View allAll Photos Tagged replacing
There was a deer there last week. This week it’s been replaced by a Caterpillar road scrapper.
Nikon D7200 -- Nikon 200-500mm 5.6E ED VR
500mm
F5.6@1/125th
ISO 400
Cropped
(RDO_9165 - 2)
©Don Brown 2019
Dweorh's have become a common sight throughout the Goodfellow cluster in recent years, having replaced Phayze Fructification's aging W3t series in most commercial mobile frame applications. Like the P81 before it, The Dweorh is one of those products that seeks to please many masters, as it was developed for the civilian market but with a mil-spec feature list, making it powerful, versatile, easy to operate, and reasonably affordable.
Although it is rather small compared to PFi's more recent combat models, it more than makes up for the lack of reach with an unrivaled dependability. Dweorh's can withstand the harshness of any planetary biome, and be easily calibrated for a wide range of gravitational environments. They have been used for logging, loading, construction, demolition, security and even emergency services.
Fire/Rescue: Flame Suppressant Tank w/ high pressure applicator (Rd), heat dissipating chest plate (B), Demolition Hammer (Rh)
Police: Sonic Shotgun (Rd), Grav-rotor Pack (G), Official badge (B)
Mine Supervisor: Demolition charge (SSR), Mining Drill (Rh), 2x Comm relay (YY),
Construction: Earth mover (B), foot treads (G), Linear Rivet Setter (Rd), radio antenna (Y)
Yojimbo: 2x Shoulder Armor (BB), Faceplate Scanner (Y), Naginata (Rh)
***
Credit for the shotgun goes to SAMS. I just changed the grip.
I'm aware that people who actually play MFZ and don't just build robots for the hell of it tend to prefer more compact (and less parts-intensive) frames than I typically produce, and I've worried that size-creep had completely consumed me ever since I bricked up my first MCS frame, but I checked the LDD version in my LDD size box (10x10 studs across and 12 bricks tall) and all was good, so I let the matter rest... for a while.
In an attempt to down-size, I started out fiddling with the core of Vitor Faria's adorably awesome Lockon Frame and would up with a tablescrap that quickly took on a strangely endearing form. The height feels just right for a minifig helmet as the head (which you are free to call a cop-out, I don't mind), and the articulation of the arms in pretty nice. I didn't really want to use the reversed knees, but I didn't feel like things lined up right the other way - don't get me wrong, I like the knees this way, I just wish I could have made them look right the other way, too.
I've been considering a line of civilian-use MCS frames for a while (and may still do a few), but the form-factor on this guy seemed to lend itself much better to heavy labor than combat. It's important to note that the Dweorh is NOT out of scale with the MCS - they're just different sizes because they were designed for different roles.
Replacing the iconic A310 in 1984, the Alpine GTA as it was originally known became the company's flagship auto right through until 1995 when both it and the Alpine name were discontinued.
A random snapshot of the old circuit cut-out switches that were on one of the old utility poles that were recently replaced on Main Street in the Pearlhaven Community in Brookhaven, Mississippi.
These cutouts are quite large up close when they are on the ground compared to them being up on top of the pole when it was in service.
This old pole had a lever switch that when it was turned, it would open up these electrical circuits, cutting power down the lines... when the circuits are closed, the electrical power flows through.
For those that do not know, the power lines or cables are called ''conductors'' whilst the porcelain ceramic bits that stop the flow of electricity as well as holding the wires on the poles are called ''insulators.''
Introduced in 1956, it replaced the highly-successful Austin A30. The name reflected the larger and more-powerful 34 hp (25 kW) A-Series straight-4 engine, enabling a slightly higher top speed and better acceleration.
The A35 was very similar in appearance to the A30, except for a larger rear window aperture and a painted front grille, with chrome horse-shoe surround, instead of the chrome grille featured on the A30. Both had 13 in (330 mm) wheels. The semaphore turn-signal indicators were replaced with present-day front- and rear-mounted flashing lights. A slightly easier to operate remote-control gear-change was provided. Much of the improved performance was a result of different gearbox ratios. The A30 had the first three ratios close together then a big gap to top (4th gear). The A35 ratios were better spaced and gave a max speed in third of 60 mph (97 km/h) against about 45 mph (72 km/h) for the A30.
Like the A30, the A35 was offered as a 2- or 4-door saloon or 2-door "Countryman" estate and also as a van. The latter model continued in production through to 1968. A rare pickup version was also produced in 1956.
Armament
An F-22 fires an AIM-120 AMRAAM
The Raptor has three internal weapons bays on the bottom and sides of the fuselage. It can carry six compressed carriage medium range missiles in the center bay and one short range missile in each of the two side bays. Four of the medium range missiles can be replaced with two bombracks that can each carry one medium-size bomb or four small diameter bombs each. Carrying missiles and bombs internally maintains its stealth capability and maintains lower drag resulting in higher top speeds and longer combat ranges. Launching missiles requires opening the weapons bay doors for less than a second, while the missiles are pushed clear of the airframe by hydraulic arms. This reduces the Raptor's chance of detection by enemy radar systems due to launched ordnance and also allows the F-22 to launch long range missiles while maintaining supercruise. The aircraft can also carry such air-to-surface weapons as bombs with the Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) guidance system, and the new Small-Diameter Bomb (SDB), but cannot self-designate laser guided weapons as it lacks the F-35's stealthy designator. The Raptor carries an M61A2 Vulcan 20 mm rotary cannon, also with a trap door, in the right wing root. The M61A2 is a last ditch weapon, and carries 480 rounds; enough ammunition for approximately five seconds of sustained fire. The opening for the cannon's firing barrel is covered by a door when not in use to maintain stealth. The F-22 has been able to close to gun range in training dogfights without being detected, which can be necessary when missiles are depleted.
To maintain stealth, the F-22 carries its weapons in internal bays, shown here. The open doors for the center bay and smaller side bays are visible.
The Raptor's very high sustained cruise speed and operational altitude add significantly to the effective range of both air-to-air and air-to-surface munitions. These factors may be the rationale behind the USAF's decision not to pursue long-range, high-energy air-to-air missiles such as the MBDA Meteor. However, the USAF plans to procure the AIM-120D AMRAAM, which is reported to have a 50% increase in range compared to the AIM-120C. The Raptor launch platform provides additional energy to the missile which helps improve the range of air-to-ground ordnance. While specific figures remain classified, it is expected that JDAMs employed by F-22s will have twice or more the effective range of munitions dropped by legacy platforms. In testing, a Raptor dropped a 1,000 lb (450 kg) JDAM from 50,000 feet (15,000 m), while cruising at Mach 1.5, striking a moving target 24 miles (39 km) away. The SDB, as employed from the F-22, should see even greater increases in effective range, due to the improved lift to drag ratio of these weapons. The AIM-120 is the primary missile and the AIM-9 Sidewinder is the short-range missile.
An F-22 releases a JDAM from its center internal bay while flying at supersonic speed
While in its air-superiority configuration the F-22 carries its weapons internally, it is not limited to this option. The wings include four hardpoints, each rated to handle 5,000 lb (2,300 kg). Each hardpoint has a pylon that can carry a detachable 600 gallon fuel tank or a rail launcher that holds two air-air missiles. However, use of external stores compromises the F-22's stealth, and has a detrimental effect on maneuverability, speed, and range (unless external fuel is carried). The two inner hardpoints are "plumbed" for external fuel tanks. These hardpoints allow the mounting pylons to be jettisoned in flight so the fighter can regain its stealth after exhausting external stores. Research is currently being conducted to develop stealth ordnance pod and pylon. Such a pod would comprise a low observable shape and carry its weapons internally, then would open when launching a missile or dropping a bomb. The pod and pylon could be detached when no longer needed. This system would allow the F-22 to carry its maximum ordnance load while maintaining stealth without loss of maneuverability.
Replacing the Coe-Clemons Creek culvert will reduce the risk of catastrophic road failure of SR 203 in Duvall.
Title: State Street Station, longitudinal girder to be replaced with through girder
Date: 1905 May 23
Source: Boston Elevated Railway photographs, 9800.018.
File name: 9800018_005_040
Rights: Public Domain
Citation: Boston Elevated Railway photographs, 9800.018.City of Boston Archives, Boston
Dublin Airport, (IATA: DUB, ICAO: EIDW), is operated by the Dublin Airport Authority. It is located in Collinstown, in the county of Fingal, Ireland. In 2011, 18.8 million passengers passed through the airport, making it the busiest of the state's airports by total passenger traffic, followed by Cork Airport and Shannon Airport. It also has the greatest traffic levels on the island of Ireland followed by Belfast International Airport, George Best Belfast City Airport, Cork and Shannon.
The airport is located 5.4 NM (10.0 km; 6.2 mi) north of Dublin city in a once-rural area near Swords. It is served by buses and taxis. Plans to connect the airport to Swords and Dublin city centre via a rapid transit line (Metro North), have been postponed by the Government.
Dublin Airport is the headquarters of Ireland's flag carrier (Aer Lingus), Europe's largest low-cost carrier (Ryanair) and Ireland's regional airline (Aer Arann). Ireland's fourth airline, CityJet, operates flights from the airport and its HQ is located in the nearby town of Swords.
In 1936 the Government of Ireland established a new civil airline, Aer Lingus, which began operating from the military aerodrome, Casement Aerodrome, at Baldonnel to the southwest of Dublin. However, the decision was made that a civil airport should replace Baldonnel as the city's airport. Collinstown, to the north of Dublin, was selected as the location for the new civil aerodrome. Collinstown's first association with aviation was as a British military air base during World War I, but had been unused since 1922. Construction of the new airport began in 1937. By the end of 1939 a grass airfield surface, internal roads, car parks and electrical power and lighting were set up. The inaugural flight from Dublin took place on 19 January 1940 to Liverpool. In 1940 work began on a new airport terminal building. The terminal building design was by the architect Desmond FitzGerald, brother of politician Garret FitzGerald. It opened in early 1941, with its design being heavily influenced by the bridges of the luxury ocean liners of the time. The terminal was also awarded the Triennial Gold Medal of the Royal Hibernian Institute of Architects and is today a listed building. Upon the outbreak of World War II, services were severely restricted at Dublin Airport until late 1945 and the only international scheduled route operated during this time was by Aer Lingus to Liverpool (and for a period to Manchester's Barton Aerodrome). Three new concrete runways were completed by 1947.
During the 1980s, major competition, especially on the Dublin–London routes, resulted in passenger numbers swelling to 5.1 million in 1989. In the same year a new 8,650 ft (2,640 m) runway and a state-of-the-art air traffic control centre were opened. Dublin Airport continued to expand rapidly in the 1990s. Pier A, which had been the first extension to the old terminal building, was significantly extended. A new Pier C, complete with air bridges, was built and as soon as this was completed, work commenced to extend it to double its capacity. The ground floor of the original terminal building, which is today a listed building, was returned to passenger service after many years to provide additional departure gates. Pier D, completed in October 2007, is a dedicated low-fares boarding area and provides 14 quick turn-around stands and departure gates; these are not served by air bridges.
For: the people that love to download music for free without worrying too much about viruses or fake songs...
purpose: is to show that there are other p2p sharing software out there besides plain-old virus filled limewire.
downsides: If you are using Internet explorer you'll end up gettin some pop-ups... i would recommend safari for most of us but ill talk about that in a diff vid.
In 2012, 23 City playgrounds were completely replaced and four playgrounds received a new fall surface at a cost of approximately $2.6 million. Maintaining safe and wholesome places for children to play and families to socialize supports The City of Calgary’s goal of complete communities.
The City maintains 1,048 playgrounds and each one is inspected seven times a year. Life expectancy of a playground is approximately 15 years. Replacements are prioritized through a rating system that evaluates:
Condition of each piece of equipment
Usage of equipment
Opportunity of leveraging funds from partner organizations. Seventeen of the 23 playgrounds received funding from Parks Foundation Calgary’s Building Playgrounds and Communities Grant Program in 2012.
calgary.ca/communityinvestmentfund
We are replacing a serpentine belt on a Ford F-250,6.0 poerstroke diesel engine. We are Ford Powertroke,Cummins,and Duramax Diesel engine Experts. Call Dan's Auto/Truck Repair in Arlington,Texas for any questions or concerns you may have. 817-548-8373,ask for Dan
1957 Chevy - Van
Body Work/Fabrication: Shaved Body Lines, Replaced All Flat Sheet Metal, Reshaped Front And Rear Wheel Wells,Front And Rear Roll Pan,, One Off Billet Snow Flake Grille, Tribar Halogen Headlights, Billet Specialities Tail Lights And Front Turn Signals,1932 Ford Door Handles,Custom Service Doors For Snow Cone Vending
Engine/Transmission: 400 Horse GM Crate Engine, 700R4, 3000 Stall Converter
Suspension/Chassis: Stock Solid Axle Front Suspension Replaced With R&B Obsolete Front Chassis Clip That Accepts S-10 Front Suspension Components. BYC 1 1/4 Narrowed Tubular Control Arms, Drop Spindles, 2600 LB Bags With Custom Cups. Rear Suspension AirRide Technologies 4 Link On An S-10 Axle with 9000 series bags, One Off Front Wheel Tubs, Engine Cover And Floor, Rear Tubs Raised 9 Inches With Step Notch.
