View allAll Photos Tagged Culpability,
Freeing God’s Slaves: The Emperor Wears No Clothes ~
“Is anything god’s work? God doesn’t do any work – he just gets his peasants to do it for him.”
- Wonder Boy, Aged 8
Humans (domesticated primates) have long been trained to worship externalised gods – a dangerous addiction humankind has carried forth from its primat-ive childhood; a merely imagined need that usually serves to only impede progressive change and unfolding evolution. Protective and instructive deities are nothing more nor less than the parent figures all children crave. All wise kids eventually learn that obeying the often arbitrary dictates of others who are actually just overblown, overgrown, adulterated children is a dumb idea.
Respect must be earned. Most elders in modern societies have far less of value to impart to subsequent generations than did their more ‘primitive’ tribal counterparts. Many older people are the same simpletons and ignoramuses they were when they were young. Those who claim to be today’s authority figures are almost all control freaks at best, and clinical psychopaths at worst. Almost all conspire to fatten themselves on poisonous excesses at the expense of the ecosystem that truly nourishes their children; mindlessly slaving away at tasks which destroy the planet and alienate them from their loved ones, with the idiot excuse that they’re ‘supporting their families’.
In the modern world ‘bosses’ are actually parasites, sucking life from the host of workers who labour under their dictates. CEOs are nothing more than common enemy overlords. The further up the ‘ladder of success’ one progresses, the more excesses and crimes of omission are committed. And everyone who toils on that ladder is equally culpable, supporting and maintaining a loathsome system with their precious time and effort.
Many ‘bosses’ earn fantastically higher wages than those who toil at much harder jobs – as intrinsically unfair, untrue and unjust as any racist dictate of classic caste or class systems. Those who crave power are those who deserve it the least. Anyone who sucks and arse-kisses their way up the totem pole is best pitied and avoided – not praised. Independent contractors and others who are their own bosses are the freest workers in the modern feudal wage slave era.
Those who remain inside institutions beyond their maturity are insecure timeservers who are happiest locked inside a comfortably familiar prison. Anyone with a PhD is automatically suspect as an institutionalised ignoramus. Most are overeducated buffoons who never realised that throwing away all the best years of their lives to conform and confirm the lies and misapprehensions of other fossilised brainwashed academics is a stupid idea. Most are just insecure kiddies afraid of stepping out into the great wide world – afraid of nature and their own unexamined nature; afraid of their own shadow.
Most people are carefully convinced by society to show more respect – and give more money – to a domesticated primate with the word ‘doctor’ (or some other aggrandising title) in front of their name than to anyone else. We’re trained to think that the work done by someone who has spent many years ‘studying’ is somehow more worthwhile – and worth more – than work that’s considered more ‘common’, such as planting and nurturing trees, growing organic food, building homes or educating young children. We’re entrained to believe that one person’s time can be worth more than another’s.
A cogent way to remove this classic conditioning can be to avoid calling anyone ‘sir’, ‘doctor’ or (heaven forfend) reverend. Such aggrandising titles are far too damaging for any egocentric wannabe leader to hear and only serve to establish subservience. If you always refer to so-called doctors as ‘docturds’, and discourage anyone from trusting the words of such moneygrubbing, authoritarian, self-inflating egotists, you can train yourself to stop supporting an intrinsically unethical system. Avoid using made-up titles entirely; why not simply call a person by their name?
Almost all docturds are only in it for the money – shamelessly rorting medical insurance systems to squeeze every drop from society. The rest is hopeful confabulation on the part of their desperate victims. In most cases, people actually heal themselves (there are exceptions – see below).
They target the most helpless and vulnerable groups of humankind above others, foisting their theoretical practices on women and children in particular. Female humans are thoroughly entrained to entrust their bodies (and minds) to paternalistic authority figures. From a very young age they’re taught to visit docturds regularly, and to trust them with every intimate detail of their lives. Women (in particular) are trained to have ‘regular tests’ for ‘abnormalities’ – tests which actually cause the very ‘abnormalities’ they purportedly search for – and to enrich the coffers of white coated professionals with ‘preventative’ and ‘elective’ surgery and toxic chemical intervention. Pap smears, mammography and the treatment of ‘abnormal’ cells produce more false positives (fake results) than accurate ones and the docturds and their pathological host of pathologists apologise all the way to the bank after each mistimed misstep and misanthropic mistake.
‘You know them by their fruits’ – and most of the fruits of ‘medical professionals’ are rotten and poisonous. More people die from medical (t)errors than from any other cause. Pill-pushing salesmen for chemical industries deserve the OPPOSITE to respect, as do ‘scientists’ who lend their time to the industrious military establishment, or to corporations of ignorant savages who randomly interfere with healthy biological processes to make money from poisoning the food chain and planetary ecosystem with pesticides or genetically modified ‘products’.
Surely we all know better than to show any respect to banksters by now. The most lame offenders of all are probably so-called ‘economists’ who peddle a pseudoscience that every taxpayer is brainwashed into believing, even though their ‘forecasts’ are even less accurate than those of the average 20th Century weatherman. So-called news reports overflow with their senseless, tedious effluvia, drowning out any meaningful news or information beneath their hazy bullshit and babble.
The biggest (and potentially most dangerous) liars of all are ‘religious’ people – conmen and women who peddle superstitious pernicious sexism, racism and utter bald faced balderdash to the most ignorant and insecure people on the planet, offering filthy lies to those suffering from the greatest terror on Earth – the fear of death; just like docturds.
Those who profit from other people’s misery deserve no respect whatsoever.
photo Motive is everything
This writer now observes the world from a remote forest, but once lived directly opposite the medical school of a major metropolitan university, with the opportunity to meet many up and coming young docturds. Whenever the chance arrived to converse with a medical student in private I asked each of them the same innocuous question; ‘Why did you decide to become a medical professional?’
Over the course of several years literally scores of these young professionals had the same opportunity to present their case. Not a single one replied; ‘Because I wanted to help the sick’ or ‘to be a healer.’ Not one claimed to have a particular interest in anatomy or biology. None even bothered to feign any real interest in medicine. Without exception their replies were almost identical; “Well, I was going to be a lawyer but my mother/father thought there’d be more money in medicine.’
When I asked if they’d taken the Hippocratic Oath (which simply requires medical practitioners to ‘do no harm’ and to help the sick and suffering regardless of payment), they all simply stared at me with an expression that seemed to say, ‘Are you really that naïve?” I never allow a docturd to come anywhere near me. I’ve set my own bones, healed internal bleeding and cancerous conditions without subjecting myself to their ignorant meddling (and am still alive and healthy as a result).
Surgeons who capably repair damaged individuals and those who genuinely care for and look after the sick and injured – like nurses – naturally deserve respect. But most docturds are self aggrandising arseholes at best, and outright dangerous nincompoops at worst. Few include things like diet and lifestyle in their diagnoses and routinely prescribe inappropriate but profitable poisons to desperate people.
Those who profit from people’s misery are nothing short of despicable.
Like many or most purveyors of ‘professionalism’ a large number cheated their way through school. They don’t deserve your trust or respect. Don’t take my word for it. Just ask virtually any nurse you happen to meet; they know what’s going on!
Those who can, do
‘Those who can, do. Those who can’t, teach.’ This old truism needs to be revived and spread far and wide. Very few ‘teachers’ are anything but institutionalized time servers who’ve been trained to brainwash others with gormless mind control served up as ‘education’. They have no life experience and know nothing but what they’ve been told to believe. All their textbooks were hopelessly outdated even when they were newly published.
The great technological and social advances of humankind have all been brought about by people without doctorates – in many cases without any formal ‘education’ at all. Tesla, Einstein, Edison and most celebrated creative thinkers achieved the improbable despite the ‘education’ institutions they were subjected to (and escaped while still young), not because of them.
Creative thinking suffers from regimentation. Authority poisons it. Once a child can read, write and understand basic mathematics they are capable of choosing their own path to knowledge and remain individual enough to have unique creative insights. As all teaching institutions are automatically outdated and operated by superannuated time servers, all a person can really expect to learn in ‘higher education’ institutions is conformity – and how to babble to other cocooned minds in obscurantist jargonese.
Don’t put off living your life until later! There’s no time BUT the present. What do you really want to do with your precious time? Do you really want to serve the obnoxious dweebs who are destroying the planet with their ‘efficient’ industries and ‘profitable’ pastimes? Start something new, fresh and original instead – away from their pernicious influence, where you can’t feed them with your efforts.
Around two generations ago people in advanced nations were informed that by the 21st Century they’d have to learn how to make use of their coming abundance of ‘leisure time’. Automation would ensure that fewer and fewer people would be able to ‘earn a living’ by toiling their lives away and an era of plenty and freedom was dawning. The need for anyone to work full time would soon be redundant. People were told they’d have to learn how to share the shrinking pool of jobs that remain – and to learn to share everything else as a result.
Everyone needed to learn how to best use their newfound freedoms. Guess what? It’s the 21st Century! Wake up and smell the flowers.
Me? This time of year I shovel clean dry horseshit by day to provide healthy, honest, wholesome food for myself and those around me. You can’t buy clean manure – almost all animals are filled with poisons and only the ones you feed and look after can be trusted to provide clean fertiliser. By night I shovel bullshit out of the way on the worldwideweb to make way for the growth of truth. The evolution of the internet is doing away with any need for the fossilized ivory towers of ‘education’ institutions.
Every time someone uses anything fuelled by poisonous fossil fuels – every time you turn on a light, drive in vehicle, borrow money, use anything made of plastic or almost anything created by this toxic civilisation – you are as culpable and destructive as any oil company executive or bankster. Every person who works in an office tower, factory or mine is as bad as the executive who squats atop the totem pole. Every worker who props up the totem deserves to go down in the tower along with their boss. Those who serve pain and death deserve it.
Changing the system is a good idea, in the long run. Yet in today’s world you can only do anything of real worth for yourself and your family by leaving the old workaday system behind and helping it to wither on the vine with your absence. The only real way to succeed is by abandoning the dominant paradigm and creating, living and loving a new way of life – preferably with likeminded change agents.
Turn off your TV and get rid of it (if you refuse to read much watch my Youtube channel instead)! The internet is a great alternative – if you use it for something other than supporting the system with your time and energy.
If you like to learn, become one of the New Illuminati in this new Enlightenment @ nexusilluminati.blogspot.com . Learn how to plant and nurture living things; learn about something worthwhile, such as Permaculture. Ally yourself with life through your thoughts and actions, and object out loud to slaves and bosses who want you to help them saw off the limb you’re perched on. Let them know what you really think of them!
If you want to actually save the world, join any group that’s actively stopping loggers or miners or chemical factories/farmers/poisoners or other corporate slaves from destroying the planet, and get out into the real living world, to experience its actual glorious splendour while you stop the moronic workers from filthying their own nests and yours. Stand in front of a bulldozer driver with other wise souls – and stop them in their tracks.
Above all, take time out to examine your mind and motives. Your thoughts create the world! See where your thoughts/programs/memes actually come from and decide whether you want to own them. Enjoy life (without shopping or spending money). That’s why you’re here. Don’t put it off. Do it now!
Turn on. Tune in. OPT OUT!
Time appears to flow onward…
- R. Ayana
“Before enlightenment, chop wood and carry water. After enlightenment, chop wood and carry water.”
- Buddhist Saying
For more by R. Ayana see nexusilluminati.blogspot.com/search/label/r.%20 ayana
Comments are disabled.
The mute button
Now that he is finally fired
We need a silencer
A mute button
Some way to wash him
Right out of our hair
Make him go away
Be quiet
And mind his manners
As in Monopoly
We should deal him the card he deserves
Go directly to jail
Do not pass go
Do not collect $200
© Jamie McKenzie, all rights reserved
You will find more of my poems and songs here
and in The Storm in Its Passing and Flights of Fancy.
My songs are at
Respirando tu aire, soñando tus sueños, hoy quiero que sepas que tu estas en ellos, que eres la culpable de todo mis desvelos quiero que comprendas que tu eres mi anhelo, me pasos los días y las noches enteras
pensando en el amor que recorre por mis venas, pensando que buscaba en alguien que me quisiera y al afínal en contre a alguien que vale la pena.
Y quiero confesarte que mi vida eres tú el ángel de mi guarda el que me entrega su luz, el que ilumina el callejón sin salida, el que le a dado la esperanza a mi vida. Estoy aquí a la luz de la vela escribiendo una canción a la mujer más bella por que quiero que sepa que me enamore de ella y la quiero llevar conmigo asta las estrellas. Esa cesación que recorre mi cuerpo cada vez que me mira si se detiene el tiempo cada vez que me besas me robas el aliento tu eres la princesa que me devolvió el cuento.
Respirando tu aire, soñando tus sueños y hoy quiero que sepas que tu estas en ellos, que eres la culpable de todo mis desvelos quiero que comprendas que tu eres mi anhelo
♪♫♥
Understanding Guilt
Scriptures: John 8:1-11
Guilt over doing something that violates the conscience is a normal emotion. However, living under a cloud of remorse for no discernible reason is not. The Lord designed feelings of culpability and regret to serve as a reminder that a person has done wrong and needs to repent. But Satan twists those emotions to imprison men and women: those living in shame are uncertain of God's love and often lack self-confidence. Good guilt--the Lord's effective tool for prompting repentance--is a gift that helps us find the right path. However, the Devil encourages false guilt, which involves taking responsibility for things outside our control and then suffering self-condemnation for not changing the outcome. This unhealthy type of guilt is also a widespread problem for those in legalistic churches or lifestyles--certain behaviors or thoughts are labeled as wrong, and then people feel ashamed for doing or thinking those things. Self-condemnation stunts a relationship with Jesus. Instead of enjoying the peace of God, people who are trapped by shame fear His rejection and feel driven to prove their worth. Trust is nearly impossible because they are waiting for God's judgment to rain down. Their guilt even colors how they see themselves: rather than saying, "My action is wrong," they say, "I am bad." Jesus did not come to accuse or condemn us. Christ restored our souls and made us righteous before God so that our guilt is removed. If our Savior forgave the woman caught in an adulterous relationship, just imagine how ready He is to take your shame away too (John 8:11).
_____
Dr. Charles Stanley
(Comments disabled)
The American people have spoken and told President Trump he is finished, but he shows a remarkable contempt for them and democracy, trying to cheat his way into a second, undeserved term. This was predictable, as the poem below was first published in August.
A very poor loser
Come November
He will be
Of course
A very poor loser
A very bad sport
A big baby
Claiming foul
Voter fraud
And theft
Throwing tantrum
After tantrum
Whining
“They cheated!”
Whinging
“It’s rigged!”
And tossing his small hands in the air
He will look for sympathy
Play the victim
And make excuses
“It isn’t fair!”
He will protest
Filing lawsuits
Calling out the Marines
The Navy
The Air Force
And the Coast Guard
To save him from drowning
He will drag his heels
Cling to the Oval Office
Crying out hysterically
“They stole the election!”
Asking for recounts
A second chance
And a reprieve
Flailing about
Impotently
Alone in the big White House
With Melania long gone
Until finally
Wednesday
January 20th
2021
Comes
And he goes
Out the door
Fired
Exiled
Shamed
And culpable
© Jamie McKenzie, all rights reserved
You will find more of my poems and songs here
and in The Storm in Its Passing and Flights of Fancy.
My songs are at
please check out large | original | My top 100
Anyone see ghosts and ghouls in this? This is a five exposure tonemapped HDR image.
