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Used by the Trujillo regime as one of many tools to torture, terrorize, and control his opposition.. This was one of the many tactis used by the regime, along with improsnment, brutal beatings, and killing of the accused family. Trujillo known for his ruthless tactics in his later years as dictator, used the electrical chair as an object to terrify the public and anyone who goes on his opposition. Trujillo was known for sitting in many of the electrecuations and invited press so that the country would know he is serious buissiness. Trujillo also at time gave punishment similar to this to his own men and his own regime so that any person in the regime would know not to go against him. The dictator showed no mercy. In his early years as ruler of the small Island Trujillo was known as a person who would take the country away from poverty and restore it to economical greatness. His ruthless acts began as soon as the country saw no need for him to be in power and his approval ratings soon went to a downward spiral. His fear of loosing his power sparked murders, rapes, beatings, and various unreasobable inprisonments.
Espaillat, Arturo R.. Trujillo: The Last Caesar. Chicago. IL: H. Regnery Co, 1963.
Picture taken by Otto Piron
for more Information visit en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Le%c3%b3nidas_Trujillo
concrete section of the footbridge spanning the vehicular approach road to the don valley parkway.
and, more good news for the sane and decent people of toronto - another complaint has been filed with the city's integrity commissioner, janet leiper, over the only-temporary mayor's newest ethical and financial transgression. ms. leiper, it should be noted, is possibly lacking the fortitude required to smack the fraud in the manner he deserves, but hope springs eternal.
as mentioned previously, dumbass the soon-to-be-fired mayor managed to screw up reading vital documents meant to help him do his job properly.
in today's inbred etobicoke hillbilly news, we learn that he's been illegally allocating resources to his own personal pet projects, diverting money and time on the clock (his own and that of hired helpers, so it's all paid for by residents of the city, of course) to the sports team where he grooms new punching bags to replace his wife. remember all that gravy that this malignant bigot crowed about when he began his slow waddle for mayor? there it is, all in one greasy bucket, and being consumed by the lying, thieving, myopic shitbag for whom 350 000 morons voted. this alone should be grounds for dismissal, though i'd settle for a public execution, incineration of the corpse and sterilisation of the entire bloodline.
in most of the places i've worked and volunteered, i have to read the conflict of interest agreements, answer questiuons that show my understanding of these documents, and sign a statement swearing that i will abide by them, under penalty of dismissal and potential legal action against me by my employers. it's odd that the city does not or would not have similar measures in place - would anyone who works for the city care to comment? i'd also be terminated if my employers discovered that while i was on their clock, i decided to fuck off and coach a game of steroid handegg or any other damned thing that wasn't expressly part of my job description, not to mention complicating matters by stealing resources in the form of other employees to assist me in cheating my bosses.
this fuckhead is our employee - it's time he was fired and imprisoned.
Capt. Jalal Kasaouati of the Moroccan Army (in HAZMAT suit) shakes hands with Richard Brooks III, director of the Cecil County, Md., Department of Emergency Services, during a tour of CBRNE response facilities, Nov. 17, 2010.
Photo by Karen Cieslewicz
U.S. Army Africa’s Command Surgeon office conducted a familiarization visit for two Moroccan military medical officers to Fort Detrick, Md., and several nearby sites Nov. 14-19.
Lt. Col. Mohamed El Haouri and Capt. Jalal Kasouati were able to visit the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases at Fort Detrick and a number of other facilities in the Washington, D.C., and Baltimore areas, said Maj. Kristin Agresta, who led the tour for the two visiting officers.
“The Moroccan Army is trying to build up their CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear and Explosives) response capabilities and expand them,” said Agresta. “They are also interested in other models for this, as they follow the French model in most aspects of their government and military.”
“It’s a way of doing it — not the way,” said U.S. Army Africa Command Surgeon, Col. Alfonso Alarcon. “It’s a system they can model after, an example of an incident command center. It’s in line with building their capacity to deal with disasters and incidents that include CBRNE.”
“Morocco is currently developing a BSL-3 (Bio-Safety Level 3) lab,” said Agresta. “There was also discussion of the diseases studied here and that the focus is on treatment and vaccine protocols. The security in use was impressive for them.”
“We’re responding to their needs and strategy to build their medical capacity and institutions at their request. It is part of a sustained engagement,” Alarcon said.
The visitors toured a number of civilian sites as well as the Army research center.
“We showed them the capabilities of a small community hospital with Level 2-3 capabilities and what they are expected to do in an emergency,” said Agresta. “This was their first real look at Incident Command Center terminology and breakdown. They were shown what came about after 9-11, but even more so after Hurricane Katrina, and the need for coordination and interoperability between the facilities throughout a city, county, state, country . . . and with other rescue entities, such as police, rescue and others.”
Both visitors were very favorably impressed, said Agresta.
“Despite all the issues that we had before the execution of this event, this one ended up being among the best events that we have executed,” said Youssef Zinoun of the U.S. Embassy Morocco’s Office of Security Cooperation, who accompanied El Haouri and Kasouati.
“The level of contact that U.S. Army Africa gave the Moroccan medical officers access to is second to none. I think this event will open new cooperation possibilities and future familiarization and traveling contact team events to ensure relations and contacts are kept current,” he said.
