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Richmond Castle in Richmond, North Yorkshire, England, stands in a commanding position above the River Swale, close to the centre of the town of Richmond. It was originally called Riche Mount, 'the strong hill'. The castle was constructed from 1071 onwards following the Norman Conquest of England, and the Domesday Book of 1086 refers to 'a castlery' at Richmond.
In 1069 William the Conqueror had put down a rebellion at York which was followed by his "harrying of the North" – an act of ethnic cleansing which depopulated large areas for a generation or more. As a further punishment, he divided up the lands of north Yorkshire among his most loyal followers. Alan Rufus, of Brittany, received the borough of Richmond and began constructing the castle to defend against further rebellions and to establish a personal power base. His holdings, called the Honour of Richmond, covered parts of eight counties and amounted to one of the most extensive Norman estates in England. The Dukes of Brittany became the owners of the castle as Earls of Richmond though it was often confiscated for various periods by English Kings.
A 100-foot (30 m)-high keep of honey-coloured sandstone was constructed at the end of the 12th century by Duke Conan IV of Brittany. The Earldom of Richmond was seized in 1158 by Henry II of England. It was King Henry II who probably completed the keep which had 11-foot (3.4 m)-thick walls. Modern visitors can climb to the top of the keep for magnificent views of the town of Richmond. At the same time that the keep was probably completed, Henry II considerably strengthened the castle by adding towers and a barbican. Henry III and King Edward I spent more money on the site including Edward's improvements to the keep interior.
In addition to the main circuit of the wall, there was the barbican in front of the main gate which functioned as a sealed entry space, allowing visitors and wagons to be checked before they gained entry to the castle itself. On the other side of the castle, overlooking the river, was another enclosure or bailey called the Cockpit, which may have functioned as a garden and was overlooked by a balcony. A drawing of 1674 suggests there was another longer balcony overlooking the river side of Scolland's Hall, the Great Hall.
Richmond Castle had fallen out of use as a fortress by the end of the 14th century and it did not receive major improvements after that date. A survey of 1538 shows it was partly in ruins, but paintings by Turner and others, together with the rise of tourism and an interest in antiquities, led to repairs to the keep in the early 19th century.
In 1855 the castle became the headquarters of the North Yorkshire Militia, and a military barracks block was constructed in the great courtyard. For two years, from 1908 to 1910, the castle was the home of Robert Baden-Powell, later founder of the Boy Scouts, while he commanded the Northern Territorial Army but the barracks building was demolished in 1931.
The castle was used during the First World War as the base of the Non-Combatant Corps made up of conscientious objectors – conscripts who refused to fight. It was also used to imprison some conscientious objectors who refused to accept army discipline and participate in the war in any way. These included the "Richmond Sixteen" who were taken to France from the castle, charged under Field Regulations, and then sentenced to death, but their death sentences were commuted to ten years' hard labour.
As presented today Richmond Castle has one of the finest examples of Norman buildings in Britain including Scollands Hall, the Great Hall of the castle. The keep has a restored roof and floors but is shown with the original 11th-century main gate arch unblocked. This arch is now in the basement of the later 12th century keep which was built in front of it, the main gate then being moved to its present position which was dominated by the adjacent keep while the original arch we see today was filled-in to secure the keep.
The castle is a Scheduled Monument, a "nationally important" historic building and archaeological site which has been given protection against unauthorised change. It is also a Grade I listed building and therefore recognised as an internationally important structure. Today the castle is in the care of English Heritage which publishes a guidebook written by John Goodall PhD FSA. English Heritage provides a visitor centre for the castle with an informative exhibition containing artefacts form the castles history, they also hold regular events there throughout the year.
According to legend, King Arthur and his knights are sleeping in a cave underneath the castle. It is said that they were once discovered by a potter named Thompson, who ran away when they began to awake. Another legend tells that a drummer boy was lost while investigating an underground tunnel, and that his ghostly drumming is sometimes heard around the castle.
Richmond Castle consists of four main parts: a triangular main enclosure, an outer enclosure to the east, a keep at the northern corner of the main enclosure, and a small enclosure around the keep.
St Helen is probably my favourite Kent church. At least from the outside. Alternating bands of flints and local stone give it a Christmas Cake effect, but in bright sunshine it looks stunning.
Inside, its no less impressive. Part of the wall paintings survive, as do geometric patterns on some of the supporting columns.
And it is huge, with a fine wooden roof, a replacement after a fire, but still works well, and the fabric of the church seems good.
Everywhere there are fabulous things to find; Aumbries, memorials, and so much more.
And I reeived a warm welcome from the warden who was waiting for visitors. Last time I was here, there was a display of how the estuary airport-cum-Boris Johnson vanity project seemed a real possibility. Now he is back insulting foreigners, and the airport is dead. But a new Thames crossing is being mooted, and it might run across Grain, which would be a shame to have the peace and quiet shattered.
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An absolute knockout of a church. From the first glimpse of the exterior, with its zebra-like stripes of flint and stone, you know that here is a church of great interest. In plan it consists of an aisled nave, transepts, chancel and west tower - all built on a prodigious scale. Although the church was heavily restored on two occasions in the nineteenth century there is still a great deal of interest and a visit here should not be rushed. The pillars of the nave have distinctive 'V' paintings contemporary with their fourteenth-century construction. The pulpit is of 1636 and shows some excellent carved arcading. Attached to it is a contemporary hourglass stand. The north transept has wall paintings depicting the martyrdom of St Edmund, but these were over-touched-up by Professor Tristram in 1932. Further paintings exist in the south transept and probably show the martyrdom of St Margaret. The base of the rood screen is fifteenth century while the rather insubstantial traceried top is an early twentieth-century addition. There is an elaborate tie-beam high in the roof with little quatrefoil piercings in the spandrels, but this could not have supported the rood as the remains of the rood loft staircase may be seen in its usual position. Outside the north chancel wall can be found a piscina and holy water stoup - all that remains of a medieval chantry chapel or anchorite's cell which has been demolished. The blocked-up doorway that originally gave access to it may be seen both inside and out. On the inside south wall of the chancel is one of the finest sedilia in Kent which together with its double piscina dates from the early years of the fourteenth century.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Cliffe
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THE Church at Cliffe is dedicated to St. Helen and bears the distinction of being the only church in Kent dedicated to that Saint. It stands in a prominent position at the edge of the Hoo peninsula overlooking the extensive marshes which at this point stretch some two miles to the Thames.
The village seems at one time to have been of greater importance than it is to-day. Lambarde describes it as a large town in his day in spite of a disastrous fire which had destroyed many of the houses about 1520, a fire from the effects of which it appears never to have recovered.
The Manor of Cliffe belonged from very early times to the Prior and Convent of Christ Church, Canterbury, who were also the owners of the advowson, and thus became concerned with the upkeep of the church. At the Dissolution the Manor passed to George Brooke, Lord Cobham, though the Archbishop of Canterbury is still the patron of the living. Among the Rectors of Cliffe were several men of distinction, some of whom probably never visited the parish. From an early date there seems to have been a perpetual vicarage attached to the church, but when it became merged in the Rectory is uncertain.
Of the first church at Cliffe there is no definite record. It is sometimes said to have been founded by Offa, king of Mercia, in the latter part of the eighth century, though the only evidence for this appears to be the presumed identification of the place with the Cloveshoo of the Saxon Chronicle, where various synods of the Saxon Church were held in the eighth and ninth centuries. Without attempting to suggest a solution of this very debatable point, it can only be said that the evidence in favour of Cliffe appears to rest on at least as good authority as that of the rival claimants—Abingdon in Berkshire, and Clifton Hoo in Bedfordshire. There is moreover good reason to think that Cliffe was less inaccessible than might be supposed in mediaeval times. There still remain traces of a causeway across Higham Marsh, which must at one time have led to a ferry, thus affording an easy means of approach from Essex and the Midlands.
The earliest undisputed documentary reference to a church at Cliffe is in the Domesday Survey. It was evidently a building of more than usual importance for it is expressly stated that two ministers were in charge. Of this building, however, not a vestige remains, though there can be little doubt that from it the present plan has, on more or less recognised lines, been developed.
The plan as it exists to-day is complete, and consists of a nave with wide aisles, north and south transepts, chancel, western tower and south porch. The church is one of the largest in Kent, and is a striking example of a parish church whose size and splendour could have borne but little relation to the actual needs of the locality. It was the product of an age whose zeal for church building was limited only by the funds available. The total internal length from east to west is 182 feet, while the width across the transept is 82 feet. The exterior has been the subject of somewhat extensive restoration, which has robbed it of much of its ancient appearance. The south aisle differs from that on the north in having an embattled parapet, similar to that of the porch. The walls of the tower and transepts are faced with flint rubble with little attempt at regular coursing. The later work of the nave and chancel, though extensively refaced, is composed of alternate courses of dressed flints and stone ; the latter, a soft ragstone from the lower green sand formation which, quarried probably from the outcrop a few miles to the south, has weathered badly in many places. A variety of other materials is noticeable, some of which appear to have been reused from the earlier church. A block of Caen stone in the east wall of the chancel, and several pieces in the north wall, have obviously been reused, while a single piece of calcareous tufa can be seen in the north wall of the transept; Reigate stone is also fairly abundant.
