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The good stuff runs under cloud cover too. Here, the former SOO 6009, now working as a lease unit for CEFX, heads south down the Marion Branch at the north end of Leesburg with a 61N grain empty.
The Soyuz rocket fairing being adorned with the MetOp-C sticker. The MetOp-C satellite will form part of the Eumetsat Polar System. MetOp-C is the last in the current series of MetOp satellites, following on from MetOp-A and MetOp-B, which were launched in 2006 and 2012, respectively. Launching the satellites sequentially ensures continuous observations of a host of atmospheric variables such as temperature, humidity, trace gases, ozone, and wind speed over the ocean. These data are used mainly for numerical weather prediction – the basis for weather forecasting. The satellites have all been developed by ESA under a cooperation agreement for the space segment of the Eumetsat Polar System. This system is Europe’s contribution to a multi-satellite system shared with the US NOAA agency.
Credits: ESA/CNES/Arianespace
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aswan_Dam
The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is the world's largest embankment dam, which was built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970. Its significance largely eclipsed the previous Aswan Low Dam initially completed in 1902 downstream. Based on the success of the Low Dam, then at its maximum utilization, construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952; with its ability to better control flooding, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity, the dam was seen as pivotal to Egypt's planned industrialization. Like the earlier implementation, the High Dam has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt.
Before the High Dam was built, even with the old dam in place, the annual flooding of the Nile during late summer had continued to pass largely unimpeded down the valley from its East African drainage basin. These floods brought high water with natural nutrients and minerals that annually enriched the fertile soil along its floodplain and delta; this predictability had made the Nile valley ideal for farming since ancient times. However, this natural flooding varied, since high-water years could destroy the whole crop, while low-water years could create widespread drought and consequently famine. Both these events had continued to occur periodically. As Egypt's population grew and technology increased, both a desire and the ability developed to completely control the flooding, and thus both protect and support farmland and its economically important cotton crop. With the greatly increased reservoir storage provided by the High Aswan Dam, the floods could be controlled and the water could be stored for later release over multiple years.
The Aswan Dam was designed by the Moscow-based Hydroproject Institute.
The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in the West) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam. His field work convinced him of the impracticality of this scheme.
The British began construction of the first dam across the Nile in 1898. Construction lasted until 1902 and the dam was opened on 10 December 1902. The project was designed by Sir William Willcocks and involved several eminent engineers, including Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Aird, whose firm, John Aird & Co., was the main contractor.
In 1952, the Greek-Egyptian engineer Adrian Daninos began to develop the plan of the new Aswan Dam. Although the Low Dam was almost overtopped in 1946, the government of King Farouk showed no interest in Daninos's plans. Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst was favored, which proposed to store water in Sudan and Ethiopia, where evaporation is much lower. The Egyptian position changed completely after the overthrow of the monarchy, led by the Free Officers Movement including Gamal Abdel Nasser. The Free Officers were convinced that the Nile Waters had to be stored in Egypt for political reasons, and within two months, the plan of Daninos was accepted. Initially, both the United States and the USSR were interested in helping development of the dam. Complications ensued due to their rivalry during the Cold War, as well as growing intra-Arab tensions.
In 1955, Nasser was claiming to be the leader of Arab nationalism, in opposition to the traditional monarchies, especially the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq following its signing of the 1955 Baghdad Pact. At that time the U.S. feared that communism would spread to the Middle East, and it saw Nasser as a natural leader of an anticommunist procapitalist Arab League. America and the United Kingdom offered to help finance construction of the High Dam, with a loan of $270 million, in return for Nasser's leadership in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. While opposed to communism, capitalism, and imperialism, Nasser identified as a tactical neutralist, and sought to work with both the U.S. and the USSR for Egyptian and Arab benefit.[8] After the UN criticized a raid by Israel against Egyptian forces in Gaza in 1955, Nasser realized that he could not portray himself as the leader of pan-Arab nationalism if he could not defend his country militarily against Israel. In addition to his development plans, he looked to quickly modernize his military, and he turned first to the U.S. for aid.
American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and President Dwight Eisenhower told Nasser that the U.S. would supply him with weapons only if they were used for defensive purposes and if he accepted American military personnel for supervision and training. Nasser did not accept these conditions, and consulted the USSR for support.
Although Dulles believed that Nasser was only bluffing and that the USSR would not aid Nasser, he was wrong: the USSR promised Nasser a quantity of arms in exchange for a deferred payment of Egyptian grain and cotton. On 27 September 1955, Nasser announced an arms deal, with Czechoslovakia acting as a middleman for the Soviet support. Instead of attacking Nasser for turning to the Soviets, Dulles sought to improve relations with him. In December 1955, the US and the UK pledged $56 and $14 million, respectively, toward construction of the High Aswan Dam.
Though the Czech arms deal created an incentive for the US to invest at Aswan, the UK cited the deal as a reason for repealing its promise of dam funds. Dulles was angered more by Nasser's diplomatic recognition of China, which was in direct conflict with Dulles's policy of containment of communism.
Several other factors contributed to the US deciding to withdraw its offer of funding for the dam. Dulles believed that the USSR would not fulfil its commitment of military aid. He was also irritated by Nasser's neutrality and attempts to play both sides of the Cold War. At the time, other Western allies in the Middle East, including Turkey and Iraq, were resentful that Egypt, a persistently neutral country, was being offered so much aid.
In June 1956, the Soviets offered Nasser $1.12 billion at 2% interest for the construction of the dam. On 19 July the U.S. State Department announced that American financial assistance for the High Dam was "not feasible in present circumstances."
On 26 July 1956, with wide Egyptian acclaim, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal that included fair compensation for the former owners. Nasser planned on the revenues generated by the canal to help fund construction of the High Dam. When the Suez War broke out, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel seized the canal and the Sinai. But pressure from the U.S. and the USSR at the United Nations and elsewhere forced them to withdraw.
In 1958, the USSR proceeded to provide support for the High Dam project.
In the 1950s, archaeologists began raising concerns that several major historical sites, including the famous temple of Abu Simbel were about to be submerged by waters collected behind the dam. A rescue operation began in 1960 under UNESCO
Despite its size, the Aswan project has not materially hurt the Egyptian balance of payments. The three Soviet credits covered virtually all of the project's foreign exchange requirements, including the cost of technical services, imported power generating and transmission equipment and some imported equipment for land reclamation. Egypt was not seriously burdened by payments on the credits, most of which were extended for 12 years with interest at the very low rate of 2-1/2%. Repayments to the USSR constituted only a small net drain during the first half of the 1960s, and increased export earnings derived from crops grown on newly reclaimed land have largely offset the modest debt service payments in recent years. During 1965–70, these export earnings amounted to an estimated $126 million, compared with debt service payments of $113 million.
A central pylon of the monument to Arab-Soviet Friendship. The memorial commemorates the completion of the Aswan High Dam. The coat of arms of the Soviet Union is on the left and the coat of arms of Egypt is on the right.
The Soviets also provided technicians and heavy machinery. The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroproject Institute along with some Egyptian engineers. 25,000 Egyptian engineers and workers contributed to the construction of the dams.
Originally designed by West German and French engineers in the early 1950s and slated for financing with Western credits, the Aswan High Dam became the USSR's largest and most famous foreign aid project after the United States, the United Kingdom, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) withdrew their support in 1956. The first Soviet loan of $100 million to cover construction of coffer dams for diversion of the Nile was extended in 1958. An additional $225 million was extended in 1960 to complete the dam and construct power-generating facilities, and subsequently about $100 million was made available for land reclamation. These credits of some $425 million covered only the foreign exchange costs of the project, including salaries of Soviet engineers who supervised the project and were responsible for the installation and testing of Soviet equipment. Actual construction, which began in 1960, was done by Egyptian companies on contract to the High Dam Authority, and all domestic costs were borne by the Egyptians. Egyptian participation in the venture has raised the construction industry's capacity and reputation significantly.
On the Egyptian side, the project was led by Osman Ahmed Osman's Arab Contractors. The relatively young Osman underbid his only competitor by one-half.
1960: Start of construction on 9 January
1964: First dam construction stage completed, reservoir started filling
1970: The High Dam, as-Sad al-'Aali, completed on 21 July[18]
1976: Reservoir reached capacity.
Specifications
The Aswan High Dam is 3,830 metres (12,570 ft) long, 980 m (3,220 ft) wide at the base, 40 m (130 ft) wide at the crest and 111 m (364 ft)[ tall. It contains 43,000,000 cubic metres (56,000,000 cu yd) of material. At maximum, 11,000 cubic metres per second (390,000 cu ft/s) of water can pass through the dam. There are further emergency spillways for an extra 5,000 cubic metres per second (180,000 cu ft/s), and the Toshka Canal links the reservoir to the Toshka Depression. The reservoir, named Lake Nasser, is 500 km (310 mi) long[20] and 35 km (22 mi) at its widest, with a surface area of 5,250 square kilometres (2,030 sq mi). It holds 132 cubic kilometres (1.73×1011 cu yd) of water.
Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation. With irrigation, two crops per year can be produced, except for sugar cane which has a growing period of almost one year.
The high dam at Aswan releases, on average, 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft) water per year, of which some 46 cubic kilometres (37,000,000 acre⋅ft) are diverted into the irrigation canals.
In the Nile valley and delta, almost 336,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) benefit from these waters producing on average 1.8 crops per year. The annual crop consumptive use of water is about 38 cubic kilometres (31,000,000 acre⋅ft). Hence, the overall irrigation efficiency is 38/46 = 0.826 or 83%. This is a relatively high irrigation efficiency. The field irrigation efficiencies are much less, but the losses are reused downstream. This continuous reuse accounts for the high overall efficiency.
The following table shows the distribution of irrigation water over the branch canals taking off from the one main irrigation canal, the Mansuriya Canal near Giza.
Branch canalWater delivery in m3/feddan *
Kafret Nasser4,700
Beni Magdul3,500
El Mansuria3,300
El Hammami upstream2,800
El Hammami downstream1,800
El Shimi1,200
* Period 1 March to 31 July. 1 feddan is 0.42 ha or about 1 acre.
* Data from the Egyptian Water Use Management Project (EWUP)
The salt concentration of the water in the Aswan reservoir is about 0.25 kilograms per cubic metre (0.42 lb/cu yd), a very low salinity level. At an annual inflow of 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft), the annual salt influx reaches 14 million tons. The average salt concentration of the drainage water evacuated into the sea and the coastal lakes is 2.7 kilograms per cubic metre (4.6 lb/cu yd). At an annual discharge of 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) (not counting the 2 kilograms per cubic metre [3.4 lb/cu yd] of salt intrusion from the sea and the lakes, see figure "Water balances"), the annual salt export reaches 27 million ton. In 1995, the output of salt was higher than the influx, and Egypt's agricultural lands were desalinizing. Part of this could be due to the large number of subsurface drainage projects executed in the last decades to control the water table and soil salinity.
Drainage through subsurface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from waterlogging and soil salinization caused by irrigation. By 2003, more than 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) have been equipped with a subsurface drainage system and approximately 7.2 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi) of water is drained annually from areas with these systems. The total investment cost in agricultural drainage over 27 years from 1973 to 2002 was about $3.1 billion covering the cost of design, construction, maintenance, research and training. During this period 11 large-scale projects were implemented with financial support from World Bank and other donors.
Effects
The High Dam has resulted in protection from floods and droughts, an increase in agricultural production and employment, electricity production, and improved navigation that also benefits tourism. Conversely, the dam flooded a large area, causing the relocation of over 100,000 people. Many archaeological sites were submerged while others were relocated. The dam is blamed for coastline erosion, soil salinity, and health problems.
The assessment of the costs and benefits of the dam remains controversial decades after its completion. According to one estimate, the annual economic benefit of the High Dam immediately after its completion was LE 255 million, $587 million using the exchange rate in 1970 of $2.30 per LE 1): LE 140 million from agricultural production, LE 100 million from hydroelectric generation, LE 10 million from flood protection, and LE 5 million from improved navigation. At the time of its construction, total cost, including unspecified "subsidiary projects" and the extension of electric power lines, amounted to LE 450 million. Not taking into account the negative environmental and social effects of the dam, its costs are thus estimated to have been recovered within only two years. One observer notes: "The impacts of the Aswan High Dam have been overwhelmingly positive. Although the Dam has contributed to some environmental problems, these have proved to be significantly less severe than was generally expected, or currently believed by many people." Another observer disagreed and he recommended that the dam should be torn down. Tearing it down would cost only a fraction of the funds required for "continually combating the dam's consequential damage" and 500,000 hectares (1,900 sq mi) of fertile land could be reclaimed from the layers of mud on the bed of the drained reservoir. Samuel C. Florman wrote about the dam: "As a structure it is a success. But in its effect on the ecology of the Nile Basin – most of which could have been predicted – it is a failure".
Periodic floods and droughts have affected Egypt since ancient times. The dam mitigated the effects of floods, such as those in 1964, 1973, and 1988. Navigation along the river has been improved, both upstream and downstream of the dam. Sailing along the Nile is a favorite tourism activity, which is mainly done during the winter when the natural flow of the Nile would have been too low to allow navigation of cruise ships.[clarification needed] A new fishing industry has been created around Lake Nasser, though it is struggling due to its distance from any significant markets. The annual production was about 35 000 tons in the mid-1990s. Factories for the fishing industry and packaging have been set up near the Lake.
According to a 1971 CIA declassified report, Although the High Dam has not created ecological problems as serious as some observers have charged, its construction has brought economic losses as well as gains. These losses derive largely from the settling in dam's lake of the rich silt traditionally borne by the Nile. To date (1971), the main impact has been on the fishing industry. Egypt's Mediterranean catch, which once averaged 35,000-40,000 tons annually, has shrunk to 20,000 tons or less, largely because the loss of plankton nourished by the silt has eliminated the sardine population in Egyptian waters. Fishing in high dam's lake may in time at least partly offset the loss of saltwater fish, but only the most optimistic estimates place the eventual catch as high as 15,000-20,000 tons. Lack of continuing silt deposits at the mouth of the river also has contributed to a serious erosion problem. Commercial fertilizer requirements and salination and drainage difficulties, already large in perennially irrigated areas of Lower and Middle Egypt, will be somewhat increased in Upper Egypt by the change to perennial irrigation.
The dams also protected Egypt from the droughts in 1972–73 and 1983–87 that devastated East and West Africa. The High Dam allowed Egypt to reclaim about 2.0 million feddan (840,000 hectares) in the Nile Delta and along the Nile Valley, increasing the country's irrigated area by a third. The increase was brought about both by irrigating what used to be desert and by bringing under cultivation of 385,000 hectares (950,000 acres) that were previously used as flood retention basins. About half a million families were settled on these new lands. In particular the area under rice and sugar cane cultivation increased. In addition, about 1 million feddan (420,000 hectares), mostly in Upper Egypt, were converted from flood irrigation with only one crop per year to perennial irrigation allowing two or more crops per year. On other previously irrigated land, yields increased because water could be made available at critical low-flow periods. For example, wheat yields in Egypt tripled between 1952 and 1991 and better availability of water contributed to this increase. Most of the 32 km3 of freshwater, or almost 40 percent of the average flow of the Nile that were previously lost to the sea every year could be put to beneficial use. While about 10 km3 of the water saved is lost due to evaporation in Lake Nasser, the amount of water available for irrigation still increased by 22 km3. Other estimates put evaporation from Lake Nasser at between 10 and 16 cubic km per year.
Electricity production
The dam powers twelve generators each rated at 175 megawatts (235,000 hp), with a total of 2.1 gigawatts (2,800,000 hp). Power generation began in 1967. When the High Dam first reached peak output it produced around half of Egypt's production of electric power (about 15 percent by 1998), and it gave most Egyptian villages the use of electricity for the first time. The High Dam has also improved the efficiency and the extension of the Old Aswan Hydropower stations by regulating upstream flows.
All High Dam power facilities were completed ahead of schedule. 12 turbines were installed and tested, giving the plant an installed capacity of 2,100 megawatts (MW), or more than twice the national total in 1960. With this capacity, the Aswan plant can produce 10 billion kWh of energy yearly. Two 500-kilovolt trunk lines to Cairo have been completed, and initial transmission problems, stemming mainly from poor insulators, were solved. Also, the damage inflicted on a main transformer station in 1968 by Israeli commandos has been repaired, and the Aswan plant is fully integrated with the power network in Lower Egypt. By 1971 estimation, Power output at Aswan, won't reach much more than half of the plant's theoretical capacity, because of limited water supplies and the differing seasonal water-use patterns for irrigation and power production. Agricultural demand for water in the summer far exceeds the amount needed to meet the comparatively low summer demand for electric power. Heavy summer irrigation use, however, will leave insufficient water under Egyptian control to permit hydroelectric power production at full capacity in the winter. Technical studies indicate that a maximum annual output of 5 billion kWh appears to be all that can be sustained due to fluctuations in Nile flows.
Resettlement and compensations
In Sudan, 50,000 to 70,000 Sudanese Nubians were moved from the old town of Wadi Halfa and its surrounding villages. Some were moved to a newly created settlement on the shore of Lake Nasser called New Wadi Halfa, and some were resettled approximately 700 kilometres (430 mi) south to the semi-arid Butana plain near the town of Khashm el-Girba up the Atbara River. The climate there had a regular rainy season as opposed to their previous desert habitat in which virtually no rain fell. The government developed an irrigation project, called the New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme to grow cotton, grains, sugar cane and other crops. The Nubians were resettled in twenty five planned villages that included schools, medical facilities, and other services, including piped water and some electrification.
In Egypt, the majority of the 50,000 Nubians were moved three to ten kilometers from the Nile near Edna and Kom Ombo, 45 kilometers (28 mi) downstream from Aswan in what was called "New Nubia". Housing and facilities were built for 47 village units whose relationship to each other approximated that in Old Nubia. Irrigated land was provided to grow mainly sugar cane.
In 2019–20, Egypt started to compensate the Nubians who lost their homes following the dam impoundment.
Archaeological sites
Twenty-two monuments and architectural complexes that were threatened by flooding from Lake Nasser, including the Abu Simbel temples, were preserved by moving them to the shores of the lake under the UNESCO Nubia Campaign. Also moved were Philae, Kalabsha and Amada.
These monuments were granted to countries that helped with the works:
The Debod temple to Madrid
The Temple of Dendur to the Metropolitan Museum of Art of New York
The Temple of Taffeh to the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden of Leiden
The Temple of Ellesyia to the Museo Egizio of Turin
These items were removed to the garden area of the Sudan National Museum of Khartoum:
The temple of Ramses II at Aksha
The temple of Hatshepsut at Buhen
The temple of Khnum at Kumma
The tomb of the Nubian prince Djehuti-hotep at Debeira
The temples of Dedwen and Sesostris III at Semna
The granite columns from the Faras Cathedral
A part of the paintings of the Faras Cathedral; the other part is in the National Museum of Warsaw.
The Temple of Ptah at Gerf Hussein had its free-standing section reconstructed at New Kalabsha, alongside the Temple of Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, and the Kiosk of Qertassi.
The remaining archaeological sites, including the Buhen fort and the cemetery of Fadrus have been flooded by Lake Nasser.
Loss of sediments
Before the construction of the High Dam, the Nile deposited sediments of various particle size – consisting of fine sand, silt and clay – on fields in Upper Egypt through its annual flood, contributing to soil fertility. However, the nutrient value of the sediment has often been overestimated. 88 percent of the sediment was carried to the sea before the construction of the High Dam. The nutrient value added to the land by the sediment was only 6,000 tons of potash, 7,000 tons of phosphorus pentoxide and 17,000 tons of nitrogen. These amounts are insignificant compared to what is needed to reach the yields achieved today in Egypt's irrigation. Also, the annual spread of sediment due to the Nile floods occurred along the banks of the Nile. Areas far from the river which never received the Nile floods before are now being irrigated.
