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Lat. 41° N.; Long. 81° W.
131-(22054)
FORMS OF CRUDE RUBBER, AKRON, OHIO
This picture was taken in a great rubber goods factory in Akron, Ohio. The raw rubber you see here has come from several places in the tropics. For rubber trees grow in hot countries only, such as Brazil, Mexico, and Africa.
The rubber tree is a tall, straight tree, oftentimes 60 feet high. Its bark looks like that of the beech, and it has graceful plumes for leaves. Between the bark and the wood is a gummy fluid called latex. It is not the sap of the tree. From latex crude rubber is made.
On the upper Amazon the natives go into the jungles in October to gather rubber. They tap the trees in two ways. One is by cutting the bark in a wide gash that girdles the trunk in a spiral. A trough or a pail is set, and into this the latex flows from the gash. Each day the gash is extended. The other way is to tap the trees in much the same manner as sugar maples.
On top of the latex so gathered a sort of cream rises. The native dips a paddle in this and holds it over a smudge of palm leaves or nuts until the latex dries. This plan he continues till he has a great ball of the size you see. The crude rubber is brought down the Amazon River in boats. Para is the chief city of the world in the export of raw rubber.
In the East Indies there are many rubber plantations. There the latex is thickened by an acid, and the rubber is rolled into sheets. It is these sheets that you see on the truck.
The United States imports yearly over 100,000,000 pounds of rubber. This is almost as much as Great Britain, Germany, and France combined import in the same time.
Form follows function here, in this 1914 behemoth. 1,200,000 square feet of space in this 21 story structure.
Mauran, Russell, and Crowell architects
On the National Register of Historic Places.
depuis quelques jours, des gens me disaient avoir vu un oiseau avec une lanière de cuir aux pattes.Ce matin par temps brumeux et nuageux je le croisse sur les fils électriques, il s'agit d'une buse de Swainson mais le propriétaire retracé mentionne qu'il s'agit d'une une buse à queue rousse de forme Halarn d’Alaska qui se déplace avec difficulté et semble avoir mal à une aile. Il a à ses pattes une lanière de cuir et ce n'est pas accidentelle puisque la lanière de cuir est tressée et a été placée volontairement et il est bagué .
La Buse à queue rousse (Buteo jamaicensis) est une espèce d'oiseau de proie, ou rapace d'Amérique du Nord.
o
Identification
La Buse à queue rousse adulte a la queue de couleur rousse (ce qui lui a donné son nom), terminée ou non par une barre noire. Elle a des ailes longues et larges. L'adulte a le dos et le haut des ailes brun foncé. Son plumage est variable, allant du brun roux clair au brun foncé. Les parties inférieures sont plus claires que les supérieures. Le bas de l'abdomen est plus pâle que le reste du corps, traversé par une bande foncée. La queue est uniformément rousse et large. Le bec est court et crochu, la cire est jaune, l'extrémité est noire. Les yeux sont brun foncé. Les pattes et les doigts sont jaunes. La femelle est 25 % plus grande que le mâle, mais leurs plumages sont identiques. L'immature ressemble aux adultes, mais il a les yeux plus clairs. Il est davantage strié, sa queue est brune, barrée de plusieurs bandes foncées. On trouve deux phases, la claire et la foncée, et au moins 14 sous-espèces, avec de grandes différences au niveau du plumage et de l'habitat.
Vocalisations
Chants et appels
La Buse à queue rousse piaule ; son cri est une sorte de hennissement râpeux « keeeear ». Ce cri varie avec l'âge et le lieu. Il est souvent entendu quand il plane. Les jeunes émettent un doux et bas pépiement, devenant plus profond avec l'âge. Quand les parents quittent le nid, les jeunes émettent un vagissement perçant « Klee-uk » répété, pour quémander de la nourriture.
Comportements
La Buse à queue rousse chasse de plusieurs manières, et capture toute sorte de proies. Généralement, elle reste sur un pylône ou un perchoir haut, et fond sur sa proie dès qu'elle est repérée. Mais elle peut aussi chasser en volant, regardant au sol avec attention, grâce à sa vue perçante lui permettant de détecter le moindre mouvement à grande distance. Elle peut détecter une souris à 100 mètres de hauteur.
Elle utilise ses puissantes serres comme une arme. Elle peut aussi voltiger sur place contre les vents, cherchant une proie au sol. La Buse à queue rousse est active pendant le jour. Les petites proies sont portées sur le perchoir pour y être dévorées, tandis que les plus grosses sont consommées au sol. Pendant la parade nuptiale, le couple plane en larges cercles en lançant des cris aigus, à grande hauteur. Le mâle plonge en un à pic abrupt, puis remonte, répétant ces manœuvres plusieurs fois, et à la fin, il s'approche de la femelle par en haut, et étend ses pattes pour agripper brièvement les serres de la femelle. Ils descendent alors en spirale vers le sol, se lâchant au dernier moment. Le mâle peut aussi attraper une proie et la passer à la femelle pendant le vol. Les deux partenaires s'accouplent après cette parade, debout sur un perchoir, se toilettant réciproquement, et là, la femelle permet au mâle de s'accoupler. La Buse à queue rousse, comme la plupart des autres oiseaux, a des postures corporelles qui expriment un langage. Posture agressive, avec la tête et le corps dressés et les plumes hérissées; posture de soumission, avec la tête basse et les plumes lisses ; parades aériennes pendant la période nuptiale ; vol ondulant et piqués, utilisés aussi dans la défense du territoire. La Buse à queue rousse s'accouple pour la vie. Ce sont des oiseaux territoriaux, défendant agressivement leur zone, la femelle plutôt près du nid, et le mâle à travers tout le territoire.
Habitat
La Buse à queue rousse vit dans les zones herbeuses, les marais buissonneux, mais aussi dans les déserts ou les forêts, depuis le niveau de la mer jusqu'à des altitudes variables, mais près d'un cours d'eau, d'un lac ou d'un champ.
Elle n'hésite pas à même s'installer en ville (On la trouve même dans Manhattan, et dans Central Park)
Répartition
La Buse à queue rousse se reproduit depuis l'Alaska jusqu'au Labrador, et vers le sud, jusqu'au Mexique, Bahamas et Caraïbes, et Amérique centrale. Elle hiverne depuis le sud du Canada jusque vers le sud. Les oiseaux du nord migrent au sud en hiver, mais la plupart des autres oiseaux sont résidents à l'année.
Vol
La Buse à queue rousse a un vol agile et puissant, effectuant des vols acrobatiques pendant la parade nuptiale. C'est un rapace qui vole haut. Il plane sans effort avec les ailes tendues en un V peu profond. C'est un oiseau très actif en vol, battant beaucoup des ailes.
