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Graffiti (plural; singular graffiti or graffito, the latter rarely used except in archeology) is art that is written, painted or drawn on a wall or other surface, usually without permission and within public view. Graffiti ranges from simple written words to elaborate wall paintings, and has existed since ancient times, with examples dating back to ancient Egypt, ancient Greece, and the Roman Empire (see also mural).
Graffiti is a controversial subject. In most countries, marking or painting property without permission is considered by property owners and civic authorities as defacement and vandalism, which is a punishable crime, citing the use of graffiti by street gangs to mark territory or to serve as an indicator of gang-related activities. Graffiti has become visualized as a growing urban "problem" for many cities in industrialized nations, spreading from the New York City subway system and Philadelphia in the early 1970s to the rest of the United States and Europe and other world regions
"Graffiti" (usually both singular and plural) and the rare singular form "graffito" are from the Italian word graffiato ("scratched"). The term "graffiti" is used in art history for works of art produced by scratching a design into a surface. A related term is "sgraffito", which involves scratching through one layer of pigment to reveal another beneath it. This technique was primarily used by potters who would glaze their wares and then scratch a design into them. In ancient times graffiti were carved on walls with a sharp object, although sometimes chalk or coal were used. The word originates from Greek γράφειν—graphein—meaning "to write".
The term graffiti originally referred to the inscriptions, figure drawings, and such, found on the walls of ancient sepulchres or ruins, as in the Catacombs of Rome or at Pompeii. Historically, these writings were not considered vanadlism, which today is considered part of the definition of graffiti.
The only known source of the Safaitic language, an ancient form of Arabic, is from graffiti: inscriptions scratched on to the surface of rocks and boulders in the predominantly basalt desert of southern Syria, eastern Jordan and northern Saudi Arabia. Safaitic dates from the first century BC to the fourth century AD.
Some of the oldest cave paintings in the world are 40,000 year old ones found in Australia. The oldest written graffiti was found in ancient Rome around 2500 years ago. Most graffiti from the time was boasts about sexual experiences Graffiti in Ancient Rome was a form of communication, and was not considered vandalism.
Ancient tourists visiting the 5th-century citadel at Sigiriya in Sri Lanka write their names and commentary over the "mirror wall", adding up to over 1800 individual graffiti produced there between the 6th and 18th centuries. Most of the graffiti refer to the frescoes of semi-nude females found there. One reads:
Wet with cool dew drops
fragrant with perfume from the flowers
came the gentle breeze
jasmine and water lily
dance in the spring sunshine
side-long glances
of the golden-hued ladies
stab into my thoughts
heaven itself cannot take my mind
as it has been captivated by one lass
among the five hundred I have seen here.
Among the ancient political graffiti examples were Arab satirist poems. Yazid al-Himyari, an Umayyad Arab and Persian poet, was most known for writing his political poetry on the walls between Sajistan and Basra, manifesting a strong hatred towards the Umayyad regime and its walis, and people used to read and circulate them very widely.
Graffiti, known as Tacherons, were frequently scratched on Romanesque Scandinavian church walls. When Renaissance artists such as Pinturicchio, Raphael, Michelangelo, Ghirlandaio, or Filippino Lippi descended into the ruins of Nero's Domus Aurea, they carved or painted their names and returned to initiate the grottesche style of decoration.
There are also examples of graffiti occurring in American history, such as Independence Rock, a national landmark along the Oregon Trail.
Later, French soldiers carved their names on monuments during the Napoleonic campaign of Egypt in the 1790s. Lord Byron's survives on one of the columns of the Temple of Poseidon at Cape Sounion in Attica, Greece.
The oldest known example of graffiti "monikers" found on traincars created by hobos and railworkers since the late 1800s. The Bozo Texino monikers were documented by filmmaker Bill Daniel in his 2005 film, Who is Bozo Texino?.
In World War II, an inscription on a wall at the fortress of Verdun was seen as an illustration of the US response twice in a generation to the wrongs of the Old World:
During World War II and for decades after, the phrase "Kilroy was here" with an accompanying illustration was widespread throughout the world, due to its use by American troops and ultimately filtering into American popular culture. Shortly after the death of Charlie Parker (nicknamed "Yardbird" or "Bird"), graffiti began appearing around New York with the words "Bird Lives".
Modern graffiti art has its origins with young people in 1960s and 70s in New York City and Philadelphia. Tags were the first form of stylised contemporary graffiti. Eventually, throw-ups and pieces evolved with the desire to create larger art. Writers used spray paint and other kind of materials to leave tags or to create images on the sides subway trains. and eventually moved into the city after the NYC metro began to buy new trains and paint over graffiti.
While the art had many advocates and appreciators—including the cultural critic Norman Mailer—others, including New York City mayor Ed Koch, considered it to be defacement of public property, and saw it as a form of public blight. The ‘taggers’ called what they did ‘writing’—though an important 1974 essay by Mailer referred to it using the term ‘graffiti.’
Contemporary graffiti style has been heavily influenced by hip hop culture and the myriad international styles derived from Philadelphia and New York City Subway graffiti; however, there are many other traditions of notable graffiti in the twentieth century. Graffiti have long appeared on building walls, in latrines, railroad boxcars, subways, and bridges.
An early graffito outside of New York or Philadelphia was the inscription in London reading "Clapton is God" in reference to the guitarist Eric Clapton. Creating the cult of the guitar hero, the phrase was spray-painted by an admirer on a wall in an Islington, north London in the autumn of 1967. The graffito was captured in a photograph, in which a dog is urinating on the wall.
Films like Style Wars in the 80s depicting famous writers such as Skeme, Dondi, MinOne, and ZEPHYR reinforced graffiti's role within New York's emerging hip-hop culture. Although many officers of the New York City Police Department found this film to be controversial, Style Wars is still recognized as the most prolific film representation of what was going on within the young hip hop culture of the early 1980s. Fab 5 Freddy and Futura 2000 took hip hop graffiti to Paris and London as part of the New York City Rap Tour in 1983
Commercialization and entrance into mainstream pop culture
Main article: Commercial graffiti
With the popularity and legitimization of graffiti has come a level of commercialization. In 2001, computer giant IBM launched an advertising campaign in Chicago and San Francisco which involved people spray painting on sidewalks a peace symbol, a heart, and a penguin (Linux mascot), to represent "Peace, Love, and Linux." IBM paid Chicago and San Francisco collectively US$120,000 for punitive damages and clean-up costs.
