Que desgracia!
Viene el milenio: Y nosotros así!
Viene el milenio: Que miedo!
Viene el milenio: Euskaldunes!
Viene el milenio: Para todos!
Viene el milenio: Preparémonos!
Viene el milenio: Enseguida."
(M-ak)
Banda sonora:
The driver and fireman of the Great Yarmouth mail train, John Prior and James Light are buried side by side in a corner of the Rosary Cemetery in Norwich.
On Thursday 10th. September 1874, what was considered at the time to be one of the worst railway accidents in Britain occurred near Norwich. Confusion over telegraph messages and failed protocol saw two trains come together in a catastrophic collision on the single track Great Eastern Railway line at Thorpe St. Andrew, resulting in the deaths of 27 people.
It was a cold, dark evening, the rain was lashing down as the Gt. Yarmouth mail train left the station at 8.40pm, heading for Reedham where it would pick up its Lowestoft counterpart before heading on to Norwich. In the cab of engine 'Number 54' was 49 year old driver John Prior and fireman James Light, 25 years old and a resident of King Street in Norwich.
Reaching Reedham, Prior waited whilst the carriages of the Lowestoft train were coupled to the back of his train before setting off again towards Norwich. Behind the engine were a mixture of first, second and third class carriages, a cargo truck laden with fish from Yarmouth docks and two brake vans, there were thirteen carriages in all. The Lowestoft section was especially crowded as there had been a flower show in the town that day. The mail train rattled its way along the double track line to Brundall, from whereon in it became single track into Norwich. At Brundall, the mail train would wait on a loop for the line to become clear before finishing the last stretch of its journey.
At Thorpe Station in Norwich, night inspector Alfred Cooper looked nervously at his watch. It was 9.17pm and the express train from London should have arrived seventeen minutes ago. It was usual practice for a telegraph message to be sent from Wymondham station to alert Norwich if the London train was delayed by at least fifteen minutes, but none had been received. Punctuality was bad and the London Express was more often late than on time. Passengers on the London train would transfer to another which would be ready and waiting at Norwich for the onward journey to Gt. Yarmouth and Lowestoft. There was a brief discussion between Cooper and Stationmaster Sproul as to whether they should forward a telegraph message to Brundall to send the mail train up first. Whilst the express train had priority, if it was unlikely to arrive before 9.25pm, then it wasn’t uncommon for word to be sent to let the mail train through first. It was getting close to the 9.25 deadline when the mail train would be ready to leave Brundall and Cooper had asked Sproul if they should send it up first. “Certainly not” answered Sproul, nevertheless, a few minutes later Alfred Cooper went to the telegraph office and instructed the young clerk, John Robson, to request that the mail train be sent up. It was company protocol that all such orders on single track lines must be written down by, and signed for, by the inspector. However, it had become commonplace for the clerk to write it in the book and for the inspector to then sign it afterwards. At 9.21pm Robson sent the message, “Send the mail train up before the 9.10pm down passenger train leaves Norwich – A. Cooper.” At 9.23pm the London train arrived and the passengers were transferred. Alfred Cooper left the telegraph wicket and made his way over to the platform where the Yarmouth/Lowestoft onward train was waiting to leave. It was Inspector William Parker’s responsibility to wave the express train off but, given the lateness, he checked with Cooper whether he had ordered the mail train up first. “Certainly not” Cooper replied. At approximately 9.30pm the express left the station.
William Platford had been stationmaster at Brundall for eight years. On this particular evening he was being assisted by his twelve year old son who regularly sent and received telegraph messages for his father. When the telegraph arrived requesting that he send the mail train up, seemingly signed by Alfred Cooper, Platford duly dispatched the train.
Back at Thorpe Station, the sudden realisation of what he may have done flashed across Alfred Cooper’s mind. He rushed to the telegraph office and shouted for John Robson to cancel his previous order. Robson hastily typed and sent the message “Stop mail” to Brundall. Less than two minutes later came the chilling reply “Mail gone”. The horror of what was now inevitable was relayed around the station but they were powerless, there was no way of communicating with either driver or stopping the trains. Cooper demanded to know why Robson had sent the telegraph to order the mail train up when he had expressly told him not to. Robson replied that he had told him to send the message and, if he hadn’t, then why had he asked him to cancel it after the express train had left the station. According to eye witness statements, Cooper froze, became almost paralysed with fear, knowing the consequences of his actions were very grave indeed.
Thomas Clarke was driving the Norwich Express train that evening, alongside him was fireman Frederick Sewell. It was not unusual for the London train arrive late and Thomas was keen to make up lost time. Conscious that the up train was still waiting to be let through at Brundall, he opened up the steam regulator as he left the city. Having been instructed to head into Norwich before the down train left, John Prior was also eager not to delay the Norwich train any further than necessary and had built up considerable momentum. Steaming down the incline from Postwick in the driving rain it’s unlikely that Prior would have seen the approaching lights of the express train. There was a slight bend on the track, the rails were slippery due to the rain and there wouldn’t have been enough time to apply the brakes to pull up.
Residents in Thorpe St. Andrew reported hearing what sounded like a massive peal of thunder at about 9.45pm as the two trains collided head on with a combined speed of around 60 mph just beyond the eastern rail bridge. The engine of the Norwich train was pushed round sideways and up over the top of the mail train, the funnel being carried away with it. John Prior, James Light, Thomas Clarke and Frederick Sewell would almost certainly have been killed instantly. The first few wooden carriages splintered and were ripped apart as they ploughed into the twisted wrecks of the locomotives. The carriages kept coming, rearing up on top of one another, some splitting in two, some having the roofs torn off. Eye witnesses stated that the top most carriage was some 20 or 30 feet above the ground, teetering precariously above the engines. And then there was darkness. The impact had extinguished the lamps in all of the carriages. There hadn’t been time for the drivers to turn off the regulators and the steam was still in operation for some time afterwards. It was only the heavy rain which prevented the whole wreck catching alight.
Those who could, scrambled out of the wreckage and attempted to help those who were trapped. Many were suffering from head wounds having been catapulted across the carriages upon impact. Around them was a scene of utter devastation, people were dead and others were dying. Villagers who had heard the crash rushed down to try to help. Mr. Black, one of the brake van guards, was thrown across the carriage. Dazed and bleeding from a head wound, he picked himself up, grabbed a lantern and clambered out. Although hurt, Black insisted on carrying out his duty and made his way to the wooden rail bridge which crossed the River Yare where five or six of the Norwich carriages had come to a stop. Inside the carriages there was panic and confusion. Terrified passengers were screaming and crying, unable to get out because there were no guard rails alongside the narrow bridge. Cautiously, Black edged his way along the rails with his lantern, holding on to the steps of the carriages to prevent himself falling into the water below. He did his best to calm the occupants and urge them to stay where they were to await rescue. Another of the guards, Mr. Read, staggered back along the line to alert Thorpe station of the disaster.
Back in Norwich, emergency procedures were already underway. A train was prepared to take men and equipment to the accident and cabs had been sent out to fetch every doctor that was available. The train met an anxious Read running up the track towards them. The job of extricating the injured from amongst the wreckage was a difficult one as many needed to be cut free. The steam and the heat from the boiler complicated matters further. Light was provided by huge bonfires which were built beside the track, fuelled by the remains of the shattered wooden carriages. Makeshift mortuaries were set up in a boat shed beside the track belonging to Steven Field and in a room at the Three Tuns pub across the river at Thorpe Gardens. These were soon occupied by 15 bodies. The wounded were taken back to Norwich by train from where the most severe cases were sent to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. The men worked long and hard throughout the night and by mid morning most of the wreckage had been cleared. The death toll had risen to 18. Surprisingly, there was little damage to the track itself, two of the rails were slightly bent, but none of the sleepers had been dislodged. By 2.30pm that afternoon, the track had been opened up to rail traffic once more.
News of the accident spread quickly and it was the subject of some very graphic and sensationalistic reporting for several weeks. It prompted much discussion in both national and provincial newspapers over safety on the railways. The reports make for a harrowing read. Over the next couple of weeks, the final death toll rose to 27, with over 70 suffering varying degrees of injury. It was estimated that their had been around 220 passengers in total on the two trains.
Alfred Cooper and John Robson were arrested and investigations were conducted without delay. The Coroners inquest, held before a jury by Mr. E. S. Bignold, considered the evidence and decided that both men were guilty of gross negligence and carelessness and should be tried for manslaughter. However, it was felt that Cooper was the more culpable of the two. At a separate inquest held by Captain Tyler of the Board of Trade, the jury concluded that both should be charged with manslaughter but that Robson, having sent the telegraph message to send the mail train up from Brundall was the guilty party. In giving evidence, both men tried to shift the blame onto one another. When the case reached trial in April 1875, John Robson was acquitted and released and Alfred Cooper was found guilty and sentenced to eight months imprisonment with hard labour. The Great Eastern Railway Company paid out over £40,000 in compensation to the victims and their families, an unprecedented sum at the time.
The Thorpe Railway collision, along with two further rail accidents in the following months led to new safety measures being implemented to prevent similar incidents happening in the future. It was noted that the Thorpe accident could have been far more serious had it occurred just a hundred feet closer to Norwich. The engines and carriages would probably have ended up in the river and many passengers would have been drowned. The fact that there were three empty carriages and a horsebox directly behind the Norwich engine, and a cargo truck carrying fish behind the Yarmouth engine, also limited the number of fatalities as it was these which bore the brunt of the collision.
Prompted by the accident, engineer Edward Tyer developed the tablet system in which a token is given to the train driver, this must be slotted into an electric interlocking device at the other end of the single-track section before another train is allowed to pass.
World War II Pacific Theater Headlines of Japanese aggression as shown in newspaper extras. The parachute troops alarm proved to be false, but most of Luzon was overrun by the Japanese very quickly. By plan, the US and Philippine Armies retreated into the Bataan peninsula, but had not stored enough food and supplies to last long against a reinforced enemy. Furthermore, the "plan" called for the US Navy capital ships to come to their rescue/assistance. The ships were at the bottom of Pearl Harbor. In reality, the United States government had "written off" the Philippines as indefensible long before the war ever began; however, the government continued to send hopeful messages to the Philippines, knowing they were not going to fulfill any promises of help. While not entirely at fault, General Walter Short and Admiral Husband Kimmel were blamed for the disaster at Pearl Harbor in order to save the reputations and political careers of CNO Stark, SecNav Knox, and president Roosevelt. Just as unfairly, General Douglas MacArthur gets a lot of the blame for the disaster in the Philippines, but his military career remained intact until the Korean War. Congress and the President were much more culpable than MacArthur, and dreadfully more so than Short and Kimmel.
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
O aprendes a querer la espina o no aceptes Rosas... y no me veas asi, si hubo un culpable aqui, fuiste tu !
Below is an edited version of a conversation I had via email this morning with my important teach at Auburn, Robert Faust:
I am writing to him in response to his thoughts on our planned rendezvous this weekend at Auburn. A reunion of sorts, and a time for Bob and me and a few others to reflect on where we have been, our paths over the last forty-five years, and how we got to where we are now . . .
Bob,
I read your email again this morning before breakfast, from my usual sunrise brooding spot in the corner of my living room, sitting in my Eames chair. (This chair, always desired and only purchased, finally, a few years ago, has always represented for me, when I look at it, some curious memory of my early years of considering architecture as a way of considering the world.) (As I read your words and thought about them, I turned my head and made a picture, attached – above – for your consideration of my morning drift.)
I then made some notes in response to what you wrote. I will offer some of those here, though you may hear them again soon. These thoughts are somewhat random:
☛ I believe my first recognition – and it was a true epiphany – at Auburn of a direction for making, truly making in the way you frame the question, Bob, came to me somewhere during my fourth year at Auburn, in conversation with my classmate Glenn Currie (in your absence as my teacher, Bob, I probably learned more from Glenn than anyone else at Auburn). Glenn advised me that the impulse to architecture exists in what he called the second look. That is, that we move every instant through a swamp of images, absorbing what we can. Suddenly one image appears, arrests our attention (and he demonstrated in gestures) which stops us in our tracks. We turn briefly away, then suddenly turn back, to look again. It is in that turn, that second look (and here he turned his head to fix this idea in my culpable yet still impressionable twenty-year-old brain) that architecture exists.
☛ My second such epiphany (yes, there is often a long dry spell between true epiphanies) came to me twelve years later, in my first masters’ studio at Harvard (I had done my apprenticing and had my own practice for six years in Mississippi before for some mad reason I decided to go to graduate school) when my great teacher Stanley Tigerman said to me and my fellow travelers, on our first meeting day: “Life is fabulous. If only architecture could be more like it.” Stanley’s gauntlet went through me like a red heat, and has never left me since.
☛ Maybe in some semblance to the thinking of Herb Greene, Adrian Stokes has inspired me through the years. Stokes said that art (architecture – architecture being, as Auburn teacher Robert Samuelson first said to me, the mother of all art) is a form of externalization. I took this externalization as necessarily following Currie’s second look and Tigerman’s great wish as the prerequisite internalizations of living an observant life. Attentive architects observe the world as a dazzling, mystifying panoply of enchantments. Those architects worthy of the name see the enchantments of the world as what must surely be answers to infinite questions, from the quite commonplace to the primordial, and the nature of their making must then be the attempt, never ending, never satisfied, to make concrete not the answers, but the questions.
☛ My most important teacher at Harvard, not unlike Currie at Auburn, was my dear friend and classmate Douglas Darden (who died in 1996), who admonished me to never forget (and admonished me quite literally until the day he died): “Architecture can never touch bottom.”
☛ Darden’s essentialist thought echoes that of perhaps the first teacher of my adulthood, William Faulkner: “If you ever got it right, you’d have nothing left to do but slit your wrists.”
☛ I’ll close this morning’s drifting with a thought on my continuing self-doubtings, this one being, why I did not accept offers from several STARchitets to work with them, so that I too could become a STARchitect. The response to what seems to me my general refusal to accomplish such a thing comes from E.B. White: “A person who is looking for something doesn’t travel very fast.”