A more serious issue of trapping of sediment by the dam is that it has increased coastline erosion surrounding the Nile Delta. The coastline erodes an estimated 125–175 m (410–574 ft) per year.
Waterlogging and increase in soil salinity
Before the construction of the High Dam, groundwater levels in the Nile Valley fluctuated 8–9 m (26–30 ft) per year with the water level of the Nile. During summer when evaporation was highest, the groundwater level was too deep to allow salts dissolved in the water to be pulled to the surface through capillary action. With the disappearance of the annual flood and heavy year-round irrigation, groundwater levels remained high with little fluctuation leading to waterlogging. Soil salinity also increased because the distance between the surface and the groundwater table was small enough (1–2 m depending on soil conditions and temperature) to allow water to be pulled up by evaporation so that the relatively small concentrations of salt in the groundwater accumulated on the soil surface over the years. Since most of the farmland did not have proper subsurface drainage to lower the groundwater table, salinization gradually affected crop yields.[31] Drainage through sub-surface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from soil salinization and waterlogging. By 2003, more than 2 million hectares have been equipped with a subsurface drainage system at a cost from 1973 to 2002 of about $3.1 billion.
Health
Contrary to many predictions made prior to the Aswan High Dam construction and publications that followed, that the prevalence of schistosomiasis (bilharzia) would increase, it did not. This assumption did not take into account the extent of perennial irrigation that was already present throughout Egypt decades before the high dam closure. By the 1950s only a small proportion of Upper Egypt had not been converted from basin (low transmission) to perennial (high transmission) irrigation. Expansion of perennial irrigation systems in Egypt did not depend on the high dam. In fact, within 15 years of the high dam closure there was solid evidence that bilharzia was declining in Upper Egypt. S. haematobium has since disappeared altogether. Suggested reasons for this include improvements in irrigation practice. In the Nile Delta, schistosomiasis had been highly endemic, with prevalence in the villages 50% or higher for almost a century before. This was a consequence of the conversion of the Delta to perennial irrigation to grow long staple cotton by the British. This has changed. Large-scale treatment programmes in the 1990s using single-dose oral medication contributed greatly to reducing the prevalence and severity of S. mansoni in the Delta.
Other effects
Sediment deposited in the reservoir is lowering the water storage capacity of Lake Nasser. The reservoir storage capacity is 162 km3, including 31 km3 dead storage at the bottom of the lake below 147 m (482 ft) above sea level, 90 km3 live storage, and 41 km3 of storage for high flood waters above 175 m (574 ft) above sea level. The annual sediment load of the Nile is about 134 million tons. This means that the dead storage volume would be filled up after 300–500 years if the sediment accumulated at the same rate throughout the area of the lake. Obviously sediment accumulates much faster at the upper reaches of the lake, where sedimentation has already affected the live storage zone.
Before the construction of the High Dam, the 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of irrigation and drainage canals in Egypt had to be dredged regularly to remove sediments. After construction of the dam, aquatic weeds grew much faster in the clearer water, helped by fertilizer residues. The total length of the infested waterways was about 27,000 km (17,000 mi) in the mid-1990s. Weeds have been gradually brought under control by manual, mechanical and biological methods.
Mediterranean fishing and brackish water lake fishery declined after the dam was finished because nutrients that flowed down the Nile to the Mediterranean were trapped behind the dam. For example, the sardine catch off the Egyptian coast declined from 18,000 tons in 1962 to a mere 460 tons in 1968, but then gradually recovered to 8,590 tons in 1992. A scientific article in the mid-1990s noted that "the mismatch between low primary productivity and relatively high levels of fish production in the region still presents a puzzle to scientists."
A concern before the construction of the High Dam had been the potential drop in river-bed level downstream of the Dam as the result of erosion caused by the flow of sediment-free water. Estimates by various national and international experts put this drop at between and 2 and 10 meters (6.6 and 32.8 ft). However, the actual drop has been measured at 0.3–0.7 meters (0.98–2.30 ft), much less than expected.[30]
The red-brick construction industry, which consisted of hundreds of factories that used Nile sediment deposits along the river, has also been negatively affected. Deprived of sediment, they started using the older alluvium of otherwise arable land taking out of production up to 120 square kilometers (46 sq mi) annually, with an estimated 1,000 square kilometers (390 sq mi) destroyed by 1984 when the government prohibited, "with only modest success," further excavation. According to one source, bricks are now being made from new techniques which use a sand-clay mixture and it has been argued that the mud-based brick industry would have suffered even if the dam had not been built.
Because of the lower turbidity of the water sunlight penetrates deeper in the Nile water. Because of this and the increased presence of nutrients from fertilizers in the water, more algae grow in the Nile. This in turn increases the costs of drinking water treatment. Apparently few experts had expected that water quality in the Nile would actually decrease because of the High Dam.
Appraisal of the Project
Although it is moot whether the project constitutes the best use of the funds spent, the Aswan Dam project unquestionably is and will continue to be economically beneficial to Egypt. The project has been expensive and it took considerable time to complete, as is usually the case with large hydroelectric developments, But Egypt now has a valuable asset with a long life and low operating costs. Even so, the wisdom of concentrating one-third of domestic saving and most of available foreign aid on a slow growth project is questionable. Since 1960, GNP has grown 50%, but mainly as a result of other investment.
Egyptian authorities were well aware that equivalent gains in output could have been achieved more quickly and more cheaply by other means. A series of low dams, similar to the barrages now contemplated, was suggested by Egyptian engineers as a more economical means of achieving up to 2,000 mW of additional generating capacity, US and WorldBank agricultural experts had long recommended improved drainage, introduction of hybrid seeds, and other such low-cost alternatives to land reclamation as a means of increasing agricultural output, In other areas, most notably the once efficient cotton textile industry, investment was needed to forestall an output decline, Implementation of these and other alternatives has been postponed rather than precluded by the High Dam project.
However, the decision to concentrate Egyptian savings and energies on the Aswan project for a decade was heavily based on non-economic factors. Nasser undoubtedly believed that a project of considerable symbolic appeal was needed to mobilize the population behind the government's economic goals, He also apparently felt that the East and West would be more easily persuaded to bid against each other for a project of this scope.
The Aswan High Dam made an appreciable contribution to Egyptian GNP, however the returns were well below what the planners had anticipated. The principal limiting factors on the High Dam's contribution to Egyptian output are a shortage of land suitable for reclamation, the high cost and long time required to bring reclaimed land to full productivity, and an inadequate water supply to meet power and irrigation goals simultaneously. The last limitation arises in part from the allocation in a 1959 agreement of more water to Sudan than was originally foreseen and in part from differences in the seasonal demand pattern of agriculture and the hydroelectric plant for the water. Irrigation requires very heavy use of water during summer months, while power generation needs peak during the winter. Ecological problems created by the dam, most of which were anticipated, have not seriously harmed the economy, although a few minor industries have been damaged.
The dam is, nonetheless, a viable project. Eventually the contribution to GNP equals as much as 20% of total investment. Moreover, the dam and associated projects provided returns that at least offset the cost of operation, repayment of foreign loans and amortisation of domestic loans.
the golden gate bridge and fort baker - golden gate national recreation area, marin county, california.
7 stitched images
A View Around The No.2 End Drivers Seat Of Network Rails 97302 While Stabled In Bescot Yard.
Saturday 18th April 2015
Highest Explore Position: #81 on Sunday, July 8, 2007.
2007.07.04. Nikon D80. 18-135mm. 13 second exposure. Cropped to about 90% of the original.
View from the Netherlands Carillon, Arlington, VA.
The light/beams are from a helicopter spotlighting the mall.
Thanks to WMATA who sent wave after wave (after wave, etc) of yellow cars before a blue car showed up (and I guess I could have gone a little earlier), I got to Arlington Cemetery just as the fireworks were finishing up... I thought they lasted longer than ~20 minutes. Oh well; decided to then walk up to Rosslyn instead of being herded like cattle through the metro system...
1981 (part 1 of 3)
January 5, 1981
Kanata residents discussed the past year of the Katimavik-Hazeldean Community Association, including the Association's incorporation July 16, 1980 and the rash of break-ins the community experienced in January, February, and March of 1980. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:2.
January 5, 1981
Two members of the Ontario Municipal Board listened to the Region regarding their opposition to the diversion of Eagleson Road South to a position east of Bridlewood. The hearing was to continue February 9, 1981. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:1.
January 5, 1981
Kanata Ladies' Bowling Section "A" closed with Team One the victors: Marg Anderson, Ev Fraser, Rose Sullivan, and Dot Ollett. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:13.
January 6, 1981
Council heard a deputation from members of the Stittsville and District Snowmobile Club, protesting the ban on snowmobile operation on city urban streets and charged Council with a breach of faith based on an accord they believed had been reached in the fall. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:1.
January 9, 1981
Mayor Marianne Wilkinson wrote in her Commentary that the Kanata Hydro Commission had taken over the supply of electric power to all parts of Kanata. The Commission, which was operating out of the former Municipal Office buildings, had a few problems the first day, the mayor said, but everything soon ran smoothly. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:1.
January 9, 1981
It was announced that the Fraggalosch family of Kanata won the March Hockey Association's draw for a trip for two to Acapulco, Mexico. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:1.
January 9, 1981
It was announced that several hundred Kanata residents from Salter Square, Bering Court, McClintock Way, and Eagleson Manor faced mortgage interest increases of 7 per cent or more. These homeowners had purchased their homes with mortgage interest rates of about 8 per cent under the government's AHOP subsidized-mortgage programme, which the government decided not to continue. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:1.
January 9, 1981
It was announced that Thermocell Insulation Ltd. subcontracted the collection of Kanata's waste newsprint to Ottawa's Provincial Sanitation Company. The change, pending Council's decision on whether or not to continue the program, was believed to make the service more efficient. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:1.
January 9, 1981
The Kanata Standard wrote that Fazeela Docter was attempting to organize a Block Parents Program in Beaverbrook. The object of the program was to enlist the aid of residents to provide safe refuge for a child in danger or trouble. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:2.
January 9, 1981
A number of women in Bridlewood announced they were looking to form a ladies' daytime X-country ski club. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:2.
January 9, 1981
It was announced that Council had passed a motion to appoint William J. Berry to the Committee of Adjustment. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:3.
January 9, 1981
The March Rural Executive welcomed the initiative of Garnie Hewitt in coordinating the operation of the March Central Rink. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:3.
January 9, 1981
Campeau Corporation gave permission to the municipality to install gates in the fencing it had placed around a large part of its property north of Beaverbrook in order to maintain public access to ski trails and nature trails. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:3.
January 9, 1981
Being the Year of Disabled Persons, the municipality established a committee to bring forward suggestions on special activities or events to commemorate the year. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:3.
January 9, 1981
It was announced that raffle tickets needed to be sold to raise money for special treatment for Stephen Courrier, a Glen Cairn boy who was severely brain damaged in an accident in June of 1973. The treatment he received was at the Sptiz Clinic in Philadelphia. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:4.
January 9, 1981
Dan Perley wrote in his column that residents had expressed concern that large chunks of land were being held together by the City more to facilitate construction of factories or housing developments than to preserve agriculture or for conservation value. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:6.
January 9, 1981
Mike Bedard announced the results of the Bill McNeill Memorial Tournament at the Mlacak Arena. The Midget Crees, the Atom Crees, the Bantam Iroquois, and the Pewee Chiefs all won the "A" Division Championships. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:8.
January 9, 1981
It was announced that Kenneth Finch would teach the Kanata Art Club classes again in 1981. Kanata Standard, Jan. 9, 1981:13.
January 9, 1981
The Atom "A" Blazers travelled to Brockville for the Thousand Island International Tournament, at which they achieved second place. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:7.
January 10, 1981
The Cubs and Scouts of Kanata held a bottle drive. Kanata Standard, Dec. 19, 1980:7.
January 13, 1981
Ron MaKeekin of the Kanata March Hares Football Club appeared before Council to request financial support for the purchase of trophies. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:6.
January 15, 1981
The 1981 Bridlewood Board of Directors was all acclaimed: President--Roy Meikle, Vice-President--Tom Petch, Treasurer--Rick Seaman, Secretary--Stu Chandler. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:3.
January 15, 1981
Mike James was appointed to the Bridlewood Transit Committee and Stu Chandler was appointed to the Bridlewood Pathways Committee. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:5.
January 16, 1981
A successful bake sale was held by the March Kanata Sailing Club. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:7.
January 17, 1981
The March Montessori School's annual fundraising dance, the "Hound Dog Hop II," was held. Kanata Standard, Dec. 12, 1980:3.
January 20, 1981
Bob Tennant of MacDonald Homes described to Council the features of a class of energy-saving homes that the company was building in the McCurdy neighbourhood of Katimavik. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:1.
January 21, 1981
Joyce Phin, director of the Montessori school, explained the Montessori math program to parents. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:12.
January 23, 1981
Constable Peter Leclair confirmed that Kanata's Neighbourhood Watch Program had made a considerable difference in the number of break-ins and thefts in the area. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:1.
January 23, 1981
William Casley, 19, of Kanata, was honoured by the OPP for saving the driver of a burning car in August 1979. The driver, it had turned out, had been a friend of William's from Earl of March. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:1.
January 23, 1981
R.J.A. expressed concern in an editorial over the Mayor's effort to explain the circumstances surrounding the dismissal of Regional Treasurer Jim Perkins. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:2.
January 23, 1981
Paul Dick, MP, expressed concern over the termination of AHOP-funded housing, and in the effects it would have on the Kanata region. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:2.
January 23, 1981
Dave Western, Chairman of the Education Committee in Bridlewood, resigned. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:3.
January 23, 1981
Sheila McKee made a plea to Kanata residents to donate "anything in any condition" to the sister of Mike McLean, Kanata resident, her husband, and their 7-month-old baby. The family's house south-west of Kanata was completely destroyed by fire. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:5.
January 23, 1981
Mayor Marianne Wilkinson explained in her Commentary the circumstances surrounding the dismissal of Regional Treasurer Jim Perkins. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:8.
January 23, 1981
Rosalie Vigneron reported that the Christmas Red Cross Clinic was a modest success with 173 donors. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:11.
January 23, 1981
Kanata Standard Ltd., the new company that was to take over publication of the Kanata Standard was officially registered. The company was jointly owned by the Kanata Beaverbrook Community Association, the Katimavik-Hazeldean Community Association and private citizens. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:1.
January 23, 1981
It was announced that the Kanata Fire Department had presented the Canadian Cancer Society's Branch for the Terry Fox Fund with a cheque for $1000. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:14.
January 23, 1981
The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa was reported to have authorized the purchase of land in Kanata for a Roman Catholic Church, which would be located at Eagleson Road and Rothesay Drive. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:18.
January 24, 1981
The Kanata Kids Association held a Wintertime Fair at the Katimavik Community Centre. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:11.
January 27, 1981
Council was split down the middle trying to resolve a long-standing issue of where the Western Boundary Road should be built. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:1.
January 27, 1981
Council approved the purchase of a triple-combination fire truck and ancillary equipment at a total cost of $91,901. The truck was to go in the new fire station to be built on Eagleson Road at Rothesay Drive. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:5.
January 27, 1981
The Black Tower Restaurant in Kanata was handed a $1000 fine in provincial court for selling liquor to minors. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:16.
January 28, 1981
A wine and cheese was held at the Citizen building for voice and hearing-impaired children with guest speaker Tina Novelli-Amstead. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:14.
February 1, 1981
The Stittsville and District Snowmobile Association held their drag races. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:13.
February 2, 1981
The Carleton Board of Education decided to provide a French Immersion Centre for kindergarten to grade 5 in Katimavik. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:1.
February 6, 1981
It a was announced that a meeting was held to organize the Bridlewood nursery school opening in the fall. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:3.
February 6, 1981
The Kanata Standard wrote that Susan Kunstadt hoped to organize a ladies fitness class at the Bridlewood Community Centre. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:3.
February 6, 1981
In Marianne Wilkinson's Commentary, she noted that Paul Dick and condominium residents met with the Minister in Charge of CMHC, Paul Cosgrove, regarding the end of AHOP housing funding. The mayor noted that the government didn't seem likely to change its plans. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:4.
February 6, 1981
It was announced that Brian Carr of Ryder Truck Rentals appeared before Council to request to establish a truck rental agency at the Kanata Esso station on the corner of the Parkway and Teron Road. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:5.
February 6, 1981
The Annual Kanata March Horticultual Society Potluck Supper was held at the home of Bob Shank and his wife. The new executive was announced: President--Arnold By, First Vice-President--Mary Ware, 2nd Vice-President--Isobelle Skinner. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:8.
February 6, 1981
It was announced that Molly Wilson was presented with the Service Award Certificate by the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture and Food and the Kanata March Horticultural Society. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:8.
February 6, 1981
The Kinsmen Club of West Carleton announced that they had changed their name to the Kinsmen Club of Kanata in order to identify themselves with the new city. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:9.
February 6, 1981
Slavia, a new Kanata restaurant, opened in the east end of the Glen Cairn Plaza on Highway 7. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:11.
February 6, 1981
The new March Tennis Club executive was announced: President--Ted Exton, Vice-President--Dave Evans, Secretary--Geoff Holland, Treasurer--Helena Kalivoda. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:16.
February 6, 1981
It was announced that an Interim Board of Directors was approved for the Kanata Business Association. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:17.
February 6-7, 1981
March Kanata Skating Club's 1981 ice show, "Lights on Broadway," was presented. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:18.
February 8, 1981
The March Hockey Association held a skate-a-thon. Kanata Standard, Jan. 23, 1981:13.
February 9-13, 1981
The annual winter carnival was held at Earl of March, that included a Mad Moose Memorial Race and a pancake breakfast. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:13.
February 10, 1981
In a Committee-of-the-whole meeting, Ontario Hydro repudiated the agreement reached before Christmas to prune trees on the hydro easements rather than cut them down. Kanata Standard, Feb. 20, 1981:1.
February 11, 1981
A discussion was held regarding the decision to make the new Katimavik school a kindergarten to grade 5 French Immersion programme. A number of participants signed a petition to ask the Board to reconsider its decision. Kanata Standard, Feb. 20, 1981:1.
February 13-14, 1981
The Glen Cairn Figure Skating Club presented its annual ice show, "Frolics '81." Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:19.
February 14, 1981
The Beaverbrook Guide and Brownie Valentine Tea was held at the Earl of March cafeteria. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:9.
February 14-15, 1981
Sixteen Kanata skiers participated in Courier de Bois category at the 15th Annual Canadian Ski Marathon. Kanata's winners of this years Bronze Courier de Bois medals were awarded to: Phil Gregory, David Lawrence, Francois Lucas, Marc Lucas, Edward McNamara, and Michael Bowland. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:3.
February 17, 1981
The new Bridlewood Community Centre opened. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:3.
February 17, 1981
The Earl of March Concert Band played at the official opening of the Bridlewood Community Centre. Kanata Standard, Feb. 20, 1981:5.
February 17, 1981
It was announced that the Torbolton March Town Line would be renamed the Thomas A. Dolan Parkway. Kanata Standard, Feb. 20, 1981:6.
February 18-21, 1981
The Kanata Theatre ran their production of "Boustille and the Just," featuring Chris Robinson, Margaret Jardine, and Jo-Anne Manion. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:14.