This session was very productive for me. I have published several other shots from this scene. I stumbled aross the archive from this day by chance and realized it would work well with my recent Black and White theme. Hope you like it.
Ressentiment (pronounced /rɛsɑ̃timɑ̃/) is a term used in psychology and philosophy derived from the French word 'ressentiment' (meaning 'resentment': fr. Latin intensive prefix 're', and 'sentire' "to feel").
Ressentiment is a sense of resentment and hostility directed at that which one identifies as the cause of one's frustration, an assignation of blame for one's frustration. The sense of weakness or inferiority and perhaps jealousy in the face of the "cause" generates a rejecting/justifying value system, or morality, which attacks or denies the perceived source of one's frustration. The ego creates an enemy, to insulate itself from culpability.
A term imported by many languages for its philosophical and psychological connotations, ressentiment is not to be considered interchangeable with the normal English word "resentment", or even the French "ressentiment". While the normal words both speak to a feeling of frustration directed at a perceived source, neither speaks to the special relationship between a sense of inferiority and the creation of morality. Thus, the term 'Ressentiment' as used here always maintains a distinction.
The originator of the term ressentiment is Friedrich Nietzsche, and it was greatly developed by Max Scheler.
Dedicated to that naked ass bastard. You know who you are. Will you ever return?
I was going to do lens correction on this, but somehow the leaning in of the knarled tree better communicates the title.
So fitting that I wound up watching the great film Milk tonight.
City Rebuffed in Trying to Bar Mass Bike Rides
By JIM DWYER
Published: February 16, 2006
For 18 months, the city has spared few efforts — on the street or in courts — to clamp down on a group bicycle ride in Manhattan called Critical Mass that the authorities say causes havoc by blocking traffic.
Yesterday, a state judge rejected the city's latest attempt and took the extra step of asking both sides in the dispute to calm down.
Calling the city's legal strategy against the ride "highly irregular" and "as unnecessary as it is inappropriate," Justice Michael D. Stallman of State Supreme Court in Manhattan refused to bar an environmental group and four people from taking part in it, from gathering at Union Square Park beforehand, or from announcing the rides on the group's Web site, as the city had requested.
The city had also asked the judge to issue an unusual civil declaration, without a trial, that the environmental group, Time's Up, and the four individuals had "criminal culpability" for violating laws and regulations that carried penalties of fines and imprisonment. The judge also rejected that request.
Justice Stallman concluded his 24-page decision by urging city officials and the ride participants to work out their differences.
"The social compact and the realities of living in a crowded place demand patience, mutual respect and self-restraint," Justice Stallman wrote. "Mutual de-escalation of rhetoric and conduct, and a conciliatory attitude, may help the parties and the Critical Mass riders resolve the litigation and arrive at a workable modus vivendi."
The rides take place on the last Friday of the month in about 400 cities, and have no acknowledged leadership or routes. For nearly a decade, the rides in New York attracted little notice and no arrests until the evening of Aug. 27, 2004, a few days before the Republican National Convention opened.
That night, 5,000 riders, many of them in the city to demonstrate at the convention, were met by a large number of police officers. The police arrested 264 riders on charges of parading without a permit and other violations.
Since then, officers in various disguises have infiltrated the monthly rides. Other officers in police cars have chased bicycle riders at high speed. Police helicopters have followed the riders. Two officers on motorcycles collided at last month's ride.
The judge's suggestion of a cease-fire drew mixed reactions. Norman Siegel, who represented Time's Up and the four people singled out by the city, said it was a chance to end an elephantine conflict.
"We need to get back to a time pre-August 2004 when Critical Mass was able to ride their bikes in a cooperative ride with the N.Y.P.D.," Mr. Siegel said. "This is the second time the city has attempted to stop the Critical Mass rides, once in federal court and now in state court, and both times their arguments were rejected. I would hope that the mayor and the police commissioner assume the needed leadership on this controversy and begin serious and substantial discussions to amicably resolve it."
The City Law Department declined to discuss the judge's decision and said it planned to appeal.
The Police Department's chief spokesman, Paul J. Browne, said the department had always been willing to work out an arrangement with the bicycle riders.
"The Police Department offered long ago to work with the organizers to ensure a safe ride in which police would stop vehicular traffic at intersections so bicyclists could proceed without stopping along the route, while, conversely, holding bicyclists at intersections to allow ambulances and other emergency vehicles to proceed or to alleviate bottlenecks," Mr. Browne said. "It was rejected, but the offer stands."
Justice Stallman said that since the rides had no identifiable leadership, it made little sense for the city to single out Time's Up and four people associated with the group, William DePaola, Brandon Neubauer, Leah Rorvig and Matthew Roth.
The city had demanded that they be barred from assembling in Union Square Park, the customary gathering point before each month's ride, unless someone obtained a permit. The judge said that made little sense because anyone could turn up in the park and no permit was required for "casual use."
As a practical matter, Justice Stallman wrote, the city did not explain how it could tell the difference between people who were gathering for the Critical Mass rides from anyone else who happened to be in the park. The city's assumption that anyone with a bicycle could be barred "is simply guilt by association," he wrote.
The city also argued that it was illegal for Time's Up to advertise an event for which a permit had been denied, but Justice Stallman noted that the city had never denied a permit since no one had ever sought one.
The judge said the city had wrongly argued that the Critical Mass rides were a form of parade or procession that required a permit because the riders "travel en masse." Following the city's reasoning, the judge wrote, "New Yorkers commuting over the Brooklyn Bridge on bicycles during a transit strike could be considered as 'bicycling en masse.' " Such a restriction, he said, raised constitutional concerns.
"Riding a bicycle on city streets is lawful conduct, as long as one observes the applicable traffic laws and rules," he wrote.
REMEMBERING A FALLEN HERO - Dave Conner today had the privilege of taking the great granddaughter and great-great granddaughter of Constable Thomas King (Inverness-shire constabulary) to visit PC King's grave at Abernethy Churchyard, near Nethybridge. Catherine (Cathy) Raiteri (nee Mann) and her daughter Leanne Mayfield had travelled from Queensland, Australia and could not make a trip to the UK without paying their respects at the grave of their ancestors, PC King and his son also Thomas junior whose ashes are also interred there. Cathy nursed Thomas junior (her great uncle) in his final years in Australia and Leanne also recalls often visiting him before he passed away in 1976.
During the visit on 5th September 2015, the Australian visitors were also shown by Dave Conner, and paid their respects at, the adjacent grave where lies PC James Fraser of the Elginshire (later Morayshire) constabulary. He died from stab wounds sustained on duty in June 1878 in Grantown-on-Spey. It is remarkable that only two officers to die from criminal attack in the whole history of policing of Policing of the Highlands & Islands should die within a matter of several miles of each other and be buried close to each other in the same lonely cemetery. It is almost 117 years since the death of PC King, the last officer in the former Northern Constabulary area (Highlands & Islands) to be murdered in the line of his duty. May there never be another such instance. God bless the Fallen officers.
THE MURDER
On 20th December 1898, Constable Thomas King - a 46-year old police officer who for the past 10 years had been the resident beat officer for the parish of Abernethy (Nethybridge) - had gone with a colleague PC John MacNiven (stationed at boat of Garten) to the rural Tulloch area to effect the area on a Sheriff Court warrant of one Allan MacCallum. The wanted man, residing with a mother and her daughter in a small but-and-ben two roomed cottage in the woodland of Tulloch, was wanted to appear before the court on a charge of poaching.
PC King, having made voice contact with MacCallum, approached the cottage. When he and his colleague entered the but-and-ben they split up. As PC King knew the layout of the house from previous visits, he went to the kitchen where MacCallum was likely to be , while MacNiven took the other room (bedroom). PC MacNiven then heard a shot ring out and stumbling through the darkened house, fell over what transpired to be the body of PC King. MacCallum had run off after firing the fatal shot. After a manhunt of several days led by the Deputy Chief of the Inverness-shire force, MacCallum was found hiding in a barn and was arrested, being held in Inverness Prison (then at Inverness Castle, another part of which building was also the force's HQ) until his trial. MacCallum was convicted of Culpable Homicide, going down for fifteen years.
THE FAMILY
PC King was buried in Abernethy Graveyard and the memorial stone records: “ERECTED BY THE INVERNESS-SHIRE CONSTABULARY”. At that stage there was nothing to state how he met his death.
PC King’s widow Jessie had 5 children under 15 to look after – plus two who were “adults” (aged 15 and 16). Another child had died in infancy and is believed to have been previously buried in the plot occupied by PC King. (This would appear to explain the wee lamb statuette in front of the gravestone).
The King family subsequently all emigrated to Australia, where Jessie continued to receive her police widow’s pension until her death in Brisbane, Queensland in 1948 at the age of 89.
THE SON
In 1966 Andrew McClure, then Chief Constable of Inverness-shire, and his Deputy, Superintendent James Macintyre, had a surprise visit at the Force Headquarters at Inverness Castle from an elderly Australian gentleman - by the name of King. He was somewhat less than pleased to find that there was no memorial at the Force Headquarters to record the supreme sacrifice of Constable Thomas King. This gentleman was another Thomas King, the son of the late Constable, and this visit resulted in the erection of a commemorative plaque at the Entrance Hall of the Force headquarters (then at Inverness Castle, and now at the former Northern Constabulary HQ at Old Perth road, Inverness).
As for Thomas King (junior), son of the murdered Constable and who presented the memorial plaque, he had served his apprenticeship as a carpenter with a tradesman in Nethybridge before emigrating to Australia in 1907. Though only 16 years of age when he left his native soil, he never lost his love of the ‘Old Country’. He went on to become one of the leading figures in Highland Dancing in Australia, having been first a competitor and later a judge in the competitions.
Thomas ‘Tom’ King (junior) died in a Brisbane Nursing Home in December 1976, and during the following year his ashes were interred in his father's grave, in Abernethy Churchyard, the service being attended by several police officers.
THE CENTENARY
On the centenary of PC King’s death, a ceremony was held at the graveside in Abernethy Churchyard. Retired Superintendent Alan Moir spoke on behalf of the Northern Constabulary branch of the Retired Police Officers Association Scotland, and three descendants of Constable King were also in attendance.
Constable Dave Conner, Force Historian, produced a uniform of the period, which had unfortunately shrunk (??!!) in the interim, preventing him from wearing it. Constable Malcolm Taylor, Boat of Garten, whose beat covered the area of Tulloch where Constable King fell, kindly deputised and wore the uniform with pride as the gravestone was re-dedicated, complete with added wording to the effect that the officer had been killed in the execution of his duty.
The force was represented by Deputy Chief Constable Keith Cullen, and local officers also attended. A booklet written by PC Conner, telling the story of Constable King's career, death and family, was distributed at the service. Retired Inspector Sandy Mackenzie, an accomplished piper, played a lament at the graveside, including that haunting melody 'Flowers of the Forest', which would be heard across the world the next day from memorial services for the dead of the Lockerbie Disaster.
THE MEMORY
The memory of Constable King lives on, as can be seen from this visit today. Several member of the PC King’s family have visited his grave over the years, and last year Northern Constabulary Pipe Band paid their own respects at the grave while in the area for another event. PC King went into that house well aware of MacCallum being armed - he knew the potential danger but still endeavoured to do his job . Police officers have always had to make judgements (risk assessments) like that and thankfully most work out alright. Policing is a risky business but that does not deter the boys and girls in blue. That’s what The Job is all about – to serve and protect. May God protect all Law Enforcement Officers as they carry out their duty.
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
Cathy and Leanne Mayfield reflected in the plaque
Today I had the privilege of taking the great granddaughter and great-great granddaughter of Constable Thomas King (Inverness-shire Constabulary) to visit PC King's memorial plaque at Police Scotland Divisional HQ (former Northern Constabulary Headquarters) at Old Perth Road, Inverness.
THE VISIT
Catherine (Cathy) Raiteri (nee Mann) and her daughter Leanne Mayfield had travelled from Queensland, Australia. They had arranged to meet Dave during their previous trip to the UK in 2015 - when Dave took them to visit Abernethy Churchyard in Strathspey to pay their respects at the grave of their ancestors, PC King and his son also Thomas junior whose ashes are also interred there. Cathy nursed Thomas junior (her great uncle) in his final years in Australia and Leanne also recalls often visiting him before he passed away in 1976.
On returning to Scotland, they were naturally keen to see the plaque in memory of Constable King. It is a replacement plaque, in highly polished brass, rededicated at the centenary of his death. The original plaque was then removed to Aviemore Police Station.
Police HQ Inverness is not currently open to the public but through the assistance of Supt Philip MacRae, the two ladies were able to enter the building and see the plaque. Leanne and Cathy have asked me to express their sincere gratitude to Supt MacRae for his welcome and hospitality to them - which they greatly appreciated and were very moved by.
Supt MacRae was well aware of the circumstances of PC King's death - as a member (and Chairman) of Northern Constabulary Community Pipe Band, Mr MacRae has visited the grave of PC King along with other Band members to pay their respects.
In that same graveyard also lies PC James Fraser of Elginshire Constabulary who was killed in 1878. On being summoned to a hotel in Grantown-on-Spey to assist a man suffering from the DTs, PC Fraser was stabbed by the demented man, and died days later as a result of his injuries. It is remarkable that PC Fraser and PC King - twenty years apart, of different forces and eras - are buried in the same small rural graveyard, albeit the locations of their death were only a few miles apart. They were the only police officers in the Highlands & Islands ever to die through the violent criminal act of another.
It is almost 119 years since the death of PC King, the last officer in the former Northern Constabulary area (Highlands & Islands Division ) to be murdered in the line of his duty. May there never be another such instance. God bless the Fallen officers.
THE MURDER
On 20th December 1898, Constable Thomas King - a 46-year old police officer who for the past 10 years had been the resident beat officer for the parish of Abernethy (Nethybridge) - had gone with a colleague PC John MacNiven (stationed at boat of Garten) to the rural Tulloch area to effect the area on a Sheriff Court warrant of one Allan MacCallum. The wanted man, residing with a mother and her daughter in a small but-and-ben two roomed cottage in the woodland of Tulloch, was wanted to appear before the court on a charge of poaching.
PC King, having made voice contact with MacCallum, approached the cottage. When he and his colleague entered the but-and-ben they split up. As PC King knew the layout of the house from previous visits, he went to the kitchen where MacCallum was likely to be , while MacNiven took the other room (bedroom). PC MacNiven then heard a shot ring out and stumbling through the darkened house, fell over what transpired to be the body of PC King. MacCallum had run off after firing the fatal shot. After a manhunt of several days led by the Deputy Chief of the Inverness-shire force, MacCallum was found hiding in a barn and was arrested, being held in Inverness Prison (then at Inverness Castle, another part of which building was also the force's HQ) until his trial. MacCallum was convicted of Culpable Homicide, going down for fifteen years.
THE FAMILY
PC King was buried in Abernethy Graveyard and the memorial stone records: “ERECTED BY THE INVERNESS-SHIRE CONSTABULARY”. At that stage there was nothing to state how he met his death.
PC King’s widow Jessie had 5 children under 15 to look after – plus two who were “adults” (aged 15 and 16). Another child had died in infancy and is believed to have been previously buried in the plot occupied by PC King. (This would appear to explain the wee lamb statuette in front of the gravestone).
The King family subsequently all emigrated to Australia, where Jessie continued to receive her police widow’s pension until her death in Brisbane, Queensland in 1948 at the age of 89.