In 2005, a similar ad campaign was launched by Sony and executed by its advertising agency in New York, Chicago, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Los Angeles, and Miami, to market its handheld PSP gaming system. In this campaign, taking notice of the legal problems of the IBM campaign, Sony paid building owners for the rights to paint on their buildings "a collection of dizzy-eyed urban kids playing with the PSP as if it were a skateboard, a paddle, or a rocking horse".
Tristan Manco wrote that Brazil "boasts a unique and particularly rich, graffiti scene ... [earning] it an international reputation as the place to go for artistic inspiration". Graffiti "flourishes in every conceivable space in Brazil's cities". Artistic parallels "are often drawn between the energy of São Paulo today and 1970s New York". The "sprawling metropolis", of São Paulo has "become the new shrine to graffiti"; Manco alludes to "poverty and unemployment ... [and] the epic struggles and conditions of the country's marginalised peoples", and to "Brazil's chronic poverty", as the main engines that "have fuelled a vibrant graffiti culture". In world terms, Brazil has "one of the most uneven distributions of income. Laws and taxes change frequently". Such factors, Manco argues, contribute to a very fluid society, riven with those economic divisions and social tensions that underpin and feed the "folkloric vandalism and an urban sport for the disenfranchised", that is South American graffiti art.
Prominent Brazilian writers include Os Gêmeos, Boleta, Nunca, Nina, Speto, Tikka, and T.Freak. Their artistic success and involvement in commercial design ventures has highlighted divisions within the Brazilian graffiti community between adherents of the cruder transgressive form of pichação and the more conventionally artistic values of the practitioners of grafite.
Graffiti in the Middle East has emerged slowly, with taggers operating in Egypt, Lebanon, the Gulf countries like Bahrain or the United Arab Emirates, Israel, and in Iran. The major Iranian newspaper Hamshahri has published two articles on illegal writers in the city with photographic coverage of Iranian artist A1one's works on Tehran walls. Tokyo-based design magazine, PingMag, has interviewed A1one and featured photographs of his work. The Israeli West Bank barrier has become a site for graffiti, reminiscent in this sense of the Berlin Wall. Many writers in Israel come from other places around the globe, such as JUIF from Los Angeles and DEVIONE from London. The religious reference "נ נח נחמ נחמן מאומן" ("Na Nach Nachma Nachman Meuman") is commonly seen in graffiti around Israel.
Graffiti has played an important role within the street art scene in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), especially following the events of the Arab Spring of 2011 or the Sudanese Revolution of 2018/19. Graffiti is a tool of expression in the context of conflict in the region, allowing people to raise their voices politically and socially. Famous street artist Banksy has had an important effect in the street art scene in the MENA area, especially in Palestine where some of his works are located in the West Bank barrier and Bethlehem.
There are also a large number of graffiti influences in Southeast Asian countries that mostly come from modern Western culture, such as Malaysia, where graffiti have long been a common sight in Malaysia's capital city, Kuala Lumpur. Since 2010, the country has begun hosting a street festival to encourage all generations and people from all walks of life to enjoy and encourage Malaysian street culture.
The modern-day graffitists can be found with an arsenal of various materials that allow for a successful production of a piece. This includes such techniques as scribing. However, spray paint in aerosol cans is the number one medium for graffiti. From this commodity comes different styles, technique, and abilities to form master works of graffiti. Spray paint can be found at hardware and art stores and comes in virtually every color.
Stencil graffiti is created by cutting out shapes and designs in a stiff material (such as cardboard or subject folders) to form an overall design or image. The stencil is then placed on the "canvas" gently and with quick, easy strokes of the aerosol can, the image begins to appear on the intended surface.
Some of the first examples were created in 1981 by artists Blek le Rat in Paris, in 1982 by Jef Aerosol in Tours (France); by 1985 stencils had appeared in other cities including New York City, Sydney, and Melbourne, where they were documented by American photographer Charles Gatewood and Australian photographer Rennie Ellis
Tagging is the practice of someone spray-painting "their name, initial or logo onto a public surface" in a handstyle unique to the writer. Tags were the first form of modern graffiti.
Modern graffiti art often incorporates additional arts and technologies. For example, Graffiti Research Lab has encouraged the use of projected images and magnetic light-emitting diodes (throwies) as new media for graffitists. yarnbombing is another recent form of graffiti. Yarnbombers occasionally target previous graffiti for modification, which had been avoided among the majority of graffitists.
Theories on the use of graffiti by avant-garde artists have a history dating back at least to the Asger Jorn, who in 1962 painting declared in a graffiti-like gesture "the avant-garde won't give up"
Many contemporary analysts and even art critics have begun to see artistic value in some graffiti and to recognize it as a form of public art. According to many art researchers, particularly in the Netherlands and in Los Angeles, that type of public art is, in fact an effective tool of social emancipation or, in the achievement of a political goal
In times of conflict, such murals have offered a means of communication and self-expression for members of these socially, ethnically, or racially divided communities, and have proven themselves as effective tools in establishing dialog and thus, of addressing cleavages in the long run. The Berlin Wall was also extensively covered by graffiti reflecting social pressures relating to the oppressive Soviet rule over the GDR.
Many artists involved with graffiti are also concerned with the similar activity of stenciling. Essentially, this entails stenciling a print of one or more colors using spray-paint. Recognized while exhibiting and publishing several of her coloured stencils and paintings portraying the Sri Lankan Civil War and urban Britain in the early 2000s, graffitists Mathangi Arulpragasam, aka M.I.A., has also become known for integrating her imagery of political violence into her music videos for singles "Galang" and "Bucky Done Gun", and her cover art. Stickers of her artwork also often appear around places such as London in Brick Lane, stuck to lamp posts and street signs, she having become a muse for other graffitists and painters worldwide in cities including Seville.
Graffitist believes that art should be on display for everyone in the public eye or in plain sight, not hidden away in a museum or a gallery. Art should color the streets, not the inside of some building. Graffiti is a form of art that cannot be owned or bought. It does not last forever, it is temporary, yet one of a kind. It is a form of self promotion for the artist that can be displayed anywhere form sidewalks, roofs, subways, building wall, etc. Art to them is for everyone and should be showed to everyone for free.
Graffiti is a way of communicating and a way of expressing what one feels in the moment. It is both art and a functional thing that can warn people of something or inform people of something. However, graffiti is to some people a form of art, but to some a form of vandalism. And many graffitists choose to protect their identities and remain anonymous or to hinder prosecution.
