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As part of the Country Capacity Building and Knowledge Exchange Program, the CIF Administrative Unit, in coordination with the Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs), has initiated in this FY15, a series of training workshops to strengthen PPCR countries’ capacities for monitoring and reporting results achieved through the implementation of their national investment plans.
In Haiti, the workshop was organized by Inter-Ministerial Committee for Territorial Planning (CIAT) the PPCR focal point with the support of the World Bank (WB) and the Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) on 26-27 May 2015. 43 participants attended the workshop including Ministry of Agriculture (MARNDR), Ministry of Economy and Finance (MEF), and Ministry of Public Works, Ministry of the Environment (MDE), Transport and Communications (MTPTC), the PPCR project implementation unit, the Inter-American Development Bank, Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), World Bank (WB) , CIF Administrative Unit (CIF AU), USAID, AFB and UNDP.
Iron Maiden played to a capacity crowd at Austin 360 Amphitheater. Tuesday, September 10, 2013. it was a hot-Texsa night and the rain from earlier in the afternoon made it a hot-muggy-Texas night. Iron Maiden raised the temperature levels with the use of pyrotechnics from the very first beat of the show. And even though we were warned it was going to happen, it was still soul shaking. The night begins with the mammoth Austin 360 Amphitheater speakers playing a recording of Iron Maiden's "Doctor Doctor." This, Maiden fans know, is a signal that the show is getting close to starting. Anticipation rises and pumping fists begin to fill the Austin 360 Amphitheater skyline. At the end of "Doctor Doctor" house lights go down pyrotechnics go up and it's game on. As the stage is illuminated, a stage resembling a huge iceberg is revealed, referencing 1988's "Seventh Son Of A Seventh Son" album cover. From the beginning it was none stage, Bruce Dickinson moving around the stage on two levels. Dickinson's voice has held up well and could even be referred to as spot on. The band was dynamic in every way, total control of their instruments and moving about giving maiden fans at either end of the stage a great plenty of chances to make eye contact. Bruce Dickinson did not fly the band into Texas on Ed Force One for this tour. The tour is consists of just a few North American dates, a few in Mexico and wraps up in South America.
The building, commonly known today as the Loveland Feed & Grain, was constructed in 1891-92 by the Loveland Farmers Milling & Elevator Co. on the site where an earlier mill had been destroyed by fire. Founders of the Loveland Milling & Elevator Company included Henry Spotts, Elza Darrough, and John Westerdoll.
When first constructed, the milling operation housed in the building had a capacity of 275 sacks of flour per day, and the elevator had a storage capacity of 50,000 bushels of wheat. In the early 1900s, the building and operations contained within was greatly enlarged under the new ownership of J.K. Mullen, proprietor of the Big Thompson Milling & Elevator Company. During the expansion operations in the 1900s, a coal-fired power plant was installed to drive the milling machinery, and also provide electricity for illumination of Loveland’s streets and businesses. By 1906, an office and warehouse wing were added to the building, and a railroad siding was constructed that allowed the increased production of flour for shipment throughout the western U.S. The flour was sold under the names Loveland Patent, Silver Dollar, and Quail. By 1918, Sanborn fire insurance maps indicate that the building had been enlarged to its present configuration.
The Feed & Grain Building is a complex assemblage of brick, timber frame, and stone structures that serve various specialized functions in the milling process. The main structure is a three-story brick-walled timber frame building covered by a metal-clad mansard roof. This main structure contains several window openings containing double-hung wood sash windows. The mansard roof contains a series of dormers, some of which have been sealed. The office portion of the structure is located at the northwest corner, and the former power plant is located at the northeast corner of the structure. Located behind the mansard roof portion is a three-story wood frame structure with gable ends that are oriented east and west. The wood frame structure is clad with horizontal wood siding, and contains window openings on the gable ends. The east gable features six window openings, while the west gable features four window openings. The east elevation of the building also contains a series of elevated freight doors that were once used to load flour onto rail cars at the former Colorado & Southern railroad siding.
The facility operated under numerous names through the years, including:
- Loveland Farmers Milling & Elevator Co. (1891 to 1898)
- Big Thompson Milling & elevator Co. (1898 to 1914)
- Loveland Milling & Elevator Co. (1914 to 1917)
- Colorado Milling & Elevator Co. – Loveland Flour Mills (1917 to 1950)
- Denver Elevators Co. (1950s to early 1960s)
- Ranch-Way Feed Co. (early 1960s to 1968)
- Loveland Feed & Grain Co. (1968 to 2003)
The last company to be housed in the building was the Loveland Feed & Grain Company, which was owned by a group of local livestock ranchers, including the current owners Dean & Bettie Anderson. For more than three decades, the Loveland Feed & Grain Company milled and sacked local grown grain and corn, and sold it through an onsite retail sales office to livestock ranchers and dairy farms. An economic decline in Larimer County’s agriculture industry in the 1990’s eventually affected the demand for products produced by the Loveland Feed & Grain Company, and as a result, the consortium of owners dissolved the company on December 31, 2003, and closed the operation. The building has been vacant while awaiting rehabilitation.
Lifeboat category: Atlantic 85 Inshore
Maximum speed:– 35 knots
Range / endurance:– 3 hours maximum
Displacement / weight:Atlantic 85 – 1.8 tonnes
Beam / width:– 2.85m
Draught / depth:– 0.53m
Fuel capacity:– 210 litres
Construction
FRC with Hypalon tubeEndurance3 hours
Engines2 x 115hp Yamaha Outboard
Crew4
Survivor capacity: 20
Hulls built by Souter Marine (later SAR Composites at Lymington), and tubes by Avon. Final assembly completed at the RNLI Inshore Lifeboat Centre at Cowes, Isle of Wight. The Atlantic 85 replaced the Atlantic 75 in RNLI service.
Communications and navigation Includes
Fitted and hand-held VHF (very high frequency) radio
intercom (Atlantic 85 only)
onboard global positioning system (GPS)
radar (Atlantic 85 only)
VHF direction-finding (VDF) equipment (Atlantic 85 only)
electronic chart
The Atlantic 85 is part of the B-class of lifeboats that serve the shores of the United Kingdom and Ireland as a part of the RNLI inshore fleet.
The Atlantic 85 is the third generation B-class Rigid Inflatable Boat (RIB) developed from the Atlantic 21 and the later Atlantic 75. The Atlantic design of the B-class of lifeboats is named after Atlantic College, where the design was originally developed.
Design
The hull is constructed in a fibre reinforced composite, consisting of a carbon fibre and foam core laminate with an epoxy glass and foam sandwich layup. The tubes are Hypalon.
The boat is powered by twin 115 hp (86 kW) Yamaha 4-stroke outboard engines that have been inversion-proofed to ensure the engines are still operational after a capsize.
Like previous RIBs, it has a manually operated self-righting mechanism that deploys an airbag mounted atop the A-frame. It is capable of being beached in an emergency without sustaining damage to engines or steering gear. The Atlantic 85 is fitted with radar and VHF direction finding equipment and can be operated safely in daylight in a force 6/7 and at night in a force 5/6.
The Atlantic 85 also has intercom communications between the crew and VHF radio via their helmets, DGPS & Chartplotter. It also carries a searchlight, night-vision equipment and illuminating paraflares for night-time operations.
To ensure equipment is kept to a high standard of repair, boats go through annual or bi-annual overhauls, and 4-year refits.
This is a high capacity version of the venerable Mauser HSc (for Hahn Selbstspanner ("self-cocking hammer") Pistole, third and final design "C".) Production of the original began as World War II was breaking out in 1940. This is actually a licensed copy made for Italian police by Renato Gamba SpA. in Gardone. It has a 13-shot, double stack magazine, double action trigger and exposed, semi-shrouded hammer.
As this was likely a low-bid piece, Gamba cut a few corners. The wedge-shaped section of metal traditionally placed in front of the trigger guard on HSc's was omitted and the grips, typically polished wood, are plastic.
This was one of a few hundred surplus pistols imported a couple of years back. They came with one magazine and it's been impossible to find a spare. I did find a 10-rounder on an online gun auction, but it looked like total junk in the pictures. Definitely not worth the scalper's price the seller was asking!