To learn more about U.S. Army Africa visit our official website at www.usaraf.army.mil
Official Twitter Feed: www.twitter.com/usarmyafrica
Official YouTube video channel: www.youtube.com/usarmyafrica
Delhi, commemoration of the Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur
Guru Tegh Bahadur (1 April 1621 – 24 November 1675), revered as the ninth Nanak, was the ninth of ten Gurus (Prophets) of the Sikh religion. Guru Tegh Bahadur carried forward the light of sanctity and divinity of the first Sikh Guru, Guru Nanak; his spiritual revelations dealing with varied themes such as the nature of God, human attachments, body, mind, sorrow, dignity, service, death and deliverance, are registered in the form of 115 poetic hymns in the sacred text Guru Granth Sahib.
Although a Guru of the Sikhs, Guru Tegh Bahadur was approached by Hindu Pandits from Kashmir in 1675, to seek his intercession against the forced conversions of Hindus to Islam by the Mughal rulers of India. For resisting these forced conversions and for himself refusing to convert to Islam, Guru Teg Bahadur was publicly executed via beheading at the imperial capital Delhi on the orders of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Along with Guru Teg Bahadur, three other Sikhs, Bhai Mati Das, Bhai Sati Das and Bhai Dayala, were also executed. Owing to this sacrifice, Guru Tegh Bahadur is revered as Hind-di-Chaadar (shield of Hind(India)). Gurudwara Sis Ganj Sahib and Gurdwara Rakab Ganj Sahib in Delhi mark the places of execution and cremation of the Guru's body.
(source: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur)
E. H. Wilson: Criminals awaiting execution, 1899-1910. Tied to a cross-shaped frame, two criminals wait to be moved to the scene of their death. The queue was passed through a hole in the top of the vertical post to keep the body in position, and a rope around the neck was twisted until strangulation occurred.
Source: The Face of China As Seen by Photographers & Travelers 1860-1912, p. 38
Series of 6 postcards illustrating the death of Edith Cavell during World War 1.
Edith Louisa Cavell (4 December 1865 – 12 October 1915) was a British nurse. She is celebrated for saving the lives of soldiers from both sides without discrimination and in helping some 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Belgium during the First World War, for which she was arrested. She was subsequently court-martialled, found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Despite international pressure for mercy, she was shot by a German firing squad. Her execution received worldwide condemnation and extensive press coverage.
Ticket To The Execution of Victor Forunier & Edward LaBelle YUKON TERRITORY, CANADA 1903.
IF YOU HAVE ANY SIMILAR MATERIAL FOR SALE, PLEASE CONTACT ME! I BUY!
Series of 6 postcards illustrating the death of Edith Cavell during World War 1.
Edith Louisa Cavell (4 December 1865 – 12 October 1915) was a British nurse. She is celebrated for saving the lives of soldiers from both sides without discrimination and in helping some 200 Allied soldiers escape from German-occupied Belgium during the First World War, for which she was arrested. She was subsequently court-martialled, found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Despite international pressure for mercy, she was shot by a German firing squad. Her execution received worldwide condemnation and extensive press coverage.
Hergé, de son vrai nom Georges Prosper Remi (né le 22 mai 1907 à Etterbeek et mort le 3 mars 1983 à Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, en Belgique), est un auteur belge de bande dessinée, principalement connu pour Les Aventures de Tintin.
D'abord dessinateur amateur d'une revue scoute, il signe ses planches du pseudonyme « Hergé » à partir de 1924. Quelques mois plus tard, il entre au quotidien Le Vingtième Siècle, dont il devient rapidement l'homme providentiel grâce aux Aventures de Tintin. Celles-ci débutent le 10 janvier 1929 dans un supplément du journal destiné à la jeunesse, Le Petit Vingtième. Importateur de la bande dessinée américaine à bulles, il est souvent considéré comme « le père de la bande dessinée européenne ».