February 20, 1981
It was reported that Carleton MPP Bob Mitchell and Carleton-Grenville MPP Norm Sterling presented Mayor Marianne Wilkinson with a cheque for $265,000 as part of the province’s contribution to reconstructing the Glen Cairn sewers. Kanata Standard, Feb. 20, 1981:1.
February 20, 1981
It was announced that Kanata City Council had approved a by-law that would set up a parking system for handicapped drivers in the City of Kanata. Kanata Standard, Feb. 20, 1981:2.
February 20, 1981
Mayor Marianne Wilkinson mentioned in her Commentary that a number of people had dumped gasoline and other volatile materials into catch basins in the city. She warned that those basins led directly to local streams and rivers. Kanata Standard, Feb. 20, 1981:2.
February 20, 1981
The committee for a community school in Katimavik presented a letter to the Carleton Board of Education saying that they preferred the idea of a dual school in Katimavik. Hal Hansen of the CBE presented a response to the committee's concerns. Kanata Standard, Feb. 6, 1981:7.
February 20, 1981
L. Sayers wrote an article for the Kanata Standard regarding the "Fitness for Seniors" programme offered by the Carleton Board of Education and the Kanata Recreation Department. Kanata Standard, Feb. 20, 1981:10.
February 20 - 22, 1981
The Bridlewood Winter Carnival took place, including hockey at the Glen Cairn Arena and a Children's Activity Day. Kanata Standard, Feb. 20, 1981:3.
February 22, 1981
The Kanata Blazers Major Pewee "AA" team travelled to Brockville for the Brockville Minor Hockey Association Black and Decker Invitational Tournament where they won the "B" side of the double elimination format. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:14.
February 24, 1981
In a Committee-of-the-whole meeting, Gerry Lemair, of OC Transpo, outlined changes proposed to the Kanata bus routes, including the extension of the 99 service out to Kanata. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:1.
February 24, 1981
The Committee-of-the-whole approved, subject to a number of conditions, the lease of the old library building to the Hazeldean Lions Club. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:1.
February 28, 1981
St. Isidore's Parish held a bazaar to raise money for the new church they were building in Kanata. The slogan of the bazaar was: "buy a pie and pay for a brick." Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:18.
March 1, 1981
The Kanata Major Atom AA Blazers captured the Cornwall Atom AA Tournament championship with three straight wins. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:19.
March 4, 1981
The Kanata Beaverbrook Community Association presented plaques to Ron Andoff and Diane Pilsworth, Beaverbrook's Man and Woman of the Year. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:3.
March 5, 1981
Nancy Landry, trustee for the Carleton Separate School Board and Hal Hansen, trustee for the Carleton School Board told the Bridlewood Community Association that they had no plans to build in the area. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:2.
March 5-7, 1981
The Kanata Book Fair was held at Stephen Leacock Public School. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:11.
March 6, 1981
The Kanata Loppet 1981 was cancelled because of the deterioration of the ski trails that season. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:13.
March 6, 1981
Brenda Stewart wrote an article for the Kanata Standard about Connie Lackner, a Glen Cairn tailor who made women's custom suits using natural fibre and traditional techniques. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:1.
March 6, 1981
Alan Seward's Council Notes commented on the poor heating and ventilation in the City Hall Chamber. The established cost of repairs to Campeau Corporation, the landlord, was $23,227. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:2.
March 6, 1981
Darn Perley mentioned in his column that a number of people had spoken to him about the possibility of setting up a community orchestra or band. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:2.
March 6, 1981
It was announced that the City of Kanata had received petitions asking that Young Road not be closed off to Highway 7, as planned. Council was of the opinion that the closing was a requirement of the Ministry of Transportation and Communications. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:2.
March 6, 1981
A letter was received from the Ontario Humane Society asking for Kanata City Council's support in opposing a government-proposed change in the law which would permit private zoos of wild animals. Their objection was because of a fear of the spread of rabies and the negative effects on the animals. A motion to look into the matter was passed by Council. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:2.
March 6, 1981
Eva James noted in the Bridlewood Pony that Bridlewood's winter carnival had been "very successful despite the lack of snow." Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:3.
March 6, 1981
It was reported that Robin McLeish, of Kanata, won the Canadian Downhill Skiing Championships. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:4.
March 6, 1981
Ruth Fortune wrote an article in the Kanata Standard regarding the success of Earl of March's Co-operative Education Programme. The program was founded in 1978 by E.O.M. teachers John Lyon and Gerry Clarke. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:6.
March 6, 1981
Mary Cook, author of two books, "Time to Blow Out the Lamp," and "A Collector's Stories and Recipes," spoke to two grade 6 classes at Stephen Leacock Public School. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:6.
March 6, 1981
Bob Mitchell, MPP, Carleton, announced that tenders were being called for the construction of an Ontario Provincial Police detachment building in Kanata, for the Ministry of the Solicitor General. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:9.
March 6, 1981
The Kanata Standard announced that Mayor Marianne Wilkinson had signed a proclamation naming March Arthritis Month in Kanata. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:10.
March 9, 1981
It was established that the Kanata Little League Baseball and Softball Association would be the only association to administer a ball program in the city of Kanata. For this reason, wrote the Kanata Standard, the March Softball Association was dissolved and all its liabilities and assets were transferred over to the new association. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:17.
March 10, 1981
La Leche League of Kanata held a meeting to discuss "The Advantages of Breast Feeding." Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:10.
March 11, 1981
The western finalist for the annual Carleton Public Speaking Contest was Michael Reid from Bell's Corners Public School. His subject was "inventions." Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:4.
March 14, 1981
The Hazeldean District Brownies and Guides held their annual tea, bake sale, and bazaar. March 6, 1981:8.
March 14-15
The Glen Cairn Midget Bobcats, coached by Val Townsend, Norm Brownlee, and Wayne Taylor, won a midget house league tournament in Potsdam, New York. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:17.
March 15, 1981
Archbishop A. Plourde recently announced the appointment of Rev. Peter Schonenbach from St. Elizabeth's Parish in Ottawa as the new Roman Catholic Pastor for Kanata and Stittsville. Kanata Standard, May 15, 1981:26.
March 17, 1981
Mayor Marianne Wilkinson declared April Cancer Month in the City of Kanata after the City was presented with of a bowl of daffodils from the Canadian Cancer Society. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:5.
March 17, 1981
An objection by residents of Casgrain Court to the proposed operation of a truck rental business at the Kanata Esso Station on Teron Road was referred to City staff. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:5.
March 17, 1981
Professionals located in Eagleson Plaza lodged a request to Kanata City Council for the completion of Kakulu Road. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:5.
March 19, 1981
Kanata Seniors’ Happy Companions enjoyed an Activity Day at March Central where they learned how to make cloth flowers and Easter Bunny label pins. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:5.
March 20, 1981
Hal Hansen, trustee for the Carleton School Board, announced that the Ontario Public School Men Teachers Federation presented Diamond Jubilee Awards to four people, including former CBE trustee Eric Hicks. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:6.
March 20, 1981
It was announced that the Regional Planning Committee decided to accept an amendment to the Regional Plan requested by Campeau Corporation regarding the development of the Lakeside area surrounding the Beaver Pond. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:1.
March 20, 1981
It was reported that the Beaverbrook pool may not open in 1981 because of cracks in the side and bottom of the main pool. March 20, 1981:1.
March 20, 1981
Don Kennedy of the land development division announced that despite the decision of the Campeau Corporation to stop building residences in the Ottawa area, building would proceed in the Marchwood-Lakeside development. March 20, 1981:1.
March 20, 1981
Dan Perley announced that the new March Rural Association met to elect five new officers: President--Art Veck, Secretary--Leanne Dwyer, and Treasurer--Moira Dunbar. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:12.
March 20, 1981
A volunteer task force working with the Kanata Beaverbrook Community Association announced that it was considering the benefits of conversion to natural gas for home heating. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:14.
March 20, 1981
It was announced that the Glen Cairn Figure Skating Club placed third in club standings at the 1981 Ottawa-Hull Interskate Competition held in the Bob Guertin Arena in Hull. The March Kanata Skating Club placed tenth. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:20,21.
March 20, 1981
The Kanata Standard announced that the boundaries for the new Roman Catholic Church to be build in Kanata had been decided upon by the archbishop and members of the metropolitan chapter. The new parish would include Amberwood, Bridlewood, Glen Cairn, Fringewood Village, Hazeldean North, Katimavik, and Stittsville. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981:22.
March 21, 1981
The Minor Hockey Association held a fundraising dinner dance at the Bridlewood Community Centre. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:3.
March 21, 1981
The Bridlewood Community Association held a dance to celebrate spring and St. Patrick's Day that was attended by 113 people. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:3.
March 23, 1981
The Kanata Kids Association sponsored a bowling excursion. Kanata Standard, March 20, 1981.
March 25-27, 1981
The Glen Cairn Minor Peewee Hockey team took home the trophy from a tournament in Orleans. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:16.
March 26-29, 1981
The Kanata Tyke Blazers won the third Annual Novice Hockey Tournament in Dollard des Ormeaux, Quebec. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:14.
April 1, 1981
The inaugural meeting of the Kanata Business Association was held at the Mlacak Centre. The Association was established to "provide local businesses with the method to discuss concerns, problems, and interests, and bring them to the attention of appropriate groups." Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:6.
April 1, 1981
The first annual meeting of the Kanata Business Association was held and a board was elected: President--Clarence Maheral, Vice-President--Tony Jarvis, Secretary-Treasurer--Andy Robinson. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:1,4.
April 3, 1981
Gordon Marwood noted in the Kanata Standard that spring had brought forward both the construction of the new Kanata police station and the Katimavik Elementary School. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:1.
April 3, 1981
Douglas Wiseman, Minister of Government Services, announced that a $1,185 contract had been awarded to M. J. Lafortune Construction Ltd. of Ottawa for the construction of the Ontario Provincial Police detachment building in Kanata. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:3.
April 3, 1981
Mayor Marianne Wilkinson mentioned in her Commentary that the City of Kanata had received an Interim Report on the study of the City's recreation facilities. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:6.
April 4, 1981
St. Isidore's Parish sponsored a Pub Night at the Parish Hall, South March, featuring Dominic D'Arcy. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:10.
April 4-5, 1981
The Kanata Theatre presented "The Silver Whistle" by Patrick B Mace, directed by Eileen Morand. Kanata Standard, March 6, 1981:17.
April 5, 1981
Bill Sawchuck gave a talk about Telidon, "one of the newest communication devices," at the Mlacak Centre. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:7.
April 5, 1981
A ceremony was held at Ridgemont High School for the Girl Guides of Canada, during which Canada Cords were presented to: Stacey McKay, Alicia Bennett, and Carol McLean. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:11.
April 5 - 11, 1981
Proclaimed Air Cadet Week in the City of Kanata by Mayor Marianne Wilkinson. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:13.
April 6, 1981
The new executive was elected for the Kanata Ladies Bowling League: President--Ann Harris, Vice-President--Margo MacLaurin, Secretary--Faye Larwill, Treasurer--Shelley O'Dell. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:16.
April 8, 1981
Akela John van Abbema, of the Panther Club Pack, arranged for the Ontario Provincial Police to bring their Dog Patrol team to Roger St. Denis school. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:11.
April 8, 1981
The operating budget of the City of Kanata for 1981 was presented to the public. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:4.
April 8, 1981
The Carleton Board of Education and the Teachers' Federation of Carleton attended a signing ceremony where they ratified a new Collective Agreement for elementary school teachers. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:8.
April 8, 1981
The new executive for the March Kanata Skating Club was elected: President and Pro Liaison--Keith Hooey, Vice-President and Sectionals Chairman--Donna Lund, Secretary--Diana Callahan, Treasurer--Paul Richardson. Kanata Standard, May 15, 1981:20.
April 9, 1981
The new executive for the Glen Cairn Figure Skating Club was elected: President--Joan Dowling, Vice-President--Donna Sparling, Treasurer--Rheal Dorie, Secretary--Marilyn Holden. Kanata Standard, May 15, 1981:20.
April 9, 1981
The first meeting was held of those interested in forming a Kanata band. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:5.
April 11, 1981
The Kanata Scouting Troop held their 3rd Annual Scout Bike Exchange at Earl of March High School. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:11.
April 11, 1981
The Kanata Kids Association held its election: President--Alex Munter (acclamation), Vice-President--Laura Kyswaty, Secretary-Treasurer--Helen Reeve, Kids Rep--Richard Munter. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:15.
April 14, 1981
The Family Enrichment Association invited parents and children between the ages of 8 and 12 to attend a film and discussion period dealing with peer pressure. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:7.
April 16, 1981
Norpak Ltd., a fast-growing manufacturer of electronic display processing equipment, that was involved in the heralded Telidon programme, was to be one of the first occupants of the South Business Park in Katimavik. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:1.
April 16, 1981
Mayor Marianne Wilkinson mentioned in her Commentary that there had been two serious incidents with B-B-Guns and Air Guns -- one where a car window was shattered by a pellet and a second where two children were hit by air pellets in the back. The mayor's comments served as a reminder that Kanata by-laws prohibit the discharge of any firearm within the entire southern half of the city. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:2.
April 16, 1981
A.Y. Jackson Secondary School in Kanata announced that it would introduce a semester system in the fall as well as an adult day programme. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:13.
April 16, 1981
The Kanata Standard noted that Stephen Dyment, a grade 8 student at Stephen Leacock Public School, had represented the Kanata area in the semi-finals of the Carleton Board of Education's English Public Speaking Contest in March. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:7.
April 16, 1981
The Kanata Standard announced that Matthew Beddoes, a grade 7 student at Stephen Leacock School was successful in an audition held at the National Arts Centre for parts in the opera "Midsummer Nights Dream" by Benjamin Britten. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:11.
April 21, 1981
The First Unitarian Church held an art show featuring the works of Ohyllis Ross, oils, and Roy Cottee, water colours. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:18.
April 21, 1981
A deputation of 15 residents, led by Glen Cairn Ball Association Graham Ball and Scheduling Manager Tom Flood, presented a case to Kanata City Council against the proposed maintenance costs charged by Council. Kanata Standard, May 1, 1981:2.
April 21, 1981
A deputation of Casgrain Court residents, led by Jerry Bellamo, presented residents' concerns over noise that might result from the changed use of the Kanata Esso site. The Planning Board had previously passed a motion to allow Kanata Esso to add a truck rental area to its existing site. Kanata Standard, May 1, 1981:2.
April 23, 1981
In honour of April being Cancer Month, the Canadian Cancer Society offered two free Breast Self-Examination Clinics in the Ottawa area. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:19.
April 25, 1981
The March Montessori School held its third annual baby clothing and equipment sale in the Beaverbrook Mall. Kanata Standard, April 16, 1981:12.
April 25, 1981
A Spring Dance was held in the foyer of Earl of March Secondary School, sponsored by the school's music department. Kanata Standard, April 3, 1981:11.
April 25, 1981
The Kanata Ladies' Bowling League held their Annual Banquet and Presentations at the RA Centre. The top honour of League Winner was achieved by Team No 11: Captain Lois Smit, Janet MacLennan, Anne Schryburt, and Beth Woodburn. Kanata Standard, May 1, 1981:15.
April 25, 1981
The 2nd Annual Toothbrush Swap was held at Hazeldean Mall. Kanata Standard, May 15, 1981:13.
April 28, 1981
The Regional Municipality of Ottawa-Carleton's Planning Board heard from residents regarding Campeau Corporation's application to amend the Regional Official Plan in the Lakeside area of Kanata. Kanata Standard, May 1, 1981:1.
April 28, 1981
In a Committee-of-the-whole meeting, the Kanata City Council heard from Sandra Reain concerning the desire of residents for an indoor pool in Kanata. Kanata Standard, May 1, 1981:1.
April 28, 1981
Council discussed the renovation of the Old Town Hall in South March. Following a request by the South March Women's Institute in 1980, Council had passed a resolution to determine the soundness of the structure. Having found the structure sound, Mayor Marianne Wilkinson pointed out the possibility of having it designated as a Heritage building. Kanata Standard, May 1, 1981:6.
April 28, 1981
There was discussion at the Kanata City Council meeting about an application understood to be in the works for a four-theatre cinema with a total seating capacity of 600 seats. Kanata Standard, May 1, 1981:4.
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Location map for the Pacific Ocean
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The Largest Oceans In The World
Up until recently there were four official oceans in the World - the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean - but this changed in 1990, when the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) designated the Antarctic Ocean (also know as the Southern Ocean) as an independent ocean. It encircles Antarctica, below the 60° Southern line of latitude, but before this declaration, many geographers believed that this part of the World Ocean was just the bottom part of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans combined. Many still believe this to be the case, but the IHO have based their decision on the water of the Antarctic Ocean being very different to the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans in that general area.
The largest ocean on the planet is the Pacific Ocean, which covers about 28% of the surface of our planet. It's total size is greater than the size of all the World's land mass added together, and it is the source of over half of the sea food which we humans consume. The deepest point under all of the oceans is the Mariana Trench in the north-west Pacific, which drops to a depth of 10,911 metres (35,800 ft), and the planet's oceans cover over 70% of it's surface area in total, an estimated 360,000,000 sq km (140,000,000 sq miles)……..
Positioning in from Boeing Field (KBFI) on a NetJets service is this 2022 built Phenom 300. After pick-up it left for San Jose (KSJC).
At the train station the sun was directly on top of a minaret in the distance. Heavily cropped in phone and processed to death but I quite like it.
Catrike, Premium in Every Detail. This is our new mirror and computer mount, standard and pre installed on every 2013 Catrike shipping. With a higher, forward and wider position, the mirror provides a much broader visual angle. A right side version is available as an after market option to our customers in UK as well as anyone interested in having a second mirror.
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Donald Ayres
Does anyone have suggestions about putting a Cattrike onto the front bike rack of a municipal bus?
May 31 at 9:00pm
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Ed Bowen
Very Cool! See the Bike Doctor Repairing a Catrike 700 for a Wounded Warrior!!
1 · May 19 at 9:18pm
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Bike World
2nd annual Catrike Demo Day in Des Moines!
1 · May 17 at 11:31am
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Albert Gonzalez
My 2012 model with upgrades...
May 14 at 6:33pm
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Kyle Bryant
So grateful to my friends at Catrike! Can't wait to ride my new 700!
2722 · May 9 at 9:56pm
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Catrike
Saturday.
The new 2013 Catrike Road, same incredible see thru bridge CNC yoke fully triangulated to a proper adjustable Rochshox Monarch Air Shock and now with the new 30 speed group, TT500 bar end shifters, FSA chainguard, mirror mount, alloy hand rests, new CNC sculpted dropouts, rear fender and a selection of 7 premium colors. Even though it is hard not to choose its signature Catrike exclusive Electric Blue.
Photo: The new 2013 Catrike Road, same incredible see thru bridge CNC yoke fully triangulated to a proper adjustable Rochshox Monarch Air Shock and now with the new 30 speed group, TT500 bar end shifters, FSA chainguard, mirror mount, alloy hand rests, new CNC sculpted dropouts, rear fender and a selection of 7 premium colors. Even though it is hard not to choose its signature Catrike exclusive Electric Blue..
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David W. Reed, Ashley Guy, Jyri Laumets and 63 others like this..
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Andy Whitt Just got my new 2013 Road (CTR2021), love it! Incredible ride, smooth and tight. Went over the handle bars of my bike a couple years ago, AC Joint separation, never thought I'd get to enjoy riding again... this is so much better than riding the bicycle! Beautiful design, THANK YOU Catrike!!!
Like · Reply · Sunday at 8:34am..