A Capacity Development Talk on the Sustainible Development Goals takes place during the 2021 Annual Meetings at the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Photo/Cliff Owen
15 October 2021
Washington, DC, United States
Photo ref: CH101204.ARW
Meeting in Yaoundé and Douala on the capacity building of journalists to better communicate themes relating to the environment. Yaoundé - Cameroon
Facilitators: Denis Sonwa, Senior Scientist, Agro-Ecologist - Raphael Tsanga Senior Research Officer - Edouard Essiane Mendoula, Research Assistant - Philippe Guizol, Secondary Scientist - Fai Collins.
Photo by Ollivier Girard/CIFOR
If you use one of our photos, please credit it accordingly and let us know. You can reach us through our Flickr account or at: cifor-mediainfo@cgiar.org and m.edliadi@cgiar.org
Deputy Managing Director Antoinette Sayeh talks with Sania Nishtar, Special Assistant of the Prime Minister of Pakistan on Poverty Alleviation and Social Protection, and Tanja Goodwin, Senior Country Economist for Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru, at the World Bank Group, during the Capacity Development Talk: The IMF’s Engagement on Social Protection during the 2021 Spring Meetings at the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Photo/Joshua Roberts
5 April 2021
Washington, DC, United States
Photo ref: JR210405.001.jpg
Probably one of the busiest stops along the old Northwestern Elevated, Belmont is busy on this day, even during non-peak hours, as track work north of the station created a flood of trains coming in and out. Here are Red Line #812 and Brown Line #407 boarding at Belmont. Following an enormous increase of riders in the last few decades, this stop and Fullerton underwent a major reconstruction project that increased capacity and realigned the tracks.
Deputy Governor, Bank of Uganda, Michael Atingi-Ego, Deputy Division Chief, IMF Monetary and Capital Markets Department, Veronica Bacalu, Governor, National Bank of Georgia, Koba Gvenetadze, and Deputy Division Chief, IMF Monetary and Capital Markets Department Sipho Makamba present Capacity Development Talk on Supporting Financial Sector Resilience Through Disruption and Change: the IMF's 2022-2025 Monetary and Capital Markets Capacity Development during the 2022 Annual Meetings at the International Monetary Fund.
IMF Photo/Joshua Roberts
12 October 2022
Washington, DC, United States
Photo ref: _JR34260.ARW
Stephen Mundia, Kalabo Farmers Association doing a network mapping excercise during the AAS Barotse Hub Roll-Out workshop.
Evidently still open in some capacity, and the windows have been brightened up with painting s of some sort. Not sure if it is still an abbatoir though.
One of a few shots taken during a truncated week around Liverpool, what with Christmas, the lousy weather and shortage of daylight!
I've treated the project as a 'treasure hunt' trying to work out the exact location that the original shot was taken, and this section of the set were taken at various times between the 1950s and 1970s, around the suburbs in the middle and north end of the city.
Sometimes the exact angle is no longer possible, due to new buildings in the way etc but I have got myself as close as I could and learned a bit more than I did about the buildings and lives of people that were around Liverpool before I was.
For the 'Now' shots, I tried to put the onus on duplicating the original rather than necessarily getting the 'best' shot I could, so if the original was wonky, I wonked up the modern one. I also tried, where possible, to catch any modern equivalent details, so if a
tram or car or pedestrian was in the original, I tried to get a bus or car or pedestrian in the same spot - that was by no means always possible, though.
A note on copyright issues - the last thing I would want to do is use someone else's work without their permission. Most of the 'Then' pictures I either bought in a secondhand bookshop or found on the internet. I believe most of these pictures are either postcards, engineers or sanitation department records pictures and just the very occasional individual person's photograph. I believe very old postcards and the like are generally 'in the public domain' so haven't done much checking on ownership of them. On the shots where I have been able to work out a previous Flickr appearance, I have emailed the persons I believe to be the owners and asked for their permission to use them.
Where they have given permission I have credited them accordingly.
If anyone sees others that they hold the copyright for, please do contact me - I would be more than happy to credit you as such and add any information you would like, or I would remove them altogether if preferred. Saying that, I hope as many people as possible enjoy what I've put together, and I would be interested if anyone has any questions, comments or corrections!
Thank you for looking!
Domenico Lombardi hosts the Seminar "Collect More and Spend Better: The Role of Capacity Development" during the 2016 IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings in Washington, D.C., with opening remarks provided by Managing Director Christine Lagarde. Panelists include Carla Grasso, Vitor Gaspar, Klaus Rudischhauser, Amadou Ba, Nancy Birdsall, and Alonso Segura. Stephen Jaffe/IMF Photo
1994 - 1996
27 PS
Capacity : 180 Ah (17,28 kWh)
Range :
- at 50 km/h : 90 km
- Summer : 70 km/h
- Winter : 40 km
120 ex.
Die Gläserne Manufaktur / The Transparent Factory
Strassburger Platz
Dresden
Germany
Oktober 2016
Capacity: 3179 cm³
Output: 184 kW (250 PS) @ 6200/min
Torque: 300 Nm @ 4800/min
Top speed: > 250 km/h
0–100 km/h: 6,3 s
Powertrain: Alfa Romeo Arese V6
DSC_9043 - 4703 - HH-YB 4703 - Mercedes-Benz Citaro C2 GL CapaCity L - Hamburger Hochbahn - Hamburg, Steintordamm 09/05/25
turning...
Bus No: 8258
Year released: 2006
Capacity: 49; 2x2 seating configuration
Route: Candon-Manila/Avenida via Dau/Magalang/Concepcion/Capas/Tarlac/Gerona/Paniqui/Moncada/Urdaneta/Rosario/La Union
Body: Del Monte Motors Corp.
Chassis: Mitsubishi Fuso RP118N
Engine: Mitsubishi Fuso 8dc8
Fare: Airconditioned
Aircon System: Denso sub-engine a/c
Transmission System: M/T
Plate No.: TXF-317
Taken on: June 29, 2011
Location: McArthur Highway, Brgy. Nicolas, Tarlac City, Tarlac
Nizza
Nice (/niːs/ NEESS; French pronunciation: [nis]) is a city in and the prefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in France. The Nice agglomeration extends far beyond the administrative city limits, with a population of nearly one million on an area of 744 km2 (287 sq mi). Located on the French Riviera, the southeastern coast of France on the Mediterranean Sea, at the foot of the French Alps, Nice is the second-largest French city on the Mediterranean coast and second-largest city in the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region after Marseille. Nice is approximately 13 kilometres (8 mi) from the principality of Monaco and 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the French–Italian border. Nice's airport serves as a gateway to the region.
The city is nicknamed Nice la Belle (Nissa La Bella in Niçard), meaning 'Nice the Beautiful', which is also the title of the unofficial anthem of Nice, written by Menica Rondelly in 1912. The area of today's Nice contains Terra Amata, an archaeological site which displays evidence of a very early use of fire 380,000 years ago. Around 350 BC, Greeks of Marseille founded a permanent settlement and called it Nikaia, after Nike, the goddess of victory. Through the ages, the town has changed hands many times. Its strategic location and port significantly contributed to its maritime strength. From 1388, it was a dominion of Savoy, then became part of the French First Republic between 1792 and 1815, when it was returned to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the legal predecessor of the Kingdom of Italy, until its annexation by France in 1860.
The natural environment of the Nice area and its mild Mediterranean climate came to the attention of the English upper classes in the second half of the 18th century, when an increasing number of aristocratic families began spending their winters there. In 1931, following its refurbishment, the city's main seaside promenade, the Promenade des Anglais ("Walkway of the English"), was inaugurated by Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught; it owes its name to visitors to the resort. These included Queen Victoria along with her son Edward VII who spent winters there, as well as Henry Cavendish, born in Nice, who discovered hydrogen.
