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Replace HR Wells with Malcolm Merlyn. Im not changing it.
Honorable Mentions
Deathstroke
Firestorm (Both)
replaced with same pic...just added the website on the bottom because people keep taking my photos. Anyone know how to prevent that?
Replaced an earlier scanned photo with a better version 18-Mar-16, plus DeNoise AI 10-Jan-23.
Named: "Cosmic Girl".
Delivered to Virgin Atlantic Airways as G-VWOW in Oct-01, the aircraft was sold on delivery to GECAS and leased back to Virgin Atlantic. It was returned to GECAS in Oct-15
It was immediately sold to JACM Holdings Inc and leased to Virgin Galactic as N744VG. It was stored at San Antonio, TX, USA, in Nov-15. It was modified for use as the launch vehicle for Virgin Galctic's 'LauncherOne' satellite.
In Jul-17 the aircraft was transferred to Virgin Orbit. The first test launch took place in the USA on 25-May-20, it failed. The second launch took place on 17-Jan-21. It was a success, as were the next three launches.
Launcher One's first launch from it's UK base at Newquay-Cornwall Airport was on 09-Jan-23. While the launch was successful, the rocket second stage malfunctioned and didn't achieve it's planned orbit to release the nine satellite's on board. Updated 10-Jan-23.
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 21-Mar-16, plus DeNoise AI 29-Nov-22.
First flown in Feb-92 with the Airbus test registration F-WWCL, this aircraft was delivered to Balair Switzerland as HB-IPL in Apr-92.
Balair merged with CTA in Jan-93 to form Balair/CTA. It was renamed Balair CTA Leisure in Nov-97. The aircraft was sold to a lessor in Nov-99 and leased to Oman Air in Dec-99 as A4O-OC.
It was returned to the lessor in Mar-02 as N640KS. In Jul-02 it was leased to Air Plus Comet as EC-IHV and in Nov-03 they sub-leased it to Aerolineas Argentinas as LV-AIV.
It was repossessed by the lessor in May-10, re-registered N391LF and permanently retired at Walnut Ridge, AR, USA the following month. It was last noted still at Walnut Ridge in Sep-11. The aircraft was broken up there in late 2011. Updated 29-Nov-22
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 26-Jan-17, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 26-May-25.
The Iconic Concorde. G-BOAB was first flown on the 18-May-76 and was delivered to British Airways on 30-Sep-76. The aircraft was re-registered G-N94AB/N94AB in Jan-79 for joint services with Braniff Airways and returned to British Airways as G-BOAB in Sep-80.
It continued in service for another 20 years before being retired in Aug-00 and stored at London-Heathrow Airport. The aircraft was gifted to the British Airports Authority by British Airways in Jan-04 with the intention of it being displayed outside Terminal 5.
However that never happened and it's currently hidden behind the British Airways Engineering Building at London-Heathrow, slowly rotting away. (Updated Jan-17).
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 30-Nov-21 (DeNoise AI).
This aircraft was delivered to Pan-American World Airways Cargo in a full freighter configuration, without windows, as N457PA in Oct-67 (all B707-320C aircraft were built with a large cabin cargo door as standard and could be used for passengers or cargo, or both in the ‘combi’ role).
It was sold to ATASCO Leasing Inc in Jun-78 and immediately leased to Pelican Air Transport UK as G-BPAT, returning to ATASCO a year later in Jun-79. It was sold to Zambia Airways the same month as 9J-AEQ. They operated it for seven years until it was sold to National Air Charter in Apr-86, still as 9J-AEQ.
In Feb-89 it was sold to 707 Leasing Ltd and leased to TAAT Trans Arabian Air Transport, Sudan the same month as ST-ALM. It was only with TAAT for three months until May-89 when it was returned to 707 Leasing Ltd and leased to Air Hong Kong as VR-HKL.
It stayed with Air Hong Kong for over three years until it was returned to the lessor in Oct-92 and sold to TAAT, this time as ST-AMF. It continued in service with TAAT until they ceased operations in 2006 when the aircraft was stored at Khartoum, Sudan. It was reported still stored at Khartoum in Nov-11 and may have since been broken up.
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 14-Apr-25.
Fleet No: "604".
An early build Boeing 767, first flown in Apr-84 with the Boeing test registration N6046P, this aircraft was delivered to El Al Israel Airlines as 4X-EAD in Jun-84.
After 27 years in service the aircraft was permanently retired at Tel Aviv, Israel in Oct-11. It was broken up there in Nov-13.
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a slightly better version 27-Feb-19 (plus DeNoise AI 17-Dec-22). Taken from the old control tower block extension through tinted glass and a bit blurred. Not a common sight at Manchester, a Continental Micronesia DC-10-10 departing after a maintenance check with FLS Engineering.
Fleet No: "041".
This aircraft was delivered to Continental Airlines as N68041 (the registration it kept for it's whole life) in Apr-72. It was sold to a lessor in Sep-89 and leased back to Continental. It was transferred to Continental Micronesia in Apr-94 and returned to Continental Airlines Mar-98.
The aircraft was returned to the lessor in Apr-99 and was stored at Goodyear, AZ, USA. In Nov-99 it was converted to cargo configuration with a main deck cargo door and leased to Emery Air Freight the following month.
It was stored at Lackland AFB/Kelly Field, TX, USA in Sep-01 and later at Roswell, NM, USA. It was sold to Emery in Nov-02 and remained in storage until it was sold to Miami Leasing in May-04.
It was ferried to Rio de Janeiro, Brasil for maintenance with VARIG Engineering in Jul-04 and was leased to Arrow Air Cargo in Oct-04. Arrow Air ceased operations in Jun-10, the aircraft was returned to Miami Leasing and stored at Miami after 38 years in service. It was broken up in 2012 and the registration was cancelled in Sep-13.
Replacing an earlier scanned slide with a better version 04-Mar-15, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 11-Sep-23.
Delivered new to Trans American Airlines as N3024C in Mar-57, the aircraft was leased to Eastern Air Lines in May-57. By the time Eastern returned it in May-62, Trans American had become Twentieth Century Airlines.
They sold it to Airnautic the following month as F-BJKZ. Airnautic was merged into Air France in early 1966. In Jul-66 the aircraft was leased to Royal Air Cambodge as XU-IAJ. Royal Air Cambodge dropped the 'Royal' and was renamed Air Cambodge in 1970.
In 1974 the aircraft was sold to L'Armee de L'air (the French Air Force) serialled 45109 (also the c/n). It was retired and stored in 1980 and eventually broken up.
Replacing an earlier scanned slide with a better version 28-Feb-15, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 23-Sep-21.
It only took me 55 years to notice that this aircraft has a non-standard double forward door on the right side. The usual forward door is a standard 'Douglas' round topped single door leading right on to the flight deck.
On lease to Cambrian Airways as a passenger aircraft for a couple of months in the summer of 1965 after the tragic loss of Viscount G-AMOL on 20-Jul-65 (hat-tip to Tony Merton Jones & Barry Lloyd for the info).
Delivered to the US Army Air Force in Nov-44, serialled 42-72336, the aircraft was sold to Cruzeiro do Sul as PP-CCI in Apr-46.
It was sold to Transocean Air Lines in Jun-48 as N226A and sold again 5 years later, in Aug-52, to California Eastern Airlines. In Jun-54 it became OD-ACA with Air Liban and was sold to Air France in Apr-59 as F-BIUT.
The aircraft was sold to Aer Turas as EI-AOR in Jun-65. In Nov-69 it was sold to Africair as ZS-IGC and sold to WENELA Botswana in Mar-71 as A2-ZFH. It transferred back to South African register as ZS-IGC again, in Feb-76.
It was sold to Transair Cargo (Congo) in May-77 as 9Q-CAM and operated for ‘African Lux’ three months later. It was destroyed when it was shot down over Mozambique while operating a flight from Rhodesia to Zaire in Nov-77. The two Belgian crew survived but were imprisoned for a year (thanks to Huart Michel for the additional info).
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 23-Sep-17, plus DeNoise AI 15-Feb-23.
This corner stand at Los Angeles was very tight to get into, so aircraft stopped on the taxiway and were then towed onto stand.