Ronald Bardier Had my 2013 Catrike Villager for 3 weeks now and can't seem to stop riding it. I'll never go back to a bicycle again. Only issue was the flag holder split where the pole enters. Probably due to high speed stresses!
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Catrike
May 29.
Catrike Expedition 2013 (7 photos)
This is the trike that started the big wheel frenzy in the trike market and the trike that all other trikes want to be, but nothing can touch it. In 2013 with the 30 speed group, hand rest, mirror mount, rear fender and neck rest included s...See More
— in Orlando.
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Edson Da Silva Filho, LORO World Recumbents, Ashley Guy and 39 others like this..
Scott Boyd I got the 700 yesterday! Spent the day at the bike shop test driving the expedition and the 700 both twice! Ended up getting the 700 but either 1 you get you cant go wrong! !
Like · Reply · 2 · May 29 at 11:46am via mobile..
Laurie Sciretta What was the tie breaking for you Scott?
Like · 1 · May 31 at 10:16am..
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Scott Boyd It was basically gotta pick 1 laurie!! Liked them both! Honestly for me the 700 just felt more comfortable but I've heard it both ways! Thats why u shud ride both for ride and feel! Different angles and for different heights it makes a difference on where you feel comfortable!
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Catrike
May 24.
Embraer (5 photos)
Catrike team visits the new Embraer aircraft assembly in Melbourne, FL. Embraer hires among others, 40 former NASA engineers and members. A phenomenal operation. They have previously toured Catrike facilities and during our visit they showed Catrike benchmarking examples on their Kaizen board. What an honor. Congratulations Embraer and Fly High!
Photo: We could use the very same flags
Photo: This cockpit is so high end that is impossible to capture in pictures
Photo: I wish we were flying
Photo: But it was just a mock up on the floor.
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Ed Bowen, Silvia Lorena Torres, James Hayes and 10 others like this..
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Catrike
May 24.
Catrike Pocket 2013 (8 photos)
Kitty Cat. 406 wheels all around with black spokes and Schwalbe tires on, bar end shifters, mirror mount, hand rest, rear fender included and FSA crank and chainguard standard.
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Ali Loeffler, Christy Fritch, Leni Moll and 22 others like this..
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Kenneth Colbert I like all the catrikes not many colors I don't like.
Like · Reply · May 24 at 9:12pm · Edited..
'BentRider Online My daughter rides a purple one!
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Catrike
May 22.
Catrike Villager 2013 with the new seat adjustable system, 30 speed bar end group, FSA crank and Chain Guard, all new upgrades such as mirror mount and hand rest included standard and 7 premium colors to choose from standard. Very comfortable, stable and easy to get on and off.
Photo: Catrike Villager 2013 with the new seat adjustable system, 30 speed bar end group, FSA crank and Chain Guard, all new upgrades such as mirror mount and hand rest included standard and 7 premium colors to choose from standard. Very comfortable, stable and easy to get on and off..
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Donald Moore, Rátóti László, Mark Drumheller and 37 others like this..
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Catrike Shari, you can only buy good Catrikes, no matter the model, year color. If you already have a Catrike happy trails!
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Catrike
May 18.
I just opened today's Time Magazine and for my surprise saw this. On the left Catrike Trail. Congratulations Catrike Team and Wounded Warriors! We do a lot of work with them.
Photo: I just opened today's Time Magazine and for my surprise saw this. On the left Catrike Trail. Congratulations Catrike Team and Wounded Warriors! We do a lot of work with them..
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Kay Bryan, Deric van Bree, Debra Akers Shepperson and 52 others like this..
Tim Cavanagh Another reason I'm proud to be a Catrike owner!!
Like · Reply · 1 · May 18 at 2:05pm..
Mark C Filteau Great program, great American company and an incredibly fun high quality product.
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Catrike
May 17.
Catrike Trail 2013 (8 photos)
Sport and Adjustable. Shown in its signature Juicy Mango color and with all accessories included stock as well as the new seat adjustable system. — in Orlando.
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Twin Ports Cyclery, Mark C Filteau, David Lund and 38 others like this..
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Kenneth Colbert Got to love a catrike trail they are way to much fun.
Like · Reply · May 17 at 8:01pm..
David Lund compared to a 2 wheeler how much wind does it catch ?
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Catrike
May 14.
This is the first public picture of the all new 2013 Catrike 700
Photo: This is the first public picture of the all new 2013 Catrike 700.
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Jim Nicholls, Daniel Runyan, Mike Thurston and 100 others like this..
Cameron Yaw Can I request for through the dealer ( or your company) for one with black main frame but other parts (boom, handles) to be of a different color?
Like · Reply · 1 · May 14 at 7:47am via mobile..
Catrike Cameron, we don't do customizations like that, because that would mess a bit with our production flow, sorry...But just to make it clear you have 7 premium colors to choose from.
Like · 1 · May 14 at 6:16pm..
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Laurie Sciretta I agree, what is up with that Velcro strap so-called "parking brake"?
Like · Reply · May 29 at 1:25am..
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Catrike
May 9.
This Catrike 700 is shipping to Kyle Bryant tomorrow so he can do more incredible work for Friedreich's Ataxia Research Alliance! Good Luck Kyle, we are behind you all the way. Together with you and your allies we will cure FA!!!
Photo: This Catrike 700 is shipping to Kyle Bryant tomorrow so he can do more incredible work for Friedreich's Ataxia Research Alliance! Good Luck Kyle, we are behind you all the way. Together with you and your allies we will cure FA!!!.
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Easy Street Recumbents, Merry Murphy Marquand, Michelle Krause and 51 others like this..
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Melissa McCrady Gordon My daughter, Anna Gordon, just bought one last Saturday. Kyle has inspired us in so many ways. Our whole family is fighting over it. So much fun!! Thanks you to our friends at Catrike for giving her so much freedom.
Like · Reply · 1 · May 10 at 5:03am via mobile..
Heidi Behr Way to go Kyle Bryant for all your hard work!
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Catrike
May 8.
Lawton Chiles Preparatory School Visits Catrike (26 photos)
This was the best crowd ever. It was organized by the MACF and part of the STEM initiative. So maybe we have inspired some future engineers and scientists today. It felt great to be able to give something back. Thank you He-Coons for making our day special! The Catrike Team — in Orlando.
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Antonio Camasmie, Pbw Bikes / Alphabent, Mi Mi Chucki and 26 others like this..
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Arman Hedayat Go Catrike.... Nice Building and great setup. Go Catrike....
Like · Reply · May 8 at 7:31pm via mobile..
Rogeria Grabert Que bacanézzziiimmoooooo! super Parabéns/Congrats, Pop & Team!
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Catrike
May 5.
On the chart, shown at the very far right. Notice the non-drive tension is significantly more consistent then the standard build. Rigidity Chart. 700 wheel developed with Velocity shown at the farthest right.
Photo: On the chart, shown at the very far right. Notice the non-drive tension is significantly more consistent then the standard build. Rigidity Chart. 700 wheel developed with Velocity shown at the farthest right..
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Catrike
May 5.
The all new Catrike 700 2013 ships standard with a custom Velocity wheel with the Race Hub version and the A23 O/C (off center) rim. Weight 895g.
It provides very high rigidity. With the off set flange of the race hub, and the 3.4 mm off set of the OC rim it provides a very laterally stiff wheel. This is important for road bikes, but even more important for a trike. The Catrike 700 is also designed and constructed with a proper 130mm dropout spacing for a 700 wheel, therefore allowing the wheel to be upgraded to any other racing wheel in the market if desired.
Photo: The all new Catrike 700 2013 ships standard with a custom Velocity wheel with the Race Hub version and the A23 O/C (off center) rim. Weight 895g. It provides very high rigidity. With the off set flange of the race hub, and the 3.4 mm off set of the OC rim it provides a very laterally stiff wheel. This is important for road bikes, but even more important for a trike. The Catrike 700 is also designed and constructed with a proper 130mm dropout spacing for a 700 wheel, therefore allowing the wheel to be upgraded to any other racing wheel in the market if desired..
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Anthony Martino, Antonio Camasmie, Ed Bowen and 4 others like this..
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Catrike shared a link.
May 5.
www.bicycleretailer.com/north-america/2013/05/03/catrike-...
Catrike opens new factory in Orlando
ORLANDO, FL (BRAIN) — Catrike, the maker of three-wheeled recumbents, has opened a new 15,000 square foot factory here. The company currently makes about 2,300 bikes a year and is growing at 20 percent a year, according to Paulo Camasmie, who founded the brand in 2000. Catrikes are sold exclusively…
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Antonio Camasmie, David Henry, Mike Broennle and 22 others like this..
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Marjory Cacioppo awesome...I have one!
Like · Reply · May 5 at 5:03pm..
Mickey Boerer keep on biken'
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Catrike
May 5.
Ride your bike to work was led by Commissioner Robert Stewart on a Catrike Expedition.
Photo: Ride your bike to work was led by Commissioner Robert Stewart on a Catrike Expedition..
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Catrike
May 3.
New lightweight Catrike 2013 Neck Rest: updated CNC clamps with built in anti rotation lock pins, 3 longitudinal top tray positions and light weight Quick Release for vertical adjustability. It also has an oversized pad and removable and washable top cover. (standard on Expedition and 700)
Photo: New lightweight Catrike 2013 Neck Rest: updated CNC clamps with built in anti rotation lock pins, 3 longitudinal top tray positions and light weight Quick Release for vertical adjustability. It also has an oversized pad and removable and washable top cover. (standard on Expedition and 700).
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Catrike
May 2.
Our Vision is to focus 100% on the design and engineering of Catrikes and be the inspiration of the market. So we have been able to spend all our time in develooping ever greater products. This is one of the great fruits of this development and it became a quick favorite of many customers. Dealers have been literally calling us simply to praise this development, quality and functionality. We are also very satisfied with the way it performs. This is our new, very unique and proprietary Catrike hand rest. It is totally adjustable and made out of aluminum. It also ships standard on every Catrike. A final word, we want to make the purchase and use of a Catrike the most pleasant experience so that once you buy your Catrike you know that it is complete, beautiful and ready to go. There is why our Catrikes are so well equipped from factory. Happy Trails!
Photo: Our Vision is to focus 100% on the design and engineering of Catrikes and be the inspiration of the market. So we have been able to spend all our time in develooping ever greater products. This is one of the great fruits of this development and it became a quick favorite of many customers. Dealers have been literally calling us simply to praise this development, quality and functionality. We are also very satisfied with the way it performs. This is our new, very unique and proprietary Catrike hand rest. It is totally adjustable and made out of aluminum. It also ships standard on every Catrike. A final word, we want to make the purchase and use of a Catrike the most pleasant experience so that once you buy your Catrike you know that it is complete, beautiful and ready to go. There is why our Catrikes are so well equipped from factory. Happy Trails!.
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Catrike
May 2.
Catrike, Premium in Every Detail. This is our new mirror and computer mount, standard and pre installed on every 2013 Catrike shipping. With a higher, forward and wider position, the mirror provides a much broader visual angle. A right side version is available as an after market option to our customers in UK as well as anyone interested in having a second mirror.
IID 435811 Islands Barrier Reef IM0169 Misc Dept No.A4110
Image source: Queensland State Archives Item ID ITM435811 Islands - Barrier Reef
Google is an American multinational technology company focusing on search engine technology, online advertising, cloud computing, computer software, quantum computing, e-commerce, artificial intelligence,[9] and consumer electronics. It has been referred to as "the most powerful company in the world"[10] and one of the world's most valuable brands due to its market dominance, data collection, and technological advantages in the area of artificial intelligence.[11][12][13] Its parent company Alphabet is considered one of the Big Five American information technology companies, alongside Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft.
Google was founded on September 4, 1998, by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were PhD students at Stanford University in California. Together they own about 14% of its publicly listed shares and control 56% of the stockholder voting power through super-voting stock. The company went public via an initial public offering (IPO) in 2004. In 2015, Google was reorganized as a wholly owned subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. Google is Alphabet's largest subsidiary and is a holding company for Alphabet's Internet properties and interests. Sundar Pichai was appointed CEO of Google on October 24, 2015, replacing Larry Page, who became the CEO of Alphabet. On December 3, 2019, Pichai also became the CEO of Alphabet.[14]
The company has since rapidly grown to offer a multitude of products and services beyond Google Search, many of which hold dominant market positions. These products address a wide range of use cases, including email (Gmail), navigation (Waze & Maps), cloud computing (Cloud), web browsing (Chrome), video sharing (YouTube), productivity (Workspace), operating systems (Android), cloud storage (Drive), language translation (Translate), photo storage (Photos), video calling (Meet), smart home (Nest), smartphones (Pixel), wearable technology (Pixel Watch & Fitbit), music streaming (YouTube Music), video on demand (YouTube TV), artificial intelligence (Google Assistant), machine learning APIs (TensorFlow), AI chips (TPU), and more. Discontinued Google products include gaming (Stadia), Glass,[citation needed] Google+, Reader, Play Music, Nexus, Hangouts, and Inbox by Gmail.[15][16]
Google's other ventures outside of Internet services and consumer electronics include quantum computing (Sycamore), self-driving cars (Waymo, formerly the Google Self-Driving Car Project), smart cities (Sidewalk Labs), and transformer models (Google Brain).[17]
Google and YouTube are the two most visited websites worldwide followed by Facebook and Twitter. Google is also the largest search engine, mapping and navigation application, email provider, office suite, video sharing platform, photo and cloud storage provider, mobile operating system, web browser, ML framework, and AI virtual assistant provider in the world as measured by market share. On the list of most valuable brands, Google is ranked second by Forbes[18] and fourth by Interbrand.[19] It has received significant criticism involving issues such as privacy concerns, tax avoidance, censorship, search neutrality, antitrust and abuse of its monopoly position.
In March 1999, the company moved its offices to Palo Alto, California,[52] which is home to several prominent Silicon Valley technology start-ups.[53] The next year, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords against Page and Brin's initial opposition toward an advertising-funded search engine.[54][22] To maintain an uncluttered page design, advertisements were solely text-based.[55] In June 2000, it was announced that Google would become the default search engine provider for Yahoo!, one of the most popular websites at the time, replacing Inktomi.
In 2003, after outgrowing two other locations, the company leased an office complex from Silicon Graphics, at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway in Mountain View, California.[59] The complex became known as the Googleplex, a play on the word googolplex, the number one followed by a googol zeroes. Three years later, Google bought the property from SGI for $319 million.[60] By that time, the name "Google" had found its way into everyday language, causing the verb "google" to be added to the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary and the Oxford English Dictionary, denoted as: "to use the Google search engine to obtain information on the Internet".[61][62] The first use of the verb on television appeared in an October 2002 episode of Buffy the Vampire Slayer.[63]
Additionally, in 2001 Google's investors felt the need to have a strong internal management, and they agreed to hire Eric Schmidt as the chairman and CEO of Google.[49] Eric was proposed by John Doerr from Kleiner Perkins. He had been trying to find a CEO that Sergey and Larry would accept for several months, but they rejected several candidates because they wanted to retain control over the company. Michael Moritz from Sequoia Capital at one point even menaced requesting Google to immediately pay back Sequoia's $12.5m investment if they did not fulfill their promise to hire a chief executive office, which had been made verbally during investment negotiations. Eric wasn't initially enthusiastic about joining Google either, as the company's full potential hadn't yet been widely recognized at the time, and as he was occupied with his responsibilities at Novell where he was CEO. As part of him joining, Eric agreed to buy $1 million of Google preferred stocks as a way to show his commitment and to provide funds Google needed.
Google generates most of its revenues from advertising. This includes sales of apps, purchases made in-app, digital content products on Google and YouTube, Android and licensing and service fees, including fees received for Google Cloud offerings. Forty-six percent of this profit was from clicks (cost per clicks), amounting to US$109,652 million in 2017. This includes three principal methods, namely AdMob, AdSense (such as AdSense for Content, AdSense for Search, etc.) and DoubleClick AdExchange.
In addition to its own algorithms for understanding search requests, Google uses technology its acquisition of DoubleClick, to project user interest and target advertising to the search context and the user history.
In 2007, Google launched "AdSense for Mobile", taking advantage of the emerging mobile advertising market.
Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page. Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. Google Ads allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network, through a cost-per-click scheme.[138] The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website and earn money every time ads are clicked.[139] One of the criticisms of this program is the possibility of click fraud, which occurs when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product, causing the advertiser to pay money to Google unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claimed that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were fraudulent or invalid.[140] Google Search Console (rebranded from Google Webmaster Tools in May 2015) allows webmasters to check the sitemap, crawl rate, and for security issues of their websites, as well as optimize their website's visibility.
Consumer services
Web-based services
Google offers Gmail for email, Google Calendar for time-management and scheduling, Google Maps for mapping, navigation and satellite imagery, Google Drive for cloud storage of files, Google Docs, Sheets and Slides for productivity, Google Photos for photo storage and sharing, Google Keep for note-taking, Google Translate for language translation, YouTube for video viewing and sharing, Google My Business for managing public business information, and Duo for social interaction. In March 2019, Google unveiled a cloud gaming service named Stadia. A job search product has also existed since before 2017, Google for Jobs is an enhanced search feature that aggregates listings from job boards and career sites.
Some Google services are not web-based. Google Earth, launched in 2005, allowed users to see high-definition satellite pictures from all over the world for free through a client software downloaded to their computers.
Software
Google develops the Android mobile operating system, as well as its smartwatch, television, car, and Internet of things-enabled smart devices variations.
It also develops the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, an operating system based on Chrome.
Hardware
In January 2010, Google released Nexus One, the first Android phone under its own brand. It spawned a number of phones and tablets under the "Nexus" branding until its eventual discontinuation in 2016, replaced by a new brand called Pixel.
In 2011, the Chromebook was introduced, which runs on Chrome OS.
In July 2013, Google introduced the Chromecast dongle, which allows users to stream content from their smartphones to televisions.
In June 2014, Google announced Google Cardboard, a simple cardboard viewer that lets user place their smartphone in a special front compartment to view virtual reality (VR) media.
Other hardware products include:
•Nest, a series of voice assistant smart speakers that can answer voice queries, play music, find information from apps (calendar, weather etc.), and control third-party smart home appliances (users can tell it to turn on the lights, for example). The Google Nest line includes the original Google Home (later succeeded by the Nest Audio), the Google Home Mini (later succeeded by the Nest Mini, the Google Home Max, the Google Home Hub (later rebranded as the Nest Hub), and the Nest Hub Max.
•Nest Wifi (originally Google Wifi), a connected set of Wi-Fi routers to simplify and extend coverage of home Wi-Fi.
Enterprise services
Google Workspace (formerly G Suite until October 2020) is a monthly subscription offering for organizations and businesses to get access to a collection of Google's services, including Gmail, Google Drive and Google Docs, Google Sheets and Google Slides, with additional administrative tools, unique domain names, and 24/7 support.
On September 24, 2012, Google launched Google for Entrepreneurs, a largely not-for-profit business incubator providing startups with co-working spaces known as Campuses, with assistance to startup founders that may include workshops, conferences, and mentorships. Presently, there are seven Campus locations: Berlin, London, Madrid, Seoul, São Paulo, Tel Aviv, and Warsaw.
On March 15, 2016, Google announced the introduction of Google Analytics 360 Suite, "a set of integrated data and marketing analytics products, designed specifically for the needs of enterprise-class marketers" which can be integrated with BigQuery on the Google Cloud Platform. Among other things, the suite is designed to help "enterprise class marketers" "see the complete customer journey", generate "useful insights", and "deliver engaging experiences to the right people". Jack Marshall of The Wall Street Journal wrote that the suite competes with existing marketing cloud offerings by companies including Adobe, Oracle, Salesforce, and IBM.