The clear air and soft light have particularly appealed to notable painters, such as Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse, Niki de Saint Phalle, and Arman. Their work is commemorated in many of the city's museums, including Musée Marc Chagall, Musée Matisse and Musée des Beaux-Arts. International writers have also been attracted and inspired by the city. Frank Harris wrote several books including his autobiography My Life and Loves in Nice. Friedrich Nietzsche spent six consecutive winters in Nice, and wrote Thus Spoke Zarathustra there. Additionally, Russian writer Anton Chekhov completed his play Three Sisters while living in Nice.
Nice's appeal extended to the Russian upper classes. Prince Nicholas Alexandrovich, heir apparent to Imperial Russia, died in Nice and was a patron of the Russian Orthodox Cemetery, Nice where Princess Catherine Dolgorukova, morganatic wife of the Tsar Alexander II of Russia, is buried. Also buried there are General Dmitry Shcherbachev and General Nikolai Yudenich, leaders of the anti-Communist White Movement.
Those interred at the Cimetière du Château include celebrated jeweler Alfred Van Cleef, Emil Jellinek-Mercedes, founder of the Mercedes car company, film director Louis Feuillade, poet Agathe-Sophie Sasserno, dancer Carolina Otero, Asterix comics creator René Goscinny, The Phantom of the Opera author Gaston Leroux, French prime minister Léon Gambetta, and the first president of the International Court of Justice José Gustavo Guerrero.
Because of its historical importance as a winter resort town for the European aristocracy and the resulting mix of cultures found in the city, UNESCO proclaimed Nice a World Heritage Site in 2021. The city has the second largest hotel capacity in the country, and it is the second most visited metropolis in Metropolitan France, receiving four million tourists every year. It also has the third busiest airport in France, after the two main Parisian ones. It is the historical capital city of the County of Nice (French: Comté de Nice, Niçard: Countèa de Nissa).
History
Foundation
The first known hominid settlements in the Nice area date back about 400,000 years (homo erectus); the Terra Amata archeological site shows one of the earliest uses of fire, construction of houses, as well as flint findings dated to around 230,000 years ago. Nice was probably founded around 350 BC by colonists from the Greek city of Phocaea in western Anatolia. It was given the name of Níkaia (Νίκαια) in honour of a victory over the neighbouring Ligurians (people from the northwest of Italy, probably the Vediantii kingdom); Nike (Νίκη) was the Greek goddess of victory. The city soon became one of the busiest trading ports on the Ligurian coast; but it had an important rival in the Roman town of Cemenelum, which continued to exist as a separate city until the time of the Lombard invasions. The ruins of Cemenelum are in Cimiez, now a district of Nice.
Early development
In the 7th century, Nice joined the Genoese League formed by the towns of Liguria. In 729 the city repulsed the Saracens; but in 859 and again in 880 the Saracens pillaged and burned it, and for most of the 10th century remained masters of the surrounding country.
During the Middle Ages, Nice participated in the wars and history of Italy. As an ally of Pisa it was the enemy of Genoa, and both the King of France and the Holy Roman Emperor endeavoured to subjugate it; despite this, it maintained its municipal liberties. During the 13th and 14th centuries the city fell more than once into the hands of the Counts of Provence, but it regained its independence even though related to Genoa.
The medieval city walls surrounded the Old Town. The landward side was protected by the River Paillon, which was later covered over and is now the tram route towards the Acropolis. The east side of the town was protected by fortifications on Castle Hill. Another river flowed into the port on the east side of Castle Hill. Engravings suggest that the port area was also defended by walls. Under Monoprix in Place de Garibaldi are excavated remains of a well-defended city gate on the main road from Turin.
Duchy of Savoy
In 1388, the commune placed itself under the protection of the Counts of Savoy. Nice participated – directly or indirectly – in the history of Savoy until 1860.
The maritime strength of Nice now rapidly increased until it was able to cope with the Barbary pirates; the fortifications were largely extended and the roads to the city improved. In 1561 Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy abolished the use of Latin as an administrative language and established the Italian language as the official language of government affairs in Nice.
During the struggle between Francis I and Charles V great damage was caused by the passage of the armies invading Provence; pestilence and famine raged in the city for several years. In 1538, in the nearby town of Villeneuve-Loubet, through the mediation of Pope Paul III, the two monarchs concluded a ten years' truce.
In 1543, Nice was attacked by the united Franco-Ottoman forces of Francis I and Barbarossa Hayreddin Pasha, in the Siege of Nice; though the inhabitants repulsed the assault which followed the terrible bombardment, they were ultimately compelled to surrender, and Barbarossa was allowed to pillage the city and to carry off 2,500 captives. Pestilence appeared again in 1550 and 1580.
In 1600, Nice was briefly taken by the Duke of Guise. By opening the ports of the county to all nations, and proclaiming full freedom of trade (1626), the commerce of the city was given great stimulus, the noble families taking part in its mercantile enterprises.
Captured by Nicolas Catinat in 1691, Nice was restored to Savoy in 1696; but it was again besieged by the French in 1705, and in the following year its citadel and ramparts were demolished.
Kingdom of Sardinia
The Treaty of Utrecht (1713) once more gave the city back to the Duke of Savoy, who was on that same occasion recognised as King of Sicily. In the peaceful years which followed, the "new town" was built. From 1744 until the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748) the French and Spaniards were again in possession.
In 1775 the king, who in 1718 had swapped his sovereignty of Sicily for the Kingdom of Sardinia, destroyed all that remained of the ancient liberties of the commune. Conquered in 1792 by the armies of the First French Republic, the County of Nice continued to be part of France until 1814; but after that date it reverted to the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia.
French annexation
After the Treaty of Turin was signed in 1860 between the Sardinian king and Napoleon III as a consequence of the Plombières Agreement, the county was again and definitively ceded to France as a territorial reward for French assistance in the Second Italian War of Independence against Austria, which saw Lombardy united with Piedmont-Sardinia. King Victor-Emmanuel II, on 1 April 1860, solemnly asked the population to accept the change of sovereignty, in the name of Italian unity, and the cession was ratified by a regional referendum. Italophile manifestations and the acclamation of an "Italian Nice" by the crowd are reported on this occasion. A plebiscite was voted on 15 and 16 April 1860. The opponents of annexation called for abstention, hence the very high abstention rate. The "yes" vote won 83% of registered voters throughout the county of Nice and 86% in Nice, partly thanks to pressure from the authorities. This is the result of a masterful operation of information control by the French and Piedmontese governments, in order to influence the outcome of the vote in relation to the decisions already taken. The irregularities in the plebiscite voting operations were evident. The case of Levens is emblematic: the same official sources recorded, faced with only 407 voters, 481 votes cast, naturally almost all in favor of joining France.
The Italian language, which was the official language of the County, used by the Church, at the town hall, taught in schools, used in theaters and at the Opera, was immediately abolished and replaced by French. Discontent over annexation to France led to the emigration of a large part of the Italophile population, also accelerated by Italian unification after 1861. A quarter of the population of Nice, around 11,000 people from Nice, decided to voluntarily exile to Italy. The emigration of a quarter of the Niçard Italians to Italy took the name of Niçard exodus. Many Italians from Nizza then moved to the Ligurian towns of Ventimiglia, Bordighera and Ospedaletti, giving rise to a local branch of the movement of the Italian irredentists which considered the re-acquisition of Nice to be one of their nationalist goals. Giuseppe Garibaldi, born in Nice, strongly opposed the cession to France, arguing that the ballot was rigged by the French. Furthermore, for the niçard general his hometown was unquestionably Italian. Politically, the liberals of Nice and the partisans of Garibaldi also appreciated very little Napoleonic authoritarianism. Elements on the right (aristocrats) as on the left (Garibaldians) therefore wanted Nice to return to Italy. Savoy was also transferred to the French crown by similar means.