Nidification
Le nid de la Buse à queue rousse est un grand bol volumineux. Il est fait de brindilles, écorces, et feuilles, haut dans un arbre ou sur le bord d'une falaise. Il peut être réutilisé année après année. Le nid est construit par les deux adultes. Des matériaux frais, aiguilles de conifères et matériaux végétaux verts, sont déposés dans le nid tout au long de la période de reproduction, afin de le garder propre. La femelle dépose 1 à 5 œufs blancs ou blanc bleuté, variablement tachetés de brun clair. L'incubation dure environ 28 à 35 jours, assurée par les deux parents, davantage par la femelle qui est nourrie au nid par le mâle. Les jeunes naissent nidicoles. Ils sont couverts de duvet blanc et grandissent lentement. Pendant cette période, la femelle les couve, et le mâle nourrit les poussins et la femelle en apportant de la nourriture au nid. La femelle nourrit les petits avec des petits morceaux prélevés sur les proies apportées. Les poussins peuvent abandonner le nid à environ 42 à 46 jours, mais cette période peut durer jusqu'à dix semaines, le temps d'apprendre à voler et à chasser. Les jeunes atteignent leur maturité sexuelle au bout de 3 ans, et cette espèce ne produit qu'une seule couvée par saison.
Régime alimentaire
La Buse à queue rousse se nourrit principalement de petits mammifères (souris, rats, écureuils, rats musqués, belettes), d'oiseaux (canards, pigeons, râles, tourterelles, pics, faisans, corneilles et rarement de la volaille), des reptiles et des amphibiens, des poissons et des invertébrés. La Buse ne boit que très peu d'eau, sauf quand la température dépasse 33°.
Protection / Menaces
La Buse à queue rousse a peu de prédateurs, tels que le grand-duc d'Amérique et les corvidés, les renards roux et les ratons laveurs, qui dévorent poussins et œufs. Elle est menacée par les tirs, les collisions diverses, la perte de l'habitat et les dérangements humains sur les sites de reproduction. L'empoisonnement par le plomb tue aussi beaucoup d'oiseaux chaque année.
Sous-espèces
D'après Alan P. Peterson, cette espèce est constituée des 15 sous-espèces
© Tous droits réservés. L'utilisation sans ma permission écrite est illégale.
© All rights reserved. The use without my written permission is illegal.
© Prince des glaciers et Réal Lavigne
Southern pylon main road deck Stay cable anchor point (Deltra frame,Deck section SS16 i think ) ready to be lifted and installed into the Rubrica form traveller before casting..........Please note ALL pictures on this Photostream are Copyright Protected.
The healing garden in Chamchamal is a project by Jiyan Foundation for Human Rights in cooperation with Roswag Architects (www.zrs-berlin.de) and the Faculty of Construction and Design at TU Berlin (www.code.tu-berlin.de/about.php).
Learn more about our project here: www.jiyan-foundation.org/programs/children/healinggarden
The people of Bremerhaven call their sailor's church from 1855 simply and plausibly "Great Church" because the red neo-Gothic brick building is still one of the tallest buildings in the city center.
A church was in the founding city plan of 1827 initially not intended, only in 1842 its construction was decided. However, the first construction attempt of 1846 failed on the soft marsh ground. In 1853, according to the plans of Simon Loschen, who had also designed the Old Lighthouse, 552 piles were rammed into the ground to build on it the three-aisled hall church with apse and west tower. The building was held in red brick and decorated with colored glazed clinker, the side fronts got Gothic pointed arches. The church shows many medieval form details, but is designed according to classical principles. In 1855, the solemn inauguration by Mayor Smidt took place. The completion of the 86 m high tower with the concluding finial was not successful until 1970. The design of the apse reveals the great talent of the master builder Loschen, who played out all of his potentials in the gables and parapets of the choir. What is unusual about the "Great Church" is that it is the only church in Germany dedicated to a (secular) mayor.
In 1944 the church burnt down completely and the old rectory disappeared. The reconstruction was completed in 1960, the church consecrated a second time. On the west side are the sandstone figures of Christ, Luther and Zwingli, which were attached in 1855 and are still preserved today. The bright interior of today's church has nothing in common with the old church. Both for the first construction as well as for the reconstruction a not inconsiderable part of the money flowed from the collection of donations of the citizens of Bremerhaven.
Die Bremerhavener nennen ihre Seefahrer-Kirche aus dem Jahre 1855 einfach und plausibel „Große Kirche”, denn nach wie vor ist der rote neugotische Backsteinbau eines der höchsten Gebäude der Innenstadt.
Eine Kirche war im Gründungs-Stadtplan von 1827 zunächst nicht vorgesehen, erst 1842 wurde ihr Bau beschlossen. Allerdings scheiterte der erste Bauversuch von 1846 an dem weichen Marschenboden. 1853 wurden nach den Plänen von Simon Loschen, der auch den Alten Leuchtturm entworfen hatte, 552 Pfähle in den Boden gerammt, um darauf die dreischiffige Hallenkirche mit Apsis und Westturm zu errichten. Der Bau wurde in rotem Backstein gehalten und mit farbig glasierten Klinkern dekoriert, die Seitenfronten erhielten gotische Spitzbögen. Der Kirchenbau zeigt viele mittelalterliche Formdetails, ist jedoch nach klassizistischen Prinzipien gestaltet. 1855 fand die feierliche Einweihung durch Bürgermeister Smidt statt. Die Fertigstellung des 86 m hohen Turms mit der abschließenden Kreuzblume gelang erst 1970. Die Gestaltung des Apsis läßt das große Talent des Baumeisters Loschen erkennen, der in den Giebeln und Brüstungen des Chors alle Möglichkeiten ausgespielt hat. Ungewöhnlich an der „Großen Kirche” ist, dass sie als einzige Kirche Deutschlands einem (weltlichen) Bürgermeister gewidmet ist.
1944 brannte die Kirche völlig aus und dabei verschwand auch das alte Pfarrhaus. Der Wiederaufbau wurde 1960 beendet, die Kirche ein zweites Mal eingeweiht. An der Westseite befinden sich die Sandsteinfiguren von Christus, Luther und Zwingli, die 1855 angebracht wurden und bis heute erhalten sind. Der freundlich helle Innenraum der heutigen Kirche hat nichts mehr mit der alten Kirche gemein. Sowohl für den ersten Bau als auch für den Wiederaufbau floss ein nicht unerheblicher Teil des Geldes aus den Spendensammlungen der Bürger Bremerhavens.
www.bremerhaven.de/de/tourismus/architektur-denkmaeler/bg...
La Malaisie, en forme longue la Fédération de Malaisie, en malais Malaysia, مليسيا, est un pays d'Asie du Sud-Est, constitué de la Malaisie péninsulaire ou Malaisie occidentale (péninsule Malaise) et de la Malaisie orientale (nord de Bornéo). Elle est située à environ 200 km au nord de l'équateur. Sa capitale est Kuala Lumpur et sa superficie est égale à 329 750 km2.