Paint: White With White And Blue Flames, Stenciled Pearl Snow Flakes
Interior: Two Tone Leather Bucket Seats *Completed By Southtowne Upolstery*, Custom Smoothed Dash With 1932 Ford Oval Dakota Digital Guage Cluster, Billet Specialities Leather Wrap Steering Wheel On Top Of An IDIDIT Tilt Column,Gennie Floor Shifter, rear Of Vehicle Equipped For Snow Cone Vending.
Wheels & Tires: Billet Specialities 2005 3D Series Rail, 22x10's All Around.
To book the Snow Sled for your next event contact Saint Louis Snow Cone at (314)-968-8377
Find and like Saint Louis Snow Cone on Facebook at www.facebook.com/STLSnowCone?ref=hl
For all of your custom and restoration needs give us a call or click at (314)-968-8377 or www.cleancutcreations.com
Find and like us on Facebook at www.facebook.com/CCCSTL
Replacing an earlier scanned photo with a better version, plus Topaz DeNoise AI 28-Mar-25.
Fleet No: "648".
First flown in Dec-87, this aircraft was delivered to Piedmont Airlines as N608P in Feb-88. It was re-registered N648US in Nov-88 prior to Piedmont being merged into US Air in Aug-89.
US Air was renamed US Airways in Feb-97. The aircraft was sold to Castlelake Leasing in Aug-05 and leased back to US Airways. It was re-registered N248AY in Dec-06.
It was withdrawn from service in Nov-14 and stored at Mobile-Downtown Airport, AL, USA. After 26 years it had 104,750 hours and 20,740 cycles on the clock! The aircraft was returned to the lessor in Feb-15, moved to Victorville, CA, USA and permanently retired.
In Sep-15 the aircraft was sold to the Jet Midwest Group for parting out and was eventually scrapped at Victorville.
Note: In Dec-13 US Airways agreed a merger with American Airlines. However, the two airlines continued to operate as separate companies until the official merger date of 08-Apr-15.
I replaced the little rug that was under the coffee table with the Ikea Arden Ruta rug that I had bought for the entryway. I like it much better here, but now the entryway needs to be solved, again. I might just buy another Arden Ruta. What do you think about having two of the s
I replaced the little rug that was under the coffee table with the Ikea Arden Ruta rug that I had bought for the entryway. I like it much better here, but now the entryway needs to be solved, again. I might just buy another Arden Ruta. What do you think about having two of the same rug in a room?
Map Number 2017-199; Replaces Map Number 2016-166
***
To view a larger version of the map, click on the Download this photo button on lower right corner and choose a different size from the "View All Sizes" links. For directions on how to download a map, our contact information, and answers to other questions, please click here.
Replacing an earlier digital photo with a better version 12-Sep-20.
'Old' Condor livery with Thomas Cook tail logo.
First flown with the Boeing test registration N1786B, this aircraft was delivered to Condor Flugdienst as D-ABOJ in Mar-00. From early 2000 the UK's Thomas Cook Group gradually bought up Lufthansa's shares in Condor and in Mar-03 it became Thomas Cook Airlines Germany (powered by Condor). The Thomas Cook name didn't work well in Germany and the name was changed back to Condor Flugdienst in Jun-04. The aircraft was wet-leased to Ryan International Airlines (USA) between Dec-04/Jun-05, Operating for Apple Vacations. It was fitted with blended winglets at Helsinki, Finland in Dec-09. The Thomas Cook Group (UK) ceased operations in Sep-19 and Condor was granted a loan by the German Government to keep operating. The aircraft was stored at Frankfurt in Mar-20 due to the COVID-19 Pandemic. It returned to service in early Jul-20. Current, updated (Sep-20).
Copyright - All Rights Reserved - Black Diamond Images
"The timber bridge over the Barrington River at Barrington has been named as one of a number of bridges the RTA will replace under a strategy that looks at the future of the state’s timber truss bridges.
The RTA has released a plan to manage the conservation of the state’s RTA-managed timber truss bridges and has called for community comment on the document. (Note - Comment closed August 26th 2011)
An RTA spokesperson said the plan identifies bridges to be retained to ensure examples of the different types of timber truss bridges are preserved.
But the bridge at Barrington is not one of them.
“The RTA recognises the importance of protecting the heritage of the state’s timber truss bridge history and has worked with the Heritage Council of NSW and heritage groups during the preparation of the strategy,” the spokesperson said.
“The strategy, which has considered each bridge’s operational and heritage significance, proposes to retain 25 of the 48 remaining RTA-managed timber truss bridges.”
More than 400 timber truss bridges were built in the late 1800s and early 1900s and were designed for horse drawn wagons or early vehicles .........
......... Barrington Bridge is a two-span standard Allan truss bridge, crossing the Barrington River. It replaced a McDonald truss bridge at the same location. It is one of 15 bridges in the Hunter Valley, which also include landmark bridges such as Morpeth, Hinton and Dunmore.
The Barrington Bridge was partially upgraded in 1999.
Barrington Bridge is not listed on the State Heritage Register. It was ranked 50th in the 1998
MBK timber truss bridge study and this is recognised in the timber truss bridge conservation
Barrington Bridge does not bear any unique or outstanding design characteristics that cannot be
viewed in other Allan truss bridges, meaning its removal and replacement would not result in a
loss of the representativeness of the RTA’s timber truss bridge collection. Nine Allan truss bridges are operable."
SOURCE Gloucester Advocate 27th July 2011.
NOTE 1- After looking under and over all sides of this bridge on 19th Feb 2012 it appears a solid well constructed bridge and my own hope is that it will be retained as a footbridge if it is to be replaced.
It would be a serious loss to tourism in the Gloucester/ Barrington community if it were totally removed as it is such an interesting and photographic subject in a usually lush green rural setting.
NOTE 2 - As of February 2012 I am uncertain what future the report has recommended for the historic Marlee and Duffs Allan Truss Bridges over Dingo Creek west of Wingham.
Dental implants offer the opportunity to permanently replace lost or missing teeth. Once installed, dental implants look and function just like your natural teeth. Many people only consider the aesthetic benefits of dental implants, but there are plenty of health benefits that come with this advanced dental procedure. If you’d like to learn more about full mouth dental implants, schedule a consultation today at Envision a Smile, online or over the phone.
My Official Website:- https://www.envisionasmilestcharles.com/
Address:- 2019 Dean St, St. Charles, IL 60174
Phone:- 630-454-8166
Follow Us On:-
Facebook:-https://www.facebook.com/pages/category/General-Dentist/Envision-a-Smile-100514221451550/
Twitter:- https://twitter.com/EnvisionSmile
Yelp.com:- https://www.yelp.com/biz/envision-a-smile-st-charles-2
Foursquare.com:- https://foursquare.com/v/envision-a-smile/5b7549de237dee002cc875da
Blogger:- https://envisionasmileil.blogspot.com/
sites.google.com:- https://sites.google.com/view/envisionasmile-il
Knowledge Panel:- https://www.google.com/search?q=Envision+a+Smile&kponly=&kgmid=/g/11c1qb682p
Instagram:- https://www.instagram.com/envisionasmile/
Manta:- https://www.manta.com/c/mkb6jw5/envision-a-smile
Bing:- https://www.bing.com/maps?ss=ypid.YN873x10447952728056492094
Mapsconnect.apple.com :- https://mapsconnect.apple.com/business/ui/claimPlaceFull?claimId=12475179772810647818
GMB Website:- https://envision-a-smile-best-dental-implants-dentures.business.site/?m=true
Yellowpages:- https://www.yellowpages.com/saint-charles-il/mip/envision-a-smile-530997724
Google.com/mymaps:- https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=1JJZz4gYn4SPtAfYbZW2EBth07VlJLdA5&ll=41.918077%2C-88.33934819999998&z=17
The kit and its assembly:
This fictional Bronco update/conversion was simply spawned by the idea: could it be possible to replace the original cockpit section with one from an AH-1 Cobra, for a kind of gunship version?
The basis is the Academy OV-10D kit, mated with the cockpit section from a Fujimi AH-1S TOW Cobra (Revell re-boxing, though), chosen because of its “boxy” cockpit section with flat glass panels – I think that it conveys the idea of an armored cockpit section best. Combining these parts was not easy, though, even though the plan sound simple. Initially, the Bronco’s twin booms, wings and stabilizer were built separately, because this made PSR on these sections easier than trying the same on a completed airframe. One of the initial challenges: the different engines. I wanted something uprated, and a different look, and I had a pair of (excellent!) 1:144 resin engines from the Russian company Kompakt Zip for a Tu-95 bomber at hand, which come together with movable(!) eight-blade contraprops that were an almost perfect size match for the original three-blade props. Biggest problem: the Tu-95 nacelles have a perfectly circular diameter, while the OV-10’s booms are square and rectangular. Combining these parts and shapes was already a messy PST affair, but it worked out quite well – even though the result rather reminds of some Chinese upgrade measure (anyone know the Tu-4 copies with turboprops? This here looks similar!). But while not pretty, I think that the beafier look works well and adds to the idea of a “revived” aircraft. And you can hardly beat the menacing look of contraprops on anything...
The exotic, so-called “tip sails” on the wings, mounted on short booms, are a detail borrowed from the Shijiazhuang Y-5B-100, an updated Chinese variant/copy of the Antonov An-2 biplane transporter. The booms are simple pieces of sprue from the Bronco kit, the winglets were cut from 0.5mm styrene sheet.
For the cockpit donor, the AH-1’s front section was roughly built, including the engine section (which is a separate module, so that the basic kit can be sold with different engine sections), and then the helicopter hull was cut and trimmed down to match the original Bronco pod and to fit under the wing. This became more complicated than expected, because a) the AH-1 cockpit and the nose are considerably shorter than the OV-10s, b) the AH-1 fuselage is markedly taller than the Bronco’s and c) the engine section, which would end up in the area of the wing, features major recesses, making the surface very uneven – calling for massive PSR to even this out. PSR was also necessary to hide the openings for the Fujimi AH-1’s stub wings. Other issues: the front landing gear (and its well) had to be added, as well as the OV-10 wing stubs. Furthermore, the new cockpit pod’s rear section needed an aerodynamical end/fairing, but I found a leftover Academy OV-10 section from a build/kitbashing many moons ago. Perfect match!
All these challenges could be tackled, even though the AH-1 cockpit looks surprisingly stout and massive on the Bronco’s airframe - the result looks stockier than expected, but it wodks well for the "Gunship" theme. Lots of PSR went into the new central fuselage section, though, even before it was mated with the OV-10 wing and the rest of the model
Once cockpit and wing were finally mated, the seams had to disappear under even more PSR and a spinal extension of the canopy had to be sculpted across the upper wing surface, which would meld with the pod’s tail in a more or less harmonious shape. Not an easy task, and the fairing was eventually sculpted with 2C putty, plus even more PSR… Looks quite homogenous, though.
After this massive body work, other hardware challenges appeared like small distractions. The landing gear was another major issue, because the deeper AH-1 section lowered the ground clearance, also because of the chin turret. To counter this I tried to raise the OV-10 landing gear by ~2mm – not much, but it was enough to create a credible stance, together with the front landing gear transplant under the cockpit. The front wheel retracts backwards now, but this looks quite plausible, thanks to the additional space under the cockpit tub, which also made an ammuntion belt supply for the gun believable.
To enhance the menacing look I gave the model a fixed refuleing boom, made from 1mm steel wire and a receptor adapter sculpted with white glue. The latter stuff was also used add some antenna fairings around the hull. Some antennae, chaff dipenesers and an IR decoy were taken from the Academy kit.