In 1871, during the first free elections in the County, the pro-Italian lists obtained almost all the votes in the legislative elections (26,534 votes out of 29,428 votes cast), and Garibaldi was elected deputy at the National Assembly. Pro-Italians took to the streets cheering "Viva Nizza! Viva Garibaldi!". The French government sent 10,000 soldiers to Nice, closed the Italian newspaper Il Diritto di Nizza and imprisoned several demonstrators. The population of Nice rose up from 8 to 10 February and the three days of demonstration took the name of "Niçard Vespers". The revolt was suppressed by French troops. On 13 February, Garibaldi was not allowed to speak at the French parliament meeting in Bordeaux to ask for the reunification of Nice to the newborn Italian unitary state, and he resigned from his post as deputy. The failure of Vespers led to the expulsion of the last pro-Italian intellectuals from Nice, such as Luciano Mereu or Giuseppe Bres, who were expelled or deported.
The pro-Italian irredentist movement persisted throughout the period 1860–1914, despite the repression carried out since the annexation. The French government implemented a policy of Francization of society, language and culture. The toponyms of the communes of the ancient County were francized, with the obligation to use French in Nice, as well as certain surnames (for example the Italian surname "Bianchi" was francized into "Leblanc", and the Italian surname "Del Ponte" was francized into "Dupont").
Italian-language newspapers in Nice were banned. In 1861, La Voce di Nizza was closed (temporarily reopened during the Niçard Vespers), followed by Il Diritto di Nizza, closed in 1871. In 1895 it was the turn of Il Pensiero di Nizza, accused of irredentism. Many journalists and writers from Nice wrote in these newspapers in Italian. Among these are Enrico Sappia, Giuseppe André, Giuseppe Bres, Eugenio Cais di Pierlas and others.
During the repression of January and February 1894, the police conducted raids targeting the Italian anarchists living there, without much success.
20th century
In 1900, the Tramway de Nice electrified its horse-drawn streetcars and spread its network to the entire département from Menton to Cagnes-sur-Mer. By the 1930s more bus connections were added in the area. In the 1930s, Nice hosted international car racing in the Formula Libre (predecessor to Formula One) on the so-called Circuit Nice. The circuit started along the waterfront just south of the Jardin Albert I, then headed westward along the Promenade des Anglais followed by a hairpin turn at the Hotel Negresco to come back eastward and around the Jardin Albert I before heading again east along the beach on the Quai des Etats-Unis.
As war broke out in September 1939, Nice became a city of refuge for many displaced foreigners, notably Jews fleeing the Nazi progression into Eastern Europe. From Nice many sought further shelter in the French colonies, Morocco and North and South America. After July 1940 and the establishment of the Vichy Regime, antisemitic aggressions accelerated the exodus, starting in July 1941 and continuing through 1942. On 26 August 1942, 655 Jews of foreign origin were rounded up by the Laval government and interned in the Auvare barracks. Of these, 560 were deported to Drancy internment camp on 31 August 1942. Due to the activity of the Jewish banker Angelo Donati and of the Capuchin friar Père Marie-Benoît the local authorities hindered the application of anti-Jewish Vichy laws.
The first résistants to the new regime were a group of high school seniors of the Lycée de Nice, now Lycée Masséna , in September 1940, later arrested and executed in 1944 near Castellane. The first public demonstrations occurred on 14 July 1942 when several hundred protesters took to the streets along the Avenue de la Victoire and in the Place Masséna. In November 1942 German troops moved into most of unoccupied France, but Italian troops moved into a smaller zone including Nice. A certain ambivalence remained among the population, many of whom were recent immigrants of Italian ancestry. However, the resistance gained momentum after the Italian surrender in 1943 when the German army occupied the former Italian zone. Reprisals intensified between December 1943 and July 1944, when many partisans were tortured and executed by the local Gestapo. American paratroopers entered the city on 30 August 1944 and Nice was finally liberated. The consequences of the war were heavy: the population decreased by 15% and economic life was totally disrupted.
In the second half of the 20th century, Nice enjoyed an economic boom primarily driven by tourism and construction. Two men dominated this period: Jean Médecin, mayor for 33 years from 1928 to 1943 and from 1947 to 1965, and his son Jacques, mayor for 24 years from 1966 to 1990. Under their leadership, there was extensive urban renewal, including many new constructions. These included the convention centre, theatres, new thoroughfares and expressways. The arrival of the Pieds-Noirs, refugees from Algeria after 1962 independence, also gave the city a boost and somewhat changed the make-up of its population and traditional views. By the late 1980s, rumors of political corruption in the city government surfaced; and eventually formal accusations against Jacques Médecin forced him to flee France in 1990. Later arrested in Uruguay in 1993, he was extradited back to France in 1994, convicted of several counts of corruption and associated crimes and sentenced to imprisonment.
On 16 October 1979, a landslide and an undersea slide caused two tsunamis that hit the western coast of Nice; these events killed between 8 and 23 people.
21st century
In February 2001, European leaders met in Nice to negotiate and sign what is now the Treaty of Nice, amending the institutions of the European Union.
In 2003, local Chief Prosecutor Éric de Montgolfier alleged that some judicial cases involving local personalities had been suspiciously derailed by the local judiciary, which he suspected of having unhealthy contacts through Masonic lodges with the defendants. A controversial official report stated later that Montgolfier had made unwarranted accusations.
On 14 July 2016, a truck was deliberately driven into a crowd of people by Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel on the Promenade des Anglais. The crowd was watching a fireworks display in celebration of Bastille Day. A total of 87 people were killed, including the perpetrator, who was shot dead by police. Another 434 were injured, with 52 in critical care and 25 in intensive care, according to the Paris prosecutor. On 29 October 2020, a stabbing attack killed three people at the local Notre-Dame de Nice. One of the victims, a woman, was beheaded by the attacker. Several additional victims were injured. The attacker, who was shot by the police, was taken into custody. The Islamic state claimed responsibility for both attacks.
In 2021, the city was proclaimed a World Heritage Site by UNESCO as "Nice, Winter Resort Town of the Riviera".
On 18 July 2024, seve people from the same family, including three young children, three adults and a teenager were killed in an arson attack. The fire also critically injured one other person and caused thirty other people to suffer from smoke inhalation.
Architecture
The Promenade des Anglais ("Walkway of the English") is a promenade along the Baie des Anges ("Bay of the Angels"), which is a bay of the Mediterranean in Nice. Before Nice was urbanised, the coastline at Nice was just bordered by a deserted stretch of shingle beach (covered with large pebbles). The first houses were located on higher ground well away from the sea, as wealthy tourists visiting Nice in the 18th century did not come for the beach, but for the gentle winter weather. The areas close to the water were home to Nice's dockworkers and fishermen.
In the second half of the 18th century, many wealthy English people took to spending the winter in Nice, enjoying the panorama along the coast. This early aristocratic English colony conceived the building of a promenade with the leadership and financial support of Rev. Lewis Way. With the initial promenade completed, the city of Nice, intrigued by the prospect, greatly increased the scope of the work. The Promenade was first called the Camin dei Anglès (the English Way) by the Niçois in their native dialect Nissart. In 1823, the promenade was named La Promenade des Anglais by the French, a name that would stick after the annexation of Nice by France in 1860.
The Hotel Negresco on the Promenade des Anglais was named after Henri Negresco who had the palatial hotel constructed in 1912. In keeping with the conventions of the time, when the Negresco first opened in 1913 its front opened on the side opposite the Mediterranean.
Beginning at Place Masséna, heading east and parallel to the Promenade des Anglais, there is a "Zone Piétonne", or "Pedestrian Zone". Cars are not allowed (with exception to delivery trucks), making this avenue a popular walkway.
Old Nice is also home to the Opéra de Nice. It was constructed at the end of the 19th century under the design of François Aune, to replace King Charles Félix's Maccarani Theater. Today, it is open to the public and provides a regular program of performances.
Climate
Nice has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), enjoying mild winters with moderate rainfall. It is one of the warmest Mediterranean climates for its latitude. Summers are warm to hot, dry, and sunny. Rainfall is rare in this season, and a typical July month only records one or two days with measurable rainfall. The temperature is typically above 26 °C (79 °F) but rarely above 32 °C (90 °F). The climate data is recorded from the airport, located just metres from the sea. Summer temperatures, therefore, are often higher in the city. The average maximum temperature in the warmest months of July and August is about 27 °C (81 °F). The highest recorded temperature was 37.7 °C (99.9 °F) on 1 August 2006. Autumn generally starts sunny in September and becomes more cloudy and rainy towards October, while temperatures usually remain above 20 °C (68 °F) until November where days start to cool down to around 17 °C (63 °F).