Durant les années 1930, Hergé diversifie son activité artistique (illustrations de journaux, de romans, de cartes et de publicités), tout en poursuivant la bande dessinée. Il crée tour à tour Les Exploits de Quick et Flupke (1930), Popol et Virginie au pays des Lapinos (1934) et enfin Les aventures de Jo, Zette et Jocko (1935). Après l'album les "aventures de Tintin en Russie" où il entraîne son personnage de jeune reporter à affronter les embûches du monde soviétique, il produit "Tintin au Congo" puis "Tintin en Amérique". Ces albums sont en noir et blanc. En 1934, il fait la rencontre de Tchang Tchong-Jen, jeune étudiant chinois venu étudier àl'académie des Beaux-Arts de Bruxelles. Cette rencontre bouleverse la pensée et son style d'Hergé. Il commence à se documenter sérieusement, ce qu'il ne faisait pas jusque là, et créée "le Lotus bleu" toujours en noir et blanc. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le personnage de Tintin lui confère une renommée européenne, puis internationale, bien qu'il ait dû rendre compte d'accusations de collaboration avec l'ennemi pendant l'Occupation allemande pour des dessins jugés parfois racistes, uniquement pour avoir publié dans le journal belge "le Soir", alors contrôlé par l'occupant allemand, ce qui entache sérieusement sa réputation. Il sera cependant remis en selle par un ancien résistant, Raymond Leblanc, devenu éditeur qui lance, en 1946, le journal Tintin dans lequel Hergé crée un de ses meilleurs sujets "le temple du Soleil" qui est colorié au contraire des dessins parus dans "le Soir". C'est une brillante démonstration de la ligne claire, style propre à Hergé qui fera école et qui est déjà représenté, en 1943, par l'apparition der la couleur dans les albums "le Crabe aux pinces d'or", puis "le secret de la Licorne" et "le Crabe aux pînces d'or". Durant les années 1950 et 1960, perfectionniste et visionnaire, Hergé développe cette technique graphique dans le journal Tintin sans oublier de reprendre "Jo et Zette" et, surtout "Quick et Flupke", gamins de Bruxelles qui occupent dans l'imaginaire belge une place comparable à celle qu'ocupent, en France, les Poulbots. Hergé dirige alors un studio où travaillent Bob de Moor et Edgard P.Jacobs. Outre leur apport à l'exécution des aventures de Tintin, ces brillants créateurs continuent à développer leur production personnelle, "Bob et Bobette" pour le premier et les multiples aventures de "Blake et Mortimer" pour le second. Au fur et à mesure des années, des hommages internationaux monteront vers Hergé puis, en 1981, après d'ultimes retrouvailles avec Tchang, qui avait miraculeusement traversé guerres et révolution, il meurt d'une leucémie en 1983. Depuis sa mort, il est considéré comme l'un des plus grands artistes contemporains et a vendu plus de 230 millions d'albums, traduits dans une centaine de langues. Aujourd'hui, l'œuvre d'Hergé est gérée par sa veuve Fanny Rodwell via la société Moulinsart et la Fondation Hergé.
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Georges Prosper Remi (22 May 1907 – 3 March 1983), known by the pen name Hergé, was a Belgian comics writer and artist. His best known and most substantial work is the 23 completed comic books in The Adventures of Tintin series, which he wrote and illustrated from 1929 until his death in 1983, although he was also responsible for other well-known comic book series such as Quick & Flupke (1930–1940) and Jo, Zette and Jocko (1936–1957).
Born into a middle-class family in Etterbeek, Brussels, he took a keen interest in Scouting in early life, something that would prove highly influential on his later work. Initially producing illustrations for Belgian Scouting magazines, in 1927 he began working for the conservative newspaper Le XXe Siècle, where he adopted the pen name "Hergé" [ɛʁʒe], based upon the French pronunciation of "RG", his initials reversed. It was here, in 1929, that he began serialising the first of the Adventures of Tintin, Tintin in the Land of the Soviets.
The notable qualities of the Tintin stories include their vivid humanism, a realistic feel produced by meticulous and wide ranging research, and Hergé's ligne claire drawing style. Adult readers enjoy the many satirical references to the history and politics of the 20th century. The Blue Lotus, for example, was inspired by the Mukden incident that resulted in the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. King Ottokar's Sceptre could be read against the background of Hitler's Anschluss or in the context of the struggle between the Romanian Iron Guard and the King of Romania, Carol II, whereas later albums - for example, The Calculus Affair - depict the Cold War. Hergé has become one of the most famous Belgians worldwide and Tintin is still an international success.
Hergé is a prominent national hero in his native country, to the extent where he has been described as the actual "personification of Belgium". The long-awaited Hergé Museum was opened in Louvain-La-Neuve on 2 June 2009. Designed by Pritzker Prize-winning architect Christian de Portzamparc, the museum reflects Hergé's huge corpus of work which has, until now, been sitting in studios and bank vaults. His work remains a strong influence on comics, particularly in Europe. He was inducted into the Comic Book Hall of Fame in 2003.
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Hong Kong (香港; "Fragrant Harbour"), officially Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, is an autonomous territory on the southern coast of China at the Pearl River Estuary and the South China Sea. Hong Kong is known for its skyline and deep natural harbour. It has an area of 1104 km2 and shares its northern border with the Guangdong Province of Mainland China. With around 7.2 million Hongkongers of various nationalities, Hong Kong is one of the world's most densely populated metropolises.
After the First Opium War (1839–42), Hong Kong became a British colony with the perpetual cession of Hong Kong Island, followed by Kowloon Peninsula in 1860 and a 99-year lease of the New Territories from 1898. Hong Kong remained under British control for about a century until the Second World War, when Japan occupied the colony from December 1941 to August 1945. After the Surrender of Japan, the British resumed control. In the 1980s, negotiations between the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China resulted in the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, which provided for the transfer of sovereignty of Hong Kong on 30 June 1997. The territory became a special administrative region of China with a high degree of autonomy on 1 July 1997 under the principle of one country, two systems. Disputes over the perceived misapplication of this principle have contributed to popular protests, including the 2014 Umbrella Revolution.
In the late 1970s, Hong Kong became a major entrepôt in Asia-Pacific. The territory has developed into a major global trade hub and financial centre. The 44th-largest economy in the world, Hong Kong ranks top 10 in GDP (PPP) per capita, but also has the most severe income inequality among advanced economies. Hong Kong is one of the three most important financial centres alongside New York and London, and the world's number one tourist destination city. The territory has been named the freest market economy. The service economy, characterised by free trade and low taxation, has been regarded as one of the world's most laissez-faire economic policies, and the currency, the Hong Kong dollar, is the 13th most traded currency in the world.