It is not till one enters the church, that its size is fully realised. The absence of pews over a large part of the nave, with the fact that the nave arcade is carried past the crossing without a break, and the absence of a chancel arch, all combine to emphasise its spaciousness. The impression
gathered from a superficial survey of the interior is that of a thirteenth century church with considerable additions in the fourteenth century, but a more careful inspection shows at least one trace of an earlier building. The arch from the north aisle into the transept, which has been partially cut away when the thirteenth century nave arcade was constructed, is certainly of late twelfth century date and must therefore have survived from an earlier church. Before, however, considering the development of the ground plan, it is necessary to refer briefly to the chief features of architectural interest which call for notice.
The porch is of a fairly common type, with an upper room, approached by a stair turret from the south aisle. It measures internally 11 feet 5 inches from east to west by 16 feet from north to south, and is apparently of late fifteenth century date. On the right of the inner doorway are the remains of a holy water stoup. The room above has been considerably modernised, and there is nothing to indicate its original use. Occasionally an altar is found in the porch chamber, which, however, in this case would seem more likely to have been used for storing the church goods.
The north and south aisles of the nave are 19 feet 10 inches and 18 feet wide respectively, and are thus considerably wider than the nave itself. They contain a fine series of Decorated windows, those at the end of either aisle being particularly interesting examples of three lights. The church as a whole is very rich in windows of this period, which form in themselves an interesting study in design. The south aisle has a stone bench running along its south and west walls.
The tower is entered from the nave by a plain thirteenth century arch, and measures approximately 15 feet 6 inches from east to west by 17 feet 6 inches from north to south (interior measurements). The lower stage, which is shut off from the church by a screen, and is now used as a vestry, is lit by three narrow lancets, one in each of the disengaged walls. The roof is a simple quadripartite vault, without any boss at the intersection of the ribs, which are carried on shafts supported on corbels set in the four angles. The lower part of the tower is apparently thirteenth century work, and somewhat earlier than the transepts. The flat, clasping buttresses appear to be original, though now entirely re-faced, and might in themselves suggest a transitional date for the base of the tower. The upper part has been rebuilt at a much later date, and contains a Perpendicular window. Like most towers of the period, it is probable that there was originally no structural stairway leading to the upper stages, access to which had to be obtained by means of a ladder, though the existing doorway to the modern stair turret appears to be of fairly early date.
The transepts deserve special consideration on account of the very interesting work which they contain. Their date cannot be later than about 1260 and there are some grounds for thinking that the south transept may be slightly the earlier of the two. The east wall of the south transept is
divided into two bays by blind arches, supported on slender banded shafts, with a narrow lancet window in the centre of each arch. A somewhat similar arrangement exists on the east wall of the north transept, though in this case the central shaft is not carried to the ground, but rests midway on a moulded bracket, below which is a piscina with a trefoil head of the same date. The treatment of the west wall of the north transept is very similar to that of the east, but the arches are much narrower, and the arrangement has been somewhat interfered with by a later widening of the nave aisle. In the south transept the arcading on the west wall is somewhat plainer, and the banded shafts have been dispensed with. Although similar in general design, certain details point to the south transept being slightly the earlier. The string course below the windows, which is continued round the shafts of the mural arcading, is a plain scroll moulding, while in the north transept a fillet is substituted, and the central bands on the shafts of the arcading are of a more elaborate character. The triple lancet windows at the ends of either transept are modern, and replaced two large fifteenth-century windows, which are shown in several early views.
The north transept was formerly shut off from the rest of the church by a screen, and used for holding the Rector's Court. In mediaeval times, and down to 1845, the Rector of Cliffe had a peculiar jurisdiction within his parish. He was exempt from all ecclesiastical authority other than personal visitation from the Archbishop of Canterbury. The wills of parishioners were proved in the local court, and the official seal of the Peculiar is still preserved in the Rochester Museum.
The chancel, which appears to have been rebuilt entirely in the middle of the fourteenth century, is complete, save for the insertion of a modern east window, which replaced an extraordinarily ugly eighteenth-century aperture of brick. The remaining windows are all fine examples of Decorated work, the tracery of which shows a distinctly Flamboyant tendency. The eastern pair affords interesting examples of Kentish tracery. All have good hood-mouldings with
grotesques at the ends. Beneath the windows is a stringcourse, which terminates at the altar rails with a grotesque head on either side. That on the north has been renewed, but the southern one represents the battered head of a monk.
The chief interest in the chancel, however, is its fittings. In the south wall is a series of three very beautiful fourteenth century sedilia, with a piscina of uniform character, recessed in the wall and ascending eastward. They are divided by slender buttressed shafts, supporting elaborately carved ogee canopies, and surmounted by crockets and finials. Beneath the canopies are trefoiled arches, and behind these the roof is carved in imitation of sexpartite vaulting.
Opposite in the north wall is a fine late-fourteenth century tomb of early Perpendicular character, which is often referred to as an Easter sepulchre, for which purpose it may well have been used. The wide cinquefoil arch is surmounted by an elaborate embattled cornice, supported on narrow
buttressed shafts, and terminating with a carved head at either end ; circles with internal cuspings fill the spandrils of the arch.
Immediately west of this tomb is a blocked doorway which led to an adjoining building, now demolished. The exterior wall at this point is of a different character from the rest of the chancel walls, and apparently of earlier date. It is composed of a variety of material, including pieces of Caen stone, which probably came from the earlier church, and suggests that this section of wall and the chapel, of which it formed part, survived the re-building of the chancel in the fourteenth century. The two adjoining buttresses have been constructed out of sections of the eastern and western walls of the chapel, and serve to indicate its approximate size. The position of its low roof is clearly shown by the stone corbels which remain at a height of 7 feet 8 inches from the ground. The floor must have been somewhat lower than the present ground level, as the small piscina in the exterior of the chancel wall is now only two feet from the ground. In the base of the westernmost of the two buttresses is a niche, now scarcely eighteen inches from the ground, which may originally have been used as a holy water stoup, since it was close to the entrance to the chapel. This small building probably served the joint purpose of a Sacristy and Chapel. That it contained an altar there can be no doubt from the piscina already noted.
It may possibly be referred to in the will of Richard Elys, who in 1468 left 12 pence to the light of the Blessed Mary in the chapel and 4 pence to the light of the Blessed Mary near the pulpit, though one of the transepts may of course have been here intended. Such evidence as there is on the other hand seems to point to the chapel having been pulled down at the time of the rebuilding of the chancel or soon afterwards. The blocked doorway in the chancel wall was originally carried down to the present ground level on the exterior, so that there must have been some steps in the thickness of the wall leading down into the chapel. The date of this doorway, which was probably contemporary with the building to which, it led, is uncertain. It is certainly earlier than the adjoining late-fourteenth-century tomb, as parts have been cut away when the latter was inserted, and the use of somewhat small stones points to an earlier rather than a later date. Its details on the other hand include the wave moulding which is usually taken to be characteristic of the Decorated period, or one might otherwise be inclined to think that it formed part of the thirteenth century chancel. The filling on the exterior is certainly not modern, and the fact that a plinth has been inserted when the doorway was blocked up, to match that round the rest of the chancel evidently with the intention, which was never carried out, of continuing it along the section of earlier walling where the chapel stood, seems to suggest that this work was undertaken about the same time as the rebuilding of the chancel.
We are now in a position to consider the probable development of the ground plan, which, though somewhat conjectural for the earlier period, has left some interesting and unmistakable traces of its later history. In the entire absence of remains of the early Norman church, one is forced to rely for the identification of its position on analogy with other buildings of similar type. The first church of which we have any record in all probability consisted of a simple nave and square- ended chancel. The three easternmost bays of the existing nave arcade would preserve the line of
the north and south walls of the church, while the chancel would occupy the interior of the present crossing. There is nothing to show the position of the west wall, but it would have been approximately in a line with the present north and south doors. Towards the close of the twelfth century north and south aisles, about half the width of the present ones, were probably added by piercing the original walls with arches, and about the same time a small chapel or aisle appears to have been built to the north of the original chancel, and the existing arch constructed so as to give access into it. This arch, which cannot be later than about 1200, is obviously much earlier than the present transept and must therefore have communicated with an earlier building on its site. Some evidence in support of this came to light during the restoration of the north transept in 1864. The foundations of an early wall four feet thick were found beneath the present floor running parallel and close to its eastern wall. At a distance of 15 feet from the chancel wall it appears to have been met by another wall at right angles to it. Unfortunately no further record was made of this discovery, but it establishes beyond doubt the existence of a building in this position, to which the arch in question opened. It is possible that this was the chancel arch of a late twelfth century church, and that the foundations were those of the former chancel, though such a theory would be more difficult to reconcile with the later development of the plan. Moreover on the assumption that there already existed a building on the north of the original chancel when the thirteenth-century builders decided to remodel the church, it is possible to account for the hitherto unexplained fact that the north transept is wider than the south by some three feet. The normal development of the thirteenth century produced a cruciform church. A new and longer chancel, and north and south transepts, were built around the small twelfth century chancel, while the nave and aisles were lengthened by the removal of the west wall some 20 feet further west, and a tower erected to the west of this. These extensive works could not of course have been simultaneous.