Internet services
In February 2010, Google announced the Google Fiber project, with experimental plans to build an ultra-high-speed broadband network for 50,000 to 500,000 customers in one or more American cities.[178][179] Following Google's corporate restructure to make Alphabet Inc. its parent company, Google Fiber was moved to Alphabet's Access division.[180][181]
In April 2015, Google announced Project Fi, a mobile virtual network operator, that combines Wi-Fi and cellular networks from different telecommunication providers in an effort to enable seamless connectivity and fast Internet signal.
Facebook is an online social media and social networking service owned by American company Meta Platforms. Founded in 2004 by Mark Zuckerberg with fellow Harvard College students and roommates Eduardo Saverin, Andrew McCollum, Dustin Moskovitz, and Chris Hughes, its name comes from the face book directories often given to American university students. Membership was initially limited to Harvard students, gradually expanding to other North American universities and, since 2006, anyone over 13 years old. As of July 2022, Facebook claimed 2.93 billion monthly active users,[6] and ranked third worldwide among the most visited websites as of July 2022.[7] It was the most downloaded mobile app of the 2010s.[8]
Facebook can be accessed from devices with Internet connectivity, such as personal computers, tablets and smartphones. After registering, users can create a profile revealing information about themselves. They can post text, photos and multimedia which are shared with any other users who have agreed to be their "friend" or, with different privacy settings, publicly. Users can also communicate directly with each other with Facebook Messenger, join common-interest groups, and receive notifications on the activities of their Facebook friends and the pages they follow.
The subject of numerous controversies, Facebook has often been criticized over issues such as user privacy (as with the Cambridge Analytica data scandal), political manipulation (as with the 2016 U.S. elections) and mass surveillance.[9] Posts originating from the Facebook page of Breitbart News, a media organization previously affiliated with Cambridge Analytica,[10] are currently among the most widely shared political content on Facebook.[11][12][13][14][15] Facebook has also been subject to criticism over psychological effects such as addiction and low self-esteem, and various controversies over content such as fake news, conspiracy theories, copyright infringement, and hate speech.
Zuckerberg built a website called "Facemash" in 2003 while attending Harvard University. The site was comparable to Hot or Not and used "photos compiled from the online face books of nine Houses, placing two next to each other at a time and asking users to choose the "hotter" person". Facemash attracted 450 visitors and 22,000 photo-views in its first four hours. The site was sent to several campus group listservs, but was shut down a few days later by Harvard administration. Zuckerberg faced expulsion and was charged with breaching security, violating copyrights and violating individual privacy. Ultimately, the charges were dropped. Zuckerberg expanded on this project that semester by creating a social study tool. He uploaded art images, each accompanied by a comments section, to a website he shared with his classmates.
A "face book" is a student directory featuring photos and personal information. In 2003, Harvard had only a paper version[ along with private online directories. Zuckerberg told The Harvard Crimson, "Everyone's been talking a lot about a universal face book within Harvard. ... I think it's kind of silly that it would take the University a couple of years to get around to it. I can do it better than they can, and I can do it in a week."[29] In January 2004, Zuckerberg coded a new website, known as "TheFacebook", inspired by a Crimson editorial about Facemash, stating, "It is clear that the technology needed to create a centralized Website is readily available ... the benefits are many." Zuckerberg met with Harvard student Eduardo Saverin, and each of them agreed to invest $1,000 ($1,435 in 2021 dollars[30]) in the site.[31] On February 4, 2004, Zuckerberg launched "TheFacebook", originally located at thefacebook.com.
Six days after the site launched, Harvard seniors Cameron Winklevoss, Tyler Winklevoss, and Divya Narendra accused Zuckerberg of intentionally misleading them into believing that he would help them build a social network called HarvardConnection.com. They claimed that he was instead using their ideas to build a competing product. The three complained to the Crimson and the newspaper began an investigation. They later sued Zuckerberg, settling in 2008 for 1.2 million shares (worth $300 million ($354 million in 2021 dollars[30]) at Facebook's IPO).
Membership was initially restricted to students of Harvard College. Within a month, more than half the undergraduates had registered.[36] Dustin Moskovitz, Andrew McCollum, and Chris Hughes joined Zuckerberg to help manage the growth of the website.[37] In March 2004, Facebook expanded to Columbia, Stanford and Yale.[38] It then became available to all Ivy League colleges, Boston University, NYU, MIT, and successively most universities in the United States and Canada.
In mid-2004, Napster co-founder and entrepreneur Sean Parker—an informal advisor to Zuckerberg—became company president.[41] In June 2004, the company moved to Palo Alto, California.[42] It received its first investment later that month from PayPal co-founder Peter Thiel. In 2005, the company dropped "the" from its name after purchasing the domain name Facebook.com for US$200,000 ($277,492 in 2021 dollars). The domain had belonged to AboutFace Corporation.
In May 2005, Accel Partners invested $12.7 million ($17.6 million in 2021 dollars) in Facebook, and Jim Breyer added $1 million ($1.39 million in 2021 dollars) of his own money. A high-school version of the site launched in September 2005. Eligibility expanded to include employees of several companies, including Apple Inc. and Microsoft.
Facebook was sued by the Federal Trade Commission as well as a coalition of several states for illegal monopolization and antitrust. The FTC and states sought the courts to force Facebook to sell its subsidiaries WhatsApp and Instagram.[183][184] The suits were dismissed by a federal judge on June 28, 2021, who stated that there was not enough evidence brought in the suit to determine Facebook to be a monopoly at this point, though allowed the FTC to amend its case to include additional evidence. In its amended filings in August 2021, the FTC asserted that Facebook had been a monopoly in the area of personal social networks since 2011, distinguishing Facebook's activities from social media services like TikTok that broadcast content without necessarily limiting that message to intended recipients.
In response to the proposed bill in the Australian Parliament for a News Media Bargaining Code, on February 17, 2021, Facebook blocked Australian users from sharing or viewing news content on its platform, as well as pages of some government, community, union, charity, political, and emergency services.[187] The Australian government strongly criticised the move, saying it demonstrated the "immense market power of these digital social giants".
On February 22, Facebook said it reached an agreement with the Australian government that would see news returning to Australian users in the coming days. As part of this agreement, Facebook and Google can avoid the News Media Bargaining Code adopted on February 25 if they "reach a commercial bargain with a news business outside the Code".
Facebook has been accused of removing and shadow banning content that spoke either in favor of protesting Indian farmers or against Narendra Modi's government. India-based employees of Facebook are at risk of arrest.
On February 27, 2021, Facebook announced Facebook BARS app for rappers.
On June 29, 2021, Facebook announced Bulletin, a platform for independent writers.[197][198] Unlike competitors such as Substack, Facebook would not take a cut of subscription fees of writers using that platform upon its launch, like Malcolm Gladwell and Mitch Albom. According to The Washington Post technology writer Will Oremus, the move was criticized by those who viewed it as an tactic intended by Facebook to force those competitors out of business.
In October 2021, owner Facebook, Inc. changed its company name to Meta Platforms, Inc., or simply "Meta", as it shifts its focus to building the "metaverse". This change does not affect the name of the Facebook social networking service itself, instead being similar to the creation of Alphabet as Google's parent company in 2015.
In November 2021, Facebook stated it would stop targeting ads based on data related to health, race, ethnicity, political beliefs, religion and sexual orientation. The change will occur in January and will affect all apps owned by Meta Platforms.
In February 2022, Facebook's daily active users dropped for the first time in its 18-year history. According to Facebook's parent Meta, DAUs dropped to 1.929 billion in the three months ending in December, down from 1.930 billion the previous quarter. Furthermore, the company warned that revenue growth would slow due to competition from TikTok and YouTube, as well as advertisers cutting back on spending.
Analysts predict a "death spiral" for facebook stock as users leave while ad impressions increase, as the company chases revenue.
On March 10, 2022, Facebook announced that it will temporarily ease rules to allow violent speech against 'Russian invaders'. Russia then banned all Meta services, including Instagram.
White Castle
Harold and Kumar aren't the only loyal customers who keep coming back to White Castle for some of those iconic sliders, and now, there is even an Impossible Slider on the menu.
Boston Market
From the rotisserie chickens to the delectable mac and cheese, Boston Market is always a great stop for a hearty meal. Here are The Best & Worst Menu Items at Boston Market.
Papa John's
Papa John's is always boasting about its better ingredients, and it seems like there are plenty of customers who continue to order these pizzas.
Little Caesars
"Pizza, pizza" has plenty of loyal fans, thanks to the "cheap and fast" vibe of the food. Speaking of pizza, do you know what the most popular pizza topping is in your state?
Starbucks
Starbucks has gathered a reputation for being the go-to place when you're in the mood for a pumpkin coffee drink once fall rolls around. And with their decadent Frappuccinos, there are plenty of sweet treats for non-coffee drinkers, too.
Quizno's
Quizno's offers up classic sandwiches, and who can resist the fresh pepper bar?
Five Guys
While Five Guys has some top-notch burgers and fries, this is a spot for peanut lovers, too. You can munch on peanuts that are available all over the restaurants while you order your meal.
Cold Stone Creamery
This ice cream shop serves up cold customized treats for whatever your heart desires, so it's basically a dream come true, right?
Sonic
Sometimes, you just want one of Sonic's frozen drinks and a burger to go along with it. Yum!
Burger King
While it may not be the most popular dining brand in the country, the King is still a top choice for many. Those Whoppers are still as tasty as ever, especially if you go for the Impossible Whopper.
Want to chow down on more juicy hamburgers? Here's where you can get The Absolute Best Burger in Every State.
KFC
The Colonel is still going strong! Who doesn't want to eat their chicken right out of a bucket?
A&W Restaurants
Yes, the root beer chain sells food! Here are The Best & Worst Menu Items at A&W.
Mrs. Fields
Those giant chocolate chip cookies that just call your name as you're walking by? They are a staple of all Mrs. Fields locations, so we don't blame you for having one now and then.
Subway
People surveyed described this sandwich shop as a "good value for money." If you're a Subway fan, you're not alone! Headed to Subway? Here's Every Subway Sandwich—Ranked for Nutrition!
McDonald's
Are you still McLovin' it? You might've expected Mickey D's to claim a spot closer to the top, but those golden fries and Big Macs seem to have some more competition.
Domino's
Domino's is hailed by fans for being well-made and a good value. With wings and yummy chocolate lava cakes to go alongside a pizza, Domino's is simply beloved.
Popeyes
Plenty of loyal Popeyes fans eat there on the reg, and we know the chicken sandwich was truly worth all the hype.
Panera
From its house-made lemonade to that tasty mac and cheese to those fresh-baked bagels, Panera has it all. No wonder it ranked so highly on YouGov's list!
Taco Bell
This taco joint rings its loyal customers' bells for being "everywhere and good quality." By the way, You'll Never Guess What Taco Bell Uses to Season Its Beef.
Chick-fil-A
Although loyal customers can't satisfy their fried chicken cravings on Sunday, Chick-fil-A still is a top spot to go when you're in the mood for a chicken sandwich and some waffle fries.
Pizza Hut
With a plethora of crusts, cheesy toppings, and grilled veggies to choose from, it's no surprise pizza lovers keep coming back to the Hut.
Arby's
For all the meat-lovers out there, Arby's is your place, especially if you're a fan of their staple, roast beef sandwiches.
Dunkin'
America actually does run on Dunkin', doesn't it? Those Munchkins are rather irresistible.
Cinnabon
No mall trip is ever done without a pit stop at Cinnabon for a warm, gooey, perfectly sticky cinnamon bun.
Wendy's
Ranking higher than McDonald's and Burger King is the beloved redhead! The real question is, which flavor Frosty do you get: chocolate or vanilla?
Krispy Kreme
From the affordably priced cups of caffeine to the hot-out-the-oven classic glazed doughnuts, it's easy to see why Krispy Kreme has such a devoted following.
Baskin-Robbins
Craving ice cream? Baskin Robbins comes in the first-place spot. And they have so many delicious scoop flavors!
Dairy Queen
Majority rules! Customers raved that the fast-food chain is "good quality," "never gets old," and is a "good value for money." That sounds like a winning combo to us! DQ even sold more than 175 million Blizzards the first year they introduced them in 1985—who knew?
+++ DISCLAIMER +++
Nothing you see here is real, even though the conversion or the presented background story might be based historical facts. BEWARE!
Some background:
The G.91Y was an increased-performance version of the Fiat G.91 funded by the Italian government. Based on the G.91T two-seat trainer variant, the single Bristol Orpheus turbojet engine of this aircraft was replaced by two afterburning General Electric J85 turbojets which increased thrust by 60% over the single-engine variant. Structural modifications to reduce airframe weight increased performance further and an additional fuel tank occupying the space of the G.91T's rear seat provided extra range. Combat manoeuvrability was improved with the addition of automatic leading edge slats. The avionics equipment of the G.91Y was considerably upgraded with many of the American, British and Canadian systems being license-manufactured in Italy.
Flight testing of three pre-production aircraft was successful, with one aircraft reaching a maximum speed of Mach 0.98. Airframe buffeting was noted and was rectified in production aircraft by raising the position of the tailplane slightly.
An initial order of 55 aircraft for the Italian Air Force was completed by Fiat in March 1971, by which time the company had changed its name to Aeritalia (from 1969, when Fiat aviazione joined the Aerfer). The order was increased to 75 aircraft with 67 eventually being delivered. In fact, the development of the new G.91Y was quite long, and the first order was for about 20 pre-series examples that followed the two prototypes. The first pre-series 'Yankee' (the nickname of the new aircraft) flew in July 1968.
AMI (Italian Air Force) placed orders for two batches, 35 fighters followed by another 20, later cut to ten. The last one was delivered around mid 1976, so the total was two prototypes, 20 pre-series and 45 series aircraft. No immediate export success followed, though, and the Italian G.91Ys’ service lasted until the early '90s as attack/recce machines, both over ground and sea, until the AMX replaced them until 1994.
However, upon retirement some G.91Ys were still in good condition and the airframes had still some considerable flight hours left, so that about thirty revamped aircraft were put up for sale from 1992 onwards. At the same time, Poland was undergoing a dramatic political change. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union the Eastern European country immediately turned its political attention westward, including the prospects of joining NATO. The withdrawal of Russian forces based in Poland and partly obsolete military equipment of the Polish forces themselves led to a procurement process from 1991 onwards, which, among others, included a replacement for the Polish MiG-17 (domestic Lim-5, Lim-6 and Lim-6bis types), which had been operated by both Polish air force and navy since the late Sixties, primarily as fighter bombers in their late career, but also for reconnaissance tasks.
The G.91Y appeared, even though a vintage design, to be a suitable replacement option, since its performance envelope and the equipment outfit with three cameras in the nose made it a perfect package – and the price tag was not big, either. Especially the Polish Navy showed much interest, and after 10 months of negotiations Poland eventually bought 22 G.91Y from Italy, plus five G.91T two-seaters for conversion training, which were delivered between June 1993 and April 1994.
For the new operator the machines only underwent minor modifications. The biggest change was the addition of wirings and avionics for typical Polish Air Force ordnance, like indigenous MARS-2 pods for 16 unguided 57mm S-5 missiles, iron bombs of Russian origin of up to 500 kg (1.100 lb) caliber, SUU-23-2 gun pods as well as R-3 and R-60 missiles (which were very similar to the Western AIM-9 Sidewinder and actually date back to re-engineered specimen obtained by the USSR during the Korea war!). All machines were concentrated at Gdynia-Babie Doły in a newly founded, dedicated fighter bomber of the 1 Naval Aviation Squadron, which also operated MiG-21 fighters and PZL Iskra trainers. The Polish G.91Ys, nicknamed “Polski Fiat” by their crews (due to their compact size and overall simplicity, in reminiscence of the very popular, locally license-built Fiat 126), not only replaced the vintage MiG-17 types and some Polish Navy MiG-21 fighters, but also the handful of MiG-15UTI trainer veterans which were still used by the Polish Navy for observation duties over the Baltic Sea.
When Poland joined NATO on 12 March 1999, the G.91Ys (18 were still in service, plus all five trainers) received another major overhaul, a new low-visibility paint scheme, and they were updated with avionics that ensured inter-operability with other NATO forces, e .g. a GPS positioning sensor in a small, dorsal hump fairing. In 2006, when deliveries of 48 F-16C/D fighters to Poland started, the G.91Ys were to be retired within 12 months. But problems with the F-16s’ operability kept the G.91Y fleet active until 2011, when all aircraft were grounded and quickly scrapped.
General characteristics:
Crew: one
Length: 11.67 m (38 ft 3.5 in)
Wingspan: 9.01 m (29 ft 6.5 in)
Height: 4.43 m (14 ft 6.3 in)
Wing area: 18.13 m² (195.149 ft²)
Empty weight: 3,900 kg (8,598 lb)
Loaded weight: 7,800 kg (17,196 lb)
Max. takeoff weight: 8,700 kg (19,180 lb)
Powerplant:
2× General Electric J85-GE-13A turbojets, 18.15 kN (4,080 lbf) each
Performance:
Maximum speed: 1,110 km/h (600 kn, 690 mph, Mach 0.95) at 10,000 m (33,000 ft)
Range: 1,150 km (621 nmi, 715 mi)
Max. ferry range with drop tanks: 3,400 km (2,110 mls)
Service ceiling: 12,500 m (41,000 ft)
Rate of climb: 86.36 m/s (17,000 ft/min)
Wing loading: 480 kg/m² (98.3 lb/ft² (maximum)
Thrust/weight: 0.47 at maximum loading
Armament:
2× 30 mm (1.18 in) DEFA cannons with 120 RPG
4× under-wing pylon stations with a capacity of 1,814 kg (4,000 lb)
The kit and its assembly:
This whiffy Yankee Gina was inspired by a profile that had popped up during WWW picture search a while ago. Tracking it back, I found it to be artwork created and posted at DeviantArt by user “Jeremak-J”, depicting a G.91Y in polish markings and sporting a two-tone grey camouflage with light blue undersides and a medium waterline. I found the idea bizarre, but attractive, and, after some research, I found a small historic slot that might have made this “combo” possible.
When I recently delved through my (growing…) kit pile I came across a Matchbox G.91Y in a squashed box and with a cracked canopy – and decided to use that kit for a personal Polish variant.
The Matchbox G.91Y bears light and shadow galore. While it is IIRC the only IP kit of this aircraft, it comes with some problem areas. The fit of any major kit component is mediocre and the cockpit tub with an integral seat-thing is …unique. But the overall shape is IMHO quite good – a typical, simple Matchbox kit with a mix of (very fine) raised and engraved panel lines.
The OOB canopy could not be saved, but I was lucky to find a replacement part in the spares box – probably left over from the first G.91Y I built in the early Eighties. While the donor part had to be stripped from paint and was quite yellowed from age, it saved the kit.
It was built almost OOB, since major changes would not make sense in the context of my background story of a cheap 2nd hand purchase for an air force on a lean budget. I just added some details to the cockpit and changed the ordnance, using missile pods and iron bombs of Soviet origin (from a Kangnam/Revell Yak-38).
The exhausts were drilled open, because OOB these are just blank covers, only 0.5 mm deep! Inside, some afterburners were simulated (actually main wheels from an Arii 1:100 VF-1).
The flaps were lowered and extended, which is easy to realize on this kit.
The clumsy, molded guns were cut away, to be later replaced with free-standing, hollow steel needles.
In order to add some more exterior detail I also scratched the thin protector frames around the nozzles with thin wire.
