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In Major League Baseball, spring training is a series of practices and exhibition games preceding the start of the regular season. Spring training allows new players to try out for roster and position spots, and gives existing team players practice time prior to competitive play. Spring training has always attracted fan attention, drawing crowds who travel to the warmer climates to enjoy the weather and watch their favorite teams play, and spring training usually coincides with spring break for many college students.
Spring training typically lasts about six weeks, starting in mid February and running until just before the season opening day (and often right at the end of spring training, some teams will play spring training games on the same day other teams have opening day of the season), traditionally the first week of April. Pitchers and catchers report to spring training first because pitchers benefit from a longer training period. A week or two later, the position players arrive and team practice begins. Team members normally wear their batting practice uniforms for the duration of spring training and only wear their normal jerseys on Opening Day.
History
A Cactus League game between the Cubs and the White Sox at HoHoKam Park. Spring training by major league teams in sites other than their regular season game sites first became popular in the 1890s and by 1910 were in wide use. Early training sites include the St. Louis Cardinals in Hot Springs, Arkansas, and Tulsa, Oklahoma; the New York Yankees in New Orleans and later Phoenix, Arizona, when the team was owned by Del Webb; the Chicago Cubs in Los Angeles when owned by William Wrigley Jr.; the St. Louis Browns and later the Kansas City Athletics in San Diego as well the A's were in West Palm Beach, Florida; the Pittsburgh Pirates in Honolulu and other teams joined in by the early 1940s. The Detroit Tigers are credited with being the first team to conduct spring training camp in Arizona. They trained in Phoenix at Riverside Park at Central Avenue and the Salt River in 1929.
The Philadelphia Phillies were the first of the current major-league teams to train in Florida, when they spent two weeks in Jacksonville, Florida in 1889. Spring training in Florida began in earnest in 1913, when the Chicago Cubs played in Tampa, and the Cleveland Indians in Pensacola. One year later, two other teams moved to Florida for spring training, the real start of the Grapefruit League. And except for a couple of years during World War II, when travel restrictions prevented teams training south of the Potomac and Ohio rivers, Florida has hosted more than half of the spring training teams. All but six of the major league teams have gone to spring training in Florida at one time or another. Many of the most famous players in baseball history (Ruth, Gehrig, Musial, Cobb, Mays, DiMaggio, Berra, Mantle, and many more) have called Florida home for 4-6 weeks every spring.
According to the autobiography of former Cleveland Indians owner Bill Veeck, avoiding racism was one reason the Cactus League was established. In 1947, Veeck was the owner of the minor league Milwaukee Brewers and the team trained in Ocala, Fla. Veeck inadvertently sat in the segregated section of the stands and engaged in conversation with a couple of Black fans. According to Veeck's book, the local law enforcement told Veeck he could not sit in that section, and then called the Ocala mayor when Veeck argued back. The mayor finally backed down when Veeck threatened to take his team elsewhere for spring training and promised to let the country know why. Veeck's account was the subject of much debate among sportswriters after his autobiography was published, but later investigations proved his story to be mostly accurate.
Veeck sold the Brewers in 1945 and retired to his ranch in Tucson, Az., but Veeck purchased the Cleveland Indians in 1946. He decided to buck tradition and train the Indians in Tucson and convinced the New York Giants to give Phoenix a try. Thus the Cactus League was born.[8] Veeck then signed Larry Doby to the Indians. Doby was the second African-American to play MLB in the 20th century, and the first for the American League.
While Florida and Arizona now host all Major League Baseball teams for spring training, this has not always been the case. The Brooklyn Dodgers trained in Havana, Cuba in 1947 and 1949, and in the Dominican Republic in 1948. The New York Yankees also trained in the early 1950s in Cuba and the Dominican Republic. Also spring training camps and games were held in Hawaii, Puerto Rico and cities of northern Mexico, sometimes by visiting major league teams in the 1950s and 1960s.
The Atlanta Braves Spring Training game against the New York Mets in 2008.During World War II, most teams held an abbreviated spring training within easy reach of their cities. In order to conserve rail transport during the war, 1943 Spring Training was limited to an area east of the Mississippi River and north of the Ohio River. The Chicago White Sox held camp in French Lick, Indiana; the Washington Senators in College Park, Maryland; and the New York Yankees in Asbury Park, New Jersey.
Before and shortly after big league baseball reached the West Coast, a number of teams trained in the state of California or along the state boundary. For example, early in their history, the then-California Angels held spring training in Palm Springs, California from 1961 to 1993, the San Diego Padres in Yuma from 1969 to 1993, the Oakland Athletics in Las Vegas in the 1970s, and various major league teams had trained in Riverside, San Bernardino and El Centro near the Mexican border.
The concept of spring training is not limited to North America; the Japanese professional baseball leagues' teams adopted spring training and preseason game sites across East Asia such as South Korea, the Philippines and Taiwan; the Pacific Islands (most notably in Hawaii); and currently 2 North American cities of Salinas, California and Yuma on the Mexican border.
Spring training locations by team
Further information: List of Major League Baseball spring training stadiums
In modern training, teams that train in Florida will play other Florida-training teams in their exhibition games, regardless of regular-season league affiliations. Likewise, Arizona-training teams will play other Arizona teams. These have been nicknamed the Grapefruit League and Cactus League, respectively, after plants typical of the respective states. The teams can play colleges (Atlanta vs. Georgia Tech, Detroit vs. Florida Southern, Arizona Diamondbacks vs. Arizona State, or the Boston Red Sox vs. Boston College), minor league baseball clubs, intra-squad games (members of the same team play against each other), split-squad games (games when one team is scheduled for two games in one day, so the team splits into two squads and each squad plays in one of the games), and B Games (unofficial Spring Training games where statistics and standings are not counted). In years when the World Baseball Classic occurs, the national teams in the tournament prepare by playing major league teams.
The Peoria Sports Complex hosts the San Diego Padres and Seattle Mariners.The newest stadium built for MLB spring training is the $100 million Salt River Fields at Talking Stick spring training complex on the Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community in Scottsdale (Phoenix), Arizona, that hosted its first games on Feb. 26, 2011. The complex is home to the Arizona Diamondbacks and the Colorado Rockies, and contains a 11,000-seat stadium, separate clubhouses for each team, and 12 full-size practice fields (six for each team.) Both teams previously conducted spring training in Tucson, Arizona, bringing a total of 15 teams to the Cactus League in the Phoenix metropolitan area.
According to the Arizona Republic, the Cactus League generates more than $300 million a year in economic impact to the greater Phoenix metropolitan area economy. The new Salt River Fields at Talking Stick complex is the latest of eight new stadiums built in the Valley of the Sun over the past 20 years. The Arizona Republic newspaper reports that more than $500 million has been spent on “building eight new stadiums and renovating two others for the 15 teams in the Valley.”
Attendance set a new record at 2011 Cactus League games with 1.59 million attending games at the various stadiums in the Phoenix metro area. Much of the attendance surge is attributed to the new Salt Rivers Fields at Talking Stick venue that accounted for 22 percent of the Cactus League attendance.
Grapefruit League (Florida)Spring training Current season or competition:
2012 Major League Baseball season
Sport Baseball
Founded 1908
No. of teams 15
Country(ies) United States
Most recent champion(s) St. Louis Cardinals
Most titles New York Yankees (27)
Grapefruit League (Florida)
Atlanta Braves: Champion Stadium, Lake Buena Vista at Walt Disney World
Boston Red Sox: JetBlue Park, Fort Myers
Baltimore Orioles: Ed Smith Stadium, Sarasota
Detroit Tigers: Joker Marchant Stadium, Lakeland
Houston Astros: Osceola County Stadium, Kissimmee
Miami Marlins: Roger Dean Stadium, Jupiter
Minnesota Twins: Hammond Stadium, Fort Myers
New York Mets: Digital Domain Park, Port St. Lucie
New York Yankees: George M. Steinbrenner Field, Tampa
Philadelphia Phillies: Bright House Field, Clearwater
Pittsburgh Pirates: McKechnie Field, Bradenton
St. Louis Cardinals: Roger Dean Stadium, Jupiter
Tampa Bay Rays: Charlotte Sports Park, Port Charlotte
Toronto Blue Jays: Florida Auto Exchange Stadium, Dunedin
Washington Nationals: Space Coast Stadium, Viera
[edit] Cactus League (Arizona)Spring training Current season or competition:
2012 Major League Baseball season
Sport Baseball
Founded 1908
No. of teams 15
Country(ies) United States
Most recent champion(s) Texas Rangers
Most titles Oakland Athletics (9)
Cactus League (Arizona)
Arizona Diamondbacks: Salt River Fields at Talking Stick, Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
Chicago Cubs: HoHoKam Park, Mesa
Chicago White Sox: Camelback Ranch, Glendale
Cincinnati Reds: Goodyear Ballpark, Goodyear
Cleveland Indians: Goodyear Ballpark, Goodyear
Colorado Rockies: Salt River Fields at Talking Stick, Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
Kansas City Royals: Surprise Stadium, Surprise
Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim: Tempe Diablo Stadium, Tempe
Los Angeles Dodgers: Camelback Ranch, Glendale
Milwaukee Brewers: Maryvale Baseball Park, Phoenix
Oakland Athletics: Phoenix Municipal Stadium, Phoenix
San Diego Padres: Peoria Sports Complex, Peoria
San Francisco Giants: Scottsdale Stadium, Scottsdale
Seattle Mariners: Peoria Sports Complex, Peoria
Texas Rangers: Surprise Stadium, Surprise
Statistics
Statistics are recorded during spring training games, but they are not combined with the listed statistics for regular season games, and unusual performances which would have broken records if accomplished during the regular season are considered to be unofficial.
For example, on March 14, 2000, the Red Sox used 6 pitchers to achieve a 5–0 perfect game victory over the Toronto Blue Jays. A perfect game is considered a crowning accomplishment during the regular season or postseason, but in spring training it attracted little notice. Starting pitcher Pedro Martínez, who lost a perfect game in 1995 while pitching for the former Montreal Expos, was talking to reporters at the conclusion of the game, rather than watching the final pitches. Reliever Rod Beck, who finished the game, did not realize the nature of his accomplishment until informed by catcher Joe Sidall. Many fans also left before the game's conclusion.
Although spring training statistics are unofficial, teams still frequently use players' spring training performances as a way of assigning starting roles and roster spots on the club.
Extended spring training
An extended spring training game between the Boston Red Sox and Baltimore Orioles in Sarasota, Florida during the 2008 season. Minor league players participate in spring training following a telescoped schedule that generally lasts from March 1–31. At its conclusion, most players are assigned to full-season Class A, AA or AAA farm team rosters to begin the regular minor league season. However, those players deemed unready for a full-season campaign — through inexperience or injury — are assigned to "extended spring training," a structured program of workouts, rehabilitation sessions, simulated games and exhibition games based in the major league parent team's minor league training complex. If a player is deemed ready to participate in full-season league action, he is promoted to an appropriate-level farm club. When the "short season" Class A and rookie leagues begin play in late June, extended spring training players are assigned to those rosters, placed on the disabled list, or released.
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Highest position in Explore: 112 on Thursday, July 9, 2009
When I went for a cliff top walk at Swanage on my recent holiday, I loved the view of the sea through pretty wild flowers. I took quite a few shots, but this is my favourite, and the best one as the sea is reasonably straight! I love the seaside, and Swanage is one of my favourite seaside towns with sea, beach, a pier, beach huts and steam trains! what more could you want!
This photo is featured here on my blog.
At the train station the sun was directly on top of a minaret in the distance. Heavily cropped in phone and processed to death but I quite like it.
Looking out from the walls of Nottingham Castle in Nottingham, Nottinghamshire. The castle is located in a commanding position on a natural promontory known as "Castle Rock", with cliffs 130 feet (40 m) high to the south and west.
There is some uncertainty whether a castle existed on the site before the Norman Conquest. If there was it would have been smaller and far less elaborate in design than the one that stood there afterwards.
The first Norman castle of a motte-and-bailey design, and was built in 1067, on the orders of William the Conqueror. This wooden structure was replaced by a far more defensible stone castle during the reign of Henry II, and was imposing and of a complex architectural design.
For centuries the castle served as one of the most important in England for nobles and royalty alike. It was in a strategic position due to its location near a crossing of the River Trent; and it was also known as a place of leisure being close to the royal hunting grounds at Tideswell and also the royal forests of Barnsdale and Sherwood Forest.
In 1194, a historic battle took place at Nottingham castle when the supporters of Prince John captured it. The castle was the site of a decisive siege when King Richard I, returned to England and besieged the castle with the siege machines he had used at Jerusalem.
The castle ceased to be a royal residence by 1600 and was largely rendered obsolete. At the start of the English Civil War, in August 1642, Charles I chose Nottingham as the rallying point for his armies, but soon after he departed, the castle rock was made defensible and held by the parliamentarians. Commanded by John Hutchinson, they repulsed several Royalist attacks, and they were the last group to hold the castle. After the execution of Charles I in 1649, the castle was razed to prevent its re-use.
After the restoration of Charles II in 1660, the present 'Ducal Mansion' was built by Henry Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Newcastle on the foundations of the previous structure. Despite the destruction of the keep and fortifications of the upper bailey, some rock cut cellars and medieval pointed arches survive beneath the mansion, together with a long passage to the bottom of the rock, commonly known as Mortimer's Hole.
After a time the mansion became a derelict shell until it was restored in 1875 by Thomas Chambers Hine, and opened in 1878 by the Prince of Wales, (later King Edward VII) as Nottingham Castle Museum, the first municipal art gallery in the UK outside London. The gatehouse of the medieval castle and much of the walling of the outer bailey was retained as a garden wall for the Ducal mansion.
The ducal mansion is still in use as a museum and art gallery. It houses most of the City of Nottingham's fine and decorative art collections, galleries on the history and archaeology of Nottingham and the surrounding areas, and the regimental museum of the Sherwood Foresters.
He was appointed a Firefighter on November 29, 1969, and after graduating from the Fire Academy, was first assigned to Engine Company 21 in Manhattan. Over the next 32 years, he rose through the ranks of the FDNY, serving as a Lieutenant at Engine Company 35 in East Harlem, as a Captain at Engine Company 8 in Manhattan, and as a Battalion Chief in Battalion 19 in the Bronx.
Beginning in 1988, while in the rank of Battalion Chief, he served in several administrative positions at headquarters, including the Chief of Personnel and the Chief of the Bureau of Health Services, where he oversaw the medical care and treatment for FDNY members.