First flown with the Boeing test registration N6005C, this aircraft was delivered to ILFC International Lease Finance Corporation and leased to VARIG Airlines Brasil as PP-VOC in May-88.
It was returned to ILFC as N420DS in Jan-00. Five days later it was leased to Air Atlanta Icelandic as TF-ATJ. The aircraft was wet-leased to Saudia Saudi Arabian Airlines for a Haj Pilgrimage operation between Feb/Apr-00.
It was wet-leased to Air Algerie (Algeria) between Jul/Sep-00 and then on a long-term wet-lease to Iberia (Spain) between Dec-00/Nov-05.
The aircraft was wet-leased to Saudia again (long-term) between Jul-06/Jan-11. On it's return to Air Atlanta in Jan-11, the aircraft was permanently retired at Walnut Ridge, AR, USA. It was last noted still stored at Walnut Ridge in Sep-12 and was eventually broken up.
Built between 1917 and 1923, this Classical Revival-style train station was designed by Charles Sumner Frost to replace an earlier Union Station, built in 1881 and burned in 1915. The large stone-clad building features a facade with large Tuscan columns, massive windows at the portico that stretch two stories high, ionic pilasters on the side wings, a simple cornice with dentils, and brick cladding on the rear. Inside, the building features many beautifully detailed grand spaces, including a spacious grand hall in the front, a concourse with a brick ceiling made up of multiple vaults, and a vaulted waiting room over the train platforms in the rear. The building fell into decline after World War II, hastened with the end of passenger service in 1971. The building was utilized by the US Postal Service, with the upper floors of the building being converted into condos in the early 2000s. Between 2009 and 2012, the building was renovated under the direction of Hammel, Green, and Abrahamson Architects and Engineers, with intercity passenger train service being restored in 2014. The building is a contributing structure in the Lowertown Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 21-Jan-21.
-Waves and Cranes- England World Tail c/scheme.
This aircraft was delivered to a leasing company and leased to Deutsche BA as D-ADBX in May-97. It didn't stay long and was returned to the lessor in Mar-98. It was immediately leased to British Airways as G-ODUS.
The aircraft was returned to the lessor in Feb-02 and leased to Go Fly the following month. Go Fly was merged into the easyJet Airline Company in Dec-02 and continued in service until it was returned to the lessor in Mar-06.
It was leased to Thomsonfly.com as G-THOJ in Apr-06. In Sep-08 it returned to the lessor and was leased to Dniproavia as UR-DNJ the following month. Dniproavia was merged with AeroSvit in Jun-11 and the aircraft was fitted with blended winglets the same month. In Feb-13 Dniproavia/AeroSvit ceased operations and it was returned to the lessor and stored at Kiev, Ukraine.
In Apr-13 the lease was taken over by Ukraine International Airlines and the aircraft was re-registered UR-GBD. It was returned to the lessor in Dec-18 and permanently retired at Billund, Denmark. Updated 21-Jul-21.
I also have photo's of this aircraft with Thomsonfly.com, AeroSvit and Ukraine International at ...
www.flickr.com/photos/kenfielding/6251729092 - Thomsonfly
www.flickr.com/photos/kenfielding/7433351276 - AeroSvit
www.flickr.com/photos/kenfielding/9208789483 - Ukraine Intl
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 15-Mar-18.
Later became PH-KJG with BASE Business Airlines.
Replacing an earlier digital photo with a better version 30-Mar-22 (DeNoise AI).
Fleet No: "0118".
This aircraft was delivered to Continental Airlines as N14118 in Mar-97. It was fitted with blended winglets in Jan-06. In Oct-10 Continental was merged into United Airlines. It was upgraded with 'Scimitar' winglets in Jun-17.
The aircraft was withdrawn from service in Mar-20 when the COVID-19 Pandemic hit the world. It was stored at Roswell, NM, USA. It was ferried to Wilmington, OH, USA on 21-Apr-22 but hasn't moved since. It's now 25 years old.
A little speculation on my part here, Wilmington-ILN is where Cargo Aircraft Management hang out, I'm wondering if it might be in line for cargo conversion. Stored, updated 27-May-22.
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 30-Dec-21 (DeNoise AI).
With additional '38/98, 60 years of excellence' titles.
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 22-May-22 (DeNoise AI).
Air New Zealand Link, operated by Air Nelson.
For some reason, the negative was a mess. Don't enlarge it, it's covered in tiny white spots...
Replacing the 22
When eventually completed, the new tram extension will replace several Lothian Buses service. One of the routes impacted is the 22, on which 358 (SN11EBG) is seen here. The squiggle on the destination indicates a bus service that has to divert from it’s normal route due to roadworks.
The advert on the side of the bus may need reviewing in the current circumstances….:
Replacing an earlier scanned print with a better version 17-Aug-20, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 23-Apr-24.
Operating a one-off sub-charter for Airtours International Airways.
Named: "Baleares"
This aircraft was delivered to The GPA Group Ltd and leased to Spanair with the Spanish temporary registration EC-547 in Feb-91. It was re-registered EC-FCU in Jun-91.
It was returned to the lessor in Mar-02 and stored at Madrid. The aircraft was re-registered N25034 in Jun-02 and leased to Air Canada as C-GHPD in Jul-02. It was returned to the lessor in Nov-13 and permanently retired at Marana, AZ, USA. It was broken up at Marana in 2014.
Note: The registration C-GHPD was re-used on an Air Canada Rouge Airbus A321-211/S in Jan-19.
Replacing an earlier scanned slide with a better version 21-Feb-16.
OK, I know it's a Space Shuttle, but it's sitting on top of a B747-100 !
;o)
Replacing an earlier scanned slide with a better version 18-Apr-15, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 19-Jun-23.
Delivered new to Continental Air Lines in Oct-58 as N249V, it was sold to Channel Airways in May-67 as G-AVNJ.
The aircraft was leased to Air Ferry in Jan-68 and returned to Channel Airways in Nov-68. Only 11 years old, it was permanently retired at Southend, UK in Oct-69 and broken up there in Jun-72.
Replacing an earlier scanned slide with a better version 17-Jan-16, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 27-May-25.
On summer lease from Air Florida in basic Air Florida c/scheme with tail logo.
Originally to have been registered N45AF, the registration wasn't taken up and it was delivered to Air Florida in Dec-79 as N53AF. In Apr-82 the aircraft was leased to Air Europe as G-BJXL for the summer season, returning to Air Florida in Oct-82 as N53AF.
It was leased again by Air Europe as G-BJXL between May/Oct-83. It was returned to Air Florida and immediately returned to the lessor, still as G-BJXL. It was sold to ILFC International Lease Finance Corporation and leased to Dan-Air Services the same month.
In Nov-84 it was wet leased to Nordair Canada for the winter 84/85 season. In Apr-85 it was re-registered C-GNDG with Nordair for just one day before being returned to Dan-Air as G-BJXL. It was leased to Nordair Canada again from Nov-85/Apr-86, this time as C-GNDG.
It returned to Dan-Air as G-BJXL in Apr-86. In Nov-86 it was returned to ILFC and was immediately leased to Midway Airlines as N702ML.
Midway bought it in Nov-87. It was sold to Southwest Airlines in May-91 and operated with them until it was retired and stored at Mojave, CA, USA, in Sep-04. It was noted still at Mojave in Nov-07 and subsequently broken up.
Replacing an earlier digital photo with a better version 18-Dec-24.
First flown with the Airbus test registration F-WWKL, this aircraft was delivered to CIT Aerospace and leased to Iberworld as EC-IDB in Apr-02. It was wet-leased to Garuda Indonesia Airlines in Dec-04 for a Haj Pilgrimage operation, returning to Iberworld in Feb-05.
In Dec-05 the aircraft was wet-leased to Etihad Airways to cover the late delivery of a Boeing 777-300ER. It returned to Iberworld in Mar-06. It was sold to Iberworld's Portuguese subsidiary Orbest Airlines as CS-TRA in May-07.
It was wet-leased to Novair Sweden in Nov-07 and returned to Orbest in Apr-08. The winter wet-lease to Novair Sweden was repeated between Oct-08 / Apr-09 and again between Oct-09 / Apr-10.
The aircraft was sub-leased, long term, to Air Europa as EC-LKE in Dec-10. It was returned to Orbest in Jul-12 with a recurring technical problem. It was withdrawn from service and stored at Lisbon, Portugal.