Le pays est composé de deux régions distinctes :
* La Malaisie occidentale ou Malaisie péninsulaire (au sud de la Thaïlande) est divisée du Nord au Sud par une longue chaîne montagneuse dont le point culminant se situe à 2189 m (Mont Tahan) et où subsistent de vastes zones forestières. La côte Ouest est marécageuse et plate, la côte Est est, au contraire, composée de longues plages de sable. Les cultures et plantations sont d'abord situées le long des plaines côtières. Le Nord du pays (Perlis et Kedah) est considéré comme le grenier à riz du pays.
* La Malaisie orientale est composée des territoires du Sarawak et du Sabah et située au Nord de l'Indonésie (Bornéo). Cette partie représente 15 % de la population sur 60 % du territoire. Elle est essentiellement composée de forêts tropicales humides et d'un relief assez élevé (mont Kinabalu, 4100 m).
La Malaisie partage ses frontières terrestres avec le Brunei (381 km), l'Indonésie (1178 km) et la Thaïlande (506 km), et dispose de 4675 km de côtes. Elle est également reliée à Singapour par deux ponts traversant le détroit de Johor.
L'utilisation du nom de « Malaisie » pour désigner la péninsule Malaise est récente. Ce nom est la francisation de Malaya dans l'expression « British Malaya » (Malaisie britannique) de laquelle les Anglais désignaient, à partir de la fin du XIXe siècle, les territoires qu'ils contrôlaient sur la péninsule.
Jusqu'en 1912, le nom de « Fédération de Malaisie » ne s'appliquait qu'à l'entité créée en 1946-48 par les Britanniques et devenue indépendante en 1957, « l'Union malaise » (Malayan Union). Celle-ci regroupait, dans la péninsule Malaise, les États malais, qui avaient auparavant le statut de protectorats, et les Strait Settlements, c'est-à-dire les colonies de Malacca, Penang et Singapour.
Lorsque les territoires britanniques de Bornéo, Sabah (British North Borneo) et Sarawak deviennent indépendants en 1963 et acceptent de rejoindre la Malaisie, la nouvelle entité est baptisée du néologisme de « Malaysia ».
En français, « Malaisie » avait à l'origine un autre sens. En 1831, Jules Dumont d'Urville proposait à la Société de géographie de Paris une organisation de l'Océanie en quatre parties :
* la Polynésie (« les nombreuses îles »),
* la Mélanésie (« les îles noires »),
* la Micronésie (« les petites îles ») et
* la Malaisie.
Par ce dernier nom, Dumont d'Urville entendait une région regroupant l'Indonésie, la Malaisie et les Philippines actuelles. À l'époque en effet, on considérait que les habitants de cette région pouvaient être désignés par le terme englobant de « Malais ».
Au sens strict du terme, les Malais sont les populations qui parlent la langue malaise et qui habitent le littoral oriental de l'île de Sumatra, les îles Riau, la péninsule Malaise et le littoral de l'île de Bornéo.
Le traité de Londres de 1824 entre Anglais et Hollandais se traduira par un partage en deux de ce monde malais. On ne saurait donc identifier celui-ci à la seule Malaisie.
Pour éviter la confusion, on utilise le gentilé « malaisien » pour désigner ce qui relève de la Malaisie comme État, le mot « malais » désignant ce qui relève de la langue, de la culture, de l'ethnie, et couvrant donc un territoire plus vaste. Ainsi, l'expression « monde malais » au sens strict désigne l'aire géographique habitée par les Malais et décrite plus haut.
L'État du Pahang est le plus grand de la Malaisie péninsulaire avec 35964 km². Sa capitale est la ville de Kuantan, située sur la côte est de la mer de Chine méridionale.
Sources : wikipedia
Castilleja integrifolia, dendritica form, Langenheim 3029, UC Herbarium.
This is possibly an undescribed variety of the widespread C. integrifolia. These specimens are from the Andes of Colombia and are different from the nominate form in having a pubescence of strongly branched (dendritic) hairs, unlike the undivided hairs typical of all other forms of C. integrifolia.
Pétanque is a form of boules where the goal is to throw metal balls as close as possible to a small wooden ball called a cochonnet or jack. The game is normally played on hard dirt or gravel, but can also be played on grass, sand or other surfaces.
The nearest UK equivalent is crown green bowls, where the boules are rolled rather than thrown.
Founded (and most commonly played) in France, pétanque is also popular throughout many parts of Spain. This organised game was taking place in the coastal Costa Blancan town of El Campello, near to Alicante.
Independence Hall, which forms the centerpiece for of the Independence National Park on Chestnut Street between 5th and 6th Streets, was built between 1732 and 1753 to the Georgian style design of Edmund Woolley and Andrew Hamilton, the Speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly. It initially served as the Pennsylvania State House from and served as the capitol for the Province and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania until the state capital moved to Lancaster in 1799. But was the events that took place between 1775 and 1787 that earned it the name Independence Hall and its iconic status as the Birthplace of the Nation. It was the principal meeting place of the Second Continental Congress from 1775 to 1781 and the Constitutional Convention in 1787, where the United States Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were respectively debated and adopted by America's Founding Fathers.
Facaded in red brick, the hall consists of a central building with bell tower and steeple, reaching 168-feet and 7-1/4 inches at the tip of the spire, attached to two smaller wings which were demolished and replaced twice, most recently in 1898, via arcaded hyphens. The bell tower, consisting of a wooden steeple set atop the three-story brick house, was added in 1828 by William Strickland replacing an earlier rotted wooden one, was the original home of the Liberty Bell
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New Mexico has been been in a major drought situation for more than five years.
To see thunderheads like this forming in the afternoon is a major event!
We have finally been getting rain on a regular basis for the past week and I can smell the aroma of the pinon trees in the air.
We actually refer to this as Monsoon Season!
The Jewish Square, Vienna 1, formed in the Middle Ages under the name of "schoolyard" the center of the former Jewish Town, extending next to the Ducal court. It was closed from the rest of the city by four gates. Here there were school, bathhouse, synagogue and the house of the rabbi. The school was one of the most important of German-speaking countries. The community existed from about 1190 to the Vienna Geserah in 1421.