These are the kinds of things I think about when I sit cuddled in my mornings in Charles Eames's leather and plywood arms, and which I may talk about during our show and tell this weekend . . .
Eres el culpable de que hoy me sienta extrañamente bien... de que hoy me sienta
extraña.
info@juangimenezphoto.com
Captain Scott's ill-fated South Pole 'Terra Nova' Expedition 1910 - 1913.
Herbert George Ponting, FRGS was a professional photographer. He is best known as the expedition photographer and cinematographer for Robert Falcon Scott's Terra Nova Expedition to the Ross Sea and South Pole. In this role, he captured some of the most enduring images of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott and had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic in 1901–04. He also wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole. He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's entire party died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later.
The expedition, named after its supply ship, was a private venture, financed by public contributions augmented by a government grant. It had further backing from the Admiralty, which released experienced seamen to the expedition, and from the Royal Geographical Society. The expedition's team of scientists carried out a comprehensive scientific programme, while other parties explored Victoria Land and the Western Mountains. An attempted landing and exploration of King Edward VII Land was unsuccessful. A journey to Cape Crozier in June and July 1911 was the first extended sledging journey in the depths of the Antarctic winter.
For many years after his death, Scott's status as tragic hero was unchallenged, and few questions were asked about the causes of the disaster which overcame his polar party. In the final quarter of the 20th century the expedition came under closer scrutiny, and more critical views were expressed about its organization and management. The degree of Scott's personal culpability, and more recently, the culpability of certain expedition members, remains controversial.
Hay muchas cosas que quiero alcanzar y poder tomar con mi propias manos y hacer que lo que tomo moldar y hacer lo mejor para ello.
es dificil resignarse a que aveces aceptar que no lo puedes tener, el corazón dice sigue pero la mente es mas fria y sertera y me dice lo contrario, pero el corazon me hace sentir bien y me da esa fuerza para conseguir lo que quiero <3
Ya son 20!
Hola a todos
en primer lugar
agradesco a todos los que el dia de mi cumpleaños me saludaron
en persona, por telefono, por mensaje, por flog o por lo que sea.
Estubo muy buena la sorpresa :D
ademas que es la primera fiesta sorpresa que tengo :$
La foto es de un rio que no se como se llama xD
queda cerca de cherquenco
pero lo importante es que se podia apreciar el color plomo del agua
y una capa negra en las orillas todo producto de las cenizas arrojadas por el volcan llaima :O
Hoy me pico una abeja ql :@
en mi pobre bracito :(
casi me mori pero ya estoy bien
el unico consuelo que me queda es que la culpable del atentado contra mi persona murio
jojojo (6)
ya que las abejas mueren poco después de clavar su aguijón, con forma acerada, que impide retirarlo, ya que parte del sistema digestivo está unido a él.
leru leru, leru leru :P
jajajaja
Quiero que llegue pronto febrero :)
saludos!
_________________________________________________________...
Akon ft. P. Diddy, Ludacris, Lil Jon Felli Fel - Get Buck In Here
It's tricky I'm picky baby, but I just spotted you
doin' your thing, g-string, shoe string point of view, hey
lend me ya body, you got me in a zone
bet a million in a half past, i can make you explode
you don't wanna brave the cold, you wanna Diddy Combs
i can take you on outer-limits away from home
........
in the middle of the club doin' a rodeo show
the hoes seem schemey, wet dreamy, emphasism obsessed gleemy
(incredible sex) you need me
ease me, please me baby, i maybe am little crazy but in a way that.....
[CHORUS]
don't make me get buck in here!!
shorty drop em to the ground like she ain't got manners
too much booty for one man to handle
when all i need is a one night scandal
and ima get buck in here!!
damn lil' momma you know you fit my standards
you the type to make me grip that handle
lick shots in the air, bustin' that grandam
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
you gotta shake that thang, shake that thang
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
just shake that thang, shake that thang
[LUDACRIS]
she can make it clap like a standin' ovation
spin like my record at the radio station
feel the sensation, i put it right there
they be like LUDA, i be like yeaaaaaaa,
you like it like that dontchya baby
the flow's insane, and the stroke is crazy
i stroke so good, like Tiger Woods
and i ROWR like a tiger would
my livelihood, is not hollywood
I'm still southside atlanta, thats a lively hood
a circus, big top, like ringling brothers
if you wanna learn something, bring your mothers
sit back and observe, invite some friends
we can mix it all up, like juice and gin
felli on the celly with a couple of twins
cuz tonight, damn right, we gonna do it again
[CHORUS]
dont make me get buck in here!!
shorty drop em to the ground like she ain't got manners
too much booty for one man to handle
when all i need is a one night scandal
and ima get buck in here!!
damn lil' momma you know you fit my standards
you the type to make me grip that handle
lick shots in the air, bustin' that grandam
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
you gotta shake that thang, shake that thang
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
just shake that thang, shake that thang
[P. DIDDY]
listen, women lace em g for a jet
twisted, crooked, cell phone numbers, probably
flip em change em, prissy and boogy the hood
game of taste em, prissy's I'm runnin' em good
leather or silk, i'm melt them all
love em, leave em, give em hell for sure
tell them words they minds and souls deserve
or give them things they might prefer
sandrio pan, mandarin sweet massage oil
pimp, gamein', grants, and benz' i tried em
used to style em, now just virgin island
kamasutra freaky ...
[CHORUS]
dont make me get buck in here!!
shorty drop em to the ground like she ain't got manners
too much booty for one man to handle
when all i need is a one night scandal
and ima get buck in here!!
damn lil' momma you know you fit my standards
you the type to make me grip that handle
lick shots in the air, bustin' that grandam
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
you gotta shake that thang, shake that thang
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
just shake that thang, shake that thang
Captain Scott's ill-fated South Pole 'Terra Nova' Expedition 1910 - 1913.
The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott and had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic in 1901–04. He also wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole. He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's entire party died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later.
The expedition, named after its supply ship, was a private venture, financed by public contributions augmented by a government grant. It had further backing from the Admiralty, which released experienced seamen to the expedition, and from the Royal Geographical Society. The expedition's team of scientists carried out a comprehensive scientific programme, while other parties explored Victoria Land and the Western Mountains. An attempted landing and exploration of King Edward VII Land was unsuccessful. A journey to Cape Crozier in June and July 1911 was the first extended sledging journey in the depths of the Antarctic winter.
For many years after his death, Scott's status as tragic hero was unchallenged, and few questions were asked about the causes of the disaster which overcame his polar party. In the final quarter of the 20th century the expedition came under closer scrutiny, and more critical views were expressed about its organization and management. The degree of Scott's personal culpability, and more recently, the culpability of certain expedition members, remains controversial.
Convoy NS74 N
Talleres Neptuno
Comuna Lo Prado
Dato Freak: De Verdad, pq siempre el que esta en el ojo de la Noticia por Algun Accidente o Descarrilamiento es un NS74??
O Mas Al Hueso ¿Pq Siempre el q Descarrila es un NS74?
A point of view which is readily lost sight of - if one has even
thought of it - when defending those who refuse the celestial Messages, is precisely the very appearance of the Messengers; now, to paraphrase or to cite some well-known formulas, "he who has seen the Prophet has seen God"; "God became man in order that man might become God".
One has to have a very hardened heart not to be able to see this upon contact with such beings; and it is above all this hardness of heart that is culpable, far more than ideological
scruples.
The combination of holiness and beauty which characterizes
the Messengers of Heaven is, so to speak, transmitted from the human theophanies to the sacred art which perpetuates it: the essentially intelligent and profound beauty of this art testifies to the truth which inspires it; it could not in any case be reduced to a human invention as regards the essential of its message. Sacred art is Heaven descended to earth, rather than earth reaching towards Heaven.
A line of thought close to this one which we have just presented is the following, and we have made note of it more than once: if men were stupid enough to believe for millenia in the divine, the supernatural, immortality -assuming these are illusions- it is impossible that one fine day they became intelligent enough to be aware of their errors; that they became intelligent, no one knowing why, and without any decisive moral acquisition to corroborate this miracle. And likewise: if men like the Christ believed in the supernatural, it is impossible that men like the Encyclopedists were right not to believe in it.
Sceptical rationalism and titanesque naturalism are the two great abuses of intelligence, which violate pure intellectuality as well as a sense of the sacred; it is through this propensity that thinkers "are wise in their own eyes" and end by "calling evil good, and good evil" and by "putting darkness for light, and light for darkness" (Isaiah 5:20 and 21); they are also the ones who, on the plane of life or experience, "put bitter for sweet", namely the love of the eternal God, and "sweet for bitter", namely the illusion of the evanescent world.
---
From the Divine to the Human by Frithjof Schuon
West-German postcard by Kunst und Bild, Berlin, no. A 675. Photo: Magna Film / Deutsche London Film. Paul Henckels in Der Fröhliche Weinberg/The Grapes Are Ripe (Erich Engel, 1952).
German actor Paul Henckels (1885-1967) appeared in over 230 films, often as a supporting actor. He played in films by directors like Fritz Lang, Jacques Feyder, and G.W. Pabst. He also worked as a stage actor, a stage director, and as a theatre manager.
Paul Henckels was born in 1885 in Hürth, near Köln (Cologne), Germany. His father was the industrialist and painter Paul Abraham Henckels and his mother was the actress Cäcilia Warszawska. Paul studied from 1905 till 1907 at the Hochschule für Bühnenkunst at the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus. He made his first stage appearance in Kotzebue’s Die deutschen Kleinstädter; and was a great success in the title role of Schneider Wibbel (1913), written by his school buddy Hans Müller-Schlösser. The great Max Reinhardt invited him in 1920 to come to Berlin. In 1921, Henckels was a co-founder and the artistic director of the Schlosspark-Theater in Berlin. Here he appeared in 1922 as Molière’s Der Geizige/The Miser. He later would work for the Volksbühne, Deutschen Theater, and many other Berlin stages. From 1936 till 1945 he was engaged at the prestigious Preußischen Staatstheater in Berlin under intendant Gustaf Gründgens. In 1921 film star Henny Porten discovered him for the cinema. After a minor part as "O. Henckels" in Das Geheimnis der sechs Spielkarten, 5. Teil – Herz König (1921), Porten gave him the male lead as the evil antagonist Jasper in Das Geheimnis von Brinkenhof (Svend Gade, 1923).
Among his other silent films are INRI (Robert Wiene, 1923) with Porten, Staatsanwalt Jordan (Karl Gerhardt, 1926) with Hans Mierendorff, Thérèse Raquin (Jacques Feyder, 1928) starring Gina Manès, Der Biberpelz/The Beaver Fur (Erich Schönfelder, 1928) opposite La Jana, Die große Liebe (Revolutionshochzeit) (A.W. Sandberg, 1928) with Diomira Jacobini and Karina Bell, Ariadne in Hoppegarten (Robert Dinesen, 1928) with Maria Jacobini, Der Unüberwindliche (Max Obal, 1928) with Luciano Albertini, Geschlecht in Fesseln (Wilhelm Dieterle, 1928), § 173 St.G.B. Blutschande/Culpable Marriages (James Bauer, 1929), and the Henny Porten films Liebfraumlich (Carl Froehlich, 1928-29) and Mutterliebe (Georg Jacoby, 1929). When the sound film was near at hand he was enthusiastic about the idea of a talking picture. He worked at the ‘practice of the sound film actor’, and directed a short film, Paul Graets als Berliner Zeitungsjunge (1929). The early sound film offered him leading parts in such films as Skandal um Eva/Scandal Around Eva (Georg Wilhelm Pabst, 1930) starring Henny Porten, Er und sein Diener/He and His Servant (Steve Sekely, 1931), and Flachsmann als Erzieher/Flachsmann as Educator (Carl Heinz Wolff, 1930) opposite Charlotte Ander. He directed himself in Schneider Wibbel/Tailor Wibbel (Paul Henckels, 1931).
Typical for Paul Henckel's film characters is their accent and humour from the Rhineland region. He often played cranky and stubborn fellows. Among his films were Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse/ The Testament of Dr. Mabuse (Fritz Lang, 1933), Ein idealer Gatte/An Ideal Husband (Herbert Selpin, 1935) starring Brigitte Helm; Napoleon ist an allem Schuld/Napoleon is to Blame for Everything (Curt Goetz, 1938), Der Maulkorb/The Muzzle (Erich Engel, 1938) and Zwei in einer großen Stadt/Two in a Big City (Volker von Collande, 1942). Unforgettable was his character Professor Bommel in Die Feuerzangenbowle (Helmut Weiss, 1944). This is the second film version of Heinrich Spoerl's novel about pupils playing various tricks and jokes on their teachers. The twist in the story is the leader of the pack, the major cause of the teachers' headaches: Johannes Pfeiffer (Heinz Rühmann) is not a real pupil at all. He is a successful playwright with a Ph.D. One evening at the pub his friends discover that he never went to a school but was educated privately. The stories of their boyhood years persuade him to see for himself and 'be a boy again'. The film was made in 1944, so it is a bit astonishing that the Nazi censors were prepared to pass a film with such an anti-authoritarian message. Die Feuerzangenbowle is very well made and today enjoys a cult status in Germany.
Paul Henckels’ first post-war film was Wozzeck (Georg C. Klaren, 1947), based on the famous play by Georg Büchner. In this early DEFA production he played a cold and cynically experimenting doctor. His later roles were more stereotypical characters. To his last films belong Pension Schöller (Georg Jacoby, 1952) starring Camilla Spira, Hollandmädel (J. A. Hübler-Kahla, 1953), Staatsanwältin Corda/Prosecutor Corda (Karl Ritter, 1954), Kirschen in Nachbars Garten/Cherries in the Neighbour’s Garden (Erich Engels, 1956), and Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull/Confessions of Felix Krull (Kurt Hoffmann, 1957) featuring Horst Buchholz. He focussed on his stage work and did recital tours, performing Wilhelm Busch and German classics. During the 1950s and 1960s he also appeared often on TV, like in Die fröhliche Weinrunde/The Cheerful Wine Bout with singer Margit Schramm, and in Nachsitzen für Erwachsene/Detention for Adults as a professor, who explained interesting phenomenons for a class with four adults (among them was film actor Hans Richter). In 1962 he was awarded the Filmband in Gold for his longtime and important contributions to the German cinema. Paul Henckels died in 1967 in Kettwig, now Essen. He was married with actress Thea Grodtzinsky. His first wife was Cecilia Brie, a former actress, with whom he had three children.