Upon his promotion to deputy chief in 1993, he returned to the field and served in Division 3 in Manhattan. A year later, he was appointed Deputy Assistant Chief and was instrumental in merging the Emergency Medical Service of the New York City Health + Hospitals Corporation into the FDNY. Following the merger, he became the chief in charge of EMS. In 1997, he was promoted to Chief of Operations, overseeing all operations and training for more than 14,000 uniformed fire and EMS personnel.
After the September 11, 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, he was appointed Chief of Department, following the death of his close friend, Chief Peter J. Ganci, Jr. Commissioner Nigro was responsible for overseeing all rescue and recovery operations at the World Trade Center site, and the beginning of the unprecedented rebuilding of the department following the death of 343 FDNY members. As Chief of Department, Commissioner Nigro held the highest uniformed rank, overseeing all major uniformed FDNY bureaus: Operations, Training, EMS, Communications, and Fire Prevention. He retired from the department in 2002 and returned in 2014 as Fire Commissioner.
Commissioner Nigro followed in the footsteps of his father, FDNY Captain Daniel Nigro, who served the department for 33 years.
Location map for the Arctic Ocean
Image: Public Domain
We have used this photo in this article:
The Largest Oceans In The World
Up until recently there were four official oceans in the World - the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Arctic Ocean - but this changed in 1990, when the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) designated the Antarctic Ocean (also know as the Southern Ocean) as an independent ocean. It encircles Antarctica, below the 60° Southern line of latitude, but before this declaration, many geographers believed that this part of the World Ocean was just the bottom part of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans combined. Many still believe this to be the case, but the IHO have based their decision on the water of the Antarctic Ocean being very different to the waters of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans in that general area.
The largest ocean on the planet is the Pacific Ocean, which covers about 28% of the surface of our planet. It's total size is greater than the size of all the World's land mass added together, and it is the source of over half of the sea food which we humans consume. The deepest point under all of the oceans is the Mariana Trench in the north-west Pacific, which drops to a depth of 10,911 metres (35,800 ft), and the planet's oceans cover over 70% of it's surface area in total, an estimated 360,000,000 sq km (140,000,000 sq miles)……..
66722 is perfectly positioned for this shot as it heads west to an unknown destination. It carries the short lived livery of Metronet Renewing the Tube where at the time GBRf had the contract for move materials for London Underground.
Crawling up the relief line is DBs 60018 with 6G77 1145 Burton on Trent to Bescot with a nice consist of 10 SPAs and 6 IHAs.
My notes say Bescot but unless its running via New Street its going the wrong way.
60018 has been sold by DB and was acquired by GBRf as a source of spares. It still resides at Toton depot.
Washwood Heath yard is full of car carrier wagons with the elevated M6 full of HGVs. The former Dunlop Building is just visible in the far right background.
Bright sunshine on a beautiful Autumn day persuaded me to drive to Fraserburgh and re visit its magnificent fishing harbour for the first time in a few months, hence today Tuesday 13th November 2018 I visited and captured as many trawlers and scenes that I could, I had a great couple of hours.
Fraserburgh Harbour is situated in Aberdeenshire in the North East corner of Scotland and is ideally positioned for the fishing grounds of the North and East of Scotland, as well as being in close proximity to the North Sea oil and gas fields and the emerging offshore renewables market. The location also makes it well placed for trade with Scandinavia and the Baltic sea ports.
The Port caters and provides facilities for:
Safe Berthing with a 24 hour advisory service
Fishing, Cargo, Oil Related, Offshore Renewables and Ship Repair
Fuel, water, electricity, Stevedores available as required
Extensive local supply chain
Haulage - UK and Worldwide
Fraserburgh Harbour Commissioners are committed to providing first class services to the fishing fleet. This commitment has been demonstrated over the years through deepening projects which have provided safe berthing facilities and two of the most up to date fish markets in the UK. Both markets, which are completely chilled, are capable of maintaining a temperature of +1ºC allowing landings of fish and nephrops over a 24 hour period, five days per week with the fish being kept in prime condition for the sales that take place at a later period. The markets cover 3100 square metres and can handle 6,000 boxes of fish daily. The very successful summer and autumn squid fishery takes place a few miles from the port and vessels often choose to land through Fraserburgh Fishmarket. A Wi-Fi internet connection was recently installed in the market and is available for all users.
The harbour houses a number of full time crab fishermen who operate throughout the year. The vast majority of crab landed is trucked to markets in England with the balance processed locally. Many of these smaller vessels also take part in the seasonal mackerel fishery with line mackerel also being landed and sold through the Fishmarket.
Fraserburgh Harbour is also home to a number of the large pelagic fishing vessels who class Fraserburgh Harbour as their “home” port. These vessels can be seen moored in the Balaclava basin between fishing seasons for mackerel, herring, blue whiting etc. The harbour and bay are designated and approved pelagic landing areas seeing large quantities of herring and mackerel landed during the season with demand coming from local processors as well as continental buyers. Catches can be landed direct into the Lunar Freezing factory, one of the most up to date and modernised processing factory in the country, which is located alongside the pier in the Balaclava Harbour. These catches can be landed either by lorry or by pipeline on specific berths straight into the factory.
The Harbour offers fresh water, shore power, waste disposal, oil reception facilities, etc all essential services for the fishing fleet.
Information on these can be obtained from the Harbour Office or from the Marine Watchtower.
Google and Wiki have the folowing info on this fine town.
Fraserburgh (/ˈfreɪzərbrə/; Scots: The Broch or Faithlie, Scottish Gaelic: A' Bhruaich) is a town in Aberdeenshire, Scotland with a population recorded in the 2001 Census at 12,454 and estimated at 12,630 in 2006.
It lies at the far northeast corner of Aberdeenshire, about 40 miles (64 km) north of Aberdeen, and 17 miles (27 km) north of Peterhead. It is the biggest shellfish port in Europe, landing over 12,000 tonnes in 2008, and is also a major white fish port and busy commercial harbour.
History
The name of the town means, literally, 'burgh of Fraser', after the Fraser family that bought the lands of Philorth in 1504 and thereafter brought about major improvement due to investment over the next century. Fraserburgh became a burgh of barony in 1546. By 1570, the Fraser family had built a castle (Fraserburgh Castle) at Kinnaird's Head and within a year the area church was built. By the 1590s the area known as Faithlie was developing a small harbour.
In 1592, Faithlie was renamed Fraserburgh by a charter of the Crown under King James VI. Sir Alexander Fraser was given permission to improve and govern the town as Lord Saltoun. At present this title is still in existence and is held by Flora Fraser, 20th Lady Saltoun and head of Clan Fraser. The Royal Charter also gave permission to build a college and university in Fraserburgh allowing the Lord Saltoun to appoint a rector, a principal, a sub-principal, and all the professors for teaching the different sciences.
A grant from the Scottish Parliament in 1595 allowed the first college building to be erected by Alexander Fraser, and in 1597 the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland recommended the Rev. Charles Ferme, then minister at the Old Parish, to be its first (and only) principal.
In 1601, Fraserburgh became a burgh of regality. The college, however, closed only a decade or so after Ferme's arrest on the orders of James VI for taking part in the 1605 General Assembly, being used again only for a short time in 1647 when King's College, Aberdeen temporarily relocated owing to an outbreak of plague. A plaque commemorating its existence may be seen on the exterior wall of the remains of the Alexandra Hotel in College Bounds.
Fraserburgh thereafter remained relatively quiet until 1787 when Fraserburgh Castle was converted to Kinnaird Head Lighthouse, Scotland's first mainland lighthouse. In 1803, the original 1571 church building was replaced and enlarged to seat 1000 people. The Auld Kirk was to be the standing authority in the town up until the 1840s.
The Statistical Account on the Parish of Fraserburgh, written between 1791–1799 (probably 1791) by Rev. Alexander Simpson of the Old Parish Church, shows that the population of Fraserburgh was growing with peaks due to seasonal employment. He records a population of about 2000 in 1780 of whom only 1000 resided in the town.
There was an additional population of 200 in the village of Broadsea. He makes a point of the arrival of Dr. Webster in Fraserburgh in 1755 claiming that the population then only stood at 1682. By the time the account was written the population had increased by 518 souls since 1755. Rev. Simpson also gives accounts of deaths, births and marriages. Between 1784-1791, he claims to have an average of 37 baptisms, 14 marriages and 19 deaths per year. The statistical account mentions activities with the harbour. He describes the harbour as small but good, telling that it had the capability to take vessels with '200 tons burden' at the time the account was written.
The account also mentions that Fraserburgh had tried and succeeded in shipbuilding especially after 1784. His account finishes speaking of a proposed enlargement of the harbour. He claims that the local people would willingly donate what they could afford but only if additional funding was provided by the Government and Royal Burghs.
The second statistical account, written as a follow up to the first of the 1790s, was written in January 1840 by Rev. John Cumming. He records population in 1791 as 2215 growing to only 2271 by 1811, but increasing massively to 2954 by 1831. He considered the herring fishing, which intensified in 1815, to be the most important reason for this population boom. By 1840 he writes that seamen were marrying early with 86 marriages and 60 births in the parish in the space of one year. On top of this increased population, he explains that the herring season seen an additional 1200 people working in the Parish. There is also mention of the prosperity of this trade bringing about an increase in general wealth with a change in both dress and diet. Cumming also records 37 illegitimate children from 1837–1840 although he keeps no record of death.
The prosperity of the economy also brought about improvement within the town with a considerable amount of new houses being built in the town. The people were gaining from the herring industry as in real terms rent fell by 6% from 1815 to 1840. Lord Saltoun was described as the predominant land owner earning £2266,13s,4d in rents.
This period also saw the extension of the harbour with a northern pier of 300 yards built between 1807–1812 and, in 1818, a southern pier built by Act of Parliament. Cumming states that no less than £30,000 was spent developing the harbour between 1807 and 1840 by which time the harbour held eight vessels of 45–155 tons and 220 boats of the herring fishery.
A railway station opened in 1865 and trains operated to Aberdeen via Maud and Dyce, as well as a short branch line to St. Combs. It was, however, closed to passengers in 1965 as part of the Beeching cuts, though freight trains continued to operate until 1979, after which the station site was redeveloped. Currently, the closest operating station is Inverurie, 56 km (35 miles) away.
Climate[
Fraserburgh has a marine climate heavily influenced by its proximity to the sea. As such summer highs and winter lows are heavily moderated, with very mild winter temperatures for a location so far north. The differences between seasons are very narrow as a result, with February averaging highs of 6.7 °C (44.1 °F) and August 17.2 °C (63.0 °F).[6] As a result of its marine influence, there is significant seasonal lag, with September being milder than June and October has slightly milder nights than May, in spite of a massive difference of daylight. The climate is overcast and wet with 1351.8 hours of sunshine. Temperature extremes have ranged from 26.6.C (July 1995) down to -14.4.C (February 1991) 747.7 millimetres (29.44 in) of precipitation per annum.
Long time in the making, the start being early last November, and this is another Mosaic piece on one of the area's old formations, the GC's line which ran along the Blackburn Valley, north from a complex of connections at Wincobank/Meadow Hall and on north through to Barnsley; this time its a look at the few remnants of the GC's East Station site at Ecclesfield. Two companies had competing lines along the Blackburn Valley, the Midland to the west, and still operating, the GC's line just a little to the east and long since gone, the trackbed now forming a walking/cycleway from Meadowhall all the way up to the GC's Chapeltown Station, just north east of Chapeltown centre; the station building still in-situ, but now a private residence. As with all these sorts of 'investigations', there isn't all that much left to see of note. So its been a long haul, on and off, getting the right pictures in place to illustrate some feel for the area with the rail interest residing in semi-distant views of Northern Rail services passing on the Midland line to the west. So, the mosaic piece of 13 items consists of, as usual, a central map identifying the locations of all the material and then it is accompanied by the material photographed in late April and early May this year; just as the Sheffield Power Signalbox was in its last days of operation; there is a picture here from that time, showing a diverted passenger service on the Midland line. As with many of these old rail installations which took up large amounts of land, there was a change of use once the Railway quit and the tracks were lifted, the users being new modern light, and some heavy, industry, small business users and some space, at Smithywood, still an open area with not much happening at all as indicated in one of the pictures. Some information relating to the origin of the MSL, later GC's line along the Blackburn Valley-
'... The Manchester, Sheffield & Lincolnshire Railway offered the SY use of its new Sheffield Victoria station and with an eye to future coal traffic originating in the Barnsley area and passing on to its own line, offered to lease the SYR, which it did from 1861 until 1 August 1864, when the SYR fully merged with the MS&L. The single track branch proved a bottleneck and plans were drawn up to double the line by 1876. This doubling of the tracks meant the adoption of a strange layout for the station at Ecclesfield. Sidings and a goods shed had been erected opposite the single platform and so the new platform for the up (Sheffield direction) line was constructed to the south east of the down platform. A footbridge was provided to link the two. Passenger services were withdrawn as long ago as 1953. The station was a long way out of the village, being situated nearly two miles from the Church. Through traffic to Aldham Junction was withdrawn in the mid 1960s when the line was severed at Birdwell by the newly built M1 motorway. The branch survived as an outlet for traffic from Smithywood coking plant until it closed in the early 1980s. The track was lifted shortly afterwards and today very little remains of Ecclesfield's first railway link...'
and from Wikipedia-
'...The original 'Ecclesfield' railway station was opened in November 1854 and closed just two years later. It was replaced by a new station opened in 1876, with buildings and staggered platforms linked by a footbridge and cost £1985 (including sidings and approach road). These buildings are identical to those at Meadowhall although it had staggered platforms. By this time the line was worked by the Manchester Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway and the trains ran into their Sheffield Victoria Station. The station closed on 7 December 1953...'
Details relating to the items shown in the accompanying mosaic picture-
1. Looking slightly east of north across the station site is a pile of concrete sleepers, left over from when all the lines and sidings were removed from the station site, several such piles having been just left lying about the place; handy for standing on the highest, to get an elevated view of the area. Part of the old building can be seen behind the sleepers, now heavily graffiti'd, the main lines were just off to the left, passing along the west side of the farm buildings seen through the trees.
2. This view, a 2-part panorama, looks towards the south along the GCs line through the station. Some rusting rails, still embedded in the concrete, can be seen on the left in what were the station sidings. The main lines came in diagonally from lower right to head off southwards at centre and converge with the Midland line over on the right; more remains can be seen of the station building, a brick section of the back wall of the station building, to the track-bed's right. On the right side of the frame, at centre, a 3-car Northern Rail DMU heads south towards Meadowhall on the 2L31, Leeds to Sheffield service. It is travelling along the Midland line and would just have passed the Midland's, Ecclesfield West Station, to the rear of the train, had it still existed.