Using Airbus flight numbers the aircraft was returned to Airbus at Toulouse in Sep-12 for some spannering and a few test flights before returning to Orbest at Madrid in late Oct-12. Whatever the problem was, it was still there and the aircraft ferried back to Airbus at Toulouse three days later.
After some hangar time and multiple test flights with Airbus it returned to Orbest in Dec-12. It must have been OK as it was wet-leased to Turkish Airlines in Jan-13. It wasn't with Turkish for long as Orbest ceased operations on 14-Feb-13 and Turkish Airlines returned it direct to the CIT Aerospace.
It was parked at Istanbul and re-registered EC-LVL in Mar-13. It was leased to Air Europa at the end of Apr-13. The aircraft was withdrawn from service and stored at Palma, Mallorca, Spain in Mar-20 at the start of the COVID-19 Pandemic.
It was ferried to Hondo, TX, USA in early Nov-20 and returned to the lessor as OE-IRD. Four years on it's now 22.5 years old and still stored at Hondo and is quite possibly permanently retired. Updated 18-Dec-24.
Replaced old file coz it looked too blue when viewed with other devices.
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Eagle -- Crobidoll B-line Yuri
Elyse -- Volks SDgr Lorina
Scotswood Bridge is one of the main bridges crossing the River Tyne in North East England. It links the west end of Newcastle upon Tyne on the north bank of the river with the MetroCentre and Blaydon in Gateshead on the south bank. It is situated 5.2 km (3.2 mi) upstream of the better-known city centre bridges.
The Chain Bridge
Scotswood Bridge over River Tyne Act 1829
The first bridge across the river at this location was the Old Scotswood Bridge, or "The Chain Bridge" as it was known locally. It was a suspension bridge with two stone towers, from which the road deck was suspended by chains. An act to authorise the building of the bridge was passed by Parliament in 1829 (10 Geo. 4. c. x) and designed by John Green, with construction beginning that year. It was opened on 16 April 1831.
The toll to cross the bridge was abolished on 18 March 1907. In 1931 the bridge needed to be strengthened and widened. The width was increased from 17 ft (5.2 m) to 19.5 ft (5.9 m) with two 6 ft (1.8 m) footpaths. The suspension cables and decking were also strengthened, allowing the weight limit to be raised to 10 tonnes (9.842 long tons; 11.02 short tons). The bridge eventually proved too narrow for the traffic it needed to carry and its increasing repair costs proved too much. After standing for 136 years, it was closed and demolished in 1967 after its replacement had been completed.
Current bridge
Scotswood Bridge Act 1962
A replacement for the Chain Bridge had been proposed as early as 1941. Permission was finally granted in 1960, and authorised by an act of Parliament, the Scotswood Bridge Act 1962. A new bridge was designed by Mott, Hay and Anderson and built by Mitchell Construction and Dorman Long. Construction commenced on 18 September 1964. It was built 43 m upstream of the Chain Bridge, which continued operating during the new bridge's construction. The bridge was opened on 20 March 1967. It is a box girder bridge, supported by two piers in the river and carries a dual carriageway road. Combined costs for demolition of the old bridge and construction of the new one were £2.5 million.
Scotswood Bridge carried the traffic of the Gateshead A69 western by-pass from 1970 up until the construction of Blaydon Bridge and the new A1 in 1990. Between June 1971 and January 1974 traffic on the bridge was limited to single file to enable strengthening work to take place, which was needed to address design concerns. It has required further strengthening and repairs a number of times since; between 1979 and 1980, in 1983 and in 1990.
Newcastle upon Tyne, or simply Newcastle is a cathedral city and metropolitan borough in Tyne and Wear, England. It is located on the River Tyne's northern bank, opposite Gateshead to the south. It is the most populous settlement in the Tyneside conurbation and North East England.
Newcastle developed around a Roman settlement called Pons Aelius, the settlement became known as Monkchester before taking on the name of a castle built in 1080 by William the Conqueror's eldest son, Robert Curthose. It was one of the world's largest ship building and repair centres during the industrial revolution. Newcastle was part of the county of Northumberland until 1400, when it separated and formed a county of itself. In 1974, Newcastle became part of Tyne and Wear. Since 2018, the city council has been part of the North of Tyne Combined Authority.
The history of Newcastle upon Tyne dates back almost 2,000 years, during which it has been controlled by the Romans, the Angles and the Norsemen amongst others. Newcastle upon Tyne was originally known by its Roman name Pons Aelius. The name "Newcastle" has been used since the Norman conquest of England. Due to its prime location on the River Tyne, the town developed greatly during the Middle Ages and it was to play a major role in the Industrial Revolution, being granted city status in 1882. Today, the city is a major retail, commercial and cultural centre.
Roman settlement
The history of Newcastle dates from AD 122, when the Romans built the first bridge to cross the River Tyne at that point. The bridge was called Pons Aelius or 'Bridge of Aelius', Aelius being the family name of Roman Emperor Hadrian, who was responsible for the Roman wall built across northern England along the Tyne–Solway gap. Hadrian's Wall ran through present-day Newcastle, with stretches of wall and turrets visible along the West Road, and at a temple in Benwell. Traces of a milecastle were found on Westgate Road, midway between Clayton Street and Grainger Street, and it is likely that the course of the wall corresponded to present-day Westgate Road. The course of the wall can be traced eastwards to the Segedunum Roman fort at Wallsend, with the fort of Arbeia down-river at the mouth of the Tyne, on the south bank in what is now South Shields. The Tyne was then a wider, shallower river at this point and it is thought that the bridge was probably about 700 feet (210 m) long, made of wood and supported on stone piers. It is probable that it was sited near the current Swing Bridge, due to the fact that Roman artefacts were found there during the building of the latter bridge. Hadrian himself probably visited the site in 122. A shrine was set up on the completed bridge in 123 by the 6th Legion, with two altars to Neptune and Oceanus respectively. The two altars were subsequently found in the river and are on display in the Great North Museum in Newcastle.
The Romans built a stone-walled fort in 150 to protect the river crossing which was at the foot of the Tyne Gorge, and this took the name of the bridge so that the whole settlement was known as Pons Aelius. The fort was situated on a rocky outcrop overlooking the new bridge, on the site of the present Castle Keep. Pons Aelius is last mentioned in 400, in a Roman document listing all of the Roman military outposts. It is likely that nestling in the shadow of the fort would have been a small vicus, or village. Unfortunately, no buildings have been detected; only a few pieces of flagging. It is clear that there was a Roman cemetery near Clavering Place, behind the Central station, as a number of Roman coffins and sarcophagi have been unearthed there.
Despite the presence of the bridge, the settlement of Pons Aelius was not particularly important among the northern Roman settlements. The most important stations were those on the highway of Dere Street running from Eboracum (York) through Corstopitum (Corbridge) and to the lands north of the Wall. Corstopitum, being a major arsenal and supply centre, was much larger and more populous than Pons Aelius.
Anglo-Saxon development
The Angles arrived in the North-East of England in about 500 and may have landed on the Tyne. There is no evidence of an Anglo-Saxon settlement on or near the site of Pons Aelius during the Anglo-Saxon age. The bridge probably survived and there may well have been a small village at the northern end, but no evidence survives. At that time the region was dominated by two kingdoms, Bernicia, north of the Tees and ruled from Bamburgh, and Deira, south of the Tees and ruled from York. Bernicia and Deira combined to form the kingdom of Northanhymbra (Northumbria) early in the 7th century. There were three local kings who held the title of Bretwalda – 'Lord of Britain', Edwin of Deira (627–632), Oswald of Bernicia (633–641) and Oswy of Northumbria (641–658). The 7th century became known as the 'Golden Age of Northumbria', when the area was a beacon of culture and learning in Europe. The greatness of this period was based on its generally Christian culture and resulted in the Lindisfarne Gospels amongst other treasures. The Tyne valley was dotted with monasteries, with those at Monkwearmouth, Hexham and Jarrow being the most famous. Bede, who was based at Jarrow, wrote of a royal estate, known as Ad Murum, 'at the Wall', 12 miles (19 km) from the sea. It is thought that this estate may have been in what is now Newcastle. At some unknown time, the site of Newcastle came to be known as Monkchester. The reason for this title is unknown, as we are unaware of any specific monasteries at the site, and Bede made no reference to it. In 875 Halfdan Ragnarsson, the Danish Viking conqueror of York, led an army that attacked and pillaged various monasteries in the area, and it is thought that Monkchester was also pillaged at this time. Little more was heard of it until the coming of the Normans.