The stemming from the 15th century Jordan House, Nr. 2, bears a late Gothic relief with the representation of Jesus' baptism in the Jordan. This is not only a reference to the name of the house owner, Jörg Jordan, but also to the Vienna Geserah which the accompanying text endorses. On the initiative of Cardinal Christoph Schönborn, the Archdiocese of Vienna donated a plaque which Cardinal Franz König on 29 October 1998 unveiled. Its text reads: "Kiddush HaShem" means "sanctification of God". With this awareness, chose Viennese Jews in the synagogue here on Jewish Square - the center of an important Jewish community - at the time of persecution 1420/21 the suicide to escape a feared by them forced baptism. Others, about 200, were burnt alive in Erdberg (today 3rd district of Vienna) at the stake. Christian preachers of that time spread superstitious anti-Jewish ideas and thus incited against the Jews and their faith. So influenced, Christians in Vienna acquiesced without resistance, approved it and became perpetrators. Thus, the liquidation of the Vienna Jewish Town in 1421 was already a looming omen for what happened in our century throughout europe during the Nazi dictatorship. Medieval popes pronounced unsuccessfully against the anti-Jewish superstition, and individual believers struggled unsuccessfully against the racial hatred of the Nazis. But those were too few. Today Christendom regrets its involvement in the persecution of Jews and recognizes its failures. "Sanctification of God" today for Christians can only mean: asking for forgiveness and hope in God's salvation. October 29, 1998
Already in 1910, consisted the plan here the poet of the Enlightenment, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781), who in his play "Nathan the Wise" the interdenominational tolerance has put up a literary monument, to honor with a statue. In 1935, a sculpture by Siegfried Charoux was unveiled, but only four years later, in 1940, taken off and melted down for armaments. In 1968, the same artist created again a Lessing monument, which came first on the Morzin square and 1981 on the original site.
Since 2000, the place is a unique ensemble of remembering with the memorial by Rachel Whiteread for the 65,000 Austrian victims of the Shoah. 1995 the foundations of the in 1420 destroyed synagogue were excavated which now with finds constitute a part of the branch of the Jewish Museum Vienna. A computer-animated walk leads into one of the largest Jewish communities in Europe which existed here in the early 15th century. Another room is dedicated to the Shoah documentation.
Der Judenplatz, Wien 1, bildete im Mittelalter unter dem Namen „Schulhof“ den Mittelpunkt der einstigen Judenstadt, die sich neben dem Herzogshof erstreckte. Sie war durch vier Tore von der übrigen Stadt abgeschlossen. Hier befanden sich Schule, Badestube, Synagoge und das Haus des Rabbiners. Die Schule war eine der bedeutendsten des deutschen Sprachraums. Die Gemeinde bestand ab etwa 1190 bis zur Wiener Geserah im Jahre 1421.
Das aus dem 15. Jahrhundert stammende Jordanhaus, Nr. 2, trägt ein spätgotisches Relief mit der Darstellung der Taufe Jesu im Jordan. Dieses ist nicht nur eine Anspielung auf den Namen des Hausbesitzers, Jörg Jordan, sondern auch auf die Wiener Geserah, die der beigefügte Text gut heißt. Auf Initiative von Kardinal Christoph Schönborn stiftete die Erzdiözese Wien eine Gedenktafel, die Kardinal Franz König am 29. Oktober 1998 enthüllte. Ihr Text lautet: „Kiddusch HaSchem“ heißt „Heiligung Gottes“ Mit diesem Bewußtsein wählten Juden Wiens in der Synagoge hier am Judenplatz — dem Zentrum einer bedeutenden jüdischen Gemeinde — zur Zeit der Verfolgung 1420/21 den Freitod, um einer von ihnen befürchteten Zwangstaufe zu entgehen. Andere, etwa 200, wurden in Erdberg auf dem Scheiterhaufen lebendig verbrannt. Christliche Prediger dieser Zeit verbreiteten abergläubische judenfeindliche Vorstellungen und hetzten somit gegen die Juden und ihren Glauben. So beeinflusst nahmen Christen in Wien dies widerstandslos hin, billigten es und wurden zu Tätern. Somit war die Auflösung der Wiener Judenstadt 1421 schon ein drohendes Vorzeichen für das, was europaweit in unserem Jahrhundert während der nationalsozialistischen Zwangsherrschaft geschah. Mittelalterliche Päpste wandten sich erfolglos gegen den judenfeindlichen Aberglauben, und einzelne Gläubige kämpften erfolglos gegen den Rassenhaß der Nationalsozialisten. Aber es waren derer zu wenige. Heute bereut die Christenheit ihre Mitschuld an den Judenverfolgungen und erkennt ihr Versagen. „Heiligung Gottes“ kann heute für die Christen nur heißen: Bitte um Vergebung und Hoffnung auf Gottes Heil. 29. Oktober 1998
Schon 1910 bestand der Plan, dem Dichter der Aufklärung Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781), der in seinem Stück „Nathan der Weise“hat Lessing der interkonfessionellen Toleranz ein literarisches Denkmal gesetzt hat, hier mit einem Standbild zu ehren. 1935 wurde eine Plastik von Siegfried Charoux enthüllt, doch schon vier Jahre später entfernt und 1940 für Rüstungszwecke eingeschmolzen. 1968 schuf der selbe Künstler wieder ein Lessing-Denkmal, das zunächst auf den Morzinplatz und 1981 an den ursprünglichen Aufstellungsort kam.
Seit 2000 ist der Platz ein einzigartiges Ensemble des Erinnerns mit dem Mahnmal von Rachel Whiteread für die 65.000 österreichischen Opfer der Schoa. 1995 wurden die Fundamente der 1420 zerstörten Synagoge ergraben, die nun mit Funden einen Teil der Außenstelle des Jüdischen Museums Wien ausmachen. Ein computeranimierter Spaziergang führt in eine der größten jüdischen Gemeinden Europas, die Anfang des 15. Jahrhundert hier bestand. Ein weiterer Raum ist der Schoa-Dokumentation gewidmet.
austria-forum.org/af/Wissenssammlungen/Schicksalsorte/Jud...
Form from line on large glass of chanel storefront. - Uploaded with a demo version of FlickrExport 2.
Dahlia (UK /deɪliə/ or US /dɑːliə/) is a genus of bushy, tuberous, herbaceous perennial plants native to Mexico. A member of the Asteraceae (or Compositae), dicotyledonous plants, related species include the sunflower, daisy, chrysanthemum, and zinnia. There are 42 species of dahlia, with hybrids commonly grown as garden plants. Flower forms are variable, with one head per stem; these can be as small as 5.1 cm diameter or up to 30 cm ("dinner plate"). This great variety results from dahlias being octoploids—that is, they have eight sets of homologous chromosomes, whereas most plants have only two. In addition, dahlias also contain many transposons - genetic pieces that move from place to place upon an allele - which contributes to their manifesting such great diversity.
The stems are leafy, ranging in height from as low as 30 cm to more than 1.8–2.4 m. The majority of species do not produce scented flowers or cultivars. Like most plants that do not attract pollinating insects through scent, they are brightly colored, displaying most hues, with the exception of blue.