The Hong Kong Basic Law empowers the region to develop relations and make agreements directly with foreign states and regions, as well as international organizations, in a broad range of appropriate fields. It is an independent member of APEC, the IMF, WTO, FIFA and International Olympic Committee among others.
Limited land created a dense infrastructure and the territory became a centre of modern architecture, and one of the world's most vertical cities. Hong Kong has a highly developed public transportation network covering 90 per cent of the population, the highest in the world, and relies on mass transit by road or rail. Air pollution remains a serious problem. Loose emissions standards have resulted in a high level of atmospheric particulates. Nevertheless, Hongkongers enjoy the world's longest or second longest life expectancies.
NAME
It is not known who was responsible for the Romanisation of the name "Hong Kong" but it is generally believed to be an early imprecise phonetic rendering of the pronunciation of the spoken Cantonese or Hakka name 香港, meaning "Fragrant Harbour". Before 1842, the name referred to a small inlet—now Aberdeen Harbour (香港仔, Sidney Lau: heung1gong2 jai2, Jyutping: hoeng1gong2 zai2, or Hiong1gong3 zai3 in a form of Hakka, literally means "Little Hong Kong")—between Aberdeen Island and the south side of Hong Kong Island, which was one of the first points of contact between British sailors and local fishermen. As those early contacts are likely to have been with Hong Kong's early inhabitants, the Tankas (水上人), it is equally probable that the early Romanisation was a faithful execution of their speech, i.e. hong1, not heung1. Detailed and accurate Romanisation systems for Cantonese were available and in use at the time.
The reference to fragrance may refer to the sweet taste of the harbour's fresh water estuarine influx of the Pearl River, or to the incense from factories, lining the coast to the north of Kowloon, which was stored near Aberdeen Harbour for export before the development of the Victoria Harbour.
In 1842, the Treaty of Nanking was signed and the name, Hong Kong, was first recorded on official documents to encompass the entirety of the island.
The name had often been written as the single word Hongkong until the government adopted the current form in 1926. Nevertheless, a number of century-old institutions still retain the single-word form, such as the Hongkong Post, Hongkong Electric and the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation.
The full official name, after 1997, is "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China". This is the official title as mentioned in the Hong Kong Basic Law and the Hong Kong Government's website; however, "Hong Kong Special Administrative Region" and "Hong Kong" are widely accepted.
Hong Kong has carried many nicknames: the most famous among those is the "Pearl of the Orient", which reflected the impressive night-view of the city's light decorations on the skyscrapers along both sides of the Victoria Harbour. The territory is also known as "Asia's World City".
HISTORY
PRE-BRITISH
Archaeological studies support human presence in the Chek Lap Kok area (now Hong Kong International Airport) from 35,000 to 39,000 years ago and on Sai Kung Peninsula from 6,000 years ago.
Wong Tei Tung and Three Fathoms Cove are the earliest sites of human habitation in Hong Kong during the Paleolithic Period. It is believed that the Three Fathom Cove was a river-valley settlement and Wong Tei Tung was a lithic manufacturing site. Excavated Neolithic artefacts suggested cultural differences from the Longshan culture of northern China and settlement by the Che people, prior to the migration of the Baiyue (Viets) to Hong Kong. Eight petroglyphs, which dated to the Shang dynasty in China, were discovered on the surrounding islands.
ANCIENT CHINA
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang, the first emperor of China, conquered the Baiyue tribes in Jiaozhi (modern Liangguang region and Vietnam) and incorporated the territory into imperial China for the first time. Modern Hong Kong was assigned to the Nanhai commandery (modern Nanhai District), near the commandery's capital city Panyu. In Qin dynasty, the territory was ruled by Panyu County(番禺縣) up till Jin Dynasty.
The area of Hong Kong was consolidated under the kingdom of Nanyue (Southern Viet), founded by general Zhao Tuo in 204 BC after the collapse of the short-lived Qin dynasty. When the kingdom of Nanyue was conquered by the Han Dynasty in 111 BC, Hong Kong was assigned to the Jiaozhi commandery. Archaeological evidence indicates that the population increased and early salt production flourished in this time period. Lei Cheng Uk Han Tomb on the Kowloon Peninsula is believed to have been built during the Han dynasty.
IMPERIAL CHINA
Started from Jin dynasty to early period of Tang dynasty, the territory that now comprises Hong Kong was governed by Bao'an County (寶安縣). In Tang dynasty, the Guangdong region flourished as an international trading center. The Tuen Mun region in what is now Hong Kong's New Territories served as a port, naval base, salt production centre and later, base for the exploitation of pearls. Lantau Island was also a salt production centre, where the salt smugglers riots broke out against the government.
Under the Tang dynasty, the Guangdong (Canton) region flourished as a regional trading centre. In 736 AD, the first Emperor of Tang established a military stronghold in Tuen Mun in western Hong Kong to defend the coastal area of the region. The first village school, Li Ying College, was established around 1075 AD in the modern-day New Territories under the Northern Song dynasty. After their defeat by the Mongols, the Southern Song court briefly moved to modern-day Kowloon City (the Sung Wong Toi site), before its final defeat at the Battle of Yamen.