Winters are characterised by mild days (11 to 17 °C (52 to 63 °F)), cool nights (4 to 9 °C (39 to 48 °F)), and variable weather. Days can be either sunny and dry or damp and rainy. The average minimum temperature in January is around 5 °C (41 °F). Frost is unusual and snowfalls are rare. The most recent snowfall in Nice was on 26 February 2018.[46] Nice also received a dusting of snow in 2005, 2009 and 2010. Spring starts cool and rainy in late March, and Nice becomes increasingly warm and sunny around June.
Economy and tourism
Nice is the seat of the Chambre de commerce et d'industrie Nice Côte d'Azur, which manages the Port of Nice. Investors from France and abroad can benefit from the assistance of the Côte d'Azur Economic Development Agency Team Côte d'Azur.
Nice has one conference centre: the Palais des Congrès Acropolis. The city also has several business parks, including l'Arenas, Nice the Plain, Nice Méridia, Saint Isidore, and the Northern Forum.
In addition, the city features several shopping centres such as Nicetoile on Avenue Jean Médecin, Cap3000 in Saint-Laurent-du-Var (the 5th-biggest mall in France by surface area), Nice TNL, Nice Lingostière, Northern Forum, St-Isidore, the Trinity (around the Auchan hypermarket) and Polygone Riviera in Cagnes-sur-Mer.
Sophia Antipolis is a technology park northwest of Antibes. Much of the park is within the commune of Valbonne. Established between 1970 and 1984, it primarily houses companies in the fields of computing, electronics, pharmacology and biotechnology. Several institutions of higher learning are also located here, along with the European headquarters of W3C. It is known as "Europe's first science and technology hub" and is valued at more than 5 billion euros.
The Nice metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $47.7 billion, and $34,480 per capita, slightly lower than the French average.
Culture
Terra-Amata, an archaeological site dating from the Lower Palaeolithic age, is situated near Nice. Nice itself was established by the ancient Greeks. There was also an independent Roman city, Cemenelum, near Nice, where the hill of Cimiez is located.
Since the 2nd century AD, the light of the city has attracted painters and sculptors such as Chagall, Matisse, Niki de Saint Phalle, Klein, Arman and Sosno. Nice inspired many composers and intellectuals in different countries e.g. Berlioz, Rossini, Nietzsche, etc.
Nice also has numerous museums of all kinds: Musée Marc Chagall, Musée Matisse, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Musée international d'Art naïf Anatole Jakovsky, Musée Terra-Amata, Museum of Asian Art, Musée d'art moderne et d'art contemporain (which devotes much space to the well-known École of Nice "), Museum of Natural History, Musée Masséna, Naval Museum and Galerie des Ponchettes.
Being a vacation resort, Nice hosts many festivals throughout the year, such as the Nice Carnival and the Nice Jazz Festival.
Nice has a distinct culture due to its unique history. The local language Niçard (Nissart) is an Occitan dialect (but some Italian scholars argue that it is a Ligurian dialect).[citation needed] It is still spoken by a substantial minority. Strong Italian and (to a lesser extent) Corsican influences make it more intelligible to speakers of Italian than other extant Provençal dialects.
In the past, Nice has welcomed many immigrants from Italy (who continue to make up a large proportion of the population), as well as Spaniards and Portuguese. In the past few decades immigration has been opened to include immigrants from all over the world, particularly those from former Northern and Western African colonies, as well as Southeast Asia.[citation needed] Traditions are still alive, especially in folk music and dances, including the farandole – an open-chain community dance.
Since 1860 a cannon (based at the Château east of Old Nice) is shot at twelve o'clock sharp. The detonation can be heard almost all over the city. This tradition goes back to Sir Thomas Coventry, who intended to remind the citizens of having lunch on time.
Hôtel du Couvent: A 17th-century monastery in Nice was transformed into a five-star hotel, opening its doors in June 2024. This project blends historical architecture with modern luxury, contributing to the city's hospitality offerings. LE MONDE.
Cuisine
The cuisine of Nice is especially close to those of Provence but also Liguria and Piedmont and uses local ingredients (olive oil, anchovies, fruit and vegetables) but also those from more remote regions, in particular from Northern Europe, because ships which came to pick up olive oil arrived full of food products, such as dried haddock.
The local cuisine is rich in around 200 recipes. Most famous include the local tart made with onions and anchovies (or anchovy paste), named "Pissaladière" and derived from the ligurian pissalandrea, a sort of pizza. Socca is a type of pancake made from chickpea flour. Farcis niçois is a dish made from vegetables stuffed with a mixture of breadcrumbs, meat (generally sausage and ground beef), and herbs; and salade niçoise is a tomato salad with baked eggs, tuna or anchovies, olives and often lettuce. Green peppers, vinaigrette, and other raw green vegetables may be included. Potatoes and green beans are not traditional components.
Local meat comes from neighbouring valleys, such as the sheep of Sisteron. Local fish, such as mullets, bream, sea urchins, anchovies and poutine/gianchetti are used to a great extent, so much so that it has given birth to a proverb: "fish are born in the sea and die in oil".
(Wikipedia)
Nizza (französisch Nice [nis], nissart Niça/Nissa) ist eine französische Großstadt mit 353.701 Einwohnern an der Mittelmeerküste (Côte d’Azur) im Département Alpes-Maritimes in der Region Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur. Seit Juli 2021 ist Nizza als „Winterurlaubsstadt an der Riviera“ Teil des UNESCO-Weltkulturerbes.
Nizza ist bevölkerungsmäßig die fünftgrößte Stadt Frankreichs und nach Marseille die zweitgrößte Stadt der provenzalischen Region Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur. Nizza ist Sitz der Präfektur des Départements Alpes-Maritimes. Sie liegt zwischen Cannes und dem Fürstentum Monaco, etwa 23 Kilometer (Luftlinie) von der Grenze zu Italien entfernt. Zusammen mit 48 weiteren Gemeinden bildet Nizza den Gemeindeverband Métropole Nice Côte d’Azur. Die Bevölkerungszahl im Ballungsraum beträgt über 944.000, die Aire urbaine hat 1,1 Millionen Einwohner.
Geographie
Nizza liegt im Südosten Frankreichs und in der direkten Verlängerung des Mercantour-Massivs (Seealpen), im Westen vom Var-Tal und im Osten vom Mont Boron begrenzt. Die Entfernung zum Fürstentum Monaco beträgt etwa zehn Kilometer, die Entfernung zur italienischen Grenze 30 Kilometer.
Sprache und Bevölkerung
Die Einwohner Nizzas werden im Französischen Niçois bezeichnet, im Deutschen als Nizzaer. Im nizzardischen Land wird noch teilweise ein okzitanischer bzw. provenzalischer Dialekt gesprochen, das sogenannte Nissart oder Niçard, standardsprachlich Niçois, das zuletzt wohl auf eine Vermischung des einheimischen ligurischen Dialekts mit dem Latein der römischen Eroberer zurückging.
Klima und Lokalgeographie
Durch die geschützte Lage ist Nizza auch im Winter einer der wärmsten Orte an der französischen Côte d’Azur. Die angenehmsten Reisemonate sind der Mai und Mitte September bis Mitte Oktober. Im Allgemeinen liegen die Temperaturen in Nizza einige Grad über den Temperaturen in Deutschland. Die Monate Juni bis August können sehr heiß werden. Die Winter sind mild, es gibt in Nizza kaum Frost. Deshalb war diese Stadt im 19. Jahrhundert ein beliebtes Winterquartier für Briten und Russen, darunter auch die Zarenfamilie. Noch heute zeugen die großen Hotels und Gärten sowie die orthodoxe Kirche von diesem Umstand. Nizza hat keinen Sand-, sondern einen Steinstrand. Das milde Mittelmeerklima begünstigt den Weinbau, das Weinbaugebiet um Nizza trägt den Namen Bellet.