THE SON
In 1966 Andrew McClure, then Chief Constable of Inverness-shire, and his Deputy, Superintendent James Macintyre, had a surprise visit at the Force Headquarters at Inverness Castle from an elderly Australian gentleman - by the name of King. He was somewhat less than pleased to find that there was no memorial at the Force Headquarters to record the supreme sacrifice of Constable Thomas King. This gentleman was another Thomas King, the son of the late Constable, and this visit resulted in the erection of a commemorative plaque at the Entrance Hall of the Force headquarters (then at Inverness Castle, and now at the former Northern Constabulary HQ at Old Perth road, Inverness).
As for Thomas King (junior), son of the murdered Constable and who presented the memorial plaque, he had served his apprenticeship as a carpenter with a tradesman in Nethybridge before emigrating to Australia in 1907. Though only 16 years of age when he left his native soil, he never lost his love of the ‘Old Country’. He went on to become one of the leading figures in Highland Dancing in Australia, having been first a competitor and later a judge in the competitions.
Thomas ‘Tom’ King (junior) died in a Brisbane Nursing Home in December 1976, and during the following year his ashes were interred in his father's grave, in Abernethy Churchyard, the service being attended by several police officers.
THE CENTENARY
On the centenary of PC King’s death, a ceremony was held at the graveside in Abernethy Churchyard. Retired Superintendent Alan Moir spoke on behalf of the Northern Constabulary branch of the Retired Police Officers Association Scotland, and three descendants of Constable King were also in attendance.
Constable Dave Conner, Force Historian, produced a uniform of the period, which had unfortunately shrunk (??!!) in the interim, preventing him from wearing it. Constable Malcolm Taylor, Boat of Garten, whose beat covered the area of Tulloch where Constable King fell, kindly deputised and wore the uniform with pride as the gravestone was re-dedicated, complete with added wording to the effect that the officer had been killed in the execution of his duty.
The force was represented by Deputy Chief Constable Keith Cullen, and local officers also attended. A booklet written by PC Conner, telling the story of Constable King's career, death and family, was distributed at the service. Retired Inspector Sandy Mackenzie, an accomplished piper, played a lament at the graveside, including that haunting melody 'Flowers of the Forest', which would be heard across the world the next day from memorial services for the dead of the Lockerbie Disaster.
THE MEMORY
The memory of Constable King lives on, as can be seen from this visit today. Several member of the PC King’s family have visited his grave over the years, and Northern Constabulary Pipe Band have paid their own respects at the grave while in the area for another event.
PC King went into that house well aware of MacCallum being armed - he knew the potential danger but still endeavoured to do his job . Police officers have always had to make judgements (risk assessments) like that and thankfully most work out alright. Policing is a risky business but that does not deter the boys and girls in blue. That’s what The Job is all about – to serve and protect. May God protect all Law Enforcement Officers as they carry out their duty.
Horus ♥
Mi primogénito ♥
El culpable de mi locura gatuna ♥
Mi maestro gatuno ♥
Mi niño pequeño ♥
Mi explorador aventurero ♥
Mi debilidad ♥
Mi amor ♥
Mi Horus ♥
Don't buy, ADOPT ♥
No compres, ADOPTA ♥
Esta semana pasada he celebrado mi 11 aniversario como padre.
Aquí teneis al culpable, mi hijo mayor, Ander, que el sábado cumplió 11 años.
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
"Entzun ezazue ondo esango dudana
Euskalerrietaz hitzegingo dut ta.
Azken bolada hontan egunkarietan,
Irrati telebista eta abarrekotan
badaude hitz batzuk:
Pakea, Arrazoia,
Behin eta berriro aipatzen direnak.
Gaixorik omen gaude,
larri ta etsituak,
gaitzaren izena:
Milenarismoa.
Basati eta arlote ,txit odolzaleak
elizkoi eta ankerra beti izan gara.
Eraikitzeko gauza ez gara inoiz izan
suntsitzeko bakarrik gaituzu bikainak.
Madrilen ez bilatu inongo erruduna
gure gaitzen sustraia datza gure baitan,
hala diote behintzat jakintsu guztiek:
Savater, Onaindia eta Caro Barojak.
Milenioa dator: Hala omen da.
Milenioa dator: zoritxarra!
Milenioa dator: ta gu honela!
Milenioa dator: Hau ikara!
Milenioa dator: Euskaldunok!
Milenioa dator: Guztiontzat!
Milenioa dator: Prest gaitezen!
Milenioa dator: Berehala."
(M-ak)
"Escuchad bien lo que voy ha decir,
porque voy a hablar de Euskalerria.
Últimamente, en los periódicos,
radio, television y demás
hay unas palabras:
Paz, Razón,
que se repiten eternamente.
Dicen que estamos enfermos,
apurados y rendidos,
el nombre de la enfermedad:
Milenarismo.
Salvajes y andrajosos, muy sanguinarios,
creyentes y viles siempre hemos sido.
Nunca hemos sido
capaces de construir nada,
sólo somos geniales
a la hora de destruir.
No busques en Madrid al culpable,
la raíz de nuestros males
reside en nosotros,
o eso dicen al menos
todos los sabios:
Savater, Onaindia y Caro Baroja.
Viene el milenio: Así parece ser.
Viene el milenio: Que desgracia!
Viene el milenio: Y nosotros así!
Viene el milenio: Que miedo!
Viene el milenio: Euskaldunes!
Viene el milenio: Para todos!
Viene el milenio: Preparémonos!
Viene el milenio: Enseguida."
(M-ak)
Banda sonora:
Below is an edited version of a conversation I had via email this morning with my important teach at Auburn, Robert Faust:
I am writing to him in response to his thoughts on our planned rendezvous this weekend at Auburn. A reunion of sorts, and a time for Bob and me and a few others to reflect on where we have been, our paths over the last forty-five years, and how we got to where we are now . . .
Bob,
I read your email again this morning before breakfast, from my usual sunrise brooding spot in the corner of my living room, sitting in my Eames chair. (This chair, always desired and only purchased, finally, a few years ago, has always represented for me, when I look at it, some curious memory of my early years of considering architecture as a way of considering the world.) (As I read your words and thought about them, I turned my head and made a picture, attached – above – for your consideration of my morning drift.)
I then made some notes in response to what you wrote. I will offer some of those here, though you may hear them again soon. These thoughts are somewhat random:
☛ I believe my first recognition – and it was a true epiphany – at Auburn of a direction for making, truly making in the way you frame the question, Bob, came to me somewhere during my fourth year at Auburn, in conversation with my classmate Glenn Currie (in your absence as my teacher, Bob, I probably learned more from Glenn than anyone else at Auburn). Glenn advised me that the impulse to architecture exists in what he called the second look. That is, that we move every instant through a swamp of images, absorbing what we can. Suddenly one image appears, arrests our attention (and he demonstrated in gestures) which stops us in our tracks. We turn briefly away, then suddenly turn back, to look again. It is in that turn, that second look (and here he turned his head to fix this idea in my culpable yet still impressionable twenty-year-old brain) that architecture exists.
☛ My second such epiphany (yes, there is often a long dry spell between true epiphanies) came to me twelve years later, in my first masters’ studio at Harvard (I had done my apprenticing and had my own practice for six years in Mississippi before for some mad reason I decided to go to graduate school) when my great teacher Stanley Tigerman said to me and my fellow travelers, on our first meeting day: “Life is fabulous. If only architecture could be more like it.” Stanley’s gauntlet went through me like a red heat, and has never left me since.
☛ Maybe in some semblance to the thinking of Herb Greene, Adrian Stokes has inspired me through the years. Stokes said that art (architecture – architecture being, as Auburn teacher Robert Samuelson first said to me, the mother of all art) is a form of externalization. I took this externalization as necessarily following Currie’s second look and Tigerman’s great wish as the prerequisite internalizations of living an observant life. Attentive architects observe the world as a dazzling, mystifying panoply of enchantments. Those architects worthy of the name see the enchantments of the world as what must surely be answers to infinite questions, from the quite commonplace to the primordial, and the nature of their making must then be the attempt, never ending, never satisfied, to make concrete not the answers, but the questions.
☛ My most important teacher at Harvard, not unlike Currie at Auburn, was my dear friend and classmate Douglas Darden (who died in 1996), who admonished me to never forget (and admonished me quite literally until the day he died): “Architecture can never touch bottom.”
☛ Darden’s essentialist thought echoes that of perhaps the first teacher of my adulthood, William Faulkner: “If you ever got it right, you’d have nothing left to do but slit your wrists.”
☛ I’ll close this morning’s drifting with a thought on my continuing self-doubtings, this one being, why I did not accept offers from several STARchitets to work with them, so that I too could become a STARchitect. The response to what seems to me my general refusal to accomplish such a thing comes from E.B. White: “A person who is looking for something doesn’t travel very fast.”
These are the kinds of things I think about when I sit cuddled in my mornings in Charles Eames's leather and plywood arms, and which I may talk about during our show and tell this weekend . . .
World War II Pacific Theater Headlines of Japanese aggression as shown in newspaper extras. The parachute troops alarm proved to be false, but most of Luzon was overrun by the Japanese very quickly. By plan, the US and Philippine Armies retreated into the Bataan peninsula, but had not stored enough food and supplies to last long against a reinforced enemy. Furthermore, the "plan" called for the US Navy capital ships to come to their rescue/assistance. The ships were at the bottom of Pearl Harbor. In reality, the United States government had "written off" the Philippines as indefensible long before the war ever began; however, the government continued to send hopeful messages to the Philippines, knowing they were not going to fulfill any promises of help. While not entirely at fault, General Walter Short and Admiral Husband Kimmel were blamed for the disaster at Pearl Harbor in order to save the reputations and political careers of CNO Stark, SecNav Knox, and president Roosevelt. Just as unfairly, General Douglas MacArthur gets a lot of the blame for the disaster in the Philippines, but his military career remained intact until the Korean War. Congress and the President were much more culpable than MacArthur, and dreadfully more so than Short and Kimmel.
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
Sketches from the courtroom of the first trial of the Baltimore police officers accused of being culpable in the death of Freddie Gray. www.washingtonpost.com/news/drawing-dc-together/
The driver and fireman of the Great Yarmouth mail train, John Prior and James Light are buried side by side in a corner of the Rosary Cemetery in Norwich.
On Thursday 10th. September 1874, what was considered at the time to be one of the worst railway accidents in Britain occurred near Norwich. Confusion over telegraph messages and failed protocol saw two trains come together in a catastrophic collision on the single track Great Eastern Railway line at Thorpe St. Andrew, resulting in the deaths of 27 people.
It was a cold, dark evening, the rain was lashing down as the Gt. Yarmouth mail train left the station at 8.40pm, heading for Reedham where it would pick up its Lowestoft counterpart before heading on to Norwich. In the cab of engine 'Number 54' was 49 year old driver John Prior and fireman James Light, 25 years old and a resident of King Street in Norwich.
Reaching Reedham, Prior waited whilst the carriages of the Lowestoft train were coupled to the back of his train before setting off again towards Norwich. Behind the engine were a mixture of first, second and third class carriages, a cargo truck laden with fish from Yarmouth docks and two brake vans, there were thirteen carriages in all. The Lowestoft section was especially crowded as there had been a flower show in the town that day. The mail train rattled its way along the double track line to Brundall, from whereon in it became single track into Norwich. At Brundall, the mail train would wait on a loop for the line to become clear before finishing the last stretch of its journey.
At Thorpe Station in Norwich, night inspector Alfred Cooper looked nervously at his watch. It was 9.17pm and the express train from London should have arrived seventeen minutes ago. It was usual practice for a telegraph message to be sent from Wymondham station to alert Norwich if the London train was delayed by at least fifteen minutes, but none had been received. Punctuality was bad and the London Express was more often late than on time. Passengers on the London train would transfer to another which would be ready and waiting at Norwich for the onward journey to Gt. Yarmouth and Lowestoft. There was a brief discussion between Cooper and Stationmaster Sproul as to whether they should forward a telegraph message to Brundall to send the mail train up first. Whilst the express train had priority, if it was unlikely to arrive before 9.25pm, then it wasn’t uncommon for word to be sent to let the mail train through first. It was getting close to the 9.25 deadline when the mail train would be ready to leave Brundall and Cooper had asked Sproul if they should send it up first. “Certainly not” answered Sproul, nevertheless, a few minutes later Alfred Cooper went to the telegraph office and instructed the young clerk, John Robson, to request that the mail train be sent up. It was company protocol that all such orders on single track lines must be written down by, and signed for, by the inspector. However, it had become commonplace for the clerk to write it in the book and for the inspector to then sign it afterwards. At 9.21pm Robson sent the message, “Send the mail train up before the 9.10pm down passenger train leaves Norwich – A. Cooper.” At 9.23pm the London train arrived and the passengers were transferred. Alfred Cooper left the telegraph wicket and made his way over to the platform where the Yarmouth/Lowestoft onward train was waiting to leave. It was Inspector William Parker’s responsibility to wave the express train off but, given the lateness, he checked with Cooper whether he had ordered the mail train up first. “Certainly not” Cooper replied. At approximately 9.30pm the express left the station.
William Platford had been stationmaster at Brundall for eight years. On this particular evening he was being assisted by his twelve year old son who regularly sent and received telegraph messages for his father. When the telegraph arrived requesting that he send the mail train up, seemingly signed by Alfred Cooper, Platford duly dispatched the train.
Back at Thorpe Station, the sudden realisation of what he may have done flashed across Alfred Cooper’s mind. He rushed to the telegraph office and shouted for John Robson to cancel his previous order. Robson hastily typed and sent the message “Stop mail” to Brundall. Less than two minutes later came the chilling reply “Mail gone”. The horror of what was now inevitable was relayed around the station but they were powerless, there was no way of communicating with either driver or stopping the trains. Cooper demanded to know why Robson had sent the telegraph to order the mail train up when he had expressly told him not to. Robson replied that he had told him to send the message and, if he hadn’t, then why had he asked him to cancel it after the express train had left the station. According to eye witness statements, Cooper froze, became almost paralysed with fear, knowing the consequences of his actions were very grave indeed.
Thomas Clarke was driving the Norwich Express train that evening, alongside him was fireman Frederick Sewell. It was not unusual for the London train arrive late and Thomas was keen to make up lost time. Conscious that the up train was still waiting to be let through at Brundall, he opened up the steam regulator as he left the city. Having been instructed to head into Norwich before the down train left, John Prior was also eager not to delay the Norwich train any further than necessary and had built up considerable momentum. Steaming down the incline from Postwick in the driving rain it’s unlikely that Prior would have seen the approaching lights of the express train. There was a slight bend on the track, the rails were slippery due to the rain and there wouldn’t have been enough time to apply the brakes to pull up.
Residents in Thorpe St. Andrew reported hearing what sounded like a massive peal of thunder at about 9.45pm as the two trains collided head on with a combined speed of around 60 mph just beyond the eastern rail bridge. The engine of the Norwich train was pushed round sideways and up over the top of the mail train, the funnel being carried away with it. John Prior, James Light, Thomas Clarke and Frederick Sewell would almost certainly have been killed instantly. The first few wooden carriages splintered and were ripped apart as they ploughed into the twisted wrecks of the locomotives. The carriages kept coming, rearing up on top of one another, some splitting in two, some having the roofs torn off. Eye witnesses stated that the top most carriage was some 20 or 30 feet above the ground, teetering precariously above the engines. And then there was darkness. The impact had extinguished the lamps in all of the carriages. There hadn’t been time for the drivers to turn off the regulators and the steam was still in operation for some time afterwards. It was only the heavy rain which prevented the whole wreck catching alight.