From the mid-Tang dynasty to early Ming dynasty, the territory that now comprises Hong Kong was governed by Dongguan County (東莞縣/ 東官縣). In Ming dynasty, the area was governed by Xin'an County (新安縣) before it was colonized by the British government. The indigenous inhabitants of what is now Hong Kong are identified with several ethnicities, including Punti, Hakka, Tanka) and Hoklo.
The earliest European visitor on record was Jorge Álvares, a Portuguese explorer who arrived in 1513. Having founded an establishment in Macau by 1557, Portuguese merchants began trading in southern China. However, subsequent military clashes between China and Portugal led to the expulsion of all Portuguese merchants from the rest of China.
In the mid-16th century, the Haijin order (closed-door, isolation policy) was enforced and it strictly forbade all maritime activities in order to prevent contact from foreigners by sea. From 1661 to 1669, Hong Kong was directly affected by the Great Clearance of the Kangxi Emperor, who required the evacuation of coastal areas of Guangdong. About 16,000 people from Hong Kong and Bao'an County were forced to emigrate inland; 1,648 of those who evacuated were said to have returned after the evacuation was rescinded in 1669.
BRITSH CROWN COLONY 1842–1941
In 1839, the refusal of Qing authorities to support opium imports caused the outbreak of the First Opium War between the British Empire and the Qing Empire. Qing's defeat resulted in the occupation of Hong Kong Island by British forces on 20 January 1841. It was initially ceded under the Convention of Chuenpee, as part of a ceasefire agreement between Captain Charles Elliot and Governor Qishan. While a dispute between high-ranking officials of both countries led to the failure of the treaty's ratification, on 29 August 1842, Hong Kong Island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland under the Treaty of Nanking. The British officially established a Crown colony and founded the City of Victoria in the following year.
The population of Hong Kong Island was 7,450 when the Union Flag raised over Possession Point on 26 January 1841. It mostly consisted of Tanka fishermen and Hakka charcoal burners, whose settlements scattered along several coastal hamlets. In the 1850s, a large number of Chinese immigrants crossed the then-free border to escape from the Taiping Rebellion. Other natural disasters, such as flooding, typhoons and famine in mainland China would play a role in establishing Hong Kong as a place for safe shelter.
Further conflicts over the opium trade between Britain and Qing quickly escalated into the Second Opium War. Following the Anglo-French victory, the Crown Colony was expanded to include Kowloon Peninsula (south of Boundary Street) and Stonecutter's Island, both of which were ceded to the British in perpetuity under the Convention of Beijing in 1860.
In 1898, Britain obtained a 99-year lease from Qing under the Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory, in which Hong Kong obtained a 99-year lease of the Lantau Island, the area north of Boundary Street in Kowloon up to Shenzhen River and over 200 other outlying islands.
Hong Kong soon became a major entrepôt thanks to its free port status, attracting new immigrants to settle from both China and Europe alike. The society, however, remained racially segregated and polarised under British colonial policies. Despite the rise of a British-educated Chinese upper-class by the late-19th century, race laws such as the Peak Reservation Ordinance prevented ethnic Chinese in Hong Kong from acquiring houses in reserved areas, such as the Victoria Peak. At this time, the majority of the Chinese population in Hong Kong had no political representation in the British colonial government. There were, however, a small number of Chinese elites whom the British governors relied on, such as Sir Kai Ho and Robert Hotung, who served as communicators and mediators between the government and local population.
Hong Kong continued to experience modest growth during the first half of the 20th century. The University of Hong Kong was established in 1911 as the territory's oldest higher education institute. While there was an exodus of 60,000 residents for fear of a German attack on the British colony during the First World War, Hong Kong remained peaceful. Its population increased from 530,000 in 1916 to 725,000 in 1925 and reached 1.6 million by 1941.
In 1925, Cecil Clementi became the 17th Governor of Hong Kong. Fluent in Cantonese and without a need for translator, Clementi introduced the first ethnic Chinese, Shouson Chow, into the Executive Council as an unofficial member. Under his tenure, Kai Tak Airport entered operation as RAF Kai Tak and several aviation clubs. In 1937, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out when the Japanese Empire expanded its territories from northeastern China into the mainland proper. To safeguard Hong Kong as a freeport, Governor Geoffry Northcote declared the Crown Colony as a neutral zone.
JAPANESE OCCUPATION 1941–45
As part of its military campaign in Southeast Asia during Second World War, the Japanese army moved south from Guangzhou of mainland China and attacked Hong Kong on 8 December 1941. The Battle of Hong Kong ended with the British and Canadian defenders surrendering control of Hong Kong to Japan on 25 December 1941 in what was regarded by locals as Black Christmas.
During the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, the Japanese army committed atrocities against civilians and POWs, such as the St. Stephen's College massacre. Local residents also suffered widespread food shortages, limited rationing and hyper-inflation arising from the forced exchange of currency from Hong Kong Dollars to Japanese military banknotes. The initial ratio of 2:1 was gradually devalued to 4:1 and ownership of Hong Kong Dollars was declared illegal and punishable by harsh torture. Due to starvation and forced deportation for slave labour to mainland China, the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945, when Britain resumed control of the colony on 30 August 1945.