Since the replacement canopy looked quite old and brittle, I did not dare cutting the clear part in two, so that the cockpit remained closed, despite the effort put into the interior.
A personal extra is the pair of chaff/flare dispensers on the rear fuselage, reminiscent of Su-22 installations.
Painting and markings:
The inspiring profile was nice, but I found it to be a bit fishy. The depicted tactical code format would IMHO not be plausible for the aircraft’s intended era, and roundels on the fuselage flanks would also long have gone in the Nineties. Therefore, I rather looked at real world benchmarks from the appropriate time frame for my Polish Gina’s livery, even though I wanted to stay true to the artist’s original concept, too.
One direction to add more plausibility was the scheme that Polish Su-22 fighter bombers received during their MLU, changing the typical tactical camouflage in up to four hues of green and brown into a much more subdued two tone grey livery with lighter, bluish-grey undersides, combined with toned-down markings like tactical codes in white outlines only. Some late MiG-21s also received this type of livery, and at least one Polish Fishbed instructional airframe received white low-viz national insignia.
For the paint scheme itself I used the MiG-21 pattern as benchmark (found in the Planes & Pilots MiG-21 book) and adapted it to the G.91Y as good as possible. The tones were a little difficult to define – some painting instructions recommend FS 36118 (US Gunship Grey) for the dark upper grey tone, but this is IMHO much too murky. Esp. on the Su-22s, the two upper greys show only little contrast, and the lower grey does not stand out much against the upper tones, either. On the other side, I found a picture of a real-life MiG-21U trainer in the new grey scheme, and the contrast between the grey on the upper surfaces appeared much stronger, with the light grey even having a brownish hue. Hmpf.
As a compromise I settled for FS 36173 (F-15E Dark Grey) and 36414 (Flint Grey). For the undersides I went for FS 35414 (Blue Green), which comes close to the typical Soviet underside blue, but it is brighter.
After basic painting, the kit received a light black ink wash and subtle post-shading, mostly in order to emphasize single panels, less for a true weathering effect.
The cockpit was painted in Dark Gull Grey (Humbrol 140), with a light blue dashboard and a black ejection seat. The OOB pilot was used and received an olive drab suit with a light grey helmet, modern and toned down like the aircraft itself. The landing gear as well as the air intake interior were painted in different shades of aluminum.
The decals were, as so often, puzzled together from various sources. The interesting, white-only Polish roundels come from a Mistercraft MiG-21. I also added them to the upper wing surfaces – this is AFAIK not correct, but without them I found the model to look rather bleak. Under the wings, full color insignia were used, though. The English language “Navy” markings on the fuselage might appear odd, but late MiG-21s in Polish Navy service actually had this operator designation added to their spines!
The typical, tactical four-digit code consists of markings for Italian Tornados, taken from two different Italeri sheets. The squadron emblem on the fin came from a Mistercraft Su-22, IIRC.
Most stencils were taken from the OOB sheet, some of them were replaced with white alternatives, though, in order to keep a consistent overall low-viz look.
Finally the kit was sealed with matt acrylic varnish.
An interesting result. Even though this Polish Gina is purely fictional, the model looks surprisingly convincing, and the grey low-viz livery actually suits the G.91Y well.
Richmond Castle in Richmond, North Yorkshire, England, stands in a commanding position above the River Swale, close to the centre of the town of Richmond. It was originally called Riche Mount, 'the strong hill'. The castle was constructed from 1071 onwards following the Norman Conquest of England, and the Domesday Book of 1086 refers to 'a castlery' at Richmond.
In 1069 William the Conqueror had put down a rebellion at York which was followed by his "harrying of the North" – an act of ethnic cleansing which depopulated large areas for a generation or more. As a further punishment, he divided up the lands of north Yorkshire among his most loyal followers. Alan Rufus, of Brittany, received the borough of Richmond and began constructing the castle to defend against further rebellions and to establish a personal power base. His holdings, called the Honour of Richmond, covered parts of eight counties and amounted to one of the most extensive Norman estates in England. The Dukes of Brittany became the owners of the castle as Earls of Richmond though it was often confiscated for various periods by English Kings.
A 100-foot (30 m)-high keep of honey-coloured sandstone was constructed at the end of the 12th century by Duke Conan IV of Brittany. The Earldom of Richmond was seized in 1158 by Henry II of England. It was King Henry II who probably completed the keep which had 11-foot (3.4 m)-thick walls. Modern visitors can climb to the top of the keep for magnificent views of the town of Richmond. At the same time that the keep was probably completed, Henry II considerably strengthened the castle by adding towers and a barbican. Henry III and King Edward I spent more money on the site including Edward's improvements to the keep interior.
In addition to the main circuit of the wall, there was the barbican in front of the main gate which functioned as a sealed entry space, allowing visitors and wagons to be checked before they gained entry to the castle itself. On the other side of the castle, overlooking the river, was another enclosure or bailey called the Cockpit, which may have functioned as a garden and was overlooked by a balcony. A drawing of 1674 suggests there was another longer balcony overlooking the river side of Scolland's Hall, the Great Hall.
Richmond Castle had fallen out of use as a fortress by the end of the 14th century and it did not receive major improvements after that date. A survey of 1538 shows it was partly in ruins, but paintings by Turner and others, together with the rise of tourism and an interest in antiquities, led to repairs to the keep in the early 19th century.
In 1855 the castle became the headquarters of the North Yorkshire Militia, and a military barracks block was constructed in the great courtyard. For two years, from 1908 to 1910, the castle was the home of Robert Baden-Powell, later founder of the Boy Scouts, while he commanded the Northern Territorial Army but the barracks building was demolished in 1931.
The castle was used during the First World War as the base of the Non-Combatant Corps made up of conscientious objectors – conscripts who refused to fight. It was also used to imprison some conscientious objectors who refused to accept army discipline and participate in the war in any way. These included the "Richmond Sixteen" who were taken to France from the castle, charged under Field Regulations, and then sentenced to death, but their death sentences were commuted to ten years' hard labour.
As presented today Richmond Castle has one of the finest examples of Norman buildings in Britain including Scollands Hall, the Great Hall of the castle. The keep has a restored roof and floors but is shown with the original 11th-century main gate arch unblocked. This arch is now in the basement of the later 12th century keep which was built in front of it, the main gate then being moved to its present position which was dominated by the adjacent keep while the original arch we see today was filled-in to secure the keep.
The castle is a Scheduled Monument, a "nationally important" historic building and archaeological site which has been given protection against unauthorised change. It is also a Grade I listed building and therefore recognised as an internationally important structure. Today the castle is in the care of English Heritage which publishes a guidebook written by John Goodall PhD FSA. English Heritage provides a visitor centre for the castle with an informative exhibition containing artefacts form the castles history, they also hold regular events there throughout the year.
According to legend, King Arthur and his knights are sleeping in a cave underneath the castle. It is said that they were once discovered by a potter named Thompson, who ran away when they began to awake. Another legend tells that a drummer boy was lost while investigating an underground tunnel, and that his ghostly drumming is sometimes heard around the castle.
Richmond Castle consists of four main parts: a triangular main enclosure, an outer enclosure to the east, a keep at the northern corner of the main enclosure, and a small enclosure around the keep.
This O Route NABI came up rather quick while the P Route NABI had to hold back for the crosswalk.
3029 is a is a 1998 built NABI while 3055 is a 1999 built NABI. Both of these busses have newer counterparts on the AC Transit System that are "low floor models" as well.
©2002-2013 FranksRails.com Photography
St Helen is probably my favourite Kent church. At least from the outside. Alternating bands of flints and local stone give it a Christmas Cake effect, but in bright sunshine it looks stunning.
Inside, its no less impressive. Part of the wall paintings survive, as do geometric patterns on some of the supporting columns.
And it is huge, with a fine wooden roof, a replacement after a fire, but still works well, and the fabric of the church seems good.
Everywhere there are fabulous things to find; Aumbries, memorials, and so much more.
And I reeived a warm welcome from the warden who was waiting for visitors. Last time I was here, there was a display of how the estuary airport-cum-Boris Johnson vanity project seemed a real possibility. Now he is back insulting foreigners, and the airport is dead. But a new Thames crossing is being mooted, and it might run across Grain, which would be a shame to have the peace and quiet shattered.
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An absolute knockout of a church. From the first glimpse of the exterior, with its zebra-like stripes of flint and stone, you know that here is a church of great interest. In plan it consists of an aisled nave, transepts, chancel and west tower - all built on a prodigious scale. Although the church was heavily restored on two occasions in the nineteenth century there is still a great deal of interest and a visit here should not be rushed. The pillars of the nave have distinctive 'V' paintings contemporary with their fourteenth-century construction. The pulpit is of 1636 and shows some excellent carved arcading. Attached to it is a contemporary hourglass stand. The north transept has wall paintings depicting the martyrdom of St Edmund, but these were over-touched-up by Professor Tristram in 1932. Further paintings exist in the south transept and probably show the martyrdom of St Margaret. The base of the rood screen is fifteenth century while the rather insubstantial traceried top is an early twentieth-century addition. There is an elaborate tie-beam high in the roof with little quatrefoil piercings in the spandrels, but this could not have supported the rood as the remains of the rood loft staircase may be seen in its usual position. Outside the north chancel wall can be found a piscina and holy water stoup - all that remains of a medieval chantry chapel or anchorite's cell which has been demolished. The blocked-up doorway that originally gave access to it may be seen both inside and out. On the inside south wall of the chancel is one of the finest sedilia in Kent which together with its double piscina dates from the early years of the fourteenth century.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Cliffe
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THE Church at Cliffe is dedicated to St. Helen and bears the distinction of being the only church in Kent dedicated to that Saint. It stands in a prominent position at the edge of the Hoo peninsula overlooking the extensive marshes which at this point stretch some two miles to the Thames.
The village seems at one time to have been of greater importance than it is to-day. Lambarde describes it as a large town in his day in spite of a disastrous fire which had destroyed many of the houses about 1520, a fire from the effects of which it appears never to have recovered.
The Manor of Cliffe belonged from very early times to the Prior and Convent of Christ Church, Canterbury, who were also the owners of the advowson, and thus became concerned with the upkeep of the church. At the Dissolution the Manor passed to George Brooke, Lord Cobham, though the Archbishop of Canterbury is still the patron of the living. Among the Rectors of Cliffe were several men of distinction, some of whom probably never visited the parish. From an early date there seems to have been a perpetual vicarage attached to the church, but when it became merged in the Rectory is uncertain.
Of the first church at Cliffe there is no definite record. It is sometimes said to have been founded by Offa, king of Mercia, in the latter part of the eighth century, though the only evidence for this appears to be the presumed identification of the place with the Cloveshoo of the Saxon Chronicle, where various synods of the Saxon Church were held in the eighth and ninth centuries. Without attempting to suggest a solution of this very debatable point, it can only be said that the evidence in favour of Cliffe appears to rest on at least as good authority as that of the rival claimants—Abingdon in Berkshire, and Clifton Hoo in Bedfordshire. There is moreover good reason to think that Cliffe was less inaccessible than might be supposed in mediaeval times. There still remain traces of a causeway across Higham Marsh, which must at one time have led to a ferry, thus affording an easy means of approach from Essex and the Midlands.
The earliest undisputed documentary reference to a church at Cliffe is in the Domesday Survey. It was evidently a building of more than usual importance for it is expressly stated that two ministers were in charge. Of this building, however, not a vestige remains, though there can be little doubt that from it the present plan has, on more or less recognised lines, been developed.
The plan as it exists to-day is complete, and consists of a nave with wide aisles, north and south transepts, chancel, western tower and south porch. The church is one of the largest in Kent, and is a striking example of a parish church whose size and splendour could have borne but little relation to the actual needs of the locality. It was the product of an age whose zeal for church building was limited only by the funds available. The total internal length from east to west is 182 feet, while the width across the transept is 82 feet. The exterior has been the subject of somewhat extensive restoration, which has robbed it of much of its ancient appearance. The south aisle differs from that on the north in having an embattled parapet, similar to that of the porch. The walls of the tower and transepts are faced with flint rubble with little attempt at regular coursing. The later work of the nave and chancel, though extensively refaced, is composed of alternate courses of dressed flints and stone ; the latter, a soft ragstone from the lower green sand formation which, quarried probably from the outcrop a few miles to the south, has weathered badly in many places. A variety of other materials is noticeable, some of which appear to have been reused from the earlier church. A block of Caen stone in the east wall of the chancel, and several pieces in the north wall, have obviously been reused, while a single piece of calcareous tufa can be seen in the north wall of the transept; Reigate stone is also fairly abundant.
It is not till one enters the church, that its size is fully realised. The absence of pews over a large part of the nave, with the fact that the nave arcade is carried past the crossing without a break, and the absence of a chancel arch, all combine to emphasise its spaciousness. The impression
gathered from a superficial survey of the interior is that of a thirteenth century church with considerable additions in the fourteenth century, but a more careful inspection shows at least one trace of an earlier building. The arch from the north aisle into the transept, which has been partially cut away when the thirteenth century nave arcade was constructed, is certainly of late twelfth century date and must therefore have survived from an earlier church. Before, however, considering the development of the ground plan, it is necessary to refer briefly to the chief features of architectural interest which call for notice.
The porch is of a fairly common type, with an upper room, approached by a stair turret from the south aisle. It measures internally 11 feet 5 inches from east to west by 16 feet from north to south, and is apparently of late fifteenth century date. On the right of the inner doorway are the remains of a holy water stoup. The room above has been considerably modernised, and there is nothing to indicate its original use. Occasionally an altar is found in the porch chamber, which, however, in this case would seem more likely to have been used for storing the church goods.
The north and south aisles of the nave are 19 feet 10 inches and 18 feet wide respectively, and are thus considerably wider than the nave itself. They contain a fine series of Decorated windows, those at the end of either aisle being particularly interesting examples of three lights. The church as a whole is very rich in windows of this period, which form in themselves an interesting study in design. The south aisle has a stone bench running along its south and west walls.
The tower is entered from the nave by a plain thirteenth century arch, and measures approximately 15 feet 6 inches from east to west by 17 feet 6 inches from north to south (interior measurements). The lower stage, which is shut off from the church by a screen, and is now used as a vestry, is lit by three narrow lancets, one in each of the disengaged walls. The roof is a simple quadripartite vault, without any boss at the intersection of the ribs, which are carried on shafts supported on corbels set in the four angles. The lower part of the tower is apparently thirteenth century work, and somewhat earlier than the transepts. The flat, clasping buttresses appear to be original, though now entirely re-faced, and might in themselves suggest a transitional date for the base of the tower. The upper part has been rebuilt at a much later date, and contains a Perpendicular window. Like most towers of the period, it is probable that there was originally no structural stairway leading to the upper stages, access to which had to be obtained by means of a ladder, though the existing doorway to the modern stair turret appears to be of fairly early date.
The transepts deserve special consideration on account of the very interesting work which they contain. Their date cannot be later than about 1260 and there are some grounds for thinking that the south transept may be slightly the earlier of the two. The east wall of the south transept is
divided into two bays by blind arches, supported on slender banded shafts, with a narrow lancet window in the centre of each arch. A somewhat similar arrangement exists on the east wall of the north transept, though in this case the central shaft is not carried to the ground, but rests midway on a moulded bracket, below which is a piscina with a trefoil head of the same date. The treatment of the west wall of the north transept is very similar to that of the east, but the arches are much narrower, and the arrangement has been somewhat interfered with by a later widening of the nave aisle. In the south transept the arcading on the west wall is somewhat plainer, and the banded shafts have been dispensed with. Although similar in general design, certain details point to the south transept being slightly the earlier. The string course below the windows, which is continued round the shafts of the mural arcading, is a plain scroll moulding, while in the north transept a fillet is substituted, and the central bands on the shafts of the arcading are of a more elaborate character. The triple lancet windows at the ends of either transept are modern, and replaced two large fifteenth-century windows, which are shown in several early views.
The north transept was formerly shut off from the rest of the church by a screen, and used for holding the Rector's Court. In mediaeval times, and down to 1845, the Rector of Cliffe had a peculiar jurisdiction within his parish. He was exempt from all ecclesiastical authority other than personal visitation from the Archbishop of Canterbury. The wills of parishioners were proved in the local court, and the official seal of the Peculiar is still preserved in the Rochester Museum.
The chancel, which appears to have been rebuilt entirely in the middle of the fourteenth century, is complete, save for the insertion of a modern east window, which replaced an extraordinarily ugly eighteenth-century aperture of brick. The remaining windows are all fine examples of Decorated work, the tracery of which shows a distinctly Flamboyant tendency. The eastern pair affords interesting examples of Kentish tracery. All have good hood-mouldings with
grotesques at the ends. Beneath the windows is a stringcourse, which terminates at the altar rails with a grotesque head on either side. That on the north has been renewed, but the southern one represents the battered head of a monk.
The chief interest in the chancel, however, is its fittings. In the south wall is a series of three very beautiful fourteenth century sedilia, with a piscina of uniform character, recessed in the wall and ascending eastward. They are divided by slender buttressed shafts, supporting elaborately carved ogee canopies, and surmounted by crockets and finials. Beneath the canopies are trefoiled arches, and behind these the roof is carved in imitation of sexpartite vaulting.
Opposite in the north wall is a fine late-fourteenth century tomb of early Perpendicular character, which is often referred to as an Easter sepulchre, for which purpose it may well have been used. The wide cinquefoil arch is surmounted by an elaborate embattled cornice, supported on narrow
buttressed shafts, and terminating with a carved head at either end ; circles with internal cuspings fill the spandrils of the arch.
Immediately west of this tomb is a blocked doorway which led to an adjoining building, now demolished. The exterior wall at this point is of a different character from the rest of the chancel walls, and apparently of earlier date. It is composed of a variety of material, including pieces of Caen stone, which probably came from the earlier church, and suggests that this section of wall and the chapel, of which it formed part, survived the re-building of the chancel in the fourteenth century. The two adjoining buttresses have been constructed out of sections of the eastern and western walls of the chapel, and serve to indicate its approximate size. The position of its low roof is clearly shown by the stone corbels which remain at a height of 7 feet 8 inches from the ground. The floor must have been somewhat lower than the present ground level, as the small piscina in the exterior of the chancel wall is now only two feet from the ground. In the base of the westernmost of the two buttresses is a niche, now scarcely eighteen inches from the ground, which may originally have been used as a holy water stoup, since it was close to the entrance to the chapel. This small building probably served the joint purpose of a Sacristy and Chapel. That it contained an altar there can be no doubt from the piscina already noted.
It may possibly be referred to in the will of Richard Elys, who in 1468 left 12 pence to the light of the Blessed Mary in the chapel and 4 pence to the light of the Blessed Mary near the pulpit, though one of the transepts may of course have been here intended. Such evidence as there is on the other hand seems to point to the chapel having been pulled down at the time of the rebuilding of the chancel or soon afterwards. The blocked doorway in the chancel wall was originally carried down to the present ground level on the exterior, so that there must have been some steps in the thickness of the wall leading down into the chapel. The date of this doorway, which was probably contemporary with the building to which, it led, is uncertain. It is certainly earlier than the adjoining late-fourteenth-century tomb, as parts have been cut away when the latter was inserted, and the use of somewhat small stones points to an earlier rather than a later date. Its details on the other hand include the wave moulding which is usually taken to be characteristic of the Decorated period, or one might otherwise be inclined to think that it formed part of the thirteenth century chancel. The filling on the exterior is certainly not modern, and the fact that a plinth has been inserted when the doorway was blocked up, to match that round the rest of the chancel evidently with the intention, which was never carried out, of continuing it along the section of earlier walling where the chapel stood, seems to suggest that this work was undertaken about the same time as the rebuilding of the chancel.