With the commercialization of graffiti (and hip hop in general), in most cases, even with legally painted "graffiti" art, graffitists tend to choose anonymity. This may be attributed to various reasons or a combination of reasons. Graffiti still remains the one of four hip hop elements that is not considered "performance art" despite the image of the "singing and dancing star" that sells hip hop culture to the mainstream. Being a graphic form of art, it might also be said that many graffitists still fall in the category of the introverted archetypal artist.
Banksy is one of the world's most notorious and popular street artists who continues to remain faceless in today's society. He is known for his political, anti-war stencil art mainly in Bristol, England, but his work may be seen anywhere from Los Angeles to Palestine. In the UK, Banksy is the most recognizable icon for this cultural artistic movement and keeps his identity a secret to avoid arrest. Much of Banksy's artwork may be seen around the streets of London and surrounding suburbs, although he has painted pictures throughout the world, including the Middle East, where he has painted on Israel's controversial West Bank barrier with satirical images of life on the other side. One depicted a hole in the wall with an idyllic beach, while another shows a mountain landscape on the other side. A number of exhibitions also have taken place since 2000, and recent works of art have fetched vast sums of money. Banksy's art is a prime example of the classic controversy: vandalism vs. art. Art supporters endorse his work distributed in urban areas as pieces of art and some councils, such as Bristol and Islington, have officially protected them, while officials of other areas have deemed his work to be vandalism and have removed it.
Pixnit is another artist who chooses to keep her identity from the general public. Her work focuses on beauty and design aspects of graffiti as opposed to Banksy's anti-government shock value. Her paintings are often of flower designs above shops and stores in her local urban area of Cambridge, Massachusetts. Some store owners endorse her work and encourage others to do similar work as well. "One of the pieces was left up above Steve's Kitchen, because it looks pretty awesome"- Erin Scott, the manager of New England Comics in Allston, Massachusetts.
Graffiti artists may become offended if photographs of their art are published in a commercial context without their permission. In March 2020, the Finnish graffiti artist Psyke expressed his displeasure at the newspaper Ilta-Sanomat publishing a photograph of a Peugeot 208 in an article about new cars, with his graffiti prominently shown on the background. The artist claims he does not want his art being used in commercial context, not even if he were to receive compensation.
Territorial graffiti marks urban neighborhoods with tags and logos to differentiate certain groups from others. These images are meant to show outsiders a stern look at whose turf is whose. The subject matter of gang-related graffiti consists of cryptic symbols and initials strictly fashioned with unique calligraphies. Gang members use graffiti to designate membership throughout the gang, to differentiate rivals and associates and, most commonly, to mark borders which are both territorial and ideological.
Graffiti has been used as a means of advertising both legally and illegally. Bronx-based TATS CRU has made a name for themselves doing legal advertising campaigns for companies such as Coca-Cola, McDonald's, Toyota, and MTV. In the UK, Covent Garden's Boxfresh used stencil images of a Zapatista revolutionary in the hopes that cross referencing would promote their store.
Smirnoff hired artists to use reverse graffiti (the use of high pressure hoses to clean dirty surfaces to leave a clean image in the surrounding dirt) to increase awareness of their product.
Graffiti often has a reputation as part of a subculture that rebels against authority, although the considerations of the practitioners often diverge and can relate to a wide range of attitudes. It can express a political practice and can form just one tool in an array of resistance techniques. One early example includes the anarcho-punk band Crass, who conducted a campaign of stenciling anti-war, anarchist, feminist, and anti-consumerist messages throughout the London Underground system during the late 1970s and early 1980s. In Amsterdam graffiti was a major part of the punk scene. The city was covered with names such as "De Zoot", "Vendex", and "Dr Rat". To document the graffiti a punk magazine was started that was called Gallery Anus. So when hip hop came to Europe in the early 1980s there was already a vibrant graffiti culture.
The student protests and general strike of May 1968 saw Paris bedecked in revolutionary, anarchistic, and situationist slogans such as L'ennui est contre-révolutionnaire ("Boredom is counterrevolutionary") and Lisez moins, vivez plus ("Read less, live more"). While not exhaustive, the graffiti gave a sense of the 'millenarian' and rebellious spirit, tempered with a good deal of verbal wit, of the strikers.
I think graffiti writing is a way of defining what our generation is like. Excuse the French, we're not a bunch of p---- artists. Traditionally artists have been considered soft and mellow people, a little bit kooky. Maybe we're a little bit more like pirates that way. We defend our territory, whatever space we steal to paint on, we defend it fiercely.
The developments of graffiti art which took place in art galleries and colleges as well as "on the street" or "underground", contributed to the resurfacing in the 1990s of a far more overtly politicized art form in the subvertising, culture jamming, or tactical media movements. These movements or styles tend to classify the artists by their relationship to their social and economic contexts, since, in most countries, graffiti art remains illegal in many forms except when using non-permanent paint. Since the 1990s with the rise of Street Art, a growing number of artists are switching to non-permanent paints and non-traditional forms of painting.
Contemporary practitioners, accordingly, have varied and often conflicting practices. Some individuals, such as Alexander Brener, have used the medium to politicize other art forms, and have used the prison sentences enforced on them as a means of further protest. The practices of anonymous groups and individuals also vary widely, and practitioners by no means always agree with each other's practices. For example, the anti-capitalist art group the Space Hijackers did a piece in 2004 about the contradiction between the capitalistic elements of Banksy and his use of political imagery.
Berlin human rights activist Irmela Mensah-Schramm has received global media attention and numerous awards for her 35-year campaign of effacing neo-Nazi and other right-wing extremist graffiti throughout Germany, often by altering hate speech in humorous ways.
In Serbian capital, Belgrade, the graffiti depicting a uniformed former general of Serb army and war criminal, convicted at ICTY for war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide and ethnic cleansing in Bosnian War, Ratko Mladić, appeared in a military salute alongside the words "General, thank to your mother". Aleks Eror, Berlin-based journalist, explains how "veneration of historical and wartime figures" through street art is not a new phenomenon in the region of former Yugoslavia, and that "in most cases is firmly focused on the future, rather than retelling the past". Eror is not only analyst pointing to danger of such an expressions for the region's future. In a long expose on the subject of Bosnian genocide denial, at Balkan Diskurs magazine and multimedia platform website, Kristina Gadže and Taylor Whitsell referred to these experiences as a young generations' "cultural heritage", in which young are being exposed to celebration and affirmation of war-criminals as part of their "formal education" and "inheritance".