Norman period
After the arrival of William the Conqueror in England in 1066, the whole of England was quickly subjected to Norman rule. However, in Northumbria there was great resistance to the Normans, and in 1069 the newly appointed Norman Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Comines and 700 of his men were killed by the local population at Durham. The Northumbrians then marched on York, but William was able to suppress the uprising. That same year, a second uprising occurred when a Danish fleet landed in the Humber. The Northumbrians again attacked York and destroyed the garrison there. William was again able to suppress the uprising, but this time he took revenge. He laid waste to the whole of the Midlands and the land from York to the Tees. In 1080, William Walcher, the Norman bishop of Durham and his followers were brutally murdered at Gateshead. This time Odo, bishop of Bayeux, William's half brother, devastated the land between the Tees and the Tweed. This was known as the 'Harrying of the North'. This devastation is reflected in the Domesday Book. The destruction had such an effect that the North remained poor and backward at least until Tudor times and perhaps until the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle suffered in this respect with the rest of the North.
In 1080 William sent his eldest son, Robert Curthose, north to defend the kingdom against the Scots. After his campaign, he moved to Monkchester and began the building of a 'New Castle'. This was of the "motte-and-bailey" type of construction, a wooden tower on top of an earthen mound (motte), surrounded by a moat and wooden stockade (bailey). It was this castle that gave Newcastle its name. In 1095 the Earl of Northumbria, Robert de Mowbray, rose up against the king, William Rufus, and Rufus sent an army north to recapture the castle. From then on the castle became crown property and was an important base from which the king could control the northern barons. The Northumbrian earldom was abolished and a Sheriff of Northumberland was appointed to administer the region. In 1091 the parish church of St Nicholas was consecrated on the site of the present Anglican cathedral, close by the bailey of the new castle. The church is believed to have been a wooden building on stone footings.
Not a trace of the tower or mound of the motte and bailey castle remains now. Henry II replaced it with a rectangular stone keep, which was built between 1172 and 1177 at a cost of £1,444. A stone bailey, in the form of a triangle, replaced the previous wooden one. The great outer gateway to the castle, called 'the Black Gate', was built later, between 1247 and 1250, in the reign of Henry III. There were at that time no town walls and when attacked by the Scots, the townspeople had to crowd into the bailey for safety. It is probable that the new castle acted as a magnet for local merchants because of the safety it provided. This in turn would help to expand trade in the town. At this time wool, skins and lead were being exported, whilst alum, pepper and ginger were being imported from France and Flanders.
Middle Ages
Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress, the centre for assembled armies. The Border war against Scotland lasted intermittently for several centuries – possibly the longest border war ever waged. During the civil war between Stephen and Matilda, David 1st of Scotland and his son were granted Cumbria and Northumberland respectively, so that for a period from 1139 to 1157, Newcastle was effectively in Scottish hands. It is believed that during this period, King David may have built the church of St Andrew and the Benedictine nunnery in Newcastle. However, King Stephen's successor, Henry II was strong enough to take back the Earldom of Northumbria from Malcolm IV.
The Scots king William the Lion was imprisoned in Newcastle, in 1174, after being captured at the Battle of Alnwick. Edward I brought the Stone of Scone and William Wallace south through the town and Newcastle was successfully defended against the Scots three times during the 14th century.
Around 1200, stone-faced, clay-filled jetties were starting to project into the river, an indication that trade was increasing in Newcastle. As the Roman roads continued to deteriorate, sea travel was gaining in importance. By 1275 Newcastle was the sixth largest wool exporting port in England. The principal exports at this time were wool, timber, coal, millstones, dairy produce, fish, salt and hides. Much of the developing trade was with the Baltic countries and Germany. Most of the Newcastle merchants were situated near the river, below the Castle. The earliest known charter was dated 1175 in the reign of Henry II, giving the townspeople some control over their town. In 1216 King John granted Newcastle a mayor[8] and also allowed the formation of guilds (known as Mysteries). These were cartels formed within different trades, which restricted trade to guild members. There were initially twelve guilds. Coal was being exported from Newcastle by 1250, and by 1350 the burgesses received a royal licence to export coal. This licence to export coal was jealously guarded by the Newcastle burgesses, and they tried to prevent any one else on the Tyne from exporting coal except through Newcastle. The burgesses similarly tried to prevent fish from being sold anywhere else on the Tyne except Newcastle. This led to conflicts with Gateshead and South Shields.
In 1265, the town was granted permission to impose a 'Wall Tax' or Murage, to pay for the construction of a fortified wall to enclose the town and protect it from Scottish invaders. The town walls were not completed until early in the 14th century. They were two miles (3 km) long, 9 feet (2.7 m) thick and 25 feet (7.6 m) high. They had six main gates, as well as some smaller gates, and had 17 towers. The land within the walls was divided almost equally by the Lort Burn, which flowed southwards and joined the Tyne to the east of the Castle. The town began to expand north of the Castle and west of the Lort Burn with various markets being set up within the walls.
In 1400 Henry IV granted a new charter, creating a County corporate which separated the town, but not the Castle, from the county of Northumberland and recognised it as a "county of itself" with a right to have a sheriff of its own. The burgesses were now allowed to choose six aldermen who, with the mayor would be justices of the peace. The mayor and sheriff were allowed to hold borough courts in the Guildhall.
Religious houses
During the Middle Ages a number of religious houses were established within the walls: the first of these was the Benedictine nunnery of St Bartholomew founded in 1086 near the present-day Nun Street. Both David I of Scotland and Henry I of England were benefactors of the religious house. Nothing of the nunnery remains now.
The friary of Blackfriars, Newcastle (Dominican) was established in 1239. These were also known as the Preaching Friars or Shod Friars, because they wore sandals, as opposed to other orders. The friary was situated in the present-day Friars Street. In 1280 the order was granted royal permission to make a postern in the town walls to communicate with their gardens outside the walls. On 19 June 1334, Edward Balliol, claimant to be King of Scotland, did homage to King Edward III, on behalf of the kingdom of Scotland, in the church of the friary. Much of the original buildings of the friary still exist, mainly because, after the Dissolution of the Monasteries the friary of Blackfriars was rented out by the corporation to nine of the local trade guilds.
The friary of Whitefriars (Carmelite) was established in 1262. The order was originally housed on the Wall Knoll in Pandon, but in 1307 it took over the buildings of another order, which went out of existence, the Friars of the Sac. The land, which had originally been given by Robert the Bruce, was situated in the present-day Hanover Square, behind the Central station. Nothing of the friary remains now.
The friary of Austinfriars (Augustinian) was established in 1290. The friary was on the site where the Holy Jesus Hospital was built in 1682. The friary was traditionally the lodging place of English kings whenever they visited or passed through Newcastle. In 1503 Princess Margaret, eldest daughter of Henry VII of England, stayed two days at the friary on her way to join her new husband James IV of Scotland.
The friary of Greyfriars (Franciscans) was established in 1274. The friary was in the present-day area between Pilgrim Street, Grey Street, Market Street and High Chare. Nothing of the original buildings remains.
The friary of the Order of the Holy Trinity, also known as the Trinitarians, was established in 1360. The order devoted a third of its income to buying back captives of the Saracens, during the Crusades. Their house was on the Wall Knoll, in Pandon, to the east of the city, but within the walls. Wall Knoll had previously been occupied by the White Friars until they moved to new premises in 1307.
All of the above religious houses were closed in about 1540, when Henry VIII dissolved the monasteries.
An important street running through Newcastle at the time was Pilgrim Street, running northwards inside the walls and leading to the Pilgrim Gate on the north wall. The street still exists today as arguably Newcastle's main shopping street.
Tudor period
The Scottish border wars continued for much of the 16th century, so that during that time, Newcastle was often threatened with invasion by the Scots, but also remained important as a border stronghold against them.