The ordnance came from various sources. The Sidewinders under the wing tips were taken from a Hasegawa USAF weapon set, representing the state-of-the-art of aerial defence. The quadruple Hellfire launchers on the underwing hardpoints were left over from an Italeri AH-1W, and they are a perfect load for this aircraft and its role. The LAU-4 and -19 missile pods on the stub wings were taken from the OV-10 kit.
Replacing a temporary vehicle in the fleet of 36-branded vehicles is BF62UXZ, one of 6 brand new Volvo B9TL Wright Eclipse Gemini 2's that were delivered to Transdev in December 2012 - though personally I think this registraton should have been applied to a Coastliner vehicle and BF62 UYL gone on this one, as it's out of sequence with the rest... though eventually 3613 here will be re-registered X13 VTD.
3613 is the only B9 in the Transdev Harrogate and District fleet, and cost £200,000. This can be told apart from the heavily-refurbished B7's because of the Wrights logo at the front (instead of a blank panel with the 36 logo painted on), a Volvo badge, and a straight upper deck grabrail in front of the windscreen, as opposed to a curved one. This extra vehicle has been required due to a frequency increase for the 36 to make up for each bus losing just over a dozen seats to improve passenger comfort.
The village of Hurstbourne Priors is situated in the valley of the River Bourne, a tributary of the River Test. The settlement lies two miles west of Whitchurch, and two miles south-east of St Mary Bourne. The B3048 runs north and south through the Conservation Area, which is about a mile long. It encompasses much of the lower flood plain of the River Bourne, with the village of Hurstbourne Priors to the south and the railway to the north. The River Bourne takes a south-easterly course through the village, eventually joining the River Test, which marks the south-east boundary of the village.
The population of the Hurstbourne Priors Conservation Area in 1998 was approximately 165 (projection based on the Hampshire County Council Planning Department Small Area Population Forecasts 1995).
The pavillion is used by Hurstbourne Priors Cricket Club who play in the Hampshire League.
The ancient church of St Andrew the Apostle is probably the oldest existing church in the Diocese of Winchester. It was originally the 'manorial church' of the even more ancient manor of Hurstbourne Priors.
The charter of Denewulf, Saxon Bishop of Winchester, dated AD 820, refers to its consecration in that year and the present church is believed to stand on the remains of the original Saxon building.
The present church was built by the Normans in the 12th century and a north chapel added in the 16th century. In the 18th century, a south transept was built for the use of the Portsmouth family (the Portsmouth Aisle), with the nave being rebuilt and the old wooden balcony replaced by a tower in AD1870. The chancel was also heavily restored but does retain some medieval details, including the chancel arch and the outline of the blocked priests door in the south wall.
www.basingstoke.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/317C53EE-27A5-4402-A2...
Zürich - Wasserkirche und Türme vom Grossmünster
The Wasserkirche ("Water Church") of Zürich, first mentioned as ecclesia Aquatica Turicensi around 1250 and as wazzirkilcha in 1256, is a church built on a small island in the Limmat, situated between the two main churches of medieval Zürich, the Grossmünster and the Fraumünster, at the Limmatquai and the Münsterbrücke.
Overview
It seems likely that the original building was used for cult meetings. The meetings were centred on a stone now located in the crypt of the church. According to medieval tradition, the site was used for the execution of Saints Felix and Regula. The church was built in the 10th century and modified at various points, culminating in a complete reconstruction that was completed in 1486. During the course of the Reformation, the Wasserkirche was identified as a place of idolatry. Eventually it was secularised, becoming the first public library of Zürich in 1634, when it became a seat of learning that greatly contributed to the foundation of University of Zürich in the 19th century. The island was connected with the right bank of the Limmat in 1839 with the construction of the Limmatquai. The library was merged into the Zentralbibliothek in 1917, and the church was used as a storage room for crops for some time, until reconstruction work and archaeological excavations were undertaken in 1940. Following this the building was again used for services by the Evangelical-Reformed State Church of the Canton of Zürich.
The Helmhaus is an extension of the church to the north, first mentioned in 1253 as a court of criminal justice, at which time it was a simple wooden structure covering the eastern end of the bridge. It was extended to a larger wooden structure in 1563, and replaced with a stonework hall in 1791.
Cultural heritage of national importance
The building Helmhaus und Wasserkirche is listed in the Swiss inventory of cultural property of national and regional significance as a Class A object of national importance.
(Wikipedia)
The Grossmünster (German pronunciation: [ɡʁoːsˈmʏnstɐ]; "great minster") is a Romanesque-style Protestant church in Zürich, Switzerland. It is one of the four major churches in the city (the others being the Fraumünster, Predigerkirche, and St. Peterskirche). Its congregation forms part of the Evangelical Reformed Church of the Canton of Zürich. The core of the present building near the banks of the Limmat was constructed on the site of a Carolingian church, which was, according to legend, originally commissioned by Charlemagne. Construction of the present structure commenced around 1100 and it was inaugurated around 1220.
The Grossmünster was a monastery church, vying for precedence with the Fraumünster across the Limmat throughout the Middle Ages. According to legend, the Grossmünster was founded by Charlemagne, whose horse fell to its knees over the tombs of Felix, Regula and Exuperantius, Zürich's patron saints. The legend helps support a claim of seniority over the Fraumünster, which was founded by Louis the German, Charlemagne's grandson. Recent archaeological evidence confirms the presence of a Roman burial ground at the site.
Historical significance
Huldrych Zwingli initiated the Swiss-German Reformation in Switzerland from his pastoral office at the Grossmünster, starting in 1520. Zwingli won a series of debates presided over by the magistrate in 1523 which ultimately led local civil authorities to sanction the severance of the church from the papacy. The reforms initiated by Zwingli and continued by his successor, Heinrich Bullinger, account for the plain interior of the church. The iconoclastic reformers removed the organ and religious statuary in 1524. These changes, accompanied by abandonment of Lent, replacement of the Mass, disavowal of celibacy, eating meat on fast days, replacement of the lectionary with a seven-year New Testament cycle, a ban on church music, and other significant reforms make this church one of the most important sites in the history of the reformation and the birthplace of the Swiss-German reformation.
Burials
Saints Felix and Regula
Conrad Gessner
Peter Martyr Vermigli
Architecture
The twin towers of the Grossmünster are regarded as perhaps the most recognized landmark in Zürich. Architecturally, the church is considered Romanesque in style and thus a part of the first pan-European architectural trend since Imperial Roman architecture. In keeping with the Romanesque architectural style, Grossmünster offers a great carved portal featuring medieval columns with grotesques adorning the capitals. A Romanesque crypt dates to the 11th and 13th centuries.
Bollinger Sandstein was used for the construction. The two towers were first erected between 1487 and 1492. Originally, they had high wooden steeples, which were destroyed by fire in 1763, following which the present neo-Gothic tops were added (completed 1787). Richard Wagner is known to have mocked the church's appearance as that of two pepper dispensers. The church now features modern stained-glass windows by Swiss artist Augusto Giacometti added in 1932. Ornate bronze doors in the north and south portals by Otto Münch were added in 1935 and 1950.
The church houses a Reformation museum in the cloister. The annex to the cloister houses the theological school of the University of Zurich.
(Wikipedia)
Die Wasserkirche ist eine Kirche am rechten Ufer der Limmat in der Altstadt in der Schweizer Stadt Zürich.
Ursprünglich stand die Kirche auf einer kleinen Insel in der Limmat, woraus der Name herkommt. Heute wird die Kirche nur noch auf einer Seite von der Limmat begrenzt, da bei der Aufschüttung des Limmatquais die Insellage zerstört wurde. Vor der Reformation spielte die Wasserkirche eine wichtige Rolle für die Verehrung der Zürcher Stadtheiligen Felix und Regula, da sie deren Hinrichtungsstätte bezeichnete.
Geschichte
Vor der Reformation
Archäologische Funde in der Krypta der Wasserkirche lassen darauf schliessen, dass bereits im Altertum eine religiöse Kultanlage auf der kleinen Insel in der Limmat stand. Der Legende nach sollen um 300 n. Chr. die späteren Zürcher Schutzpatrone Felix und Regula auf einem Findling auf der Insel hingerichtet worden sein. Als Angehörige der Thebäischen Legion waren sie zum Christentum übergetreten. Zur Strafe hierfür wurden sie gefoltert und enthauptet. Der Legende nach standen Felix und Regula aber wieder auf, trugen ihre Köpfe 40 Schritte den Hügel hinauf und legten sie dort ab. An dieser Stelle wurden sie begraben, und später wurde dort das Grossmünster errichtet.
Wohl um das Jahr 1000 wurde auf der Insel eine kleine romanische Kirche errichtet, die zusammen mit dem Grossmünster und dem Fraumünster eine Prozessionsachse zur Verehrung der Heiligen Felix und Regula bildete. Zentraler Kultort in der Wasserkirche war der Hinrichtungsstein, der heute noch in der Krypta erhalten ist. Urkundlich erwähnt wird eine ecclesia Aquatica Turicensi (Latein, sinngemäss: Wasserkirche Zürich) erstmals 1250. Der deutsche Name wazzirkilcha erscheint erst 1256 in einer anderen Urkunde.
Die frühe Bedeutung der Kirche ist unklar. Die Annahme, dass sie die älteste Kirche Zürichs sei, scheint widerlegt durch ihre schlechte Dotierung, die nicht einmal für einen ständigen Priester reichte. Eine These besagt, dass die Gerichtsstätte vor der Kirche, das sogenannte Stangen- oder Volksgericht, darauf hinweise, dass die Wasserkirche ursprünglich die Taufkirche des Grossmünsters war. Eine ähnliche Situation bestand in Basel mit der St. Johanneskapelle. 1256 gelangte die Wasserkirche jedenfalls durch Vergabung der Grafen von Kyburg und der Ritter von Hottingen an die Propstei des Grossmünsters.
Im 13. Jahrhundert wurde die romanische Wasserkirche im gotischen Stil umgebaut. Vom romanischen Vorgängerbau sind nur wenige Reste erhalten. Bereits 1477 entschloss sich der Stadtrat von Zürich, die Wasserkirche abzureissen und ihrer Bedeutung angemessen in prunkvollerem Stil neu aufzurichten. Unter dem Baumeister Hans Felder entstand der heutige spätgotische Bau, der um 1486 geweiht wurde. Die Innenräume wurden mit kostbaren Fresken und Verzierungen ausgestattet, die nur als Fragmente erhalten sind. Beim Bau wurde eine schwefelhaltige Quelle entdeckt, der Heilkräfte zugeschrieben wurden. Als «Gesundbrunnen» diente die Quelle danach den Pilgern zur Heilung von Krankheiten und Beschwerden. Seit ihrer Neuerrichtung diente die Kirche auch als Aufbewahrungsort für die im Schwabenkrieg und den Mailänder Kriegen von Zürich erbeuteten Banner.
Während der Reformation wurden 1524 die Bilder, Altäre und die Orgel aus der Wasserkirche entfernt. Die erbeuteten Banner gelangten ins Zeughaus, die Heilquelle wurde zugeschüttet. Das Gebäude diente danach als Lagerhaus und wurde deshalb mit zwei Zwischenböden versehen – die langen, hohen Spitzbogenfenster in zwei kleinere Fenster unterteilt. Im Erdgeschoss fand zeitweise ein Markt statt.
Stadtbibliothek
1634 wurde die Wasserkirche erneut umgenutzt. Sie wurde zur «Gemeinen Bürger-Bücherei» umgestaltet, der ersten Stadtbibliothek von Zürich. 1717 liess der Stadtrat die Zwischenböden ausbrechen und das Innere mit einer barocken hölzernen Galerie versehen. Damit wurde die Höhenwirkung des Gebäudes wiederhergestellt. 1791 wurde auch die Quelle erneut gefunden. 1839 wurde beim Neubau des Limmatquais der Wassergraben zwischen der Insel und der Stadt endgültig zugeschüttet. Die Stadtbibliothek zog aus der Kirche erst 1917 wieder aus, als die Gebäude der neuen Zentralbibliothek am Zähringerplatz eingeweiht wurden. Dort sind noch einzelne Objekte des Bibliotheksmobiliars der Wasserkirche zu sehen.
Wiederherstellung als Kirche
1928 und 1940 wurde die Wasserkirche nach langem Streit gründlich renoviert, wobei man versuchte, den ursprünglichen Zustand wiederherzustellen. Die ursprüngliche Fenstereinteilung wurde rekonstruiert, die Zwischenböden entfernt und das nördlich angebaute sogenannte «Wasserhaus» abgerissen. Dabei wurden die barocken Holzgalerien der Bibliothek zerstört. Drei Fenster des Chors wurden von Augusto Giacometti gestaltet. Seither wird die Kirche wieder als evangelisch-reformiertes Gotteshaus genutzt.