ECONOMY
As one of the world's leading international financial centres, Hong Kong has a major capitalist service economy characterised by low taxation and free trade. The currency, Hong Kong dollar, is the eighth most traded currency in the world as of 2010. Hong Kong was once described by Milton Friedman as the world's greatest experiment in laissez-faire capitalism, but has since instituted a regime of regulations including a minimum wage. It maintains a highly developed capitalist economy, ranked the freest in the world by the Index of Economic Freedom every year since 1995. It is an important centre for international finance and trade, with one of the greatest concentrations of corporate headquarters in the Asia-Pacific region, and is known as one of the Four Asian Tigers for its high growth rates and rapid development from the 1960s to the 1990s. Between 1961 and 1997 Hong Kong's gross domestic product grew 180 times while per-capita GDP increased 87 times over.
The Hong Kong Stock Exchange is the seventh largest in the world and has a market capitalisation of US$2.3 trillion as of December 2009. In that year, Hong Kong raised 22 percent of worldwide initial public offering (IPO) capital, making it the largest centre of IPOs in the world and the easiest place to raise capital. The Hong Kong dollar has been pegged to the US dollar since 1983.
The Hong Kong Government has traditionally played a mostly passive role in the economy, with little by way of industrial policy and almost no import or export controls. Market forces and the private sector were allowed to determine practical development. Under the official policy of "positive non-interventionism", Hong Kong is often cited as an example of laissez-faire capitalism. Following the Second World War, Hong Kong industrialised rapidly as a manufacturing centre driven by exports, and then underwent a rapid transition to a service-based economy in the 1980s. Since then, it has grown to become a leading centre for management, financial, IT, business consultation and professional services.
Hong Kong matured to become a financial centre in the 1990s, but was greatly affected by the Asian financial crisis in 1998, and again in 2003 by the SARS outbreak. A revival of external and domestic demand has led to a strong recovery, as cost decreases strengthened the competitiveness of Hong Kong exports and a long deflationary period ended. Government intervention, initiated by the later colonial governments and continued since 1997, has steadily increased, with the introduction of export credit guarantees, a compulsory pension scheme, a minimum wage, anti-discrimination laws, and a state mortgage backer.
The territory has little arable land and few natural resources, so it imports most of its food and raw materials. Imports account for more than 90% of Hong Kong's food supply, including nearly all of the meat and rice available there. Agricultural activity - relatively unimportant to Hong Kong's economy and contributing just 0.1% of its GDP - primarily consists of growing premium food and flower varieties. Hong Kong is the world's eleventh largest trading entity, with the total value of imports and exports exceeding its gross domestic product. It is the world's largest re-export centre. Much of Hong Kong's exports consist of re-exports, which are products made outside of the territory, especially in mainland China, and distributed via Hong Kong. Its physical location has allowed the city to establish a transportation and logistics infrastructure that includes the world's second busiest container port and the world's busiest airport for international cargo. Even before the transfer of sovereignty, Hong Kong had established extensive trade and investment ties with the mainland, which now enable it to serve as a point of entry for investment flowing into the mainland. At the end of 2007, there were 3.46 million people employed full-time, with the unemployment rate averaging 4.1% for the fourth straight year of decline. Hong Kong's economy is dominated by the service sector, which accounts for over 90% of its GDP, while industry constitutes 9%. Inflation was at 2.5% in 2007. Hong Kong's largest export markets are mainland China, the United States, and Japan.
As of 2010 Hong Kong is the eighth most expensive city for expatriates, falling from fifth position in the previous year. Hong Kong is ranked fourth in terms of the highest percentage of millionaire households, behind Switzerland, Qatar, and Singapore with 8.5 percent of all households owning at least one million US dollars. Hong Kong is also ranked second in the world by the most billionaires per capita (one per 132,075 people), behind Monaco. In 2011, Hong Kong was ranked second in the Ease of Doing Business Index, behind Singapore.
Hong Kong is ranked No. 1 in the world in the Crony Capitalism Index by the Economist.
In 2014, Hong Kong was the eleventh most popular destination for international tourists among countries and territories worldwide, with a total of 27.8 million visitors contributing a total of US$38,376 million in international tourism receipts. Hong Kong is also the most popular city for tourists, nearly two times of its nearest competitor Macau.
DEMOGRAPHICS
The territory's population in mid-2015 is 7.30 million, with an average annual growth rate of 0.8% over the previous 5 years. The current population of Hong Kong comprises 91% ethnic Chinese. A major part of Hong Kong's Cantonese-speaking majority originated from the neighbouring Guangdong province, from where many fled during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Chinese Civil War, and the communist rule in China.
Residents of the Mainland do not automatically receive the Right of Abode, and many may not enter the territory freely. Like other non-natives, they may apply for the Right of Abode after seven years of continuous residency. Some of the rights may also be acquired by marriage (e.g., the right to work), but these do not include the right to vote or stand for office. However, the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45,000 per year, is a significant contributor to its population growth – a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with family ties in Hong Kong are granted a "one way permit". Life expectancy in Hong Kong is 81.2 years for males and 86.9 years for females as of 2014, making it the highest life expectancy in the world.