During the Reformation begun by Henry VIII in 1536, the five Newcastle friaries and the single nunnery were dissolved and the land was sold to the Corporation and to rich merchants. At this time there were fewer than 60 inmates of the religious houses in Newcastle. The convent of Blackfriars was leased to nine craft guilds to be used as their headquarters. This probably explains why it is the only one of the religious houses whose building survives to the present day. The priories at Tynemouth and Durham were also dissolved, thus ending the long-running rivalry between Newcastle and the church for control of trade on the Tyne. A little later, the property of the nunnery of St Bartholomew and of Grey Friars were bought by Robert Anderson, who had the buildings demolished to build his grand Newe House (also known as Anderson Place).
With the gradual decline of the Scottish border wars the town walls were allowed to decline as well as the castle. By 1547, about 10,000 people were living in Newcastle. At the beginning of the 16th century exports of wool from Newcastle were more than twice the value of exports of coal, but during the century coal exports continued to increase.
Under Edward VI, John Dudley, Duke of Northumberland, sponsored an act allowing Newcastle to annexe Gateshead as its suburb. The main reason for this was to allow the Newcastle Hostmen, who controlled the export of Tyne coal, to get their hands on the Gateshead coal mines, previously controlled by the Bishop of Durham. However, when Mary I came to power, Dudley met his downfall and the decision was reversed. The Reformation allowed private access to coal mines previously owned by Tynemouth and Durham priories and as a result coal exports increase dramatically, from 15,000 tons in 1500 to 35,000 tons in 1565, and to 400,000 tons in 1625.
The plague visited Newcastle four times during the 16th century, in 1579 when 2,000 people died, in 1589 when 1700 died, in 1595 and finally in 1597.
In 1600 Elizabeth I granted Newcastle a charter for an exclusive body of electors, the right to elect the mayor and burgesses. The charter also gave the Hostmen exclusive rights to load coal at any point on the Tyne. The Hostmen developed as an exclusive group within the Merchant Adventurers who had been incorporated by a charter in 1547.
Stuart period
In 1636 there was a serious outbreak of bubonic plague in Newcastle. There had been several previous outbreaks of the disease over the years, but this was the most serious. It is thought to have arrived from the Netherlands via ships that were trading between the Tyne and that country. It first appeared in the lower part of the town near the docks but gradually spread to all parts of the town. As the disease gained hold the authorities took measures to control it by boarding up any properties that contained infected persons, meaning that whole families were locked up together with the infected family members. Other infected persons were put in huts outside the town walls and left to die. Plague pits were dug next to the town's four churches and outside the town walls to receive the bodies in mass burials. Over the course of the outbreak 5,631 deaths were recorded out of an estimated population of 12,000, a death rate of 47%.
In 1637 Charles I tried to raise money by doubling the 'voluntary' tax on coal in return for allowing the Newcastle Hostmen to regulate production and fix prices. This caused outrage amongst the London importers and the East Anglian shippers. Both groups decided to boycott Tyne coal and as a result forced Charles to reverse his decision in 1638.
In 1640 during the Second Bishops' War, the Scots successfully invaded Newcastle. The occupying army demanded £850 per day from the Corporation to billet the Scottish troops. Trade from the Tyne ground to a halt during the occupation. The Scots left in 1641 after receiving a Parliamentary pardon and a £4,000,000 loan from the town.
In 1642 the English Civil War began. King Charles realised the value of the Tyne coal trade and therefore garrisoned Newcastle. A Royalist was appointed as governor. At that time, Newcastle and King's Lynn were the only important seaports to support the crown. In 1644 Parliament blockaded the Tyne to prevent the king from receiving revenue from the Tyne coal trade. Coal exports fell from 450,000 to 3,000 tons and London suffered a hard winter without fuel. Parliament encouraged the coal trade from the Wear to try to replace that lost from Newcastle but that was not enough to make up for the lost Tyneside tonnage.
In 1644 the Scots crossed the border. Newcastle strengthened its defences in preparation. The Scottish army, with 40,000 troops, besieged Newcastle for three months until the garrison of 1,500 surrendered. During the siege, the Scots bombarded the walls with their artillery, situated in Gateshead and Castle Leazes. The Scottish commander threatened to destroy the steeple of St Nicholas's Church by gunfire if the mayor, Sir John Marley, did not surrender the town. The mayor responded by placing Scottish prisoners that they had captured in the steeple, so saving it from destruction. The town walls were finally breached by a combination of artillery and sapping. In gratitude for this defence, Charles gave Newcastle the motto 'Fortiter Defendit Triumphans' to be added to its coat of arms. The Scottish army occupied Northumberland and Durham for two years. The coal taxes had to pay for the Scottish occupation. In 1645 Charles surrendered to the Scots and was imprisoned in Newcastle for nine months. After the Civil War the coal trade on the Tyne soon picked up and exceeded its pre-war levels.
A new Guildhall was completed on the Sandhill next to the river in 1655, replacing an earlier facility damaged by fire in 1639, and became the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council. In 1681 the Hospital of the Holy Jesus was built partly on the site of the Austin Friars. The Guildhall and Holy Jesus Hospital still exist.
Charles II tried to impose a charter on Newcastle to give the king the right to appoint the mayor, sheriff, recorder and town clerk. Charles died before the charter came into effect. In 1685, James II tried to replace Corporation members with named Catholics. However, James' mandate was suspended in 1689 after the Glorious Revolution welcoming William of Orange. In 1689, after the fall of James II, the people of Newcastle tore down his bronze equestrian statue in Sandhill and tossed it into the Tyne. The bronze was later used to make bells for All Saints Church.
In 1689 the Lort Burn was covered over. At this time it was an open sewer. The channel followed by the Lort Burn became the present day Dean Street. At that time, the centre of Newcastle was still the Sandhill area, with many merchants living along the Close or on the Side. The path of the main road through Newcastle ran from the single Tyne bridge, through Sandhill to the Side, a narrow street which climbed steeply on the north-east side of the castle hill until it reached the higher ground alongside St Nicholas' Church. As Newcastle developed, the Side became lined with buildings with projecting upper stories, so that the main street through Newcastle was a narrow, congested, steep thoroughfare.
In 1701 the Keelmen's Hospital was built in the Sandgate area of the city, using funds provided by the keelmen. The building still stands today.
Eighteenth century
In the 18th century, Newcastle was the country's largest print centre after London, Oxford and Cambridge, and the Literary and Philosophical Society of 1793, with its erudite debates and large stock of books in several languages predated the London Library by half a century.
In 1715, during the Jacobite rising in favour of the Old Pretender, an army of Jacobite supporters marched on Newcastle. Many of the Northumbrian gentry joined the rebels. The citizens prepared for its arrival by arresting Jacobite supporters and accepting 700 extra recruits into the local militia. The gates of the city were closed against the rebels. This proved enough to delay an attack until reinforcements arrived forcing the rebel army to move across to the west coast. The rebels finally surrendered at Preston.
In 1745, during a second Jacobite rising in favour of the Young Pretender, a Scottish army crossed the border led by Bonnie Prince Charlie. Once again Newcastle prepared by arresting Jacobite supporters and inducting 800 volunteers into the local militia. The town walls were strengthened, most of the gates were blocked up and some 200 cannon were deployed. 20,000 regulars were billeted on the Town Moor. These preparations were enough to force the rebel army to travel south via the west coast. They were eventually defeated at Culloden in 1746.
Newcastle's actions during the 1715 rising in resisting the rebels and declaring for George I, in contrast to the rest of the region, is the most likely source of the nickname 'Geordie', applied to people from Tyneside, or more accurately Newcastle. Another theory, however, is that the name 'Geordie' came from the inventor of the Geordie lamp, George Stephenson. It was a type of safety lamp used in mining, but was not invented until 1815. Apparently the term 'German Geordie' was in common use during the 18th century.
The city's first hospital, Newcastle Infirmary opened in 1753; it was funded by public subscription. A lying-in hospital was established in Newcastle in 1760. The city's first public hospital for mentally ill patients, Wardens Close Lunatic Hospital was opened in October 1767.