Geschichte
Die Gegend des heutigen Nizza war bereits vor 400.000 Jahren vom Homo erectus besiedelt. 1965 stieß man bei Ausschachtungsarbeiten auf zahlreiche Artefakte, die heute im Museum Terra Amata ausgestellt sind. Vor 190.000 bis 130.000 Jahren lebten hier Neandertaler, deren Überreste in der Grotte du Lazaret ausgegraben wurden.
Wahrscheinlich um 350 v. Chr. besiegten die Phokäer aus der Gegend um Marseille die Ligurer und gründeten Νίκαια Níkaia („die Siegreiche“, nach der Siegesgöttin Nike). Im Jahre 154 v. Chr. setzten sich die Römer in der Gegend fest, nachdem die griechischen Siedlungen Nikaia und Antipolis, das heutige Antibes, von Ligurern aus der Gegend von Biot und Cannes angegriffen worden waren. Zur Sicherung der Region wurde daraufhin von den Römern neben Nikaia eine zweite Siedlung, Cemenelum, auf den Bergen des heutigen Cimiez errichtet. Die erhaltenen Ruinen deuten für Cemenelum (der heutige Stadtteil Cimiez) eine Bevölkerungszahl von 15.000 bis 20.000 Einwohnern an. Der Ort war damit ein regionaler Verwaltungsmittelpunkt und erlebte insbesondere durch den Bau der Via Julia Augusta (7 v. Chr.) einen Aufschwung, sodass etwa zu dieser Zeit der Stützpunkt zur Stadt anwuchs.
Im fünften Jahrhundert wurde Cemenelum zugunsten von Nikaia aufgegeben. Die Provence fiel 508 an die Ostgoten, 536 an das Frankenreich. 813, 859 und 880 wurde Nizza von sarazenischen Angreifern geplündert, die vom Meer her kamen. Auch in der Folgezeit (z. B. im Jahr 943) war die Stadt den Angriffen der Muslime ausgeliefert. Diese hatten sich von 888 bis um 975 im nahen Fraxinetum festgesetzt, ehe Graf Wilhelm von der Provence sie vertreiben konnte.
1144 wird ein Stadtrat („Consulat“) erwähnt, 1176 eine erste Stadtverfassung. Nizza blieb allerdings weiter der Grafschaft Provence unterstellt, sodass die Stadt im zwölften Jahrhundert aragonesisch war und ab 1246 zum Haus Anjou gehörte. Im 13. Jahrhundert machte sich zunehmend die Konkurrenz zu Genua bemerkbar, das um 1215 kurzzeitig die Oberhoheit über die Stadt erlangte. Als Reaktion ließ der Graf der Provence um 1250 in Nizza eine Flotte stationieren. 1295 erfolgte die Gründung der Stadt Villefranche (so viel wie Freie Stadt) nahe bei Nizza mit einem Stützpunkt zur Bekämpfung der Piraterie. 1385 kam es nach dem Tod der Landesherrin Johanna I. zu Erbfolgewirren, als Karl von Anjou und dessen Vetter Karl von Durazzo die Grafschaft Provence für sich beanspruchten. In dieser Situation wandte sich Nizza auf Anstiften des Herrn Jean Grimaldi gegen die Anjous, woraufhin im Jahre 1388 Graf Amadeus VII. von Savoyen den östlichen Teil der Provence als Terre Neuve de Provence seiner Grafschaft einverleibte und somit einen Zugang zum Meer erlangte. Später wurde dieser Teil Savoyens seinerseits zur Grafschaft Nizza (Comté de Nice) erhoben. Aufgrund ihrer strategischen Lage wurde die Stadt stark befestigt und war in der Folge immer wieder umkämpft.
1524 durchquerte Franz I. von Valois-Angoulême die Grafschaft Nizza, um die französischen Ansprüche in der Lombardei gegen die Habsburger zu erkämpfen. Er geriet in der Schlacht von Pavia jedoch in die Gefangenschaft Karls V., der ihn 1525 von Villefranche mit dem Schiff nach Spanien bringen ließ. 1536 zog sich der Herzog von Savoyen vor dem König von Frankreich in die Grafschaft Nizza zurück. Zwei Jahre später wurde in Nizza unter Vermittlung von Papst Paul III. ein Waffenstillstand zwischen Franz I. und Karl V. ausgehandelt. 1543 erfolgte die Belagerung und Plünderung von Nizza durch die französischen Truppen und die Flotte von Khair ad-Din Barbarossa; die Zitadelle konnte gehalten werden. Der lokalen Überlieferung nach war es eine Wäscherin, Catherine Ségourane, die als eine „Jeanne d’Arc von Nizza“ den Abzug osmanischer Truppen erzwungen haben soll.
Im Jahre 1600 ließ Heinrich IV. die Stadt belagern. Anlässlich des Friedens von Lyon von 1601 verblieb Nizza beim Herzogtum Savoyen, das hier 1614 einen der drei Gerichtshöfe des Landes errichtete. 1631 wurde Nizza von einer Pestepidemie heimgesucht. 1642 wurden die Spanier aus Nizza vertrieben. 1691 nahm Ludwig XIV. Nizza und die Region ein, zugleich übernahm er den Titel eines Grafen von Nizza. 1693 besichtigte der Militärarchitekt Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban die Region um Nizza zur Organisation der Instandsetzung der Festungsanlagen. Zwei Jahre später erlangte der Herzog von Savoyen die Grafschaft Nizza durch die Heirat seiner Tochter mit einem Enkel Ludwigs XIV. zurück. Im Spanischen Erbfolgekrieg kam es erneut zu Kämpfen in der Region, da sich Savoyen auf die Seite der Habsburger gegen Frankreich stellte. Ein französischer Angriff unter General Catinat führte allerdings zur weitgehenden Zerstörung der Festung.
1744, im Rahmen des Österreichischen Erbfolgekriegs, eroberten französisch-spanische Truppen die Grafschaft, die allerdings im Aachener Frieden von 1748 erneut Savoyen zugesprochen wurde. 1749 wurde das Bassin Lympia, der heutige Hafen, angelegt. Nach einer Volksabstimmung wurde 1793 die Grafschaft an Frankreich angegliedert und zum 85. Département mit dem Namen Alpes-Maritimes erhoben.
Von hier aus begann Napoleon Bonaparte 1796 seinen Italienfeldzug, der zur Besetzung des Piemont führte. 1800 wurde die Region kurzfristig durch österreichische Truppen besetzt, jedoch nach dem Sieg Napoleons in der Schlacht bei Marengo wieder der französischen Herrschaft unterstellt. 1804 erkannte Nizza das Empire mit 3.488 zu 2 Stimmen an. Im Jahre 1814 fiel im Ersten Pariser Frieden die Grafschaft Nizza an Piemont zurück, das mittlerweile Teil des Königreichs Sardinien geworden war. Die Grenzen von 1760 wurden damit wiederhergestellt. 1859 unterstützte Frankreich die gegen die Habsburger errungene nationale Einigung Italiens unter der Herrschaft des Königs von Sardinien-Piemont, der Napoleon III. dafür im Vertrag von Turin die endgültige Angliederung Savoyens und Nizzas an Frankreich zugestehen musste. Das wurde von der Bevölkerung Nizzas in einem Plebiszit 1860 gebilligt, 6810 der 7912 Wahlberechtigten unterstützten das Vorhaben. Die Eisenbahn (PLM – Chemins de fer de Paris à Lyon et à la Méditerranée) erreichte 1864[4] die Stadt. Da der Bahnhof weit außerhalb der Stadt auf freiem Feld gebaut wurde, verlagerte sich die Bautätigkeit auf das Gebiet jenseits des Flusses Paillon. Die Altstadt blieb dadurch gut erhalten. 1882 erbaute der französische Architekt Charles Garnier das Observatorium von Nizza.