The tower appears to be somewhat earlier than the transepts, so that presumably the lengthening of the west end was undertaken first, and at the same time an Early English arcade, extending an additional bay westward, was inserted in place of the twelfth century arches. Contrary to what was frequently the case in churches of this type, there was clearly never any intention to erect a central tower over the crossing, since the abutments are far too weak to have supported the weight. This weakness would account for the presence of the strainer arch of oak, which must
have been inserted sometime in the fifteenth century.
With the completion of this work the early builders grew more ambitious. Almost immediately the work on the new chancel and transepts must have begun. A temporary hoarding was probably erected, shutting off the nave and the altar, transferred there until the new works were finished. The chancel and the south transept were probably first erected, as the sites were free of buildings ; the width of the latter being determined by the size of the former chancel and the chapel on the north. When the work was completed attention was directed towards the north transept, which, according to the usual practice, would have been rebuilt round the earlier building, the foundations of which were discovered in 1864, thus accounting for its slight extra width. Probably towards the end of the century the small chapel, the remains of which have already been mentioned, was built on the north of the new chancel.
Considerable alterations were undertaken in the fourteenth century, the principal of which were the rebuilding of the thirteenth century chancel, and the widening of the nave aisles. The latter was a very frequent form of improvement at this period, and was usually occasioned by the desire
for extra space to set up additional altars so as to meet the enormous increase in the popularity of Chantry bequests. At Cliffe the effect of this widening is clearly shown on the already completed design of the transepts. In the north transept one of the lancets was cut away, and a short pointed arch springing from shafts, which do not reach the ground, inserted in its place. The apex of the original lancet still remains in the wall above. In the south transept a similar alteration in plan is treated somewhat differently. A segmental arch, here reaching to the ground, and opening into the extended aisle, was inserted within the earlier bund arch in the west wall of the transept. This also necessitated the removal of an original lancet, the head of which can be seen occupying the space between the original arch and the later insertion. The windows in the nave all appear to be of this date. Probably contemporary with this extension of the aisles, was the heightening of the nave to allow for the clerestory with its row of single splayed lancets. The junction of this work with the old can be clearly seen immediately above the arcading. The thirteenth century roof of the nave was about on a level with those of the aisles, as the small window in the east face of the tower, which now looks into the church, must originally have looked out over the roof. The line of the fourteenth roof, which was erected at the time that the clerestory was added, can be seen on the wall of the tower, passing across the window opening. Below this the position of the third roof, erected 1732, can also be seen. This roof, which was almost flat, was replaced by the present one about forty years ago.
The rebuilding of the chancel would appear to have been undertaken at the same time as extension of the aisles, to judge from the similarity of the external stonework. This would again have necessitated the use of the nave for services, and it is probable that either at this time, or during the earlier work on the interior of the transepts, the round headed arch, which can be seen on the exterior of the north wall of the north transept, was constructed for the convenience of the masons while the ordinary entrances were not available. That this arch or doorway, which has sometimes been said to be of Norman origin, was really of a much later date, and of a purely temporary character, seems to be shown by a close inspection of its construction. The position is not in the centre of the wall while the arch itself is made up of a variety of material including large flints, pieces of Beigate stone and a single block of calcareous tufa, the latter doubtless coming from the early church. Further, the fact that the filling of the arch' seems to be of much the same character as the adjoining walls points to it only having been used for a comparatively short time. Everything in fact indicates that it was a purely temporary arrangement used during the construction of the transepts, or the later chancel, and filled up as soon as the work was completed. A somewhat similar, though smaller, arch in the exterior of the south wall of the tower was probably of a similar nature, though its purpose is conjectural, and it may have had some connection with original stairs to the upper floors. By the end of the fourteenth century the church was practically complete. The porch was added early in the following century, and the large Perpendicular windows, which formerly existed at the ends of the transepts, inserted. At the same time the upper part of the west tower was rebuilt. Certain work also seems to have been in progress about this time in the chancel, for in the will of the Rector in 1413 a sum of money was left towards that object. Exactly what resulted from the bequest one cannot say.
The subsequent additions were chiefly in the nature of modern insertions. The eighteenth century saw many acts of destruction which are duly entered in the parish registers. In 1730, during the Rectorship of George Green, the old high-gabled roofs were taken down, the lead recast, and an
almost flat roof substituted. Two years later the east window was demolished and a hideous brick opening substituted, and at the same time the old timber roof of the chancel, which, since it bore his arms, had probably been erected during the time of Archbishop Arundel, who occupied the See from 1396 to 1414, was pulled down, and both the nave and chancel ceiled. During this period also the two enormous brick buttresses, which are shown in some early views, were erected on the north and south sides of the tower. The church was in this condition when Sir Stephen Glynne visited it in 1857. Subsequent restorations have been extensive, though for the most part necessary. The brick buttresses to the Tower were removed shortly after Sir Stephen Glynne's visit, and the present circular stair turret erected in the place of the southern one. The chancel was restored in 1875, when traces of the original reredos were discovered, and the jambs of the original east window, which were of Reigate stone and about 15 feet apart, were found in situ. The present window was erected in place of the eighteenth century one in 1884, and at the same time the flat lead roofs of the nave and chancel were removed, and the present high-pitched tiled roofs substituted. Finally a small building, without any communication with the church, has been erected in recent years to the east of the north transept. During these successive restorations much of the external walls has been refaced from time to time, and the whole of the upper part of the east wall of the chancel which was pulled down in 1732, was rebuilt when the present window was inserted.
It is somewhat difficult now to picture the appearance of the interior of the church in mediaeval times. A brilliant colour scheme evidently played an important part in the general effect. Many of the piers of the nave arcades, which are apparently constructed of hard chalk, still show traces of a bold chevron pattern in red and yellow, and, together with the extensive wall paintings, slight traces of which still remain in the transepts, and the brilliance of the mediaeval glass, must have combined to give a very rich effect to the interior. Of the ancient glass very little remains. Dr.
Grayling mentions some fourteenth century borders in the chancel windows, which seem to have disappeared. In the central window of the north aisle is a small piece of ancient glass representing a ship with fish in the water beneath, which is said to have been found many years ago in a shed in the churchyard. In the top of the adjoining window is a fifteenth century figure of the Virgin and Child. A coat of arms in another window is mentioned by Thorpe, but this also seems to have disappeared. The wall paintings, though now very indistinct, were evidently much clearer until
comparatively recent times. On the east wall of the north transept, in the space between the southernmost of the two lancets and the arch in which it is placed, is one of these paintings, divided into five panels, depicting the Martyrdom of St. Edmund. Very little of it can now be made out, though the whole of this transept showed traces of colour at the time of the restoration of 1864. Some remains of a painting in a similar position in the south transept can still be seen, and are said to represent the Last Judgment.
Several bequests for the provision and upkeep of lights before the various altars add a little to our knowledge of the interior in mediaeval times. Of the various saints to whom lights were dedicated in the church Our Lady was of course the most popular. We have already seen that two altars
were dedicated to her. One of these is again mentioned in 1483, when Robert Qwikerell left 20 pence "to the Parish Church of Cleue and to the ligth of Our Lady besyde the pulpett there" and also a similar amount to the lights of St. Laurence and St. George. Richard Elys in 1469 also
mentions lights of St. Christopher, St. John and St. James, while in 1509 Steven Tudor bequeathed to the high altar of St. Elyn 20 pence, and to the light of St. Elyn 12 pence.
Of the position of these various lights one cannot speak with any certainty. That to St. Christopher would have been near the main entrance to the church, while the light of the patron saint, St. Helen, would have been in the Chancel, probably over the high altar. Remains of a piscina in four other places in the church prove the former existence of altars in these positions. That in the Sacristy has already been mentioned. At least one altar stood in each of the transepts, while a small piscina, apparently constructed of broken window tracery at the east end of the south aisle, testifies to another. An altar probably stood in a corresponding position in the north aisle. This disposition would exactly account for the number of lights mentioned in early wills. Besides the lights burning before the altars, there would also be a light before the great Rood over the entrance to the chancel. Some of the lower panels of the original rood screen survive. Above, and partly supported by, the screen was the rood loft, which was already in existence as early as 1413, when it is mentioned in conjunction with the great rood itself and its attendant figures in the will of Nicholas de Ryssheton, Canon of Sarum and Rector of Cliffe. The small fifteenth century doorway with a fourcentred arch, which gave access to it, can still be seen high up in the north wall just east of the entrance of the chancel, and the original stairs remain in good condition, though the entrance from the church has been blocked up and covered over with plaster.
The furniture in the church has suffered much from “restoration" and other causes. Six of the ancient stalls remain, three on each side of the chancel, though panelling at the backs and all the seats except two are modern. The sides terminate in carved heads, some of which have been
renewed, while the two original miserecords are carved with grotesques. The Communion rails are Jacobean, though somewhat repaired. They are of the fairly common baluster type with a central bulge. The pulpit is a very fine piece of Renaissance carving, and retains the original stand for the hour glass, though the glass itself is modern; on it is the date 1636.