There are numerous examples of genocide denial through celebration and affirmation of war criminals throughout the region of Western Balkans inhabited by Serbs using this form of artistic expression. Several more of these graffiti are found in Serbian capital, and many more across Serbia and Bosnian and Herzegovinian administrative entity, Republika Srpska, which is the ethnic Serbian majority enclave. Critics point that Serbia as a state, is willing to defend the mural of convicted war criminal, and have no intention to react on cases of genocide denial, noting that Interior Minister of Serbia, Aleksandar Vulin decision to ban any gathering with an intent to remove the mural, with the deployment of riot police, sends the message of "tacit endorsement". Consequently, on 9 November 2021, Serbian heavy police in riot gear, with graffiti creators and their supporters, blocked the access to the mural to prevent human rights groups and other activists to paint over it and mark the International Day Against Fascism and Antisemitism in that way, and even arrested two civic activist for throwing eggs at the graffiti.
Graffiti may also be used as an offensive expression. This form of graffiti may be difficult to identify, as it is mostly removed by the local authority (as councils which have adopted strategies of criminalization also strive to remove graffiti quickly). Therefore, existing racist graffiti is mostly more subtle and at first sight, not easily recognized as "racist". It can then be understood only if one knows the relevant "local code" (social, historical, political, temporal, and spatial), which is seen as heteroglot and thus a 'unique set of conditions' in a cultural context.
A spatial code for example, could be that there is a certain youth group in an area that is engaging heavily in racist activities. So, for residents (knowing the local code), a graffiti containing only the name or abbreviation of this gang already is a racist expression, reminding the offended people of their gang activities. Also a graffiti is in most cases, the herald of more serious criminal activity to come. A person who does not know these gang activities would not be able to recognize the meaning of this graffiti. Also if a tag of this youth group or gang is placed on a building occupied by asylum seekers, for example, its racist character is even stronger.
By making the graffiti less explicit (as adapted to social and legal constraints), these drawings are less likely to be removed, but do not lose their threatening and offensive character.
Elsewhere, activists in Russia have used painted caricatures of local officials with their mouths as potholes, to show their anger about the poor state of the roads. In Manchester, England, a graffitists painted obscene images around potholes, which often resulted in them being repaired within 48 hours.
In the early 1980s, the first art galleries to show graffitists to the public were Fashion Moda in the Bronx, Now Gallery and Fun Gallery, both in the East Village, Manhattan.
A 2006 exhibition at the Brooklyn Museum displayed graffiti as an art form that began in New York's outer boroughs and reached great heights in the early 1980s with the work of Crash, Lee, Daze, Keith Haring, and Jean-Michel Basquiat. It displayed 22 works by New York graffitists, including Crash, Daze, and Lady Pink. In an article about the exhibition in the magazine Time Out, curator Charlotta Kotik said that she hoped the exhibition would cause viewers to rethink their assumptions about graffiti.
From the 1970s onwards, Burhan Doğançay photographed urban walls all over the world; these he then archived for use as sources of inspiration for his painterly works. The project today known as "Walls of the World" grew beyond even his own expectations and comprises about 30,000 individual images. It spans a period of 40 years across five continents and 114 countries. In 1982, photographs from this project comprised a one-man exhibition titled "Les murs murmurent, ils crient, ils chantent ..." (The walls whisper, shout and sing ...) at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris.
In Australia, art historians have judged some local graffiti of sufficient creative merit to rank them firmly within the arts. Oxford University Press's art history text Australian Painting 1788–2000 concludes with a long discussion of graffiti's key place within contemporary visual culture, including the work of several Australian practitioners.
Between March and April 2009, 150 artists exhibited 300 pieces of graffiti at the Grand Palais in Paris.
Spray paint has many negative environmental effects. The paint contains toxic chemicals, and the can uses volatile hydrocarbon gases to spray the paint onto a surface.
Volatile organic compound (VOC) leads to ground level ozone formation and most of graffiti related emissions are VOCs. A 2010 paper estimates 4,862 tons of VOCs were released in the United States in activities related to graffiti.
In China, Mao Zedong in the 1920s used revolutionary slogans and paintings in public places to galvanize the country's communist movement.
Based on different national conditions, many people believe that China's attitude towards Graffiti is fierce, but in fact, according to Lance Crayon in his film Spray Paint Beijing: Graffiti in the Capital of China, Graffiti is generally accepted in Beijing, with artists not seeing much police interference. Political and religiously sensitive graffiti, however, is not allowed.
In Hong Kong, Tsang Tsou Choi was known as the King of Kowloon for his calligraphy graffiti over many years, in which he claimed ownership of the area. Now some of his work is preserved officially.
In Taiwan, the government has made some concessions to graffitists. Since 2005 they have been allowed to freely display their work along some sections of riverside retaining walls in designated "Graffiti Zones". From 2007, Taipei's department of cultural affairs also began permitting graffiti on fences around major public construction sites. Department head Yong-ping Lee (李永萍) stated, "We will promote graffiti starting with the public sector, and then later in the private sector too. It's our goal to beautify the city with graffiti". The government later helped organize a graffiti contest in Ximending, a popular shopping district. graffitists caught working outside of these designated areas still face fines up to NT$6,000 under a department of environmental protection regulation. However, Taiwanese authorities can be relatively lenient, one veteran police officer stating anonymously, "Unless someone complains about vandalism, we won't get involved. We don't go after it proactively."
In 1993, after several expensive cars in Singapore were spray-painted, the police arrested a student from the Singapore American School, Michael P. Fay, questioned him, and subsequently charged him with vandalism. Fay pleaded guilty to vandalizing a car in addition to stealing road signs. Under the 1966 Vandalism Act of Singapore, originally passed to curb the spread of communist graffiti in Singapore, the court sentenced him to four months in jail, a fine of S$3,500 (US$2,233), and a caning. The New York Times ran several editorials and op-eds that condemned the punishment and called on the American public to flood the Singaporean embassy with protests. Although the Singapore government received many calls for clemency, Fay's caning took place in Singapore on 5 May 1994. Fay had originally received a sentence of six strokes of the cane, but the presiding president of Singapore, Ong Teng Cheong, agreed to reduce his caning sentence to four lashes.
In South Korea, Park Jung-soo was fined two million South Korean won by the Seoul Central District Court for spray-painting a rat on posters of the G-20 Summit a few days before the event in November 2011. Park alleged that the initial in "G-20" sounds like the Korean word for "rat", but Korean government prosecutors alleged that Park was making a derogatory statement about the president of South Korea, Lee Myung-bak, the host of the summit. This case led to public outcry and debate on the lack of government tolerance and in support of freedom of expression. The court ruled that the painting, "an ominous creature like a rat" amounts to "an organized criminal activity" and upheld the fine while denying the prosecution's request for imprisonment for Park.