Those who could, scrambled out of the wreckage and attempted to help those who were trapped. Many were suffering from head wounds having been catapulted across the carriages upon impact. Around them was a scene of utter devastation, people were dead and others were dying. Villagers who had heard the crash rushed down to try to help. Mr. Black, one of the brake van guards, was thrown across the carriage. Dazed and bleeding from a head wound, he picked himself up, grabbed a lantern and clambered out. Although hurt, Black insisted on carrying out his duty and made his way to the wooden rail bridge which crossed the River Yare where five or six of the Norwich carriages had come to a stop. Inside the carriages there was panic and confusion. Terrified passengers were screaming and crying, unable to get out because there were no guard rails alongside the narrow bridge. Cautiously, Black edged his way along the rails with his lantern, holding on to the steps of the carriages to prevent himself falling into the water below. He did his best to calm the occupants and urge them to stay where they were to await rescue. Another of the guards, Mr. Read, staggered back along the line to alert Thorpe station of the disaster.
Back in Norwich, emergency procedures were already underway. A train was prepared to take men and equipment to the accident and cabs had been sent out to fetch every doctor that was available. The train met an anxious Read running up the track towards them. The job of extricating the injured from amongst the wreckage was a difficult one as many needed to be cut free. The steam and the heat from the boiler complicated matters further. Light was provided by huge bonfires which were built beside the track, fuelled by the remains of the shattered wooden carriages. Makeshift mortuaries were set up in a boat shed beside the track belonging to Steven Field and in a room at the Three Tuns pub across the river at Thorpe Gardens. These were soon occupied by 15 bodies. The wounded were taken back to Norwich by train from where the most severe cases were sent to the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital. The men worked long and hard throughout the night and by mid morning most of the wreckage had been cleared. The death toll had risen to 18. Surprisingly, there was little damage to the track itself, two of the rails were slightly bent, but none of the sleepers had been dislodged. By 2.30pm that afternoon, the track had been opened up to rail traffic once more.
News of the accident spread quickly and it was the subject of some very graphic and sensationalistic reporting for several weeks. It prompted much discussion in both national and provincial newspapers over safety on the railways. The reports make for a harrowing read. Over the next couple of weeks, the final death toll rose to 27, with over 70 suffering varying degrees of injury. It was estimated that their had been around 220 passengers in total on the two trains.
Alfred Cooper and John Robson were arrested and investigations were conducted without delay. The Coroners inquest, held before a jury by Mr. E. S. Bignold, considered the evidence and decided that both men were guilty of gross negligence and carelessness and should be tried for manslaughter. However, it was felt that Cooper was the more culpable of the two. At a separate inquest held by Captain Tyler of the Board of Trade, the jury concluded that both should be charged with manslaughter but that Robson, having sent the telegraph message to send the mail train up from Brundall was the guilty party. In giving evidence, both men tried to shift the blame onto one another. When the case reached trial in April 1875, John Robson was acquitted and released and Alfred Cooper was found guilty and sentenced to eight months imprisonment with hard labour. The Great Eastern Railway Company paid out over £40,000 in compensation to the victims and their families, an unprecedented sum at the time.
The Thorpe Railway collision, along with two further rail accidents in the following months led to new safety measures being implemented to prevent similar incidents happening in the future. It was noted that the Thorpe accident could have been far more serious had it occurred just a hundred feet closer to Norwich. The engines and carriages would probably have ended up in the river and many passengers would have been drowned. The fact that there were three empty carriages and a horsebox directly behind the Norwich engine, and a cargo truck carrying fish behind the Yarmouth engine, also limited the number of fatalities as it was these which bore the brunt of the collision.
Prompted by the accident, engineer Edward Tyer developed the tablet system in which a token is given to the train driver, this must be slotted into an electric interlocking device at the other end of the single-track section before another train is allowed to pass.
Eres el culpable de que hoy me sienta extrañamente bien... de que hoy me sienta
extraña.
info@juangimenezphoto.com
Captain Scott's ill-fated South Pole 'Terra Nova' Expedition 1910 - 1913.
Herbert George Ponting, FRGS was a professional photographer. He is best known as the expedition photographer and cinematographer for Robert Falcon Scott's Terra Nova Expedition to the Ross Sea and South Pole. In this role, he captured some of the most enduring images of the Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott and had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic in 1901–04. He also wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole. He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's entire party died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later.
The expedition, named after its supply ship, was a private venture, financed by public contributions augmented by a government grant. It had further backing from the Admiralty, which released experienced seamen to the expedition, and from the Royal Geographical Society. The expedition's team of scientists carried out a comprehensive scientific programme, while other parties explored Victoria Land and the Western Mountains. An attempted landing and exploration of King Edward VII Land was unsuccessful. A journey to Cape Crozier in June and July 1911 was the first extended sledging journey in the depths of the Antarctic winter.
For many years after his death, Scott's status as tragic hero was unchallenged, and few questions were asked about the causes of the disaster which overcame his polar party. In the final quarter of the 20th century the expedition came under closer scrutiny, and more critical views were expressed about its organization and management. The degree of Scott's personal culpability, and more recently, the culpability of certain expedition members, remains controversial.
O aprendes a querer la espina o no aceptes Rosas... y no me veas asi, si hubo un culpable aqui, fuiste tu !
Hay muchas cosas que quiero alcanzar y poder tomar con mi propias manos y hacer que lo que tomo moldar y hacer lo mejor para ello.
es dificil resignarse a que aveces aceptar que no lo puedes tener, el corazón dice sigue pero la mente es mas fria y sertera y me dice lo contrario, pero el corazon me hace sentir bien y me da esa fuerza para conseguir lo que quiero <3
Ya son 20!
Hola a todos
en primer lugar
agradesco a todos los que el dia de mi cumpleaños me saludaron
en persona, por telefono, por mensaje, por flog o por lo que sea.
Estubo muy buena la sorpresa :D
ademas que es la primera fiesta sorpresa que tengo :$
La foto es de un rio que no se como se llama xD
queda cerca de cherquenco
pero lo importante es que se podia apreciar el color plomo del agua
y una capa negra en las orillas todo producto de las cenizas arrojadas por el volcan llaima :O
Hoy me pico una abeja ql :@
en mi pobre bracito :(
casi me mori pero ya estoy bien
el unico consuelo que me queda es que la culpable del atentado contra mi persona murio
jojojo (6)
ya que las abejas mueren poco después de clavar su aguijón, con forma acerada, que impide retirarlo, ya que parte del sistema digestivo está unido a él.
leru leru, leru leru :P
jajajaja
Quiero que llegue pronto febrero :)
saludos!
_________________________________________________________...
Akon ft. P. Diddy, Ludacris, Lil Jon Felli Fel - Get Buck In Here
It's tricky I'm picky baby, but I just spotted you
doin' your thing, g-string, shoe string point of view, hey
lend me ya body, you got me in a zone
bet a million in a half past, i can make you explode
you don't wanna brave the cold, you wanna Diddy Combs
i can take you on outer-limits away from home
........
in the middle of the club doin' a rodeo show
the hoes seem schemey, wet dreamy, emphasism obsessed gleemy
(incredible sex) you need me
ease me, please me baby, i maybe am little crazy but in a way that.....
[CHORUS]
don't make me get buck in here!!
shorty drop em to the ground like she ain't got manners
too much booty for one man to handle
when all i need is a one night scandal
and ima get buck in here!!
damn lil' momma you know you fit my standards
you the type to make me grip that handle
lick shots in the air, bustin' that grandam
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
you gotta shake that thang, shake that thang
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
just shake that thang, shake that thang
[LUDACRIS]
she can make it clap like a standin' ovation
spin like my record at the radio station
feel the sensation, i put it right there
they be like LUDA, i be like yeaaaaaaa,
you like it like that dontchya baby
the flow's insane, and the stroke is crazy
i stroke so good, like Tiger Woods
and i ROWR like a tiger would
my livelihood, is not hollywood
I'm still southside atlanta, thats a lively hood
a circus, big top, like ringling brothers
if you wanna learn something, bring your mothers
sit back and observe, invite some friends
we can mix it all up, like juice and gin
felli on the celly with a couple of twins
cuz tonight, damn right, we gonna do it again
[CHORUS]
dont make me get buck in here!!
shorty drop em to the ground like she ain't got manners
too much booty for one man to handle
when all i need is a one night scandal
and ima get buck in here!!
damn lil' momma you know you fit my standards
you the type to make me grip that handle
lick shots in the air, bustin' that grandam
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
you gotta shake that thang, shake that thang
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
just shake that thang, shake that thang
[P. DIDDY]
listen, women lace em g for a jet
twisted, crooked, cell phone numbers, probably
flip em change em, prissy and boogy the hood
game of taste em, prissy's I'm runnin' em good
leather or silk, i'm melt them all
love em, leave em, give em hell for sure
tell them words they minds and souls deserve
or give them things they might prefer
sandrio pan, mandarin sweet massage oil
pimp, gamein', grants, and benz' i tried em
used to style em, now just virgin island
kamasutra freaky ...
[CHORUS]
dont make me get buck in here!!
shorty drop em to the ground like she ain't got manners
too much booty for one man to handle
when all i need is a one night scandal
and ima get buck in here!!
damn lil' momma you know you fit my standards
you the type to make me grip that handle
lick shots in the air, bustin' that grandam
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
you gotta shake that thang, shake that thang
while you make it clap clap clap clap clap
just shake that thang, shake that thang
A point of view which is readily lost sight of - if one has even
thought of it - when defending those who refuse the celestial Messages, is precisely the very appearance of the Messengers; now, to paraphrase or to cite some well-known formulas, "he who has seen the Prophet has seen God"; "God became man in order that man might become God".
One has to have a very hardened heart not to be able to see this upon contact with such beings; and it is above all this hardness of heart that is culpable, far more than ideological
scruples.
The combination of holiness and beauty which characterizes
the Messengers of Heaven is, so to speak, transmitted from the human theophanies to the sacred art which perpetuates it: the essentially intelligent and profound beauty of this art testifies to the truth which inspires it; it could not in any case be reduced to a human invention as regards the essential of its message. Sacred art is Heaven descended to earth, rather than earth reaching towards Heaven.
A line of thought close to this one which we have just presented is the following, and we have made note of it more than once: if men were stupid enough to believe for millenia in the divine, the supernatural, immortality -assuming these are illusions- it is impossible that one fine day they became intelligent enough to be aware of their errors; that they became intelligent, no one knowing why, and without any decisive moral acquisition to corroborate this miracle. And likewise: if men like the Christ believed in the supernatural, it is impossible that men like the Encyclopedists were right not to believe in it.
Sceptical rationalism and titanesque naturalism are the two great abuses of intelligence, which violate pure intellectuality as well as a sense of the sacred; it is through this propensity that thinkers "are wise in their own eyes" and end by "calling evil good, and good evil" and by "putting darkness for light, and light for darkness" (Isaiah 5:20 and 21); they are also the ones who, on the plane of life or experience, "put bitter for sweet", namely the love of the eternal God, and "sweet for bitter", namely the illusion of the evanescent world.
---
From the Divine to the Human by Frithjof Schuon
I now have a dedicated blog on Facebook with my 30 years of data, research and knowledge on the A*Men and flanker series from 1996-the present day which is here:
THIERRY MUGLER A*MEN & FLANKER SERIES 1996-? BY PAUL WILLIAMS
www.facebook.com/groups/4280494602275069
** The photograph shows part of my personal collection of Mugler fragrances
From Right to left: 2ml A*men metal flask, A*Men 30ml metal flask 2011, A*Men 100ml metal flask 2011,B*men metal flask 2004,pure coffee,pure malt,pure havane vintage 2010, 'Le Gout du parfum-The taste of fragrance', Pure shot, Pure energy in metal flask, A*Men 30ml metal flask 2011, A*Men Seducing 30ml rubber flacon, Pure Havane 2014 Original formulation, Pure malt creation, Pure wood, ultra zest, Angel Men USA travel spray presentation set, A*Men 2018 reformulation in metal flask, A*Men Gold esdition 2012 in presentation case, Pure tonka,pure havane 2018 reformulation, kryptomint,pure tonka in gold edition flask,
A devil's take on Angel for Men & the 'Pure series' of Manfred Thierry Mugler
The chemoreception that forms the sense of smell is called 'olfaction', a sense that is crucial in the detection of hazards, food and pheromones. Through orthonasal olfaction and retronasal olfaction, we breathe and chew flavours and odours good and otherwise, a crucial part of our daily lives. The human function of smelling is carried out by two small odour-detecting patches consisting of approximately five or six million yellowish cells within the nasal passages, and although feeble in comparison to those of animals - a rabbit has 100 million of these olfactory receptors, and a dog 220 million, we are nonetheless capable of quite an acute sense of smell.
I was one of those souls born with the ability to detect, pinpoint, appreciate the smell of things around me to a heightened degree compared to my peers, and from an early age began to appreciate the importance of fragrant smells around me long before others could detect them. Let's be honest here, back in the sixties and early seventies when I was a boy, there were few pleasant fragrances on the market for men, and my first foray into the world of smelling 'good' came with Fabergé's famous, perhaps infamous offering of Brut 33. Cologne, body wash and hair shampoo, soap on a rope and Christmas box sets from Gran were a must, with a plethora of unsuspecting passers by collapsing from the ghastly scent cloud which hung over me like a personalised storm cloud through my adolescence.
Fast forward my difficult teenage years and into manhood (the brief memories I can muster through those years of drunken debauchery), the emergence of some splendid male fragrances to elevate me towards 'stud' status with the ladies, 'Denim for men' by Faberge, Pfizer's 1967 stalwart 'hai karate',Procter & Gamble's 'old spice' with the wonderful music used from 'Damien' heading up the TV adverts in clorious monochrome, I was by now searching for something different, something daring, a signature scent to call my own. Hitting me like a thunderbolt, straight between the eyes in the midst of my clubbing days at London's Hippodrome, Cafe de Paris and Stringfellows nightclubs, came a new fragrance that literally knocked me, and the fragrance world for six. Like one of those Marmite atser tests it was loved and hated, cosseted or despised, yet few could ever deny the impact that it had on the world. Things would never be the same again. A fragrance bold and powerful, unashamedly masculine with notes of patchouli and Bourbon vanilla and toasted Arabica coffee beans conspiring to bombard one's senses and pound them into submission..... It separated the men from the boys, garnered attention and compliments, and got right up the noses of those moany old aunties who thought the smell of carbolic soap behind the ears was a prelude to passion and romance and always bought us socks and hankies with our initials printed in the corners for Christmas presents, expecting us to conform and 'belong'.
Mugler's concept behind A*Men focussed on comic strip superheroes that as children we idolised and who's adventures we followed in weekly comic books or animated cartoon feature films. The rubber flasks designed by Mugler himself, echoed the rubber suits adorning the flesh of so many superheroes, and also provided an Eco-friendly option of disposal as objects that could be recycled. With the success of A*Men around the world, Mugler waited a full eight long years before creating a new fragrance for men.