3. Looking directly in the other direction, facing east with agricultural buildings on the far left next to the slightly curving line heading north; hidden by the steeply rising hill towards Spring Wood, is the cutting which now carries the M1 motorway. In the foreground, the concrete bridge bases which carried the metal passenger footbridge over the main lines between the up and down platforms; the deck of the bridge came towards the lower left corner of the picture. This bridge can be seen whilst it was still in place, from the early 1900s, in picture 10 below, the up and down platforms being staggered with the up platform being behind the the camera on the right, the down, to the left beyond the footbridge.
4. Looking along the line towards Smithywood, the line curves around to run almost directly north before snaking east and then west again to enter the southern confines of the Smithywood coking plant. Loicher Bridge is hidden by tree growth to the left of the farm buildings just beyond the pile of muck somebody has deposited on the trackbed. The concrete blocks in the foreground are again the bases of the passenger footbridge over the main lines and these blocks may just be discerned to the left edge of picture 10.
5. A closer shot towards Loicher Bridge showing the dereliction and remnants of parts of the old station site and on the left, the concrete footings of the station buildings. Inspection of the map shown in picture 7 reveals the relatively close proximity of the two lines and their stations, though the lines do get much closer a little south of the station sites at Butterthwaite Farm. The line here heads due north, snaking slightly towards the southern boundary of the Smithywood colliery and beyond, to the coking works.
6. The view here shows Ecclesfield East Station in 1959, looking towards Sheffield. The down platform is in the right foreground and the up platform is on the left, beyond the wagons and the gantry. A footbridge originally connected the two platforms just this side of the signalbox on the right beyond the down platform, but by this time, 1959, the bridge had been removed as passenger services ceased on December 7th, 1953. There still appears to be a lot happening in the sidings on the right in what now looks like a scrapyard.
7. A 1905 OS map of the area showing both the Midland line and its station (marked green) on the west and the GC's line, marked blue, on the right; the lines diverging at this point from their closest approach at Butterthwaite House, shown in the lower right corner of the map. Both the Midland on the left and the GC's line on the right had connections coming off their main lines and forming a 'Y shaped' central junction to the north, carrying on into the southern part of the Smithywood Coking Works and then extending right through the works upto the main road between Rotherham & Chapeltown. The coking works always made its presence very keenly felt, or should I say, smelt as I drove along that road to and from Chapeltown in the early 1970s, there always being that smell of 'bad eggs'; sulphur dioxide in the air, a by-product of the coal to coke reduction process. The Excelsior File Works and the Norfolk Foundry are close by the Midland's line on the left with its goods shed on that side of the line as well. The southern end of Smithywood can be seen at the top of the map and there is a plan currently being put forward to destroy a large swathe of this ancient woodland for the purposes of building a motorway service area, what can I say! Also in this area, the Newton Chambers Iron Foundry works, somewhat south towards Butterthwaite but with another line branching off the Midland's line and into the works. The Newton Chambers presence in this area was due to George Newton & Thomas Chamber teaming up with Henry Longden to form a company to extract coal & ironstone. They set up a site in these parts and built the Thorncliffe Iron Works to extract ironstone and coal and it became rail served when the infra-structure was available in the mid-1800s...
8. Looking over towards the Midland line once more, but now from atop the hill along north up the GCs line towards the old Smithywood Coking Plant site, the hill having been formed after the demise of the GC's line, the hill rising from the level of the Midland's line to the southern end of the coke works site. Visible in a gap between two parts of the new industrial site, which has sprung up in the area to the north of the old foundries and between the two lines, is a Northern Rail class 158 DMU on the the 1L84, Sheffield to Leeds service. It is passing through what is now the Ecclesfield Industrial Estate on the east side of the Midland's line, the Estate boasting the 'Fitness Garage Gym', 'Rother Skip Hire', 'Morrison Utility Services', 'Emerald Power & Energy, Metal Recycling Ltd.' and most prominently a branch of 'Tarmac Aggregates Industries UK Ltd', which the DMU is seen passing in the picture. The site of the Smithywood coking works is also now a large, almost half empty, industrial estate, with what businesses are present, holding forth at the north end of the site nearest to the Rotherham to Chapeltown road and less than a kilometre from the junction 35 interchange of the M1.
9. Another view over a pile of rubble!, this time reinforced concrete bits and pieces which must be remnant of parts of the extensive goods yard which can be seen to the left in picture 6. The main line track-bed is just behind the the goods yard remnants and beyond that, at the other side of a long ditch, the Midland line, with a gap in the trees allowing a view of another interval service on the Blackburn Valley line where a class 142, 'Pacer' or 'Nodding Donkey', is seen passing south and heading to Sheffield on the 2B51 Huddersfield service.
10. An early view looking south from the goods yard side of the main lines with the down platform and signalbox to the right and, at this time in the early to mid-1900s, the passenger footbridge still in place.The Ecclesfield station name-board can also be made out, just beyond the station buildings and this side of the steps up onto the footbridge; beyond that, on the left-hand side in the goods yard, the station crane, its position shown on the map in picture 7. In the picture as well, in the foreground, the permanent way gang attending to the state of the lines and behind a good complement of station staff, so the place looks well manned; no women present I can see.
11. Included here as an example of the diversions which were taking place on the Midland's old line along the Blackburn Valley, the 1st day after the closure of the Sheffield Power signal box on Sheffield Midland station in early May, see-
www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/26830360895/
and
www.flickr.com/photos/daohaiku/26762750861/
it transpires that the work which was set to complete by early on the Monday morning, over-ran by 45 minutes resulting in diversion on Monday the 2nd May as well. There were several national passenger stock diversions during this day. Cross Country 'Voyager' and Northern Rail DMU services but this was only the 2nd of 5 potential class 43 services which was actually a HST set. This is 1S51, the Plymouth to Edinburgh, literally a 'cross country' service with power cars 43366 leading and 43304 trailing. 43366 is seen coming under the Midland's footbridge with the GC's stone version over their line, just over to the left at what is clearly already a higher level; two cyclists are having some maintenance problems with one of the bikes on the GC's track-bed, now a footpath/cycleway.
12. The view at the top of the grade, over the now empty site of the Smithywood coking plant looking from the end of the GC's trackbed which went into the works at this point, along with a connection off the Midland line which passed the site by to the west; see map. The sparse industrial units which have been built can be seen at the north end near the main road and in the foreground on the right, a large, circular concrete bunker, now being used as a litter basket; there is no indication as to what the purpose of this structure was. The GC's main line continued north from here, passing by the large grey rectangular building on its left, going under the main road and ten, up-grade once more to the GC's Chapeltown station, a short distance north-east of the Midland's station near the town centre; the GC's building still be in-situ, but now being used as a private dwelling.
13. View back along the now much elevated and graded GC Trackbed with 'domino' concrete blocks blocking access out of the Smithywood site. In the now 'significant rain' its effect obscuring the distant background, a North Rail class 144 DMU can be seen, right in the centre of the picture, passing south behind the Tarmac works, on the 2B43 Huddersfield to Sheffield service. The difference in elevation between the Midland an GC lines is now abundantly clear, if that is the right word, and will result in the GC line passing over the Midland line through Tankersley Tunnel, north of Chapeltown. After this the lines diverged and took their own path northwards heading for their respective stations, Court House for the Midland and Exchange for the GC in Barnsley. It was the GC'c station, Exchange, which survived the passage of time, Court House succumbing to rationalisation and to achieve the change-over from the two lines, a new connection was constructed in 1960, Quarry Junction, to allow services to run into Exchange, the GC's old station, from the Midland line running up through Chapeltown; Exchange is now the re-vamped, Barnsley Interchange Station.
Submission for L2 Strobist 102. I found this harder then I thought it was going to be. Judging the exposure was not as easy as I thought. I was also surprised at the similarity between 4' and 10' but the rapid fall off after that. All shot with 1/250 Nikon D200 SB600 on ebay trigger
It takes a number of years for the alluvial film to naturally wear off on the surface of these stones. If you consider this stone a similar "Galaxy" from this ancient mound site; it appears that Earth's positioning would lie within the mid-point region of the lower hypotenuse edge of this stone. Based on the luminescent white pigment micro markings ascending diagonally towards the upper left edge of this stone (now more visible), and based on the information found on other stones from this ancient site; perhaps this is the primary region of our galaxy where the "People of Light and Color" originated from; on the opposite side of the "Great Divide"??? With the organic component embedded within the pigments on the surface of these stones; it takes a certain kind of day: temperature, moisture, and sun to gain a clearer perspective on how this particular ancient celestial culture communicated with pictographs. These pictographs are reliant on the angle of the sun completing with what appears to be a three-dimensional celestial map using relief impressions similar to some of the quartz-based cement stones on this site. There are cement and aggregate based artifacts found on this site that do not rely on the easily recognizable impressions and dimensional reliefs integrated with blue and ochre quartz-based pigments applied on a larger scale and easily identifiable with the naked eye.
This ancient culture used indentations and curvatures within the stone to complete the images with natural sunlight and figural micro inlays within the stone surfaces to complete their messaging; these markings are not that different from the clay Sumerian and Assyrian tablet examples found 3- 5,000 years before present. Some of the symbols found on this piece actually mirror some the more organized symbols found on the ancient and more structured clay stables found throughout the globe across time.
Some of the markings are more figural mirroring other symbols and images found on other stones and artifacts from this ancient mound site. If you compare larger known figural images highlighted with the angle of the sun like The Badlands Guardian, and figural images identified on the surface of the moon and nearby planets
The next micro photo in this series is one of the previous micro photos rotated and showing two figures facing the left with a ridge in the smoothed stone that indicating it came from the smoothed region in lower left quadrant of this stone. Studying the next micro photo in this series helps show one exactly how small these micro images are and how technologically advanced this ancient culture actually was. The smoothness of this stone mirrors the smoothness of the ancient Sumerian and Assyrian Clay tablets, and perhaps this piece was never created by chipping or flaking technologies that is known to be a common tooling practice of our Native American Indigenous Peoples; and perhaps this piece is actually a similar example of clay smoothed tablet material and the actual shape and form was created specifically to create a mirror representation of our galaxy, and just a varied example of the technologies of the ancient cultures responsible for creating ancient mounds across the globe throughout deep time??? This stone is most likely just a small glimpse into how this ancient culture actually recorded and communicated information within their celestial world across deep time.
If you follow the diagonal white pigment line descending to the lower hypotenuse edge; you can identify a repeating reverse pyramid/Amphora symbol created with the sun's shadow on the left side of the lower hypotenuse edge of this stone; perhaps representing a Portal marker as we have identified on other stones from this mound site; North America. This inverted pyramid marker holds infinite markers on top of this reverse/inverted pyramid, and perhaps this ancient culture identified these varied triangular portal markers with specific identifying figures or symbols like similar symbols and markers found and used on a modern navigation map?
still popping people off.
how much longer, until nsa cia whore and murderer jami rose, faces justice?
and for those, who put her into, that position? :)
www.nytimes.com/2014/04/04/us/fort-hood-shooting.html?_r=1
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=4&d1=...
From and including: Friday, April 4, 1980
To, but not including Wednesday, April 2, 2014
Result: 12,416 days
It is 12,416 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 33 years, 11 months, 29 days excluding the end date
Alternative time units
12,416 days can be converted to one of these units:
1,072,742,400 seconds
17,879,040 minutes
297,984 hours
12,416 days
1773 weeks (rounded down)
4 people killed. 16 injured. army 21/57
am i supposed to be 'talking' about 1831 salcedo / guyaso new olreans zip 70119, and baton rouge zip 70801?
and nsa cia whore and murder jami rose, 'trying' to guide 'wins' for lsu..
initial 16/25..
onward, to what is important.
the people she killed. the damage, and profiteering herin.
(her conscious, has to come thru. not possible, to live with out. not in live / life, as a good person. :)
so people still remember that nsa cia whore and murderer jami roses guides people to there graves with 'serial numbers', don't they?
(195189112) there's *alot* out there,
and if you look at her day in time, and also, forward placment, next day, week, month year, you'll find things,
that are interesting.
now don't forget "Dallas" 22/49,
and how she can position latitude and longitude, to guide daily events,
markets, sports, WORLD WIDE MURDERS.. its all in there:
tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=Dallas&...
WGS84 32° 46′ 33″ N, 96° 47′ 48″ W
32.775833, -96.796667
jerry jones, the owner of the dallas cowboys, knows her.
and used her thru me, for possession in guidance, just like sean peyton, for the new olreans saints..
and what happened to sean? his wife fucked some other dude?
and what's going to happen to jerry jones? :))
i'll wait for that one.
ok, and the usual, huh?
scores.espn.go.com/ncb/boxscore?gameId=400547504
33-579-145-12726332295111380
57.9%64.3%41.7%
notice the jami 15/33 rose 30/57
and the 579 murderer inside of accident? :)
and the:
1 SMU 35 45 80
everything you need to find, on her,
is in baton rouge. from there, you'll find
the rest.. i did :)
so, how much longer, until those victims, those people she killed,
in the thousands now,
claim her back?
how much longer, for that to happen?
:)))))))))
~peace
thomas :)
well, there's nsa cia whore and murderer jami rose,
and her 'settings' of medals thru the sochi olympics :)
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=4&d1=...
From and including: Friday, April 4, 1980
To, but not including Saturday, February 22, 2014
Result: 12,377 days
It is 12,377 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 33 years, 10 months, 18 days excluding the end date
Alternative time units
12,377 days can be converted to one of these units:
1,069,372,800 seconds
17,822,880 minutes
297,048 hours
12,377 days
1768 weeks (rounded down)
notice her '45' placement of Russia 40/77 and :)
Medal count
RankCountryGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1Russian Fed.1311933
2Norway1151026
3Canada1010525
4United States971228
5Netherlands87924
6Germany86519
7Switzerland63211
8Belarus5016
9Austria48517
10France44715
and the 1831 salcedo / guyaso zip 70119 new orleans jami 15/33:
1Russian Fed.1311933
doesn't take much, to see and understand her 'natural and arbitration guidance thru her daily basis on / in time', huh?
(and nsa via whore and murderer jami rose currently resides in texas, and you can see her reflection and natural arbitration in guidance of score, here:
scores.espn.go.com/ncb/boxscore?gameId=400498406
#19TEX 18 3654
#8KU 46 3985
and:
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=4&d1=...
From and including: Friday, April 4, 1980
To, but not including Sunday, February 23, 2014
Result: 12,378 days
It is 12,378 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 33 years, 10 months, 19 days excluding the end date
Alternative time units
12,378 days can be converted to one of these units:
1,069,459,200 seconds
17,824,320 minutes
297,072 hours
12,378 days
1768 weeks (rounded down)
54 love 85 contained.. same as thomas is contained in house 1768, huh?