Besides the fragments of the original rood screen there is another screen shutting off the vestry under the tower.
The font, which has been moved from its original position, is 3 feet 4£ inches in height, and apparently of late-fourteenth century date. The perfectly plain octagonal bowl has concave sides, around the lower edge of which is a hollow chamfer. The bowl is supported by an octagonal, buttressed stem on a plain base. On the westernmost pillar of the south arcade can still be seen the bracket and chain by which the font cover was raised, indicating its original position.
The monuments in the church are few, and call for little comment. In the floor at the west end of the north aisle are two flat coffin-shaped stones with early fourteenth century French inscriptions in Lombardic capitals. The one on the north is probably the earlier, judging from the very rough
characters which are now scarcely legible. It commemorated Eleanor de Olive, of whom nothing is known. The other stone shows traces of brass, and is inscribed in memory of Joan, wife of John Earn. These stones are described in the Gentleman's Magazine, and old rubbings of them exist among the collection of the Society of Antiquaries. There are three brasses of seventeenth century date, one of which is thought to have been engraved locally.
Two wills are of interest in connection with early burials in the church. In 1376 Robert de Walton, Rector of Cliffe, desired to be buried in the church of Olyve at the entrance to the quire. Some years later, in 1387, Thomas de Lynton, a subsequent rector, directed that he should be buried in the chancel near the entrance, and between the entrance to the quire and the tomb of Master Robert Walton, late Rector, and he ordered that a handsome marble monument should be placed over his body at the discretion of his executors. It seems not unlikely however that his executors favoured a brass monument. In the chancel is the stone matrix of what must once have been a very fine brass of about this period, representing a priest under a canopy. Another smaller matrix of an ecclesiastic is close to the pulpit.
Of the church plate the most important piece is a very beautiful paten of silver gilt of the early part of the sixteenth century. In the centre, worked in coloured enamels, is a seated figure of God the Father holding before Him a figure of the crucifixion. The extreme rarity of pre-reformation
plate is not generally recognised, and the example at Cliffe is one of the finest English patens in existence. At some period or other the paten at Cliffe served as a chalice cover, and it is even said to have been used as an alms dish, which would account for its numerous signs of wear. The other plate is of seventeenth century and later date, and of no particular interest.
It remains for me to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. F. O. Blliston Erwood for several suggestions and for the photographs which illustrate this paper. The present account is intended to supplement, but not to supplant altogether, an article on Cliffe Church, by the Rev. I. Gr. Lloyd, a former Rector, which appeared in Vol. XI. of Arch. Cant., where reference should be made for further particulars.
www.cliffehistory.co.uk/martin.html
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CLIFFE (St. Helen), a parish, in the union of North Aylesford, hundred of Shamwell, lathe of Aylesford, W. division of Kent, 5 miles (N. by W.) from Rochester; containing 842 inhabitants. The parish is bounded on the north by the Thames, and comprises 5660 acres, whereof 180 are woodland, about 2000 arable, and the remainder pasture, including a considerable portion of marshy land. The village, which is supposed to take its name from the cliff or rock on which it stands, was formerly of much greater extent, a great part of it having been destroyed by fire in 1520: it was the scene of several provincial councils. A pleasurefair is held on September 28th. The living is a rectory, valued in the king's books at £50; net income, £1297; patron, the Archbishop of Canterbury: the glebe contains 20 acres. The church is considered one of the finest in the county, being a large handsome cruciform structure in the early English style, with an embattled central tower, and containing several curious monuments and remains of antiquity, together with six stalls that belonged to a dean and five prebendaries, it having been formerly collegiate.
www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp63...
Here comes the aROSA river cruise boat to dock
To all who visit and view, and – especially – express support and satisfaction: you are much appreciated!
Als Breite des Stromes gilt der Abstand zwischen den Uferlinien; beim Fahren einschließlich des Überholens sind höchstens bis zu zwei Schiffs- oder Verbandsbreiten zulässig
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Rhine River – Album Description – Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31:
I was super thrilled to get a river view room!
The Rhine glistened New Year’s Eve, day/night, 6 floors below.
I saw two events from my window, a River Plunge & fireworks!
My photo favorites: cruise boats docking/leaving, & solar halo.
The best of 1121 photos on this layover are in an 8-album set:
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – Rhine River
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – River Plunge
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – Old Minster Church
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – Shopping Centers
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – St. Quentin's Church
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – Market
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – City Hall!
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – New Year's Eve
Enjoy this 8% of the 393 Rhine River photos I took here today!
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New Year's Eve – Album Description – Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31:
My New Year's Eve layover in Mainz!
We took off early (scheduled 1645/actual 1638) and arrived in Frankfurt, Germany, early (scheduled 0115/actual 0044), for our 2720 layover, 20 minutes longer than our scheduled 27 hours.
At the crew hotel I got a river view room! Unusual! I ran a hot bath and hopped in the tub; suddenly hotel guests opened my door and came into my room! In the unexpected excitement of getting a rare river view, I forgot to lock and latch my door!
After my nap I eagerly headed up the hill past the "Sun" where Joe and I ate Christmas Eve dinner with 7 other crewmembers a week ago to the Old Minster Church for their New Year's Eve 5:00 p.m. service; I learned of it from their pastor, my friend Hendrik Maskus. Heartwarming! Flute teacher Katrin Schild played beautiful duets, accompanied by Makoto Mikawa. She said to bring my flute for us to play duets this coming year!
Meandering back to the crew hotel I paused to admire some lovely Christmas lights and decorations along the way.
My room faced the hotel elevators, just a mere few feet away: after loud fireworks, waves of late-night revelers spilled out of those elevators sharing volumes of celebratory experiences.
Several hours later our full flight took off, and we crossed the southern tip of Greenland, arriving 33 minutes early, at 1352; at home I greeted Joe, whom I saw last year (48 hours prior)!
When Joe got up the next morning at 7 here it was 7⁰F (-14⁰C).
Hope you enjoy this 9.7% of 1121 photos I took here this day!
Kurtis 500C - Merz Engineering Special (1954) 4454cc
Race Number 77 Gerraint Owen
KURTIS SET
www.flickr.com/photos/45676495@N05/sets/72157625516335498...
Kurtis Kraft was initially a manufacturer of midget race cars, for the quarter mile dirt ovals, and gained a reputation as being virtually unbeatable.
They sucessfully made the transition to building full size Indy 500s, normally powered by Offenhauser engines. building around 120 fo these Indaianapolis Specials, including for winners. The Special is a low slung car with the driver positioned offset to the left of the prop shaft.
This car ran in this livery in the 1956 Indianapolis 500, driven by Fred Abashian, qualifying with a lap speed of 137.746 mph, and finishing 6th. Technically qualifying the car as a Grand Prix car, due to the Indianapolis 500 being part of the Formula One World Championship between 1950 and 1960
This car raced at Silverstone Amschel Rothschild Trophy Race for post war racing cars
Many thanks for a fantabulous 33,902,600 views
Shot at the VSCC Spring Start, Silverstone 18:04:2015 Ref 105-314
Explored :: position 414 on Monday, October 10th, 2010
Huge thanks to all of you !
Still another view of one of the futuristic Lloyd's of London towers, seen from the beautiful and very old Leadenhall Market. Also known as "The Inside-Out Building" because all the services are on the outside of the structure, it has featured in a number of science fiction films.
...and also the last photo I shall post of this building!
This is a photograph from the 3rd running of the Finea 5KM Road Race and Fun Run which was held in Finea, Co. Westmeath, Ireland on Sunday 23rd March 2014 at 12:00. The race is organised in conjunction with the Castletown Finea Coole and Whitehall GAA club which is an amalgamation club of the GAA clubs of the surrounding parishes. Whilst the numbers were lower than the races from 2013 there was still a great local country atmosphere with runners, joggers, and walkers enjoying the cold but dry and sunny weather for the race. There was a great spread of refreshments provided in Fitzsimons Bar after the race.
A full set of photographs from today's race is available on our Flickr photostream in this set: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157642756508483/
Reading on a Smartphone or tablet? Don't forget to scroll down further to read more about this race and see important Internet links to other information about the race! You can also find out how to access and download these photographs.
This race is unique in the fact that it provided participants with the opportunity to compete in a race in two counties (Westmeath and Cavan) and two provinces (Ulster and Leinster) in Ireland during the same race. The race started on the Cavan side of the famous bridge of Finea and finished on the banks of the river. Finea is a beautiful Irish village which is well known for its scenery and it's position in the beautiful landscape of North Westmeath amongst the lakes and hills. The race crosses the River Inny which provides a natural drainage river between Lough Kinale to the south and the much larger Lough Sheelin [en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lough_Sheelin] to the north. The race was well stewarded at all road junctions. Water was provided at the 3KM mark.
Course: The race starts and finishes at either side of the Bridge of Finea. The Bridge End Bar was the start where the race went out 400m on the Granard road and runners turned around at cone and headed back into Co. Westmeath over the bridge and the 1km mark. Following the Castlepollard Road the race took at left at the 2km and followed a loop back past the National School and back into Finea village again for a finish down on the banks of the River Inny. The course was a tough undulating course but fair. Any short hills were balanced out by adequate down-hill the other side. The stewards provided excellent traffic management on what is a busy section of road between the 1st KM and the final KM and the finish.