B*Men was launched across the globe to a fanfare of press releases with a range of grooming products including shower gel and after shave lotion, promotional mini rubber flask 2ml editions and even a beautiful grey metal flask limited edition in a presentation case, plus one boxed edition with a comic included just like it's predecessor some years earlier. But the press were less than kind about that 'difficult second album' so to speak, and the internet is littered with mediocre reviews and fragrance lover's reviews that all point to the new 'baby' being nothing more than a toned down version of it's older stable-mate. In truth B*Men is far from disappointing, and despite being discontinued and view in retrospect as a failure, in latter years though rarer to find and ever more expensive to purchase, it has come to be viewed as a unique and appealing fragrance in it's own right. That 'difficult second album', sadly could not live up to the legendary first, perhaps merely a victim of hype and stratospheric level expectations.
A*Men & the 'Pure' series of fragrances
My personal collection of Thierry Mugler A-men & Pure fragrances isn't definitive by any means in terms of someone who is an outright 'collector'. Missing are various versions and special editions, presentation boxes with original comics and certain American issues where the fragrance was marketed as Angel Men, but it is assembled though my love and deep passion for these fragrances which, to my nose are quite simply exquisite in all their variances and aromas.
It all began for me back in 1996 when Mugler offered the mens version of the female fragrance which had taken the world by storm and created a new genre for them, the Gourmands (they smell so good you could eat them!). A*men was different, startling, polarising even. Not for shrinking violets, I can still remember the amount of comments that I received when wearing that fragrance, though sadly through the years, as with many major fragrance houses, the original fragrance has fallen victim to reformulation and the current 2018 version is a pale shadow of it's vicious, snarling beastly brother from the nineties.
Two other Mugler pure series fragrances have also sparked controversy on various websites having also fallen victim to the reformulation game, Pure Malt and Pure Havane, and again current 2018 versions are arguably nowhere near the aromatic wonder and perfection of their ancestors. More on that later. So here is a brief (and not comprehensive) overview of the Thierry Mugler range starting back in 1996 with the game-changer, the daddy of them all..... A*Men.
A little background
Manfred Thierry Mugler was born on December 21st 1948 in Strasbourg, France. At the age of nine years old he began studying classical dance and later at age fourteen he joined the ballet corps for the Opéra national du Rhin in Alsace. He also began formal interior design training at École supérieure des arts décoratifs de Strasbourg. After moving to Paris he began designing clothes for Parisian boutique, Gudule and within two years became a freelance designer for fashion houses in London, Paris, Milan and Barcelona.
Mugler moved from strength to strength, his first collection in 1973 followed three years later featuring in an event organised by Japanese company Shiseido. His first boutique opened in 1978 and during the eighties and nineties his name and popularity increased dramatically. Also a keen photographer, he published his first photographic book in 1988, and has worked as director for short films and adverts, and even collaborated with Cirque du soleil. But for all that, I noticed him only when he turned his hand to the art of fragrance.
Mugler's entrance into the fragrance world came in 1992, after he approched Jacques Courtin-Clarins of the Clarins group founded in 1954 with a view to backing his first ever fragrance creation. Clarins bought a stake in Thierry Mugler Couture and Mugler began 'Le cercle' for it's customers, and 'La source' to allow refilling of fragrance bottles. Angel was an overnight success, with the groundbreaking, award winning woman's perfume going on to sell more than $280 Million annually along with Alien, launched in 2005. By March 2019 global sales for all Mugler fragrances exceeded $797 Million. Suddenly we men were victims of the scent, rendered incoherent, incapable, speechless by the mere whiff of a woman passing by adorned by this new and remarkable wonder scent. Us guy's had to wait another four long years until 1996 for our chance to feel unique beneath the glitter balls on the dance floors the world over, when 'A*Men was launched and the world of fragrances changed forever. Angel was inducted into the Fifi awards Hall of fame in 2007, an annual event sponsored by The Fragrance Foundation which honor the fragrance industry's creative achievements. A*men also won the 1998 fragrance of the year - Prestige there. Mugler approched Clarins to help him create and market his first perfume, and to this day Mugler is still part of the Clarins empire.
An incomplete History
1996 A*Men
2004 Angel Men Travel spray (January USA only release of presentation box containing a tall skinny rubber flask fitted with 15ml cartridge ans two separate 15ml refill cartridges. Batch number 401327)
2004 B*Men
2004 B*Men Metal flask edition in presentation box (Batch number 408074). Released in August 2004
2006 A*Men summer flash
2007 Ice*Men
2008 Pure coffee
2009 Pure Malt Edition Limitee
2010 Show collection Bracelet de force Limited Edition (A-men in different rubber flask). Released October 2010
2010 A*Men sunessence edition orage d'ete (Released in March another summer version of A*MEN)
2011 Pure Malt - Rerelease due to popular demand. No longer says 'edition limitee' on the front.
2011 Pure Havane Edition Limitee (Original white Cigar style logo on box) Released in May 2011
2011 Le gout de parfum (The Taste of fragrance) – Sometimes referred to as 'Pure Chilli' and created with a chefs eye to a fragrance, by Helene Darozze.
2011 30ml Zamac metal rechargeable edition
2011 2ml Zamac Metal rechargeable edition sample 'Not for sale' on box
2012 Les parfums de cuir (Pure Leather) Released in October 2012.
2012 A*men Gold edition – Limited edition gold flacon in presentation box like B*Men special edition). Manufactured in November 2011 for 2012 release.
2012 Pure Shot (See below for details)
2012 Pure Havane (USA only re-release due to popular demand still with white cigar box style label on the box)
2013 Pure Energy – Edition Limitee (Re-released 'Pure shot', again in white rubber flacon)
2013 Pure malt creation (Special limited edition variation on original 'Pure malt', in a white box with silver lettering).
2014 Pure Havane - January Re-release in a different box. No white cigar label. Now says: 'Thierry Mugler' and underneath 'Sublimee de notes fumees-sublimented by smoky notes'. Still original formulation.
2014 A*Men Urban - Limited edition. Created by Jacques Huclier & Givaudan, a Swiss manufacturer of flavors, fragrances, and active cosmetic ingredients.
2014 Pure Havane – Sublimee de notes fumees (Re-release now in a different box. Cigar style white logo replaced by oblong white logo. 'Thierry mugler' in gold on front of box)
2014 Pure wood – Sublimee de notes boisees, Released June 2014.
2015 Ultra zest Edition Limitee(The first move away from the 'Pure' series of names.
2015 A*Men vaporisateur Metal rechargeable (Metal Zamac flacon in standard Pure series box)
2015 Pure Havane - October 2nd re-release. 1st reformulation with box the same as 2014 release.
2015 Pure Malt - October re-release. 1st reformulation with box the same as 2012 release.
2016 Pure Tonka – Sublimee de notes torrefiees. Released Feb 2016.
2016 Pure Havane (Still same box as 2014 release and re-released)
2017 Kryptomint (Sometimes referred to as 'Pure mint'.) The new box now states 'MUGLER' instead of 'Thierry Mugler' on front.
2018 Pure Malt (Reformulation). The new box now states 'MUGLER' instead of 'Thierry Mugler' on front.
2018 Pure Havane – April re-release and 2nd reformulation. 'Sublimee de notes fumees' (Repackaged for the third time. Oblong white logo and now says 'MUGLER' on front of box. Reformulated with prominent cherry/honey opening and arguably diminished longevity and projection.
2018 A*Men Silver metal Zamac edition in normal Mugler box rather than presentation box)
2018 Alien Man
2019 Alien Man Fusion
2019 A*Men Ultimate
An interesting theme which runs through the Mugler 'Pure' and A*Men/B*Men series of fragrances comes from the nose behind them, Perfumer Jacques Huclier. Huclier only shared duties on a few fragrances: B*Men with Christine Nagel/Ultra Zest with Quintin Bisch & Taste of Fragrance with top chef Helene Darozze.
'PURE SHOT' & THE 'FACE OF MUGLER' OSCAR PISTORIUS
Oscar Leonard Carl Pistorius was a South African Double amputee athlete from 2004 to 2013 known as 'Blade runner' after his endeavours at the Paralympic and Olympic games, even competing against non-disabled professional competition. On 14th February 2013, Pistorius shot and killed his girlfriend, Reeva Steenkamp at his home in Pretoria. A year later after a high profile court case, he was cleared of murder but found guilty of Culpable homicide and handed down a five year prison sentence and a concurrent three year suspended sentence for a reckless endangerment charge. In 2015 his case was heard by the Supreme Court of Appeal which overturned the verdict of Culpable homicide and convicted him of murder, extending his sentence to six years which was later extended to a term of Thirteen years after the State appealed at a lenient sentence.
At the height of his fame as an athlete, Pistorius had won six Gold medals at the Paralympic games, as well as a silver and bronze, a Gold at the IPC World Championships and three other silver medals.
In March 2011, one month after signing a contract with the Clarins Group and Mugler, Pistorius featured in an advertising campaign for Thierry Mugler's A*MEN, directed by Ali Mahdavi. In the advert he is wearing his customary artificial carbon fibre limbs but coated in a futuristic chrome cladding which was designed by Thierry Mugler & Stefano Canulli. Two versions of the advert were aired if fifteen and thirty second guise along with various magazine spreads.
In 2012 Mugler had launched 'Pure shot', which understandably, following Pistorius' arrest and trial over the shooting of his girlfriend, became something of a coincidental faux pas in terms of marketing and association, and the decision was made to drop him from all future campaigns. Mugler stated that the decision to drop Pistorius was ' Out of respect and compassion for the families implicated in this tragedy'. Nike also dropped the convicted ex-athlete.
Left in something of a pickle, production of 'Pure shot' was terminated and the design team quickly utilised the same white flacon and blue and white boxes used for 'Pure shot', now repackaged as 'Pure energy' which was released in 2013. To say that the renaming and repackaging has caused confusion to this day would be an understatement, with internet fragrance sites alive with stories and rumours, reasons for changes and a belief that the two perfumes were and are different in aromatic terms. Even on Fragrantica the overall scores differ for what is essentially the same perfume repackaged.
Personal favourites
Fragrantica scores show Pure malt creation as most loved with 4.58 followed by original 2011 Pure havane 4.43. Then Original pure malt 4.41 and ultra zest 4.28. Bringing up the rear with least liked is Bracelet de force at 3.29 though that is partly due to rarity and the fact it was simply A*Men repackaged. The father of all A*Men scores a measly 3.77, due in part to poor reviews for the newer refomulations.
Each of us are different, each of us has a different take on a smell, and any top five or ten of fragrances is deeply personal, subjective, sometimes even sentimental. Take my choices with a pinch of salt, because what I love, what fragrances work on my skin, with my oils, may not work on someone else's. But... as a lover of tonka bean and vanilla in a fragrance there could be only one winner for my nose and that would be...
Pure Tonka
A heavenly, creamy caramel, latte of a fragrance which, although fairly linear on my skin throughout the duration of it's stay, just wafts into my nasal cavity and gives me a feel good factor which is beaten by no other fragrance on the planet. That's right, it is my go to, signature scent, receiving countless compliments from customers and co workers alike (I work in retail meeting hundreds of the great unwashed public every single day), and standing the test of time, easily lasting up to ten hours on my old craggy skin. It is 'da bomb'. Nectar. The holy grail. I am in love with that juice. There, I've said it. Nothing that a year of therapy cannot cure me of!
Close behind would be the original formulation of Pure Havane which is just insanely gorgeous, then Pure Energy/Pure shot, Pure Malt (Original formulation and Pure malt creation), and Pure wood which is a stunner. My least favourite is Kryptomint, not because I don't care for the aroma, more that on my skin it becomes a skin scent within two hours and that for me is not acceptable.
And what about original formula A*Men from 1996.... I just can't bring myself to compare it the it's siblings and flanker army. It's still just so special, so unique, so important in my own life, the first fragrance that really changed my life. It made me feel special, it gave me confidence that I could pull it off when many of my peers still clung to mediocre, underwhelming, under performing fragrances that did them no service. A*Men is something special, a game changer, it still is, if you can get yourself a vintage bottle over the various reformulations that have lost that amazing opening 'tar' note, along with what was once stratospheric levels of sillage, projection and longevity. The new formula is still excellent, still different, still a great, but not 'as' great as the original.
The future of the 'Pure' series
Well, sadly, now in March 2019 having dealt with a lovely lady who works for the Mugler/Clarins empire out of 'House of Fraser', and has an insiders ear to the ground so to speak... It seems to be a case of time up for the pure series. At least for now. Mutterings in the fragrance community, Basenotes and Fragrantica message boards and even some well known fragrance reviewers residing in the sanctuary of 'YouTube' land, have been heard begging for Mugler to put a cap on the plethora of A*Men flankers, seal it tight and chuck it over the tallest waterfall they can find! Many have long believed that Mugler needed to reinvent themselves with an entirely new, standalone male fragrance with a name that doesn't include the word 'Pure', nor come in a rubber flask that posesses the worst spray mechanism in any fragrance known on this entire planet (I shit you not. It's true sadly and there are YouTube videos teaching you how to liberate the sprayer within by butchering the lovely rubber flask!!!). It seems that myself and a few Mugler diehards are unfortunately in a minority, a sad fact backed by the release of the awful 'Alien man' and 'Alien fusion' offerings.... I'd like to type more but I've gone into a rage over the new releases, have started pounding on the keyboard like a boxer in a heavyweight title fight and fear that I may go balls out postal at any given moment......
I am not alone in finding 'Alien man' an utter and bewildering mess of a fragrance, too floral, too feminine and on my skin projection, sillage and logevity are less than that of the lesser spotted May fly found only in remote sections of the Pongamuchly rain forest of Papua new guinea with a life span measured in minutes! If I wanted to buy a skin scent, I could always revisit Brutt 33 and it's kindred spirits. A relative non seller, Mugler tried to boost sales by reinventing the fragrance with 'Alien fusion', but alas for my taste, a similar failure to it's older brother is inevitable, and although part of my collection, not one that I reach for often, nor would care to purchase in the near future, unless reduced to a snivelling cut priced bargain at my local back street chemist with a few packs of waterproof plasters and some incontinence pads thrown in as a sweetener! I lament the demise of the pure range that I have loved for so many years, and still do. I scour the bay of fleas (that would be Ebay), for vintage bottles of Havane and malt, B*Men and Pure wood, and can only hope that at some point new and exciting aromas might see the light of day. 'Pure sicilian lemon zest', 'pure vanilla','Pure Grapefruit and mango', 'Pure suede'..... well, a man can dream can't he...
OCTOBER 2019 'Pure series' Resurection...
Released in October 2019 came a shot out of the blue... quite literally... in the shape of the Blue box, Blue flacon and blue Star of A*Men Ultimate. Described as an oriental woody fragrance created once more by Jacques Huclier, and reaching a 3.8 score out of 5 on Fragrantica, the fragrance certainly seemed to offer a little of the old magic from some of the past pure series releases.
Any info on Pure fragrances that I have missed would be gratefully accepted. If you have not tried any of the Pure series... what the hell is wrong with you! Get out there and sample some now. It's a brave new world of fragrances and some of the finest smells in a bottle ever made are right there in the Mugler back catalogue... What are you waiting for..
Part two of 'A devil's take on 'Angel*Men' & the 'Pure series' of Manfred Thierry Mugler', looks at the thorny issue of reformulations, specifically of MUGLER PURE HAVANA and can be found here:
www.flickr.com/photos/despitestraightlines/47397173002/in...
Part three can be found here:
www.flickr.com/photos/despitestraightlines/46769907944/in...
****UPDATE ON MOVING AWAY FROM MUGLER****
My journey with Mugler ended somewhere in 2020 when I sold off my entire collection to a very happy collector, as I had grown disillusioned with the way that Mugler no longer cared about it's male customers.