Ausstattung
Glocke
Im Dachreiter hängt eine Glocke im Ton c″.
Orgel
Die Orgel wurde 1943 durch Orgelbau Kuhn erbaut. Das Schleifladen-Instrument hat 28 Register auf zwei Manualen und Pedal. Die Spieltrakturen sind mechanisch, die Registertrakturen sind pneumatisch.[ Die Organisten an der Wasserkirche waren seit 1943: Viktor Schlatter, Max Schindler, Hans Vollenweider (1985–1993) und Claudia Hinden (1993–2010).
Krypta
Die Krypta der ersten, im 10. Jahrhundert errichteten Wasserkirche, war als Unterkirche rund um einen Findling gebaut, der als Hinrichtungsstein von Felix und Regula verehrt wurde. Nach Umbauarbeiten in der Krypta wegen eindringenden Wassers und Erweiterungen der Oberkirche war der verehrte Stein bald nur noch über einen Schacht zugänglich. Weiter finden sich in der Krypta noch Gräber von Adligen aus dem frühen 11. Jahrhundert.
Ab 1940 wurden erstmals Grabungen in der Krypta durchgeführt. Seit 1988 ist die Krypta der Wasserkirche öffentlich zugänglich. In den Jahren 2004 und 2005 wurden erneut archäologische Untersuchungen durchgeführt. 2006 wurde die archäologische Ausstellung in der Krypta wiedereröffnet.
Helmhaus
Das Helmhaus ist auf der nördlichen Seite an die Wasserkirche angebaut. Urkundlich wurde es erstmals 1253 als Gerichtsstätte erwähnt. Die Lage auf einer Insel, bei einer Quelle und einer wohl bereits vorchristlichen Kultstätte lässt vermuten, dass die Gerichtsstätte eine lange Tradition aufweist.
Ursprünglich war das Helmhaus nur eine gedeckte Erweiterung der Münsterbrücke vor der Wasserkirche. 1563/1564 wurde durch Conrad Bodmer ein grösseres Holzgebäude errichtet, um dem ebenfalls hier abgehaltenen Leinwandmarkt mehr Platz zu verschaffen. In der Markthalle im Erdgeschoss befand sich das Urmass der Zürcher Elle und eine Statue des Erbauers, die heute im Schweizerischen Landesmuseum zu besichtigen ist. Das heute noch bestehende Steingebäude erbaute Hans Conrad Bluntschli d. Ä. 1791–1794. Die Situation des Gebäudes veränderte sich 1838 durch den Neubau der Münsterbrücke drastisch, da seither der Verkehrsweg über die Limmat vor dem Helmhaus verläuft und nicht mehr durch das Erdgeschoss hindurch. Der immer noch sichtbare breitere Bogen auf der Limmatseite war der ursprüngliche Durchlass für die Strasse.
Heute ist das Helmhaus ein bedeutendes Museum für zeitgenössische Kunst, das vor allem Werke Schweizer Künstler oder von Künstlern, die in der Schweiz leben, zeigt.
Wasserhaus
An der Ostseite der Wasserkirche war bis 1940 das Wasserhaus angebaut. Ursprünglich stand an der Stelle ein Waaghaus, das nachweislich 1570 durch ein Kaufhaus ersetzt wurde. Der Name «Wasserhaus» rührt von seiner Lage über dem Wasser zwischen der Kirche auf der Insel und der damaligen Reichsstrasse (heute Limmatquai). 1794 wurde das Gebäude abgerissen, und ein neuer Anbau für die Bürger-Bibliothek wurde errichtet, der 1940 entfernt wurde, um die Ostseite der Wasserkirche freizulegen und das Limmatquai zu erweitern.
Zwingli-Denkmal
1881 wurde ein Wettbewerb für ein Denkmal zu Ehren des Reformators Huldrych Zwingli ausgeschrieben, doch konnte sich das Preisgericht für keinen der zahlreich eingereichten Entwürfe entscheiden. Nach zwei weiteren, engeren Konkurrenzen gab die Jury schliesslich 1883 dem Modell des österreichischen Bildhauers Heinrich Natter gegenüber demjenigen des Baslers Ferdinand Schlöth den Vorzug. 1885 wurde ausserhalb der Wasserkirche in der Verlängerung des Chors das Denkmal eingeweiht; das Jubiläum des 400. Geburtstags von Zwingli hatte man knapp verpasst, da die Finanzierung sich hingezogen hatte. Die benötigten Gelder stammten aus landesweiten Sammlungen, von Konzerten im Gross- und Frauenmünster sowie von internationalen Beiträgen, die aus den protestantisch geprägten Ländern Deutschland, Holland und Amerika stammten. Zwingli ist überlebensgross als Kriegsmann und Reformator dargestellt, der in seinen Händen ein Schwert und eine Bibel hält, was auch an seinen Tod im Krieg erinnert. Ergänzend zum Denkmal, das nur Name und Lebensdaten bekanntgab, wurde 2005 eine Informationstafel mit einigen weiteren Informationen zum Zürcher Reformator und seiner Bedeutung für die Stadt angebracht.
Der Platz des Zwingli-Denkmals hinter der Kirche wurde auch als Standort für eine Gedenktafel für die 75 Frauen und vier Männer, die zwischen 1478 und 1701 in Zürich als Hexen zum Tode verurteilt wurden, vorgeschlagen. Von diesem Ort – der damals aber noch mitten in der Limmat lag – seien sie wie andere Angeklagte in den Wellenberg überführt worden, wo sie eingesperrt und gefoltert wurden, bevor man sie verbrannte.
An der Limmat wurden nicht nur Hexen verbrannt, sondern in ihr auch Täufer ertränkt, die sich in den 1520er Jahren für die Wiederherstellung des «wahren Christentums» eingesetzt hatten und in ihrem Vorhaben radikaler als Zwingli vorgegangen waren. Ihre Auflehnung gegen die Kirche und Obrigkeit führte zu Konsequenzen wie Geldbussen und Todesstrafen. 2004 wurde am Ufer der Limmat bei der Schipfe eine Gedenktafel angebracht, die an die Verfolgung der Täufer erinnern soll.
(Wikipedia)
Das Grossmünster ist eine romanische Kirche in der Altstadt von Zürich, erbaut zwischen 1100 und 1220. Die erste Altarweihe war 1104 für die Krypta und 1107 für den Chor. Die Schlussweihe erfolgte 1117 durch Erzbischof Bruno von Trier. Bis zur Reformation war das Grossmünster zugleich Teil eines weltlichen Chorherrenstifts und Pfarrkirche; die Kirchenpatrone waren Felix und Regula sowie Exuperantius. Die Gräber mit den Reliquien der beiden erstgenannten, die zugleich als Stadtpatrone gelten, befanden sich in der Zwölfbotenkapelle an der Stelle des heutigen Treppenhauses. Die Pfarrei Grossmünster war der Ausgangspunkt der Reformation durch Huldrych Zwingli 1522–1525, und heute dient das Grossmünster als Pfarrkirche der evangelisch-reformierten Landeskirche.
Das Grossmünster gehört zusammen mit dem Fraumünster und der St.-Peter-Kirche zu den bekanntesten Kirchen der Stadt Zürich. Die charakteristischen Doppeltürme mit ihren neugotischen Turmabschlüssen von 1787 sind das eigentliche Wahrzeichen der Stadt.
Name
Der Name «Grossmünster» stammt erst aus dem 14. Jahrhundert. Ursprünglich wurde die Kirche in den Urkunden schlicht mit «Zürcher Kirche» (Turicina ecclesia) bezeichnet. 1272 taucht das «Münster» in der Bezeichnung Monasterium praepositurae Thuricensis erstmals auf. Monasterium, deutsch Münster, ist die lateinische Bezeichnung für Kloster. «Grossmünster» erscheint erstmals 1322, wohl zur Unterscheidung vom kleineren Fraumünster.
Gründungslegende
Das Grossmünster ist ursprünglich der Ort der Verehrung der Stadtheiligen Felix und Regula. Bereits das älteste schriftliche Zeugnis der Heiligenlegende (Codex 225, ff. 473–478), aufgezeichnet wohl im späteren 8. Jahrhundert, zur Regierungszeit Karls der Grossen, erwähnt, die Heiligen lägen hier «mit grossem Schmuck» und es seien hier bereits «von alters her» viele Blinde und Lahme geheilt worden. Eine Erwähnung einer Mönchsgemeinschaft oder gar einer Stiftung durch Karl den Grossen fehlt hier allerdings noch. Die Verehrung dieser Heiligen war zur Zeit der Verfassung dieser Legende jedoch vermutlich noch nicht alt. Es wurde vermutet, der Anlass zur Verfassung der Legende sei entweder die Auffindung eines auffälligen römischen Grabes an dieser Stelle, oder aber eine Translation der Reliquien der zuvor in Chur verehrten Regula gewesen.
Die Legende der Klostergründung durch Karl den Grossen ist hochmittelalterlich und wird ab dem 12. Jahrhundert fassbar. Danach sei Karl der Grosse von einem flüchtenden Hirsch von Köln bis nach Zürich gelockt worden. Hier seien der Hirsch, die Hundemeute und auch das Pferd Karls im Wald auf die Knie gesunken. Herbeieilende Einsiedler informierten den Kaiser, an dieser Stelle lägen heilige Märtyrer begraben. Unter Mitwirkung der Priesterschaft des Landes habe Karl diese Märtyrer ausgraben und in geschmückte Särge legen lassen.
Das älteste Zeugnis für die Existenz der Legende dürfte ihre bildliche Darstellung als Relief auf einem Pfeilerkapitell im Grossmünster sein. Es zeigt den Kaiser in dem Moment, in dem sein Pferd sich hinkniet. Daneben sind die beiden Heiligen mit Märtyrerpalmen dargestellt. Im Zusammenhang des Anspruchs der Gründung durch Karl steht die Überführung von Reliquien Karls des Grossen nach Zürich im Jahr 1233, nach der Fertigstellung des Baus des Grossmünsters um 1220. Die Parallelen zur Gründungslegende des Fraumünsters sind unübersehbar, besonders die Rolle des Hirschen in der Bestimmung des Orts; das Grossmünster sucht hier das mächtigere Fraumünster an Alter und Ehrwürdigkeit zu übertreffen, statt Gründung durch Karls Enkel Ludwig wird Gründung durch Karl selbst beansprucht. In die gleiche Zeit fällt auch die Einführung von Exuperantius als drittem Heiligen. Auch in dieser Frage ging es um politische Rivalitäten zwischen Grossmünster, Fraumünster und dem aufstrebenden Bürgertum.
Die Gräber der Heiligen waren bis zur Reformation in der Zwölfbotenkapelle (Boten = Apostel) für die Pilger zugänglich. In der gleichen Kapelle wurden auch die Reliquien Karls des Grossen aufbewahrt. Die Häupter der Heiligen befanden sich dagegen in kostbaren Reliquiaren im Stiftsschatz; sie wurden im Hoch- und Spätmittelalter jeweils in einer Prozession am Festtag der Heiligen durch die Stadt getragen.
Propstei St. Felix und Regula
Das spätere Kollegiatstift dürfte in frühkarolingischer Zeit organisch aus dem Wallfahrtsort zur Verehrung der Märtyrergräber und möglicherweise in der Nähe bestehenden Einsiedeleien gewachsen sein. Dies im Gegensatz zum Fraumünster, das im Jahr 853 von Ludwig dem Deutschen gestiftet wurde. Es ist unbekannt, wann zuerst eine Kirche an der Stelle des späteren Grossmünsters gebaut wurde. Es gibt einen Hinweis auf einen Bischof Theodorus, der bereits vor 820 hier eine Kirche geweiht haben soll. Die kaiserliche Urkunde, auf der diese Angabe beruht, ist allerdings nur durch eine Erwähnung Bullingers bekannt und ist heute verloren. Nachweislich ist das Bestehen des Klosters durch seine Bestätigung als Kollegiatstift durch Karl den Dicken im Jahr 870. Danach fehlt jegliche Nachricht über die Geschichte der Kirche bis zu ihrem Abbrennen im Jahr 1078, was den Anlass gab zum Bau der noch heute bestehenden romanischen Kirche.