In 1771 a flood swept away much of the bridge at Newcastle. The bridge had been built in 1250 and repaired after a flood in 1339. The bridge supported various houses and three towers and an old chapel. A blue stone was placed in the middle of the bridge to mark the boundary between Newcastle and the Palatinate of Durham. A temporary wooden bridge had to be built, and this remained in use until 1781, when a new stone bridge was completed. The new bridge consisted of nine arches. In 1801, because of the pressure of traffic, the bridge had to be widened.
A permanent military presence was established in the city with the completion of Fenham Barracks in 1806. The facilities at the Castle for holding assizes, which had been condemned for their inconvenience and unhealthiness, were replaced when the Moot Hall opened in August 1812.
Victorian period
Present-day Newcastle owes much of its architecture to the work of the builder Richard Grainger, aided by architects John Dobson, Thomas Oliver, John and Benjamin Green and others. In 1834 Grainger won a competition to produce a new plan for central Newcastle. He put this plan into effect using the above architects as well as architects employed in his own office. Grainger and Oliver had already built Leazes Terrace, Leazes Crescent and Leazes Place between 1829 and 1834. Grainger and Dobson had also built the Royal Arcade at the foot of Pilgrim Street between 1830 and 1832. The most ambitious project covered 12 acres 12 acres (49,000 m2) in central Newcastle, on the site of Newe House (also called Anderson Place). Grainger built three new thoroughfares, Grey Street, Grainger Street and Clayton Street with many connecting streets, as well as the Central Exchange and the Grainger Market. John Wardle and George Walker, working in Grainger's office, designed Clayton Street, Grainger Street and most of Grey Street. Dobson designed the Grainger Market and much of the east side of Grey Street. John and Benjamin Green designed the Theatre Royal at the top of Grey Street, where Grainger placed the column of Grey's Monument as a focus for the whole scheme. Grey Street is considered to be one of the finest streets in the country, with its elegant curve. Unfortunately most of old Eldon Square was demolished in the 1960s in the name of progress. The Royal Arcade met a similar fate.
In 1849 a new bridge was built across the river at Newcastle. This was the High Level Bridge, designed by Robert Stephenson, and slightly up river from the existing bridge. The bridge was designed to carry road and rail traffic across the Tyne Gorge on two decks with rail traffic on the upper deck and road traffic on the lower. The new bridge meant that traffic could pass through Newcastle without having to negotiate the steep, narrow Side, as had been necessary for centuries. The bridge was opened by Queen Victoria, who one year later opened the new Central Station, designed by John Dobson. Trains were now able to cross the river, directly into the centre of Newcastle and carry on up to Scotland. The Army Riding School was also completed in 1849.
In 1854 a large fire started on the Gateshead quayside and an explosion caused it to spread across the river to the Newcastle quayside. A huge conflagration amongst the narrow alleys, or 'chares', destroyed the homes of 800 families as well as many business premises. The narrow alleys that had been destroyed were replaced by streets containing blocks of modern offices.
In 1863 the Town Hall in St Nicholas Square replaced the Guildhall as the meeting place of Newcastle Town Council.
In 1876 the low level bridge was replaced by a new bridge known as the Swing Bridge, so called because the bridge was able to swing horizontally on a central axis and allow ships to pass on either side. This meant that for the first time sizeable ships could pass up-river beyond Newcastle. The bridge was built and paid for by William Armstrong, a local arms manufacturer, who needed to have warships access his Elswick arms factory to fit armaments to them. The Swing Bridge's rotating mechanism is adapted from the cannon mounts developed in Armstrong's arms works. In 1882 the Elswick works began to build ships as well as to arm them. The Barrack Road drill hall was completed in 1890.
Industrialisation
In the 19th century, shipbuilding and heavy engineering were central to the city's prosperity; and the city was a powerhouse of the Industrial Revolution. Newcastle's development as a major city owed most to its central role in the production and export of coal. The phrase "taking coals to Newcastle" was first recorded in 1538; it proverbially denotes bringing a particular commodity to a place that has more than enough of it already.
Innovation in Newcastle and surrounding areas included the following:
George Stephenson developed a miner's safety lamp at the same time that Humphry Davy developed a rival design. The lamp made possible the opening up of ever deeper mines to provide the coal that powered the industrial revolution.
George and his son Robert Stephenson were hugely influential figures in the development of the early railways. George developed Blücher, a locomotive working at Killingworth colliery in 1814, whilst Robert was instrumental in the design of Rocket, a revolutionary design that was the forerunner of modern locomotives. Both men were involved in planning and building railway lines, all over this country and abroad.
Joseph Swan demonstrated a working electric light bulb about a year before Thomas Edison did the same in the USA. This led to a dispute as to who had actually invented the light bulb. Eventually the two rivals agreed to form a mutual company between them, the Edison and Swan Electric Light Company, known as Ediswan.
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine, for marine use and for power generation. He used Turbinia, a small, turbine-powered ship, to demonstrate the speed that a steam turbine could generate. Turbinia literally ran rings around the British Fleet at a review at Spithead in 1897.
William Armstrong invented a hydraulic crane that was installed in dockyards up and down the country. He then began to design light, accurate field guns for the British army. These were a vast improvement on the existing guns that were then in use.
The following major industries developed in Newcastle or its surrounding area:
Glassmaking
A small glass industry existed in Newcastle from the mid-15th century. In 1615 restrictions were put on the use of wood for manufacturing glass. It was found that glass could be manufactured using the local coal, and so a glassmaking industry grew up on Tyneside. Huguenot glassmakers came over from France as refugees from persecution and set up glasshouses in the Skinnerburn area of Newcastle. Eventually, glass production moved to the Ouseburn area of Newcastle. In 1684 the Dagnia family, Sephardic Jewish emigrants from Altare, arrived in Newcastle from Stourbridge and established glasshouses along the Close, to manufacture high quality flint glass. The glass manufacturers used sand ballast from the boats arriving in the river as the main raw material. The glassware was then exported in collier brigs. The period from 1730 to 1785 was the highpoint of Newcastle glass manufacture, when the local glassmakers produced the 'Newcastle Light Baluster'. The glassmaking industry still exists in the west end of the city with local Artist and Glassmaker Jane Charles carrying on over four hundred years of hot glass blowing in Newcastle upon Tyne.
Locomotive manufacture
In 1823 George Stephenson and his son Robert established the world's first locomotive factory near Forth Street in Newcastle. Here they built locomotives for the Stockton and Darlington Railway and the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, as well as many others. It was here that the famous locomotive Rocket was designed and manufactured in preparation for the Rainhill Trials. Apart from building locomotives for the British market, the Newcastle works also produced locomotives for Europe and America. The Forth Street works continued to build locomotives until 1960.
Shipbuilding
In 1296 a wooden, 135 ft (41 m) long galley was constructed at the mouth of the Lort Burn in Newcastle, as part of a twenty-ship order from the king. The ship cost £205, and is the earliest record of shipbuilding in Newcastle. However the rise of the Tyne as a shipbuilding area was due to the need for collier brigs for the coal export trade. These wooden sailing ships were usually built locally, establishing local expertise in building ships. As ships changed from wood to steel, and from sail to steam, the local shipbuilding industry changed to build the new ships. Although shipbuilding was carried out up and down both sides of the river, the two main areas for building ships in Newcastle were Elswick, to the west, and Walker, to the east. By 1800 Tyneside was the third largest producer of ships in Britain. Unfortunately, after the Second World War, lack of modernisation and competition from abroad gradually caused the local industry to decline and die.
Armaments
In 1847 William Armstrong established a huge factory in Elswick, west of Newcastle. This was initially used to produce hydraulic cranes but subsequently began also to produce guns for both the army and the navy. After the Swing Bridge was built in 1876 allowing ships to pass up river, warships could have their armaments fitted alongside the Elswick works. Armstrong's company took over its industrial rival, Joseph Whitworth of Manchester in 1897.
Steam turbines
Charles Algernon Parsons invented the steam turbine and, in 1889, founded his own company C. A. Parsons and Company in Heaton, Newcastle to make steam turbines. Shortly after this, he realised that steam turbines could be used to propel ships and, in 1897, he founded a second company, Parsons Marine Steam Turbine Company in Wallsend. It is there that he designed and manufactured Turbinia. Parsons turbines were initially used in warships but soon came to be used in merchant and passenger vessels, including the liner Mauretania which held the blue riband for the Atlantic crossing until 1929. Parsons' company in Heaton began to make turbo-generators for power stations and supplied power stations all over the world. The Heaton works, reduced in size, remains as part of the Siemens AG industrial giant.