33 jami 96 pleasure and what else to say?
54 love 85 contained 1768 weeks 54 love (eastern) 18 love (western),
i mean, 'opposite' 38/83 right? and how nsa cia whore and murderer USES
that to KILL people, FOR LOVE? (of violence 85 yea maybe that.. contained 85? riiight.. well
you get it :)
CIA and NSA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose KILLED Alisa Ferraro and Paul Gagnon 4 months before their wedding 6
you created the channel at 1831 Salcedo / Guyaso Zip 70119, and placed Alisa inside of you and never even asked me if you could what do you think is going to happen to you CIA and NSA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose
8635445544 CIA and NSA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose KILLED Alisa Ferraro and Paul Gagnon on 07021995 isn't that right?
You murdered Alisa Ferraro and Paul Gagnon in time by me channeling your ill will and associations unknowingly didn't you CIA and NSA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose your time will come i promise on my last dying breath your going to face judgement,
whether you like it or not :)
You created the channel and placed Alisa inside of you and never even asked me if you could what do you think is going to happen to you CIA and NSA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose?
343 in time, huh? CIA and NSA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose?
Jami 15/33 Alisa 242,
Still creating that "natural order" and ordinance of time of yours on a daily monthly weekly yearly basis and killing people in time, CIA and NSA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose? :)
how much longer do you think before it ends up, on *your* end :)
you set up the channel without even asking me jami, and then you did what you wanted to, in 2005 and 2006. you chose murder jami, you chose
who supported you jami.. and why did you accept $$,$$$ to contain 176 and power contain 176 :) at 1831 salecdo/guyaso, and let those people die.. without even asking
me, if you could could create that channel, if you contain me. you chose jami. you chose murder. who supported you?
your CIA and NSA Whore Jami Rose MURDERED all of those people, DESTROYED all of those lives, what should her punishment be?
CIA Whore and MURDERER, Jami Rose. her photo, right here :)
www.flickr.com/photos/89268704@N08/8123854555/in/photostream
JamiRoseCIAandNSAWhore
jami rose cia and NSA whore all those people that she killed all that damage that she caused
1)hurricane katrina
2)bp oil spill
3)japan tsunami
her date in time for the murders and destruction she cause in Hurricane Katrina,
here:
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=4&d1=...
From and including: Friday, April 4, 1980
To, but not including Monday, August 29, 2005
Result: 9278 days
It is 9278 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 25 years, 4 months, 25 days excluding the end date
Alternative time units
9278 days can be converted to one of these units:
801,619,200 seconds
13,360,320 minutes
222,672 hours
9278 days
1325 weeks (rounded down)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina
( At least 1,833 people died in the hurricane and subsequent floods, making it the deadliest U.S. hurricane since the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane; total property damage was estimated at $81 billion (2005 USD) (per wikipedia :)
nice reference, huh? :)
her date in time for the murders and destruction she cause in the BP Gulf Oil Spill,
here:
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=4&d1=...
From and including: Friday, April 4, 1980
To, but not including Tuesday, April 20, 2010
Result: 10,973 days
It is 10,973 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 30 years, 16 days excluding the end date
Alternative time units
10,973 days can be converted to one of these units:
948,067,200 seconds
15,801,120 minutes
263,352 hours
10,973 days
1567 weeks (rounded down)
( It claimed eleven lives[6][7][8][9] and is considered the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry, an estimated 8% to 31% larger in volume than the previously largest, the Ixtoc I oil spill. Following the explosion and sinking of the Deepwater Horizon oil rig, a sea-floor oil gusher flowed for 87 days, until it was capped on 15 July 2010.[8][10] The US Government estimated the total discharge at 4.9 million barrels (210 million US gal; 780,000 m3).[3] After several failed efforts to contain the flow, the well was declared sealed on 19 September 2010.[11] Some reports indicate the well site continues to leak.[12][13](per wikipedia..
notice the 1831 salcedo guyaso.. take away the contained 1 and you have... 831.. there's much more if you just check it out :)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepwater_Horizon_oil_spill
what was the government estimate of how many barrels of oil, again?
1.76 million, but for some reason that was lost and changed to 4.9.
just saying on that. :)
(there's alot there too.. make sure you check it out :)
next:
her date in time for the murders and destruction she cause in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami:
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=04&d1...
From and including: Friday, April 4, 1980
To, but not including Friday, March 11, 2011
Result: 11,298 days
It is 11,298 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 30 years, 11 months, 7 days excluding the end date
Alternative time units
11,298 days can be converted to one of these units:
976,147,200 seconds
16,269,120 minutes
271,152 hours
11,298 days
1614 weeks
doesn't take a genius to see this one, in direct correlation with nsa cia whore and murderer jami rose's time, does it? :)
(The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tōhoku (東北地方太平洋沖地震 Tōhoku-chihō Taiheiyō Oki Jishin?), often referred to in Japan as the Great East Japan Earthquake (東日本大震災 Higashi nihon daishinsai?)[8][9][10][fn 1] and also known as the 2011 Tohoku earthquake,[11] and the 3.11 Earthquake, was a magnitude 9.0 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on Friday 11 March 2011,[2][3][12] with the epicentre approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 30 km (19 mi).[2][13] It was the most powerful known earthquake ever to have hit Japan, and the fifth most powerful earthquake in the world since modern record-keeping began in 1900.[12][14][15] The earthquake triggered powerful tsunami waves that reached heights of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft) in Miyako in Tōhoku's Iwate Prefecture,[16][17] and which, in the Sendai area, travelled up to 10 km (6 mi) inland.[18] The earthquake moved Honshu (the main island of Japan) 2.4 m (8 ft) east and shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between 10 cm (4 in) and 25 cm (10 in),[19][20][21] and generated sound waves detected by the low orbiting GOCE satellite.[22]
On 12 September 2012, a Japanese National Police Agency report confirmed 15,883 deaths,[23] 6,150 injured,[24] and 2,643 people missing[25] across twenty prefectures, as well as 129,225 buildings totally collapsed, with a further 254,204 buildings 'half collapsed', and another 691,766 buildings partially damaged.[26] The earthquake and tsunami also caused extensive and severe structural damage in north-eastern Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse.[18][27] Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said, "In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan."[28] Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.5 million without water.[29]
The main earthquake was preceded by a number of large foreshocks, with hundreds of aftershocks reported. The first major foreshock was a 7.2 MW event on 9 March, approximately 40 km (25 mi) from the epicenter of the 11 March earthquake, with another three on the same day in excess of 6.0 MW.[2][40] Following the main earthquake on 11 March, a 7.0 MW aftershock was reported at 15:06 JST (6:06 UTC), succeeded by a 7.4 MW at 15:15 JST (6:16 UTC) and a 7.2 MW at 15:26 JST (6:26 UTC).[41] Over eight hundred aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 MW or greater have occurred since the initial quake,[42] including one on 26 October 2013 (local time) of magnitude 7.3.[43] Aftershocks follow Omori's Law, which states that the rate of aftershocks declines with the reciprocal of the time since the main quake. The aftershocks will thus taper off in time, but could continue for years.[44](per wikipedia :)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsu...
what else?
Still creating that "natural order" and ordinance of time of yours on a daily monthly weekly yearly basis and killing people in time, CIA and NSA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose? :)
here's the rest :)
by entering in her information from date of birth here:
www.timeanddate.com/date/duration.html
you can monitor her information that is used by the world markets on a daily basis, not only that, but control for what is in numerical belief, thru out the us and the rest of the world.
She creates a natural order in time with her existance and by her date of birth, on a daily basis, weekly basis, yearly basis and in forward motion time placement. :)
Its also an Ordinance in time,
(but she's KILLING people in time. THOUSANDS of people,
and *thats* accepted. :) not anymore, huh, CIA and NSA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose. :) not anymore :)
also,
www.timeanddate.com/date/durationresult.html?m1=01&d1...
(The stasis of origin should show in the above link, like what is just listed below. why not tell people? :)
From and including: Saturday, January 1, 0001 (Julian calendar)
To, but not including : Friday, April 4, 1980 (Gregorian calendar)
It is 722,910 days from the start date to the end date, but not including the end date
Or 1979 years, 3 months, 3 days excluding the end date
Note:The From date is a Julian calendar date. The current Gregorian calendar was adopted in United States where Thursday, September 3, 1752 was the first of 11 days that were skipped. This has been accounted for in this calculation. Read more about the Julian and Gregorian calendars
Alternative time units
722,910 days can be converted to one of these units:
62,459,424,000 seconds
1,040,990,400 minutes
17,349,840 hours
103,272 weeks (rounded down)
if you need a little help to her "stasis of orgin" here you go. if you're not smart enough to know what a birthday does in time, its an active measure for which you create throught your life span. there, i said it. don't like that intelligent secret? millions people living, and not knowing that. how could anyone not know? :)
and all those people she killed. never punished
thomas warn varnas will make sure that happens, won't he?
you attempted two murders on his life at 143 Rue Esplanade and Villa Du Lac,
by channeling his dreams with tenants and parking cars outside of his residence, capturing him..
how does it feel now Jami, to know the same is happening
to you :)
:)
there you go :)
btw, did i channel her ill will and associations unknowingly, and did it kill alisa ferraro and paul gagnon in time, to?
to me, that warrants enough to blow her head off.
sorry. but thats the way i feel, at the moment
~peace
thomas :) (not smiling) (but its about to get better :)
NOTE: ADDITION: DON'T FORGET TO CHECK OUT HER '45' FROM HER DOB, ON A DAILY BASIS, NEXT DAY BASIS, AND *YEARLY* BASIS.. THE FORMATION SHE HAS DOES MANY THINGS, *INCLUDING* 575.. just fyi.. :)
(and don't forget to check out one of CIA and NSA Whore and MURDERER Jami Rose's Habitat's.. 225 Area Code Baton Rouge.. you'll find her there :)
(Don't forget that she is being 'channeled' (still, after all those people she killed and all of that destruction) into sales and control for 'wins' :)
LSU and The New Orleans Saints..)
(lsu initial 16/25.. Saints.. 37/82 :)(
(504 319 0813 nsa cia whore and murderer jami rose's phone from 1831 Salcedo / Guyaso, Zip 70119
you can find out *everything* you need to know from Baton Rouge on nsa cia whore and murderer jami rose.
i did. :)
(oh yea, am i supposed to be mentioning anything on NSA itself on NSA CIA WHORE AND MURDERER JAMI ROSE'S *NEXT* BIRTH YEAR, THAT IS HAPPENING YEAR TO DAY.. 34.. initial 38/74 NSA 16/34.. alot of things are "happening" with that currently in time now, no? :) good info. pats self on back, check her out and what's going on in the markets.. :)
~peace
thomas :)
(*that's good* oh i know it is mrs alisa who is with mr paul in heaven, *i know it is* ty friend :)!
the only thing that i'm surprised about kids, is that i *truly* thought she had a conscious,
and that she would disclose who she really is.. who supported her to KILL :)
and not just that, to attempt to kill me to.
but you're too much of a coward, to face justice,
huh nsa cia whore and murderer jami rose?
what? afraid that you might end up in prison?
:) that would be a safer place for you now> :)
well, your move.
still chicken? seemingly so, and albeit without a conscious.
how long, will that last ?
~peace
thomas :)
handstand position - A Caucasian woman in her handstand position. To Download this image without watermarks for Free, visit: www.sourcepics.com/free-stock-photography/24740288-handst...
(Second posting edited.)
This is a 1964 Pontiac GTO post car. 325 H.P., 428 Ft. lbs. torque, all numbers match, Muncie 4 speed transmission, Hurst shifter, Factory air, and 15 inch American Racing Torque-Thrust Wheels. Complete frame off restoration. The car was completed in August, 2003.
Photographic information:
Originally the photo was going to made on the other side of the boat launch. Then I got this bright idea to move the car to the other side to catch the sun. When I saw the reflection, I had the car positioned as close to the water as I could without it falling in. The time of the shoot was late afternoon.
The photo was cropped, some areas in the background (fence) were cloned out.
Light HDR was used.
Borders and graphics were added.
.
Camera: PhotoSmart 618
Editing program: Paint Shop Pro
This photo is on the informational poster that was painted for show display.
In front of the memorial for Arthur Hutt VC who was the first person from Coventry to win a Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces.
Arthur was born in Earlsdon on 12 February 1889. He was a textile worker in civilian life and when the factory he worked for formed a company (called a “Pals” unit) in the Warwickshire Territorials (a militia unit), Hutt joined up. When war broke out, he was mustered into the 1/7th Battalion of The Royal Warwickshire Regiment. His unit saw action during the Battle of the Somme and the Ypres Salient, then Italy, then back to Ypres. Hutt was awarded the VC for action at a position called Terrier Farm, southeast of Poelcapelle, Belgium, during the Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele), October 4, 1917. From his citation:
On 4th October, 1917, during the attack by the 48th Division before St.Julien, the 7th Battalion had as their objective Tweed House. "A" Company captured their first objective but when they continued their advance, all the officers and non-commissioned officers in private Hutt's platoon were hit. Private Hutt thereupon took command and led forward the platoon. He was held up by a strong point on his right, but immediately ran forward alone, shot the officer and three men in the post, and caused forty or fifty others to surrender. Presently realising that he had pushed too far ahead, Hutt withdrew his party. He personally covered the withdrawal, sniping the enemy and killing a number of them. Then he carried back a comrade, who had been badly wounded, and put him under shelter. After he had organised and consolidated his position, he learnt that some wounded men still lay out in the open, where they were likely to be taken prisoners. As no stretcher bearers were available, Hutt went out himself and carried in four men under heavy fire. He held his post until relieved on 7/8 Oct ."
He died on 14 April, 1964, at his brother's home in Sewell Highway and was cremated at Canley Crematorium with full military honours. A year later, on Sunday, April 17, 1965, a Cornish granite memorial was erected in his memory in War Memorial Park.
St Helen is probably my favourite Kent church. At least from the outside. Alternating bands of flints and local stone give it a Christmas Cake effect, but in bright sunshine it looks stunning.
Inside, its no less impressive. Part of the wall paintings survive, as do geometric patterns on some of the supporting columns.
And it is huge, with a fine wooden roof, a replacement after a fire, but still works well, and the fabric of the church seems good.
Everywhere there are fabulous things to find; Aumbries, memorials, and so much more.
And I reeived a warm welcome from the warden who was waiting for visitors. Last time I was here, there was a display of how the estuary airport-cum-Boris Johnson vanity project seemed a real possibility. Now he is back insulting foreigners, and the airport is dead. But a new Thames crossing is being mooted, and it might run across Grain, which would be a shame to have the peace and quiet shattered.