Sources: Thomas Staedeli (Cyranos), Stephanie D'heil (Steffi-line.de), Wikipedia, Filmportal.de, and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
** The photograph shows part of my personal collection of Mugler fragrances
From Right to left: 2ml A*men metal flask, A*Men 30ml metal flask 2011, A*Men 100ml metal flask 2011,B*men metal flask 2004,pure coffee,pure malt,pure havane vintage 2010, 'Le Gout du parfum-The taste of fragrance', Pure shot, Pure energy in metal flask, A*Men 30ml metal flask 2011, A*Men Seducing 30ml rubber flacon, Pure Havane 2014 Original formulation, Pure malt creation, Pure wood, ultra zest, Angel Men USA travel spray presentation set, A*Men 2018 reformulation in metal flask, A*Men Gold esdition 2012 in presentation case, Pure tonka,pure havane 2018 reformulation, kryptomint,pure tonka in gold edition flask,
A devil's take on Angel for Men & the 'Pure series' of Manfred Thierry Mugler
The chemoreception that forms the sense of smell is called 'olfaction', a sense that is crucial in the detection of hazards, food and pheromones. Through orthonasal olfaction and retronasal olfaction, we breathe and chew flavours and odours good and otherwise, a crucial part of our daily lives. The human function of smelling is carried out by two small odour-detecting patches consisting of approximately five or six million yellowish cells within the nasal passages, and although feeble in comparison to those of animals - a rabbit has 100 million of these olfactory receptors, and a dog 220 million, we are nonetheless capable of quite an acute sense of smell.
I was one of those souls born with the ability to detect, pinpoint, appreciate the smell of things around me to a heightened degree compared to my peers, and from an early age began to appreciate the importance of fragrant smells around me long before others could detect them. Let's be honest here, back in the sixties and early seventies when I was a boy, there were few pleasant fragrances on the market for men, and my first foray into the world of smelling 'good' came with Fabergé's famous, perhaps infamous offering of Brut 33. Cologne, body wash and hair shampoo, soap on a rope and Christmas box sets from Gran were a must, with a plethora of unsuspecting passers by collapsing from the ghastly scent cloud which hung over me like a personalised storm cloud through my adolescence.
Fast forward my difficult teenage years and into manhood (the brief memories I can muster through those years of drunken debauchery), the emergence of some splendid male fragrances to elevate me towards 'stud' status with the ladies, 'Denim for men' by Faberge, Pfizer's 1967 stalwart 'hai karate',Procter & Gamble's 'old spice' with the wonderful music used from 'Damien' heading up the TV adverts in clorious monochrome, I was by now searching for something different, something daring, a signature scent to call my own. Hitting me like a thunderbolt, straight between the eyes in the midst of my clubbing days at London's Hippodrome, Cafe de Paris and Stringfellows nightclubs, came a new fragrance that literally knocked me, and the fragrance world for six. Like one of those Marmite atser tests it was loved and hated, cosseted or despised, yet few could ever deny the impact that it had on the world. Things would never be the same again. A fragrance bold and powerful, unashamedly masculine with notes of patchouli and Bourbon vanilla and toasted Arabica coffee beans conspiring to bombard one's senses and pound them into submission..... It separated the men from the boys, garnered attention and compliments, and got right up the noses of those moany old aunties who thought the smell of carbolic soap behind the ears was a prelude to passion and romance and always bought us socks and hankies with our initials printed in the corners for Christmas presents, expecting us to conform and 'belong'.
Mugler's concept behind A*Men focussed on comic strip superheroes that as children we idolised and who's adventures we followed in weekly comic books or animated cartoon feature films. The rubber flasks designed by Mugler himself, echoed the rubber suits adorning the flesh of so many superheroes, and also provided an Eco-friendly option of disposal as objects that could be recycled. With the success of A*Men around the world, Mugler waited a full eight long years before creating a new fragrance for men.
B*Men was launched across the globe to a fanfare of press releases with a range of grooming products including shower gel and after shave lotion, promotional mini rubber flask 2ml editions and even a beautiful grey metal flask limited edition in a presentation case, plus one boxed edition with a comic included just like it's predecessor some years earlier. But the press were less than kind about that 'difficult second album' so to speak, and the internet is littered with mediocre reviews and fragrance lover's reviews that all point to the new 'baby' being nothing more than a toned down version of it's older stable-mate. In truth B*Men is far from disappointing, and despite being discontinued and view in retrospect as a failure, in latter years though rarer to find and ever more expensive to purchase, it has come to be viewed as a unique and appealing fragrance in it's own right. That 'difficult second album', sadly could not live up to the legendary first, perhaps merely a victim of hype and stratospheric level expectations.
A*Men & the 'Pure' series of fragrances
My personal collection of Thierry Mugler A-men & Pure fragrances isn't definitive by any means in terms of someone who is an outright 'collector'. Missing are various versions and special editions, presentation boxes with original comics and certain American issues where the fragrance was marketed as Angel Men, but it is assembled though my love and deep passion for these fragrances which, to my nose are quite simply exquisite in all their variances and aromas.
It all began for me back in 1996 when Mugler offered the mens version of the female fragrance which had taken the world by storm and created a new genre for them, the Gourmands (they smell so good you could eat them!). A*men was different, startling, polarising even. Not for shrinking violets, I can still remember the amount of comments that I received when wearing that fragrance, though sadly through the years, as with many major fragrance houses, the original fragrance has fallen victim to reformulation and the current 2018 version is a pale shadow of it's vicious, snarling beastly brother from the nineties.
Two other Mugler pure series fragrances have also sparked controversy on various websites having also fallen victim to the reformulation game, Pure Malt and Pure Havane, and again current 2018 versions are arguably nowhere near the aromatic wonder and perfection of their ancestors. More on that later. So here is a brief (and not comprehensive) overview of the Thierry Mugler range starting back in 1996 with the game-changer, the daddy of them all..... A*Men.
A little background
Manfred Thierry Mugler was born on December 21st 1948 in Strasbourg, France. At the age of nine years old he began studying classical dance and later at age fourteen he joined the ballet corps for the Opéra national du Rhin in Alsace. He also began formal interior design training at École supérieure des arts décoratifs de Strasbourg. After moving to Paris he began designing clothes for Parisian boutique, Gudule and within two years became a freelance designer for fashion houses in London, Paris, Milan and Barcelona.
Mugler moved from strength to strength, his first collection in 1973 followed three years later featuring in an event organised by Japanese company Shiseido. His first boutique opened in 1978 and during the eighties and nineties his name and popularity increased dramatically. Also a keen photographer, he published his first photographic book in 1988, and has worked as director for short films and adverts, and even collaborated with Cirque du soleil. But for all that, I noticed him only when he turned his hand to the art of fragrance.
Mugler's entrance into the fragrance world came in 1992, after he approched Jacques Courtin-Clarins of the Clarins group founded in 1954 with a view to backing his first ever fragrance creation. Clarins bought a stake in Thierry Mugler Couture and Mugler began 'Le cercle' for it's customers, and 'La source' to allow refilling of fragrance bottles. Angel was an overnight success, with the groundbreaking, award winning woman's perfume going on to sell more than $280 Million annually along with Alien, launched in 2005. By March 2019 global sales for all Mugler fragrances exceeded $797 Million. Suddenly we men were victims of the scent, rendered incoherent, incapable, speechless by the mere whiff of a woman passing by adorned by this new and remarkable wonder scent. Us guy's had to wait another four long years until 1996 for our chance to feel unique beneath the glitter balls on the dance floors the world over, when 'A*Men was launched and the world of fragrances changed forever. Angel was inducted into the Fifi awards Hall of fame in 2007, an annual event sponsored by The Fragrance Foundation which honor the fragrance industry's creative achievements. A*men also won the 1998 fragrance of the year - Prestige there. Mugler approched Clarins to help him create and market his first perfume, and to this day Mugler is still part of the Clarins empire.
An incomplete History
1996 A*Men
2004 Angel Men Travel spray (January USA only release of presentation box containing a tall skinny rubber flask fitted with 15ml cartridge ans two separate 15ml refill cartridges. Batch number 401327)
2004 B*Men
2004 B*Men Metal flask edition in presentation box (Batch number 408074). Released in August 2004
2006 A*Men summer flash
2007 Ice*Men
2008 Pure coffee
2009 Pure Malt Edition Limitee
2010 Show collection Bracelet de force Limited Edition (A-men in different rubber flask). Released October 2010
2010 A*Men sunessence edition orage d'ete (Released in March another summer version of A*MEN)
2011 Pure Malt - Rerelease due to popular demand. No longer says 'edition limitee' on the front.
2011 Pure Havane Edition Limitee (Original white Cigar style logo on box) Released in May 2011
2011 Le gout de parfum (The Taste of fragrance) – Sometimes referred to as 'Pure Chilli' and created with a chefs eye to a fragrance, by Helene Darozze.
2011 30ml Zamac metal rechargeable edition
2011 2ml Zamac Metal rechargeable edition sample 'Not for sale' on box
2012 Les parfums de cuir (Pure Leather) Released in October 2012.
2012 A*men Gold edition – Limited edition gold flacon in presentation box like B*Men special edition). Manufactured in November 2011 for 2012 release.
2012 Pure Shot (See below for details)
2012 Pure Havane (USA only re-release due to popular demand still with white cigar box style label on the box)
2013 Pure Energy – Edition Limitee (Re-released 'Pure shot', again in white rubber flacon)
2013 Pure malt creation (Special limited edition variation on original 'Pure malt', in a white box with silver lettering).
2014 Pure Havane - January Re-release in a different box. No white cigar label. Now says: 'Thierry Mugler' and underneath 'Sublimee de notes fumees-sublimented by smoky notes'. Still original formulation.
2014 A*Men Urban - Limited edition. Created by Jacques Huclier & Givaudan, a Swiss manufacturer of flavors, fragrances, and active cosmetic ingredients.
2014 Pure Havane – Sublimee de notes fumees (Re-release now in a different box. Cigar style white logo replaced by oblong white logo. 'Thierry mugler' in gold on front of box)
2014 Pure wood – Sublimee de notes boisees, Released June 2014.
2015 Ultra zest Edition Limitee(The first move away from the 'Pure' series of names.
2015 A*Men vaporisateur Metal rechargeable (Metal Zamac flacon in standard Pure series box)
2015 Pure Havane - October 2nd re-release. 1st reformulation with box the same as 2014 release.
2015 Pure Malt - October re-release. 1st reformulation with box the same as 2012 release.
2016 Pure Tonka – Sublimee de notes torrefiees. Released Feb 2016.
2016 Pure Havane (Still same box as 2014 release and re-released)
2017 Kryptomint (Sometimes referred to as 'Pure mint'.) The new box now states 'MUGLER' instead of 'Thierry Mugler' on front.
2018 Pure Malt (Reformulation). The new box now states 'MUGLER' instead of 'Thierry Mugler' on front.
2018 Pure Havane – April re-release and 2nd reformulation. 'Sublimee de notes fumees' (Repackaged for the third time. Oblong white logo and now says 'MUGLER' on front of box. Reformulated with prominent cherry/honey opening and arguably diminished longevity and projection.
2018 A*Men Silver metal Zamac edition in normal Mugler box rather than presentation box)
2018 Alien Man
2019 Alien Man Fusion
2019 A*Men Ultimate
An interesting theme which runs through the Mugler 'Pure' and A*Men/B*Men series of fragrances comes from the nose behind them, Perfumer Jacques Huclier. Huclier only shared duties on a few fragrances: B*Men with Christine Nagel/Ultra Zest with Quintin Bisch & Taste of Fragrance with top chef Helene Darozze.
'PURE SHOT' & THE 'FACE OF MUGLER' OSCAR PISTORIUS
Oscar Leonard Carl Pistorius was a South African Double amputee athlete from 2004 to 2013 known as 'Blade runner' after his endeavours at the Paralympic and Olympic games, even competing against non-disabled professional competition. On 14th February 2013, Pistorius shot and killed his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp at his home in Pretoria. A year later after a high profile court case, he was cleared of murder but found guilty of Culpable homicide and handed down a five year prison sentence and a concurrent three year suspended sentence for a reckless endangerment charge. In 2015 his case was heard by the Supreme Court of Appeal which overturned the verdict of Culpable homicide and convicted him of murder, extending his sentence to six years which was later extended to a term of Thirteen years after the State appealed at a lenient sentence.
At the height of his fame as an athlete, Pistorius had won six Gold medals at the Paralympic games, as well as a silver and bronze, a Gold at the IPC World Championships and three other silver medals.
In March 2011, one month after signing a contract with the Clarins Group and Mugler, Pistorius featured in an advertising campaign for Thierry Mugler's A*MEN, directed by Ali Mahdavi. In the advert he is wearing his customary artificial carbon fibre limbs but coated in a futuristic chrome cladding which was designed by Thierry Mugler & Stefano Canulli. Two versions of the advert were aired if fifteen and thirty second guise along with various magazine spreads.
In 2012 Mugler had launched 'Pure shot', which understandably, following Pistorius' arrest and trial over the shooting of his girlfriend, became something of a coincidental faux pas in terms of marketing and association, and the decision was made to drop him from all future campaigns. Mugler stated that the decision to drop Pistorius was ' Out of respect and compassion for the families implicated in this tragedy'. Nike also dropped the convicted ex-athlete.
Left in something of a pickle, production of 'Pure shot' was terminated and the design team quickly utilised the same white flacon and blue and white boxes used for 'Pure shot', now repackaged as 'Pure energy' which was released in 2013. To say that the renaming and repackaging has caused confusion to this day would be an understatement, with internet fragrance sites alive with stories and rumours, reasons for changes and a belief that the two perfumes were and are different in aromatic terms. Even on Fragrantica the overall scores differ for what is essentially the same perfume repackaged.