Die Propstei wies im Hochmittelalter 24 Chorherren und 32 Kaplane auf und war neben der Konstanzer Münster das bedeutendste Stift im historischen Bistum Konstanz. An der Spitze des ursprünglichen Konvents stand spätestens seit 1114 ein Propst, den das Stift gemäss eines königlichen Privilegs aus diesem Jahr ebenso wie den Priester selbst wählen durfte. Der Konvent wird als «weltlich» bezeichnet, weil die Gemeinschaft, Chorherren genannt, nach der Aachener Regel zusammenlebte, die im Gegensatz zur strengeren Benediktinerregel keine Weltabgeschiedenheit und keinen Verzicht auf Privatbesitz forderte. In der Gregorianischen Reform im 11. Jahrhundert sollten solche Chorherrengemeinschaften sich neu der Augustinischen Regel unterordnen. Die Chorherren im Grossmünster hielten aber an der alten Aachener Ordnung fest und bildeten damit ein nicht reguliertes oder «weltliches» Chorherrenstift.
Die in Zürich residierenden Chorherren waren zur Teilnahme am Kirchendienst (Stundengebet) verpflichtet, hatten ihre geistlichen Aufgaben und führten die weltlichen Geschäfte des Stifts, legten aber, anders als Mönche, keine Gelübde ab. Seit dem 13. Jahrhundert wohnten die Chorherren in den Chorherrenhäusern in der Umgebung der heutigen Kirchgasse. Viele von ihnen studierten an ausländischen Universitäten und erwarben Doktorate.
Als Reichsstift verfügte das Grossmünster rund um Zürich über Güter und Einkünfte. Albisrieden, Schwamendingen, Fluntern, Höngg und Meilen waren die wichtigsten Güter. Daneben reichte Streubesitz bis an die Töss, den Rhein, die Reuss, den Zuger- und Obersee.
Bis zum Auftreten der Bettelorden im 14. Jahrhundert war das Stift Grossmünster im Bistum Konstanz führend in der Pflege der Musik. Der Chorherr Konrad von Mure stiftete 1259 eine Pfründe für einen eigenen Kantor (Gesangsmeister) und redigierte 1260 den Liber ordinarius des Grossmünsters, eine detaillierte Ordnung über die Festgesänge, von denen einzelne von Chorherren selbst gedichtet und komponiert worden waren. Weitere bedeutende Chorherren in der Geschichte des Stiftes waren Rüdiger III. Manesse, Rudolf von Homberg, Berater Kaiser Heinrichs V. und Bischof von Basel, und Johannes II. von Zürich, Kanzler König Albrechts, Bischof von Eichstätt und Strassburg.
Während der Reformation sicherten Propst Felix Frey (1482–1555) und das Kapitel, dem tüchtige Juristen angehörten, 1523, nach langen Verhandlungen mit dem Rat, das Fortbestehen des Stiftes. Die Vogt- und Gerichtsrechte wurden an den Rat von Zürich übertragen. Der Grundbesitz verblieb bis zur endgültigen Aufhebung des Stifts 1832 beim Grossmünster.
Nach der Reformation widmete sich das reformierte Chorherrenstift der Pflege des theologischen Nachwuchses. Neben einer Lateinschule und einem höheren Gymnasium befand sich in den Stiftsgebäuden eine von Ulrich Zwingli gegründete theologische Akademie, die zuerst «Prophezei» danach «Carolinum» genannt wurde. Hier wurde die Zürcher Bibel erarbeitet, wozu man 1525 aus dem Barfüsserkloster Basel den Hebraisten Conrad Pellikan berufen hat. Nach Zwinglis Tod in der Schlacht von Kappel 1531 wurde Heinrich Bullinger sein Nachfolger als Schulherr und Antistes. Das Stift und seine Bibliothek wurde zur Keimzelle der heutigen Universität Zürich (gegründet 1833), die in ihrem Siegel immer noch auf das Grossmünster verweist.
Nach der Aufhebung des Stifts 1832 wurden die Gebäude verkauft und 1849 abgerissen, um einem Neubau von Gustav Albert Wegmann im neoromanischen Stil Platz zu machen. In diesem sog. Grossmünsterschulhaus war bis 1976 die Töchterschule beheimatet, ein städtisches Gymnasium für Mädchen. Der Kreuzgang des Chorherrenstifts, der teilweise noch aus dem 12. Jahrhundert stammte, wurde beim Abriss zerlegt und 1851 mit vielen neuen Teilen ergänzt in den Neubau integriert. Seit 1976 befindet sich in den Gebäuden das theologische Seminar der Universität Zürich.
Pfarrkirche
Seit dem 9. Jahrhundert war das Grossmünster auch Pfarrkirche einer Kirchgemeinde, ursprünglich zuständig für eine «Grosspfarrei» im spärlich besiedelten Gebiet zwischen Limmat und Glatt, später für die «mindere» Stadt rechts der Limmat, die sich im 12. und frühen 13. Jahrhundert herausbildete. Die Pfarrkirche für die ältere Stadt links der Limmat war St. Peter. Huldrych Zwingli kam 1519 als Leutpriester ans Grossmünster. Als Nachfolger Zwinglis wurde Heinrich Bullinger 1531 nicht nur Pfarrer am Grossmünster, sondern als Antistes das Oberhaupt der reformierten Kirche in Zürich überhaupt. Auch Bullingers Nachfolger waren als Pfarrer am Grossmünster gleichzeitig Vorsteher der Zürcher Staatskirche. Der letzte in dieser Reihe war Johann Jakob Hess, in dessen Amtszeit die in der Helvetik durchgesetzte Trennung von Kirche und Staat fiel. Sein Nachfolger war Georg Gessner, der immer noch den Titel des Antistes innehatte, obwohl während seiner Amtszeit die moderne reformierte Landeskirche des Kanton Zürich gegründet wurde. Die alte Kirchenordnung der Stadt Zürich blieb allerdings noch bis 1895 in Kraft, als Diethelm Georg Finsler als letzter Antistes jahrelang für die Abschaffung des eigenen Amtes kämpfte und schliesslich 1895 erster Präsident des Stadtzürcher Kirchenrats wurde.
Von 1833 bis 2018 bestand eine eigene Kirchgemeinde zum Grossmünster innerhalb der evangelisch-reformierten Landeskirche des Kantons Zürich. Nachfolger Finslers als Pfarrer am Grossmünster war sein Sohn Rudolf, von 1899 bis zu dessen krankheitsbedingtem Tod 1921. Seit seiner Zeit war das Pfarramt in der Kirchgemeinde mit keinem weiteren Amt mehr verbunden, und das Grossmünster war einfach Pfarrkirche der Zürcher Altstadt rechts der Limmat, neben seiner Rolle als Kulturdenkmal, touristischer Attraktion und Aufführungsort von Konzerten. Seit Finslers Zeit gibt es zwei Pfarrstellen am Grossmünster, gegenwärtig (Stand 2021) amten Christoph Sigrist (seit 2003) und Martin Rüsch (seit 2011). 2019 schliesslich wurden die 32 Kirchgemeinden der Stadt fusioniert, seither ist das Grossmünster als Pfarrkirche dem ersten Kirchenkreis zugeordnet.
Baugeschichte
Erste Vorgängerbauten des Grossmünsters sind nur vermutet. Archäologische Funde weisen auf ein römisches Gräberfeld im Umfeld des Grossmünsters hin. Es bestand wohl ein kleineres Memorialgebäude und ein Konvent zur Betreuung von Pilgern. 870 wurde der Konvent von Karl dem Dicken in ein Chorherrenstift umgewandelt. Das Grossmünster stand als Grablege in einem Zusammenhang mit der Wasserkirche, der Hinrichtungsstätte von Felix und Regula, und dem Fraumünster auf der anderen Seite der Limmat, in dem die wichtigsten Reliquien der Heiligen aufbewahrt wurden. Verbunden durch den Münstersteg bildeten die drei Kirchen als «Prozessionsachse» den Kern der jährlichen Prozessionen im Hochmittelalter; der genaue Verlauf der Prozession, nach der Beschreibung durch Konrad von Mure um 1260, war allerdings komplizierter und lässt sich nicht genau rekonstruieren; es wurden dabei auch die heute nicht mehr bestehende Lindenhofkapelle berührt sowie einzelne Punkte an der Stadtgrenze.
Reste eines Vorgängerbaus der heutigen Kirche wurden bei Renovationsarbeiten in den 1930er Jahren entdeckt und dem 11. Jahrhundert zugewiesen. Die heute noch bestehende romanische Kirche wurde um 1100 begonnen und 1220 vollendet. Der Vorgängerbau wurde dazu schrittweise abgebrochen. Der Bau wurde in sechs Etappen vollzogen, die jeweils Abweichungen vom ursprünglichen Bauplan aufweisen, da neue Stilrichtungen in der Architektur aufgenommen wurden. Veränderungen im Innern und am Äussern der Kirche wurden jedoch fortlaufend bis ins 20. Jahrhundert vorgenommen. Erst zwischen 1487 und 1492 wurden die Türme auf Initiative von Hans Waldmann auf gleiche Höhe gebracht und mit Nadelhelmen versehen. 1498 wurde der Dachreiter in seiner heutigen Form vollendet.
Die deutschschweizerische Reformation ging vom Grossmünster aus, da der Reformator Huldrych Zwingli seit 1519 dort als Leutpriester predigte. Auf seine Initiative liess der Stadtrat von Zürich 1524 die Altarbilder aus der Kirche entfernen. 1526 wurde vor dem Chor ein Kanzellettner eingebaut, der aus den zerstörten Altären der Zürcher Kirchen bestand. Damit wurde die Umnutzung der Kirche deutlich. Nicht mehr «Gottesdienst» an den Altären im Chor, sondern die Predigt stand nun im Zentrum. Die Überreste von Felix und Regula wurden von Zwinglis Nachfolger, Heinrich Bullinger, aus der Zwölfbotenkapelle entfernt. Dabei seien nur einige Knochenreste, Kohle, ein Ziegelstein und eine Haselnuss zum Vorschein gekommen.
Am Abend des 24. August 1763 zerstörte ein Blitzschlag den Glockenturm und entzündete den mit Schindeln gedeckten Spitzhelm. Mit nassen Ochsenhäuten konnten die Glocken vor dem Schmelzen gerettet werden. Während mehrerer Jahre blieb der Turm eine Brandruine und es wurde über einen Gesamtneubau des Grossmünsters nach Plänen Gaetano Matteo Pisonis diskutiert. Der Widerstand des Pfarrers Johann Jakob Breitinger verhinderte einen Abbruch.
1770 wurden die Türme mit einer flachen Terrasse und Balustraden im Stile Louis-seize versehen. 1781 bis 1787 entstanden die heutigen charakteristischen neugotischen Turmabschlüsse durch Johann Caspar Vögeli und Johannes Haggenmiller. Am Nordturm wurde das romanische Glockengeschoss abgerissen und durch eine Kopie des spätgotischen Südturms ersetzt. Beide Türme wurden zudem mit einer Wächterstube aufgestockt. Auch im Innern wurde im Stil des Barocks umgebaut.
Ab 1845 wurde das Grossmünster massiv umgestaltet. Das Treppenhaus zu den Emporen über dem nördlichen Hauptportal wurde abgerissen und ins Innere verlegt – und zwar in den Teil der ehemaligen Zwölfbotenkapelle, wo sich die Heiligengräber befunden hatten. Baumeister August Stadler liess auch den Lettner abreissen. 1849 wurden das Stiftsgebäude abgebrochen und bis 1897 sämtliche barocken Elemente wie Stuckaturen und Gips entfernt. Man wollte ganz nach dem denkmalpflegerischen Verständnis des 19. Jahrhunderts den ursprünglichen romanischen Innenraum wiederherstellen und zerstörte dazu jüngere Bausubstanz. 1913–1915 wurde die Innenrenovation und gleichzeitige Rekonstruktion durch den Stadtbaumeister Gustav Gull und den Kantonsbaumeister Hermann Fietz abgeschlossen. Das Äussere wurde 1931–1936 gründlich renoviert, wobei die 62 Meter hohen Türme etwas verändert wurden. 1989/1990 wurden diese Veränderungen wieder rückgängig gemacht.
Baubeschreibung
Typisch für die deutsche Romanik ist die Westfassade ohne Portal.