The Alien Man range was in my opinion weak and feeble, and the constant watering down and reformulation of the superb Pure Malt and Pure Havane fragrances left me angry and not wishing to waste any more of my money on such rubbish. With the death of the Pure range came a drive upwards in prices on original bottles, and by February 2023 you could see Pure Havane and Pure Malt/Pure Tonka boxed editions selling for anything up to £200 a pop on the Bay of Fleas!
Time to walk away from a once loved range.
I moved onto other ranges, and found a beautiful and almost identical fragrance to my beloved Mugler Pure Havane, in the shape of Reyane Tradition INSURRECTION II WILD which was released in France in 2013. Initially commanding a mere $20 in the USA, by the time I found it it was between £40 and £75 in the UK. It is utterly gorgeous and takes me back to Pure Havane every time I use it with a honey, heavy cherry and cuban cigar vibe that is addictive.
I also moved towards the house of Maison Margiela where the Replica range which has run since 2012, has fabulous fragrances such as BY THE FIREPLACE (smoky/boozy like Havane) and JAZZ CLUB (as good as Pure Malt), plus UNDER THE LEMON TREES (Better than Pure Zest), WHISPERS IN THE LIBRARY (like Pure Leather)... also limited runs and costing £110 retail, but also offering me those gorgeous aromas I so loved with Mugler (duty free prices come down to £80 and similar on discount fragrance sites)
Paul Williams March 21st 2019 and updated on March 16th 2023
1954 - Grünenthal patents thalidomide
1957 - Thalidomide is licensed in Germany
1957 - Germany main release of the drug (test marketing started at least a year earlier)
1958 - Thalidomide is licensed in the UK to Distillers
1958 - UK distribution begins through the NHS
1960 - Drug companies attempted to release Thalidomide in the USA but held back by Dr Frances Kelsey of the FDA until evidence of its safety was proven
1961 - Drug withdrawal announced in Germany, UK withdrawal commenced within a week, newborns still affected till 1965
1962 - A Belgian woman was found not guilty of murdering her thalidomide baby
1962 - First (and final) public announcement in UK that drug was not to be used
1964 - It's discovered that the drug had a radical effect on some of the painful symptoms of leprosy
1973 - The Thalidomide Trust is established
1978 - The first German pharmaceutical law was passed in 1978, tests for teratogenicity became a legal requirement for drug approval.
1980s - Scientists once again became interested in the drug's complex properties and researchers began to explore its use in the treatment of a number of diseases, including cancer
1986 - Guinness bought Distillers
Late 1990's - It becomes apparent that many of the thalidomide surviors were encountering health problems including accelerated wear of joints and limbs, which were causing pain and further disability. By the age of 40, a number have had to have hip replacements and even shoulder replacements
1995 - Guinness agrees to contribute financially to the Thalidomide Trust
1997 - Dr. Bart Barlogie’s reported thalidomide’s initial effectiveness against Multiple Myeloma and it was later approved in the United States by the FDA for use in this malignancy
1998 - Guinness merges with Grand Metropolitan and forms Diageo
2004 - the government agrees to grant tax exemption to thalidomide beneficiaries of the Thalidomide Trust
2005 - Diageo makes an agreement with the Thalidomide Trust to increase funds
2009 - The UK Government admits it will contribute three years of limited funding to the Thalidomide Trust to assist with health needs
2010 - The UK Government acknowledges the pain and suffering caused by all those affected by thalidomide
Spain
1954 - Grünenthal patentes talidomida
1957 - La talidomida se licencia en Alemania
1957 - Alemania principal de liberación del fármaco ( comercialización de la prueba encendido al menos un año antes)
1958 - La talidomida tiene licencia en el Reino Unido para Distillers
1958 - Distribución Reino Unido comienza a través del NHS
1960 - Las compañías farmacéuticas intentaron liberar la talidomida en los EE.UU., pero frenados por el Dr. Frances Kelsey de la FDA hasta que se demostró evidencia de su seguridad
1961 - La retirada del fármaco anunciado en Alemania , Reino Unido inició la retirada dentro de una semana , los recién nacidos todavía afectada hasta 1965
1962 - Una mujer belga fue encontrado no culpable de asesinar a su bebé de la talidomida
1962 - La primera ( y última ) anuncio público en el Reino Unido que las drogas no se iba a utilizar
1964 - Ha descubierto que el fármaco tenía un efecto radical en algunos de los síntomas dolorosos de la lepra
1973 - Se establece la talidomida Fideicomiso
1978 - La primera ley farmacéutica alemana fue aprobada en 1978 , las pruebas de teratogenicidad se convirtió en un requisito legal para la aprobación de medicamentos .
1980 - Los científicos una vez más se interesó en propiedades complejas de la droga y los investigadores comenzaron a explorar su uso en el tratamiento de varias enfermedades , incluyendo cáncer
1986 - Guinness compró Distillers
Finales de 1990 - Se hace evidente que muchos de los surviors talidomida se encuentran con problemas de salud, incluyendo el desgaste acelerado de las articulaciones y extremidades , que estaban causando dolor y una mayor discapacidad . A la edad de 40 años, algunos han tenido que tener reemplazos de cadera e incluso reemplazos del hombro
1995 - Guinness se compromete a contribuir económicamente a la talidomida Fideicomiso
1997 - El Dr. Bart Barlogie reportado la eficacia inicial de la talidomida contra el mieloma múltiple y más tarde fue aprobado en los Estados Unidos por la FDA para su uso en este tipo de cáncer
1998 - Guinness se fusiona con Grand Metropolitan y Diageo formas
2004 - el gobierno se compromete a conceder la exención de impuestos a los beneficiarios de la talidomida talidomida Fideicomiso
2005 - Diageo tiene un acuerdo con la talidomida Fiduciario para aumentar los fondos
2009 - El Gobierno del Reino Unido admite que contribuirá con tres años de financiamiento limitado a la talidomida confianza para ayudar con las necesidades de salud
2010 - El Gobierno británico reconoce el dolor y el sufrimiento causado por todos los afectados por la talidomida
German
1954 - Grünenthal Thalidomid Patente
1957 - Thalidomid ist in Deutschland zugelassen
1957 - Deutschland Haupt- Freisetzung des Wirkstoffs (Test -Marketing gestartet mindestens ein Jahr zuvor )
1958 - Thalidomid wird in Großbritannien lizenziert Distillers
1958 - UK Verteilung beginnt durch den NHS
1960 - Pharmafirmen versucht, Thalidomid in den USA lassen aber zurück von Dr. Frances Kelsey von der FDA bis Beweise für ihre Sicherheit nachgewiesen wurde gehalten
1961 - Drogenentzug in Deutschland angekündigt , UK Rücktritt innerhalb einer Woche begonnen , Neugeborene noch bis 1965 betroffen
1962 - Ein belgischer Frau wurde für nicht schuldig befunden des Mordes an ihrem Baby Thalidomid
1962 - Erste (und letzte ) öffentliche Ankündigung in UK , dass Drogen nicht verwendet werden
1964 - Es wird festgestellt, dass das Medikament eine radikale Wirkung auf einige der schmerzhaften Symptome der Lepra hatte
1973 - Der Contergan- Trust gegründet
1978 - Die erste deutsche Arzneimittelgesetz 1978 verabschiedet wurde, wurde für Tests Teratogenität eine gesetzliche Verpflichtung für Arzneimittelzulassung .
1980er - Wissenschaftler wurde wieder interessierte in der Droge komplexen Eigenschaften und Forscher begannen , die Nutzung zu erkunden in der Behandlung einer Reihe von Krankheiten , darunter Krebs
1986 - Guinness gekauft Distillers
Ende der 1990er Jahre - Es wird deutlich, dass viele der Thalidomid surviors wurden begegnen gesundheitlichen Problemen einschließlich beschleunigter Verschleiß von Gelenken und Gliedmaßen , die Schmerzen und weiteren Behinderung wurden . Bis zum Alter von 40 , haben eine Reihe musste Hüftprothesen und sogar Schulter Ersatz haben
1995 - Guinness stimmt , sich finanziell an der Thalidomid Vertrauen
1997 - Dr. Bart Barlogie berichtete Thalidomid anfängliche Wirksamkeit gegen das Multiple Myelom , und es wurde später in den USA von der FDA zugelassen zur Verwendung in dieser Bösartigkeit
1998 - Guinness verschmilzt mit Grand Metropolitan und Formen Diageo
2004 - Die Regierung stimmt zu, Steuerbefreiung für Thalidomid Nutznießer der Thalidomid Vertrauen gewähren
2005 - Diageo macht eine Vereinbarung mit dem Thalidomid Trust Fonds zu erhöhen
2009 - Die britische Regierung räumt ein, es wird drei Jahre der begrenzten Mittel auf die Thalidomid Vertrauen tragen dazu mit gesundheitlichen Bedürfnissen zu unterstützen
2010 - Die britische Regierung räumt ein, den Schmerz und das Leid von all jenen von Thalidomid verursacht betroffen
No es ni mas ni menos que la primera cumbre que ascendi cuando era niño y la cual desperto una pasion hacia la montaña que no cesa aunque pasen los años.
West-German postcard by Kunst und Bild, Berlin, no. A 675. Photo: Magna Film / Deutsche London Film. Paul Henckels in Der Fröhliche Weinberg/The Grapes Are Ripe (Erich Engel, 1952).
German actor Paul Henckels (1885-1967) appeared in over 230 films, often as a supporting actor. He played in films by directors like Fritz Lang, Jacques Feyder, and G.W. Pabst. He also worked as a stage actor, a stage director, and as a theatre manager.
Paul Henckels was born in 1885 in Hürth, near Köln (Cologne), Germany. His father was the industrialist and painter Paul Abraham Henckels and his mother was the actress Cäcilia Warszawska. Paul studied from 1905 till 1907 at the Hochschule für Bühnenkunst at the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus. He made his first stage appearance in Kotzebue’s Die deutschen Kleinstädter; and was a great success in the title role of Schneider Wibbel (1913), written by his school buddy Hans Müller-Schlösser. The great Max Reinhardt invited him in 1920 to come to Berlin. In 1921, Henckels was a co-founder and the artistic director of the Schlosspark-Theater in Berlin. Here he appeared in 1922 as Molière’s Der Geizige/The Miser. He later would work for the Volksbühne, Deutschen Theater, and many other Berlin stages. From 1936 till 1945 he was engaged at the prestigious Preußischen Staatstheater in Berlin under intendant Gustaf Gründgens. In 1921 film star Henny Porten discovered him for the cinema. After a minor part as "O. Henckels" in Das Geheimnis der sechs Spielkarten, 5. Teil – Herz König (1921), Porten gave him the male lead as the evil antagonist Jasper in Das Geheimnis von Brinkenhof (Svend Gade, 1923).
Among his other silent films are INRI (Robert Wiene, 1923) with Porten, Staatsanwalt Jordan (Karl Gerhardt, 1926) with Hans Mierendorff, Thérèse Raquin (Jacques Feyder, 1928) starring Gina Manès, Der Biberpelz/The Beaver Fur (Erich Schönfelder, 1928) opposite La Jana, Die große Liebe (Revolutionshochzeit) (A.W. Sandberg, 1928) with Diomira Jacobini and Karina Bell, Ariadne in Hoppegarten (Robert Dinesen, 1928) with Maria Jacobini, Der Unüberwindliche (Max Obal, 1928) with Luciano Albertini, Geschlecht in Fesseln (Wilhelm Dieterle, 1928), § 173 St.G.B. Blutschande/Culpable Marriages (James Bauer, 1929), and the Henny Porten films Liebfraumlich (Carl Froehlich, 1928-29) and Mutterliebe (Georg Jacoby, 1929). When the sound film was near at hand he was enthusiastic about the idea of a talking picture. He worked at the ‘practice of the sound film actor’, and directed a short film, Paul Graets als Berliner Zeitungsjunge (1929). The early sound film offered him leading parts in such films as Skandal um Eva/Scandal Around Eva (Georg Wilhelm Pabst, 1930) starring Henny Porten, Er und sein Diener/He and His Servant (Steve Sekely, 1931), and Flachsmann als Erzieher/Flachsmann as Educator (Carl Heinz Wolff, 1930) opposite Charlotte Ander. He directed himself in Schneider Wibbel/Tailor Wibbel (Paul Henckels, 1931).
Typical for Paul Henckel's film characters is their accent and humour from the Rhineland region. He often played cranky and stubborn fellows. Among his films were Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse/ The Testament of Dr. Mabuse (Fritz Lang, 1933), Ein idealer Gatte/An Ideal Husband (Herbert Selpin, 1935) starring Brigitte Helm; Napoleon ist an allem Schuld/Napoleon is to Blame for Everything (Curt Goetz, 1938), Der Maulkorb/The Muzzle (Erich Engel, 1938) and Zwei in einer großen Stadt/Two in a Big City (Volker von Collande, 1942). Unforgettable was his character Professor Bommel in Die Feuerzangenbowle (Helmut Weiss, 1944). This is the second film version of Heinrich Spoerl's novel about pupils playing various tricks and jokes on their teachers. The twist in the story is the leader of the pack, the major cause of the teachers' headaches: Johannes Pfeiffer (Heinz Rühmann) is not a real pupil at all. He is a successful playwright with a Ph.D. One evening at the pub his friends discover that he never went to a school but was educated privately. The stories of their boyhood years persuade him to see for himself and 'be a boy again'. The film was made in 1944, so it is a bit astonishing that the Nazi censors were prepared to pass a film with such an anti-authoritarian message. Die Feuerzangenbowle is very well made and today enjoys a cult status in Germany.
Paul Henckels’ first post-war film was Wozzeck (Georg C. Klaren, 1947), based on the famous play by Georg Büchner. In this early DEFA production he played a cold and cynically experimenting doctor. His later roles were more stereotypical characters. To his last films belong Pension Schöller (Georg Jacoby, 1952) starring Camilla Spira, Hollandmädel (J. A. Hübler-Kahla, 1953), Staatsanwältin Corda/Prosecutor Corda (Karl Ritter, 1954), Kirschen in Nachbars Garten/Cherries in the Neighbour’s Garden (Erich Engels, 1956), and Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull/Confessions of Felix Krull (Kurt Hoffmann, 1957) featuring Horst Buchholz. He focussed on his stage work and did recital tours, performing Wilhelm Busch and German classics. During the 1950s and 1960s he also appeared often on TV, like in Die fröhliche Weinrunde/The Cheerful Wine Bout with singer Margit Schramm, and in Nachsitzen für Erwachsene/Detention for Adults as a professor, who explained interesting phenomenons for a class with four adults (among them was film actor Hans Richter). In 1962 he was awarded the Filmband in Gold for his longtime and important contributions to the German cinema. Paul Henckels died in 1967 in Kettwig, now Essen. He was married with actress Thea Grodtzinsky. His first wife was Cecilia Brie, a former actress, with whom he had three children.
Sources: Thomas Staedeli (Cyranos), Stephanie D'heil (Steffi-line.de), Wikipedia, Filmportal.de, and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
German postcard by Ufa/Film-Foto-Verlag, Berlin-Tempelhof, no. FK 416. Photo: A. Grimm / Fanal / Panorama Film.
German actor Paul Henckels (1885-1967) appeared in over 230 films, often as a supporting actor. He played in films by directors like Fritz Lang, Jacques Feyder, and G.W. Pabst. He also worked as a stage actor, a stage director, and as a theatre manager.