About 91% of the people of Hong Kong are of Chinese descent, the majority of whom are Taishanese, Chiu Chow, other Cantonese people, and Hakka. Hong Kong's Han majority originate mainly from the Guangzhou and Taishan regions in Guangdong province. The remaining 6.9% of the population is composed of non-ethnic Chinese. There is a South Asian population of Indians, Pakistanis and Nepalese; some Vietnamese refugees have become permanent residents of Hong Kong. There are also Britons, Americans, Canadians, Japanese, and Koreans working in the city's commercial and financial sector. In 2011, 133,377 foreign domestic helpers from Indonesia and 132,935 from the Philippines were working in Hong Kong.
Hong Kong's de facto official language is Cantonese, a variety of Chinese originating from Guangdong province to the north of Hong Kong. English is also an official language, and according to a 1996 by-census is spoken by 3.1 percent of the population as an everyday language and by 34.9 percent of the population as a second language. Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 Handover, an increase in immigrants from communist China and greater interaction with the mainland's economy have brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong.
RELIGION
A majority of residents of Hong Kong have no religious affiliation, professing a form of agnosticism or atheism. According to the US Department of State 43 percent of the population practices some form of religion. Some figures put it higher, according to a Gallup poll, 64% of Hong Kong residents do not believe in any religion, and possibly 80% of Hong Kong claim no religion. In Hong Kong teaching evolution won out in curriculum dispute about whether to teach other explanations, and that creationism and intelligent design will form no part of the senior secondary biology curriculum.
Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong's main religions are Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism; a local religious scholar in contact with major denominations estimates there are approximately 1.5 million Buddhists and Taoists. A Christian community of around 833,000 forms about 11.7% of the total population; Protestants forms a larger number than Roman Catholics at a rate of 4:3, although smaller Christian communities exist, including the Latter-day Saints and Jehovah's Witnesses. The Anglican and Roman Catholic churches each freely appoint their own bishops, unlike in mainland China. There are also Sikh, Muslim, Jewish, Hindu and Bahá'í communities. The practice of Falun Gong is tolerated.
PERSONAL INCOME
Statistically Hong Kong's income gap is the greatest in Asia Pacific. According to a report by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme in 2008, Hong Kong's Gini coefficient, at 0.53, was the highest in Asia and "relatively high by international standards". However, the government has stressed that income disparity does not equate to worsening of the poverty situation, and that the Gini coefficient is not strictly comparable between regions. The government has named economic restructuring, changes in household sizes, and the increase of high-income jobs as factors that have skewed the Gini coefficient.
WIKIPEDIA
Peterborough a Cathedral City in Cambridgeshire.
Peterborough began as a Saxon settlement. The Saxons built a village on the site of Peterborough called Medehamstede (meadow homestead). About 655 an abbey was built next to it. However this abbey was plundered by the Danes in 870 and was then abandoned.
A new abbey was built in 972 and a village grew up nearby. About 1000 AD a wall was built around the settlement to protect it from marauding Danes. It was called St Peters burgh. (Burgh was the Saxon word for a fortified settlement). The Abbot allowed the people of the nearby village to have a market. Soon Peterborough grew into a small town, in the shadow of the abbey. In 1070 an army of Danes and some Saxons attempted to overthrow William the Conqueror, they sacked the abbey at Peterborough and burned the town.
During the Middle Ages Peterborough was a small and relatively unimportant town controlled by the Abbot. The original town stood east of the abbey. In 1116 the abbey was destroyed by fire. A new abbey was built after 1118 and the Abbot moved the town to the west of it. He laid out a new market place there and new streets were built around it.
In Medieval Peterborough the main industry was weaving wool. Apart from the markets from the late 12th century the town also had an annual fair. In the Middle Ages a fair was like a market but it was held only once a year for a period of a few days and it would attract buyers and sellers from several counties.
Henry VIII closed all the monasteries and abbeys in England. Peterborough Abbey was closed in 1539. However in 1541 the abbey church was made a cathedral.
Peterborough was now officially a city but it was a very small one even by the standards of the time. It may have had a population of about 1,500. By the late 17th century the population had probably grown to around 2,000.
The main industry in Peterborough was still wool manufacture. But there was also some malting and from the 17th century clay pipes were made in the town. Like all towns in those days Peterborough suffered outbreaks of plague. It struck in 1574, 1607, 1625 and 1665-67. Each time a significant part of the population died but Peterborough always recovered.
Mary Queen of Scots was buried in Peterborough Cathedral after her execution in 1587. In 1643 during the civil war parliamentarian soldiers desecrated Peterborough Cathedral. They disapproved of images in churches and so they destroyed paintings and stone carvings. However, the Old Guildhall was built in 1671.
Information gained from www.localhistories.org/peterborough.html
taken with Nokia N73 during international festival of programmes for children and youth - Prix Danube 2007 - that took place in the art museum Danubiana
An increasing number of death penalty is enforced in Indonesia – a crime against the international trend. The number of executions worldwide fell last year to 607, 22 percent fewer than in 2013. At the same time imposed 28 percent more death penalty in the world in 2014 than the year...
www.broadleak.com/2015/04/24/indonesia-breaks-execution-t...