Die Hauptfassade liegt im Norden. Das triumphtorartige Hauptportal ist der Anfang des Prozessionsweges von den Gräbern der Heiligen Felix und Regula bis zu deren Reliquien im Fraumünster. Das Portal hat nur wenig romanische Originalsubstanz. Auf dem linken Kapitell ist König David mit einem Streichinstrument abgebildet. Seit 1950 sind am Türsturz folgende Worte Zwinglis zu lesen:
«Verschaffend dass das Gottlich Wort Truewlich by üch gepredget werde + damit werdend ir üwer vatterland behalten + ob’s glych dem Tüfel Leid wär + denn wo Gotzforcht ist + da ist die Hilff Gottes + Huldriych Zwingli».
Die 1950 von Otto Münch geschaffene Bronzetüre zeigt einzelne biblische Geschichten. Auch die Tür der Südfassade stammt von Münch und zeigt Bilder aus der Reformationsgeschichte.
Die Westfassade ist geprägt von zwei quaderförmigen, 64 Meter hohen Doppeltürmen. Der Karlsturm genannte Südturm kann bestiegen werden: 187 Stufen führen zur Aussichtsplattform in 50 Meter Höhe. Aussen am Turm in Richtung Limmat ist eine Sitzfigur von Kaiser Karl den Grossen angebracht. Der Nordturm – auch als Glockenturm bezeichnet – wird von einem Relief des Reformators Heinrich Bullinger verziert. Hoch darüber schwebt ein Pferd mit Reiter, das die älteste Reiterdarstellung nördlich der Alpen sein soll. Die Figur stammt von ca. 1180 und könnte ein Herrschaftszeichen des Stadtherrn Berchthold IV. von Zähringen sein, das auf die benachbarte Pfalz hinwies.
Innenraum
Der Innenraum ist schlicht gehalten. Er enthält neben den Sitzbänken und einem Chorgestühl nur eine Kanzel (1853) und einen Taufstein (1598), der zugleich als Abendmahlstisch dient.
Seit 1933 zeigen drei farbige Chorfenster von Augusto Giacometti die Weihnachtsgeschichte. Sehenswert sind die romanischen Kapitelle im Schiff und Reste der ursprünglichen Ausmalung im Chor. An der Nordwand ist in einer Nische eine kleine Darstellung des Schweisstuches der Veronika aus dem 16. Jahrhundert erhalten.
Krypta
In der Krypta, dem ältesten Teil der Kirche, sind stark verblasste Wandmalereien aus dem 14./15. Jahrhundert zu sehen, die das Martyrium der Patrone Felix und Regula darstellen. Sie werden Hans Leu dem Älteren zugeschrieben. Hier ist auch das Original der Sitzfigur Karls des Grossen vom Südturm deponiert.
Auch im Rest der ehemaligen Zwölfbotenkapelle sind Reste von Fresken zu sehen und ein Modell des ursprünglichen Münsterbaus. Von der ehemaligen Ausstattung der Zwölfbotenkapelle ist ein Teil der ältesten Zürcher Stadtansicht von Hans Leu d. Ä. gerettet worden. Die Tafeln wurden stark verkleinert und teilweise übermalt, da die im Vordergrund abgebildeten Szenen aus dem Martyrium der Stadtheiligen nach der Reformation nicht mehr interessant schienen. Kopien der Tafeln können im Baugeschichtlichen Archiv der Stadt Zürich, die Originale im Schweizerischen Landesmuseum besichtigt werden.
Sakristei
Die Sakristei diente vom 16. Jahrhundert bis zur französischen Revolution dem Stadtstaat Zürich als Schatzkammer. Hiervon zeugt nur noch eine Eisentruhe. Heute befindet sich hierin unter anderem: Zwei Zinnkannen von 1580, diverse weitere Kirchengeräte, Bibelausgaben und Übersetzungen von 1524 bis zur Gegenwart, sowie Literatur über das Grossmünster und seine Geistlichen.
Fenster
2005 veranstaltete die Kirchgemeinde einen Einladungswettbewerb, um die bisher weiss gebliebenen westlichen Fenster im Längsschiff neu zu gestalten. Die Mittel stammten aus einem Legat mit künstlerischem Auftrag. 2006 fiel die Wahl auf den Kölner Gegenwartskünstler Sigmar Polke. Seine Gestaltung versieht die sieben hinteren westlichen Fenster des Schiffs mit abstrakten Mustern aus geschnittenen Achaten und die fünf vorderen mit buntem gerasterten Glas. Gegen den Chor hin zeigen die bunten Glasfenster vom Abstrakten ins Figurative übergehende Darstellungen mit alttestamentlichen Bezügen. Als grösstes und letztes von Polkes Werken sind die Fenster seit Oktober 2009 fertiggestellt.[
Orgeln
Die erste Orgel stammte vermutlich aus dem 14. Jahrhundert. 1418 wurde der Erfurter Theodor Sebach als Organist angestellt und war damit auch für die Instandhaltung seines Arbeitsgerätes zuständig. 1505 entstand ein Neubau, der nach einer Anweisung von Zwingli schon 1527 abgerissen wurde. Erst 1876 erklang wieder eine Orgel, es war die von Johann Nepomuk Kuhn. Nachdem sie zunehmend störanfällig wurde, war ein Neubau notwendig. Die jetzige Orgel wurde 1960 von der Orgelbaufirma Metzler (Dietikon) erbaut. Diese begann schon 1937, statt verschleißanfälliger und hohen Winddruck erfordernder pneumatischer Trakturen wieder Orgeln mit mechanischen Spielanlagen zu fertigen. Aus diesem Grund votierte der damalige Organist Victor Schlatter ausdrücklich für einen Neubau von Metzler. Die Orgel steht auf der Empore im Westteil der Kirche. Sie hat 67 Register auf vier Manualen und Pedal. Die Holzpfeifen des Principalbass 32′ sind aus der Kuhn-Orgel übernommen.
Glocken
Der Nordturm beherbergt ein vierstimmiges Geläut, das von Jakob Keller (Unterstrass bei Zürich) im Jahre 1889 gegossen wurde und in der Schlagtonfolge c1–e1–g1–c2 erklingt. Seit einer Sanierung der Glockenanlage hängen die Glocken an kunstvoll geschnitzten Holzjochen und verfügen über weichere Eisenklöppel. Im Dachreiter hängt die fünfte Glocke im Schlagton c2; sie erklingt abends um 20 Uhr. Sie wurde 1716 in der Glockengiesserei Füssli gegossen. Zum täglichen Betläuten ertönen mittags um 11 Uhr die e1-Glocke und abends um 18 Uhr (im Winter 17:30 Uhr) die dritte Glocke (g1). Am Samstagabend um 19 Uhr läuten, gemeinsam mit den übrigen Innenstadtkirchen, alle vier Glocken 15 Min. lang den Sonntag ein. Zum Sonntagsgottesdienst gibt es ein – nach alter «zwinglianischer» Sitte – zweimaliges Zeichenläuten mit der dritten Glocke; um 08:55 und 09:25 Uhr. Zum Gottesdienst selbst rufen wiederum alle Glocken. Die grosse Glocke wird am Sonntagabend um 19 Uhr genutzt, um den Sonntag auszuläuten. Ebendiese findet auch zum «Sechseläuten» Verwendung.
Stiftsbibliothek Grossmünster
Orte der Buchaufbewahrung:
Seit der Gründung waren die für die Liturgie und die Seelsorge notwendigen Bücher vorhanden. Sie wurden vom 12. Jahrhundert an in der sog. «Grossen unteren Sakristei» (Abb. siehe «A») aufbewahrt, von Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts an im sog. «Schatzgewölbe», der «oberen Sakristei» (Abb. siehe «B»). Von 1482 bis 1522 wurde über dem Westflügel des Kreuzgangs eine neue Bibliothek erbaut und eingerichtet, die hier bis zur Aufhebung des Stifts im Jahre 1808 bestehen blieb (Abb. siehe «C») und später zum Grundstock für eine Kantons- und Universitätsbibliothek wurde, seit 1914 Zentralbibliothek Zürich.
Zuwachs: Chorherren und Stifter äufneten die Bibliothek. Während der Ungarneinfälle brachten die Benediktinermönche von Disentis im Jahr 940 die Reliquien sowie 3 Kreuze, 9 Glocken und 9 Bücher nach Zürich in Sicherheit. Mitte 13. Jahrhundert wurde der als Kantor wirkende Chorherr Konrad von Mure als Schriftsteller bekannt; er hatte in Paris studiert und dort eine juristische Pergamenthandschrift gekauft, die heute noch in der Zentralbibliothek Zürich (Ms. Car. C 151) vorhanden ist.
Verwaltung: Die überlieferten Statutenbücher des Stifts, angelegt im Jahr 1346, enthalten auch die Vorschriften über die Rechte, Pflichten und Einkünfte des Bibliothekars (Librarius genannt). Er hatte die Bücher des Stifts, die zum Stiftsschatz gehörten, sorgfältig zu verwahren, für Pflege und Reparaturen zu sorgen und Ausleihen gegen eine schriftliche Quittung zu überwachen. Ausleihen nach auswärts (extra muros) brauchten die Zustimmung des Kapitels. Der Propst musste jährlich den Buchbestand zusammen mit zwei Chorherren überprüfen; für fehlende Bücher haftete der Librarius persönlich.
Bis zur Reformation: Der vielseitig schriftstellerisch tätige Chorherr Felix Hemmerlin, der sein Doktorat in Rechtswissenschaften in Bologna erworben hatte und in Zürich die grösste Privatbibliothek nördlich der Alpen sein eigen nannte, hat viele der noch vorhandenen Handschriften des Stifts mit Notizen und oft mit seinem Namenszug versehen. Seine eigene Bibliothek wurde nach seiner Gefangensetzung in alle Winde zerstreut. – Weitere mittelalterliche Handschriften stammen aus dem Besitz des Chorherrn Jacobus de Cham (1446–1496), der als Jurist an der Universität Pavia doktoriert hatte, Kaplan des Herzogs Galeazzo Sforza von Mailand gewesen und von 1473 bis 1494 Propst des Grossmünsters war. Zwei Bände Jurisprudenz in Papier-Handschriften, in Zürich eingebunden, stammen aus seinem Besitz. Zu Lebzeiten verkaufte Peter Numagen, der humanistisch interessierte Kaplan zu St. Leonhard, seine gut dotierte Bibliothek an das Stift, welches zu Gunsten seiner unehelichen Tochter eine Schuldverschreibung ausstellte, die im Jahre 1551 noch nicht abbezahlt war. Der Chorherr Johannes Mantz († 1518) vergabte seine etwa 60 Bücher an die Stiftsbibliothek, und sein Bruder Caspar vollzog das Legat 1519.
Ein prominenter Benutzer der Bibliothek war der Freiburger Ritter, Notar und Staatsmann Peter Falck, der vor Antritt seiner zweiten Reise nach Jerusalem 1519 das Stift besucht hat. Von Propst Frey erhielt er die Erlaubnis, die Sammelhandschrift (heute Zentralbibliothek Zürich Ms. Car. C 58) zu benutzen, welche die Reisebeschreibungen des Aachener Theologie-Professors Guillelmus Textor (Zewer) ins heilige Land, sowie jene des Bernhard von Breidenbach, geschrieben von Textors Adoptivsohn Peter Numagen im Jahr 1491 enthalten.
Nach der Reformation: In den Wirren der Reformation gingen vor allem die liturgischen Pergamenthandschriften verloren, und Buchbesitz von Kirchen und Klöstern in Stadt und Land zerstreute sich. Nach Zwinglis Tod wurde die Stiftsbibliothek neu gegründet. Das Stift kaufte dessen Bibliothek aus den Händen seiner Witwe. Conrad Pellikan erstellte als Bibliothekar von 1532 bis 1551 einen Katalog, in welchen er die noch vorhandenen Bücher der mittelalterlichen Stiftsbibliothek und die seitherigen Neuzugänge eingetragen hat. Die mittelalterliche und frühneuzeitliche Stiftsbibliothek konnte anhand von Konrad Pellikans Katalog von 1531/1552 rekonstruiert werden, und der Buchbestand ist zum grössten Teil in der Zentralbibliothek Zürich erhalten.
(WikipediaI)
The web dev/design section of our shelves. There are others on the desks not shown, including mad "cookbooks" and lots more typography books etc.
Sorry this is such a bad photo! I'll get the proper camera out and replace with a crisper one soon.
If you are on the shelf, add your name and book title as tags, and/or say "hello".
*Replaced this image with a new one on 2.10.2011*
Navy, Purple, Green and Red. An AM1 with nice colors and awesome materials. Where else are you going to get a AM1 with Denim, Corduroy, Nubuck, Laces with Red matching lace tips and the Thailand mold. It doesn't get any better than this in these modern Nike times.