In Europe, community cleaning squads have responded to graffiti, in some cases with reckless abandon, as when in 1992 in France a local Scout group, attempting to remove modern graffiti, damaged two prehistoric paintings of bison in the Cave of Mayrière supérieure near the French village of Bruniquel in Tarn-et-Garonne, earning them the 1992 Ig Nobel Prize in archeology.
In September 2006, the European Parliament directed the European Commission to create urban environment policies to prevent and eliminate dirt, litter, graffiti, animal excrement, and excessive noise from domestic and vehicular music systems in European cities, along with other concerns over urban life.
In Budapest, Hungary, both a city-backed movement called I Love Budapest and a special police division tackle the problem, including the provision of approved areas.
The Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 became Britain's latest anti-graffiti legislation. In August 2004, the Keep Britain Tidy campaign issued a press release calling for zero tolerance of graffiti and supporting proposals such as issuing "on the spot" fines to graffiti offenders and banning the sale of aerosol paint to anyone under the age of 16. The press release also condemned the use of graffiti images in advertising and in music videos, arguing that real-world experience of graffiti stood far removed from its often-portrayed "cool" or "edgy'" image.
To back the campaign, 123 Members of Parliament (MPs) (including then Prime Minister Tony Blair), signed a charter which stated: "Graffiti is not art, it's crime. On behalf of my constituents, I will do all I can to rid our community of this problem."
In the UK, city councils have the power to take action against the owner of any property that has been defaced under the Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003 (as amended by the Clean Neighbourhoods and Environment Act 2005) or, in certain cases, the Highways Act. This is often used against owners of property that are complacent in allowing protective boards to be defaced so long as the property is not damaged.
In July 2008, a conspiracy charge was used to convict graffitists for the first time. After a three-month police surveillance operation, nine members of the DPM crew were convicted of conspiracy to commit criminal damage costing at least £1 million. Five of them received prison sentences, ranging from eighteen months to two years. The unprecedented scale of the investigation and the severity of the sentences rekindled public debate over whether graffiti should be considered art or crime.
Some councils, like those of Stroud and Loerrach, provide approved areas in the town where graffitists can showcase their talents, including underpasses, car parks, and walls that might otherwise prove a target for the "spray and run".
Graffiti Tunnel, University of Sydney at Camperdown (2009)
In an effort to reduce vandalism, many cities in Australia have designated walls or areas exclusively for use by graffitists. One early example is the "Graffiti Tunnel" located at the Camperdown Campus of the University of Sydney, which is available for use by any student at the university to tag, advertise, poster, and paint. Advocates of this idea suggest that this discourages petty vandalism yet encourages artists to take their time and produce great art, without worry of being caught or arrested for vandalism or trespassing.[108][109] Others disagree with this approach, arguing that the presence of legal graffiti walls does not demonstrably reduce illegal graffiti elsewhere. Some local government areas throughout Australia have introduced "anti-graffiti squads", who clean graffiti in the area, and such crews as BCW (Buffers Can't Win) have taken steps to keep one step ahead of local graffiti cleaners.
Many state governments have banned the sale or possession of spray paint to those under the age of 18 (age of majority). However, a number of local governments in Victoria have taken steps to recognize the cultural heritage value of some examples of graffiti, such as prominent political graffiti. Tough new graffiti laws have been introduced in Australia with fines of up to A$26,000 and two years in prison.
Melbourne is a prominent graffiti city of Australia with many of its lanes being tourist attractions, such as Hosier Lane in particular, a popular destination for photographers, wedding photography, and backdrops for corporate print advertising. The Lonely Planet travel guide cites Melbourne's street as a major attraction. All forms of graffiti, including sticker art, poster, stencil art, and wheatpasting, can be found in many places throughout the city. Prominent street art precincts include; Fitzroy, Collingwood, Northcote, Brunswick, St. Kilda, and the CBD, where stencil and sticker art is prominent. As one moves farther away from the city, mostly along suburban train lines, graffiti tags become more prominent. Many international artists such as Banksy have left their work in Melbourne and in early 2008 a perspex screen was installed to prevent a Banksy stencil art piece from being destroyed, it has survived since 2003 through the respect of local street artists avoiding posting over it, although it has recently had paint tipped over it.
In February 2008 Helen Clark, the New Zealand prime minister at that time, announced a government crackdown on tagging and other forms of graffiti vandalism, describing it as a destructive crime representing an invasion of public and private property. New legislation subsequently adopted included a ban on the sale of paint spray cans to persons under 18 and increases in maximum fines for the offence from NZ$200 to NZ$2,000 or extended community service. The issue of tagging become a widely debated one following an incident in Auckland during January 2008 in which a middle-aged property owner stabbed one of two teenage taggers to death and was subsequently convicted of manslaughter.
Graffiti databases have increased in the past decade because they allow vandalism incidents to be fully documented against an offender and help the police and prosecution charge and prosecute offenders for multiple counts of vandalism. They also provide law enforcement the ability to rapidly search for an offender's moniker or tag in a simple, effective, and comprehensive way. These systems can also help track costs of damage to a city to help allocate an anti-graffiti budget. The theory is that when an offender is caught putting up graffiti, they are not just charged with one count of vandalism; they can be held accountable for all the other damage for which they are responsible. This has two main benefits for law enforcement. One, it sends a signal to the offenders that their vandalism is being tracked. Two, a city can seek restitution from offenders for all the damage that they have committed, not merely a single incident. These systems give law enforcement personnel real-time, street-level intelligence that allows them not only to focus on the worst graffiti offenders and their damage, but also to monitor potential gang violence that is associated with the graffiti.
Many restrictions of civil gang injunctions are designed to help address and protect the physical environment and limit graffiti. Provisions of gang injunctions include things such as restricting the possession of marker pens, spray paint cans, or other sharp objects capable of defacing private or public property; spray painting, or marking with marker pens, scratching, applying stickers, or otherwise applying graffiti on any public or private property, including, but not limited to the street, alley, residences, block walls, and fences, vehicles or any other real or personal property. Some injunctions contain wording that restricts damaging or vandalizing both public and private property, including but not limited to any vehicle, light fixture, door, fence, wall, gate, window, building, street sign, utility box, telephone box, tree, or power pole.