Location Map: Start/finish and registration took place at the Bridge (see Google StreetView Image here goo.gl/maps/1Zqek)
Refreshments: There was a very impressive selection of refreshments including sandwiches and home-made breads in Fitzsimon's Bridge End Bar afterwards.
Some Useful Links
Our Photographs on Flickr from the Finea 5KM - August 2013: www.flickr.com/photos/peterm7/sets/72157635178384858/
Where is Finea? (Google Maps) goo.gl/maps/P419C
Where is Finea? (OpenStreetMap) osm.org/go/etif8ja?m=
Where is Finea? (Ordnance Survey Ireland) maps.osi.ie/publicviewer/#V1,640177,781454,7,10
Wikipedia Page about Finea: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnea
FACEBOOK Page for the CFCW 5KM Run 2013 www.facebook.com/cfcw.bigfightnight (Requires Facebook Access)
Facebook Event Page for the CFCW 5KM Run 2014: www.facebook.com/events/1401167980152954/?ref=ts&fref=ts (Requires Facebook Access)
CFCW GAA Facebook www.facebook.com/pages/Castletown-Finea-Coole-Whitehall-G...
The song which immortalised the Bridge of Finea - 'Come back Paddy Reilly' by Percy French - sung here by Paddy Reilly [www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGmrpMT0-yo] and lyrics [www.lyricsfreak.com/i/irish+music/come+back+paddy+reilly_...]
FAcebook Photographs www.facebook.com/cfcw.bigfightnight/media_set?set=a.57172...
We use Creative Commons Licensing for these photographs
We use the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License for all our photographs here in this photograph set. What does this mean in reality?
The explaination is very simple.
Attribution- anyone using our photographs gives us an appropriate credit for it. This ensures that people aren't taking our photographs and passing them off as their own. This usually just mean putting a link to our photographs somewhere on your website, blog, or Facebook where other people can see it.
ShareAlike – anyone can use these photographs, and make changes if they like, or incorporate them into a bigger project, but they must make those changes available back to the community under the same terms.
Creative Commons aims to encourage creative sharing. See some examples of Creative Commons photographs on Flickr: www.flickr.com/creativecommons/
Can I use these photographs directly from Flickr on my social media account(s)?
Yes - of course you can! Flickr provides several ways to share this and other photographs in this Flickr set. You can share to: email, Facebook, Pinterest, Twitter, Tumblr, LiveJournal, and Wordpress and Blogger blog sites. Your mobile, tablet, or desktop device will also offer you several different options for sharing this photo page on your social media outlets.
We take these photographs as a hobby and as a contribution to the running community in Ireland. Our only "cost" is our request that if you are using these images: (1) on social media sites such as Facebook, Tumblr, Pinterest, Twitter,LinkedIn, Google+, etc or (2) other websites, blogs, web multimedia, commercial/promotional material that you must provide a link back to our Flickr page to attribute us.
This also extends the use of these images for Facebook profile pictures. In these cases please make a separate wall or blog post with a link to our Flickr page. If you do not know how this should be done for Facebook or other social media please email us and we will be happy to help suggest how to link to us.
How can I download these pictures to my computer or device?
You can download the photographic image here direct to your computer or device. This version is the low resolution web-quality image. How to download will vary slight from device to device and from browser to browser. However - look for a symbol with three dots 'ooo' or the link to 'View/Download' all sizes. When you click on either of these you will be presented with the option to download the image. Remember just doing a right-click and "save target as" will not work on Flickr.
How can I get full resolution, print-quality, copies of these photographs?
If you just need these photographs for online usage then they can be used directly once you respect their Creative Commons license and provide a link back to our Flickr set if you use them. For offline usage and printing all of the photographs posted here on this Flickr set are available free, at no cost, at full image resolution.
Please email petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com with the links to the photographs you would like to obtain a full resolution copy of. We also ask race organisers, media, etc to ask for permission before use of our images for flyers, posters, etc. We reserve the right to refuse a request.
In summary please remember when requesting photographs from us - If you are using the photographs online all we ask is for you to provide a link back to our Flickr set or Flickr pages. You will find the link above clearly outlined in the description text which accompanies this photograph. Taking these photographs and preparing them for online posting does take a significant effort and time. We are not posting photographs to Flickr for commercial reasons. If you really like what we do please spread the link around your social media, send us an email, leave a comment beside the photographs, send us a Flickr email, etc. If you are using the photographs in newspapers or magazines we ask that you mention where the original photograph came from.
I would like to contribute something for your photograph(s)?
Many people offer payment for our photographs. As stated above we do not charge for these photographs. We take these photographs as our contribution to the running community in Ireland. If you feel that the photograph(s) you request are good enough that you would consider paying for their purchase from other photographic providers or in other circumstances we would suggest that you can provide a donation to any of the great charities in Ireland who do work for Cancer Care or Cancer Research in Ireland.
I ran in the race - but my photograph doesn't appear here in your Flickr set! What gives?
As mentioned above we take these photographs as a hobby and as a voluntary contribution to the running community in Ireland. Very often we have actually ran in the same race and then switched to photographer mode after we finished the race. Consequently, we feel that we have no obligations to capture a photograph of every participant in the race. However, we do try our very best to capture as many participants as possible. But this is sometimes not possible for a variety of reasons:
►You were hidden behind another participant as you passed our camera
►Weather or lighting conditions meant that we had some photographs with blurry content which we did not upload to our Flickr set
►There were too many people - some races attract thousands of participants and as amateur photographs we cannot hope to capture photographs of everyone
►We simply missed you - sorry about that - we did our best!
You can email us petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com to enquire if we have a photograph of you which didn't make the final Flickr selection for the race. But we cannot promise that there will be photograph there. As alternatives we advise you to contact the race organisers to enquire if there were (1) other photographs taking photographs at the race event or if (2) there were professional commercial sports photographers taking photographs which might have some photographs of you available for purchase. You might find some links for further information above.
Don't like your photograph here?
That's OK! We understand!
If, for any reason, you are not happy or comfortable with your picture appearing here in this photoset on Flickr then please email us at petermooney78 AT gmail DOT com and we will remove it as soon as possible. We give careful consideration to each photograph before uploading.
I want to tell people about these great photographs!
Great! Thank you! The best link to spread the word around is probably http://www.flickr.com/peterm7/sets
I draw a circle on the floor to keep the flash to subject distance constant, and to mark 15 equal steps.
My daughter Elisabeth, in front, with one of her partners at the end of their balance excercise this weekend.
They are keeping their heads up but my daughter can't really hide the disappointment because the excercise did not go as planned.
Digital ID: 433622. Plan of the position which the Army under Lt. Genl. Burgoine took at Saratoga on the 10th of September 1777 : and in which it remained till the convention was signed / D. Martin, sct.. Smith, Charles -- Publisher. Martin, D. -- Engraver. 1797
Notes: 'Published by C. Smith, New York.' Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection. In upper right corner: Pl. IV. Oriented with north to the right. Relief shown by hachures.
Source: Lawrence H. Slaughter Collection of English maps, charts, globes, books and atlases / Atlases / The American war, from 1775 to 1783, with plans / by Charles Smith. (more info)
Repository: The New York Public Library. The Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division.
See more information about this image and others at NYPL Digital Gallery.
Persistent URL: digitalgallery.nypl.org/nypldigital/id?433622
Rights Info: No known copyright restrictions; may be subject to third party rights (for more information, click here)
Copyright Mark Jones 2010
Exposure 1/200 sec at f/5.6, Focal Length 50 mm, ISO200
Canon EOS 450D, EF50mm f/1.8 II Off camera flash camera right. Strobe settings: Various depending on distance (bulk upload)
Images from the Slovenian Armed Forces assault on a town held by opposing forces (OPFOR), played by the Slovak Armed Forces. This situational training exercise lane or STX is being evaluated by U.S. Army Observer Controllers (OCs) from the Joint Multinational Readiness Center along with OPFOR OCs, Slovenian OCs and Slovak OCs. In the following weeks Slovenian and Slovak armed forces will partner with U.S. and Polish soldiers to add a much larger international presence in the 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team's Full Spectrum Training Event being held at Hohenfels Germany. US Army Europe Public Affairs photo by Richard Bumgardner.
Barnard Castle in County Durham is set in a stunning position on the edge of the modern town, on a sharp escarpment overlooking the River Tees. In this position it is protected by the sheer drop to the river on one side but it also dominates the river bridge which is within easy longbow/crossbow range of the walls. This emphasis on the river crossing is further confirmed by a medieval sally port, protected by a portcullis, in the castle wall facing directly on to the bridge.
www.flickr.com/photos/barryslemmings/sets/72157628703984483/ to see the full set.
Ownership of the castle site was disputed between the Crown and the Bishops of Durham as the land had been given to the church in the 9th century but had been taken back by the Earls of Northumberland only to revert to the Crown after King William II crushed a rebellion by one of the earls. In 1095 the king granted it to Guy de Baliol of Picardy in France. Guy held the castle for 30 years but its chief association is with his son and grandson - both called Bernard de Baliol - after whom it is named today.