This is a photograph from the 3rd Annual Meath Spring Half Marathon and 10KM Road Races hosted by Bohermeen AC on the 2nd March 2014 at 12:00 at Bohermeen, Ardbraccan, Navan, Co. Meath, Ireland. This year's event included a 10KM race which replaced the 5KM event held on the previous years. This event has grown quickly in popularity over the past few years with this year's entry of 700 beating the previous race numbers of 680. This half marathon event is perfectly placed in the Irish running calendar as it provides runners of all levels and abilities an opportunity to test the half marathon distance in preparation for a Spring Marathon or as the first serious running goal of the New Year. Bohermeen AC is steeped in Irish athletics history since 1927 and it is this experience and exceptional community spirit and volunteering which has made this event today so successful. The very heavy rain that fell on the 10KM race and the begining of the Half Marathon did nothing to dampen the spirits of the participants. In fact, despite a head wind at certain parts of the course, this was a perfect day for road racing.
Our full set of photographs from today's event are available on Flickr at the following link http://www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157641717197563/. This set of photographs is mostly of the Half Marathon race but there are some from the 10KM event.
Don't forget to scroll down to see more information about the race and these photographs!
Event Management was provided by Irish Company PRECISION TIMING who provided electronic timing for both events. The results from today's events can be found on Precision Timing's website at this URL [www.precisiontiming.net/result/racetimer?v=%252Fen%252Fra...]
The Satellite Navigation Coordinates to Bohermeen are [53.650882,-6.77989] and is accessible using the M3, N2 and N52
The routing for the 2014 event has changed slightly from previous year. In 2014 the race starts about 100m away from the Bohermeen Club Race HQ [See Google StreetView in the direction of the imagery goo.gl/maps/rtj1X] and the race proceeds down the road towards Navan. Just before the 1st mile the race takes a right turn [see Google Streetview goo.gl/maps/iGrR0] which brings runners on the route of the famous Patrick Bell 5KM Road Race route held at Bohermeen every summer. Then the route turns slightly eastwards and this brings the race along a beautiful stretch of rural countryside road. This connects runners with the main loop [see Google StreetView goo.gl/maps/gLI1l] where the race follows the N51 towards Navan. The race must now complete this loop (which passes through the start area and past the finish) and then a full loop again before finishing in the Athletics track. The only hills to speak of in this course are on the the stretch where the race route crosses the M3 motorway (see Google Streetview - as of March 2014 their imagery is a little out of date for the M3 goo.gl/maps/tcdJX). The only major climb on the course must be tackled twice as the road rises up over the M3 Motorway. This comes at about the 5M and 11.5 Mile mark in the race.
Some useful links to other web-resources related to this race
Bohermeen AC Facebook Page: www.facebook.com/bohermeen.ac?fref=ts
2014 Spring Half Marathon Route: www.runningmap.com/?id=641747
2014 Spring Half Marathon 10KM Race Option Route: www.runningmap.com/?id=641752
Google Streetview of the Race Start: goo.gl/maps/rtj1X
Google Streetview of the Race Finish and Race Headquarters: goo.gl/maps/qVttR
Internet Homepage for the Spring Half Marathon [www.meathspringhalfmarathon.com/]
Results from 2013 from Precision Timing: www.precisiontiming.net/result/racetimer?v=%252Fen%252Fra...
Results from 2012 from Precision Timing: www.precisiontiming.net/result/racetimer?v=%252Fen%252Fra...
The Boards.ie Athletics Forum Thread For 2013 Race [www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2056785036&p...]
The Boards.ie Athletics Forum Thread For 2014 Race [www.boards.ie/vbulletin/showthread.php?t=2057078579]
Photographs from previous events
Our Flickr Photograph set from the 2nd Spring Marathon 2013: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157632906920970/
Our Flickr set from the 1st Spring Marathon (2012) www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157629146137284/with...
Photographs from the 2013 event from our friend Paul Reilly [pjrphotography.zenfolio.com/p670974697]
We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Creative Commons aims to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. Our only "cost" is our request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us.
This also extends the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
How can I get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting does take a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
We just gave the SeaDek Super Air Nautique 230 a facelift in preparation for putting her on the market. This is a great example of the kind of change that can be achieved with SeaDek. Looks like an entirely different boat when compare to the blue over gray kit it is replacing.
This boat can be seen in person at Regal & Nautique of Orlando.
Location
2226 Paseo Ave., Orlando, FL 32805
Phone: (407) 425-BOAT (2628)
Fax: (407) 425-2626
Hours:
Mon-Fri: 8am–5pm
Sat: 8am–4pm
Sun: Closed
SeaDek – SUPER AIR NAUTIQUE 230 – 2013
Options:
- Package Type: Team
- Coastal Package: Includes Salt Water Ready Components-
- Replace factory ballast with two PiggyBack Rear Factory Ballast Upgrade: Bag Size 1,100 lbs – Fly High 50″ x 24″ x 24″ and a 650lb bow sac
- Engine Type: CWS 409 HP CES
- LINC Map Card: ROW
- Bimini – Tower Mounted
- Battery Maintenance System 110 (Integrated Charger)
- Interior courtesy lights
- Integrated LED tower speaker lights
- Ocean LED Underwater lights
- LED cup holders
- PTM Edge premium mirror 6 x 20, VR-140 Elite housed in a precision CNC machined 6061-T6 billet aluminum housing with bracket. Offers unparalleled viewable range (140-degrees) and clarity via prescription grade optics. www.ptmedge.com
- Cover – Towable/Mooring
- Cover – Platform
- Stainless Steel Windshield Upgrade
- Nautique Surf System
- Swivel board racks (2) with button release
- Hull Bottom Color Placement
- Deck Stripe Color Placement
- Platform Color Placement
- Deck Stripe Color: GUN METAL FLAKE
- Hullside Accent Color: ONYX BLACK
- Hullside Color: GUN METAL FLAKE
- Hull Bottom Color: ONYX BLACK
- Platform Color: ONYX BLACK
- FCT Color: ONYX BLACK
- Interior Theme Color: TITANIUM GREY
- Main Stripe Color: TITANIUM GREY
- Accent Piping Color: ONYX BLACK
- Accent Texture Color: BLACK CARBONO
- Dash Pod Color: BLACK
- Non-Skid Color: Bimini Blue over Storm Gray Custom SeaDek kit bow to stern including trailer pads
- Seat Bottom Vinyl Color: SILVER CLOUD
- Wake Package – Bow and Stern
- Ballast System
- Hydro-Gate with SportShift, Pull Out Cleats (4),
- Flip-Up Driver’s Seat
- Sun Pad Filler Cushion, Bow Filler Cushion
- Nautique LINC 2.0 Helm with Navigational Mapping and Zero– – Off GPS Speed Control
- Dual Batteries with Selector Switch
- Tournament Propeller
- Removable Swivel Wakeboard and Wakesurf Racks
- Dual Lean Back Removable, Flight Control Tower
- Dripless -Shaft Packing
- Low Emission Fuel System
- Keyless Ignition System
- Premium Steering Wheel
- Freshwater Flush with Stainless Steel Inlet Fitting
- Stainless Steel Gas Shocks
- Anodized Aluminum Structural Components
- Corrosion Resistant Wiring Harness
- Tower Shock Size is 350#
Custom Roswell Wake-Air Audio Package:
- One RMA 500.1 Mono Amplifier powering a RMA 1211 Dual Voice Coil 12” Subwoofer mounted in a custom vented enclosure.
- One RMA 500.4 Amplifier powering 6 RMA 6510 In Boat Speakers.
- One RMA 500.4 Amplifier powering a Focal P25 10” Subwoofer, in the factory location and 4 Focal Access 690 CA G1 6x9”s on the tower.
- Everything is wired using RMA Full Spec Cables.
Custom BoatMate Trailer:
- 230 Tandem Axel
- Galvanized
- Base color: Gunmetal Metallic
- Accent color: Onyx Black
- 18” Black Moto Metal 961 Wheels
- Painted tandem fenders with valence
- Full sized trailer mounted spare
- Step-mate transom step
- Stainless retractable transom straps
- Runway lighting
- Painted surface mount LED trim rings
Contact Jason Gardner 321-632-4466 or promotions@seadek.com
Replaced broken micro-USB + MHL connector
Using a bit of wire like that is not strictly ideal, but as an expedient sometimes brute force is elegant.
The proof of the pudding is in the eating: it charges now
The soon-to-be replaced Johnson Street Bridge. Summer 2010. Victoria, BC, Canada.
"Construction of the new bridge will begin in May 2013. The existing 89-year-old Johnson Street Bridge is expected to stay open throughout construction as crews build the new bridge slightly to the north. The new bridge will open to traffic by the end of 2015."
Nikon F4s;
Nikkor 17-35mm f2.8 (I think)
Fuji Sensia 100
ODC - replace. His smile was replaced by a look of sadness when he realized that baseball was cancelled because of the thunderstorm.
To replace the crude mid section I settled on a simple flex joint. The system from the engine has no flex in it at all and all the movement of the engine places strain on the turbo exhaust flange so I was keen to add a flex so why not here. This will allow movement in the down pipe without causing stress. Plus saves me a tonne of work.
1997 Spartan/W.S. Darley heavy rescue. Series 60 Detroit Diesel 470hp, Allison HD4060 automatic, On Spot automatic tire chains. 8 man cab, Panasonic Toughbook w/GPS, FireCom Wireless Intercom system. All rescue/extrication/EMS equipment is on this unit. PTO driven generator, Genesis mach 3 hydraulic power units on each side in rear compartments, (2) 150' reel mounted hydraulic hoses on each side with jaws and cutter pre-connected. 150' reel mounted electrical cord and air hose on each side. (7) ISI Viking 4500psi air packs. Bank of (8) 4500 psi air cylinders with Sierra air amplifier and gauges/filling station in #7 compartment. (3) quartz lights on each side, (2) quartz light in back, (6) quartz lights on 25' retractable tower. Front and rear mounted winches. Bus style mirrors vibrated badly at idle and have since been replaced with door mounted "west coast" style mirrors.
Truck is due to be replaced in 2019.
Arsenal (Vienna)
The Vienna Arsenal, object 1
(Pictures you can see by clicking on the link at the end of page!)
The Arsenal in Vienna is a former military complex in the southeast of the city, located
in the 3rd district of Vienna. The mighty, consisting of several brick buildings facility is located on a rectangular plan on a hill south of the Country Road Belt (Landstraßer Gürtel).
Meaning
The Arsenal is the most important secular assembly of Romantic Historicism in Vienna and was conducted in Italian-Medieval and Byzantine-Moorish forms. Essentially the complex is preserved in its original forms; only the former workshop buildings within the bounding, from the the outside visible wings were replaced by new constructions.
History to 1945
Bird's eye view of the complex, arsenal, lithography Alexander Kaiser, 1855
Vienna Arsenal (Museum of Military History)
Arsenal, with HGM (Heeresgeschichtliches Museum) from the East
The complex, with a total of 31 "objects" (buildings) was built from 1849 to 1856 on the occasion of the March Revolution of 1848 and was the first building of the fortress triangle, replacing the old Vienna's city walls, with the Rossauer Barracks and the now-defunct Franz Joseph barracks at Stubenring. These buildings should not serve to deter foreign enemies from the city, but to secure state power in the event of revolutionary upheavals in Vienna. The decision to build the Arsenal, it came from the 19-year-old Emperor Franz Joseph I who on 2 December 1848 had come to the throne.
The design for the Imperial Artillery Arsenal came from General Artillery Director Vincenz Freiherr von Augustin, to which, subsequently, the site management had been transferred. Under his leadership, the buildings under assignment of sectors have been planned of the architects Carl Roesner, Antonius Pius de Riegel, August Sicard von Sicardsburg, Eduard van der Nüll, Theophil von Hansen and Ludwig Förster and built by the company of the architect Leopold Mayr.
From 1853 to 1856, Arsenal church was built by the architect Carl Roesner. The K.K. Court Weapon Museum, later K.K. Army Museum, now Museum of Military History, housed in a separate representative free-standing wing, was completed structurally in 1856, but was only in 1869 for the first time accessible.
For the construction of the Arsenal 177 million bricks were used. Construction costs totaled $ 8.5 million guilders. In the following years, there have been extensions. During the two world wars, the complex served as a weapons factory and arsenal, especially as barracks.