To help address many of these issues, many local jurisdictions have set up graffiti abatement hotlines, where citizens can call in and report vandalism and have it removed. San Diego's hotline receives more than 5,000 calls per year, in addition to reporting the graffiti, callers can learn more about prevention. One of the complaints about these hotlines is the response time; there is often a lag time between a property owner calling about the graffiti and its removal. The length of delay should be a consideration for any jurisdiction planning on operating a hotline. Local jurisdictions must convince the callers that their complaint of vandalism will be a priority and cleaned off right away. If the jurisdiction does not have the resources to respond to complaints in a timely manner, the value of the hotline diminishes. Crews must be able to respond to individual service calls made to the graffiti hotline as well as focus on cleanup near schools, parks, and major intersections and transit routes to have the biggest impact. Some cities offer a reward for information leading to the arrest and prosecution of suspects for tagging or graffiti related vandalism. The amount of the reward is based on the information provided, and the action taken.
When police obtain search warrants in connection with a vandalism investigation, they are often seeking judicial approval to look for items such as cans of spray paint and nozzles from other kinds of aerosol sprays; etching tools, or other sharp or pointed objects, which could be used to etch or scratch glass and other hard surfaces; permanent marking pens, markers, or paint sticks; evidence of membership or affiliation with any gang or tagging crew; paraphernalia including any reference to "(tagger's name)"; any drawings, writing, objects, or graffiti depicting taggers' names, initials, logos, monikers, slogans, or any mention of tagging crew membership; and any newspaper clippings relating to graffiti crime.
This is inspired by some problems that i have, like ear infection always...The doctors think maybe i have a Cholesteatoma.
So i have often health problems so i'm feeling old and rusty..
20 Home Remedies to Beat Menstrual Problems Naturally! Read More - www.beautyglimpse.com/20-home-remedies-to-beat-menstrual-...
One major problem with minilathes -- when making a cut, the tool holder may drift along the x or y axes. Nicer lathes include a locking mechanism to prevent this sort of drift, and so I've added them to my minilathe.
Added a lock screw to the X-axis.
I drilled and tapped a 1/4-28 hole in just the right place. When I tighten this set screw, it presses against the X-ways, so that the tool holder will not drift along the X-axis.
Read more: www.cheaphack.net/2008/11/modding-my-minilathe-adding-loc...
Root Canal Treatment is a very crucial treatment in dentistry. This treatment seals off the root canal. You need an expert and experienced dentist to treat this problem efficiently. And Maribyrnong Dentist are efficient enough to perform this treatment properly.
For More Details Please Visit Us At:- mooneevaledental.com.au/
"If you have a marketing problem staring you in the face, call us."
Poster Illustration
Agency: Sullivan Hass Cole
Art Director: Jerry Sullivan
Illustration © 1997 Bill Mayer
I never wanted to be a fireman, but if I had, I think I'd rather have been a cool one, in Trumpton, than a cheesy Hollywood one in Backdraft.
I think I've solved the mystery of Kidderminster and why it is like it is. I don't have any problem in getting my hands dirty and ruffling a few feathers occasionally, so playing with stuff like depth psychology, for example, isn't a problem. The advertising industry are quick enough to use it, so why shouldn't I, so long as I don't end up doing to people and places what they're clearly capable of doing.
But now that I think I understand Kidderminster and the people, here, miles better, I can pull back from thinking so hard about the place and its culture. Probably wise, as well. It's hard to imagine keeping on thinking the type of stuff I think you need to think to figure some things out. And now that's done and the fire I had to go into is out, I can chill a bit and even empathise to a certain extent with the situation and the people here and maybe just let it be.
It is a mess, this town, and that mess runs pretty deep, but I think I've got a good idea what could fix it. The problem I knew before I even started playing this latest game of 'reform or die' is that not enough people here would even begin to listen to me, anyway, I don't think, especially not in the long-term, when you think of information, networks and power, in context.
Officials in the town, then, think that the culture and mindset here haven't progressed since the 1500s. I can't verify that, but I do get a sense, after really thinking hard about the issues around the town, that these issues have been around for a long time and will probably continue for a long time.
I met Rob in a pub across town. Rob was into sociology and psychology in the 80s. He really believed in making a difference, back then, as a few of us did who went into education. He was a great guy, a really great guy. Today, I spoke with him and I realised that while he's still a good guy in many ways, he's not the Rob I knew in the 80s. Our minds and our eyes didn't connect as much as they once did. Nowhere near. You might say 'that's life', but it's not. It's the result of a bullshit mainstream culture that doesn't value life as it should.
Take my former friend. He recently came to Nero's trying, yet again, his evident skills at misinformation and manipulation, trying hard to make them work so he doesn't face up to the man he's been for a long time. This guy's got a supposed passion for open source software and a picture by his fireplace of Fonda and Hopper in their prime in Easy Rider. I think he's the biggest fraud I've ever met, by a long stretch, a disturbing character, now. The lies are so tragic.
But there's a story. Isn't there ever? It's a story I can't tell here, but, in Nero's, I looked as deep as I could into his eyes and I knew, that the friend I'd had since my teenage years wasn't there any more. The personality he once had was effectively dead. Pretty shocking experience, but evidence from elsewhere in the community is compelling and quite a few people talk about how there's something very wrong about this guy that points to an individual who surrounds himself with a myth while he'll almost certainly try anything he can, like people have confirmed he has done to me before, to simply avoid admitting what he's become. And he'll try to do it at my expense, partly because I confronted and exposed him.
Even though it's a painful experience, it's a good one, that, in a way, in seeing self-interest at perhaps one of its extremes, demonstrating what unscrupulous people can do with information and networks for what ends. That said, you've still got to try to get your head around that especially when you lose people in such ways. Such knowledge can have a big influence in your own psychosocial well-being. That situation will continue, but I understand it and I can deal with his behaviour unless he incites people to violence. I don't rule it out, but I'm not going to let that worry me, because there's nothing I could do about it, anyway. If it happens, it happens, sort of thing. It's just part and parcel of having once had a friend who's become something I don't particularly want to remember.
I expect many of the dramas in Kidderminster to continue. Just because, like with my former friend, I think I have a level of understanding of this town that's comprehensive and accurate, partly because I put the effort in to actually find out stuff and think effectively about it, that doesn't solve the problems of this town. Nowhere near.
There's probably loads of ways to look at a solution to put the main fires out in Kidderminster. I think the one that really takes out the problem is to get people to understand who they are in context and understand their environment in context. There's complications in achieving that, but they're not insurmountable. I've done it and, partly because I'm not perfect, I think if I can do it, pretty much everyone can, with the right information, communicstion and relationships. I'm certain that you can forget the other proposed solutions you hear off many people, or have them as icing on the cake, but let people find themselves beneath all the layers of bullshit in themselves and their environment and the rest will pretty much click into place, because really, really deep down, beneath all the psychosocial and cultural problems I can see in too many people, if you can get people to their core, you'll win them over.