The dahlia was declared the national flower of Mexico in 1963. The tubers were grown as a food crop by the Aztecs, but this use largely died out after the Spanish Conquest. Attempts to introduce the tubers as a food crop in Europe were unsuccessful.
DESCRIPTION
Perennial plants, with mostly tuberous roots. While some have herbaceous stems, others have stems which lignify in the absence of secondary tissue and resprout following winter dormancy, allowing further seasons of growth. as a member of the Asteraceae the flower head is actually a composite (hence the older name Compositae) with both central disc florets and surrounding ray florets. Each floret is a flower in its own right, but is often incorrectly described as a petal, particularly by horticulturalists. The modern mame Asteraceae refers to the appearance of a star with surrounding rays.
TAXONOMY
HISTORY
EARLY HISTORY
Spaniards reported finding the plants growing in Mexico in 1525, but the earliest known description is by Francisco Hernández, physician to Philip II, who was ordered to visit Mexico in 1570 to study the "natural products of that country". They were used as a source of food by the indigenous peoples, and were both gathered in the wild and cultivated. The Aztecs used them to treat epilepsy, and employed the long hollow stem of the (Dahlia imperalis) for water pipes. The indigenous peoples variously identified the plants as "Chichipatl" (Toltecs) and "Acocotle" or "Cocoxochitl" (Aztecs). From Hernandez' perception of Aztec, to Spanish, through various other translations, the word is "water cane", "water pipe", "water pipe flower", "hollow stem flower" and "cane flower". All these refer to the hollowness of the plants' stem.Hernandez described two varieties of dahlias (the pinwheel-like Dahlia pinnata and the huge Dahlia imperialis) as well as other medicinal plants of New Spain. Francisco Dominguez, a Hidalgo gentleman who accompanied Hernandez on part of his seven-year study, made a series of drawings to supplement the four volume report. Three of his drawings showed plants with flowers: two resembled the modern bedding dahlia, and one resembled the species Dahlia merki; all displayed a high degree of doubleness. In 1578 the manuscript, entitled Nova Plantarum, Animalium et Mineralium Mexicanorum Historia, was sent back to the Escorial in Madrid; they were not translated into Latin by Francisco Ximenes until 1615. In 1640, Francisco Cesi, President of the Academia Linei of Rome, bought the Ximenes translation, and after annotating it, published it in 1649-1651 in two volumes as Rerum Medicarum Novae Hispaniae Thesaurus Seu Nova Plantarium, Animalium et Mineraliuím Mexicanorum Historia. The original manuscripts were destroyed in a fire in the mid-1600s.
EUROPEAN INTRODUCTION
In 1787, the French botanist Nicolas-Joseph Thiéry de Menonville, sent to Mexico to steal the cochineal insect valued for its scarlet dye, reported the strangely beautiful flowers he had seen growing in a garden in Oaxaca. In 1789, Vicente Cervantes, Director of the Botanical Garden at Mexico City, sent "plant parts" to Abbe Antonio José Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid. Cavanilles flowered one plant that same year, then the second one a year later. In 1791 he called the new growths "Dahlia" for Anders Dahl. The first plant was called Dahlia pinnata after its pinnate foliage; the second, Dahlia rosea for its rose-purple color. In 1796 Cavanilles flowered a third plant from the parts sent by Cervantes, which he named Dahlia coccinea for its scarlet color.In 1798, Cavanilles sent D. Pinnata seeds to Parma, Italy. That year, the Marchioness of Bute, wife of The Earl of Bute, the English Ambassador to Spain, obtained a few seeds from Cavanilles and sent them to Kew Gardens, where they flowered but were lost after two to three years. In the following years Madrid sent seeds to Berlin and Dresden in Germany, and to Turin and Thiene in Italy. In 1802, Cavanilles sent tubers of "these three" (D. pinnata, D. rosea, D. coccinea) to Swiss botanist Augustin Pyramus de Candolle at University of Montpelier in France, Andre Thouin at the Jardin des Plantes in Paris and Scottish botanist William Aiton at Kew Gardens. That same year, John Fraser, English nurseryman and later botanical collector to the Czar of Russia, brought D. coccinea seeds from Paris to the Apothecaries Gardens in England, where they flowered in his greenhouse a year later, providing Botanical Magazine with an illustration.In 1804, a new species, Dahlia sambucifolia, was successfully grown at Holland House, Kensington. Whilst in Madrid in 1804, Lady Holland was given either dahlia seeds or tubers by Cavanilles. She sent them back to England, to Lord Holland's librarian Mr Buonaiuti at Holland House, who successfully raised the plants. A year later, Buonaiuti produced two double flowers. The plants raised in 1804 did not survive; new stock was brought from France in 1815. In 1824, Lord Holland sent his wife a note containing the following verse:
"The dahlia you brought to our isle
Your praises for ever shall speak;
Mid gardens as sweet as your smile,
And in colour as bright as your cheek."
In 1805, German naturalist Alexander von Humboldt sent more seeds from Mexico to Aiton in England, Thouin in Paris, and Christoph Friedrich Otto, director of the Berlin Botanical Garden. More significantly, he sent seeds to botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow in Germany. Willdenow now reclassified the rapidly growing number of species, changing the genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi. He combined the Cavanilles species D. pinnata and D. rosea under the name of Georgina variabilis; D. coccinea was still held to be a separate species, which he renamed Georgina coccinea.
CLASSIFICATION
Since 1789 when Cavanilles first flowered the dahlia in Europe, there has been an ongoing effort by many growers, botanists and taxonomists, to determine the development of the dahlia to modern times. At least 85 species have been reported: approximately 25 of these were first reported from the wild, the remainder appeared in gardens in Europe. They were considered hybrids, the results of crossing between previously reported species, or developed from the seeds sent by Humboldt from Mexico in 1805, or perhaps from some other undocumented seeds that had found their way to Europe. Several of these were soon discovered to be identical with earlier reported species, but the greatest number are new varieties. Morphological variation is highly pronounced in the dahlia. William John Cooper Lawrence, who hybridized hundreds of families of dahlias in the 1920s, stated: "I have not yet seen any two plants in the families I have raised which were not to be distinguished one from the other. Constant reclassification of the 85 reported species has resulted in a considerably smaller number of distinct species, as there is a great deal of disagreement today between systematists over classification.
In 1829, all species growing in Europe were reclassified under an all-encompassing name of D. variabilis, Desf., though this is not an accepted name. Through the interspecies cross of the Humboldt seeds and the Cavanilles species, 22 new species were reported by that year, all of which had been classified in different ways by several different taxonomists, creating considerable confusion as to which species was which.
In 1830 William Smith suggested that all dahlia species could be divided into two groups for color, red-tinged and purple-tinged. In investigating this idea Lawrence determined that with the exception of D. variabilis, all dahlia species may be assigned to one of two groups for flower-colour: Group I (ivory-magenta) or Group II (yellow-orange-scarlet).