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An absolute knockout of a church. From the first glimpse of the exterior, with its zebra-like stripes of flint and stone, you know that here is a church of great interest. In plan it consists of an aisled nave, transepts, chancel and west tower - all built on a prodigious scale. Although the church was heavily restored on two occasions in the nineteenth century there is still a great deal of interest and a visit here should not be rushed. The pillars of the nave have distinctive 'V' paintings contemporary with their fourteenth-century construction. The pulpit is of 1636 and shows some excellent carved arcading. Attached to it is a contemporary hourglass stand. The north transept has wall paintings depicting the martyrdom of St Edmund, but these were over-touched-up by Professor Tristram in 1932. Further paintings exist in the south transept and probably show the martyrdom of St Margaret. The base of the rood screen is fifteenth century while the rather insubstantial traceried top is an early twentieth-century addition. There is an elaborate tie-beam high in the roof with little quatrefoil piercings in the spandrels, but this could not have supported the rood as the remains of the rood loft staircase may be seen in its usual position. Outside the north chancel wall can be found a piscina and holy water stoup - all that remains of a medieval chantry chapel or anchorite's cell which has been demolished. The blocked-up doorway that originally gave access to it may be seen both inside and out. On the inside south wall of the chancel is one of the finest sedilia in Kent which together with its double piscina dates from the early years of the fourteenth century.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Cliffe
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THE Church at Cliffe is dedicated to St. Helen and bears the distinction of being the only church in Kent dedicated to that Saint. It stands in a prominent position at the edge of the Hoo peninsula overlooking the extensive marshes which at this point stretch some two miles to the Thames.
The village seems at one time to have been of greater importance than it is to-day. Lambarde describes it as a large town in his day in spite of a disastrous fire which had destroyed many of the houses about 1520, a fire from the effects of which it appears never to have recovered.
The Manor of Cliffe belonged from very early times to the Prior and Convent of Christ Church, Canterbury, who were also the owners of the advowson, and thus became concerned with the upkeep of the church. At the Dissolution the Manor passed to George Brooke, Lord Cobham, though the Archbishop of Canterbury is still the patron of the living. Among the Rectors of Cliffe were several men of distinction, some of whom probably never visited the parish. From an early date there seems to have been a perpetual vicarage attached to the church, but when it became merged in the Rectory is uncertain.
Of the first church at Cliffe there is no definite record. It is sometimes said to have been founded by Offa, king of Mercia, in the latter part of the eighth century, though the only evidence for this appears to be the presumed identification of the place with the Cloveshoo of the Saxon Chronicle, where various synods of the Saxon Church were held in the eighth and ninth centuries. Without attempting to suggest a solution of this very debatable point, it can only be said that the evidence in favour of Cliffe appears to rest on at least as good authority as that of the rival claimants—Abingdon in Berkshire, and Clifton Hoo in Bedfordshire. There is moreover good reason to think that Cliffe was less inaccessible than might be supposed in mediaeval times. There still remain traces of a causeway across Higham Marsh, which must at one time have led to a ferry, thus affording an easy means of approach from Essex and the Midlands.
The earliest undisputed documentary reference to a church at Cliffe is in the Domesday Survey. It was evidently a building of more than usual importance for it is expressly stated that two ministers were in charge. Of this building, however, not a vestige remains, though there can be little doubt that from it the present plan has, on more or less recognised lines, been developed.
The plan as it exists to-day is complete, and consists of a nave with wide aisles, north and south transepts, chancel, western tower and south porch. The church is one of the largest in Kent, and is a striking example of a parish church whose size and splendour could have borne but little relation to the actual needs of the locality. It was the product of an age whose zeal for church building was limited only by the funds available. The total internal length from east to west is 182 feet, while the width across the transept is 82 feet. The exterior has been the subject of somewhat extensive restoration, which has robbed it of much of its ancient appearance. The south aisle differs from that on the north in having an embattled parapet, similar to that of the porch. The walls of the tower and transepts are faced with flint rubble with little attempt at regular coursing. The later work of the nave and chancel, though extensively refaced, is composed of alternate courses of dressed flints and stone ; the latter, a soft ragstone from the lower green sand formation which, quarried probably from the outcrop a few miles to the south, has weathered badly in many places. A variety of other materials is noticeable, some of which appear to have been reused from the earlier church. A block of Caen stone in the east wall of the chancel, and several pieces in the north wall, have obviously been reused, while a single piece of calcareous tufa can be seen in the north wall of the transept; Reigate stone is also fairly abundant.
It is not till one enters the church, that its size is fully realised. The absence of pews over a large part of the nave, with the fact that the nave arcade is carried past the crossing without a break, and the absence of a chancel arch, all combine to emphasise its spaciousness. The impression
gathered from a superficial survey of the interior is that of a thirteenth century church with considerable additions in the fourteenth century, but a more careful inspection shows at least one trace of an earlier building. The arch from the north aisle into the transept, which has been partially cut away when the thirteenth century nave arcade was constructed, is certainly of late twelfth century date and must therefore have survived from an earlier church. Before, however, considering the development of the ground plan, it is necessary to refer briefly to the chief features of architectural interest which call for notice.
The porch is of a fairly common type, with an upper room, approached by a stair turret from the south aisle. It measures internally 11 feet 5 inches from east to west by 16 feet from north to south, and is apparently of late fifteenth century date. On the right of the inner doorway are the remains of a holy water stoup. The room above has been considerably modernised, and there is nothing to indicate its original use. Occasionally an altar is found in the porch chamber, which, however, in this case would seem more likely to have been used for storing the church goods.
The north and south aisles of the nave are 19 feet 10 inches and 18 feet wide respectively, and are thus considerably wider than the nave itself. They contain a fine series of Decorated windows, those at the end of either aisle being particularly interesting examples of three lights. The church as a whole is very rich in windows of this period, which form in themselves an interesting study in design. The south aisle has a stone bench running along its south and west walls.
The tower is entered from the nave by a plain thirteenth century arch, and measures approximately 15 feet 6 inches from east to west by 17 feet 6 inches from north to south (interior measurements). The lower stage, which is shut off from the church by a screen, and is now used as a vestry, is lit by three narrow lancets, one in each of the disengaged walls. The roof is a simple quadripartite vault, without any boss at the intersection of the ribs, which are carried on shafts supported on corbels set in the four angles. The lower part of the tower is apparently thirteenth century work, and somewhat earlier than the transepts. The flat, clasping buttresses appear to be original, though now entirely re-faced, and might in themselves suggest a transitional date for the base of the tower. The upper part has been rebuilt at a much later date, and contains a Perpendicular window. Like most towers of the period, it is probable that there was originally no structural stairway leading to the upper stages, access to which had to be obtained by means of a ladder, though the existing doorway to the modern stair turret appears to be of fairly early date.
The transepts deserve special consideration on account of the very interesting work which they contain. Their date cannot be later than about 1260 and there are some grounds for thinking that the south transept may be slightly the earlier of the two. The east wall of the south transept is
divided into two bays by blind arches, supported on slender banded shafts, with a narrow lancet window in the centre of each arch. A somewhat similar arrangement exists on the east wall of the north transept, though in this case the central shaft is not carried to the ground, but rests midway on a moulded bracket, below which is a piscina with a trefoil head of the same date. The treatment of the west wall of the north transept is very similar to that of the east, but the arches are much narrower, and the arrangement has been somewhat interfered with by a later widening of the nave aisle. In the south transept the arcading on the west wall is somewhat plainer, and the banded shafts have been dispensed with. Although similar in general design, certain details point to the south transept being slightly the earlier. The string course below the windows, which is continued round the shafts of the mural arcading, is a plain scroll moulding, while in the north transept a fillet is substituted, and the central bands on the shafts of the arcading are of a more elaborate character. The triple lancet windows at the ends of either transept are modern, and replaced two large fifteenth-century windows, which are shown in several early views.
The north transept was formerly shut off from the rest of the church by a screen, and used for holding the Rector's Court. In mediaeval times, and down to 1845, the Rector of Cliffe had a peculiar jurisdiction within his parish. He was exempt from all ecclesiastical authority other than personal visitation from the Archbishop of Canterbury. The wills of parishioners were proved in the local court, and the official seal of the Peculiar is still preserved in the Rochester Museum.
The chancel, which appears to have been rebuilt entirely in the middle of the fourteenth century, is complete, save for the insertion of a modern east window, which replaced an extraordinarily ugly eighteenth-century aperture of brick. The remaining windows are all fine examples of Decorated work, the tracery of which shows a distinctly Flamboyant tendency. The eastern pair affords interesting examples of Kentish tracery. All have good hood-mouldings with
grotesques at the ends. Beneath the windows is a stringcourse, which terminates at the altar rails with a grotesque head on either side. That on the north has been renewed, but the southern one represents the battered head of a monk.
The chief interest in the chancel, however, is its fittings. In the south wall is a series of three very beautiful fourteenth century sedilia, with a piscina of uniform character, recessed in the wall and ascending eastward. They are divided by slender buttressed shafts, supporting elaborately carved ogee canopies, and surmounted by crockets and finials. Beneath the canopies are trefoiled arches, and behind these the roof is carved in imitation of sexpartite vaulting.
Opposite in the north wall is a fine late-fourteenth century tomb of early Perpendicular character, which is often referred to as an Easter sepulchre, for which purpose it may well have been used. The wide cinquefoil arch is surmounted by an elaborate embattled cornice, supported on narrow
buttressed shafts, and terminating with a carved head at either end ; circles with internal cuspings fill the spandrils of the arch.
Immediately west of this tomb is a blocked doorway which led to an adjoining building, now demolished. The exterior wall at this point is of a different character from the rest of the chancel walls, and apparently of earlier date. It is composed of a variety of material, including pieces of Caen stone, which probably came from the earlier church, and suggests that this section of wall and the chapel, of which it formed part, survived the re-building of the chancel in the fourteenth century. The two adjoining buttresses have been constructed out of sections of the eastern and western walls of the chapel, and serve to indicate its approximate size. The position of its low roof is clearly shown by the stone corbels which remain at a height of 7 feet 8 inches from the ground. The floor must have been somewhat lower than the present ground level, as the small piscina in the exterior of the chancel wall is now only two feet from the ground. In the base of the westernmost of the two buttresses is a niche, now scarcely eighteen inches from the ground, which may originally have been used as a holy water stoup, since it was close to the entrance to the chapel. This small building probably served the joint purpose of a Sacristy and Chapel. That it contained an altar there can be no doubt from the piscina already noted.
It may possibly be referred to in the will of Richard Elys, who in 1468 left 12 pence to the light of the Blessed Mary in the chapel and 4 pence to the light of the Blessed Mary near the pulpit, though one of the transepts may of course have been here intended. Such evidence as there is on the other hand seems to point to the chapel having been pulled down at the time of the rebuilding of the chancel or soon afterwards. The blocked doorway in the chancel wall was originally carried down to the present ground level on the exterior, so that there must have been some steps in the thickness of the wall leading down into the chapel. The date of this doorway, which was probably contemporary with the building to which, it led, is uncertain. It is certainly earlier than the adjoining late-fourteenth-century tomb, as parts have been cut away when the latter was inserted, and the use of somewhat small stones points to an earlier rather than a later date. Its details on the other hand include the wave moulding which is usually taken to be characteristic of the Decorated period, or one might otherwise be inclined to think that it formed part of the thirteenth century chancel. The filling on the exterior is certainly not modern, and the fact that a plinth has been inserted when the doorway was blocked up, to match that round the rest of the chancel evidently with the intention, which was never carried out, of continuing it along the section of earlier walling where the chapel stood, seems to suggest that this work was undertaken about the same time as the rebuilding of the chancel.
We are now in a position to consider the probable development of the ground plan, which, though somewhat conjectural for the earlier period, has left some interesting and unmistakable traces of its later history. In the entire absence of remains of the early Norman church, one is forced to rely for the identification of its position on analogy with other buildings of similar type. The first church of which we have any record in all probability consisted of a simple nave and square- ended chancel. The three easternmost bays of the existing nave arcade would preserve the line of
the north and south walls of the church, while the chancel would occupy the interior of the present crossing. There is nothing to show the position of the west wall, but it would have been approximately in a line with the present north and south doors. Towards the close of the twelfth century north and south aisles, about half the width of the present ones, were probably added by piercing the original walls with arches, and about the same time a small chapel or aisle appears to have been built to the north of the original chancel, and the existing arch constructed so as to give access into it. This arch, which cannot be later than about 1200, is obviously much earlier than the present transept and must therefore have communicated with an earlier building on its site. Some evidence in support of this came to light during the restoration of the north transept in 1864. The foundations of an early wall four feet thick were found beneath the present floor running parallel and close to its eastern wall. At a distance of 15 feet from the chancel wall it appears to have been met by another wall at right angles to it. Unfortunately no further record was made of this discovery, but it establishes beyond doubt the existence of a building in this position, to which the arch in question opened. It is possible that this was the chancel arch of a late twelfth century church, and that the foundations were those of the former chancel, though such a theory would be more difficult to reconcile with the later development of the plan. Moreover on the assumption that there already existed a building on the north of the original chancel when the thirteenth-century builders decided to remodel the church, it is possible to account for the hitherto unexplained fact that the north transept is wider than the south by some three feet. The normal development of the thirteenth century produced a cruciform church. A new and longer chancel, and north and south transepts, were built around the small twelfth century chancel, while the nave and aisles were lengthened by the removal of the west wall some 20 feet further west, and a tower erected to the west of this. These extensive works could not of course have been simultaneous.
The tower appears to be somewhat earlier than the transepts, so that presumably the lengthening of the west end was undertaken first, and at the same time an Early English arcade, extending an additional bay westward, was inserted in place of the twelfth century arches. Contrary to what was frequently the case in churches of this type, there was clearly never any intention to erect a central tower over the crossing, since the abutments are far too weak to have supported the weight. This weakness would account for the presence of the strainer arch of oak, which must
have been inserted sometime in the fifteenth century.
With the completion of this work the early builders grew more ambitious. Almost immediately the work on the new chancel and transepts must have begun. A temporary hoarding was probably erected, shutting off the nave and the altar, transferred there until the new works were finished. The chancel and the south transept were probably first erected, as the sites were free of buildings ; the width of the latter being determined by the size of the former chancel and the chapel on the north. When the work was completed attention was directed towards the north transept, which, according to the usual practice, would have been rebuilt round the earlier building, the foundations of which were discovered in 1864, thus accounting for its slight extra width. Probably towards the end of the century the small chapel, the remains of which have already been mentioned, was built on the north of the new chancel.