Personal favourites
Fragrantica scores show Pure malt creation as most loved with 4.58 followed by original 2011 Pure havane 4.43. Then Original pure malt 4.41 and ultra zest 4.28. Bringing up the rear with least liked is Bracelet de force at 3.29 though that is partly due to rarity and the fact it was simply A*Men repackaged. The father of all A*Men scores a measly 3.77, due in part to poor reviews for the newer refomulations.
Each of us are different, each of us has a different take on a smell, and any top five or ten of fragrances is deeply personal, subjective, sometimes even sentimental. Take my choices with a pinch of salt, because what I love, what fragrances work on my skin, with my oils, may not work on someone else's. But... as a lover of tonka bean and vanilla in a fragrance there could be only one winner for my nose and that would be...
Pure Tonka
A heavenly, creamy caramel, latte of a fragrance which, although fairly linear on my skin throughout the duration of it's stay, just wafts into my nasal cavity and gives me a feel good factor which is beaten by no other fragrance on the planet. That's right, it is my go to, signature scent, receiving countless compliments from customers and co workers alike (I work in retail meeting hundreds of the great unwashed public every single day), and standing the test of time, easily lasting up to ten hours on my old craggy skin. It is 'da bomb'. Nectar. The holy grail. I am in love with that juice. There, I've said it. Nothing that a year of therapy cannot cure me of!
Close behind would be the original formulation of Pure Havane which is just insanely gorgeous, then Pure Energy/Pure shot, Pure Malt (Original formulation and Pure malt creation), and Pure wood which is a stunner. My least favourite is Kryptomint, not because I don't care for the aroma, more that on my skin it becomes a skin scent within two hours and that for me is not acceptable.
And what about original formula A*Men from 1996.... I just can't bring myself to compare it the it's siblings and flanker army. It's still just so special, so unique, so important in my own life, the first fragrance that really changed my life. It made me feel special, it gave me confidence that I could pull it off when many of my peers still clung to mediocre, underwhelming, under performing fragrances that did them no service. A*Men is something special, a game changer, it still is, if you can get yourself a vintage bottle over the various reformulations that have lost that amazing opening 'tar' note, along with what was once stratospheric levels of sillage, projection and longevity. The new formula is still excellent, still different, still a great, but not 'as' great as the original.
The future of the 'Pure' series
Well, sadly, now in March 2019 having dealt with a lovely lady who works for the Mugler/Clarins empire out of 'House of Fraser', and has an insiders ear to the ground so to speak... It seems to be a case of time up for the pure series. At least for now. Mutterings in the fragrance community, Basenotes and Fragrantica message boards and even some well known fragrance reviewers residing in the sanctuary of 'YouTube' land, have been heard begging for Mugler to put a cap on the plethora of A*Men flankers, seal it tight and chuck it over the tallest waterfall they can find! Many have long believed that Mugler needed to reinvent themselves with an entirely new, standalone male fragrance with a name that doesn't include the word 'Pure', nor come in a rubber flask that posesses the worst spray mechanism in any fragrance known on this entire planet (I shit you not. It's true sadly and there are YouTube videos teaching you how to liberate the sprayer within by butchering the lovely rubber flask!!!). It seems that myself and a few Mugler diehards are unfortunately in a minority, a sad fact backed by the release of the awful 'Alien man' and 'Alien fusion' offerings.... I'd like to type more but I've gone into a rage over the new releases, have started pounding on the keyboard like a boxer in a heavyweight title fight and fear that I may go balls out postal at any given moment......
I am not alone in finding 'Alien man' an utter and bewildering mess of a fragrance, too floral, too feminine and on my skin projection, sillage and logevity are less than that of the lesser spotted May fly found only in remote sections of the Pongamuchly rain forest of Papua new guinea with a life span measured in minutes! If I wanted to buy a skin scent, I could always revisit Brutt 33 and it's kindred spirits. A relative non seller, Mugler tried to boost sales by reinventing the fragrance with 'Alien fusion', but alas for my taste, a similar failure to it's older brother is inevitable, and although part of my collection, not one that I reach for often, nor would care to purchase in the near future, unless reduced to a snivelling cut priced bargain at my local back street chemist with a few packs of waterproof plasters and some incontinence pads thrown in as a sweetener! I lament the demise of the pure range that I have loved for so many years, and still do. I scour the bay of fleas (that would be Ebay), for vintage bottles of Havane and malt, B*Men and Pure wood, and can only hope that at some point new and exciting aromas might see the light of day. 'Pure sicilian lemon zest', 'pure vanilla','Pure Grapefruit and mango', 'Pure suede'..... well, a man can dream can't he...
OCTOBER 2019 'Pure series' Resurection...
Released in October 2019 came a shot out of the blue... quite literally... in the shape of the Blue box, Blue flacon and blue Star of A*Men Ultimate. Described as an oriental woody fragrance created once more by Jacques Huclier, and reaching a 3.8 score out of 5 on Fragrantica, the fragrance certainly seemed to offer a little of the old magic from some of the past pure series releases.
Any info on Pure fragrances that I have missed would be gratefully accepted. If you have not tried any of the Pure series... what the hell is wrong with you! Get out there and sample some now. It's a brave new world of fragrances and some of the finest smells in a bottle ever made are right there in the Mugler back catalogue... What are you waiting for..
Part two of 'A devil's take on 'Angel*Men' & the 'Pure series' of Manfred Thierry Mugler', looks at the thorny issue of reformulations, specifically of MUGLER PURE HAVANA and can be found here:
www.flickr.com/photos/despitestraightlines/47397173002/in...
Part three can be found here:
www.flickr.com/photos/despitestraightlines/46769907944/in...
****UPDATE ON MOVING AWAY FROM MUGLER****
My journey with Mugler ended somewhere in 2020 when I sold off my entire collection to a very happy collector, as I had grown disillusioned with the way that Mugler no longer cared about it's male customers.
The Alien Man range was in my opinion weak and feeble, and the constant watering down and reformulation of the superb Pure Malt and Pure Havane fragrances left me angry and not wishing to waste any more of my money on such rubbish. With the death of the Pure range came a drive upwards in prices on original bottles, and by February 2023 you could see Pure Havane and Pure Malt/Pure Tonka boxed editions selling for anything up to £200 a pop on the Bay of Fleas!
Time to walk away from a once loved range.
I moved onto other ranges, and found a beautiful and almost identical fragrance to my beloved Mugler Pure Havane, in the shape of Reyane Tradition INSURRECTION II WILD which was released in France in 2013. Initially commanding a mere $20 in the USA, by the time I found it it was between £40 and £75 in the UK. It is utterly gorgeous and takes me back to Pure Havane every time I use it with a honey, heavy cherry and cuban cigar vibe that is addictive.
I also moved towards the house of Maison Margiela where the Replica range which has run since 2012, has fabulous fragrances such as BY THE FIREPLACE (smoky/boozy like Havane) and JAZZ CLUB (as good as Pure Malt), plus UNDER THE LEMON TREES (Better than Pure Zest), WHISPERS IN THE LIBRARY (like Pure Leather)... also limited runs and costing £110 retail, but also offering me those gorgeous aromas I so loved with Mugler (duty free prices come down to £80 and similar on discount fragrance sites)
Paul Williams March 21st 2019 and updated on March 16th 2023
German postcard by Ufa/Film-Foto-Verlag, Berlin-Tempelhof, no. FK 416. Photo: A. Grimm / Fanal / Panorama Film.
German actor Paul Henckels (1885-1967) appeared in over 230 films, often as a supporting actor. He played in films by directors like Fritz Lang, Jacques Feyder, and G.W. Pabst. He also worked as a stage actor, a stage director, and as a theatre manager.
Paul Henckels was born in 1885 in Hürth, near Köln (Cologne), Germany. His father was the industrialist and painter Paul Abraham Henckels and his mother was the actress Cäcilia Warszawska. Paul studied from 1905 till 1907 at the Hochschule für Bühnenkunst at the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus. He made his first stage appearance in Kotzebue’s Die deutschen Kleinstädter; and was a great success in the title role of Schneider Wibbel (1913), written by his school buddy Hans Müller-Schlösser. The great Max Reinhardt invited him in 1920 to come to Berlin. In 1921, Henckels was a co-founder and the artistic director of the Schlosspark-Theater in Berlin. Here he appeared in 1922 as Molière’s Der Geizige/The Miser. He later would work for the Volksbühne, Deutschen Theater and many other Berlin stages. From 1936 till 1945 he was engaged at the prestigious Preußischen Staatstheater in Berlin under intendant Gustaf Gründgens. In 1921 film star Henny Porten discovered him for the cinema. After a minor part as "O. Henckels" in Das Geheimnis der sechs Spielkarten, 5. Teil – Herz König (1921), Porten gave him the male lead as the evil antagonist Jasper in Das Geheimnis von Brinkenhof (Svend Gade, 1923).
Among his other silent films are INRI (Robert Wiene, 1923) with Porten, Staatsanwalt Jordan (Karl Gerhardt, 1926) with Hans Mierendorff, Thérèse Raquin (Jacques Feyder, 1928) starring Gina Manès, Der Biberpelz/The Beaver Fur (Erich Schönfelder, 1928) opposite La Jana, Die große Liebe (Revolutionshochzeit) (A.W. Sandberg, 1928) with Diomira Jacobini and Karina Bell, Ariadne in Hoppegarten (Robert Dinesen, 1928) with Maria Jacobini, Der Unüberwindliche (Max Obal, 1928) with Luciano Albertini, Geschlecht in Fesseln (Wilhelm Dieterle, 1928), § 173 St.G.B. Blutschande/Culpable Marriages (James Bauer, 1929), and the Henny Porten films Liebfraumlich (Carl Froehlich, 1928-29) and Mutterliebe (Georg Jacoby, 1929). When the sound film was near at hand he was enthusiastic about the idea of a talking picture. He worked at the ‘practice of the sound film actor’, and directed a short film, Paul Graets als Berliner Zeitungsjunge (1929). The early sound film offered him leading parts in such films as Skandal um Eva/Scandal Around Eva (Georg Wilhelm Pabst, 1930) starring Henny Porten, Er und sein Diener/He and His Servant (Steve Sekely, 1931), and Flachsmann als Erzieher/Flachsmann as Educator (Carl Heinz Wolff, 1930) opposite Charlotte Ander. He directed himself in Schneider Wibbel/Tailor Wibbel (Paul Henckels, 1931).
Typical for Paul Henckels film characters is their accent and humour from the Rhineland region. He often played cranky and stubborn fellows. Among his films were Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse/ The Testament of Dr. Mabuse (Fritz Lang, 1933), Ein idealer Gatte/An Ideal Husband (Herbert Selpin, 1935) starring Brigitte Helm; Napoleon ist an allem Schuld/Napoleon is to Blame for Everything (Curt Goetz, 1938), Der Maulkorb/The Muzzle (Erich Engel, 1938) and Zwei in einer großen Stadt/Two in a Big City (Volker von Collande, 1942). Unforgettable was his character Professor Bommel in Die Feuerzangenbowle (Helmut Weiss, 1944). This is the second film version of Heinrich Spoerl's novel about pupils playing various tricks and jokes on their teachers. The twist in the story is the leader of the pack, the major cause of the teachers' headaches: Johannes Pfeiffer (Heinz Rühmann) is not a real pupil at all. He is a successful playwright with a PhD. One evening at the pub his friends discover that he never went to a school but was educated privately. Their stories of their boyhood years persuade him to see for himself and 'be a boy again'. The film was made in 1944, so it is a bit astonishing that the Nazi censors were prepared to pass a film with such an anti-authoritarian message. Die Feuerzangenbowle is very well made and today enjoys a cult status in Germany.
Paul Henckels’ first post-war film was Wozzeck (Georg C. Klaren, 1947), based on the famous play by Georg Büchner. In this early DEFA production he played a cold and cynically experimenting doctor. His later roles were more stereotypical characters. To his last films belong Pension Schöller (Georg Jacoby, 1952) starring Camilla Spira, Hollandmädel (J. A. Hübler-Kahla, 1953), Staatsanwältin Corda/Prosecutor Corda (Karl Ritter, 1954), Kirschen in Nachbars Garten/Cherries in the Neighbour’s Garden (Erich Engels, 1956), and Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull/Confessions of Felix Krull (Kurt Hoffmann, 1957) featuring Horst Buchholz. He focussed on his stage work and did recital tours, performing Wilhelm Busch and German classics. During the 1950s and 1960s he also appeared often on TV, like in Die fröhliche Weinrunde/The Cheerful Wine Bout with singer Margit Schramm, and in Nachsitzen für Erwachsene/Detention for Adults as a professor, who explained interesting phenomenons for a class with four adults (among them was film actor Hans Richter). In 1962 he was awarded the Filmband in Gold for his longtime and important contributions to the German cinema. Paul Henckels died in 1967 in Kettwig, now Essen. He was married with actress Thea Grodtzinsky. His first wife was Cecilia Brie, a former actress, with whom he had three children.
Sources: Thomas Staedeli (Cyranos), Stephanie D'heil (Steffi-line.de), Wikipedia, Filmportal.de, and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
1954 - Grünenthal patents thalidomide
1957 - Thalidomide is licensed in Germany
1957 - Germany main release of the drug (test marketing started at least a year earlier)
1958 - Thalidomide is licensed in the UK to Distillers
1958 - UK distribution begins through the NHS
1960 - Drug companies attempted to release Thalidomide in the USA but held back by Dr Frances Kelsey of the FDA until evidence of its safety was proven
1961 - Drug withdrawal announced in Germany, UK withdrawal commenced within a week, newborns still affected till 1965
1962 - A Belgian woman was found not guilty of murdering her thalidomide baby
1962 - First (and final) public announcement in UK that drug was not to be used
1964 - It's discovered that the drug had a radical effect on some of the painful symptoms of leprosy
1973 - The Thalidomide Trust is established
1978 - The first German pharmaceutical law was passed in 1978, tests for teratogenicity became a legal requirement for drug approval.