CIRCUMSCRIPTION
The genus Dahlia is situated in the Asteroideae subfamily of the Asteraceae, in the Coreopsideae tribe. Within that tribe it is the second largest genus, after Coreopsis, and appears as a well defined clade within the Coreopsideae.
SUBDIVISION
INFRAGENERIC SUBDIVISION
Sherff (1955), in the first modern taxonomy described three sections for the 18 species he recognised, Pseudodendron, Epiphytum and Dahlia. By 1969 Sørensen recognised 29 species and four sections by splitting off Entemophyllon from section Dahlia. By contrast Giannasi (1975) using a phytochemical analysis based on flavonoids, reduced the genus to just two sections, Entemophyllon and Dahlia, the latter having three subsections, Pseudodendron, Dahlia, and Merckii. Sørensen then issued a further revision in 1980, incorporating subsection Merckii in his original section Dahlia. When he described two new species in the 1980s (Dahlia tubulata and D. congestifolia), he placed them within his existing sections. A further species, Dahlia sorensenii was added by Hansen and Hjerting in (1996). At the same time they demonstrated that Dahlia pinnata should more properly be designated D. x pinnata. D. x pinnata was shown to actually be a variant of D. sorensenii that had acquired hybrid qualities before it was introduced to Europe in the sixteenth century and formally named by Cavanilles. The original wild D. pinnata is presumed extinct. Further species continue to be described, Saar (2003) describing 35 species. However separation of the sections on morphological, cytologal and biocemical criteria has not been entirely satisfactory.
To date these sectional divisions have not been fully supported phylogenetically, which demonstrate only section Entemophyllon as a distinct sectional clade. The other major grouping is the Core Dahlia Clade (CDC), which includes most of section Dahlia. The remainder of the species occupy what has been described as the Variable Root Clade (VRC) which includes the small section Pseudodendron but also the monotypic section Epiphytum and a number of species from within section Dahlia. Outside of these three clades lie D. tubulata and D. merckii as a polytomy.
Horticulturally the sections retain some usage, section Pseudodendron being referred to as 'Tree Dahlias', Epiphytum as the 'Vine Dahlia'. The remaining two herbaceous sections being distinguished by their pinnules, opposing (Dahlia) or alternating (Entemophyllon).
SECTIONS
Sections (including chromosome numbers), with geographical distribution;
- Epiphytum Sherff (2n = 32)
10 m tall climber with aerial roots 5 cm thick and up to more than 20 m long; pinnules opposite
1 species, D. macdougallii Sherff
Mexico: Oaxaca
- Entemophyllon P. D. Sorensen (2n = 34)
6 species
Mexico: Hidalgo, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, Querétaro, Durango, San Luis Potosí
- Pseudodendron P. D. Sorensen (2n = 32)
3 species + D. excelsa of uncertain identity
Mexico: Chiapas, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Oaxaca, and
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala & Colombia
- Dahlia (2n = 32, 36 or 64)
24 species
Mexico: Distrito Federal, Guerrero, Hidalgo, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, San Luis Potosí, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Puebla, Chiapas, México, Huehuetenango, Chihuahua, Durango, Michoacan & Guatemala
Only Pseudodendron (D. imperialis) and Dahlia (D. australis, D. coccinea) occur outside Mexico.
SPECIES
There are currently 42 accepted species in the Dahlia genus, but new species continue to be described.
ETYMOLOGY
The naming of the plant itself has long been a subject of some confusion. Many sources state that the name "Dahlia" was bestowed by the pioneering Swedish botanist and taxonomist Carl Linnaeus to honor his late student, Anders Dahl, author of Observationes Botanicae. However, Linnaeus died in 1778, more than eleven years before the plant was introduced into Europe in 1789, so while it is generally agreed that the plant was named in 1791 in honor of Dahl, who had died two years before, Linnaeus could not have been the one who did so. It was probably Abbe Antonio Jose Cavanilles, Director of the Royal Gardens of Madrid, who should be credited with the attempt to scientifically define the genus, since he not only received the first specimens from Mexico in 1789, but named the first three species that flowered from the cuttings.
Regardless of who bestowed it, the name was not so easily established. In 1805, German botanist Carl Ludwig Willdenow, asserting that the genus Dahlia Thunb. (published a year after Cavanilles's genus and now considered a synonym of Trichocladus) was more widely accepted, changed the plants' genus from Dahlia to Georgina; after the German-born naturalist Johann Gottlieb Georgi, a professor at the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg, Russia. He also reclassified and renamed the first three species grown, and identified, by Cavanilles. It was not until 1810, in a published article, that he officially adopted the Cavanilles' original designation of Dahlia. However, the name Georgina still persisted in Germany for the next few decades.
"Dahl" is a homophone of the Swedish word "dal", or "valley"; although it is not a true translation, the plant is sometimes referred to as the "valley flower".
DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT
Predominantly Mexico, but some species are found ranging as far south as northern South America. D. australis occurs at least as far south as southwestern Guatemala, while D. coccinea and D. imperialis also occur in parts of Central America and northern South America. Dahlia is a genus of the uplands and mountains, being found at elevations between 1,500 and 3,700 meters, in what has been described as a "pine-oak woodland" vegetative zone. Most species have limited ranges scattered throughout many mountain ranges in Mexico.
ECOLOGY
The commonest pollinators are bees and small beetles.
PESTS AND DISEASES
Slugs and snails are serious pests in some parts of the world, particularly in spring when new growth is emerging through the soil. Earwigs can also disfigure the blooms. The other main pests likely to be encountered are aphids (usually on young stems and immature flower buds), red spider mite (causing foliage mottling and discolouration, worse in hot and dry conditions) and capsid bugs (resulting in contortion and holes at growing tips). Diseases affecting dahlias include powdery mildew, grey mould (Botrytis cinerea), verticillium wilt, dahlia smut (Entyloma calendulae f. dahliae), phytophthora and some plant viruses. Dahlias are a source of food for the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including Angle Shades, Common Swift, Ghost Moth and Large Yellow Underwing.
CULTIVATION
Dahlias grow naturally in climates which do not experience frost (the tubers are hardy to USDA Zone 8), consequently they are not adapted to withstand sub-zero temperatures. However, their tuberous nature enables them to survive periods of dormancy, and this characteristic means that gardeners in temperate climates with frosts can grow dahlias successfully, provided the tubers are lifted from the ground and stored in cool yet frost-free conditions during the winter. Planting the tubers quite deep (10 – 15 cm) also provides some protection. When in active growth, modern dahlia hybrids perform most successfully in well-watered yet free-draining soils, in situations receiving plenty of sunlight. Taller cultivars usually require some form of staking as they grow, and all garden dahlias need deadheading regularly, once flowering commences.