Considerable alterations were undertaken in the fourteenth century, the principal of which were the rebuilding of the thirteenth century chancel, and the widening of the nave aisles. The latter was a very frequent form of improvement at this period, and was usually occasioned by the desire
for extra space to set up additional altars so as to meet the enormous increase in the popularity of Chantry bequests. At Cliffe the effect of this widening is clearly shown on the already completed design of the transepts. In the north transept one of the lancets was cut away, and a short pointed arch springing from shafts, which do not reach the ground, inserted in its place. The apex of the original lancet still remains in the wall above. In the south transept a similar alteration in plan is treated somewhat differently. A segmental arch, here reaching to the ground, and opening into the extended aisle, was inserted within the earlier bund arch in the west wall of the transept. This also necessitated the removal of an original lancet, the head of which can be seen occupying the space between the original arch and the later insertion. The windows in the nave all appear to be of this date. Probably contemporary with this extension of the aisles, was the heightening of the nave to allow for the clerestory with its row of single splayed lancets. The junction of this work with the old can be clearly seen immediately above the arcading. The thirteenth century roof of the nave was about on a level with those of the aisles, as the small window in the east face of the tower, which now looks into the church, must originally have looked out over the roof. The line of the fourteenth roof, which was erected at the time that the clerestory was added, can be seen on the wall of the tower, passing across the window opening. Below this the position of the third roof, erected 1732, can also be seen. This roof, which was almost flat, was replaced by the present one about forty years ago.
The rebuilding of the chancel would appear to have been undertaken at the same time as extension of the aisles, to judge from the similarity of the external stonework. This would again have necessitated the use of the nave for services, and it is probable that either at this time, or during the earlier work on the interior of the transepts, the round headed arch, which can be seen on the exterior of the north wall of the north transept, was constructed for the convenience of the masons while the ordinary entrances were not available. That this arch or doorway, which has sometimes been said to be of Norman origin, was really of a much later date, and of a purely temporary character, seems to be shown by a close inspection of its construction. The position is not in the centre of the wall while the arch itself is made up of a variety of material including large flints, pieces of Beigate stone and a single block of calcareous tufa, the latter doubtless coming from the early church. Further, the fact that the filling of the arch' seems to be of much the same character as the adjoining walls points to it only having been used for a comparatively short time. Everything in fact indicates that it was a purely temporary arrangement used during the construction of the transepts, or the later chancel, and filled up as soon as the work was completed. A somewhat similar, though smaller, arch in the exterior of the south wall of the tower was probably of a similar nature, though its purpose is conjectural, and it may have had some connection with original stairs to the upper floors. By the end of the fourteenth century the church was practically complete. The porch was added early in the following century, and the large Perpendicular windows, which formerly existed at the ends of the transepts, inserted. At the same time the upper part of the west tower was rebuilt. Certain work also seems to have been in progress about this time in the chancel, for in the will of the Rector in 1413 a sum of money was left towards that object. Exactly what resulted from the bequest one cannot say.
The subsequent additions were chiefly in the nature of modern insertions. The eighteenth century saw many acts of destruction which are duly entered in the parish registers. In 1730, during the Rectorship of George Green, the old high-gabled roofs were taken down, the lead recast, and an
almost flat roof substituted. Two years later the east window was demolished and a hideous brick opening substituted, and at the same time the old timber roof of the chancel, which, since it bore his arms, had probably been erected during the time of Archbishop Arundel, who occupied the See from 1396 to 1414, was pulled down, and both the nave and chancel ceiled. During this period also the two enormous brick buttresses, which are shown in some early views, were erected on the north and south sides of the tower. The church was in this condition when Sir Stephen Glynne visited it in 1857. Subsequent restorations have been extensive, though for the most part necessary. The brick buttresses to the Tower were removed shortly after Sir Stephen Glynne's visit, and the present circular stair turret erected in the place of the southern one. The chancel was restored in 1875, when traces of the original reredos were discovered, and the jambs of the original east window, which were of Reigate stone and about 15 feet apart, were found in situ. The present window was erected in place of the eighteenth century one in 1884, and at the same time the flat lead roofs of the nave and chancel were removed, and the present high-pitched tiled roofs substituted. Finally a small building, without any communication with the church, has been erected in recent years to the east of the north transept. During these successive restorations much of the external walls has been refaced from time to time, and the whole of the upper part of the east wall of the chancel which was pulled down in 1732, was rebuilt when the present window was inserted.
It is somewhat difficult now to picture the appearance of the interior of the church in mediaeval times. A brilliant colour scheme evidently played an important part in the general effect. Many of the piers of the nave arcades, which are apparently constructed of hard chalk, still show traces of a bold chevron pattern in red and yellow, and, together with the extensive wall paintings, slight traces of which still remain in the transepts, and the brilliance of the mediaeval glass, must have combined to give a very rich effect to the interior. Of the ancient glass very little remains. Dr.
Grayling mentions some fourteenth century borders in the chancel windows, which seem to have disappeared. In the central window of the north aisle is a small piece of ancient glass representing a ship with fish in the water beneath, which is said to have been found many years ago in a shed in the churchyard. In the top of the adjoining window is a fifteenth century figure of the Virgin and Child. A coat of arms in another window is mentioned by Thorpe, but this also seems to have disappeared. The wall paintings, though now very indistinct, were evidently much clearer until
comparatively recent times. On the east wall of the north transept, in the space between the southernmost of the two lancets and the arch in which it is placed, is one of these paintings, divided into five panels, depicting the Martyrdom of St. Edmund. Very little of it can now be made out, though the whole of this transept showed traces of colour at the time of the restoration of 1864. Some remains of a painting in a similar position in the south transept can still be seen, and are said to represent the Last Judgment.
Several bequests for the provision and upkeep of lights before the various altars add a little to our knowledge of the interior in mediaeval times. Of the various saints to whom lights were dedicated in the church Our Lady was of course the most popular. We have already seen that two altars
were dedicated to her. One of these is again mentioned in 1483, when Robert Qwikerell left 20 pence "to the Parish Church of Cleue and to the ligth of Our Lady besyde the pulpett there" and also a similar amount to the lights of St. Laurence and St. George. Richard Elys in 1469 also
mentions lights of St. Christopher, St. John and St. James, while in 1509 Steven Tudor bequeathed to the high altar of St. Elyn 20 pence, and to the light of St. Elyn 12 pence.
Of the position of these various lights one cannot speak with any certainty. That to St. Christopher would have been near the main entrance to the church, while the light of the patron saint, St. Helen, would have been in the Chancel, probably over the high altar. Remains of a piscina in four other places in the church prove the former existence of altars in these positions. That in the Sacristy has already been mentioned. At least one altar stood in each of the transepts, while a small piscina, apparently constructed of broken window tracery at the east end of the south aisle, testifies to another. An altar probably stood in a corresponding position in the north aisle. This disposition would exactly account for the number of lights mentioned in early wills. Besides the lights burning before the altars, there would also be a light before the great Rood over the entrance to the chancel. Some of the lower panels of the original rood screen survive. Above, and partly supported by, the screen was the rood loft, which was already in existence as early as 1413, when it is mentioned in conjunction with the great rood itself and its attendant figures in the will of Nicholas de Ryssheton, Canon of Sarum and Rector of Cliffe. The small fifteenth century doorway with a fourcentred arch, which gave access to it, can still be seen high up in the north wall just east of the entrance of the chancel, and the original stairs remain in good condition, though the entrance from the church has been blocked up and covered over with plaster.
The furniture in the church has suffered much from “restoration" and other causes. Six of the ancient stalls remain, three on each side of the chancel, though panelling at the backs and all the seats except two are modern. The sides terminate in carved heads, some of which have been
renewed, while the two original miserecords are carved with grotesques. The Communion rails are Jacobean, though somewhat repaired. They are of the fairly common baluster type with a central bulge. The pulpit is a very fine piece of Renaissance carving, and retains the original stand for the hour glass, though the glass itself is modern; on it is the date 1636.
Besides the fragments of the original rood screen there is another screen shutting off the vestry under the tower.
The font, which has been moved from its original position, is 3 feet 4£ inches in height, and apparently of late-fourteenth century date. The perfectly plain octagonal bowl has concave sides, around the lower edge of which is a hollow chamfer. The bowl is supported by an octagonal, buttressed stem on a plain base. On the westernmost pillar of the south arcade can still be seen the bracket and chain by which the font cover was raised, indicating its original position.
The monuments in the church are few, and call for little comment. In the floor at the west end of the north aisle are two flat coffin-shaped stones with early fourteenth century French inscriptions in Lombardic capitals. The one on the north is probably the earlier, judging from the very rough
characters which are now scarcely legible. It commemorated Eleanor de Olive, of whom nothing is known. The other stone shows traces of brass, and is inscribed in memory of Joan, wife of John Earn. These stones are described in the Gentleman's Magazine, and old rubbings of them exist among the collection of the Society of Antiquaries. There are three brasses of seventeenth century date, one of which is thought to have been engraved locally.
Two wills are of interest in connection with early burials in the church. In 1376 Robert de Walton, Rector of Cliffe, desired to be buried in the church of Olyve at the entrance to the quire. Some years later, in 1387, Thomas de Lynton, a subsequent rector, directed that he should be buried in the chancel near the entrance, and between the entrance to the quire and the tomb of Master Robert Walton, late Rector, and he ordered that a handsome marble monument should be placed over his body at the discretion of his executors. It seems not unlikely however that his executors favoured a brass monument. In the chancel is the stone matrix of what must once have been a very fine brass of about this period, representing a priest under a canopy. Another smaller matrix of an ecclesiastic is close to the pulpit.
Of the church plate the most important piece is a very beautiful paten of silver gilt of the early part of the sixteenth century. In the centre, worked in coloured enamels, is a seated figure of God the Father holding before Him a figure of the crucifixion. The extreme rarity of pre-reformation
plate is not generally recognised, and the example at Cliffe is one of the finest English patens in existence. At some period or other the paten at Cliffe served as a chalice cover, and it is even said to have been used as an alms dish, which would account for its numerous signs of wear. The other plate is of seventeenth century and later date, and of no particular interest.
It remains for me to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. F. O. Blliston Erwood for several suggestions and for the photographs which illustrate this paper. The present account is intended to supplement, but not to supplant altogether, an article on Cliffe Church, by the Rev. I. Gr. Lloyd, a former Rector, which appeared in Vol. XI. of Arch. Cant., where reference should be made for further particulars.
www.cliffehistory.co.uk/martin.html
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CLIFFE (St. Helen), a parish, in the union of North Aylesford, hundred of Shamwell, lathe of Aylesford, W. division of Kent, 5 miles (N. by W.) from Rochester; containing 842 inhabitants. The parish is bounded on the north by the Thames, and comprises 5660 acres, whereof 180 are woodland, about 2000 arable, and the remainder pasture, including a considerable portion of marshy land. The village, which is supposed to take its name from the cliff or rock on which it stands, was formerly of much greater extent, a great part of it having been destroyed by fire in 1520: it was the scene of several provincial councils. A pleasurefair is held on September 28th. The living is a rectory, valued in the king's books at £50; net income, £1297; patron, the Archbishop of Canterbury: the glebe contains 20 acres. The church is considered one of the finest in the county, being a large handsome cruciform structure in the early English style, with an embattled central tower, and containing several curious monuments and remains of antiquity, together with six stalls that belonged to a dean and five prebendaries, it having been formerly collegiate.
www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-dict/england/pp63...
Brabourne nextes in the shadow of Wye Down, nestling in a fold in the land, and driving through it hardly seems to be a village, more a few houses and a farm. But just visible down a gravel track, which has a sign stating quite clearly that it was not suitable for parking for the church. In which case I woulve to partially block the lane through the village.
One approaches the church down a brick path, which is tricky as over the years it has developed quite an arch. You soon see that the trees are hiding a formidable church, and the most impressive of towers, almost castle keep-like.
A small porch allows the visitor to leave the chill air outside, and you are met my a sturdy door, which invites you in.
St Mary is a large and impressive church, the walls covered with memorials to the local big family, also are several cut out which may indicate where carved figures one laid. High in the north wall of the chancel, is possibly the oldest stained glass still in original position (although reset), which seem to date to the year 1200 AD, which is incredible if true, and I have no reason to diubt that.
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St Mary's is a very tall church, more Saxon in its proportions than Norman. The church dates in its present form from the twelfth century, with typical decoration in the form of pilaster buttresses on the outside north wall of the chancel. In the thirteenth century a south aisle was added and the present arch to the tower rebuilt; the remains of the original Norman arch may still be seen. In the chancel is a remarkable survivor - a twelfth-century window with its original glass. It has been reset and restored, but vividly recalls the dusky colours of the period. The pattern is purely geometric, of flowers and semi-circles, and may be compared to the contemporary glass in Canterbury Cathedral. Also in the chancel is one of the two thirteenth-century heart shrines in Kent. This little piece of sculpture consists of a plain shield - originally painted - under decorated and cusped tracery, the whole squeezed between thin pinnacles. It is uncertain whose heart was buried here, but it dates from about 1296 and may be associated with the de Valence family. The other Kent heart shrine is at Leybourne (see separate entry).
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Brabourne
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A Church has existed here since Saxon times - mention is made of one at 'Bradeburna' soon after the coming of Archbishop Lanfranc to Canterbury in about 1070.
The present St Mary's Church is of Norman design, and dates from the twelfth century.
Most of the original Norman nave can be seen on the north side, and the Chancel is pure Norman. Notice the priest's doorway and the twelfth century window in the Chancel - this still has its original glass. It is almost certainly unique in the country as most were smashed during the reign of Henry VIII, or later, during the Civil War. It was also left when other stained glass from the Church was sold in 1774. It is believed to be England's oldest complete Norman window still in its original setting with light falling through.
Additions were made in the thirteenth century , including the rebuilt arch to the tower. The staircase in the tower is of great antiquity: halves of an oak tree 31ft long form the sides, with another tree for the base and a forked branch as a support.
The Chancel also holds one of only two thirteenth century heart shrines in Kent (the other is in Leybourne). The sculpture consists of a plain shield (the original paint has long since worn away) under fine decorated arches. In the back there is a recess, which would have been used to contain a heart encased in silver or ivory. It is thought that the shrine was built for the heart of John Baliol, founder of Balliol College, Oxford. Whether it served its intended purpose is unknown, but it was found to be empty when opened in the early 1900s.
The tomb of Sir John Scott, made of Caen stone, stands in the north wall of the Chancel. Sir John, who died on October 17th 1485, was a Privy Councillor and Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports. Above the tomb hangs a trophy helmet, carried at the funeral of a knight, most probably Sir Thomas Scott, Commander of the Kentish Forces during the reign of Elizabeth I.