1980s - Scientists once again became interested in the drug's complex properties and researchers began to explore its use in the treatment of a number of diseases, including cancer
1986 - Guinness bought Distillers
Late 1990's - It becomes apparent that many of the thalidomide surviors were encountering health problems including accelerated wear of joints and limbs, which were causing pain and further disability. By the age of 40, a number have had to have hip replacements and even shoulder replacements
1995 - Guinness agrees to contribute financially to the Thalidomide Trust
1997 - Dr. Bart Barlogie’s reported thalidomide’s initial effectiveness against Multiple Myeloma and it was later approved in the United States by the FDA for use in this malignancy
1998 - Guinness merges with Grand Metropolitan and forms Diageo
2004 - the government agrees to grant tax exemption to thalidomide beneficiaries of the Thalidomide Trust
2005 - Diageo makes an agreement with the Thalidomide Trust to increase funds
2009 - The UK Government admits it will contribute three years of limited funding to the Thalidomide Trust to assist with health needs
2010 - The UK Government acknowledges the pain and suffering caused by all those affected by thalidomide
Spain
1954 - Grünenthal patentes talidomida
1957 - La talidomida se licencia en Alemania
1957 - Alemania principal de liberación del fármaco ( comercialización de la prueba encendido al menos un año antes)
1958 - La talidomida tiene licencia en el Reino Unido para Distillers
1958 - Distribución Reino Unido comienza a través del NHS
1960 - Las compañías farmacéuticas intentaron liberar la talidomida en los EE.UU., pero frenados por el Dr. Frances Kelsey de la FDA hasta que se demostró evidencia de su seguridad
1961 - La retirada del fármaco anunciado en Alemania , Reino Unido inició la retirada dentro de una semana , los recién nacidos todavía afectada hasta 1965
1962 - Una mujer belga fue encontrado no culpable de asesinar a su bebé de la talidomida
1962 - La primera ( y última ) anuncio público en el Reino Unido que las drogas no se iba a utilizar
1964 - Ha descubierto que el fármaco tenía un efecto radical en algunos de los síntomas dolorosos de la lepra
1973 - Se establece la talidomida Fideicomiso
1978 - La primera ley farmacéutica alemana fue aprobada en 1978 , las pruebas de teratogenicidad se convirtió en un requisito legal para la aprobación de medicamentos .
1980 - Los científicos una vez más se interesó en propiedades complejas de la droga y los investigadores comenzaron a explorar su uso en el tratamiento de varias enfermedades , incluyendo cáncer
1986 - Guinness compró Distillers
Finales de 1990 - Se hace evidente que muchos de los surviors talidomida se encuentran con problemas de salud, incluyendo el desgaste acelerado de las articulaciones y extremidades , que estaban causando dolor y una mayor discapacidad . A la edad de 40 años, algunos han tenido que tener reemplazos de cadera e incluso reemplazos del hombro
1995 - Guinness se compromete a contribuir económicamente a la talidomida Fideicomiso
1997 - El Dr. Bart Barlogie reportado la eficacia inicial de la talidomida contra el mieloma múltiple y más tarde fue aprobado en los Estados Unidos por la FDA para su uso en este tipo de cáncer
1998 - Guinness se fusiona con Grand Metropolitan y Diageo formas
2004 - el gobierno se compromete a conceder la exención de impuestos a los beneficiarios de la talidomida talidomida Fideicomiso
2005 - Diageo tiene un acuerdo con la talidomida Fiduciario para aumentar los fondos
2009 - El Gobierno del Reino Unido admite que contribuirá con tres años de financiamiento limitado a la talidomida confianza para ayudar con las necesidades de salud
2010 - El Gobierno británico reconoce el dolor y el sufrimiento causado por todos los afectados por la talidomida
German
1954 - Grünenthal Thalidomid Patente
1957 - Thalidomid ist in Deutschland zugelassen
1957 - Deutschland Haupt- Freisetzung des Wirkstoffs (Test -Marketing gestartet mindestens ein Jahr zuvor )
1958 - Thalidomid wird in Großbritannien lizenziert Distillers
1958 - UK Verteilung beginnt durch den NHS
1960 - Pharmafirmen versucht, Thalidomid in den USA lassen aber zurück von Dr. Frances Kelsey von der FDA bis Beweise für ihre Sicherheit nachgewiesen wurde gehalten
1961 - Drogenentzug in Deutschland angekündigt , UK Rücktritt innerhalb einer Woche begonnen , Neugeborene noch bis 1965 betroffen
1962 - Ein belgischer Frau wurde für nicht schuldig befunden des Mordes an ihrem Baby Thalidomid
1962 - Erste (und letzte ) öffentliche Ankündigung in UK , dass Drogen nicht verwendet werden
1964 - Es wird festgestellt, dass das Medikament eine radikale Wirkung auf einige der schmerzhaften Symptome der Lepra hatte
1973 - Der Contergan- Trust gegründet
1978 - Die erste deutsche Arzneimittelgesetz 1978 verabschiedet wurde, wurde für Tests Teratogenität eine gesetzliche Verpflichtung für Arzneimittelzulassung .
1980er - Wissenschaftler wurde wieder interessierte in der Droge komplexen Eigenschaften und Forscher begannen , die Nutzung zu erkunden in der Behandlung einer Reihe von Krankheiten , darunter Krebs
1986 - Guinness gekauft Distillers
Ende der 1990er Jahre - Es wird deutlich, dass viele der Thalidomid surviors wurden begegnen gesundheitlichen Problemen einschließlich beschleunigter Verschleiß von Gelenken und Gliedmaßen , die Schmerzen und weiteren Behinderung wurden . Bis zum Alter von 40 , haben eine Reihe musste Hüftprothesen und sogar Schulter Ersatz haben
1995 - Guinness stimmt , sich finanziell an der Thalidomid Vertrauen
1997 - Dr. Bart Barlogie berichtete Thalidomid anfängliche Wirksamkeit gegen das Multiple Myelom , und es wurde später in den USA von der FDA zugelassen zur Verwendung in dieser Bösartigkeit
1998 - Guinness verschmilzt mit Grand Metropolitan und Formen Diageo
2004 - Die Regierung stimmt zu, Steuerbefreiung für Thalidomid Nutznießer der Thalidomid Vertrauen gewähren
2005 - Diageo macht eine Vereinbarung mit dem Thalidomid Trust Fonds zu erhöhen
2009 - Die britische Regierung räumt ein, es wird drei Jahre der begrenzten Mittel auf die Thalidomid Vertrauen tragen dazu mit gesundheitlichen Bedürfnissen zu unterstützen
2010 - Die britische Regierung räumt ein, den Schmerz und das Leid von all jenen von Thalidomid verursacht betroffen
No es ni mas ni menos que la primera cumbre que ascendi cuando era niño y la cual desperto una pasion hacia la montaña que no cesa aunque pasen los años.
Me encantan :$ Falta algen que los bese no más! xd
El culpable soy yo, por dejar que el corazón te amara tanto asi, por dejar que aquellos besos me hisieran tan FELIZ!, mira lo que soy SIN TI! ¿que voy hacer con lo que siento? ♪
Una Flor一朵花A Flower
La cantante y actriz estadounidense Sofia Carson
Una Flor
Song by Sofia Carson ‧ 2018
Quiero ser franca, honesta contigo
No soy culpable pero me has enloquecido
Quiero ser franca, honesta contigo
Te necesito mucho mas des lo
Debido y es difícil explicar y te regalo
Una flor por cada beso que me diste
Una flor por cada lagrima que no llore
Una flor por cada tarde que me amaste
Una flor por el instante en que me enamore
Es imposible pretender que no muero
Por tu sonrisa
Por tu mirada que me hipnotiza
Es imposible no decirte te quiero
Es que puedo mas, callar mi corazón
Ya es tan difícil respirar sin ti
Una flor por cada beso que me diste
Una flor por cada lagrima que no llore
Una flor por cada tarde que me amaste
Una flor por el instante en que me enamore
Una flor por cada beso que me diste
Una flor por cada lagrima que no llore
Y una flor por cada tarde que me amaste
Una flor por el instante en que me enamore
美國歌手兼演員索菲亞卡森
一朵花
索菲亞卡森的歌曲 • 2018
我想坦誠地和你說話
我沒有罪，但你讓我發瘋
我想坦誠地和你說話
我更需要你
因為很難解釋，我給你
你給我的每一個吻都代表一朵花
每滴未流出的眼淚都會有一朵花
每天下午一朵花代表你愛我
一朵花代表我墜入愛河的那一刻
我無法假裝自己沒有死
為了你的微笑
你的眼神讓我著迷
我無法不告訴你我愛你
我可以做更多，讓我的心安靜下來
沒有你，我很難呼吸
你給我的每一個吻都代表一朵花
每滴未流下的眼淚都代表一朵花
每天下午一朵花代表你愛我
一朵花代表我墜入愛河的那一刻
你給我的每一個吻都代表一朵花
每滴未流下的眼淚都代表一朵花
每天下午你都會給我一朵花那是你對我的愛
一朵花代表我墜入愛河的那一刻
American singer and actress Sofia Carson
A Flower
Song by Sofia Carson ‧ 2018
I want to be frank, honest with you
I'm not guilty but you've driven me crazy
I want to be frank, honest with you
I need you much more than
I should and it's hard to explain and I give you
A flower for every kiss you gave me
A flower for every tear I didn't cry
A flower for every afternoon you loved me
A flower for the moment I fell in love
It's impossible to pretend I won't die
For your smile
For your look that hypnotizes me
It's impossible not to tell you I love you
It's that I can do more, to silence my heart
It's already so difficult to breathe without you
A flower for every kiss you gave me
A flower for every tear I didn't cry
A flower for every afternoon you loved me
A flower for the moment I fell in love
A flower for every kiss you gave me
A flower for every tear I didn't I cried
And a flower for every afternoon that you loved me
A flower for the moment that I fell in love
Prohibition in the early to mid-20th century was fueled by the Protestant denominations in the United States.Pietistic churches in the United States sought to end drinking and the saloon culture during the Third Party System. Liturgical ("high") churches (Catholic, Episcopal, and German Lutheran) opposed prohibition laws because they did not want the government redefining morality to a narrow standard and criminalizing the common liturgical practice of using wine.The Volstead Act specifically allowed individual farmers to make certain wines "on the legal fiction that it was a non-intoxicating fruit-juice for home consumption",[119] and many did so. Enterprising grape farmers produced liquid and semi-solid grape concentrates, often called "wine bricks" or "wine blocks".[120] This demand led California grape growers to increase their land under cultivation by about 700% during the first five years of Prohibition. The grape concentrate was sold with a warning: "After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water, do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days, because then it would turn into wine"The Volstead Act specifically allowed individual farmers to make certain wines "on the legal fiction that it was a non-intoxicating fruit-juice for home consumption",[119] and many did so. Enterprising grape farmers produced liquid and semi-solid grape concentrates, often called "wine bricks" or "wine blocks".[120] This demand led California grape growers to increase their land under cultivation by about 700% during the first five years of Prohibition. The grape concentrate was sold with a warning: "After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water, do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days, because then it would turn into wine"Supporters of the Amendment soon became confident that it would not be repealed. Revivalism in Second Great Awakening and the Third Great Awakening in the mid-to-late 19th century set the stage for the bond between pietistic Protestantism and prohibition in the United States: "The greater prevalence of revival religion within a population, the greater support for the Prohibition parties within that population."[80] Historian Nancy Koester argued that Prohibition was a "victory for progressives and social gospel activists battling poverty".[81] Prohibition also united progressives and revivalists..The temperance movement had popularized the belief that alcohol was the major cause of most personal and social problems and prohibition was seen as the solution to the nation's poverty, crime, violence, and other ills.[83] Upon ratification of the amendment, the famous evangelist Billy Sunday said that "The slums will soon be only a memory. We will turn our prisons into factories and our jails into storehouses and corncribs." (Compare Christianity and alcohol.) Since alcohol was to be banned and since it was seen as the cause of most, if not all, crime, some communities sold their jails.The nation was highly optimistic and the leading prohibitionist in the United States Congress, Senator Morris Sheppard, confidently asserted that "There is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a hummingbird to fly to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied to its tail.One of its creators, Senator Morris Sheppard, joked that "there is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a humming-bird to fly to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied to its tail.In January 1917, the 65th Congress convened, in which the dries outnumbered the wets by 140 to 64 in the Democratic Party and 138 to 62 among Republicans. With America's declaration of war against Germany in April, German Americans, a major force against prohibition, were sidelined and their protests subsequently ignored. In addition, a new justification for prohibition arose: prohibiting the production of alcoholic beverages would allow more resources—especially grain that would otherwise be used to make alcohol—to be devoted to the war effort. While wartime prohibition was a spark for the movement,[36] World War I ended before nationwide Prohibition was enacted.
Four and twenty Yankees, feeling very dry,
Went across the border to get a drink of rye.
When the rye was opened, the Yanks began to sing,
"God bless America, but God save the King!
Edward, Prince of Wales, returned to the United Kingdom following his tour of Canada in 1919, he recounted to his father, King George V, a ditty he had heard at a border town.