HORTICURAL CLASSIFICATION
HISTORY
The inappropriate term D. variabilis is often used to describe the cultivars of Dahlia since the correct parentage remains obscure, but probably involves Dahlia coccinea. In 1846 the Caledonia Horticultural Society of Edinburgh offered a prize of 2,000 pounds to the first person succeeding in producing a blue dahlia. This has to date not been accomplished. While dahlias produce anthocyanin, an element necessary for the production of the blue, to achieve a true blue color in a plant, the anthocyanin delphinidin needs six hydroxyl groups. To date dahlias have only developed five, so the closest that breeders have come to achieving a "blue" specimen are variations of mauve, purples and lilac hues.
By the beginning of the twentieth century a number of different types were recognised. These terms were based on shape or colour, and the National Dahlia Society included cactus, pompon, single, show and fancy in its 1904 guide. Many national societies developed their own classification systems until 1962 when the International Horticultural Congress agreed to develop an internationally recognised system at it Brussels meeting that year, and subsequently in Maryland in 1966. This culminated in the 1969 publication of The International Register of Dahlia Names by the Royal Horticultural Society which became the central registering authority.
This system depended primarily on the visibility of the central disc, whether it was open centred or whether only ray florets were apparent centrally (double bloom). The double bloom cultivars were then subdivided according to the way in which they were folded along their longitudinal axis, flat, involute (curled inwards) or revolute (curling backwards). If the end of the ray floret was split, they were considered fimbriated. Based on these characteristics, nine groups were defined plua a tenth miscellaneous group for any cultivars not fitting the above characteristics. Fimbriated dahlias were added in 2004, and two further groups (Single and Double orchid) in 2007. The last group to be added, Peony, first appeared in 2012.
In many cases the bloom diametre was then used to further label certain groups from miniature through to giant. This practice was abandoned in 2012.
MODERN SYSTEM (RHS)
There are now more than 57,000 registered cultivars, which are officially registered through the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). The official register is The International Register of Dahlia Names 1969 (1995 reprint) which is updated by annual supplements. The original 1969 registry published about 14,000 cultivars adding a further 1700 by 1986 and in 2003 there were 18,000. Since then about a hundred new cultivars are added annually.
FLOWER TYPE
The official RHS classification lists fourteen groups, grouped by flower type, together with the abbreviations used by the RHS;
Group 1 – Single-flowered dahlias (Sin) — Flower has a central disc with a single outer ring of florets (which may overlap) encircling it, and which may be rounded or pointed.
Group 2 – Anemone-flowered dahlias (Anem) — The centre of the flower consists of dense elongated tubular florets, longer than the disc florets of Single dahlias, while the outer parts have one or more rings of flatter ray florets. Disc absent.
Group 3 – Collerette dahlias (Col) — Large flat florets forming a single outer ring around a central disc and which may overlap a smaller circle of florets closer to the centre, which have the appearance of a collar.
Group 4 – Waterlily dahlias (WL) — Double blooms, broad sparse curved, slightly curved or flat florets and very shallow in depth compared with other dahlias. Depth less than half the diameter of the bloom. Group 5 – Decorative dahlias (D) — Double blooms, ray florets broad, flat, involute no more than seventy five per cent of the longitudinal axis, slightly twisted and usually bluntly pointed. No visible central disc.
Group 6 – Ball dahlias (Ba)— Double blooms that are ball shaped or slightly flattened. Ray florets blunt or rounded at the tips, margins arranged spirally, involute for at least seventy five percent of the length of the florets. Larger than Pompons.
Group 7 – Pompon dahlias (Pom) — Double spherical miniature flowers made up entirely from florets that are curved inwards (involute) for their entire length (longitudinal axis), resembling a pompon.
Group 8 – Cactus dahlias (C) — Double blooms, ray florets pointed, with majority revolute (rolled) over more than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis, and straight or incurved. Narrower than Semi cactus.
Group 9 – Semi cactus dahlias (S–c)— Double blooms, very pointed ray florets, revolute for greater than twenty five percent and less than fifty percent of their longitudinal axis. Broad at the base and straight or incurved, almost spiky in appearance.
Group 10 – Miscellaneous dahlias (Misc) — not described in any other group.
Group 11 – Fimbriated dahlias (Fim) — ray florets evenly split or notched into two or more divisions, uniformly throughout the bloom, creating a fimbriated (fringed) effect. The petals may be flat, involute, revolute, straight, incurving or twisted.
Group 12 – Single Orchid (Star) dahlias (SinO) — single outer ring of florets surround a central disc. The ray florets are either involute or revolute.
Group 13 – Double Orchid dahlias (DblO) — Double blooms with triangular centres. The ray florets are narrowly lanceolate and are either involute or revolute. The central disc is absent.
Group 14 – Peony-flowered dahlias (P) — Large flowers with three or four rows of rays that are flattened and expanded and arranged irregularly. The rays surround a golden disc similar to that of Single dahlias.
FLOWER SIZE
Earlier versions of the registry subdivided some groups by flower size. Groups 4, 5, 8 and 9 were divided into five subgroups (A to E) from Giant to Miniature, and Group 6 into two subgroups, Small and Miniature. Dahlias were then described by Group and Subgroup, e.g. 5(d) ‘Ace Summer Sunset’. Some Dahlia Societies have continued this practice, but this is neither official nor standardised. As of 2013 The RHS uses two size descriptors
Dwarf Bedder (Dw.B.) — not usually exceeding 600 mm in height, e.g. 'Preston Park' (Sin/DwB)
Lilliput dahlias (Lil) — not usually exceeding 300 mm in height, with single, semi-double or double florets up to 26 mm in diameter. ("baby" or "top-mix" dahlias), e.g. 'Harvest Tiny Tot' (Misc/Lil)
Sizes can range from tiny micro dahlias with flowers less than 50mm to giants that are over 250mm in diameter. The groupings listed here are from the New Zealand Society.
Giant flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter of over 250mm.
Large flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 200mm-250mm.
Medium flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 155mm-200mm.
Small flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 115mm-155mm.
Miniature flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter between 50mm-115mm.
Pompom flowered cultivars have blooms with a diameter less than 50mm.
In addition to the official classification and the terminology used by various dahlia societies, individual horticulturalists use a wide range of other descriptions, such as 'Incurved' and abbreviations in their catalogues, such as CO for Collarette.
BRANDING
Some plant growers include their brand name in the cultivar name. Thus Fides (part of the Dümmen Orange Group) in the Netherlands developed a series of cultivars which they named the Dahlinova Series, for example Dahlinova 'Carolina Burgundy'. These are Group 10 Miscellaneous in the RHS classification scheme.