That might never happen. I think mainstream culture has a lot to do with that and I'm sure that an effective social media strategy can be designed to tap into that.
But many people, I think, are also scared of examining themselves, partly because there's so much to prevent us from seeing ourselves in context, partly because no-one has attempted to really tell people the truth about how the mind can work in the face of it all and that it can be all cool if you really think about it.
I'm sure that'd have a knock-on effect, too. Sometimes, I'm pissed off and I can waste no time telling people they're thick. But I'm certain that this thickness is mainly down to people not being able to reach their full potential because the bullshit can so easily get in the way. That, compounded by so many factors in mainstream culture is what needs to be looked at.
So, I think I've slain the Jabberwock in Salem, the main fire is out in Kidderminster and I'm all cool again, till my next mission, whatever that is. You never know what's coming next, but whatever comes next in this town, I know, if I so choose, I can see and place it in the broader context it needs to be seen in. So, maybe I really will, now, have the ability to enjoy my coffee and fag at Caffe-Fucking-Nero, even though it's easily the craziest and most bizarre place I have ever been.
Be careful out there...
Please report this problem as :
Loader error 3.
Please contact your support person to report this problem. ( ^_^ yo soy "my support person)
Para solucionarlo:
support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;812450
la liga anterior me sugiere (opte por la reparacion manual y la rapida pero ninguna funciono):
These photos were taken by me David Cameron on my own time at my own expense to which I alone pay to host these images here on flickr and to which I wasn’t paid like all the volunteers who help around the scheme, where each and everyone with their own life experiences, miseries, health problems, likes and dislikes. I could write a book on Nicola sturgeon and the hatred I have for this woman who attacks mine and “your free speech”, like her SNP zealots that when they hear another life point of view, run off and grass you you up to facebook in the hope they can get you band for your right to a different point of view, just to make sure their brown shirt fascist leader Isn’t criticised for her failing.
Now I listened to the people about their disgust at this SNP run Renfrewshire council’s theft of piles of wood, yet neglecting the endless trash and all their other garbage they have neglected resulting in the locals cleaning it all up by themselves. Then the council came mob handed along with the cops and stole what was supposed to be a Childs bonfire night. To which many slagged “stole a childs bonfire” statement I made like that wasn’t what happened, but who else was this nights event for if not for the kids. So it’s we who should scorn your comments and more so did you see the fireworks or witness the theft of the wood and all the coppers that your armchair opinion should matter….
So the snp zealots went to town over my first post and never gave me time to post the scoop shot of the night as It was late and It was bed time. Well I took a photo last night of the cops in a packed van were at least two of them were un and partially unmasked and not social distancing… The whole point was Nicola Sturgeon has imposed lockdown, band our freedom of movement, forced many into masks and she is using her police force to impose these acts of law on we the people whose common law rights are all being violatd. And here was a bunch of cops who the day before helped remove wood that doesn’t belong to them and could have had other uses planned for and they never gave the people the chance to move it. So that alone breach common law and fall under theft. And here where her jackboot thugs turning up in vans without masks flouting the very laws you are expected to follow… But no snp zealot outcry over that MAJOR GAFF as that would show descent in the snp ranks and god forbid we should criticise her.
I hereby state Nocola Sturgeon and her justice minister are racists who discriminate against my religion, my health problems and their brand new hate law is an attack on my 30 years Scottish religion and a crime of hate…. This folks is why I truly hate this woman I once voted for and even shot out in Johnston. But I did that as professional and said nothing of politics yet she enters into my Scottish region world and pissed all over it “the spirit of Scotland remembrance project” and that’s a racist hate crime..
In saying that a few shots are out of focus as it`s not easy shooting into the dark or at low shutter speeds, but since you got it all for free, you can’t complain.. Plus if you don’t like my politics don’t download them or have them as a reminder they where taken by someone politics differ from yours. Where I shoot everyone regardless of their politics, funny that give my religion promotes free fucking speech while the snp zealots are taking yours Scotland and without free speech you`ll never be independent or free.
By the way visit my google page and leave a star or two like my photos they are free…
Made using:
- Nvidia Ansel
- ReShade with my own settings
Mods:
-No Dirty Lens Effect by RumenWest
-High Quality Faces by Holgar96
-Increased LOD by sjbox
-Real Witcher Eyes - Geralt by CurtiSRustY (Real Hunter Eyes)
-The Witcher 3 HD Reworked Project by Halk Hogan PL
-Remove Screen Water Droplets Effect by FPSRazR
Meet Bambi, the Pitbull. She is the one of the most gentle dogs I've ever known and she is our "grand-doggy." A number of years ago our son went to an outdoor "Adopt a Pet" event. He had set up a booth to help out with no intention of adopting a pet himself. However, Bambi was one of the "mascot pets" that weekend and was allowed to roam free. She made her way over to our son, began wagging her tail, whimpering, and licking his hand when he petted her. The rest is history....Bambi went home with our son and now has a happy life. She is old, has a hip problem, so really doesn't like to walk far, but loves car rides. Our son bought a doggie ramp so that she can get into his truck with ease and then they go crusin' all around town!
digg.com/newsbar/topnews/business_voip_1
f you are using a VoIP phone system, there is a good chance you have experienced poor call quality. This article discusses the causes of VoIP call quality problems and what you can do to correct them.
The causes of poor quality VoIP calls are easy to diagnose and correct. Your VoIP Service Provider should be able to identify and work with you to correct these problems. More importantly, these problems should not be ongoing. If your VoIP Service Provider is unable to correct your call quality problems, you need to find a different provider.
The Solution: Prioritize
Prioritizing VoIP traffic over the network yields latency and jitter improvements. Policy based network management, bandwidth reservation, Type of Service, Class of Service, and Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) are all widely used techniques for prioritizing VoIP traffic. A quality VoIP router can solve many of these issues and will result in business quality VoIP service
3. The Problem: Poor Internet Connection
Most ISP’s are designed for web surfing and not VoIP. Transporting voice packets is different and requires an additional set of internet protocols that your ISP may not be providing.