Pottery
In 1762 the Maling pottery was founded in Sunderland by French Huguenots, but transferred to Newcastle in 1817. A factory was built in the Ouseburn area of the city. The factory was rebuilt twice, finally occupying a 14-acre (57,000 m2) site that was claimed to be the biggest pottery in the world and which had its own railway station. The pottery pioneered use of machines in making potteries as opposed to hand production. In the 1890s the company went up-market and employed in-house designers. The period up to the Second World War was the most profitable with a constant stream of new designs being introduced. However, after the war, production gradually declined and the company closed in 1963.
Expansion of the city
Newcastle was one of the boroughs reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835: the reformed municipal borough included the parishes of Byker, Elswick, Heaton, Jesmond, Newcastle All Saints, Newcastle St Andrew, Newcastle St John, Newcastle St Nicholas, and Westgate. The urban districts of Benwell and Fenham and Walker were added in 1904. In 1935, Newcastle gained Kenton and parts of the parishes of West Brunton, East Denton, Fawdon, Longbenton. The most recent expansion in Newcastle's boundaries took place under the Local Government Act 1972 on 1 April 1974, when Newcastle became a metropolitan borough, also including the urban districts of Gosforth and Newburn, and the parishes of Brunswick, Dinnington, Hazlerigg, North Gosforth and Woolsington from the Castle Ward Rural District, and the village of Westerhope.
Meanwhile Northumberland County Council was formed under the Local Government Act 1888 and benefited from a dedicated meeting place when County Hall was completed in the Castle Garth area of Newcastle in 1910. Following the Local Government Act 1972 County Hall relocated to Morpeth in April 1981.
Twentieth century
In 1925 work began on a new high-level road bridge to span the Tyne Gorge between Newcastle and Gateshead. The capacity of the existing High-Level Bridge and Swing Bridge were being strained to the limit, and an additional bridge had been discussed for a long time. The contract was awarded to the Dorman Long Company and the bridge was finally opened by King George V in 1928. The road deck was 84 feet (26 m) above the river and was supported by a 531 feet (162 m) steel arch. The new Tyne Bridge quickly became a symbol for Newcastle and Tyneside, and remains so today.
During the Second World War, Newcastle was largely spared the horrors inflicted upon other British cities bombed during the Blitz. Although the armaments factories and shipyards along the River Tyne were targeted by the Luftwaffe, they largely escaped unscathed. Manors goods yard and railway terminal, to the east of the city centre, and the suburbs of Jesmond and Heaton suffered bombing during 1941. There were 141 deaths and 587 injuries, a relatively small figure compared to the casualties in other industrial centres of Britain.
In 1963 the city gained its own university, the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, by act of parliament. A School of Medicine and Surgery had been established in Newcastle in 1834. This eventually developed into a college of medicine attached to Durham University. A college of physical science was also founded and became Armstrong College in 1904. In 1934 the two colleges merged to become King's College, Durham. This remained as part of Durham University until the new university was created in 1963. In 1992 the city gained its second university when Newcastle Polytechnic was granted university status as Northumbria University.
Newcastle City Council moved to the new Newcastle Civic Centre in 1968.
As heavy industries declined in the second half of the 20th century, large sections of the city centre were demolished along with many areas of slum housing. The leading political figure in the city during the 1960s was T. Dan Smith who oversaw a massive building programme of highrise housing estates and authorised the demolition of a quarter of the Georgian Grainger Town to make way for Eldon Square Shopping Centre. Smith's control in Newcastle collapsed when it was exposed that he had used public contracts to advantage himself and his business associates and for a time Newcastle became a byword for civic corruption as depicted in the films Get Carter and Stormy Monday and in the television series Our Friends in the North. However, much of the historic Grainger Town area survived and was, for the most part, fully restored in the late 1990s. Northumberland Street, initially the A1, was gradually closed to traffic from the 1970s and completely pedestrianised by 1998.
In 1978 a new rapid transport system, the Metro, was built, linking the Tyneside area. The system opened in August 1980. A new bridge was built to carry the Metro across the river between Gateshead and Newcastle. This was the Queen Elizabeth II Bridge, commonly known as the Metro Bridge. Eventually the Metro system was extended to reach Newcastle Airport in 1991, and in 2002 the Metro system was extended to the nearby city of Sunderland.
As the 20th century progressed, trade on the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides gradually declined, until by the 1980s both sides of the river were looking rather derelict. Shipping company offices had closed along with offices of firms related to shipping. There were also derelict warehouses lining the riverbank. Local government produced a master plan to re-develop the Newcastle quayside and this was begun in the 1990s. New offices, restaurants, bars and residential accommodation were built and the area has changed in the space of a few years into a vibrant area, partially returning the focus of Newcastle to the riverside, where it was in medieval times.
The Gateshead Millennium Bridge, a foot and cycle bridge, 26 feet (7.9 m) wide and 413 feet (126 m) long, was completed in 2001. The road deck is in the form of a curve and is supported by a steel arch. To allow ships to pass, the whole structure, both arch and road-deck, rotates on huge bearings at either end so that the road deck is lifted. The bridge can be said to open and shut like a human eye. It is an important addition to the re-developed quayside area, providing a vital link between the Newcastle and Gateshead quaysides.
Recent developments
Today the city is a vibrant centre for office and retail employment, but just a short distance away there are impoverished inner-city housing estates, in areas originally built to provide affordable housing for employees of the shipyards and other heavy industries that lined the River Tyne. In the 2010s Newcastle City Council began implementing plans to regenerate these depressed areas, such as those along the Ouseburn Valley.
Replacing an earlier scanned slide with a better version 01-Mar-15, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 16-Nov-23.
CF-TJO was built with a main deck cargo door and could be used as a passenger aircraft or as a freighter. The aircraft was delivered to TCA Trans Canada Airlines in Feb-63.
Trans Canada Airlines was renamed Air Canada in Jun-64. It became C-FTJO on 31-May-74 when the Canadian Government introduced the C-Gxxx registration series.
The aircraft continued in service until it was retired at Montreal-Dorval in Jun-82. It was donated to the Royal Canadian Mounted Police for training purposes and it was eventually broken up.
The registration C-FTJO was later used on an Air Canada A320-211.
This is a view from the deck of the Carnival Fantasy.
In front is the convention center with the Cochrane–Africatown USA Bridge in the distance.
The Cochrane–Africatown USA Bridge was completed and opened in 1991. It carries US 90 over the Mobile River.
It was named for the 60-year-old vertical-lift Cochrane Bridge that it replaced, and the historic community of Africatown, which was located where the western approach to the bridge was built.
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 05-Mar-25.
Another 'lessor-owned' aircraft with a long and mostly sad history. It was first flown in Mar-93 with the Airbus test registration F-WWIE.
Originally ordered by 'GPA Airbus A320', they cancelled the order and the aircraft was delivered to GATX/CL Air Leasing and leased to LACSA Costa Rica as N486GX in Jun-93. But not for long.
It was returned to the lessor in Jan-94 and transferred to GATX/CL Air NV as PH-GCX in Feb-94. It was leased to Air Inter (France) as F-GJVX the same day. Air Inter was renamed Air Inter Europe in Jan-96 and the aircraft was returned to the lessor in May-97.
It was leased to a new Spanish company, BCM Airlines in Jun-97, retaining it's French registration. BCM ceased operations in Oct-97 (see note below), the aircraft returned to the lessor and was stored.
In Apr-98 it was leased to Volare Airlines (Italy), still with it's French registration. They ceased operations in Nov-04. The aircraft returned to the lessor and was stored at Bordeaux, France.
It was leased to Thomas Cook Airlines - Belgium as OO-TCM in Apr-05 and returned to the lessor in Feb-08. It was immediately leased to Aerolineas Argentinas as LV-BNZ and delivered to Buenos Aries-EZE.
However, it never entered service and was stored until it was returned to the lessor as N420BV in Dec-08 and stored at Goodyear, AZ, USA. It changed lessors twice white it was stored and was eventually leased to Strategic Airlines Europe (a small Australian company with big ideas and very little finance!) as F-GSTS in Aug-09.