We are now in a position to consider the probable development of the ground plan, which, though somewhat conjectural for the earlier period, has left some interesting and unmistakable traces of its later history. In the entire absence of remains of the early Norman church, one is forced to rely for the identification of its position on analogy with other buildings of similar type. The first church of which we have any record in all probability consisted of a simple nave and square- ended chancel. The three easternmost bays of the existing nave arcade would preserve the line of
the north and south walls of the church, while the chancel would occupy the interior of the present crossing. There is nothing to show the position of the west wall, but it would have been approximately in a line with the present north and south doors. Towards the close of the twelfth century north and south aisles, about half the width of the present ones, were probably added by piercing the original walls with arches, and about the same time a small chapel or aisle appears to have been built to the north of the original chancel, and the existing arch constructed so as to give access into it. This arch, which cannot be later than about 1200, is obviously much earlier than the present transept and must therefore have communicated with an earlier building on its site. Some evidence in support of this came to light during the restoration of the north transept in 1864. The foundations of an early wall four feet thick were found beneath the present floor running parallel and close to its eastern wall. At a distance of 15 feet from the chancel wall it appears to have been met by another wall at right angles to it. Unfortunately no further record was made of this discovery, but it establishes beyond doubt the existence of a building in this position, to which the arch in question opened. It is possible that this was the chancel arch of a late twelfth century church, and that the foundations were those of the former chancel, though such a theory would be more difficult to reconcile with the later development of the plan. Moreover on the assumption that there already existed a building on the north of the original chancel when the thirteenth-century builders decided to remodel the church, it is possible to account for the hitherto unexplained fact that the north transept is wider than the south by some three feet. The normal development of the thirteenth century produced a cruciform church. A new and longer chancel, and north and south transepts, were built around the small twelfth century chancel, while the nave and aisles were lengthened by the removal of the west wall some 20 feet further west, and a tower erected to the west of this. These extensive works could not of course have been simultaneous.
The tower appears to be somewhat earlier than the transepts, so that presumably the lengthening of the west end was undertaken first, and at the same time an Early English arcade, extending an additional bay westward, was inserted in place of the twelfth century arches. Contrary to what was frequently the case in churches of this type, there was clearly never any intention to erect a central tower over the crossing, since the abutments are far too weak to have supported the weight. This weakness would account for the presence of the strainer arch of oak, which must
have been inserted sometime in the fifteenth century.
With the completion of this work the early builders grew more ambitious. Almost immediately the work on the new chancel and transepts must have begun. A temporary hoarding was probably erected, shutting off the nave and the altar, transferred there until the new works were finished. The chancel and the south transept were probably first erected, as the sites were free of buildings ; the width of the latter being determined by the size of the former chancel and the chapel on the north. When the work was completed attention was directed towards the north transept, which, according to the usual practice, would have been rebuilt round the earlier building, the foundations of which were discovered in 1864, thus accounting for its slight extra width. Probably towards the end of the century the small chapel, the remains of which have already been mentioned, was built on the north of the new chancel.
Considerable alterations were undertaken in the fourteenth century, the principal of which were the rebuilding of the thirteenth century chancel, and the widening of the nave aisles. The latter was a very frequent form of improvement at this period, and was usually occasioned by the desire
for extra space to set up additional altars so as to meet the enormous increase in the popularity of Chantry bequests. At Cliffe the effect of this widening is clearly shown on the already completed design of the transepts. In the north transept one of the lancets was cut away, and a short pointed arch springing from shafts, which do not reach the ground, inserted in its place. The apex of the original lancet still remains in the wall above. In the south transept a similar alteration in plan is treated somewhat differently. A segmental arch, here reaching to the ground, and opening into the extended aisle, was inserted within the earlier bund arch in the west wall of the transept. This also necessitated the removal of an original lancet, the head of which can be seen occupying the space between the original arch and the later insertion. The windows in the nave all appear to be of this date. Probably contemporary with this extension of the aisles, was the heightening of the nave to allow for the clerestory with its row of single splayed lancets. The junction of this work with the old can be clearly seen immediately above the arcading. The thirteenth century roof of the nave was about on a level with those of the aisles, as the small window in the east face of the tower, which now looks into the church, must originally have looked out over the roof. The line of the fourteenth roof, which was erected at the time that the clerestory was added, can be seen on the wall of the tower, passing across the window opening. Below this the position of the third roof, erected 1732, can also be seen. This roof, which was almost flat, was replaced by the present one about forty years ago.
The rebuilding of the chancel would appear to have been undertaken at the same time as extension of the aisles, to judge from the similarity of the external stonework. This would again have necessitated the use of the nave for services, and it is probable that either at this time, or during the earlier work on the interior of the transepts, the round headed arch, which can be seen on the exterior of the north wall of the north transept, was constructed for the convenience of the masons while the ordinary entrances were not available. That this arch or doorway, which has sometimes been said to be of Norman origin, was really of a much later date, and of a purely temporary character, seems to be shown by a close inspection of its construction. The position is not in the centre of the wall while the arch itself is made up of a variety of material including large flints, pieces of Beigate stone and a single block of calcareous tufa, the latter doubtless coming from the early church. Further, the fact that the filling of the arch' seems to be of much the same character as the adjoining walls points to it only having been used for a comparatively short time. Everything in fact indicates that it was a purely temporary arrangement used during the construction of the transepts, or the later chancel, and filled up as soon as the work was completed. A somewhat similar, though smaller, arch in the exterior of the south wall of the tower was probably of a similar nature, though its purpose is conjectural, and it may have had some connection with original stairs to the upper floors. By the end of the fourteenth century the church was practically complete. The porch was added early in the following century, and the large Perpendicular windows, which formerly existed at the ends of the transepts, inserted. At the same time the upper part of the west tower was rebuilt. Certain work also seems to have been in progress about this time in the chancel, for in the will of the Rector in 1413 a sum of money was left towards that object. Exactly what resulted from the bequest one cannot say.
The subsequent additions were chiefly in the nature of modern insertions. The eighteenth century saw many acts of destruction which are duly entered in the parish registers. In 1730, during the Rectorship of George Green, the old high-gabled roofs were taken down, the lead recast, and an
almost flat roof substituted. Two years later the east window was demolished and a hideous brick opening substituted, and at the same time the old timber roof of the chancel, which, since it bore his arms, had probably been erected during the time of Archbishop Arundel, who occupied the See from 1396 to 1414, was pulled down, and both the nave and chancel ceiled. During this period also the two enormous brick buttresses, which are shown in some early views, were erected on the north and south sides of the tower. The church was in this condition when Sir Stephen Glynne visited it in 1857. Subsequent restorations have been extensive, though for the most part necessary. The brick buttresses to the Tower were removed shortly after Sir Stephen Glynne's visit, and the present circular stair turret erected in the place of the southern one. The chancel was restored in 1875, when traces of the original reredos were discovered, and the jambs of the original east window, which were of Reigate stone and about 15 feet apart, were found in situ. The present window was erected in place of the eighteenth century one in 1884, and at the same time the flat lead roofs of the nave and chancel were removed, and the present high-pitched tiled roofs substituted. Finally a small building, without any communication with the church, has been erected in recent years to the east of the north transept. During these successive restorations much of the external walls has been refaced from time to time, and the whole of the upper part of the east wall of the chancel which was pulled down in 1732, was rebuilt when the present window was inserted.
It is somewhat difficult now to picture the appearance of the interior of the church in mediaeval times. A brilliant colour scheme evidently played an important part in the general effect. Many of the piers of the nave arcades, which are apparently constructed of hard chalk, still show traces of a bold chevron pattern in red and yellow, and, together with the extensive wall paintings, slight traces of which still remain in the transepts, and the brilliance of the mediaeval glass, must have combined to give a very rich effect to the interior. Of the ancient glass very little remains. Dr.
Grayling mentions some fourteenth century borders in the chancel windows, which seem to have disappeared. In the central window of the north aisle is a small piece of ancient glass representing a ship with fish in the water beneath, which is said to have been found many years ago in a shed in the churchyard. In the top of the adjoining window is a fifteenth century figure of the Virgin and Child. A coat of arms in another window is mentioned by Thorpe, but this also seems to have disappeared. The wall paintings, though now very indistinct, were evidently much clearer until
comparatively recent times. On the east wall of the north transept, in the space between the southernmost of the two lancets and the arch in which it is placed, is one of these paintings, divided into five panels, depicting the Martyrdom of St. Edmund. Very little of it can now be made out, though the whole of this transept showed traces of colour at the time of the restoration of 1864. Some remains of a painting in a similar position in the south transept can still be seen, and are said to represent the Last Judgment.
Several bequests for the provision and upkeep of lights before the various altars add a little to our knowledge of the interior in mediaeval times. Of the various saints to whom lights were dedicated in the church Our Lady was of course the most popular. We have already seen that two altars
were dedicated to her. One of these is again mentioned in 1483, when Robert Qwikerell left 20 pence "to the Parish Church of Cleue and to the ligth of Our Lady besyde the pulpett there" and also a similar amount to the lights of St. Laurence and St. George. Richard Elys in 1469 also
mentions lights of St. Christopher, St. John and St. James, while in 1509 Steven Tudor bequeathed to the high altar of St. Elyn 20 pence, and to the light of St. Elyn 12 pence.
Of the position of these various lights one cannot speak with any certainty. That to St. Christopher would have been near the main entrance to the church, while the light of the patron saint, St. Helen, would have been in the Chancel, probably over the high altar. Remains of a piscina in four other places in the church prove the former existence of altars in these positions. That in the Sacristy has already been mentioned. At least one altar stood in each of the transepts, while a small piscina, apparently constructed of broken window tracery at the east end of the south aisle, testifies to another. An altar probably stood in a corresponding position in the north aisle. This disposition would exactly account for the number of lights mentioned in early wills. Besides the lights burning before the altars, there would also be a light before the great Rood over the entrance to the chancel. Some of the lower panels of the original rood screen survive. Above, and partly supported by, the screen was the rood loft, which was already in existence as early as 1413, when it is mentioned in conjunction with the great rood itself and its attendant figures in the will of Nicholas de Ryssheton, Canon of Sarum and Rector of Cliffe. The small fifteenth century doorway with a fourcentred arch, which gave access to it, can still be seen high up in the north wall just east of the entrance of the chancel, and the original stairs remain in good condition, though the entrance from the church has been blocked up and covered over with plaster.
The furniture in the church has suffered much from “restoration" and other causes. Six of the ancient stalls remain, three on each side of the chancel, though panelling at the backs and all the seats except two are modern. The sides terminate in carved heads, some of which have been
renewed, while the two original miserecords are carved with grotesques. The Communion rails are Jacobean, though somewhat repaired. They are of the fairly common baluster type with a central bulge. The pulpit is a very fine piece of Renaissance carving, and retains the original stand for the hour glass, though the glass itself is modern; on it is the date 1636.
Besides the fragments of the original rood screen there is another screen shutting off the vestry under the tower.
The font, which has been moved from its original position, is 3 feet 4£ inches in height, and apparently of late-fourteenth century date. The perfectly plain octagonal bowl has concave sides, around the lower edge of which is a hollow chamfer. The bowl is supported by an octagonal, buttressed stem on a plain base. On the westernmost pillar of the south arcade can still be seen the bracket and chain by which the font cover was raised, indicating its original position.
The monuments in the church are few, and call for little comment. In the floor at the west end of the north aisle are two flat coffin-shaped stones with early fourteenth century French inscriptions in Lombardic capitals. The one on the north is probably the earlier, judging from the very rough
characters which are now scarcely legible. It commemorated Eleanor de Olive, of whom nothing is known. The other stone shows traces of brass, and is inscribed in memory of Joan, wife of John Earn. These stones are described in the Gentleman's Magazine, and old rubbings of them exist among the collection of the Society of Antiquaries. There are three brasses of seventeenth century date, one of which is thought to have been engraved locally.
Two wills are of interest in connection with early burials in the church. In 1376 Robert de Walton, Rector of Cliffe, desired to be buried in the church of Olyve at the entrance to the quire. Some years later, in 1387, Thomas de Lynton, a subsequent rector, directed that he should be buried in the chancel near the entrance, and between the entrance to the quire and the tomb of Master Robert Walton, late Rector, and he ordered that a handsome marble monument should be placed over his body at the discretion of his executors. It seems not unlikely however that his executors favoured a brass monument. In the chancel is the stone matrix of what must once have been a very fine brass of about this period, representing a priest under a canopy. Another smaller matrix of an ecclesiastic is close to the pulpit.
Of the church plate the most important piece is a very beautiful paten of silver gilt of the early part of the sixteenth century. In the centre, worked in coloured enamels, is a seated figure of God the Father holding before Him a figure of the crucifixion. The extreme rarity of pre-reformation
plate is not generally recognised, and the example at Cliffe is one of the finest English patens in existence. At some period or other the paten at Cliffe served as a chalice cover, and it is even said to have been used as an alms dish, which would account for its numerous signs of wear. The other plate is of seventeenth century and later date, and of no particular interest.
It remains for me to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. F. O. Blliston Erwood for several suggestions and for the photographs which illustrate this paper. The present account is intended to supplement, but not to supplant altogether, an article on Cliffe Church, by the Rev. I. Gr. Lloyd, a former Rector, which appeared in Vol. XI. of Arch. Cant., where reference should be made for further particulars.
www.cliffehistory.co.uk/martin.html
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CLIFFE (St. Helen), a parish, in the union of North Aylesford, hundred of Shamwell, lathe of Aylesford, W. division of Kent, 5 miles (N. by W.) from Rochester; containing 842 inhabitants. The parish is bounded on the north by the Thames, and comprises 5660 acres, whereof 180 are woodland, about 2000 arable, and the remainder pasture, including a considerable portion of marshy land. The village, which is supposed to take its name from the cliff or rock on which it stands, was formerly of much greater extent, a great part of it having been destroyed by fire in 1520: it was the scene of several provincial councils. A pleasurefair is held on September 28th. The living is a rectory, valued in the king's books at £50; net income, £1297; patron, the Archbishop of Canterbury: the glebe contains 20 acres. The church is considered one of the finest in the county, being a large handsome cruciform structure in the early English style, with an embattled central tower, and containing several curious monuments and remains of antiquity, together with six stalls that belonged to a dean and five prebendaries, it having been formerly collegiate.
www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp63...
With one blast on Mallard’s whistle, York confirmed its position as the centre of the railway world today. It was the moment that marked the start of the Great Gathering – all six surviving A4 locomotives together to mark a very special anniversary.
Seventy-five years ago to the day, Mallard reached 126mph at Stoke Bank near Grantham in Lincolnshire, making it the fastest steam locomotive in history.
To mark the occasion her five sister A4s, all designed by Sir Nigel Gresley, were brought to the National Railway Museum as part of the Mallard 75 celebrations. Sir Nigel Gresley, Union of South Africa, Bittern, Dwight D Eisenhower, and Dominion of Canada – the latter two travelling 2,500 from North America – were lined up in the Great Hall. Then Mallard glided alongside them and the gathering was complete.
Dignitaries, rail buffs, former drivers and firemen from the great engines and press from Britain and beyond were there to witness locomotive history, the day after the NRM had officially been saved from a potential threat of closure.
The Great Gathering continues at the museum until July 17. And you can read about the NRM’s new art exhibition, It’s Quicker By Rail, here.
In honour of this historic event, here is a train-themed Mix Six: six facts about each of the six A4s.
4468 Mallard
•Mallard was the first A4 to be fitted with a special Kylchap exhaust and double blastpipe and chimney, making steam production more efficient.
•On the 3rd of July 1938 Mallard broke the world speed record for steam traction by reaching a speed of 126mph. But Sir Nigel Gresley himself never accepted this as the record-breaking maximum. He claimed this speed could only have been attained over a few yards, though he was comfortable that the German speed record of 124.5 mph had been surpassed.
•Selected to crew the locomotive on its record attempt were driver Joseph Duddington (a man renowned within the LNER for taking calculated risks) and fireman Thomas Bray.
•Mallard is the only surviving A4 in LNER livery.
•It is 70 ft long and weighs 165 tons, including the tender.
•At the NRM today you can climb aboard the Mallard Experience, a five-minute simulator ride “recreating the excitement and exhilaration of Mallard’s record breaking run”. But according to the warning signs, you shouldn’t go in if you are presumed pregnant or have skeletal defects.
4498 Sir Nigel Gresley
Sir Nigel Gresley takes a break from hauling visitors on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway
Sir Nigel Gresley takes a break from hauling visitors on the North Yorkshire Moors Railway
•Sir Nigel Gresley was built for the LNER in 1937, and was the 100th Gresley Pacific built.
•Locomotive 4498 was actually due to receive the name Bittern, originally suggested for 4492 (later Dominion of New Zealand). So the story goes, an LNER enthusiast who worked in the Railway Correspondence and Travel Society, realised in time that 4498 was the 100th Gresley Pacific locomotive and the suggestion was made that the locomotive be named after her designer.
•Sir Nigel Gresley holds the post-war steam record speed of 112mph gained on the 23 May 1959 and carries a plaque to that effect.
•On that record-breaking run, renowned driver Bill Hoole was on the footplate. He had a reputation for pushing locomotives to their limits.
•Bill believed that, given more freedom from those pesky safety regulations “Mallard’s record would have gone by the board”.
•Sir Nigel Gresley was saved from the scrap heap in 1966 and is based at the North Yorkshire Moors Railway. It carried the Olympic Flame in 2012.
4464 Bittern
A4 Pacific line-up, left to right: Union of South Africa, Bittern, Mallard and Dominion of Canada (just in view)
A4 Pacific line-up, left to right: Union of South Africa, Bittern, Mallard and Dominion of Canada (just in view)
•Initially Bittern was based at Heaton in Newcastle and served the famous Flying Scotsman route in the section between King’s Cross and Newcastle.
•Early in her career, Bittern suffered some collision damage, necessitating a general overhaul at Doncaster from 3rd – 4th January 1938.
•Bittern lost her garter blue paint for wartime black and was required to pull longer than normal passenger trains and later heavy freight and coal trains.
•The final day in service for Bittern was September 3rd 1966.
•Only now have the important repairs been undertaken to bring her up to mainline standard.
•Bittern is the only one with its original tender. By contrast it has had 14 different boilers, more than any other A4
60009 Union of South Africa
Union of South Africa passes Condover, Shropshire. Photograph: Wikipedia
Union of South Africa passes Condover, Shropshire. Photograph: Sam Ashton / CrossHouses on Wikipedia
•Union of South Africa had previously been allocated the name “Osprey”. “Osprey” name plates were fitted to the locomotive during the 1980s and early 1990s due to the politics of the time.
•Union of South Africa has accumulated the highest mileage of any locomotive in the class.
•The springbok plaque on the side of the locomotive was donated on 12 April 1954 by a Bloemfontein newspaper proprietor. Only one plaque was fitted on the left hand side of the locomotive.
•Union of South Africa was allocated to the Haymarket shed in Edinburgh from new and on 20 May 1962 she had her only shed transfer to Aberdeen.
•It was one of five 1937 locomotives built in 1937 to pull the new Coronation express service, which took passengers between London and Edinburgh in just six hours.
•In 1964 it was the last A4 to pull a service train from King’s Cross station. Arriving back on the return journey its final farewell whistle echoed across the platforms.
60010 Dominion of Canada
bittern
•Built in the Doncaster works in 1937, she was originally named Buzzard but was renamed Dominion of Canada in June 1937.
• Dominion of Canada was withdrawn at Darlington shed on May 29, 1965. That July the locomotive was marked in the records as “for sale to be scrapped”.