Prohibition was an important force in state and local politics from the 1840s through the 1930s. Numerous historical studies demonstrated that the political forces involved were ethnoreligious.[28] Prohibition was supported by the dries, primarily pietistic Protestant denominations that included Methodists, Northern Baptists, Southern Baptists, New School Presbyterians, Disciples of Christ, Congregationalists, Quakers, and Scandinavian Lutherans, but also included the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America and, to a certain extent, the Latter-day Saints. These religious groups identified saloons as politically corrupt and drinking as a personal sin. Other active organizations included the Women's Church Federation, the Women's Temperance Crusade, and the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction. They were opposed by the wets, primarily liturgical Protestants (Episcopalians and German Lutherans) and Roman Catholics, who denounced the idea that the government should define morality.[29] Even in the wet stronghold of New York City there was an active prohibition movement, led by Norwegian church groups and African-American labor activists who believed that prohibition would benefit workers, especially African Americans. Tea merchants and soda fountain manufacturers generally supported prohibition, believing a ban on alcohol would increase sales of their products.[30] A particularly effective operator on the political front was Wayne Wheeler of the Anti-Saloon League, who made Prohibition a wedge issue and succeeded in getting many pro-prohibition candidates elected. Wheeler became known as the "dry boss" because of his influence and powerProhibition represented a conflict between urban and rural values emerging in the United States. Given the mass influx of migrants to the urban centers of the United States, many individuals within the prohibition movement associated the crime and morally corrupt behavior of American cities with their large, immigrant populations. Saloons frequented by immigrants in these cities were often frequented by politicians who wanted to obtain the immigrants' votes in exchange for favors such as job offers, legal assistance, and food baskets. Thus, saloons were seen as a breeding ground for political corruption.In a backlash to the emerging reality of a changing American demographic, many prohibitionists subscribed to the doctrine of nativism, in which they endorsed the notion that America was made great as a result of its white Anglo-Saxon ancestry. This belief fostered resentments towards urban immigrant communities, who typically argued in favor of abolishing prohibition.[33] Additionally, nativist sentiments were part of a larger process of Americanization taking place during the same time period..Two other amendments to the Constitution were championed by dry crusaders to help their cause. One was granted in the Sixteenth Amendment (1913), which replaced alcohol taxes that funded the federal government with a federal income tax.[35] The other was women's suffrage, which was granted after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920; since women tended to support prohibition, temperance organizations tended to support women's suffrage.In the presidential election of 1916, the Democratic incumbent, Woodrow Wilson, and the Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, ignored the prohibition issue, as did both parties' political platforms. Democrats and Republicans had strong wet and dry factions, and the election was expected to be close, with neither candidate wanting to alienate any part of his political base.In January 1917, the 65th Congress convened, in which the dries outnumbered the wets by 140 to 64 in the Democratic Party and 138 to 62 among Republicans. With America's declaration of war against Germany in April, German Americans, a major force against prohibition, were sidelined and their protests subsequently ignored. In addition, a new justification for prohibition arose: prohibiting the production of alcoholic beverages would allow more resources—especially grain that would otherwise be used to make alcohol—to be devoted to the war effort. While wartime prohibition was a spark for the movement,[36] World War I ended before nationwide Prohibition was enacted.A resolution calling for a Constitutional amendment to accomplish nationwide Prohibition was introduced in Congress and passed by both houses in December 1917. By January 16, 1919, the Amendment had been ratified by 36 of the 48 states needed to assure it passage into law. Eventually, only two of those states—Connecticut and Rhode Island—opted out of ratifying it.[37][38] On October 28, 1919, Congress passed enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment when it went into effect in 1920.Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the sale, production, importation, and transportation of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. It was promoted by the "dry" crusaders, a movement led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Democratic and Republican parties, and was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Prohibition was mandated under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were prohibited. For example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law; however, in many areas, local laws were stricter, with some states banning possession outright. Nationwide, Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, on December 5, 1933.Prohibition marked one of the last stages of the Progressive Era. During the 19th century, alcoholism, drug abuse, gambling addiction, and a variety of other social ills and abuses led to the activism to try to cure the perceived problems in society. Among other things, this led many communities in the late 19th and early 20th century to introduce alcohol prohibition, with the subsequent enforcement in law becoming a hotly debated issue. Prohibition supporters, called dries, presented it as a victory for public morals and health. Anti-prohibitionists, known as wets, criticized the alcohol ban as an intrusion of mainly rural Protestant ideals on a central aspect of urban, immigrant, and Catholic life. Although popular opinion believes that Prohibition failed, it succeeded in cutting overall alcohol consumption in half during the 1920s, and consumption remained below pre-Prohibition levels until the 1940s, suggesting that Prohibition did socialize a significant proportion of the population in temperate habits, at least temporarily.[1] Some researchers contend that its political failure is attributable more to a changing historical context than to characteristics of the law itself.[2] Criticism remains that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations. As an experiment it lost supporters every year, and lost tax revenue that governments needed when the Great Depression began in 1929.The U.S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18, 1917. Upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16, 1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, on January 17, 1920.On November 18, 1918, prior to ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, the U.S. Congress passed the temporary Wartime Prohibition Act, which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages having an alcohol content of greater than 2.75%.[6] (This act, which had been intended to save grain for the war effort, was passed after the armistice ending World War I was signed on November 11, 1918.) The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30, 1919, with July 1, 1919, becoming known as the "Thirsty-First".On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. The act established the legal definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them.[9] Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government lacked resources to enforce it. By 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs.While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized and widespread criminal activity.[11] Many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes (such as Chicago's Saint Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929), when prohibition was supposed to reduce crime. Prohibition lost its advocates one by one, while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime.On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with an alcohol content of 3.2% (by weight) and wine of a similarly low alcohol content. On December 5, 1933, ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment. However, United States federal law still prohibits the manufacture of distilled spirits without meeting numerous licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce spirits for personal beverage use.Consumption of alcoholic beverages has been a contentious topic in America since the colonial period. In May 1657, the General Court of Massachusetts made the sale of strong liquor "whether known by the name of rum, whisky, wine, brandy, etc." illegal.In general, informal social controls in the home and community helped maintain the expectation that the abuse of alcohol was unacceptable. "Drunkenness was condemned and punished, but only as an abuse of a God-given gift. Drink itself was not looked upon as culpable, any more than food deserved blame for the sin of gluttony. Excess was a personal indiscretion."[15] When informal controls failed, there were legal options.Shortly after the United States obtained independence, the Whiskey Rebellion took place in western Pennsylvania in protest of government-imposed taxes on whiskey. Although the taxes were primarily levied to help pay down the newly formed national debt, it also received support from some social reformers, who hoped a "sin tax" would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol.[16] The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party, which opposed the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton and George Washington, came to power in 1800.Benjamin Rush, one of the foremost physicians of the late eighteenth century, believed in moderation rather than prohibition. In his treatise, "The Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind" (1784), Rush argued that the excessive use of alcohol was injurious to physical and psychological health, labeling drunkenness as a disease.[18] Apparently influenced by Rush's widely discussed belief, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community formed a temperance association in 1789. Similar associations were formed in Virginia in 1800 and New York in 1808.[19] Within a decade, other temperance groups had formed in eight states, some of them being statewide organizations. The words of Rush and other early temperance reformers served to dichotomize the use of alcohol for men and women. While men enjoyed drinking and often considered it vital to their health, women who began to embrace the ideology of "true motherhood" refrained from consumption of alcohol. Middle-class women, who were considered the moral authorities of their households, consequently rejected the drinking of alcohol, which they believed to be a threat to the home.[19] In 1830, on average, Americans consumed 1.7 bottles of hard liquor per week, three times the amount consumed in 2010.The 1898 Congressional Record, when reporting on a proposed tax on distilled spirits (H.R. 10253), noted that the relationship between populations, tax on distilled spirits (made from things other than fruit), and consumption was thus: (The Aggregates are grouped by tax rate)The American Temperance Society (ATS), formed in 1826, helped initiate the first temperance movement and served as a foundation for many later groups. By 1835 the ATS had reached 1.5 million members, with women constituting 35% to 60% of its chapters.The prohibition movement, also known as the dry crusade, continued in the 1840s, spearheaded by pietistic religious denominations, especially the Methodists. The late nineteenth century saw the temperance movement broaden its focus from abstinence to include all behavior and institutions related to alcohol consumption. Preachers such as Reverend Mark A. Matthews linked liquor-dispensing saloons with political corruption.Some successes were achieved in the 1850s, including the Maine law, adopted in 1851, which banned the manufacture and sale of liquor. However, it was repealed in 1856. The temperance movement lost strength and was marginalized during the American Civil War (1861–1865).Following the war, the dry crusade was revived by the national Prohibition Party, founded in 1869, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1873. The WCTU advocated the prohibition of alcohol as a method for preventing abuse from alcoholic husbands via education.[22] WCTU members believed that if their organization could reach children with its message, it could create a dry sentiment leading to prohibition. Frances Willard, the second president of the WCTU, held the aims of the organization were to create a "union of women from all denominations, for the purpose of educating the young, forming a better public sentiment, reforming the drinking classes, transforming by the power of Divine grace those who are enslaved by alcohol, and removing the dram-shop from our streets by law".[23] While still denied universal voting privileges, women in the WCTU followed Frances Willard's "Do Everything" doctrine and used temperance as a method of entering into politics and furthering other progressive issues such as prison reform and labor laws.In 1881 Kansas became the first state to outlaw alcoholic beverages in its Constitution. Carrie Nation gained notoriety for enforcing the state's ban on alcohol consumption by walking into saloons, scolding customers, and using her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor. Nation recruited ladies into the Carrie Nation Prohibition Group, which she also led. While Nation's vigilante techniques were rare, other activists enforced the dry cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol.[25] Other dry states, especially those in the South, enacted prohibition legislation, as did individual counties within a state.Court cases also debated the subject of prohibition. Although there was a tendency to support prohibition, some cases ruled in opposition. In Mugler v. Kansas (1887), Justice Harlan commented: "We cannot shut out of view the fact, within the knowledge of all, that the public health, the public morals, and the public safety, may be endangered by the general use of intoxicating drinks; nor the fact established by statistics accessible to every one, that the idleness, disorder, pauperism and crime existing in the country, are, in some degree...traceable to this evil."[26] In support of prohibition, Crowley v. Christensen (1890), remarked: "The statistics of every state show a greater amount of crime and misery attributable to the use of ardent spirits obtained at these retail liquor saloons than to any other source.Proliferation of neighborhood saloons in the post-Civil War era became a phenomenon of an increasingly industrialized, urban workforce. Workingmen's bars were popular social gathering places from the workplace and home life. The brewing industry was actively involved in establishing saloons as a lucrative consumer base in their business chain. Saloons were more often than not linked to a specific brewery, where the saloonkeeper's operation was financed by a brewer and contractually obligated to sell the brewer's product to the exclusion of competing brands. A saloon's business model often included the offer of a free lunch, where the bill of fare commonly consisting of heavily salted food meant to induce thirst and the purchase of drink.[27] During the Progressive Era (1890–1920), hostility toward saloons and their political influence became widespread, with the Anti-Saloon League superseding the Prohibition Party and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union as the most influential advocate of prohibition, after these latter two groups expanded their efforts to support other social reform issues, such as women's suffrage, onto their prohibition platform.One of the main reasons why Prohibition did not proceed smoothly was the inefficient means of enforcing it. From its inception, the Eighteenth Amendment lacked legitimacy in the eyes of the public who had previously been drinkers and law-abiding citizens. In some instances the public viewed Prohibition laws as "arbitrary and unnecessary", and therefore were willing to break them. Law enforcement found themselves overwhelmed by the rise in illegal, wide-scale alcohol distribution. The magnitude of their task was unexpected and law enforcement agencies lacked the necessary resources. Additionally, enforcement of the law under the Eighteenth Amendment lacked a centralized authority. Many attempts to impose Prohibition were deterred due to the lack of transparency between federal and state authorities. Clergymen were sometimes called upon to form vigilante groups to assist in the enforcement of Prohibition.[58] Furthermore, American geography contributed to the difficulties in enforcing Prohibition. The varied terrain of valleys, mountains, lakes, and swamps, as well as the extensive seaways, ports, and borders the United States shared with Canada and Mexico made it exceedingly difficult for Prohibition agents to stop bootleggers given their lack of resources. Ultimately it was recognized with its repeal that the means by which the law was to be enforced were not pragmatic, and in many cases the legislature did not match the general public opinion.The second Ku Klux Klan talked a great deal about denouncing bootleggers and threatened private vigilante action against known offenders. Despite its large membership in the mid-1920s, it was poorly organized and seldom had an impact. Indeed, the disgrace of the Klan after 1925 helped disparage any enforcement of Prohibition.[Prohibition was a major blow to the alcoholic beverage industry and its repeal was a step toward the amelioration of one sector of the economy. An example of this is the case of St. Louis, one of the most important alcohol producers before prohibition started, who was ready to resume its position in the industry as soon as possible. Its major brewery had "50,000 barrels" of beer ready for distribution since March 22, 1933, and was the first alcohol producer to resupply the market; others soon followed. After repeal, stores obtained liquor licenses and restocked for business. After beer production resumed, thousands of workers found jobs in the industry again.[Prohibition created a black market that competed with the formal economy, which came under pressure when the Great Depression struck in 1929. State governments urgently needed the tax revenue alcohol sales had generated. Franklin Roosevelt was elected in 1932 based in part on his promise to end prohibition, which influenced his support for ratifying the Twenty-first Amendment to repeal Prohibition.Most economists during the early 20th century were in favor for the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment.[86] Simon Patten, one of the leading advocates for prohibition, predicted that prohibition would eventually happen in the United States for competitive and evolutionary reasons. Yale economics professor Irving Fisher, who was a dry, wrote extensively about prohibition, including a paper that made an economic case for prohibition.[87] Fisher is credited with supplying the criteria against which future prohibitions, such as against marijuana, could be measured, in terms of crime, health, and productivity. For example, "Blue Monday" referred to the hangover workers experienced after a weekend of binge drinking, resulting in Mondays being a wasted productive day.[88] But new research has discredited Fisher's research, which was based on uncontrolled experiments; regardless, his $6 billion figure for the annual gains of Prohibition to the United States continues to be cited.[Making moonshine was an industry in the American South before and after Prohibition. In the 1950s muscle cars became popular and various roads became known as "Thunder Road" for their use by moonshiners. A popular ballad was created and the legendary drivers, cars, and routes were depicted on film in Thunder Road.Illegal sales are not officially reported or measured, but there are indirect estimates using alcohol related deaths and cirrhosis, a liver disease specifically tied to ongoing alcohol consumption.[94] Scholars estimate that consumption dropped to a low of about 60% of pre-prohibition levels around 1925, rising to almost 80% before the law was officially repealed.[citation needed] After the prohibition was implemented, alcohol continued to be consumed. However, how much compared to pre-Prohibition levels remains unclear. Studies examining the rates of cirrhosis deaths as a proxy for alcohol consumption estimated a decrease in consumption of 10–20%.[95][96][97] However, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's studies show clear epidemiological evidence that "overall cirrhosis mortality rates declined precipitously with the introduction of Prohibition," despite widespread flouting of the law.[98] One study reviewing city-level drunkenness arrests came to a similar result.[99] And, yet another study examining "mortality, mental health and crime statistics" found that alcohol consumption fell, at first, to approximately 30 percent of its pre-Prohibition level; but, over the next several years, increased to about 60–70 percent of its pre-prohibition level.Organized crime received a major boost from Prohibition. Mafia groups limited their activities to prostitution, gambling, and theft until 1920, when organized bootlegging emerged in response to Prohibition.[102] A profitable, often violent, black market for alcohol flourished. Prohibition provided a financial basis for organized crime to flourish.In a study of more than 30 major U.S. cities during the Prohibition years of 1920 and 1921, the number of crimes increased by 24%. Additionally, theft and burglaries increased by 9%, homicides by 12.7%, assaults and battery rose by 13%, drug addiction by 44.6%, and police department costs rose by 11.4%. This was largely the result of "black-market violence" and the diversion of law enforcement resources elsewhere. Despite the Prohibition movement's hope that outlawing alcohol would reduce crime, the reality was that the Volstead Act led to higher crime rates than were experienced prior to Prohibition and the establishment of a black market dominated by criminal organizations.[104] The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre produced seven deaths, considered one of the deadliest days of mob history.Furthermore, stronger liquor surged in popularity because its potency made it more profitable to smuggle. To prevent bootleggers from using industrial ethyl alcohol to produce illegal beverages, the federal government ordered the poisoning of industrial alcohols. In response, bootleggers hired chemists who successfully renatured the alcohol to make it drinkable. As a response, the Treasury Department required manufacturers to add more deadly poisons, including the particularly deadly methyl alcohol. New York City medical examiners prominently opposed these policies because of the danger to human life. As many as 10,000 people died from drinking denatured alcohol before Prohibition ended.[106] New York City medical examiner Charles Norris believed the government took responsibility for murder when they knew the poison was not deterring people and they continued to poison industrial alcohol (which would be used in drinking alcohol) anyway. Norris remarked: "The government knows it is not stopping drinking by putting poison in alcohol... [Y]et it continues its poisoning processes, heedless of the fact that people determined to drink are daily absorbing that poison. Knowing this to be true, the United States government must be charged with the moral responsibility for the deaths that poisoned liquor causes, although it cannot be held legally responsible.As a result of Prohibition, the advancements of industrialization within the alcoholic beverage industry were essentially reversed. Large-scale alcohol producers were shut down, for the most part, and some individual citizens took it upon themselves to produce alcohol illegally, essentially reversing the efficiency of mass-producing and retailing alcoholic beverages. Closing the country's manufacturing plants and taverns also resulted in an economic downturn for the industry. While the Eighteenth Amendment did not have this effect on the industry due to its failure to define an "intoxicating" beverage, the Volstead Act's definition of 0.5% or more alcohol by volume shut down the brewers, who expected to continue to produce beer of moderate strength.