Their French AOC was withdrawn in Oct-10, they ceased operations, the aircraft was returned to the lessor and stored at Brussels, Belgium. Strategic Airlines Europe started up again in Apr-11, this time in Luxembourg. They leased the aircraft again, now registered LX-STC.
They were no more successful the second time than they had been previously and ceased operations in Oct-12. The aircraft was returned to AeroTurbine Inc and re-registered N271AT in Nov-12. It was permanently retired at Goodyear, AZ, USA and the registration was cancelled in Mar-13.
Note: BCM Airlines was named after the initials of it's owner 'Bartolome Cursach Mas'. The airline only lasted for the summer of 1997 and ceased operations in Oct-97. Two of their four ex A320's formed the basis of Iberworld.
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 02-Jan-22 (DeNoise AI).
HISTORY UPDATED - Permanently retired (COVID-19)...
Fleet No: "273".
First flown with the Airbus test registration F-WWKZ, this aircraft was delivered to US Airways as N673UW in May-00. It was re-registered N273AY in Aug-06.
US Airways was merged into American Airlines in Apr-15. The aircraft was withdrawn from service in Mar-20 due to the COVID-19 Pandemic and stored at Roswell, NM, USA.
In late summer 2020 American made the decision to permanently retire the whole A330 fleet and it continued to be stored at Roswell. Updated 02-Jan-21.
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 20-Jan-25.
This aircraft was delivered to Piedmont Airlines, USA as N791N in Mar-82. It was re-registered N244US in Oct-88 prior to being merged into US Air in Aug-89.
US Air was renamed US Airways in Feb-97 and the aircraft was transferred to US Airways MetroJet in May-99. It was withdrawn from service and stored at Mojave, CA, USA in Dec-01.
The aircraft was sold to the Alameda Corporation in Mar-02 and sold to AVIACSA, Mexico as XA-TVN. AVIACSA ceased operations on 06-Jul-09. It was stored at Tuxtla Gutierrez, Mexico, a joint civil/military airfield the same month and was eventually permanently retired. Updated 20-Jan-25.
A collage to replace the individual pictures.
Original titles and bios, where applicable, from left to right:
Top row
Warrior
Dragon Drow
Uorenn Kerbunnt
Siralia of Ilyasvir
Middle row
Agéra
Reptarian
Vampire ronin
Dragon Rider
Bottom row
Enzan Armafur - A medium-class mage in the Order of Zotharith, just like Exetrius. Determined to climb the ranks and become a well-respected wizard in Nocturnus.
Exetrius Centario (custom army uniform)
Pumpkin mage - Am I in time for Halloween? ;D
Aethereal guard
Consecrated in 1273, this church is an excellent example of the transition from Romanesque to German Gothic styles. Originally built as a Romanesque basilica with two choirs, it was re-modeled during the 14th century. During this, aisles and the soaring western choir were added. The two towers were completed in the 15th century. The church was very badly damaged during the Second World War and has been completely restored. In places it was decided to add new features to replace those which could not be repaired. The images of the two main doorways show an original carving and a new one added during the restoration. The interior is probably the finest in Nuremberg.
The nave and west choir are late Romanesque, with a narrow chancel containing a simple altar and an ancient bronze baptismal font. The larger east choir, consecrated in 1379, is Gothic and contains the church’s most important treasures. Just behind the altar is the elaborate shrine of St. Sebald, whose remains are encased in a monument cast in brass by Peter Vischer in 1519. It’s supported by an array of snails and dolphins and adorned with a host of statuettes. The nave of the church also holds several important works of art, including 14th-century statues of St. Catherine and St. Sebald and the Madonna with a Halo (1440).
Replacing an earlier digital photo with a better version 29-SEp-21 (DeNoise AI).
Named: "Tanjore".
This aircraft was delivered to Air India as VT-ESN in Nov-93. It was sold to a lessor in Nov-08 and leased back to Air India. The aircraft was permanently retired at Mumbai in Jul-13.
Replaced this because I rededited it. :)
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52/365
The world is alive now, in and outside our home
You run through the forest, settle before the sun
Darling, I can barely remember you beside me
You should come back home, back on your own now
- "Ragged Wood" by Fleet Foxes
Just a note, but I choose any lyrics after I take, edit, and post the photo.
View on black!
Sheet series! Today was my first legit shoot with my new camera, and I think this turned out really well. The basic concept was a feral yet elegant forest nymph. This was taken in the woods on our campus. My friend Sarah, once again, modeled. She really knows her angles and how to pose well. She also really knows how to take initiative and risks with her posing. I love that about her.
Funny story from when we were shooting. Sarah was just wearing a bra and pants underneath the sheet, and as we were shooting, someone was running on one of the paths near us. It was really awkward, but we still kept shooting. It was also freezing. Sarah's a real trooper. :)
Finally, I am really learning to use the manual setting on my camera, and it's so fantastic.
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version 11-Nov-20, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 01-Apr-24.
Named: "Usti Nad Labem" (name is above the shield aft of the forward door).
First flown with the Boeing test registration N1876B, this aircraft was delivered to CSA Czech Airlines as OK-CGH in Mar-97. It was sold to Mauritania Airlines as 5T-CLA in Jan-11.
The aircraft was withdrawn from use and stored at Nouakchott, Mauritania in Jan-16, It was registered to CSDS Aircraft Sales & Leasing Ltd (date unknown but possibly Jan-18) and remained stored at Nouakchott.
It's still shown as 'stored' in most databases but hasn't flown for 8 years, It's now 27 years old and I'd say it's probably permanently retired. Updated 02-Apr-24.
The original Custom House was destroyed by fire in 1813 and replaced in replica; this original structure was itself a rebuilding of the late C18 Red Lion Coffee House. The Custom House forms a strong group with the Town Cellar (Grade I-listed) and Harbour Office (Grade II-listed) on the old quay, illustrative of the old quayside, and forming the entrance to Thames Street.
Details
Custom house, built in 1781 and rebuilt in replica in 1814; now a commercial premises.
MATERIALS: Flemish bond brickwork with dressings of stone and rubbed brick, under a hipped slate roof with brick ridge and rear, lateral stacks.
PLAN: double-depth plan with a principal rear first-floor room.
EXTERIOR: the Custom House has two upper storeys and a semi-basement. Its front, to the west, is three bays wide, with four-bay side returns to the north and south. The principal façade has a basement impost band, moulded timber eaves, and the central pedimented bay set forward. The central porch has Tuscan columns and an entablature which carries a cast-iron Royal Coat of Arms, restored in around 1990. The double entrance doors are panelled. The porch is approached by symmetrical segmental curved stairs with wrought-iron railings, which copy those of Poole’s mid-C18 Guildhall (Grade II*-listed). Six-over-six-pane sash windows flank the entrance porch, while the central top-floor window is blank, with three-over-three-pane sash windows to either side. Below the entrance, the semi-basement floor has a keyed, segmental-arched doorway with a half-glazed door. The window openings to the semi-basement are round-arched, whilst those to the upper two storeys are flat-arched.
On the side returns the semi-basement forms a lower ground floor, and the fenestration matches that to the front elevation. There is an impost band, doorway and three windows; four sash windows to the floor above and four shorter sashes to the upper floor; and two blocked openings on the return facing Paradise Street.
INTERIOR: the ground floor is understood to be altered, but is reported to contain a rear axial stair, and a roof with four paired king-post trusses, two on each tie beam.
Amtrak Capitol Corridor train 745 is westbound on the track 1 bridge at Benicia with P42 186 leading Charger 2103.
Pulled 3 ticks off Erie and at least 15 off myself for this one. There could be more I haven't found yet. Ridiculous.
Replacing an earlier digital photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 11-Dec-25.
Fleet No: "5EX".
This aircraft was delivered to American Airlines as N189AN in Jul-01. It was fitted with blended winglets in May-07. When the COVID-19 Pandemic hit the world in Mar-20 it was withdrawn from service and stored at Roswell, NM, USA.
Later, American Airlines decided that the Boeing 757 fleet would be retired. This aircraft was sold to the AAR Corporation in Sep-23. It was sold to Wyatt Aerospace for spares recovery at the end of Oct-23 and was broken up at Roswell in Aug-24.