Mittlerweile war die Stadt als Sommerfrische der Briten so sehr etabliert, dass Alexandre Dumas 1851 erklärte, Nizza sei im Grunde eine englische Stadt, in der man hin und wieder auch einen Einheimischen treffen könne. Zunehmend logierte hier auch der europäische Hochadel, so der russische Zar und Victoria von Großbritannien. Verbrachten um 1890 hier etwa 22.000 Gäste den Winter, so waren es um 1910 bereits 150.000, bei 140.000[4] Einwohnern um 1911.
Der Aufschwung des Tourismus wurde von einer Industrialisierung begleitet, die im 20. Jahrhundert zunehmend italienische Gastarbeiter anzog, die sich überwiegend in den Vierteln Riquier und Madeleine niederließen. Weiße Russen und andere Russlandflüchtlinge nach den Russischen Revolutionen gründeten in Nizza das Comité d’assistance aux réfugiés de Russie, die Arbeitsvermittlung Société de secours par le travail pour les émigrés russes de la Côte d’Azur und das Altersheim Villa Konak des russischen roten Kreuzes. In Nizza erschien die italienischsprachige faschistische Zeitung Il Pensiero latino.
Im Zweiten Weltkrieg blieb die Stadt, die zunächst italienisch und später deutsch besetzt war, weitgehend unbeschädigt; in den Bergen oberhalb der Stadt befanden sich Widerstandszentren der Résistance. Bei einem amerikanischen Luftangriff am 27. Mai 1944 starben 316 Menschen. Am 30. August 1944 wurde Nizza befreit, nachdem am 15. August bei Cannes die alliierte Flotte in der Operation Dragoon gelandet war. Am 13. Mai 1945 gewann die sozialistische SFIO den zweiten Wahlgang für die Stadtregierung.
Während in der Nachkriegszeit der Anteil der Briten in der Stadt nach und nach zurückging, stieg der von italienischen Immigranten, finanziell gutgestellten Rentnern aus anderen Teilen Frankreichs und „repatriierten“ Algerienfranzosen (Pied-noir) und Harki-Familien aus den früheren französischen Kolonien besonders nach dem Ende des Algerienkriegs an. 1974 initiierte der über enge Kontakte zur extremen Rechten verfügende Bürgermeister Jacques Médecin eine Städtepartnerschaft mit Kapstadt im damals wegen der Apartheid international geächteten Südafrika. Im Jahr 1979 wurde Nizza von zwei Tsunamis heimgesucht.
Im Jahr 2000 wurde in der Stadt der Vertrag von Nizza verabschiedet. Nizza hat eine im nationalen Vergleich überdurchschnittlich hohe Arbeitslosigkeit und Armut mit überdurchschnittlich vielen Sozialwohnungen (Habitation à loyer modéré, HLM) und zählt überdurchschnittlich viele Wähler der extremen Rechten (FN, Les Identitaires/Nissa Rebela). Aus Sicherheitsgründen wurden rund 1700 Überwachungskameras installiert. Die Stadt, die als ein Zentrum der Kleinkriminalität gilt, beschäftigte 2017 rund 400 Polizisten. Besonders schwierig für die Bewohner ist die Lage im Randquartier L’Ariane, im äußersten Nordosten der Stadt, einst eine Mülldeponie, das vom Innenministerium als Zone de sécurité prioritaire (ZSP) eingestuft wurde. Der Stadtteil hat eine zu 80 Prozent muslimische Bevölkerung.
Während der Feierlichkeiten zum Nationalfeiertag am Abend des 14. Juli 2016 fuhr ein Lastkraftwagen rund zwei Kilometer lang durch eine Menschenmenge auf der Promenade des Anglais. Bei dem Anschlag in Nizza wurden 86 Menschen getötet und mehr als 200 Personen zum Teil schwer verletzt. Der Fahrer, ein 31-jähriger Einwohner Nizzas mit tunesischer Staatsbürgerschaft, wurde bei einem Schusswechsel von der Polizei getötet.
Die Stadt arbeitet mit zahlreichen kulturellen und sozialen Projekten an der Verbesserung des sozialen Zusammenhalts und der Lebensqualität.
Kultur und Sehenswürdigkeiten
Architektur
Infolge ihrer wechselhaften Vergangenheit entstand in der Stadt Nizza ein reiches architektonisches Erbe. Durch die Konzentration der Bautätigkeit auf die Stadterweiterung im Zweiten Kaiserreich blieb der Altstadtkern im Wesentlichen intakt. Auch viele Villen, Paläste und Barockkirchen wurden schon zur Zeit der Savoyer errichtet und blieben erhalten. Eine Besonderheit stellt die in mehreren historischen Etappen ab 1868 durchgeführte Einwölbung des Flusses Paillon dar. Sie ermöglichte es, im heutigen Zentralbereich der Stadt bedeutende Grünflächen zu schaffen und ein Teil der so gewonnenen Flächen diente auch als Bauplatz großer öffentlicher Gebäude. Die Belle Époque vor 1914 hinterließ in Nizza ebenfalls deutliche Spuren.
Bauwerke
In der gut erhaltenen Altstadt finden sich zahlreiche Barockbauten. Zu den Kirchen zählen die Kathedrale Sainte-Réparate aus dem 17. Jahrhundert, deren Fassade allerdings aus dem Jahr 1825 stammt, die Verkündigungskirche (Sainte-Rita), die Église du Gésu, die Kirche Saint-Martin-Saint-Augustin, die Grabtuchkirche St-Suaire oder die Église la Miséricorde.
Des Weiteren heben sich Profanbauten wie die Präfektur, einst Sitz der Herzoge von Savoyen oder das Palais communal als ehemaliges Rathaus hervor. Dieses wurde 1580 erbaut und im 17. Jahrhundert von Marc’Antonio Grigho um ein monumentales Portal erweitert. Oberhalb der Altstadt liegt der Schlosshügel (Colline du Château) mit Ruinen der 1706 geschleiften Zitadelle.
Die Place Garibaldi und die Place Masséna, beide einheitlich gestaltete Platzanlagen nach Turiner Vorbildern, bilden den Übergang zur Neustadt. Sie ist charakterisiert durch zahlreiche Luxushotels, Appartementhäuser und Villen aus der Belle Époque. Das berühmteste Hotel ist das Negresco. An der Südseite der Neustadt befindet sich die Promenade des Anglais, eine zwischen 1822 und 1824 angelegte Prachtstraße.
Das Anwachsen der russischen Gemeinschaft seit der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts zog den Bau orthodoxer Kirchen nach sich. Die erste russische Kirche Saint-Nicolas-et-Sainte-Alexandra wurde ab 1858 vom Architekten Antoine-François Barraya erbaut und war damit die erste in Westeuropa. In den 1860er Jahren folgten eine Gedenkkapelle (1867–1868) für den Zarewitsch Nikolai Alexandrowitsch Romanow, der hier 1865 verstarb, und der Russische Friedhof, der älteste und zweitgrößte russische Friedhof Frankreichs, mit der Kapelle Saint-Nicolas (1867–1868). Im Jahr 1912 schuf schließlich der Architekt Preobrajensky im Auftrag des Zaren Nikolaus II. die russisch-orthodoxe Kathedrale Saint-Nicolas, die größte außerhalb Russlands.
Am Berg Cimiez sind die Ausgrabungen der römischen Stadt zu besichtigen. Dort befindet sich außerdem ein Franziskanerkloster mit Gemälden von Jacques Bréa und der Friedhof, auf dem Henri Matisse begraben ist. Die Deutsche Kirche Nizza besteht seit italienischer Zeit.
Veranstaltungen
Jährlich im Februar findet anlässlich des Karnevals auf Nizzas Renommierstraße der Promenade des Anglais der auch im übrigen Europa bekannt gewordene Blumenkorso mit festlich geschmückten Motivwagen und unzähligen Blütenarrangements statt.
Wirtschaft
Die Wirtschaft wird durch den Tourismus und die Spitzentechnologie dominiert. Das Technologiezentrum Sophia Antipolis befindet sich etwa 20 Kilometer westlich der Stadt.
Nizza war bis zum Beginn der COVID-19-Pandemie und des russischen Überfalls auf die Ukraine ein beliebtes Reiseziel vieler Russen einschließlich russischer Oligarchen.