Paul Henckels was born in 1885 in Hürth, near Köln (Cologne), Germany. His father was the industrialist and painter Paul Abraham Henckels and his mother was the actress Cäcilia Warszawska. Paul studied from 1905 till 1907 at the Hochschule für Bühnenkunst at the Düsseldorfer Schauspielhaus. He made his first stage appearance in Kotzebue’s Die deutschen Kleinstädter; and was a great success in the title role of Schneider Wibbel (1913), written by his school buddy Hans Müller-Schlösser. The great Max Reinhardt invited him in 1920 to come to Berlin. In 1921, Henckels was a co-founder and the artistic director of the Schlosspark-Theater in Berlin. Here he appeared in 1922 as Molière’s Der Geizige/The Miser. He later would work for the Volksbühne, Deutschen Theater and many other Berlin stages. From 1936 till 1945 he was engaged at the prestigious Preußischen Staatstheater in Berlin under intendant Gustaf Gründgens. In 1921 film star Henny Porten discovered him for the cinema. After a minor part as "O. Henckels" in Das Geheimnis der sechs Spielkarten, 5. Teil – Herz König (1921), Porten gave him the male lead as the evil antagonist Jasper in Das Geheimnis von Brinkenhof (Svend Gade, 1923).
Among his other silent films are INRI (Robert Wiene, 1923) with Porten, Staatsanwalt Jordan (Karl Gerhardt, 1926) with Hans Mierendorff, Thérèse Raquin (Jacques Feyder, 1928) starring Gina Manès, Der Biberpelz/The Beaver Fur (Erich Schönfelder, 1928) opposite La Jana, Die große Liebe (Revolutionshochzeit) (A.W. Sandberg, 1928) with Diomira Jacobini and Karina Bell, Ariadne in Hoppegarten (Robert Dinesen, 1928) with Maria Jacobini, Der Unüberwindliche (Max Obal, 1928) with Luciano Albertini, Geschlecht in Fesseln (Wilhelm Dieterle, 1928), § 173 St.G.B. Blutschande/Culpable Marriages (James Bauer, 1929), and the Henny Porten films Liebfraumlich (Carl Froehlich, 1928-29) and Mutterliebe (Georg Jacoby, 1929). When the sound film was near at hand he was enthusiastic about the idea of a talking picture. He worked at the ‘practice of the sound film actor’, and directed a short film, Paul Graets als Berliner Zeitungsjunge (1929). The early sound film offered him leading parts in such films as Skandal um Eva/Scandal Around Eva (Georg Wilhelm Pabst, 1930) starring Henny Porten, Er und sein Diener/He and His Servant (Steve Sekely, 1931), and Flachsmann als Erzieher/Flachsmann as Educator (Carl Heinz Wolff, 1930) opposite Charlotte Ander. He directed himself in Schneider Wibbel/Tailor Wibbel (Paul Henckels, 1931).
Typical for Paul Henckels film characters is their accent and humour from the Rhineland region. He often played cranky and stubborn fellows. Among his films were Das Testament des Dr. Mabuse/ The Testament of Dr. Mabuse (Fritz Lang, 1933), Ein idealer Gatte/An Ideal Husband (Herbert Selpin, 1935) starring Brigitte Helm; Napoleon ist an allem Schuld/Napoleon is to Blame for Everything (Curt Goetz, 1938), Der Maulkorb/The Muzzle (Erich Engel, 1938) and Zwei in einer großen Stadt/Two in a Big City (Volker von Collande, 1942). Unforgettable was his character Professor Bommel in Die Feuerzangenbowle (Helmut Weiss, 1944). This is the second film version of Heinrich Spoerl's novel about pupils playing various tricks and jokes on their teachers. The twist in the story is the leader of the pack, the major cause of the teachers' headaches: Johannes Pfeiffer (Heinz Rühmann) is not a real pupil at all. He is a successful playwright with a PhD. One evening at the pub his friends discover that he never went to a school but was educated privately. Their stories of their boyhood years persuade him to see for himself and 'be a boy again'. The film was made in 1944, so it is a bit astonishing that the Nazi censors were prepared to pass a film with such an anti-authoritarian message. Die Feuerzangenbowle is very well made and today enjoys a cult status in Germany.
Paul Henckels’ first post-war film was Wozzeck (Georg C. Klaren, 1947), based on the famous play by Georg Büchner. In this early DEFA production he played a cold and cynically experimenting doctor. His later roles were more stereotypical characters. To his last films belong Pension Schöller (Georg Jacoby, 1952) starring Camilla Spira, Hollandmädel (J. A. Hübler-Kahla, 1953), Staatsanwältin Corda/Prosecutor Corda (Karl Ritter, 1954), Kirschen in Nachbars Garten/Cherries in the Neighbour’s Garden (Erich Engels, 1956), and Bekenntnisse des Hochstaplers Felix Krull/Confessions of Felix Krull (Kurt Hoffmann, 1957) featuring Horst Buchholz. He focussed on his stage work and did recital tours, performing Wilhelm Busch and German classics. During the 1950s and 1960s he also appeared often on TV, like in Die fröhliche Weinrunde/The Cheerful Wine Bout with singer Margit Schramm, and in Nachsitzen für Erwachsene/Detention for Adults as a professor, who explained interesting phenomenons for a class with four adults (among them was film actor Hans Richter). In 1962 he was awarded the Filmband in Gold for his longtime and important contributions to the German cinema. Paul Henckels died in 1967 in Kettwig, now Essen. He was married with actress Thea Grodtzinsky. His first wife was Cecilia Brie, a former actress, with whom he had three children.
Sources: Thomas Staedeli (Cyranos), Stephanie D'heil (Steffi-line.de), Wikipedia, Filmportal.de, and IMDb.
And, please check out our blog European Film Star Postcards.
Me encantan :$ Falta algen que los bese no más! xd
El culpable soy yo, por dejar que el corazón te amara tanto asi, por dejar que aquellos besos me hisieran tan FELIZ!, mira lo que soy SIN TI! ¿que voy hacer con lo que siento? ♪
Captain Scott's ill-fated South Pole 'Terra Nova' Expedition 1910 - 1913.
The Terra Nova Expedition, officially the British Antarctic Expedition, was an expedition to Antarctica which took place between 1910 and 1913. It was led by Robert Falcon Scott and had various scientific and geographical objectives. Scott wished to continue the scientific work that he had begun when leading the Discovery Expedition to the Antarctic in 1901–04. He also wanted to be the first to reach the geographic South Pole. He and four companions attained the pole on 17 January 1912, where they found that the Norwegian team led by Roald Amundsen had preceded them by 34 days. Scott's entire party died on the return journey from the pole; some of their bodies, journals, and photographs were found by a search party eight months later.
The expedition, named after its supply ship, was a private venture, financed by public contributions augmented by a government grant. It had further backing from the Admiralty, which released experienced seamen to the expedition, and from the Royal Geographical Society. The expedition's team of scientists carried out a comprehensive scientific programme, while other parties explored Victoria Land and the Western Mountains. An attempted landing and exploration of King Edward VII Land was unsuccessful. A journey to Cape Crozier in June and July 1911 was the first extended sledging journey in the depths of the Antarctic winter.
For many years after his death, Scott's status as tragic hero was unchallenged, and few questions were asked about the causes of the disaster which overcame his polar party. In the final quarter of the 20th century the expedition came under closer scrutiny, and more critical views were expressed about its organization and management. The degree of Scott's personal culpability, and more recently, the culpability of certain expedition members, remains controversial.
Potafolio Profesional: André Maltes Arancibia
Visita: Fluidr
Visita: 500px
® André Maltes Arancibia
© Todos los derechos reservados.
**********************************************************************************
© Copyright: All rights are reserved - Derechos reservados.
Do not use, copy or edit any of my photographs without my permission.
No usar, copiar ni editar alguna de mis fotografías sin mi autorización.
***********************************************************************************
Prohibition in the early to mid-20th century was fueled by the Protestant denominations in the United States.Pietistic churches in the United States sought to end drinking and the saloon culture during the Third Party System. Liturgical ("high") churches (Catholic, Episcopal, and German Lutheran) opposed prohibition laws because they did not want the government redefining morality to a narrow standard and criminalizing the common liturgical practice of using wine.The Volstead Act specifically allowed individual farmers to make certain wines "on the legal fiction that it was a non-intoxicating fruit-juice for home consumption",[119] and many did so. Enterprising grape farmers produced liquid and semi-solid grape concentrates, often called "wine bricks" or "wine blocks".[120] This demand led California grape growers to increase their land under cultivation by about 700% during the first five years of Prohibition. The grape concentrate was sold with a warning: "After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water, do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days, because then it would turn into wine"The Volstead Act specifically allowed individual farmers to make certain wines "on the legal fiction that it was a non-intoxicating fruit-juice for home consumption",[119] and many did so. Enterprising grape farmers produced liquid and semi-solid grape concentrates, often called "wine bricks" or "wine blocks".[120] This demand led California grape growers to increase their land under cultivation by about 700% during the first five years of Prohibition. The grape concentrate was sold with a warning: "After dissolving the brick in a gallon of water, do not place the liquid in a jug away in the cupboard for twenty days, because then it would turn into wine"Supporters of the Amendment soon became confident that it would not be repealed. Revivalism in Second Great Awakening and the Third Great Awakening in the mid-to-late 19th century set the stage for the bond between pietistic Protestantism and prohibition in the United States: "The greater prevalence of revival religion within a population, the greater support for the Prohibition parties within that population."[80] Historian Nancy Koester argued that Prohibition was a "victory for progressives and social gospel activists battling poverty".[81] Prohibition also united progressives and revivalists..The temperance movement had popularized the belief that alcohol was the major cause of most personal and social problems and prohibition was seen as the solution to the nation's poverty, crime, violence, and other ills.[83] Upon ratification of the amendment, the famous evangelist Billy Sunday said that "The slums will soon be only a memory. We will turn our prisons into factories and our jails into storehouses and corncribs." (Compare Christianity and alcohol.) Since alcohol was to be banned and since it was seen as the cause of most, if not all, crime, some communities sold their jails.The nation was highly optimistic and the leading prohibitionist in the United States Congress, Senator Morris Sheppard, confidently asserted that "There is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a hummingbird to fly to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied to its tail.One of its creators, Senator Morris Sheppard, joked that "there is as much chance of repealing the Eighteenth Amendment as there is for a humming-bird to fly to the planet Mars with the Washington Monument tied to its tail.In January 1917, the 65th Congress convened, in which the dries outnumbered the wets by 140 to 64 in the Democratic Party and 138 to 62 among Republicans. With America's declaration of war against Germany in April, German Americans, a major force against prohibition, were sidelined and their protests subsequently ignored. In addition, a new justification for prohibition arose: prohibiting the production of alcoholic beverages would allow more resources—especially grain that would otherwise be used to make alcohol—to be devoted to the war effort. While wartime prohibition was a spark for the movement,[36] World War I ended before nationwide Prohibition was enacted.
Four and twenty Yankees, feeling very dry,
Went across the border to get a drink of rye.
When the rye was opened, the Yanks began to sing,
"God bless America, but God save the King!
Edward, Prince of Wales, returned to the United Kingdom following his tour of Canada in 1919, he recounted to his father, King George V, a ditty he had heard at a border town.