Potafolio Profesional: André Maltes Arancibia
Visita: Fluidr
Visita: 500px
® André Maltes Arancibia
© Todos los derechos reservados.
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© Copyright: All rights are reserved - Derechos reservados.
Do not use, copy or edit any of my photographs without my permission.
No usar, copiar ni editar alguna de mis fotografías sin mi autorización.
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Bendito sea el placer que me producen: tus ojos, tu boca, tus palabras, tus suspiros, tus manos, tu cuerpo, tus pensamientos, tus emociones, tus recuerdos, tus enfados, tus cariños, tú calor. . . Bendita seas tú en mi vida . aunque no halla nadie aquí, me enamore del fantasma de un desconocido . . .
si todos debemos morir que no seas tú el culpable ♥
Two photos join forces here.
First, an excerpt from a letter written by Private Abraham Bevistein shortly before his execution on March 20th 1916, displayed in a small exhibition beside the memorial. Born in Poland of Jewish heritage, he arrived in Britain as a young child. He volunteered to serve in the war, against the wishes of his parents. He lied about his age and gave the name 'Harris' in order to enlist. Shortly after deployment his trench was attacked by a mine placed beneath it by tunneling German engineers. Later he had a grenade explode near him. He sought aid but was told to return to his post. He deserted instead and was found wandering the line. At the time of his execution he was 17 years of age.
The sculpture is of Private Herbert Burden, 1st Battalion Northumberland Fusiliers. He too was 17 and is also believed to have lied about his age to join up. He had already deserted twice and had gone absent without leave on at least seven occasions. He pleaded that on this final occasion he had left to check on the welfare of a friend. This may well have been true but those able to speak up for him had been killed in action. Even if it was true, so what? The army could hardly allow its front-line troops to wander as they wished. Burden was legally unrepresented at his court martial and it is probable that his form counted heavily against him. On 21st July 1915 he was executed by a firing squad drawn as usual from his own regiment to demonstrate to them the consequences of behaviour such as his and perhaps as a final disgrace to him. They were instructed to shoot at the medallion he is wearing and were closely supervised to ensure all took proper aim. By tradition one of the rifles randomly allocated contained a blank round to allow all a small belief that they may not have contributed to the death.
Behind Private Burden are stakes arranged in a semicircle to evoke an impression of a theatre, the installation using art assertively to make a point. Each stake represents one of the 308 other servicemen who were shot at dawn for offences including desertion, casting away a weapon, cowardice, striking a senior officer, sleeping at post and disobedience. Many are shown as 'age unknown'.
These men were judged using early 20th Century standards and we should be careful about judging those against our own, especially given the circumstances which prevailed at the time. Opinion, greatly informed by advances in psychiatry (especially with regard to the identification of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder as a serious medical condition), has softened over the years and in 2006 all those shot at dawn were granted pardons. But a pardon still implies that an offence was committed. Those pardoned are merely excused their culpability.
This is easily the most conflicting installation within the arboretum. Strong arguments and opinions remain on both sides of the debate.
RIP.
Olea europea var. Sivigliana plurisecolare.
Se qualcuno avrà sradicato o avrà abbattuto un ulivo, sia di proprietà dello stato sia di proprietà di privato, sarà giudicato dal tribunale e se sarà riconosciuto colpevole, verrà punito con la morte.
Aristotele in : Costituzione degli Ateniesi
If anyone has uprooted or cut down an olive tree, both state-owned and private-owned, will be judged by the court and if it is found guilty, will be punished with death.
Aristotle: Constitution of the Athenians
Si alguien tiene arrancados o cortados de un olivo, ambos de propiedad estatal y de propiedad privada, serán juzgados por el tribunal y si es declarado culpable, será castigado con la muerte.
Aristóteles: Constitución de los atenienses
Aristotle: Constitution of the Athenians
componente de hidrógeno y oxígeno
más una excesiva cantidad de salitre
que cuando te da en la cara de lleno
y te entra hasta por los oídos...............
......no te suena a cánticos celestiales
y llega a tí, ese murmullo del oleaje
empujado por una " brisilla" de viento
que cala hasta los huesos.................
...........aunque lleves protección.
¡¡ perdona , ha sido sin querer !!
............me dijo la ola, cuando me dió
.......¡ su beso en la cara !............
Y con tan improvisado comentario
a casa me fuí, un tanto enfadado
no sin pensar , que fuí yo...............
...... el culpable del infeliz encuentro
al acercarme, con demasiado descaro
⌦Music Time: www.youtube.com/watch?v=PW5lshh1DYU 🔊🎶
⌦ Facebook: www.facebook.com/manuel.qmasda 🎭💞
➽··Tu eres la culpable de que el corazon a mi me vaya a 1000/h....
Tu curas mis males,eres la culpable del que corazon se me llene y no quepa mas nadie culpable!!!! ♥♥♥
➽··You are the guilty of my heart going to 1000/h....
You cure my ills, you are the culprit of the heart that fills me and no one else is guilty!!!! ♥♥♥
Captain Scott's ill-fated South Pole 'Terra Nova' Expedition 1910 - 1913.
The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott and had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic in 1901–04. He also wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole. He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's entire party died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later.
The expedition, named after its supply ship, was a private venture, financed by public contributions augmented by a government grant. It had further backing from the Admiralty, which released experienced seamen to the expedition, and from the Royal Geographical Society. The expedition's team of scientists carried out a comprehensive scientific programme, while other parties explored Victoria Land and the Western Mountains. An attempted landing and exploration of King Edward VII Land was unsuccessful. A journey to Cape Crozier in June and July 1911 was the first extended sledging journey in the depths of the Antarctic winter.
For many years after his death, Scott's status as tragic hero was unchallenged, and few questions were asked about the causes of the disaster which overcame his polar party. In the final quarter of the 20th century the expedition came under closer scrutiny, and more critical views were expressed about its organization and management. The degree of Scott's personal culpability, and more recently, the culpability of certain expedition members, remains controversial.
The argument that I am supposed to be a “contemplative” and therefore to remain silent is transparently artificial. True, this is a principle. But there is also a culpable silence. Silence is not an absolute, nor an end in itself.… It would be to me a problem of conscience if I allowed myself simply to become the kind of monk they apparently want me to be —a conformist, not rocking the boat, not speaking out, passive, mute, indifferent.
-Thomas Merton
I really have no ideals. Perhaps what I really want is to get away from ideals and mental images of monasticism and simply live as best I can, just live.… The fact is, I do not want purely and simply to “be a hermit” or to lead a life purely and ideally contemplative. At the same time I want to break with all the fictions and pretense, all the façade and latent hypocrisy of the monastic community in which I live. Yet. I truly seek a very solitary, simple and primitive life with no special labels attached.
-Thomas Merton
“To the abyss: the eyes of fire, the lamps with bony wings, the escape around the Equator.… It is time for the nerve which electrocutes. The mass flash of feeling. Everything is recorded on a memorandum pad. Hell summons the neuter verb. The bird rests finally atop a thunderbolt.”
-Thomas Merton
Gorillaz- Demon Days (With Lyrics)
Evangeli Jo 18,1-19,42
Passió de nostre Senyor Jesucrist segons sant Joan
Agafaren Jesús i l'encadenaren
C. En aquell temps, Jesús sortí amb els seus deixebles cap a l'altra banda del torrent Cedró. Allà hi havia un hort, i Jesús hi entrà amb els seus deixebles. Judes, el qui el traïa, coneixia bé aquell indret, perquè Jesús s'hi havia reunit sovint amb els seus deixebles. Per això Judes prengué un destacament de soldats romans i alguns homes de la guàrdia del temple, que li havien proporcionat els grans sacerdots i els fariseus, i se n'hi anà. Venien amb llanternes i torxes i tots armats. Jesús, que sabia prou tot el que li venia al damunt, s'avançà i els preguntà: + «Qui busqueu?» C. Li respongueren: S. «Jesús de Natzaret». C. Els diu: + «Jo soc». C. També hi havia amb ells Judes, el qui el traïa. Així que Jesús els digué: «Jo soc», retrocediren i caigueren per terra. Jesús tornà a preguntar-los: + «Qui busqueu?» C. Li digueren: S. «Jesús de Natzaret». C. Ell els respongué: + «Ja us he dit que jo soc. Però si és a mi que busqueu, deixeu que aquests se'n vagin lliurement». C. S'havia de complir el que havia dit Jesús: «No n'he perdut ni un dels que vós m'heu donat».
Simó Pere es tragué una espasa que portava, atacà el criat del gran sacerdot i li tallà l'orella dreta. Aquell criat es deia Malcus. Jesús digué a Pere: + «Guarda't l'espasa a la beina. No he de beure el calze que el Pare m'ha donat?»
Dugueren Jesús a la casa d'Anàs
C. Llavors el destacament de soldats, amb el tribú que el comandava i amb la guàrdia dels jueus, agafaren Jesús, l'encadenaren i el dugueren a la casa d'Anàs, que era sogre de Caifàs, el gran sacerdot d'aquell any. Caifàs era el qui havia donat als jueus aquest consell: «Més val que un sol home mori pel poble». Simó Pere i un altre deixeble seguien Jesús. Aquell deixeble, que era conegut del gran sacerdot, entrà amb Jesús al pati del palau del gran sacerdot, mentre Pere es quedava fora, a l'entrada. Per això l'altre deixeble, conegut del gran sacerdot, sortí a fora, parlà amb la criada que guardava la porta i feu entrar Pere. La criada digué llavors a Pere: S. «Vols dir que tu no ets també deixeble d'aquest home?» C. Ell li diu: S. «No, no ho soc pas». C. Com que feia fred, els criats i la guàrdia del temple havien encès un caliu de brasa i s'estaven allà drets, escalfant-se. Pere també s'escalfava amb ells. Mentrestant el gran sacerdot interrogà Jesús sobre els seus deixebles i sobre la doctrina que ensenyava. Jesús li contestà: + «Jo he parlat a tot el món obertament. Sempre ensenyava a les sinagogues o en el temple, on es reuneixen tots els jueus, i no he parlat mai d'amagat. Per què em pregunteu a mi? Interrogueu els qui m'han escoltat; ells saben quines coses he dit». C. Així que Jesús hagué dit això, un dels guardes que tenia al costat li donà una bufetada i l'escridassà dient-li: S. «És aquesta la manera de contestar al gran sacerdot?» C. Jesús li respongué: + «Si he parlat malament, digues en què; però si he parlat com cal, per què em pegues?»
Vols dir que tu no ets també deixeble d'ell?
No, no ho soc
C. Llavors Anàs l'envià encadenat a Caifàs, el gran sacerdot. Mentrestant Simó s'estava dret escalfant-se. Li digueren: S. «Vols dir que tu no ets també deixeble d'ell?» C. Ell ho negà: S. «No, no ho soc». C. Un dels criats del gran sacerdot, parent d'aquell a qui Pere havia tallat l'orella, insistí: S. «Però si jo t'he vist a l'hort amb ell». C. Pere tornà a negar-ho, i en aquell moment el gall cantà.