Wissenswertes
Seit 1860 wird jeden Tag um Punkt 12 Uhr eine Kanone vom Château östlich der Altstadt in voller Lautstärke abgefeuert. Diese Tradition geht auf Sir Thomas Coventry zurück, der mit Unterstützung des Bürgermeisters hierdurch ein pünktliches Mittagessen der Bewohner fördern wollte.
Der deutsche Nutzfahrzeughersteller Magirus-Deutz benannte anno 1960 einen Luxus-Omnibus nach der Stadt Nizza. Das Modell „Nizza“ bekam seinen Namen, nachdem es auf der Internationalen Omnibuswoche, die in Nizza stattfand, den ersten Preis im Karosseriewettbewerb und bei den technischen Prüfungen gewonnen hatte.
(Wikipedia)
The aim of this Capacity Building Seminar is to have an international exchange of information on the most successful programmes and policies supporting the establishment of effective ecosystems for social enterprises across the EU.
Iron Maiden played to a capacity crowd at Austin 360 Amphitheater. Tuesday, September 10, 2013. it was a hot-Texsa night and the rain from earlier in the afternoon made it a hot-muggy-Texas night. Iron Maiden raised the temperature levels with the use of pyrotechnics from the very first beat of the show. And even though we were warned it was going to happen, it was still soul shaking. The night begins with the mammoth Austin 360 Amphitheater speakers playing a recording of Iron Maiden's "Doctor Doctor." This, Maiden fans know, is a signal that the show is getting close to starting. Anticipation rises and pumping fists begin to fill the Austin 360 Amphitheater skyline. At the end of "Doctor Doctor" house lights go down pyrotechnics go up and it's game on. As the stage is illuminated, a stage resembling a huge iceberg is revealed, referencing 1988's "Seventh Son Of A Seventh Son" album cover. From the beginning it was none stage, Bruce Dickinson moving around the stage on two levels. Dickinson's voice has held up well and could even be referred to as spot on. The band was dynamic in every way, total control of their instruments and moving about giving maiden fans at either end of the stage a great plenty of chances to make eye contact. Bruce Dickinson did not fly the band into Texas on Ed Force One for this tour. The tour is consists of just a few North American dates, a few in Mexico and wraps up in South America.
During the Capacity Development - Financial Sector Stability session at the 2019 IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings at IMF Headquarters April 10, 2019 in Washington, DC, Nico Valckx, Naoto Osawa, and Tumubweine Twinemanzi answe the questions : How can policymakers implement a strong reform agenda? Join us to learn how countries such as Uganda are using targeted tools like the Financial Sector Stability Review, so they can prioritize reforms and build a more resilient financial sector. IMF Photograph/Joshua Roberts
This culvert has a reduced capacity due to creek bed loading and is being cleared to increase capacity.
Extensive flooding in the Southern Interior Region has caused washouts, mudslides and prompted multiple evacuation alerts across the region. Crews are working to restore impacted sites across the region. For up to the minute information on road conditions and additional information, check DriveBC.
For detailed information on the impacted infrastructure visit our travel advisory website: www.tranbc.ca/southern-interior-flood-recovery-travel-adv...
Domenico Lombardi hosts the Seminar "Collect More and Spend Better: The Role of Capacity Development" during the 2016 IMF/World Bank Spring Meetings in Washington, D.C., with opening remarks provided by Managing Director Christine Lagarde. Panelists include Carla Grasso, Vitor Gaspar, Klaus Rudischhauser, Amadou Ba, Nancy Birdsall, and Alonso Segura. Ryan Rayburn/IMF Photo
2 July 2013. Nyala: Participants of the Youth Volunteers Rebuilding Darfur Project (YVRDP) in Nyala, South Darfur, at the Nyala Technical College, where they receive training.
The YVRDP is a joint initiative of UNDP and the Government of Sudan to establish a youth volunteers-led scheme to promote environmentally sustainable poverty reduction and private sector development in Darfur. The YVRDP is coordinated by UNDP and the Peace and Development Center at the Universities of El Fasher, Nyala and El Geneina.
The project aims to fill the capacity gap of business and financial skills among youth and rural communities in Darfur. In support of the UNDP Pro-poor Value Chain integration project in Darfur, youth volunteers will play an active role in linking suppliers, purchasers and wholesalers into local, national and international value chains.
Photo by Albert González Farran, UNAMID
Train Chartering supplies high-capacity trains for cost-effective group travel across the entire British rail network, with up to 768 seats.
This is a Standard Class Mk2 carriage, which can be part of a single-class train, or combined with First Class carriages for a mixed-class train.
Train Chartering can upgrade onboard services to these carriages to create Club Class.
Juba, 29 November 2022: A two-day workshop in South Sudan’s capital, Juba, aims at building capacities among key interlocuters on the need to end the six grave violations against child rights during conflict. The event is hosted by the UNMISS Child Protection Unit.
Photos by Isaac Billy/UNMISS
River Dargle Flood Defence Scheme.
These images were taken in the third full week of November 2014. There's a big drop-off in activity on this site now. Continued removal of equipment, back to base or other construction sites. The last 'crawler crane' is being stripped down. Heavy-duty vehicular access to the far bank is restricted by the width and load-bearing capacity of the temporary bridge at Coburg, meaning that the crane has to propel itself out and across the river to a waiting low-loader. The boom arm of the 50-ton CCH3000 Crawler Crane is broken down into sections, and shipped out by truck. A Liebherr LTM 1050/1 All Terrain Mobile Crane is used for the job. It's telescopic boom, in working mode, extends to 40 m. At a near-vertical angle of 83º it could lift 7.4 ton. In secured compacted mode (10.5 m height), it could lift 50+ ton. Overall length: 8.7 m, - overall width: 2.5 m.
This following montage features four BigBoy toys -- a veritable gathering of Green Mean Machines.
"The influence of our steel-making capacity upon development at home must be marvellous, for the nation which makes the cheapest steel has the other nations at its feet, as far as manufacturing in most of its branches is concerned. The cheapest steel means the cheapest ships, the cheapest machinery, the cheapest thousand and one articles of which steel is the base. We are on the eve of a development of the manufacturing powers of the republic such as the world has never seen, and the writer who is honoured by being asked to write for a similar series its record of the twentieth century may present figures as surprising as I have to submit for the nineteenth."
Andrew Carnegie, The Development of Steel Manufacture in the United States
Seen in a drydock at Keppel Verolme Shipyard.
Solitaire, the largest pipelay vessel in the world, has set new standards in the pipelay industry. Based on the same principles as Lorelay, her ship-shape provides excellent workability. She has a pipe carrying capacity of 22000 t, making her less dependent on offshore pipe supply in hostile areas. Precise manoeuvring on full dynamic positioning allows the vessel to work safely in congested areas. Her high cruising speed and lay speed make her very competitive worldwide.
The vessel has been operational since 1998 and has since steadily improved her performance. A lay speed of over 9 km a day has been achieved, operating the in-house developed Phoenix automatic welding system.
She has laid numerous deepwater pipelines and holds a deepwater pipelay record in 2775 m (9100’). Her S-lay capacity was increased in 2005 to a holding force of 1050 t, enabling her to lay the heaviest pipelines.
Length overall: excluding stinger 300 m (984 ft)
Transit speed: 13 knots
Accommodation: 420 men
Dynamic Positioning system: NMD Class 3 / LR DP (AAA), type Simrad Kongsberg 2 x ADP702 & 1 X ADP701
Cranes: Two pipe transfer cranes of 35 t (77 kips) at 33 m (108 ft), whip hoist 18 t (40 kips) at 42 m (138 ft); one special purpose crane, main hoist 300 t (661 kips) at 17 m (56 ft), whip hoist 40 t (88 kips) at 57 m (187 ft)
Working stations: 2 double-jointing plants, 5 welding stations for double joints, 1 NDT station, 4 coating stations
Tensioner capacity: 3 x 350 t (772 kips) at 30 m/min (98 ft/min)
Pipe diameters: From 2"; to 60"; O.D.