•It was left derelict and forgotten for many months until finally being moved to Crewe Works for cosmetic restoration and shipping to Canada.
•The loco was donated to the Canadian Railroad Historical Association (CRHA) by British Rail which has looked after it since May 1966.
•It returned to Britain last year where it has been restored to its pre-war state with Garter Blue livery.
•Dominion of Canada was fitted with a Canadian whistle and a bell which on one memorable occasion was rung all the way from London to York.
60008 Dwight D Eisenhower
Dwight D Eisenhower undergoing restoration
Dwight D Eisenhower undergoing restoration
•Built for the London and North Eastern Railway in 1937, the locomotive was originally numbered 4496 and named Golden Shuttle to reflect Yorkshire’s woollen industry.
•It was renamed Dwight D Eisenhower after the Second World War and renumbered 8 on 23 November 1946. It was intended that Eisenhower would attend an official unveiling, but this could not be arranged.
•The locomotive was cosmetically restored at the Doncaster Works in 1963 and was shipped to the USA the following Spring, arriving in New York harbour on 11 May 1964.
•Since then it has been housed at the National Railroad Museum in Green Bay Wisconsin, USA.
•It has travelled more than 1.4 million miles in main line service.
•This is its first return to Britain.
As with the previous photo, this shows a comparison with the Duple Dominant body. On the left is Enterprise Executive, Rochdale, 'Lorna Michelle' ENF514Y, a Dominant IV bodied Ford R1114. New to Enterprise(Stone), Rochdale, in 03/1983. For comparison on the right is Alf Wilson, Failsworth, GHG115S, a Dominant II bodied Bedford YLQ, new to Holmes, Garstang, in 03/1978. They are seen here on Market Street Car Park, Barrow-in-Furness, on 05/04/1987, when having carried Oldham RLFC supporters for their team's match in the Rugby League Championship 1986/7 season against Barrow RLFC at Craven Park. In a close game, Oldham lost 24-22 in front of 1,310 spectators with Oldham bringing no fewer than four supporters coaches with them.
The film was Agfa Colourslide. The camera being a Praktica MTL3.
I would request, as with all my photos, that they are not copied or downloaded in any way, shape or form. © Peter Steel 1987.
Overhead Ciego de Ávila, Cuba enroute to Jamaica. My First Officer took this photo...thank you Scott!
Ciego de Ávila Province
Renard et buses variables échangeant leurs positions - FRANCE - Bretagne
Fox and common buzzards exchanging with each other
“60th Anniversary” “Diamond Anniversary”
“Timeline of disaster”
“0745: Princess Victoria leaves Stranraer
0900: Wave bursts through stern doors
0946: First emergency signal sent: No tugs available
1032: SOS call: "Car deck flooded"
1100: Portpatrick lifeboat given wrong directions
1300: Starboard engine room flooded - position critical
1308: Ship lying on beam end
1315: "We are preparing to abandon ship"
1330: Steamer passes Victoria without seeing her
1340: Passengers ordered to deck
1358: Last message from ferry's radio operator”
“Princess Victoria sinking remembered 60 years on”
Sixty years ago, the MV Princess Victoria sank off the County Down coast in treacherous weather, with the loss of 133 lives.
Stop anyone on the street and ask them about Titanic, chances are they will know something about the maritime tragedy.
But despite the fact that no women or children survived the sinking of the Princess Victoria, you might get a more quizzical look.
Now the grief, heroism and the impact this tragic story had on communities in Northern Ireland and Scotland is retold in a BBC Radio Ulster documentary on Sunday.
Almost 60 years ago this sea disaster - one of the worst to happen in British coastal waters - dominated the headlines and devastated families and communities in Larne, Stranraer and further afield.
The omens were not good on the day the ferry sank - 31 January 1953.
Parts of western Europe and the UK were in the grip of freak weather from the north Atlantic.
Severe gales battered coastlines and floods hit many areas, killing hundreds of people. It was in these treacherous conditions that the Princess Victoria set sail from Stranraer.
Larne man, John McKnight, 92, is one of the few remaining survivors. He was chief cook on the ferry and remembers that day vividly.
"I started work at 5.30am and the train from London arrived (in Stranraer) at 6am. Everything had to be prepared for breakfast, we served that to the passengers before setting sail. The ferry proceeded up Loch Ryan and soon we discovered that there was a severe gale blowing," he recalled.
Fate sealed
At the helm of the Princess Victoria that day was 55-year-old Captain James Ferguson. An experienced seaman, he had worked on the Larne - Stranraer route for many years.
Captain Ferguson's troubles started when he steered the ferry out of Loch Ryan.
Jack Hunter, a retired school teacher from Stranraer, who has written about the tragedy, explained what happened next.
"Out of the shelter of the loch, Captain Ferguson discovered that the sea was much worse and perhaps with a change of direction, the ship was having more difficulty," he said.
"For one reason or another, the captain decided to try turn back and head for Stranraer. It was at this point that the ferry had a calamitous encounter with a large wave, which stove in the stern doors."
This brush with mother nature at her worst was, ultimately, to seal the fate of the Princess Victoria.
A memorial to those who lost their lives in the Princess Victoria tragedy stands in Stranraer
With the stern doors irreparably damaged, water flooding the car deck and inadequate drainage on board, Captain Ferguson decided the best course of action was to try and steer the ship towards Northern Ireland.
Passengers and crew
As disaster unfolded, the 127 passengers and 49 crew members found themselves locked in a terrible and increasingly impossible struggle for survival.
On board were people from all social classes.
Families with young children, servicemen, Short Brothers workers from the company's Scottish base and two politicians - the Northern Ireland deputy prime minister, Maynard Sinclair and Sir Walter Smiles, the north Down MP. Both men died when the ship went down.
At 09:46 GMT, the Princess Victoria sent its first request for help. David Broadfoot, the ship's radio officer, was not supposed to be working that day but had swapped shifts with another crew member.
Stephen Cameron, author of a book on the Princess Victoria tragedy, said David Broadfoot was posthumously awarded the George Cross for his heroic actions."He stayed in his cabin broadcasting continuously, at one stage he even apologised to radio stations (that were picking up his signals) for the poor quality of his Morse code. David's last message was sent as the ship went under," he said.
In those final traumatic hours, many other people showed fortitude and compassion in the face of certain death.
One of them was Castlerock woman, Nansy Bryson, who has been called the "heroine of the Princess Victoria".
She worked as a missionary in Kenya and was back home with her husband and three children, visiting relatives.
Nansy had travelled to Scotland for some meetings and was returning to Northern Ireland on the ferry. Her daughter, Margaret Njonjo, hasn't talked about the tragedy in public before and shared her pride in her mother.
"She was one of the bravest women on board who whispered words of comfort to other passengers and led them in singing a hymn. She also tried to help a three year old child into one of the lifeboats but failed to do so, going under (the water) herself in the process," Margaret said.
"My sisters and I are glad to know she found immense strength in her own faith, to the point of being able to help others."
Rescue attempt
When Captain Ferguson made the final call to abandon ship, eyewitnesses say he was at the bridge as the Princess Victoria went under. It happened just five miles off the Copeland Islands and within sight of the north Down coast.
Some passengers and crew were able to reach the ship's lifeboats although, tragically, one carrying women and children crashed against the side of the ferry, throwing everyone into the icy waters. All of them died.
The frantic search for survivors involved steamers, trawlers, a naval boat and the Donaghadee lifeboat, the Sir Samuel Kelly. Its crew eventually plucked 33 men to safety. Bravery medals were awarded to many for their valiant rescue efforts that day.
Only 44 men survived the sinking of the Princess Victoria - more than three times that number perished. For families, especially in Larne and Stranraer, the news that a loved one had died was too much to bear.
Captain Ferguson's son, Jim, who was 18 when the tragedy happened, remembers the show of support from his father's colleagues.
Jack Peoples was the youngest crew member to die
"A few of the sailors who survived, came to our house over the next few days to speak to my mother. She appreciated it very much, particularly in times of difficulty and stress for them," Jim remembered.
Emotion
"I still feel his loss, very much so, I loved my father."
When Betty Crawford thinks of her brother Jack Peoples, it is often with raw emotion. At 16, the Larne teenager was the youngest crew member to die.
"(On the day of the tragedy) my mum disappeared. I found her in the garden where she was praying to God to please bring back his body. And God answered her prayer because she got his body back," Betty said.
"Jack's was one of the first funerals to take place, I remember throngs of people there and men with tears running down their cheeks. There was a numbness about it all and disbelief."
Two months after the disaster, a court of inquiry was convened in Belfast. A verdict was reached that the Princess Victoria was not a seaworthy ship, because of the inadequate strength of the stern doors and a lack of drainage on its car deck.
On two previous occasions - in 1949 and 1951 - these same design faults had caused problems on the ferry. Jack Hunter believes if they had been fixed back then, things might have been very different.
"Most certainly, it is a disaster that could have, and should have been avoided. The problems were discovered, they were known to be there, one assumes they were reported through official channels, yet nothing was done about them," he said.
Whatever the causes of the Princess Victoria sinking to a watery grave on that stormy Saturday afternoon in January 1953, the passing of time has not erased the sorrow felt by many, whose loved ones went down with the ship.
They are commemorated every year at services in Larne, Stranraer and in Donaghadee - and on the forthcoming 60th anniversary, the overriding sentiment will remain the same.
“Never forget”
1953: 130 die in ferry disaster. The Princess Victoria, a British Railways car ferry, bound for Larne in Northern Ireland, had left Stranraer on the south-west coast of Scotland an hour before when the stern gates to the car deck were forced open in heavy seas.
Water flooded into the ship and as the cargo shifted, the ferry, one of the first of the roll on-roll off design, fell onto her side and within four hours she sank.
Among the passengers who perished were the Northern Ireland Finance Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Major J M Sinclair, and Sir Walter Smiles, the Ulster Unionist MP for North Down.
The Princess Victoria went down off the coast near Donaghadee with a loss of 133 lives, only 44 men survived and no women or children. All the ship's officers including the Captain, James Ferguson, perished. It was the worst 20th century peacetime disaster in British waters.
The Donaghadee lifeboat (along with the Portpatrick and Cloughy lifeboats) went out into the raging seas of the great storm and under coxswain Hugh Nelson the crew of the Sir Samuel Kelly rescued 33 of the 44 survivors in seas with waves reported to be 50 to 60 feet high.
Today; the Sir Samuel Kelly sits in Donaghadee behind a builders fence.
There has been a church on this site since Saxon times. The original building was probably built of wood, but this was succeeded by one of stone by the time of the Domesday survey in 1086 AD. It was probably built of ragstone and tufa both of which occur locally, some of the stone being reused for the construction of the present building dating from the 13th & 14th centuries. Much work was carried out during the 19th century, the north aisle being added in 1824, the south aisle in 1856, and the east wall of the chancel being rebuilt in 1883/4. The porch dates from the 15th century, and was moved to its present position after the addition of the south aisle.
Much of the north wall of the chancel beyond the choir seating is taken up by the Style monument, which was erected by Sir Thomas Style in 1626 in memory of his parents Oliver and Susan Style. Oliver Style was the son-in-law of John Bull. Oliver Style (1542 – 1622) purchased Wateringbury Place and lived there until his death at the age of 80 in 1622. He was the son of Humphrey Style, Charles Stuart’s cupbearer, whose memorial brass remains in Beckenham parish church. The figures on the monument have some of their old colour still left; that of Oliver Style is in a scarlet and ermine robe, Sir Thomas being dressed in armour. An extraordinary figure on this tomb is that of a partly cloaked skeleton with an angel, under an arch and among coloured flowers and cherubs, with the words: “death to me is an advantage; all men must die”, a good enough philosophy for skeletons! A ledger stone in memory of Sir Thomas Style has been moved from the chancel to the floor of the tower, and may be seen on request.
The vestry, which is entered from the north side of the chancel by a Tudor door, was built in 1838 at the expense of Alderman Matthias Prime Lucas of the City of London, who succeeded the Style family at Wateringbury Place, and whose portrait by Sir David Wilkie RA is in the Guildhall Art Gallery. The vestry is thought to be the largest of any in a Kent parish church.
Members of the Lucas family occupy the vault beneath the vestry, and theirs are the memorial hatchments displayed on the walls of the nave. The vestry also contains a memorial tablet to that well known and much loved priest Canon Livett. Fixed to the tablet is a piece of carved Norman stone, and the inscription reads: “This stone from the Norman east front of Rochester Cathedral is placed here in memory of Canon G.M. Livett BA, FSA, vicar of Wateringbury 1895 – 1922”. It was presented to him on completion of the restoration of the west front of Rochester Cathedral, during which he discovered the foundation of the east end of the Saxon Cathedral. Canon Livett was the first President of the Kent Archaeological Society.
A memorial board has now been affixed to the wall above the fire place in the vestry. It was once sited in the old school building on Red Hill before the school moved in 1976 to new premises in Bow Road, and was unable to house the memorial. It is unique in recording the names of all the former pupils of the school who served in the Great War of 1914 – 1918, as well as of those who were killed in the two Great Wars. It is included on the national list of war memorials which is held at the Imperial War Museum in London.
The east end of the north aisle of the nave is occupied by the Chapel of St. George, and contains memorials to those from the village who served and died in the two world wars of 1914 – 1918 and 1939 – 1945.
The organ is placed on the gallery at the west end of the nave. It was acquired from a Methodist church in Nottinghamshire and erected here in 1893, the munificent gift of Mr RH Fremlin & Mr W Jude, Churchwardens at the time. The organ was built by the renowned firm of Norman & Beard of Norwich, and was originally pumped by hand. It is a two-manual instrument, the great and swell organs, with a fine selection of stops ranging from trumpet to oboe. The largest pipe is 16 feet long. The organ was renovated in 2010.
The gallery replaces an earlier one, which was known as ‘the singing gallery’. It was much lower and extended further east than the present one which was constructed out of the older one. The old gallery had been used to house the church band, which accompanied on various instruments the singing in the church.
A feature of the nave is the millennium banners, which hang on and under the gallery. These were made to commemorate the millennium year by the many organisations in the village and exemplify the richness of village life. Descriptions of the various designs are given in an explanatory booklet which is kept in the church.
The light wood screen built at the west end of the north aisle of the nave conceals a kitchen and servery from which delicious refreshments are served after many services, social functions, and entertainments. Behind the kitchen, there is a choir vestry and lavatory. These were all built in the millenium year.
The lofty tower was built in the 13th century, and is therefore the oldest part of the present church. It contains a peal of six bells. These consist of five trebles tuned to G,F, Eb,D & C. The tenor bell is tuned to Bb. The bells were rehung with ball bearings in 1950. The present spire which is clad in cedar shingles, was restored in 1886, after having been struck by lightning and destroyed by fire on 28th February in that year.
The weather vane is dated 1832, and has the initials of the two Churchwardens of the time: JW & RH. These stand for James Woodbridge JP who lived at The Lodge (at that time Wateringbury Lodge), and Richard Harris.
The church possesses a fine light of Victorian stained glass installed behind the altar, in what is thought to be a 14th century stone window. It is a memorial to Henry Stevens who was Vicar of Wateringbury for 57 years, and who died in 1877. Unfortunately the inscription is carried across the three lights that make up the window, the right hand one of which reads: “this parish died on 22nd October 1877”, which is certainly not true! The oak eagle lectern was also given in memory of Henry Stevens, and by his widow.
The windows at the east and west ends of the south aisle, and at the west end of the north aisle of the nave were moved from the nave when the aisles were built and the church extended in the 19th century. Much of the ancient glass was destroyed in the great storm of 19th August 1763, and apart from those mentioned, the rest were destroyed or seriously damaged in the blast from a Doodle Bug (V1 rocket) which landed in the grounds of Wateringbury Place at 7.25 pm on 24th August 1944. Fortunately this did not damage irreparably the very beautiful window of St. Francis on the north side of the nave. This window is a memorial to Adele Violet Crofton, whose face at the age of 8 is that of the angel in the window. Behind the angel is the Adele Crofton Rose, grown by George Dickson of Ulster in 1928, and awarded a Gold Medal at the Royal Rose Society’s Show.
Mrs Crofton was known as Robin by her friends, and one sits on the hand of St. Francis. The window features seven robins, seven fishes, and seven rays of light coming down from the Holy Dove. There are seven birds about the Saint, six swallows and the Holy Dove. This is because Adele was the seventh child of a seventh child. Adele Crofton’s ashes are buried in the grave of her parents which is in the top left hand corner of the churchyard, adjacent to the gateway from Wateringbury Place.
The font at one time stood at the west end of the nave, in the centre beneath the gallery. Its removal to the present position necessitated the removal of a number of pews, and the careful tiling of the area to match the existing tiling by the south door. The font itself is of ancient stone cut to an intricate shape. At one time it was decoratively painted, traces of the paint being visible until recent times. It is thought that the colour was removed at the time of Cromwell.
On 1st June 1915 the font was used for the Christening of Godfrey William Style, son of Colonel Rodney Charles Style of Wierton Grange, Kent, and of the family with long connections with Wateringbury. Col. Style gave a cheque in gratitude to the Vicar, the Revd. CM Livett, who was able to commission the making of the font cover. This was beautifully made by Cecil French to the Vicar’s design described as ‘unpretentious but suitable’. The cover was refurbished in 1997 by Ron Buchanan.
The ornate four-branch chandelier over the font was the gift of the Rolfe family of Danns Lane. It was restored in December 2001 by Ted Vincent.
The porch is the only part of the church to be roofed with tiles, the church itself being roofed in slate. These are Kentish peg tiles. The porch was rebuilt in its present position after the construction of the south aisle to the nave in 1856, the old material being reused for the purpose. The old square headed windows of the porch date from the 15th century. A plaque records the receipt of a grant of £30 in 1883 by The Incorporated Society for Buildings & Churches, for “enlarging and restoring this church”; and adds that “all the seats are for the free use of the parishioners according to law”.
The church is set in a churchyard, which is bordered to the west, north and east, by the grounds of Wateringbury Place, and to the south by the A26 road to Tonbridge. The churchyard now incorporates the site of the village pound, in which at one time stray animals were impounded. The village war memorial now occupies the approximate site of the pound, and was moved there from the Wateringbury crossroads in 1978. Though the churchyard is full it has not been closed for burials, and is used for the burial of ashes.
The churchyard contains a number of interesting memorials, five of which are listed as being of historic interest. That of Sir Oliver Style which is placed just outside the south door of the church, is listed Grade IIa. It was restored in 2002 at the expense of the English Heritage and a number of other Conservation Charities. It is a memorial to the Sir Oliver Style who died on 12th February 1703, and who was the British Consul in Smyrna (present day Izmir) at the time of a great earthquake in which over 4,000 people died. He was at dinner at the time, and survived by throwing himself under the table.
Not far from this memorial stands a sundial which was made in Wateringbury in the 18th century by Thomas Crow, the inventor of the octant. The octant was the navigational instrument which preceded the sextant. The sundial originally had a brass face with four dials showing the local time for noon in many cities of the world, the month, hours, and Greenwich Mean Time. Unfortunately the face was stolen some years ago, but a new one, though with less information, has recently been made by Mike Allen of Larkfield. The Crow family tomb is sited near the east boundary of the churchyard.
t is known that the yew tree on the west side of the porch, was planted in 1597, and is therefore over 400 years old. Its age was the theme for many events held by the church in 1997, when members of the congregation wore sweatshirts embroidered with a yew tree motif. In that year the Wateringbury Local History Society gave and planted another yew tree in the churchyard, which it is hoped will still be flourishing 400 years from now.