The record number of employees in Arsenal was reached in the First World War, with around 20,000 staffers. After 1918, the military-industrial operation with own steel mill was transformed into a public service institution with the name "Austrian Factories Arsenal". However, there were almost insoluble conversion problems in the transition to peacetime production, the product range was too great and the mismanagement considerable. The number of employees declined steadily, and the company became one of the great economic scandals of the First Republic.
By the fall of 1938, the area belonged to the 10th District Favoriten. However, as was established during the "Third Reich" the Reich District of Greater Vienna, became the arsenal complex and the south-east of it lying areas in the wake of district boundary changes parts of the 3rd District.
During the Second World War, in the Arsenal tank repair workshops of the Waffen-SS were set up. In the last two years of the war several buildings were severely damaged by bombing. During the Battle of Vienna, in the days of 7 to 9 April 1945, was the arsenal, defended by the 3rd SS Panzer Division "Totenkopf", focus of the fighting, the Red Army before its victory facing heavy losses.
History since 1945
Ruins of the object 15 after the air raids 1944
Deposits at the Arsenal Street
After heavy bomb damages during the Second World War, the buildings of the Arsenal were largely restored to their original forms.
In the southern part and in the former courtyard of the arsenal several new buildings were added, among them 1959-1963 the decoration workshops of the Federal Theatre designed by the architects Erich Boltenstern and Robert Weinlich. From 1961 to 1963, the telecommunications central office was built by the architect Fritz Pfeffer. From 1973 to 1975 were built operation and office building of the Post and Telephone Head Office for Vienna, Lower Austria and Burgenland (now Technology Centre Arsenal of Telekom Austria) with the 150-meter high radio tower in Vienna Arsenal according to the plans of architect Kurt Eckel. In the 1990s, a rehearsal stage of the Castle Theater (Burgtheater) was built according to plans by Gustav Peichl.
Also the Austrian Research and Testing Centre Arsenal, now Arsenal Research, which has made itself wordwide a celebrity by one of the largest air chambers (now moved to Floridsdorf - 21st District), was housed in the complex. A smaller part of the complex is still used by the Austrian army as a barracks. Furthermore, the Central Institute for Disinfection of the City of Vienna and the Central Chemical Laboratory of the Federal Monuments Office are housed in the arsenal. The Military History Museum uses multiple objects as depots.
In one part of the area residential buildings were erected. The Arsenal is forming an own, two census tracts encompassing census district, which according to the census in 2001 had 2.058 inhabitants.
End of 2003, the arsenal in connection with other properties of the Federal Property Society (BIG - Bundesimmobiliengesellschaft) was sold to a private investor group. Since early 2006, the lawyer of Baden (Lower Austria, not far away from Vienna) Rudolf Fries and industrialist Walter Scherb are majority owners of the 72,000 m2 historic site that they want to refurbish and according to possibility rent new. Fries also plans to enlarge the existing living space by more than a half (about 40,000 m2).
An architectural design competition, whose jury on 28 and 29 in June 2007 met, provided proposals amounting to substantial structural changes in the complex. Such designed competition winner Hohensinn a futuristic clouds clip modeled after El Lissitzky's cloud bracket, a multi-level horizontal structure on slender stilts over the old stock on the outskirts of the Swiss Garden. The realization of these plans is considered unlikely.
Some objects are since 2013 adapted for use by the Technical University of Vienna: Object 227, the so-called "Panzerhalle" will house laboratories of the Institute for Powertrains and Automotive Technology. In object 221, the "Siemens hall", laboratories of the Institute for Energy Technology and Thermodynamics as well as of the Institute for Manufacturing Technology and High Power Laser Technology are built. In object 214 is besides the Technical Testing and Research Institute (TVFA) also the second expansion stage of the "Vienna Scientific Cluster" housed, of a supercomputer, which was built jointly by the Vienna University of Technology, the University of Vienna and the University of Agricultural Sciences.
Accessibility
The arsenal was historically especially over the Landstraßer Gürtel developed. Today passes southeast in the immediate proximity the Südosttangente called motorway A23 with it connection Gürtel/Landstraßer Hauptstrasse. Southwest of the site runs the Eastern Railway, the new Vienna Central Station closes to the west of the arsenal. Two new bridges over the Eastern Railway, the Arsenal Stay Bridge and the Southern Railway bridge and an underpass as part of Ghegastraße and Alfred- Adler-Straße establish a connection to the on the other side of the railway facilities located Sonnwendviertel in the 10th District, which is being built on the former site of the freight train station Vienna South Station.
On the center side is between Arsenal and Landstraßer Gürtel the former Maria Josefa Park located, now known as Swiss Garden. Here stands at the Arsenal street the 21er Haus, a branch of the Austrian Gallery Belvedere, on the center-side edge of the Swiss Garden has the busy suburban main railway route the stop Vienna Quartier Belvedere, next to it the Wiener Linien D (tram) and 69A (bus) run.
To replace various helicopters in service at the time, namely the SH-34 Seahorse, the US Navy awarded Sikorsky a contract to develop a helicopter that would combine several roles into one airframe: hunter/killer antisubmarine warfare, cargo transport, and search and rescue. It would also have to be capable of amphibious operations and had to be able to operate from smaller ships as well as aircraft carriers. Sikorsky’s HSS-2 Sea King was the response, and it first flew in March 1959. The HSS-2 had a distinctive “boat” hull for water landings, including flotation bags in the sponsons, good visibility from the cockpit, and a folding tail section for stowage. In the antisubmarine role, the HSS-2 was equipped with a dipping sonar unreeled from the forward hull, 21 sonobuoys, and a MAD “bird” capable of being deployed from the port sponson. In 1962, the type’s designation was changed to SH-3A.
The SH-3 would remain in US Navy service for the next 50 years. During Vietnam, it operated in plane guard duties for carriers, the first aircraft to launch and the last to recover; it also served in SAR duties from the carriers and smaller ships, flying over water and often over land to rescue downed pilots. In this role, the SH-3 is probably responsible for the rescue of more people than any other aircraft type. Dedicated SAR helicopters often were equipped with heavy or light machine guns. Other versions were converted to UH-3 utility helicopters (for vertical replenishment and light cargo duties) and VH-3 VIP transports. The latter were the last Sea Kings in US service.
The US Navy began replacing the aging SH-3 following the First Gulf War, with ASW/SAR SH-3s mostly gone from fleet service by 1997. Cargo and utility variants remained in service until 2006. Besides its service in the US armed forces, Sea Kings were heavily exported to 17 air forces, including license-built versions made by Westland (Sea Kings), United Aircraft of Canada (CH-124), Agusta (AS-61), and Mitsubishi (HSS-2); foreign variants are used both in traditional roles for the Sea King, as well as antishipping duties, troop transports, minesweeping, and even airborne early warning. It remains in service worldwide.
When I noticed the side number of this SH-3 and the squadron--66 and HS-4--I got pretty excited: HS-4 (now HSC-4, "Black Knights") was assigned to my dad's carrier, USS Yorktown (CVS-10) from 1960 to 1968, and "Fetch 66," as it was known, was part of the recovery team for Apollo 8. Dad rode briefly in Fetch 66 while being transferred temporarily to a destroyer. If this was the same helicopter, it would be an amazing coincidence to photograph it 50 years after Dad rode in it.
However, this is not the "real" Fetch 66, which handled recovery duties for all the Apollo missions, and HS-4 was assigned to USS Hornet when the Yorktown transferred to the East Coast. The real helicopter, Bureau Number 152711, crashed in the Pacific Ocean in 1975 with the loss of the pilot, though the rest of the crew was rescued. This "SH-3" is actually 149006, a UH-3H utility helicopter repainted to look like a SH-3D.
Whatever its origin, it has been particularly well restored as Fetch 66, and is shown recovering a mockup Apollo capsule. It carries the standard US Navy Vietnam-era color scheme for SH-3s, with white over light gray (a reverse of combat aircraft). The "Abandon Chute" legend on the bottom is an instruction for downed pilots to cut away their parachutes, so they would not fill with water or be dragged by the downwash from the rotors.
The Jaguar programme began in the early 1960s, in response to a British requirement (Air Staff Target 362) for an advanced supersonic jet trainer to replace the Folland Gnat T1 and Hawker Hunter T7, and a French requirement (ECAT or École de Combat et d'Appui Tactique, "Tactical Combat Support Trainer") for a cheap, subsonic dual role trainer and light attack aircraft to replace the Fouga Magister, Lockheed T-33 and Dassault Mystère IV. In both countries several companies tendered designs: BAC, Hunting, Hawker Siddeley and Folland in Britain; Breguet, Potez, Sud-Aviation, Nord, and Dassault from France. A Memorandum of Understanding was signed in May 1965 for the two countries to develop two aircraft, a trainer based on the ECAT, and the larger AFVG (Anglo-French Variable Geometry).
Cross-channel negotiations led to the formation of SEPECAT (Société Européenne de Production de l'Avion d'École de Combat et d'Appui Tactique – the "European company for the production of a combat trainer and tactical support aircraft") in 1966 as a joint venture between Breguet and the British Aircraft Corporation to produce the airframe. Though based in part on the Breguet, using the same basic configuration and an innovative French-designed landing gear, the Jaguar was built incorporating major elements of design from BAC, notably the wing and high lift devices.
Production of components would be split between Breguet and BAC, and the aircraft themselves would be assembled on two production lines; one in the UK and one in France, To avoid any duplication of work, each aircraft component had only one source. The British light strike/tactical support versions were the most demanding design, requiring supersonic performance, superior avionics, a cutting edge nav/attack system of more accuracy and complexity than the French version, moving map display, laser range-finder and marked-target seeker (LRMTS). As a result, the initial Br.121 design needed a thinner wing, redesigned fuselage, a higher rear cockpit, and after-burning engines. While putting on smiling faces for the public, maintaining the illusion of a shared design, the British design departed from the French sub-sonic Breguet 121 to such a degree that it was effectively a new design.
A separate partnership was formed between Rolls-Royce and Turbomeca to develop the Adour afterburning turbofan engine. The Br.121 was proposed with Turbomeca's Tourmalet engine for ECAT but Breguet preferred the RR RB.172 and their joint venture would use elements of both. The new engine, which would be used for the AFVG as well, would be built in Derby and Tarnos.
Previous collaborative efforts between Britain and France had been complicated – the AFVG programme ended in cancellation, and controversy surrounded the development of the supersonic airliner Concorde. Whilst the technical collaboration between BAC and Breguet went well, when Dassault took over Breguet in 1971 it encouraged acceptance of its own designs, such as the Super Étendard naval attack aircraft and the Mirage F1, for which it would receive more profit, over the Anglo-French Jaguar.
The initial plan was for Britain to buy 150 Jaguar "B" trainers, with its strike requirements being met by the advanced BAC-Dassault AFVG aircraft, with France to buy 75 "E" trainers (école) and 75 "A" single-seat strike attack aircraft (appui). Dassault favoured its own Mirage G aircraft above the collaborative AFVG, and in June 1967, France cancelled the AFVG on cost grounds. This left a gap in the RAF's planned strike capabilities for the 1970s at the same time as France's cancellation of the AFVG, Germany was expressing a serious interest in the Jaguar and thus the design became more oriented towards the low-level strike role.
With the cancellation of both the BAC TSR-2 tactical strike aircraft and Hawker Siddeley P.1154 supersonic V/STOL fighter, the RAF were looking increasingly hard at their future light strike needs and realizing that they now needed more than just advanced trainers with some secondary counter insurgency capability. At this point, the RAF's proposed strike fleet was to be the American General Dynamics F-111s plus the AFVG for lighter strike purposes. There was concern that both F-111 and AFVG were high risk projects and with the French already planning on a strike role for the Jaguar, there was an opportunity to introduce a credible backup plan for the RAF's future strike needs – the Jaguar. As a result, by October 1970, the RAF's requirements had changed to 165 single-seat strike aircraft and 35 trainers.
The Jaguar was to replace the McDonnell Douglas Phantom FGR2 in the close air support, tactical reconnaissance and tactical strike roles, freeing the Phantom to be used for air defence. Both the French and British trainer requirements had developed significantly, and were eventually fulfilled instead by the Alpha Jet and Hawker Siddeley Hawk respectively. The French, meanwhile, had chosen the Jaguar to replace the Aeronavale's Dassault Étendard IV, and increased their order to include an initial 40 of a carrier-capable maritime version of the Jaguar, the Jaguar M. From these apparently disparate aims would come a single and entirely different aircraft: relatively high-tech, supersonic, and optimised for ground-attack in a high-threat environment.