Prohibition was an important force in state and local politics from the 1840s through the 1930s. Numerous historical studies demonstrated that the political forces involved were ethnoreligious.[28] Prohibition was supported by the dries, primarily pietistic Protestant denominations that included Methodists, Northern Baptists, Southern Baptists, New School Presbyterians, Disciples of Christ, Congregationalists, Quakers, and Scandinavian Lutherans, but also included the Catholic Total Abstinence Union of America and, to a certain extent, the Latter-day Saints. These religious groups identified saloons as politically corrupt and drinking as a personal sin. Other active organizations included the Women's Church Federation, the Women's Temperance Crusade, and the Department of Scientific Temperance Instruction. They were opposed by the wets, primarily liturgical Protestants (Episcopalians and German Lutherans) and Roman Catholics, who denounced the idea that the government should define morality.[29] Even in the wet stronghold of New York City there was an active prohibition movement, led by Norwegian church groups and African-American labor activists who believed that prohibition would benefit workers, especially African Americans. Tea merchants and soda fountain manufacturers generally supported prohibition, believing a ban on alcohol would increase sales of their products.[30] A particularly effective operator on the political front was Wayne Wheeler of the Anti-Saloon League, who made Prohibition a wedge issue and succeeded in getting many pro-prohibition candidates elected. Wheeler became known as the "dry boss" because of his influence and powerProhibition represented a conflict between urban and rural values emerging in the United States. Given the mass influx of migrants to the urban centers of the United States, many individuals within the prohibition movement associated the crime and morally corrupt behavior of American cities with their large, immigrant populations. Saloons frequented by immigrants in these cities were often frequented by politicians who wanted to obtain the immigrants' votes in exchange for favors such as job offers, legal assistance, and food baskets. Thus, saloons were seen as a breeding ground for political corruption.In a backlash to the emerging reality of a changing American demographic, many prohibitionists subscribed to the doctrine of nativism, in which they endorsed the notion that America was made great as a result of its white Anglo-Saxon ancestry. This belief fostered resentments towards urban immigrant communities, who typically argued in favor of abolishing prohibition.[33] Additionally, nativist sentiments were part of a larger process of Americanization taking place during the same time period..Two other amendments to the Constitution were championed by dry crusaders to help their cause. One was granted in the Sixteenth Amendment (1913), which replaced alcohol taxes that funded the federal government with a federal income tax.[35] The other was women's suffrage, which was granted after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920; since women tended to support prohibition, temperance organizations tended to support women's suffrage.In the presidential election of 1916, the Democratic incumbent, Woodrow Wilson, and the Republican candidate, Charles Evans Hughes, ignored the prohibition issue, as did both parties' political platforms. Democrats and Republicans had strong wet and dry factions, and the election was expected to be close, with neither candidate wanting to alienate any part of his political base.In January 1917, the 65th Congress convened, in which the dries outnumbered the wets by 140 to 64 in the Democratic Party and 138 to 62 among Republicans. With America's declaration of war against Germany in April, German Americans, a major force against prohibition, were sidelined and their protests subsequently ignored. In addition, a new justification for prohibition arose: prohibiting the production of alcoholic beverages would allow more resources—especially grain that would otherwise be used to make alcohol—to be devoted to the war effort. While wartime prohibition was a spark for the movement,[36] World War I ended before nationwide Prohibition was enacted.A resolution calling for a Constitutional amendment to accomplish nationwide Prohibition was introduced in Congress and passed by both houses in December 1917. By January 16, 1919, the Amendment had been ratified by 36 of the 48 states needed to assure it passage into law. Eventually, only two of those states—Connecticut and Rhode Island—opted out of ratifying it.[37][38] On October 28, 1919, Congress passed enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment when it went into effect in 1920.Prohibition in the United States was a nationwide constitutional ban on the sale, production, importation, and transportation of alcoholic beverages that remained in place from 1920 to 1933. It was promoted by the "dry" crusaders, a movement led by rural Protestants and social Progressives in the Democratic and Republican parties, and was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. Prohibition was mandated under the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Enabling legislation, known as the Volstead Act, set down the rules for enforcing the ban and defined the types of alcoholic beverages that were prohibited. For example, religious uses of wine were allowed. Private ownership and consumption of alcohol were not made illegal under federal law; however, in many areas, local laws were stricter, with some states banning possession outright. Nationwide, Prohibition ended with the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment, on December 5, 1933.Prohibition marked one of the last stages of the Progressive Era. During the 19th century, alcoholism, drug abuse, gambling addiction, and a variety of other social ills and abuses led to the activism to try to cure the perceived problems in society. Among other things, this led many communities in the late 19th and early 20th century to introduce alcohol prohibition, with the subsequent enforcement in law becoming a hotly debated issue. Prohibition supporters, called dries, presented it as a victory for public morals and health. Anti-prohibitionists, known as wets, criticized the alcohol ban as an intrusion of mainly rural Protestant ideals on a central aspect of urban, immigrant, and Catholic life. Although popular opinion believes that Prohibition failed, it succeeded in cutting overall alcohol consumption in half during the 1920s, and consumption remained below pre-Prohibition levels until the 1940s, suggesting that Prohibition did socialize a significant proportion of the population in temperate habits, at least temporarily.[1] Some researchers contend that its political failure is attributable more to a changing historical context than to characteristics of the law itself.[2] Criticism remains that Prohibition led to unintended consequences such as the growth of urban crime organizations. As an experiment it lost supporters every year, and lost tax revenue that governments needed when the Great Depression began in 1929.The U.S. Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18, 1917. Upon being approved by a 36th state on January 16, 1919, the amendment was ratified as a part of the Constitution. By the terms of the amendment, the country went dry one year later, on January 17, 1920.On November 18, 1918, prior to ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, the U.S. Congress passed the temporary Wartime Prohibition Act, which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages having an alcohol content of greater than 2.75%.[6] (This act, which had been intended to save grain for the war effort, was passed after the armistice ending World War I was signed on November 11, 1918.) The Wartime Prohibition Act took effect June 30, 1919, with July 1, 1919, becoming known as the "Thirsty-First".On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, the popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. The act established the legal definition of intoxicating liquors as well as penalties for producing them.[9] Although the Volstead Act prohibited the sale of alcohol, the federal government lacked resources to enforce it. By 1925, in New York City alone, there were anywhere from 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs.While Prohibition was successful in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulated the proliferation of rampant underground, organized and widespread criminal activity.[11] Many were astonished and disenchanted with the rise of spectacular gangland crimes (such as Chicago's Saint Valentine's Day Massacre in 1929), when prohibition was supposed to reduce crime. Prohibition lost its advocates one by one, while the wet opposition talked of personal liberty, new tax revenues from legal beer and liquor, and the scourge of organized crime.On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed into law the Cullen–Harrison Act, legalizing beer with an alcohol content of 3.2% (by weight) and wine of a similarly low alcohol content. On December 5, 1933, ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment repealed the Eighteenth Amendment. However, United States federal law still prohibits the manufacture of distilled spirits without meeting numerous licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce spirits for personal beverage use.Consumption of alcoholic beverages has been a contentious topic in America since the colonial period. In May 1657, the General Court of Massachusetts made the sale of strong liquor "whether known by the name of rum, whisky, wine, brandy, etc." illegal.In general, informal social controls in the home and community helped maintain the expectation that the abuse of alcohol was unacceptable. "Drunkenness was condemned and punished, but only as an abuse of a God-given gift. Drink itself was not looked upon as culpable, any more than food deserved blame for the sin of gluttony. Excess was a personal indiscretion."[15] When informal controls failed, there were legal options.Shortly after the United States obtained independence, the Whiskey Rebellion took place in western Pennsylvania in protest of government-imposed taxes on whiskey. Although the taxes were primarily levied to help pay down the newly formed national debt, it also received support from some social reformers, who hoped a "sin tax" would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol.[16] The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson's Democratic-Republican Party, which opposed the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton and George Washington, came to power in 1800.Benjamin Rush, one of the foremost physicians of the late eighteenth century, believed in moderation rather than prohibition. In his treatise, "The Inquiry into the Effects of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Body and Mind" (1784), Rush argued that the excessive use of alcohol was injurious to physical and psychological health, labeling drunkenness as a disease.[18] Apparently influenced by Rush's widely discussed belief, about 200 farmers in a Connecticut community formed a temperance association in 1789. Similar associations were formed in Virginia in 1800 and New York in 1808.[19] Within a decade, other temperance groups had formed in eight states, some of them being statewide organizations. The words of Rush and other early temperance reformers served to dichotomize the use of alcohol for men and women. While men enjoyed drinking and often considered it vital to their health, women who began to embrace the ideology of "true motherhood" refrained from consumption of alcohol. Middle-class women, who were considered the moral authorities of their households, consequently rejected the drinking of alcohol, which they believed to be a threat to the home.[19] In 1830, on average, Americans consumed 1.7 bottles of hard liquor per week, three times the amount consumed in 2010.The 1898 Congressional Record, when reporting on a proposed tax on distilled spirits (H.R. 10253), noted that the relationship between populations, tax on distilled spirits (made from things other than fruit), and consumption was thus: (The Aggregates are grouped by tax rate)The American Temperance Society (ATS), formed in 1826, helped initiate the first temperance movement and served as a foundation for many later groups. By 1835 the ATS had reached 1.5 million members, with women constituting 35% to 60% of its chapters.The prohibition movement, also known as the dry crusade, continued in the 1840s, spearheaded by pietistic religious denominations, especially the Methodists. The late nineteenth century saw the temperance movement broaden its focus from abstinence to include all behavior and institutions related to alcohol consumption. Preachers such as Reverend Mark A. Matthews linked liquor-dispensing saloons with political corruption.Some successes were achieved in the 1850s, including the Maine law, adopted in 1851, which banned the manufacture and sale of liquor. However, it was repealed in 1856. The temperance movement lost strength and was marginalized during the American Civil War (1861–1865).Following the war, the dry crusade was revived by the national Prohibition Party, founded in 1869, and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1873. The WCTU advocated the prohibition of alcohol as a method for preventing abuse from alcoholic husbands via education.[22] WCTU members believed that if their organization could reach children with its message, it could create a dry sentiment leading to prohibition. Frances Willard, the second president of the WCTU, held the aims of the organization were to create a "union of women from all denominations, for the purpose of educating the young, forming a better public sentiment, reforming the drinking classes, transforming by the power of Divine grace those who are enslaved by alcohol, and removing the dram-shop from our streets by law".[23] While still denied universal voting privileges, women in the WCTU followed Frances Willard's "Do Everything" doctrine and used temperance as a method of entering into politics and furthering other progressive issues such as prison reform and labor laws.In 1881 Kansas became the first state to outlaw alcoholic beverages in its Constitution. Carrie Nation gained notoriety for enforcing the state's ban on alcohol consumption by walking into saloons, scolding customers, and using her hatchet to destroy bottles of liquor. Nation recruited ladies into the Carrie Nation Prohibition Group, which she also led. While Nation's vigilante techniques were rare, other activists enforced the dry cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol.[25] Other dry states, especially those in the South, enacted prohibition legislation, as did individual counties within a state.Court cases also debated the subject of prohibition. Although there was a tendency to support prohibition, some cases ruled in opposition. In Mugler v. Kansas (1887), Justice Harlan commented: "We cannot shut out of view the fact, within the knowledge of all, that the public health, the public morals, and the public safety, may be endangered by the general use of intoxicating drinks; nor the fact established by statistics accessible to every one, that the idleness, disorder, pauperism and crime existing in the country, are, in some degree...traceable to this evil."[26] In support of prohibition, Crowley v. Christensen (1890), remarked: "The statistics of every state show a greater amount of crime and misery attributable to the use of ardent spirits obtained at these retail liquor saloons than to any other source.Proliferation of neighborhood saloons in the post-Civil War era became a phenomenon of an increasingly industrialized, urban workforce. Workingmen's bars were popular social gathering places from the workplace and home life. The brewing industry was actively involved in establishing saloons as a lucrative consumer base in their business chain. Saloons were more often than not linked to a specific brewery, where the saloonkeeper's operation was financed by a brewer and contractually obligated to sell the brewer's product to the exclusion of competing brands. A saloon's business model often included the offer of a free lunch, where the bill of fare commonly consisting of heavily salted food meant to induce thirst and the purchase of drink.[27] During the Progressive Era (1890–1920), hostility toward saloons and their political influence became widespread, with the Anti-Saloon League superseding the Prohibition Party and the Woman's Christian Temperance Union as the most influential advocate of prohibition, after these latter two groups expanded their efforts to support other social reform issues, such as women's suffrage, onto their prohibition platform.One of the main reasons why Prohibition did not proceed smoothly was the inefficient means of enforcing it. From its inception, the Eighteenth Amendment lacked legitimacy in the eyes of the public who had previously been drinkers and law-abiding citizens. In some instances the public viewed Prohibition laws as "arbitrary and unnecessary", and therefore were willing to break them. Law enforcement found themselves overwhelmed by the rise in illegal, wide-scale alcohol distribution. The magnitude of their task was unexpected and law enforcement agencies lacked the necessary resources. Additionally, enforcement of the law under the Eighteenth Amendment lacked a centralized authority. Many attempts to impose Prohibition were deterred due to the lack of transparency between federal and state authorities. Clergymen were sometimes called upon to form vigilante groups to assist in the enforcement of Prohibition.[58] Furthermore, American geography contributed to the difficulties in enforcing Prohibition. The varied terrain of valleys, mountains, lakes, and swamps, as well as the extensive seaways, ports, and borders the United States shared with Canada and Mexico made it exceedingly difficult for Prohibition agents to stop bootleggers given their lack of resources. Ultimately it was recognized with its repeal that the means by which the law was to be enforced were not pragmatic, and in many cases the legislature did not match the general public opinion.The second Ku Klux Klan talked a great deal about denouncing bootleggers and threatened private vigilante action against known offenders. Despite its large membership in the mid-1920s, it was poorly organized and seldom had an impact. Indeed, the disgrace of the Klan after 1925 helped disparage any enforcement of Prohibition.[Prohibition was a major blow to the alcoholic beverage industry and its repeal was a step toward the amelioration of one sector of the economy. An example of this is the case of St. Louis, one of the most important alcohol producers before prohibition started, who was ready to resume its position in the industry as soon as possible. Its major brewery had "50,000 barrels" of beer ready for distribution since March 22, 1933, and was the first alcohol producer to resupply the market; others soon followed. After repeal, stores obtained liquor licenses and restocked for business. After beer production resumed, thousands of workers found jobs in the industry again.[Prohibition created a black market that competed with the formal economy, which came under pressure when the Great Depression struck in 1929. State governments urgently needed the tax revenue alcohol sales had generated. Franklin Roosevelt was elected in 1932 based in part on his promise to end prohibition, which influenced his support for ratifying the Twenty-first Amendment to repeal Prohibition.Most economists during the early 20th century were in favor for the enactment of the Eighteenth Amendment.[86] Simon Patten, one of the leading advocates for prohibition, predicted that prohibition would eventually happen in the United States for competitive and evolutionary reasons. Yale economics professor Irving Fisher, who was a dry, wrote extensively about prohibition, including a paper that made an economic case for prohibition.[87] Fisher is credited with supplying the criteria against which future prohibitions, such as against marijuana, could be measured, in terms of crime, health, and productivity. For example, "Blue Monday" referred to the hangover workers experienced after a weekend of binge drinking, resulting in Mondays being a wasted productive day.[88] But new research has discredited Fisher's research, which was based on uncontrolled experiments; regardless, his $6 billion figure for the annual gains of Prohibition to the United States continues to be cited.[Making moonshine was an industry in the American South before and after Prohibition. In the 1950s muscle cars became popular and various roads became known as "Thunder Road" for their use by moonshiners. A popular ballad was created and the legendary drivers, cars, and routes were depicted on film in Thunder Road.Illegal sales are not officially reported or measured, but there are indirect estimates using alcohol related deaths and cirrhosis, a liver disease specifically tied to ongoing alcohol consumption.[94] Scholars estimate that consumption dropped to a low of about 60% of pre-prohibition levels around 1925, rising to almost 80% before the law was officially repealed.[citation needed] After the prohibition was implemented, alcohol continued to be consumed. However, how much compared to pre-Prohibition levels remains unclear. Studies examining the rates of cirrhosis deaths as a proxy for alcohol consumption estimated a decrease in consumption of 10–20%.[95][96][97] However, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism's studies show clear epidemiological evidence that "overall cirrhosis mortality rates declined precipitously with the introduction of Prohibition," despite widespread flouting of the law.[98] One study reviewing city-level drunkenness arrests came to a similar result.[99] And, yet another study examining "mortality, mental health and crime statistics" found that alcohol consumption fell, at first, to approximately 30 percent of its pre-Prohibition level; but, over the next several years, increased to about 60–70 percent of its pre-prohibition level.Organized crime received a major boost from Prohibition. Mafia groups limited their activities to prostitution, gambling, and theft until 1920, when organized bootlegging emerged in response to Prohibition.[102] A profitable, often violent, black market for alcohol flourished. Prohibition provided a financial basis for organized crime to flourish.In a study of more than 30 major U.S. cities during the Prohibition years of 1920 and 1921, the number of crimes increased by 24%. Additionally, theft and burglaries increased by 9%, homicides by 12.7%, assaults and battery rose by 13%, drug addiction by 44.6%, and police department costs rose by 11.4%. This was largely the result of "black-market violence" and the diversion of law enforcement resources elsewhere. Despite the Prohibition movement's hope that outlawing alcohol would reduce crime, the reality was that the Volstead Act led to higher crime rates than were experienced prior to Prohibition and the establishment of a black market dominated by criminal organizations.[104] The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre produced seven deaths, considered one of the deadliest days of mob history.Furthermore, stronger liquor surged in popularity because its potency made it more profitable to smuggle. To prevent bootleggers from using industrial ethyl alcohol to produce illegal beverages, the federal government ordered the poisoning of industrial alcohols. In response, bootleggers hired chemists who successfully renatured the alcohol to make it drinkable. As a response, the Treasury Department required manufacturers to add more deadly poisons, including the particularly deadly methyl alcohol. New York City medical examiners prominently opposed these policies because of the danger to human life. As many as 10,000 people died from drinking denatured alcohol before Prohibition ended.[106] New York City medical examiner Charles Norris believed the government took responsibility for murder when they knew the poison was not deterring people and they continued to poison industrial alcohol (which would be used in drinking alcohol) anyway. Norris remarked: "The government knows it is not stopping drinking by putting poison in alcohol... [Y]et it continues its poisoning processes, heedless of the fact that people determined to drink are daily absorbing that poison. Knowing this to be true, the United States government must be charged with the moral responsibility for the deaths that poisoned liquor causes, although it cannot be held legally responsible.As a result of Prohibition, the advancements of industrialization within the alcoholic beverage industry were essentially reversed. Large-scale alcohol producers were shut down, for the most part, and some individual citizens took it upon themselves to produce alcohol illegally, essentially reversing the efficiency of mass-producing and retailing alcoholic beverages. Closing the country's manufacturing plants and taverns also resulted in an economic downturn for the industry. While the Eighteenth Amendment did not have this effect on the industry due to its failure to define an "intoxicating" beverage, the Volstead Act's definition of 0.5% or more alcohol by volume shut down the brewers, who expected to continue to produce beer of moderate strength.
Bendito sea el placer que me producen: tus ojos, tu boca, tus palabras, tus suspiros, tus manos, tu cuerpo, tus pensamientos, tus emociones, tus recuerdos, tus enfados, tus cariños, tú calor. . . Bendita seas tú en mi vida . aunque no halla nadie aquí, me enamore del fantasma de un desconocido . . .
si todos debemos morir que no seas tú el culpable ♥