Bernard II fought against Scots King David I at the Battle of the Standard (Northallerton) in 1138. The original Baliols died out in 1199 but Eustance de Helicourt, a member of a local tenant family managed to obtain the succession and changed his name to Baliol. Perhaps he'd been an illegitimate child of the family. The Bishop of Durham held the castle as security for a loan to Eustace but was ordered to return it to Eustace's son Hugh in 1212. In 1216 Northumbrian barons were in revolt against the English king supported by Alexander I of Scotland and the castle was held by Hugh. While Barnard Castle was besieged by the Scots King Alexander's brother-in-law Eustace de Vesci was hit on the forehead by a crossbow bolt fired from inside the castle and killed. There are no further details but the castle apparently held out.
The Baliols later inherited large Scottish estates and John Baliol made a play for the Scottish crown and lost, being imprisoned in the Tower of London. The castle passed first to Bishop of Durham Antony Bek (based on the church's ancient claim to the site) but later reverted to Edward I. On his deathbed in 1307 Edward I granted the lordship to Guy de Beauchamp, Earl of Warwick. The Warwick lands were mainly in the Midlands and he rarely spent time at Barnard Castle. During the Beauchamp period the extensive outer ward of the castle was abandoned as a rationalistion to make the castle easier and cheaper to run. However the family also improved the inner ward defences.
The Beauchamp male line died out in the 15th century but the castle and earldom of Warwick was inherited by Richard Neville known as 'Warwick the Kingmaker' for his power brokering role in the so-called Wars of the Roses. With Warwick's death at the Battle of Barnet in 1471 the castle was again claimed by the Bishops of Durham but was instead passed to Duke Richard of Gloucester, the future King Richard III. Some changes at the castle including a luxurious oriel window bearing his white boar date to his ownership. Gloucester's primary base was at Middleham Castle further south in Yorkshire.
The castle was besieged again in 1536 during the religious unrest against King Henry VIII which led to the Pilgrimage of Grace which attempted to reverse the Dissolution of the Monasteries. A further uprising in 1569 saw the castle held against 5,000 rebels opposing Queen Elizabeth I. In a dramatic incident Sir George Bowes commanding the castle said that his garrison were jumping over the walls of the inner ward to desert and join the rebels. "I found the people in the castle in continual mutinies... in one daye and nyght two hundred and twenty six men leaped over the walles and opened the gaytes and went to the enemy; of which number thirty five broke their necks, legges or arms in the leaping..."
He eventually surrendered the castle on terms and marched out with 400 loyal men. The rebellion was later put down by the Earl of Sussex. The castle later slid into decay and was pillaged for building stone despite orders by the borough court that this should not happen. In 1952 it was placed in the hands of the Ministry of Public Buildings and Works and is now cared-for by English Heritage.
As presented now the castle is a handsome and well managed ruin. The original design was four wards or baileys - an inner ward, a middle ward, and outer ward and a town ward. This last is closest to the present town and may have served as a civilian shelter in time of Scots' raids. The outer ward was lightly defended and housed the castle's farm and a chapel and it was this which the Beauchamps let go, concentrating instead on the town, middle and inner wards. Each ward was separated from the others by ditches, walls and gates and the theory was that defenders could withdraw inwards and shorten their lines of defence during a siege or attack. The castle lacks an obvious strong tower or keep but the size and shape of the inner ward suggests the ward may have once have functioned as a shell keep similar to Carisbrooke Castle. The inner ward is now dominated by a large round tower but this does not seem to fulfill the role of a true keep. This round tower was used as an industrial shot tower for casting musket balls by later owners.
Engineers and technicians at NASA Glenn's Plum Brook Station in Sandusky, Ohio, are preparing for the first major test in the campaign to verify the structural integrity of Orion’s service module for Exploration Mission-1, the spacecraft’s first flight atop the agency’s Space Launch System (SLS) rocket. Orion’s service module, which will power and propel the vehicle and supply it with air and water, is being provided by ESA and built by Airbus Defence and Space. The solar array wing deployment test will verify that the qualification model wing unfurls as expected. On Saturday, Feb. 20, an international team of engineers and technicians lifted and tilted the service module test article -- which includes structural representations of the service module, crew module adapter, and spacecraft adapter -- to a 90 degree angle to position it for the deployment test of one of Orion’s four solar arrays. The next step in preparation for the test is attaching the solar array before the Feb. 29 deployment test. This is the first in a series of crucial tests to verify the service module’s structural integrity and ability to withstand the dynamic launch environment atop the SLS rocket.
Photo: NASA / Christopher J. Lynch
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TOURS IN ITALIA
TOURS IN EUROPA
TOURS NEL MONDO
VIAGGI ORGANIZZATI
TOURS ENOGASTRONOMICI
SAGRE IN PAESE
VIAGGI DI ISTRUZIONE
SOGGIORNI TERZA ETA'
ORGANIZZAZIONE EVENTI
VIAGGI E HOTELS
gruppi@viaggimadeinitaly
Tel. +39 0565 930182
Fax. +39 0565 918581
Perch non organizzi un viaggio di gruppo
richiedeteci il programma e preventivo dettagliato di uno dei seguenti tour
dal 1980 che facciamo viaggiare il mondo
ISOLA DELBA . prezzi sfida
GRATIS TRAGHETTO BUS a+r
INFRASETTIMANALE: DAL LUNEDI AL GIOVEDI (MINIMO 40 PERSONE)
mese: MARZO, APRILE, MAGGIO, OTTOBRE 2013 (3 GIORNI)
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 68,00 HOTEL 3* BUONO
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 78,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 88,00 HOTEL 4* BUONO
LA QUOTA COMPRENDE:
- un cocktail di benvenuto
- due pensioni complete in hotel;
- sistemazione in hotel 3 stelle in camere doppie con servizi;
- traghetto del Vostro pullman andata e ritorno;
- una degustazione vini in fattoria - un regalo a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo;
- materiale illustrativo dellisola + ns. assistenza al porto allarrivo del gruppo;
- i.v.a.
- 1 GRATUITA OGNI 25 PERSONE .
LA QUOTA NON COMPRENDE:
- nave persone a+r Euro 29,00 a pax,bevande,guida,ingressi
ISOLA DELBA . sapori marinari
infrasettimanale: marzo, aprile, maggio, giugno, settembre, ottobre 2013
supplemento week-end: Euro 15.00/20,00 a persona (minimo 42 persone) (dal pranzo del primo giorno, al pranzo del terzo giorno)
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 130,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
LA QUOTA COMPRENDE: - 1 cocktail di benvenuto in hotel; - 2 pensioni complete in hotel con i seguenti men tipo:
pranzo primo giorno: bucatini allamatriciana o minestrone del contadino, arista di
vitella al forno, patate al forno e verdura lessa saltata in padella, dolce della casa
---
cena primo giorno: bis di primi: penne in barca e risotto alla marinara, frittura mista
di pesce: calamari e gamberi o carne, insalata mista, macedonia di frutta con gelato
---
cena secondo giorno: fusilli alla puttanesca o passato di verdure, arista di maiale al
forno, contorni, frutta fresca
---
pranzo terzo giorno: bis di primi: penne allo scoglio e farfalle al salmone, pesce al
forno con patate, insalata mista, dolce della casa
---
- sistemazione in hotel 3 stelle super in camere doppie con bagno e telefono; ---
- 1 pranzo il secondo giorno in ristorante (durante il tour) con men tipico:
crostini rustici di mare, lasagnette al profumo di mare, trancia di pesce all'isolana,
patate al forno al rosmarino, dolce della casa e aleatico (vino dolce locale);
---
- traghetto Vostro pullman e persone andata e ritorno; - assistenza di un ns. incaricato che ricever il gruppo al porto di Portoferraio all'arrivo; --- - il nostro esclusivo "BENVENUTO" che Vi d diritto a: * una degustazione gratuita dei vini locali doc e prodotti tipici dell'isola in fattoria; * una confezione omaggio al capo gruppo che comprende: tre bottiglie di vini d.oc.