The brake caliper runs too low relative to the rim and tire. With 21mm tubulars, it clears. With these 26mm clinchers, not so much
Young man caught in the act of intimidating a guest of the photographer who promptly took his flash photo and demanded that he make amends starting now. Miami, Fl
Top Team Vietnam’s problem solving games provide an experience in dealing with problem analysis and competition among teams which have to identify, define or scope a problem or opportunity and come up with options and alternatives and choose the most suitable one, define action steps, allocate tasks and develop a follow-up or control mechanism to achieve the tasks within a given time.
*****
In Top Team Vietnam’s cooperative games on the other hand marks are awarded for measurable achievements plus performance as a team (using criteria such as cooperation within team, listening to each other’s ideas and opinions, level of participation of all individual team members etc.)
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An event by Top Team Vietnam (see www.topteam.co) In Phan Thiet for the American International School, organized by Singapore-based Transinex Travel & Tours
Divorce problem solutionssolutions will help you to solve your marriage relations problem and help you to make your relationship stronger.
Gente vcs lembram que dois esmaltes meus vieram com problema??? Pra quem não viu aqui ta o link www.flickr.com/photos/kassia_affeldt/4710914906/ www.flickr.com/photos/kassia_affeldt/4709485587/ , então eu mandei um e-mail pra hits logo depois d ocorrido e eles me pediram o nome da loja que me vendeu pq é a loja que ta fazendo isso com os pincéis pra ser melhor pra nail art, mas eles pediram pra loja para de fazer isso, agora se vão para eu não sei.
Ai onte chegou esse pacote com 3 pincéis novinhos (precisava só de 2) e me mandaram tbm um esmalte, o 682 da nova coleção deles. Preciso dizer que adorei o atendimento deles???
Obrigada Hits, sempre resolvendo os problemas (pelo menos todos os que eu tive, foram solucionados!)
Beijoos meninas!
Edit: meninas que forem fazer alguma reclamação/sugestão/dúvida com a Speciallita, utilizem esse e-mail sac.virtual@speciallita.com.br, somente neste eles respondem, ou utilizem o telefone que está no site.
Beijos
Maggie had managed to hurt herself again. Late summer she tore a hole in her leg escaping the backyard with a 6ft fence. This time she split a nail all the way up to the toe. They had to cut off the nail at the toe.
Bandage, some pain meds and the cone of shame again lol
For this project, we were asked to make a poster that is based on a problem we have in society. For this project, i chose waste manegment and recycling. I believe that this topic as many different ways of effected our world. It has become more and more of a problem as we have grown and evolved. People have stopped caring about their environment . This has made a huge impact on our society and that is why i chose this topic for the project. I triednot to edit much of the photos because i believe that this project should be more organic due to the title of it.
for my first photo, i chose to take a picture of two different types of trashcans. Although this picture is simple, it shows how WM is trying to get people to put their trash in the right place. The black represents recycling while the other means other waste. This is important because it makes people more aware of where they are putting their trash.
For my second photo, i took a picture of a recycling only can. People should be more aware of where they are putting their the trash away. Once the world begins to realize these small signals, it will become extremely cleaner and refreshing environment. I took this photo in my backyard where all of my trashcans are.
In my third photo, I took a photo of a water label. I thought this was a good photo to add to my poster because it has recycling labeled all over it. Everywhere you look on anything you eat out of or drink is trying to compel people to be more aware to recycle things. I took this photo in my backyard among other recycled bottles.
For my Fourth photo, i took a picture of another recycling bin. I tried to put a lot of emphasis on another problem we find everyday. When a bin says recycle only you do not put your waste in there. It goes the other way as well. you should only put your bottles in the recycling bins because than they go to waste.when you put a bottle in the waste you are giving up on your own world.I took this photo at Calabasas Highschool.
In my fifth photo, i took a picture of a clothing and shoes collecting bin. Recycling comes in many different ways. One of these many ways is in giving back to your communtity by giving your old items of clothing to the less of the community. This goes into recyling in many ways. if you throw it in the trash it goes and adds more pollution to our society. What if you could give an old sweater to a child freezing in the winter?
For my sixth photo, i took another picture of a waste trashcan. This again goes with the same as picture number four. When there is a waste trashcan, people should not put bottles and or other recycables in it. It is very detrimental to the earths waste and adds even more waste to what we could have used it for.
For my seventh photo, i took a typical pictures of the cap from starbucks. You probably did not know but, even starbucks is trying to advertise the importance of recycling. If you look closely at the picture i took, you see that there is a recycling sign on the cap of every single drink. I can say that since this project i have never noticed, but now i am going to pay more attention when im sipping on my drink. Recycle it after! It is not hard.
For my eighth photo, i took another photo of the different colors of trashcans. I wanted to put more of an emphasize on the importance of putting your trash in the right place at home so we do not pollute even more. I believe in the importance of watching where you put things even in the comfort of your own home.
For my ninth photo,i took a picture of the labeling for WM. These are the people who pollute the earth with everything we are trying to avoid, they are the trash people that come all the time and pick up you trash. One thing they do that kid sand adults rarely do? They take the time to split every single water bottle thrown in the trash. They work extra hours trying to fix the messes we create for them. Half the time, they cant get everything. We could help the out by doing it on our own.
For my tenth photo, i saw on my way in from school. I saw that someone just left their starbucks on the floor. I believe that this is unacceptable because of the immense amount of recycling bins their are around school . Instead of taking the time to put it in there, they litered it and let it on the floor. this made me very upset because people did not take the time help out the world by taking one more step. I added a little bit of saturation to this photo to bring our the color of the drink inside the cup.
For my next photo, i took a picture of the sign for recycling . Just to make people more aware of it. I decided to take a big picture so people know what to look for when they want to know if it is recycable. I did not do much to the photo. i brightned bit a little and tried to bring out the whites so that the sign would be a little bit more obvious.
For my 12 photo, i took a picture of a liquids only bin. this is to recycle liquids. I bet you didnt think that was a real thing but it is. anything that you can recycle, people try to take advantage of it. i did not have to alot of things to this photo. i brightned it and added some contrast and saturation.
For my 13 photo, i took a picture of a water bottle. this bottle represents more than what it looks like. in the backround, there are plants and gravel. this is only possible if we recycle and do not pollute our world. i like the depth of field on this photo.
For my final photo, i took a photo of another bin. Just capturing more of the reason why i chose this topic. On this photo i added more sturation to bring out the green in the photo. i also added contrast to bring out the sign more on the photo.
Overall this project taught me alot about recycling. If i could o something better on this project, i wouldve liked to go to a waste to place to show people the real assfetcts of waste. i had alot of fun doing this project.
Is this going to be a problem? One of the edges has been broken of. Well, at least the missing part isn't doing anymore damage inside the hub!