Another helmet (in the south east corner of the Chancel) is thought to have belonged to Sir William Scott, who died in 1433.
The altar is a tomb, topped with a slab of Bethersden Marble, and dates from around 1600. It is decorated with the arms of the Scott family.
www.brabournepc.kentparishes.gov.uk/default.cfm?pid=1140
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LIES the next parish to Bircholt north-eastward, being written in Domesday both Breburne and Bradeburne, and taking its name from its situation on the broad bourne or rivulet which rises in it.
THE PARISH is situated at the foot of the upper range of the chalk or down-hills, which reach from hence to the sea shore at Folkestone, and here take the name of Braborne downs; it is an unfrequented place, and from the soils of it not a pleasant one, for near the downs it is mostly chalk; the middle part, though there are various soils in it, consists mostly of a stiff, though not unfertile clay, and the southern part is a deep red sand. It is about two miles across from north to south, and somewhat more from east to west, stretching itself along a narrow slip beyond Hampton, almost as far as the village of Brooke, and on the other part within a very little of Stowting court-lodge. The village of Braborne, having the church and court-lodge in it, lies at the foot of the Down-hill, on the side of a wide valley, which extends below it southward. At the foot of the hills westward are Combe, Bedlestone, the hamlet of West Braborne-street and Hampton. The parish is well watered by several rivulets, one of them, which rises in and near Braborne-street, runs southward into that branch of the Stour below Scottshall, and so on by Sevington to Ashford; and there are others, which from the foot of the hills, more towards the west, which join the stream which runs by Swatfield bridge towards Ashford likewise.
In the southern part of the parish is the heath called Braborne-lees, one half of which only is within the bounds of it; across these lees the high road goes from Ashford towards Hythe. Here is a noted warren for rabbits, belonging to the Scotts-hall estate, they are of a remarkable fine flavor, from which Canterbury, and all the neighbouring towns are plentifully supplied with them. A fair is held in the village on the last day of May, for pedlary and toys.
That part of it which is within the borough of Cocklescombe, is in the hundred, and within the liberty of the royal manor of Wye.
THE MANOR OF BRABORNE, soon after the dissolution of the Saxon heptarchy, was, according to a very antient record, the inheritance of a lady called Salburga, who is stiled in it Domina de Brabourne, and by her will, in the year 864, ordered that the future possessors of it should give yearly to the monastery of St. Augustine, a quantity of provisions, on condition of their performing certain religious services for the health of her soul; which provisions were forty measures of malt, fifteen rams, twenty loaves of bread, one measure of butter, one measure of cheese, four cart loads of wood, and twenty hens. Who were the possessors of this manor afterwards till the time of the Norman conquest, does not appear; but at the time of taking the survey of Domesday, it was become part of the pos sessions of Hugo de Montfort, on whom that prince had bestowed likewise more than thirty other manors and estates in the neighbourhood of it. Accordingly he is numbered in that record as one of the thirteen, (for there are no more) who held lands in this county at that time, and under the general title of his lands this manor is thus entered in it.
In Wivart lath, in Berisout hundred, Hugo himself holds Breburne, Godric de Burnes held it of king Edward, and it was taxed at seven sulings, and now for five sulings and an half and half a yoke, because another part of it is without the division of Hugo, and that the bishop of Baieux holds. The arable land is fifteen carucates. In demesne there are two, and thirty-one villeins, with ten borderers having ten carucates. There is a church, and eight servants, and two mills of seven shillings, and twenty acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of twenty-five bags. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth twenty pounds, and afterwards eight pounds, now sixteen pounds.
That part mentioned above, as without the division of Hugo de Montfort, is likewise noticed in the same book, in the description of the adjoining manors of Hastingligh and Aldelows, belonging to the bishop of Baieux, as may be seen hereafter, in the account of them.
On the voluntary exile of Robert de Montfort, grandson of Hugh above-mentioned, in the reign of king Henry I. this manor, among the rest of his possessions, came into the king's hands, whence it was soon afterwards granted to Robert, son of Bernard de Ver, constable of England, who had married Adeliza, daughter of Hugh de Montfort, and was the founder of the priory of Horton, in the next adjoining parish. (fn. 1) After which it appears to have come into the possession of Henry de Essex, who was constable likewise of Eng land, from his succession to which, as well as from other circumstances, it should seem that he became entitled to this manor by inheritance Henry de Essex, before-mentioned, was baron of Raleigh, in Essex, his chief seat, and hereditary standard-bearer of England; but by his misbehaviour in a battle against the Welsh, in the 10th year of that reign, he forfeited all his possessions to the crown. (fn. 2) Before which he had confirmed to the priory of Horton all the former grants of his ancestors. And by another charter he granted to it, in free and perpetual alms, the pasture of twelve oxen in his park of Braborne, with his own oxen, for so long as they should be at feed, whether within his park or without; and all tithe of his hay, to be taken wholly and fully with his carriages to the barns of the monks. After which this manor appears to have been held by Baldwin de Betun, earl of Albermarle, who, in the 5th year of king John, granted it to William Mareschal, earl of Pembroke, with Alice his daughter in frank marriage, to hold to them and their heirs. William, earl of Pembroke, in the 10th year of king Henry III. his first wife being deceased, married Alianore, the king's sister, and in the 14th year of that reign had a confirmation of this manor, on condition that Alianore his wife, if she survived him, should enjoy it for life. He died in the 15th year of that reign, and she became possessed of it, and afterwards remarried Simon, earl of Leicester, who was slain fighting on the part of the discontented barons at the battle of Evesham. After which the countess and her children were forced to forsake the realm, and she died abroad in great poverty. In the mean time the four brothers of William, earl of Pembroke, successively earls of Pembroke, being dead s. p. their inheritance became divided between their five sisters and their heirs, and upon the division of it, the manor of Braborne, among others, was allotted to Joane, the second sister, then the widow of Warine de Montchensie, by whom she had one son William, and a daughter Joane, married to William de Valence, the king's half brother, who afterwards, through the king's favour, on William de Montchensie's taking part with the discontented barons, and his estates being confiscated, became possessed of this manor, of which he died possessed in the 23d year of king Edward I. leaving Joane his widow surviving, who had it assigned to her as part of her dower. She died in the 1st year of king Edward II. holding it in capite by knight's service, as of the king's marechalsy, and leaving one son Adomar or Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke, and three daughters; Anne, married to Maurice Fitzgerald, secondly to Hugh Baliol, and lastly to John de Avennes; Isabel, to John de Hastings, of Bergavenny; and Joane, to John Comyn, of Badenagh. (fn. 3) Aymer de Valence, earl of Pembroke, on her death, succeeded to this manor, and in the 6th year of that reign, obtained a charter of privileges for it, among which were those of a market, fair, and free-warren. He was a nobleman greatly favoured by king Edward I. and II. but in the 17th year of the latter reign, attending the queen into France, he was murdered there that year. He died possessed of this manor, and without issue; so that John de Hastings, son of Isabel, one of the earl's sisters, and John Comyn, of Badenagh, in Scotland, son of Joane, another of the earl's sisters, were found to be his coheirs and next of kin; and the latter of them, on the division of their inheritance, had this manor, in his mother's right, allotted to him. He died s. p. in the 19th year of king Edward II. leaving his two sisters his coheirs, of whom the eldest, Joane, married to David de Strabolgie, earl of Athol, possessed this manor as part of his wife's inheritance, and died next year. His descendant David de Strabolgie, earl of Athol, died in the 49th year of that reign, possessed of this manor, (fn. 4) leaving by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Henry, lord Ferrers, who died the same year, anno 1375, and was buried in the high chancel of Ashford church, two daughters his coheirs, the youngest of whom Philippa, married to John Halsham, of Halsham, in Sussex, by her father's will, became entitled to this manor. The Halshams bore for their arms, Argent, a chevron engrailed, between three leopards heads, gules. Their grandson Sir Hugh Halsham, died anno 21 Henry VI. leaving Joane, his only daughter and heir, who entitled her husband John Lewknor, esq. of Sussex, to the possession of it; in whose descendants it continued till the latter end of king Henry VII.'s reign, when Sybilla, daughter of Sir Thomas Lewknor, carried it in marriage to Sir William Scott, K. B. and in his descendants, resident at Scotts-hall, this manor, with the rents, services, courtlodge, and demesne lands, remained, till at length George Scott, esq. about the year 1700, sold the manor-house, called Braborne court-lodge, with the demesne lands belonging to it, being enabled so to do by an act passed anno 10 and 11 William III. to Tho. Denne, of Patricksborne, whose grandsons Daniel and Thomas Denne, of Sittingborne, in 1768, conveyed this estate to William Deedes, esq. of St. Stephen's, (who was before possessed of an estate in this parish, which had been purchased of George Scott, esq. by his grandfather William Deedes, M. D. of Canterbury) and his eldest son of the same name, now of Hythe, esq. is the present owner of it.
BUT THE MANOR RENTS AND SERVICES remained in the family of Scott for some time afterwards, and till Edward Scott, esq. some few years ago, alienated the quit-rents of this manor, together with the Park and Pound farms, in this parish, to Thomas Whorwood, esq. of Denton, who by will devised them for life to Mrs. Cecilia Scott, of Canterbury, daughter of George Scott, esq. before-mentioned, on whose death in 1785 the property of them became vested in lady Markham, widow of Sir James Markham, bart. of Lincolnshire, who was Mr. Whorwood's heir-at-law, and she sold them in 1787 to Sir Edward Knatchbull, bart. the present owner of them.
BUT THE MANOR OF BRABORNE ITSELF, with the court baron and other manerial rights belonging to it, remained in the descendants of George Scott, esq. down to Francis Talbot Scott, esq. whose trustees, about the year 1784, conveyed it, with his other estates in this neighbourhood, to Sir John Honywood, bart. of Evington, who is the present proprietor of it.
HEMINGE is a manor, lying at the south-east corner of this parish, next to Horton, which in antient time gave both surname and residence to a family so called, as the deeds without date belonging to it plainly shew. At length, after this manor had been in the possession of this name, as might be traced out fully by these evidences for almost three hundred years, it was conveyed by William Heminge, in the 2d year of Edward VI.'s reign, to Peter Nott, in whose descendants it continued till the 16th year of Charles II. when one of them alienated it to Avery Hills, by whose daughter and heir it went in marriage to Hobday, whose descendant sold it, in the year 1713, to Mr. John Nethersole, who left three sons surviving, John, who was of Barham; Stephen, who was of Wimlinswold; and William, who was of Canterbury, in whose three daughters, or their representatives, this manor at length became vested. They agreed on a partition of their inheritance, on which the whole of this manor was allotted to Jacob Sharpe, esq. of Canterbury, the surviving son of Mr. Jacob Sharpe, by Elizabeth, the eldest of the three daughters, who in 1796 sold it to Mr. Thomas Ken nett, of Brabourn, who is the present possessor of it. A court baron is held for this manor.
COMBE is another manor, in the northern part of this parish, close at the foot of the downs, which name it had from its situation, cumbe signifying in the Saxon a bottom or valley, and to distinguish it from other manors of the same name in this neighbourhood, it was called Braborne Combe. About the year 990, one Edward de Cumbe, whose son Leofard was a monk in St. Augustine's monastery, by his will bequeatned the land of Cumbe to that monastery. Whether the abbot and convent ever gained the possession of it, or if they did, how long it staid with them, I do not find; but at the time of taking the survey of Domesday, in the Conqueror's reign, it was parcel of the possessions of the bishop of Baieux, under the general title of whose lands it is entered in it as follows:
The same Wadard holds of the bishop, Cumbe. It was taxed at one suling. The arable land is two carucates. In demesne there is one, and nine villeins, with five borderers having one carucate and an half. There are fourteen acres of meadow. Wood for the pannage of five hogs. In the time of king Edward the Confessor it was worth sixty shillings, and afterwards fifty shillings, now four pounds, and the service of one knight. Leuret de rochinge held it of king Edward.
After this, on the bishop of Baieux's disgrace, this manor was held of the crown, by a family who took their name from their residence at it; of whom Richard de Combe, and Simon his son, served the office of sheriff, as assistants to Sir John de Northwood, in the 20th year of king Edward I. and bore for their arms, Sable, three lions passant-guar dant, in pale, gules. At length by a female heir of this name, it went by marriage, in the reign of king Richard II. to John Scott, who afterwards resided at it, as did his descendants till Sir William Scott removed to Scotts-hall at the latter end of king Henry IV.'s reign; and in his descendants, of Scotts-hall, this manor continued down to George Scott, esq. of Scotts-hall, who procured an act anno 10 and 11 king William, to vest this manor, among his other estates, in trustees, to be sold for payment of his debts, in pursuance of which it was soon afterwards sold to Brook Bridges, esq. of Goodnestone, afterwards created a baronet, whose great-grandson Sir Brook Bridges, bart. of Goodnestone, is the present possessor of it.
HAMPTON is the last manor to be described in this parish, being situated in the north-west corner of it, adjoining to Brooke. It has the name in antient deeds of Hampton Cocklescombe, and sometimes is described by the name of the manor of Cocklescombe only, being so called from its situation in the borough of that name, and within the hundred of Wye. This manor was given by Robert de Ver, constable of England, and lord of Braborne, to Osbert his marshal, and Emeline his wife, who gave it again to the priory in the adjoining parish of Horton, by the description of the land of Hanetone; which gift was confirmed to the priory by the same Robert de Ver, and Adeliza de Montfort his wife, and afterwards by Henry de Essex, (fn. 5) as appears by the register of it; of the priory of Horton this manor was afterwards again held, at the rent of forty shillings in perpetual fee farm, by a family who took their name of Hampton from their residence at it, as appears not only by the above register, but by antient deeds and court-rolls, and that they remained here till the reign of king Henry VI. when John Hampton pasted it away to one of the name of Shelley, by whose heir general it became the property of John May, of Bibroke, in Kennington, whose son of the same name leaving an only daughter Alice, the carried it in marriage to John Edolph, of Brenset, and his daughter Elizabeth entitled her husband William Wil cocks, esq. of New Romney, to it, who died possessed of this manor in the 16th year of queen Elizabeth, holding it in free socage. His widow survived him, and afterwards married Ralph Radcliffe, esq. of Hitchin, in Hertfordshire, who survived her. She died in the 39th year of that reign, and by her last will devised this manor to her only son by her first husband, John Wilcocks, who dying s. p. his two sisters became his coheirs, of whom Martha married Sir Edward Radcliffe, of Sevington, in this county, and physician to king James I. and Elizabeth married William Andrews; and on the partition of their inheritance, Sir Edward Radcliffe became entitled to the sole possession of it, in whose descendants it continued down to John Radcliffe, esq. of Hitchin priory, who dying in 1783, s. p. this manor, among his other estates, came to Sir Charles Farnaby, bart. of Sevenoke, in right of his wife Penelope, sister and heir-at-law of the above mentioned John Radcliffe. Sir Charles Farnaby afterwards took the name of Radcliffe, (fn. 6) and removed to Hitchin, where he died in 1798, and his heirs are now entitled to it.