dell'Elba ed il dolce tipico elbano "schiaccia briaca", da ritirare presso l'Azienda
Sapere - Loc. Mola Porto Azzurro OPPURE al Cantinone di Marciana Marina; * 1 souvenir in minerale a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo da ritirare presso Giannini M. --- - assicurazione responsabilit civile ai sensi art. 14 L.R.T. 16/1994 - materiale illustrativo dell'Isola d'Elba al capo gruppo; - IVA - 1 gratuit in doppia ogni 25 persone paganti. LA QUOTA NON COMPRENDE: - extra, bevande, pullman, guide, ingressi e quanto non convenuto; 1 GIORNO: Arrivo della Vostra comitiva nella mattinata al porto di Piombino, ritiro della polizza di carico e dei biglietti
per i passeggeri presso la societ di Navigazione indicata sul voucher, imbarco e partenza. Dopo un'ora
circa di traversata, le imponenti fortezze di Portoferraio che incorniciano la vecchia Darsena a perfetta
forma di ferro di cavallo, Vi accoglieranno. Operazioni di sbarco e incontro con un nostro incaricato, il
quale consegner del materiali informativo. Sistemazione in hotel, pranzo. Pomeriggio visita consigliata: la
vecchia parte di Portoferraio con le sue viuzze in salita dove sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit
di visitare la Palazzina dei Mulini, residenza invernale e pi importante di Napoleone. Anche le Fortezze
costruite nel 1548 da Cosimo de' Medici valgono una visita, non solo per ammirare l'imponenza e grandiosit,
ma anche la splendida vista della citt. Proseguimento per la visita della Chiesa della Misericordia nonch, di
notevole interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 2 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Mattina: ore 09.00 circa incontro con la guida, se prenotata e partenza per la visita
della Villa Napoleonica di S.Martino, residenza estiva dell'Imperatore in esilio, situata nell'omonima verde
vallata. Il giro prosegue verso la parte orientale dell'isola, dove si trovano le antiche miniere di ferro. Breve
sosta sul piazzale panoramico ' Le Grotte' per ammirare la splendida veduta di Portoferraio. A Porto Azzurro
visita della collezione di Minerali e pietre dure Giannini con piccolo laboratorio. Pranzo in ristorante. Nel
pomeriggio partenza per la visita della costa occidentale con il seguente percorso: Procchio, Marciana Marina
piccolo e graziosissimo porto turistico sulla costa nord, Marciana a 370 metri sul livello del mare, circondata
da boschi di castagni e lecci, offre un'indimenticabile vista sulla sottostante vallata. Si prosegue passando per
S.Andrea, Chiessi, Pomonte in mezzo ai vigneti a terrazza degradanti verso il mare, Fetovaia, Seccheto,
Cavoli fino a Marina di Campo. Questo oggi il centro balneare pi frequentato dell'isola, grazie alla sua
lunga e bianchissima spiaggia. Breve sosta per tempo libero. Si continua il giro passando per il Monumento
(panoramica dei 2 golfi) e Lacona. Durante il percorso sosta in una azienda agricola e degustazione gratuita
dei vini locali. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 3 GIORNO: Mezza pensione in hotel. Visite consigliate: la vecchia parte di Portoferraio con le sue viuzze in salita dove
sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit di visitare la Palazzina dei Mulini, residenza invernale e pi
importante di Napoleone. Anche le Fortezze costruite nel 1548 da Cosimo de' Medici valgono una visita, non
solo per ammirare l'imponenza e grandiosit, ma anche la splendida vista della citt. Proseguimento per la
visita della Chiesa della Misericordia nonch, di notevole interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Tempo a
disposizione permettendo potr inoltre essere visitato (facoltativamente) l'Orto Botanico il Giardino dell'Ottone
oppure la Pinacoteca "Foresiana", oppure le Terme di "San Giovanni" e l'erboristeria, importante per la
produzione esclusiva di decotti ed estratti di alghe e piante marine. Ancora in alternativa pu essere visitato
l' Acquario M2 in Marina di Campo: uno dei pi completi d'Europa nel settore degli acquari mediterranei che
ospita oltre 170 specie di pesci ed organismi marini vivi in circa 30 vasche. Oppure visita alla parte orientale
dell'isola Rio Marina e Rio Elba (parco minerario). Pomeriggio: trasferimento a Portoferraio, imbarco.
FESTA DELLUVA allISOLA DELBA
(grande festa popolare) 28.09 30.09 2013
un grande evento, sfilate folkloristiche, una grande festa popolare improntata
sui vini tipici dell'elba, sulla vendemmia e sull'enogastronomia,stand
enogastronomici, artigianato,balli e tanto divertimento .....
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 115,00 HOTEL 3* BUONO
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 120,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 130,00 HOTEL 4* BUONO
LA QUOTACOMPRENDE: - 1 cocktail di benvenuto in hotel; - 2 pensioni complete in hotel (DAL PRANZO PRIMO GIORNO AL PRANZO
ULTIMO GIORNO - escluso il pranzo 2giorno);
- sistemazione in hotel prescelto in camere doppie con bagno e telefono; - traghetto Vostro pullman e persone andata e ritorno; - assistenza di un nostro incaricato che ricever il gruppo al porto di Portoferraio solo all'arrivo; --- - il nostro esclusivo "BENVENUTO" che Vi d diritto a: * una degustazione gratuita dei vini locali doc e prodotti tipici dell'isola in fattoria; * una confezione omaggio al capo gruppo che comprende: tre bottiglie vini d.oc. dell'Elba ed il
dolce tipico elbano "schiaccia briaca", da ritirare presso l'Azienda Agricola Sapere - Loc. Mola
Porto Azzurro OPPURE al Cantinone di Marciana Marina; * 1 souvenir in minerale a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo da ritirare presso Giannini Minerali. --- - assicurazione responsabilit civile ai sensi art. 14 L.R.T. 16/1994- materiale illustrativo dell'Isola d'Elba al capo gruppo; - IVA - 1 gratuit in doppia ogni 25 persone paganti. LA QUOTA NONCOMPRENDE: - extra,bevande, pullman, guide, ingressi e quanto non convenuto;
- il pranzo del 2 giorno (Euro19,00) in ristorante tipico. 1 GIORNO: Arrivo della Vostra comitiva nella mattinata al porto di Piombino, ritiro della polizza di carico e dei biglietti
per i passeggeri presso la societ di Navigazione indicata sul voucher, imbarco e partenza. Dopo un'ora
circa di traversata, le imponenti fortezze di Portoferraio che incorniciano la vecchia Darsena a perfetta forma
di ferro di cavallo, Vi accoglieranno. Operazioni di sbarco e incontro con un nostro incaricato, il quale
consegner del materiali informativo. Sistemazione in hotel, pranzo. Pomeriggio visita consigliata: la vecchia
parte di Portoferraio con le sue viuzze in salita dove sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit di visitare
la Palazzina dei Mulini, residenza invernale e pi importante di Napoleone. Anche le Fortezze costruite nel
1548 da Cosimo de' Medici valgono una visita, non solo per ammirare l'imponenza e grandiosit, ma
anche la splendida vista della citt. Proseguimento per la visita della Chiesa della Misericordia nonch, di
notevole interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 2 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Mattina: ore 09.00 circa incontro con la guida, se prenotata e partenza per la
visita della Villa Napoleonica di S.Martino,residenza estiva dell'Imperatore in esilio, situata nell'omonima
verde vallata .Il giro prosegue verso la parte orientale dell'isola,dove si trovano le antiche miniere di ferro.
Breve sosta sul piazzale panoramico 'Le Grotte' per ammirare la splendida veduta di Portoferraio. A Porto
Azzurro visita della collezione di Minerali e pietre dure Giannini con piccolo laboratorio. Pranzo libero.
Nella tarda mattinata trasferimento a Capoliveri per assistere alla manifestazione della FESTA DELL'UVA
A CAPOLIVERI (.... un grande evento, sfilate folkloristiche, una grande festa popolare improntata sui vini
tipici dell'elba, sulla vendemmia e sull'enogastronomia,stand enogastronomici, artigianato,balli e tanto
divertimento .....). Nel tardo pomeriggio rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento. 3 GIORNO: Mezza pensione in hotel. Visite consigliate: nella mattina partenza per la visita della costa occidentale
con il seguente percorso: Procchio, Marciana Marina piccolo e graziosissimo porto turistico sulla costa
nord, Marciana a 370 metri sul livello del mare, circondata da boschi di castagni e lecci, offre
un'indimenticabile vista sulla sottostante vallata. Si prosegue passando per S.Andrea, Chiessi, Pomonte in
mezzo ai vigneti a terrazza degradanti verso il mare, Fetovaia, Seccheto, Cavoli fino a Marina di Campo.
Questo oggi il centro balneare pi frequentato dell'isola, grazie alla sua lunga e bianchissima spiaggia.
Breve sosta per tempo libero. Si continua il giro passando per il Monumento (panoramica dei 2 golfi) e
Lacona. Durante il percorso sosta in una azienda agricola e degustazione gratuita dei vini locali.
Pomeriggio: trasferimento a Portoferraio, e partenza.
LALTRA ELBA e le antiche miniere
Un viaggio a ritroso nel tempo attraverso le vecchie miniere ed i villaggi dei minatori.
Attraversando il cuore della parte orientale dellisola, la pi antica geologicamente, si
raggiunge la costa est dove vecchi terrazzamenti della miniera,oggi
parco minerario,si stagliano con i loro conturbanti colori di ocra e ossidi di ferro,contro
un cielo che ha vegliato per migliaia di anni sulla fatica della gente di qui.