La meva reialesa no és cosa d'aquest món
C. Llavors dugueren Jesús des del palau de Caifàs al pretori. Era la matinada. Ells no entraren a l'edifici pagà del pretori, perquè, si es contaminaven, aquell vespre no haurien pogut menjar l'anyell pasqual. Per això sortí Pilat a trobar-los fora del pretori i els preguntà: S. «Quina acusació porteu contra aquest home?» C. Ells li contestaren: S. «Si aquest home no fes res de mal, ja no l'entregaríem». C. Pilat els digué: S. «Emporteu-vos-el i judiqueu-lo vosaltres mateixos d'acord amb la vostra Llei». C. Els jueus li respongueren: S. «Nosaltres no estem autoritzats per a executar ningú». C. S'havia de complir el que havia dit Jesús, indicant com havia de morir. Pilat se'n tornà a l'interior del pretori, feu cridar Jesús i li digué: S. «Ets tu el rei dels jueus?» C. Jesús contestà: + «Surt de vós, això que em pregunteu, o són d'altres els qui us ho han dit de mi?» C. Respongué Pilat: S. «Jo, no soc pas jueu. És el teu poble i els mateixos grans sacerdots, els qui t'han entregat a les meves mans. He de saber què has fet». C. Jesús respongué: + «La meva reialesa no és cosa d'aquest món. Si fos d'aquest món, els meus homes haurien lluitat perquè jo no fos entregat als jueus. I és que la meva reialesa no és d'aquí». C. Pilat li digué: S. «Per tant, vols dir que ets rei». C. Jesús contestà: + «Teniu raó: jo soc rei. La meva missió és la de ser un testimoni de la veritat; per això he nascut i per això he vingut al món: tots els qui són de la veritat escolten la meva veu». C. Li diu Pilat: S. «I la veritat, què és?» C. I després de fer aquesta pregunta, Pilat se n'anà altra vegada a fora, a trobar els jueus per dir-los: S. «Jo no li trobo res per poder-lo inculpar. Però ja que és costum d'indultar-vos algú en ocasió de la Pasqua, si voleu, us indultaré el rei dels jueus». C. Ells tornaren a cridar: S. «Aquest no: volem Bar-Abàs». C. Bar-Abàs era un bandoler.
Salve, rei dels jueus
C. Llavors Pilat feu assotar Jesús. Els soldats li posaren al front una corona d'espines que havien teixit i el cobriren amb un mantell de porpra, anaven passant davant d'ell i li deien: S. «Salve, rei dels jueus». C. I li donaven bufetades. Pilat tornà a sortir i els digué: S. «Ara us el trauré a fora i veureu que no li trobo res per poder-lo inculpar». C. Llavors sortí Jesús portant la corona d'espines i el mantell de porpra. Pilat els diu: S. «Aquí teniu l'home». C. Quan els grans sacerdots i la guàrdia del temple el veieren, cridaren: S. «Crucifiqueu-lo, crucifiqueu-lo». C. Pilat els diu: S. «Emporteu-vos-el i crucifiqueu-lo vosaltres: jo no li trobo res per poder-lo inculpar». C. Els jueus li contestaren: S. «Nosaltres tenim una Llei, i segons aquesta Llei mereix pena de mort, perquè s'ha volgut fer Fill de Déu». C. Quan Pilat sentí això agafà encara més por. Se'n tornà dins el pretori i digué a Jesús: S. «D'on ets tu?» C. Però Jesús no li tornà contesta. Li diu Pilat: S. «A mi no em parles? No saps que tinc autoritat per deixar-te lliure o per crucificar-te?» C. Jesús respongué: + «No tindríeu cap mena d'autoritat sobre mi si no us l'haguessin concedida de més amunt. Per això el qui m'ha entregat a les vostres mans és més culpable».
Fora, fora, crucifiqueu-lo
C. A partir d'aquell moment, Pilat intentà de deixar-lo lliure. Però els jueus cridaren: S. «Si deixeu lliure aquest home és que no aneu a favor del Cèsar, perquè tothom qui vol fer-se rei va en contra del Cèsar». C. Quan Pilat sentí aquestes paraules feu sortir a fora Jesús, l'assegué en una estrada al lloc conegut amb el nom d'Empedrat, en hebreu Gabata. Era el divendres, vigília de la Pasqua, cap al migdia. Llavors diu als jueus: S. «Aquí teniu el vostre rei». C. Ells cridaren: S. «Fora, fora, crucifiqueu-lo». C. Pilat els diu: S. «Jo haig de crucificar el vostre rei?» C. Els grans sacerdots respongueren: S. «No tenim cap rei fora del Cèsar». C. Llavors Pilat els l'entregà per a crucificar-lo.
El crucificaren i amb ell en crucificaren dos més
C. Prengueren Jesús, i sortí, portant-se ell mateix la creu, cap a l'indret conegut amb el nom de lloc de la Calavera, en hebreu Gólgota. Allà el crucificaren. Juntament amb ell en crucificaren dos més, posats a banda i banda amb Jesús al mig. Pilat feu escriure un rètol i el feu posar a la creu. Duia escrit: «Jesús, el Natzarè, el rei dels jueus». Molts dels jueus el llegiren, perquè l'indret on havia estat crucificat Jesús queia vora mateix de la ciutat, i el rètol era escrit en hebreu, en llatí i en grec. Els grans sacerdots digueren a Pilat: S. «No hi poseu: "El rei dels jueus", sinó: "Aquest deia que era el rei dels jueus"». C. Pilat contestà: S. «Això que he escrit, ja està escrit».
Es reparteixen entre ells els meus vestits
C. Els soldats, quan hagueren crucificat Jesús, recolliren el seu mantell i en feren quatre parts, una per a cada soldat. Quedava la túnica, que era sense costura, teixida d'una peça de dalt a baix. I es digueren entre ells: S. «No l'esquincem; sortegem-la a veure a qui toca». C. S'havia de complir allò que diu l'Escriptura: «Es reparteixen entre ells els meus vestits, es juguen als daus la meva roba». I els soldats ho feren així.
Aquí tens el teu fill. Aquí tens la teva mare
C. Vora la creu de Jesús hi havia la seva mare i la germana de la seva mare, Maria, la dona de Cleofàs, i Maria Magdalena. Jesús veié la seva mare i, al costat d'ella, el deixeble que ell estimava, i digué a la mare: + «Dona, aquí tens el teu fill». C. Després digué al deixeble: + «Aquí tens la teva mare». C. I d'aleshores ençà el deixeble l'acollí a casa seva.
Tot s'ha complert
C. Després d'això, Jesús, conscient que ja s'havia realitzat tot el que calia, perquè s'acabés de complir el que anunciava l'Escriptura digué: + «Tinc set». C. Hi havia allà un gerro ple de vinagre. Llavors cobriren la punta d'un manat d'hisop amb una esponja xopa de vinagre i la hi acostaren als llavis. Jesús, després de prendre el vinagre, digué: + «Tot s'ha complert». C. Llavors inclinà el cap i lliurà l'esperit.
Aquí tothom s'agenolla, i fa una pausa.
A l'instant en sortí sang i aigua
C. Era divendres, i els jueus no volien que els cossos quedessin a les creus durant el repòs del dissabte, tant més que aquell dissabte era una diada solemníssima. Per això demanaren a Pilat que trenquessin les cames dels crucificats i traguessin els cossos. Els soldats hi anaren i trencaren les cames del primer, i després, de l'altre que havia estat crucificat amb Jesús. Però quan arribaren a Jesús i s'adonaren que ja era mort, no li trencaren les cames, sinó que un dels soldats li donà una llançada al costat i a l'instant en sortí sang i aigua. En dona testimoni el qui ho veié. La seva paraula és digna de fe, i Déu sap que això que diu és veritat, perquè també vosaltres cregueu. Efectivament: tot això succeí perquè s'havia de complir allò que diu l'Escriptura: «No li han de trencar cap os». I un altre lloc de l'Escriptura diu: «Miraran aquell que han traspassat».
Amortallaren el cos de Jesús amb un llençol de lli i les espècies aromàtiques
C. Després d'això, Josep d'Arimatea, que era dels seguidors de Jesús, però d'amagat per por dels jueus, demanà a Pilat l'autorització per endur-se'n el cos. Pilat ho permeté. Josep hi anà i tragué el cos de la creu. També hi anà Nicodem, aquell que temps enrere havia visitat Jesús de nit, i portà unes cent lliures d'espècies, barreja de mirra i àloes. Tots dos prengueren el cos de Jesús i l'amortallaren amb un llençol de lli i les espècies aromàtiques, com és costum entre els jueus d'enterrar els difunts. En un hort vora l'indret on havien crucificat Jesús, hi havia un sepulcre nou, on encara no havia estat enterrat ningú. Com que el sepulcre era a prop, van posar-hi Jesús, ja que al capvespre del divendres començava el repòs entre els jueus.
Imatge escanejada.
Santo Domingo de la Calzada és una població situada al costat del riu Oja, que dóna nom a la regió, en el trajecte del camí de Santiago.
El seu nom i fundació provenen de Domingo García, després canonitzat com a Santo Domingo de la Calzada, qui creà un pont, un hospital i un alberg de peregrins, per a facilitar el seu pas cap a Santiago de Compostela, al voltant de l'any 1045.
És famosa la dita de "Santo Domingo de la Calzada, donde cantó la gallina después de asada", gràcies a un miracle atribuït al sant. En record d'aquesta llegenda es guarda permanentment a la catedral un gall i una gallina, en un galliner construït amb forja.
La Catedral va ser començada, segons els "Anales Compostelanos", l'any 1158, amb la finalitat d'acollir les restes d'un dels sants més coneguts i venerats en el Camí de Santiago, Santo Domingo de la Calzada, mort en l'any 1109.
El mestre Garçión, possiblement d'origen francès, va projectar un gran temple tardorromànic d'acord amb la importància del lloc, i del que encara es conserven importants vestigis, en concret la capçalera i el disseny de la resta del temple. Des del punt de vista arquitectònic destaca la seva estructura, amb una capçalera amb deambulatori que circumda el presbiteri, i tres capelles absidals de les que només la central és de les originals. Pel que fa a l'escultura d'aquesta part de la catedral, cal destacar per la seva importància tota la sèrie de capitells historiats del deambulatori i sobretot les quatre pilastres decorades que donen al presbiteri. En elles s'ha vist representat un arbre de Jessè destacant per la seva qualitat les imatges de la Santíssima Trinitat i d'un Rei David músic.
El cor de la catedral és una gran peça plateresca realitzada en la dècada de 1520 per Andrés de Nájera i Guillén d'Holanda, entre d'altres. La qualitat de les seves talles s'aprecia en els treballs de delicats calats o en la marqueteria dels seus setials. Els relleus de les cadires representen figures de sants i santes. Presidint, a la cadira abacial, es troba Santo Domingo. També és digne de ressenyar l'interessant programa simbòlic de tot el conjunt, reafirmat per una sèrie de sentències inscrites en molts dels respatllers.
El sepulcre de Santo Domingo de la Calzada és una obra en la qual conflueixen diversos estils per ser possiblement fruit de la unió de peces de tres sepulcres diferents. Romànica és la lauda sepulcral en la qual es representa al Sant jacent, gòtica és la taula en la qual es narren els seus miracles, i tardogòtic és el templet. Aquest va ser dissenyat per Felipe Vigarny i realitzat per Juan de Rasines en 1513.
El galliner, on s'aixopluguen el gall i la gallina com a record del famós miracle, és d'estil gòtic del segle XV.
Altres obres importants de la catedral són les capelles funeràries de Santa Teresa i de la Magdalena. La primera conté diversos sepulcres gòtics, el del centre de Pedro Suárez de Figueroa, i un bell retaule de pintura sobre taula de finals del segle XV. La segona és força menor en grandària però igualment interessant ja que és d'un estil proper al del gran escultor Felipe Vigarny. És d'estil gòtic tardà i en ella està enterrat Pedro de Carranza, maestrescola de la Catedral de Burgos. Destaca el sepulcre, la reixa i el petit retaule del pintor de l'època León Picardo.
El Claustre és una obra gòtic-mudèjar en el qual destaca la sala capitular pel seu cadirat del segle XVII i per la seva enteixinat mudèjar com a sostre. S'hi exposen valuoses obres d'art com tríptics flamencs, orfebreria i altres importants peces escultòriques.
La llegenda del gall i la gallina
Al segle XIV pelegrina a Compostela Hugonell, un jove alemany de 18 anys que va acompanyat pels seus pares. En la fonda on s'allotgen treballa una noia jove que s'enamora d'ell i li requereix d'amors, al que el noi es nega. Despitada i amb ànsies de venjança, guarda al sarró del jove una copa de plata i després l'acusa de robatori.
El jove Hugonell i els seus pares es disposen a partir per seguir el pelegrinatge, quan arriba la justícia i comproven l'acusació registrant el sarró del noi. El declaren culpable i és condemnat a la forca. Els pares no poden fer res per ell més que resar a Santiago. De retorn a Alemanya, a l'acostar-se al cos penjat del seu fill per acomiadar-se senten com aquest els parla des de la forca i els diu que està viu per la gràcia del Sant.
Feliços i contents van a comunicar la notícia al corregidor que, just en aquest moment, està sopant opíparament unes aus. El corregidor naturalment es burla del que sent i llança la frase coneguda: «El vostre fill està tan viu com aquest gall i aquesta gallina que em disposava a menjar abans que em importunarais». I en aquest moment, les aus salten del plat i es posen a cantar i cloquejar alegrement.
D'aquesta llegenda va néixer la dita popular: «En Santo Domingo de la Calzada, donde cantó la gallina después de asada». Es tracta d'una llegenda molt similar a la Llegenda del Gall de Barcelos i probablement les dues tinguin un origen comú.