DOUBLE DAHLIAS
In 1805, several new species were reported with red, purple, lilac, and pale yellow coloring, and the first true double flower was produced in Belgium. One of the more popular concepts of dahlia history, and the basis for many different interpretations and confusion, is that all the original discoveries were single flowered types, which, through hybridization and selective breeding, produced double forms. Many of the species of dahlias then, and now, have single flowered blooms. coccinea, the third dahlia to bloom in Europe, was a single. But two of the three drawings of dahlias by Dominguez, made in Mexico between 1570–77, showed definite characteristics of doubling. In the early days of the dahlia in Europe, the word "double" simply designated flowers with more than one row of petals. The greatest effort was now directed to developing improved types of double dahlias.
During the years 1805 to 1810 several people claimed to have produced a double dahlia. In 1805 Henry C. Andrews made a drawing of such a plant in the collection of Lady Holland, grown from seedlings sent that year from Madrid. Like other doubles of the time it did not resemble the doubles of today. The first modern double, or full double, appeared in Belgium; M. Donckelaar, Director of the Botanic Garden at Louvain, selected plants for that characteristic, and within a few years secured three fully double forms. By 1826 double varieties were being grown almost exclusively, and there was very little interest in the single forms. Up to this time all the so-called double dahlias had been purple, or tinged with purple, and it was doubted if a variety untinged with that color was obtainable.
In 1843, scented single forms of dahlias were first reported in Neu Verbass, Austria. D. crocea, a fragrant variety grown from one of the Humboldt seeds, was probably interbred with the single D. coccinea. A new scented species would not be introduced until the next century when the D. coronata was brought from Mexico to Germany in 1907.
The exact date the dahlia was introduced in the United States is uncertain. One of the first Dahlias in the USA may be the D. coccinea speciosissima grown by Mr William Leathe, of Cambridgeport, near Boston, around 1929. According to Edward Sayers "it attracted much admiration, and at that time was considered a very elegant flower, it was however soon eclipsed by that splendid scarlet, the Countess of Liverpool". However 9 cultivars were already listed in the catalog from Thornburn, 1825. And even earlier reference can be found in a catalogue from the Linnaean Botanical Garden, New York, 1820, that includes one scarlet, one purple, and two double orange Dahlias for sale.
Sayers stated that "No person has done more for the introduction and advancement of the culture of the Dahlia than George C. Thorburn, of New York, who yearly flowers many thousand plants at his place at Hallet's Cove, near Harlaem. The show there in the flowering season is a rich treat for the lovers of floriculture : for almost every variety can be seen growing in two large blocks or masses which lead from the road to the dwelling-house, and form a complete field of the Dahlia as a foreground to the house. Mr T. Hogg, Mr William Read, and many other well known florists, have also contributed much in the vicinity of New York, to the introduction of the Dahlia. Indeed so general has become the taste that almost every garden has its show of the Dahlia in the season." In Boston too there were many collections, a collection from the Messrs Hovey of Cambridgeport was also mentioned.
In 1835 Thomas Bridgeman, published a list of 160 double dahlias in his Florist's Guide. 60 of the choicest were supplied by Mr. G. C. Thornburn of Astoria, N.Y. who got most of them from contacts in the UK. Not a few of them had taken prices "at the English and American exhibitions".
"STARS OF DEVIL"
In 1872 J.T. van der Berg of Utrecht in the Netherlands, received a shipment of seeds and plants from a friend in Mexico. The entire shipment was badly rotted and appeared to be ruined, but van der Berg examined it carefully and found a small piece of root that seemed alive. He planted and carefully tended it; it grew into a plant that he identified as a dahlia. He made cuttings from the plant during the winter of 1872-1873. This was an entirely different type of flower, with a rich, red color and a high degree of doubling. In 1874 van der Berg catalogued it for sale, calling it Dahlia juarezii to honor Mexican President Benito Pablo Juarez, who had died the year before, and described it as "...equal to the beautiful color of the red poppy. Its form is very outstanding and different in every respect of all known dahlia flowers.".
This plant has perhaps had a greater influence on the popularity of the modern dahlia than any other. Called "Les Etoiles de Diable" (Stars of the Devil) in France and "Cactus dahlia" elsewhere, the edges of its petals rolled backwards, rather than forward, and this new form revolutionized the dahlia world. It was thought to be a distinct mutation since no other plant that resembled it could be found in the wild. Today it is assumed that D. juarezii had, at one time, existed in Mexico and subsequently disappeared. Nurserymen in Europe crossbred this plant with dahlias discovered earlier; the results became the progenitors of all modern dahlia hybrids today.
AWARD OF GARDEN MERIT (RHS)
As of 2015, 124 dahlia cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:
"Bednall beauty"
"Bishop of Llandaff"
"Clair de lune"
"David Howard"
"Ellen Huston"
"Fascination"
"Gallery art deco"
"Gallery Art Nouveau"
"Glorie van Heemstede"
"Honka"
"Moonfire"
"Twyning's After Eight"
USES
FLORICULTURE
The asterid eudicots contain two economically important geophyte genera, Dahlia and Liatris. Horticulturally the garden dahlia is usually treated as the cultigen D. variabilis Hort., which while being responsible for thousands of cultivars has an obscure taxonomic status.
OTHER
Today the dahlia is still considered one of the native ingredients in Oaxacan cuisine; several cultivars are still grown especially for their large, sweet potato-like tubers. Dacopa, an intense mocha-tasting extract from the roasted tubers, is used to flavor beverages throughout Central America.
In Europe and America, prior to the discovery of insulin in 1923, diabetics - as well as consumptives - were often given a substance called Atlantic starch or diabetic sugar, derived from inulin, a naturally occurring form of fruit sugar, extracted from dahlia tubers. Inulin is still used in clinical tests for kidney functionality.
WIKIPEDIA
This image forms part of the digitised photographs of the Ross and Pat Craig Collection. Ross Craig (1926-2012) was a local historian born in Stockton and dedicated much of his life promoting and conserving the history of Stockton, NSW. He possessed a wealth of knowledge about the suburb and was a founding member of the Stockton Historical Society and co-editor of its magazine. Pat Craig supported her husband’s passion for history, and together they made a great contribution to the Stockton and Newcastle communities. We thank the Craig Family and Stockton Historical Society who have kindly given Cultural Collections at the University of Newcastle, NSW, Australia, access to the collection and allowed us to publish the images. Thanks also to Vera Deacon for her liaison in attaining this important collection.
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This is the form "lid" showing the layers that make up the rough parabolic shape. Since this is a negative mold, the parabola bulges out, not in. In order to reduce the amount of material removed during the turning process, a very rough parabolic shape was constructed with layers of material. Look closely at the top edge on the left side: I have added a parabolic curve to demonstrate where the actual surface will be once the cutting process is finished.
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