Spiagge nere, laghetti rossi,vecchie case luccicanti per il pulviscolo di ferro, ghiaie dai
colori pi svariati, paesi dai vicoli angusti dove il tempo sembra essersi fermato;
LALTRA ELBA, quella che seppure inserita negli itinerari turistici con tutte le
proposte che questa nuova industria richiede, non ha cancellato la propria memoria
storica, le proprie tradizioni, la propria identit.
infrasettimanale: marzo, aprile,maggio, ottobre 2012
supplemento week-end: Euro15.00/20,00 a persona (minimo 42 persone) (dal pranzo del primo giorno, al pranzo del terzo giorno)
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 125,00 HOTEL 3* BUONO
QUOTA A PERSONA EURO 135,00 HOTEL 3* SUPER
LA QUOTACOMPRENDE: - 1 SERATA IN MUSICA IN HOTEL (SOLO PERIODO INFRASETTIMANALE);
- 1 cocktail di benvenuto in hotel; - 2 pensioni complete in hotel allIsola dElba;
- sistemazione in hotel 3 stelle super in camere doppie con bagno e telefono; ---
- 1 pranzo in ristorante con il men del minatore:
due portate di primi tipici del minatore, un secondo del minatore, due contorni,
dolce della casa, caff;
---
- 1 visita ad una cantina con degustazione di tre tipi di vino dellelba, pane,
formaggio, affettati, schiaccia briaca;
---
- traghetto Vostro pullman e persone andata e ritorno; - assistenza del ns. incaricato che ricever il gruppo al porto di Portoferraio all'arrivo; --- - il nostro esclusivo "BENVENUTO" che Vi d diritto a: 1 souvenir in minerale a tutti i partecipanti del gruppo da ritirare presso Giannini M.. --- -assicurazione responsabilit civile ai sensi art. 14 L.R.T. 16/1994-materiale illustrativo dell'Isola d'Elba al capo gruppo; - IVA - 1 gratuit in doppia ogni 25 persone paganti. LA QUOTA NON COMPRENDE: - extra,bevande, pullman, guide, ingressi e quanto non convenuto; - ingresso al Parco minerario: Euro 5,00 a persona;
1 GIORNO: Arrivo della Vostra comitiva nella tarda mattinata al porto di Piombino, ritiro della polizza di carico e dei
biglietti per i passeggeri presso la societ di Navigazione indicata sul voucher, imbarco e partenza.
Dopo un'ora circa di traversata, le imponenti fortezze di Portoferraio che incorniciano la vecchia
Darsena a perfetta forma di ferro di cavallo, Vi accoglieranno. Operazioni di sbarco e incontro con un
nostro incaricato, il quale consegner del materiali informativo. Sistemazione in hotel,pranzo.
Pomeriggio visita consigliata della Villa Napoleonica di S.Martino, residenza estiva dell'Imperatore in
esilio, situata nell'omonima verde vallata. Si prosegue per il centro storico di Portoferraio con le sue
viuzze in salita dove sembra che il tempo si sia fermato. Possibilit di visitare la Palazzina dei Mulini,
residenza invernale e pi importante di Napoleone. Anche le fortezzec ostruite nel 1548 da Cosimo d
Medici valgono una visita , non solo per ammirare limponenza e grandiosit, ma anche la splendida
vista della citt. Proseguimento per la visita della Chiesa della Misericordia, nonch di notevole
interesse il Museo Civico Archeologico. Rientro in hotel, cena e pernottamento.
2 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Partenza per Rio Marina e visita al Parco Minerario (visita che dura circa due
ore SI CONSIGLIA LUSO DI SCARPE DA TEMPO LIBERO), si prosegue per la visita di una cantina
in Loc. Montefico con degustazione vini e piccolo spuntino. Pranzo in ristorante con men tipico del
minatore. Nel pomeriggio partenza per Rio Elba con i suoi vicoli e la Chiesa parrocchiale, interessante
la visita degli antichi lavatoi. Proseguimento per Porto Azzurro e sosta. Rientro in hotel, cena e
pernottamento.
3 GIORNO: Prima colazione in hotel. Nella mattina partenza per la visita della costa occidentale con il seguente
percorso: Procchio, Marciana Marina piccolo e graziosissimo porto turistico sulla costa nord, Marciana
a 370 metri sul livello del mare,circondata da boschi di castagni e lecci, offre un'indimenticabile vista
sulla sottostante vallata. Si prosegue passando per S.Andrea, Chiessi, Pomonte in mezzo ai vigneti a
terrazza degradanti verso il mare, Fetovaia, Seccheto, Cavoli fino a Marina di Campo. Questo oggi il
centro balneare pi frequentato dell'isola,
grazie alla sua lunga e bianchissima spiaggia. Breve sosta per tempo libero. Rientro in hotel e pranzo.
Pomeriggio: trasferimento a Portoferraio, imbarco e partenza.
affida i tuoi clienti a chi all'isola d'Elba di casa
L'invio della presente potrebbe non essere stato da Voi sollecitato. In tal caso Vi ricordiamo che la comunicazione Vi viene trasmessa ai sensi dell'articolo 9 del Decreto Legislativo 9 Aprile 2003 n. 70, che prevede la possibilit di inviare messaggi promozionali senza l'obbligo di ottenere il previo consenso del destinatario che non sia consumatore. Nell'ipotesi che l'iniziativa o le iniziative citate in questo messaggio non destino il Vostro interesse, Vi porgiamo le nostre pi sincere scuse per il tempo sottratto e Vi preghiamo di darcene comunicazione per essere immediatamente rimossi dalla mailing list specificando il vostro indirizzo da cancellare dal nostro database.
Highest Explore Position #252 ~ On August 16th 2008.
Prairie Dog - Wingham Wildlife Park, Kent, England - Sunday August 10th 2008.
Click here to see the Larger image
I always thought these guys were Huge...but they are in fact quite small...no bigger then a small bunny..:O))
Anyhoo...I put my Sigma 70-300mm long lens in for repair AGAIN!!!..today...so I have another 3-4 week wait to get it back GRRRRRR!!!
So as I said earlier in the week, I brought another long lens today to have until I get it back and for use as backup....It's a Tamron AF70-300mm F/4-5.6 Di LD Macro 1:2, weather permitting you will be able to see what sort of images it can take over the next few weeks, especially as I am going to Scotland next weekend for 5 days...and a mini road trip Ooooop North en-route..on the way there and on the way back.:O))
The lens almost cost me a lot more then I bargained for as well...I was supposed to pay £150 for the lens and the filter...and when I went to tap in my pin number...I had got as far as two of the four numbers, when I noticed the total that I was just about to sign for was in fact £450!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Now that's some mark up!!!!!
I don't know if the shop keeper made a mistake or was trying to rip me off, but either way...it's a good job I looked before putting my pin number in....if I hadn't my next bank statement would have made great reading!!!!!
The moral to this lil tale I guess, is always check before paying LOL....:O)))
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ~ The prairie dogs (Cynomys) are small, burrowing rodents native to the grasslands of North America. There are five different species of prairie dogs: black-tailed, white-tailed, Gunnison, Utah, and Mexican prairie dogs. They are a type of squirrel. On average, these stout-bodied rodents will grow to be between 12 and 16 inches (30 and 40 cm) long, including the short tail and weigh between 1-3 pounds. They are found in the United States, Canada, and Mexico. In Mexico, prairie dogs are primarily found in the north states: Sonora, Coahuila, Nuevo León, Zacatecas and San Luis Potosí; in the U.S., they range primarily west of the Mississippi River, though they have also been introduced in a few eastern locales.
Prairie dogs are named for their habitat and warning call, which sounds similar to a dog's bark. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the name is attested from at least 1774. The 1804 journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition note that in September 1804, they "discovered a Village of an animal the French Call the Prairie Dog" - Its genus, Cynomys, derives from the Greek for "mouse dog."
The highly social prairie dogs live in large colonies or "towns" – collections of prairie dog families that can span hundreds of acres. Families usually consist of 1 male and 2 to 4 females living in a strict social hierarchy. Prairie dog pups reach sexual maturity at about 3 years of age, and after their third winter the dominant male in a given family will drive them away, forcing them to establish their own families on the edges of the colony. The dominant male will defend the family's borders against rival prairie dogs, and disputes are resolved with fighting. Prairie dogs are also aggressive against predators such as badgers and snakes. Prairie dogs are social animals, however, and often make social visits with each other, and greet each other with a sort of kiss.
Prairie dog tunnel systems help channel rainwater into the water table to prevent runoff and erosion, and can also serve to change the composition of the soil in a region by reversing soil compaction that can be a result of cattle grazing. The tunnels usually have several chambers. Tunnels can descend vertically as much as 5 meters (16 feet), and can extend laterally as much as 30 meters (100 feet). Prairie dogs line their burrows with grass to insulate them, and the earth excavated from the burrow is piled up in mounds around the burrow's entrance. The prairie dogs use these carefully maintained mounds as observation posts.
The prairie dog is well adapted to predators. Using its dichromatic color vision, it can detect predators from afar and then alert other prairie dogs to the danger with a special, high-pitched call. Con Slobodchikoff and others assert that prairie dogs use a sophisticated system of vocal communication to describe specific predators. Prairie dogs also trim the vegetation around their colonies, perhaps to remove any cover for predators. Their burrows generally contain several routes of escape.
The prairie dog is chiefly herbivorous, though it eats some insects. It feeds primarily on grasses and, in the fall, broadleaf forbs. Prairie dogs have 1-6 pups yearly, which are born blind and furless and need about 30 days of close nurturing from their mother.