Charities.
WILLIAM FORDRED, by will in 1550, gave to this parish, among others, a proportion of the rents of 25 acres of land in St. Mary's parish, in Romney Marsh; which portion to this parish is of the annual produce of 4l. 12s. 4¾d. to be distributed annually to the poor, and vested in trustees.
MR. KNOTT gave for the use of the poor, a sum of money, vested in Robert Goddard, of Mersham, now of the annual produce of 8s.
The poor constantly relieved are about fifty-five, casually twenty-five.
BRABORNE is within the ECCLESIASTICAL JURISDICTION of the diocese of Canterbury, and deanry of Elham.
The church, which is dedicated to St. Mary, is a large handsome building, consisting of two isles and two chancels, having a square tower steeple at the west end, in which are five bells. The northern isle is much lostier than the other, having an upper story, choir-like, with the three upper windows to the south; below which is the roof of the north isle. Both chancels are full of the interments of the Scott family; but the brasses and inscriptions are almost all gone. Against the north wall is a tomb, with an arch and recess over it; against the back have been two figures, with inscriptions, and two shields of brass, now gone; on the side of the tomb are two shields carved in stone, one Pympe, the other Scott. Against the opposite wall is a kind of altar, the form of which is given before, P. I. At the east end, within the rails, is a large altar-tomb against the wall, of Bethersden marble; on it the marks of a figure, the brass gone; on the front five shields, with the arms of Scott, and their several impalements. Over the tomb is a kind of altar-piece, ornamented with stone carve-work, and three shields of arms; I. Scott impaling oblit. over it the date 1290; 2, being the middle shield, Scott and the following quarterings, Beaufitz, Pympe, Pashley, Normanville, Warren, Sergeaux, Gower, and Cogan In which arms of Scott it is noted, all the bordures are plain. In the south chancel belonging likewise to the Scott family, the brasses on the gravestones, with which the pavement is covered, are all gone. In the south wall is a very antient tomb with an arch over it; underneath this tomb the late Edward Scott, esq. was buried. Against this wall is a monument for Arthur Scott, commissioner of the navy, third son of Geo. Scott, of Scotts-hall. Against the north wall a monument for lieutenant-colonel Cholmeley Scott, esq. youngest son of George Scott, esq. of Scotts-hall. Weever mentions several memorials of this family in the body of the church remaining in his time, all which have been long since obliterated, and their brasses destoryed. In the south isle is a stone, with the figure of a man in brass, habited in armour, with sword and spurs on, the latter having the rowels much like the figure of a catherine wheel; a greyhound under his feet; the inscription gone, excepting the words of Brabourne, armigr. and anno Dni mil. Against the north wall, a monument for William Richards, put up by Gabriel Richards, gent. of Rowling, in 1672; arms, Sable, a chevron between three fleurs de lis, argent; a crescent for difference. Another for John Richards, vicar, obt. 1727. In the south scite of the body of the church, is a memorial for Dionisia, daughter of Vincent Fynche, alias Harbert, esq. obt. 1458; arms, Finch impaling Cralle; and in the same isle is a stone, robbed of the figure on it, but the brass inscription remains, for Joane, daughter of Sir Gervas Cliston, married to John Diggs; arms, Clifton impaling Fineh, and Diggs impaling Clifton. The tower at the west end is of a large size, but flat at top, and only of equal height with the roof of the north isle.
Mr. Evelyn, in his Discourse on Forest Trees, mentions a superannuated yew-tree growing in this churchyard, which being 58 feet 11 inches in circumference, bore near 20 feet diameter; and besides which there were goodly planks, and other considerable pieces of square and clear timber, which he observed to lie about it, which had been hewed and sawn out of some of the arms only, torn from it by impetuous winds. This tree has been many years since gone, and a fine stately young one now flourishes in the room of it.
The church was formerly appendant to the manor, and continued so till it was given, in the beginning of king Henry II.'s reign, by Robert de Ver, lord of the manor of Braborne, to the priory of Horton, at his first foundation of it; and it was appropriated to the priory before the 8th year of king Richard II. the priory being bound to pay the tenth of the vicarage. But there does not seem to have been any endowment made till anno 1445, when there was one assigned by the prior to Thomas de Banstede, the vicar of it. (fn. 7) In which state this church, with the advowson of the vicarage, continued till the dissolution of the priory in the reign of king Henry VIII. when it came into the king's hands, and remained there till it was granted in exchange to the archbishop, where it still continues, the parsonage being at this time parcel of the see of Canterbury, and his grace the archbishop the present parton of the vicarage.
The parsonage is a very handsome brick house, standing at a small distance from the church-yard, to which the vicarage adjoins likewise, being a neat small brick building. The family of Kennet have been lessees for many years, Mr. Claude Kennet being the present lessee of it, who resides at it.
¶The vicarage of Braborne is valued in the king's books at 11l. 12s. 6d. and the yearly tenths at 1l. 3s. 3d. And there is annually, by the endowment of it, paid out of the parsonage to the vicar, one seam or quarter of wheat, and the like of barley; and archbishop Juxon, anno 15 Charles II. augmented it sixteen pounds per annum, to be paid by the lessee of the parsonage. In 1640 this vicarage was valued at sixty-four pounds, communicants one hundred and six. In 1733 it was valued at one hundred pounds. There is one acre of glebe land belonging to it.
Here comes the aROSA river cruise boat to dock
To all who visit and view, and – especially – express support and satisfaction: you are much appreciated!
Als Breite des Stromes gilt der Abstand zwischen den Uferlinien; beim Fahren einschließlich des Überholens sind höchstens bis zu zwei Schiffs- oder Verbandsbreiten zulässig
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Rhine River – Album Description – Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31:
I was super thrilled to get a river view room!
The Rhine glistened New Year’s Eve, day/night, 6 floors below.
I saw two events from my window, a River Plunge & fireworks!
My photo favorites: cruise boats docking/leaving, & solar halo.
The best of 1121 photos on this layover are in an 8-album set:
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – Rhine River
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – River Plunge
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – Old Minster Church
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – Shopping Centers
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – St. Quentin's Church
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – Market
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – City Hall!
• Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31 – New Year's Eve
Enjoy this 8% of the 393 Rhine River photos I took here today!
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New Year's Eve – Album Description – Mainz, Germany – 2017DEC31:
My New Year's Eve layover in Mainz!
We took off early (scheduled 1645/actual 1638) and arrived in Frankfurt, Germany, early (scheduled 0115/actual 0044), for our 2720 layover, 20 minutes longer than our scheduled 27 hours.
At the crew hotel I got a river view room! Unusual! I ran a hot bath and hopped in the tub; suddenly hotel guests opened my door and came into my room! In the unexpected excitement of getting a rare river view, I forgot to lock and latch my door!
After my nap I eagerly headed up the hill past the "Sun" where Joe and I ate Christmas Eve dinner with 7 other crewmembers a week ago to the Old Minster Church for their New Year's Eve 5:00 p.m. service; I learned of it from their pastor, my friend Hendrik Maskus. Heartwarming! Flute teacher Katrin Schild played beautiful duets, accompanied by Makoto Mikawa. She said to bring my flute for us to play duets this coming year!
Meandering back to the crew hotel I paused to admire some lovely Christmas lights and decorations along the way.
My room faced the hotel elevators, just a mere few feet away: after loud fireworks, waves of late-night revelers spilled out of those elevators sharing volumes of celebratory experiences.
Several hours later our full flight took off, and we crossed the southern tip of Greenland, arriving 33 minutes early, at 1352; at home I greeted Joe, whom I saw last year (48 hours prior)!
When Joe got up the next morning at 7 here it was 7⁰F (-14⁰C).
Hope you enjoy this 9.7% of 1121 photos I took here this day!
highest position @ numbaaaaa 223 on may 4th, 2010! thank you so much guys, it means a lot!
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this is my evil twin. haha just kidding. i only have a brother.
this is blurry, i know. i like it for some reason.
my friend shannon has been doing this and i thought it was a cool idea so now i am too--currently listening to: sleepyhead by passion pit
Roberto Arouche, José Rodrigues Passarinho, Eduardo dos Santos, Augusto Pinto, Paulo Tabarelli, Luiz Soldatelli e Dionisio Silva.
Le musée de l'Institut du monde arabe (IMA) a fait récemment peau neuve. L'ancien musée était déserté par le public au profit des expositions temporaires, il a donc été repensé et rouvert fin février 2012 avec une muséographie entièrement nouvelle.
Mené par Marie Foissy, l'ancienne directrice du musée des arts asiatiques de Nice qu'elle a su concevoir avec talent, et qui s'est entourée d'un comité d'experts, le projet de rénovation du musée de l'IMA a mis en œuvre des orientations qui privilégient la découverte de l'arabité plutôt que de l'islam, comme c'était le cas auparavant.
L'approche historique et thématique du monde arabe qui a été retenue fait une large place aux trois religions abrahamaniques qui sont pratiquées dans le monde arabe : le judaïsme, le christianisme et l'islam. Les cultures amazigh (berbère), kurde, assyro-chaldéenne, syriaque sont évoquées aux cotés des cultures antiques et islamiques dans le but de rendre compte, de manière pluridisciplinaire, de la diversité du monde arabe, avant comme après l'expansion de l'islam.
Les choix qui ont été faits ne plairont certainement pas aux fondamentalistes arabes mais ils ont le mérite de replacer le monde arabe dans une vraie perspective historique et d'en démontrer les racines profondes. Ces aspects historiques devraient inciter à la tolérance et aux échanges avec les autres cultures.
En complément de la présentation chronologique, plusieurs thèmes sont illustrés avec des objets et des productions multimédias : les Arabies, les figures du divin, les villes, la beauté, etc. Des sous-thèmes traitent de l'eau, de la calligraphie, de la musique, du mariage, des costumes et bijoux, des décors, de la science arabe, des communautés religieuses. Quelques œuvres contemporaines ponctuent le parcours.
Ces choix conceptuels devaient être traduits par le scénographe et devenir aisément compréhensibles par un visiteur ordinaire qui parcourt le musée. C'est là que les difficultés commencent car il faut faire découvrir ces notions historiques complexes en regroupant des objets caractéristiques, munis de cartels, de panneaux et de vidéos accessibles au plus large public sur des sujets souvent peu connus.
Des buts aussi ambitieux ne sont pas aisés à atteindre car les objets de musée ne parlent pas d'eux-mêmes, sauf à un public de spécialistes. Il faut accepter d'être pédagogue et ne pas trop privilégier l'esthétique des espaces, ce qui est trop souvent le cas dans les musées d'aujourd'hui. La pédagogie est renvoyée aux guides conférenciers, aux audioguides, parfois à des bornes multimédias ou à des publications à acheter.
Or il semble que c'est la beauté des espaces muséographiques créés qui ait été l'objectif prioritaire avec une scénographie brillante conçue par Roberto Ostinelli mais difficile à percevoir lors d'une première visite. La signalétique n'est elle aussi pas très lisible et comme le musée est à l'étroit dans ses murs, on a un peu le sentiment de virevolter d'un sujet à l'autre.
Certes il fallait être au niveau esthétique de l'exceptionnel bâtiment de Jean Nouvel et dans cette perspective c'est réussi. Mais ce grand architecte a conçu des espaces intérieurs difficiles à aménager, avec des couloirs multiples et des espaces inutilisables comme ceux à la pointe du bâtiment. Le scénographe a fait ce qu'il a pu mais la place manquait certainement.
Enfin, on peut s'interroger sur les raisons (politiques ?) qui ont poussé les responsables à ouvrir le musée aussi rapidement alors que certains cartels sont positionnés à l'envers, qu'il reste des plans de montage abandonnés dans les vitrines, que toutes les vidéos ne fonctionnent pas encore.
De plus, les visiteurs n'ont pas le droit de photographier ce qui est incompréhensible dans un musée comme celui-ci. Quels droits veut-on protéger ? Ceux du scénographe, des vidéastes, des conservateurs, des rédacteurs ? Inquiétant car cette interdiction montre le peu d'attention portée aux pratiques sociales d'aujourd'hui.
Il n'est pas exclu que les responsables soient obligés de revenir sur cette décision antidémocratique comme l'ont fait ceux du musée du quai Branly où les photographies étaient aussi interdites à l'ouverture du musée. Tout le monde sait que les visiteurs, qui aiment photographier, achètent la plupart du temps les publications qui d'ailleurs sont d'excellente qualité.
Il faudra refaire une visite dans quelques mois, le musée sera alors rodé et les points faibles actuels seront peut-être partiellement corrigés.
'The arrangement of matter, its behaviour, addition to or subtraction from it, its shape and difference in position, and its rearrangement create chaos in the normal activity of the human brain. Apparently, all of this is without a reason, but the following can be experienced from this:
- A temporary feeling of stillness (or a partial feeling of emptiness)
- A strong reaction of the inquisitive cells
- A realization of meaninglessness.
Wise men say:
"Be empty if you want to be full".
Does he know about the distance between existence and annihilation, or the difference between what is visible and what is not?'
.
.
'বস্তুর বিন্যাস, আচরণ, সংযোজন বা বিয়োগ,
আকার এবং অবস্থানগত পরিবর্তন কিংবা পুন:বিন্যাস মনুষ্য মস্তিষ্কের স্বাভাবিক তৎপরতায় যে বিশৃঙ্খলার উদ্রেগ করে, আপাত দৃষ্টিতে তার কোন উপযোগিতা পরিলক্ষিত না হলেও এর থেকে প্রাপ্তি এই যে :
- ক্ষণিক স্থবির ভাব তথা শূন্যতার বোধ (আংশিক)
- মস্তিষ্কের অনুসন্ধানী কোষসমূহের প্রবল প্রতিক্রিয়া
- অর্থহীনতার উপলব্ধি
.
.
জ্ঞানী বৃদ্ধ বলেন :
‘পূর্ন হতে হলে আগে শূন্য হও’
তিনি কি জানেন
অস্বিস্ত এবং অস্তিত্বহীনতার মধ্যে কতটা পথ কিংবা
কি তফাৎ যা কিছু দৃশ্যমান এবং যা কিছু না?'
.
Photo: Saad Abdullah