Alfred "Jake" Lingle was a reporter for the Chicago Tribune who liked to mingle with cops and gangsters alike. In June of 1930, Lingle had just walked down these subway steps when he was shot in the head from behind and killed. Despite the conviction of Leo Vincent Brothers for the murder it's probable that he was taking the rap for the real killer. Lingle had made enemies of Al Capone and had threatened Bugs Moran 2 weeks prior over his share of the Sheridan Wave nightclub. The hit could have been ordered by either side of the Beer War.
Located at the southwest corner of Michigan Ave. and Randolph St.
A "razakar", referring to the local militiamen accused of looting and committing murder and rape under Pakistani command during the past nine bloody months, pleads for mercy as Mukthi Bahini soldiers pummel him prior to bayoneting him to death at an execution of four men, Dec. 18, 1971, at a Dhaka, East Pakistan, race course (AP Photo/Michel Laurent/Horst Faas)
Business Books That Matter is a new Book Club program co-organized by White & Lee and the Software Development Forum (SDForum) and sponsored by Microsoft.
The conversation centered on Execution: The Discipline of Getting Things Done by Larry Bossidy and Ram Charan.
Moderator:
Mark Cameron White
Partner, White & Lee LLP
Panelists:
J. Peter Herz
Former CEO of 3ware, Inc. and Board Chairman, IPextreme, Inc.
Bruce Lichorowic
CEO, Intalio, Inc.
General consensus was that the book was good for large company process execution with a Midwest mentality. But in the Silicon Valley, emphasis is on innovation and practice.
My exceptionally comfortable, stylish & very swishy burgundy/blue Eastex pleated midi skirt.They are complemented by a blue velvet Personality cross-over envelope Shoulder Bag/Purse & Sweet Women Kitten heeled open toe buckle ankle shoes, with musical accompaniment entitled “Strut Funk”. My horizontal video Gallery can be viewed at; www.youtube.com/user/MichaelTurner2008
When I was very young & a shorts wearer, my Mother was also my Barber in the 1960`s. She would instruct me to sit on her stool in order to cut my hair. She frequently wore an evidently hypnotic black pleated cotton skirt which tickled my knees as it brushed across them while she was cutting my fringe. I now apparently have the image of her skirt deeply in my eyes. It was first noticed by my (secondary) School Teacher in the 1970`s & by subsequent girlfriends who have also mentioned it. The presence of the image & my Mother regularly sitting with her legs crossed on a high stool at our then Breakfast Bar with her new dark brown sequinned polyester Sunray pleated midi skirt very striking draped very close to the floor during the 1970s has strongly influenced my interest in cross-dressing & I regularly wear one of my pleated or circle skirts/dresses at home.
In November 2015, I was scapegoated by a group of criminals, who waited in a silver Private Hire Taxi outside the building in which I lived expecting me to emerge dressed as a woman with a bob hairstyle. My being dressed as a man rendered them indecisive with their execution plot, so the 3 men did not ambush & abduct me. In view of my cross-dressing hobby saving my life, I shall continue to enjoy femininity. There`s also additional information at; www.flickr.com/photos/127177664@N04/16024330889/in/datepo...
El campo de concentración de Auschwitz-Birkenau (en alemán Konzentrationslager Auschwitz-Birkenau escuchar (?·i). Se trata de nombres traducidos al alemán de los originales en polaco Oświęcim [ɔɕvʲ 'ɛnʦim] y Brzezinka [bʐɛˈʑinka], localidades junto a las que se construyó el campo). Fue un complejo formado por diversos campos de concentración, de experimentación médica1 y de exterminio en masa de prisioneros, construido por el régimen de la Alemania nazi tras la invasión de Polonia de 1939, exactamente el 1 de septiembre, al principio de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.
Situado a unos 43 km al oeste de Cracovia, fue el mayor centro de exterminio de la historia del nazismo, donde se calcula que fueron asesinados entre 1,5 millones y 2,5 millones de personas, la gran mayoría de ellas judías, además de eslavos, prisioneros de guerra, etc,1 y también otro medio millón por hambre y enfermedades.1
En la puerta de entrada a uno de los diversos campos que componían el complejo (Auschwitz I) se puede leer el lema en alemán Arbeit macht frei (el trabajo hace libre), donde se puede apreciar el detalle de la "B" de "ARBEIT" puesta boca abajo como muestra de protesta hecha por la persona que fabricó dicho cartel (muy probablemente alguno de los prisioneros),[cita requerida] con el que recibían a los deportados las fuerzas de las SS que estaban a cargo del centro durante su periodo de funcionamiento, desde su apertura en mayo de 1940 hasta el 27 de enero de 1945, cuando fue liberado por el ejército soviético.
Bajo la supervisión de Heinrich Himmler, estuvo dirigido por el oficial de las SS Obersturmbannführer Rudolf Höss hasta el verano de 1943, siendo reemplazado por Arthur Liebehenschel y Richard Baer. Höss, capturado por los aliados, daría testimonio en los Procesos de Núremberg antes de que lo procesaran y condenaran a muerte por ahorcamiento en 1947 delante del crematorio de Auschwitz I. Liebehenschel fue también juzgado por un tribunal polaco y ejecutado en 1948. Baer logró evadirse y vivir bajo una identidad falsa en Hamburgo, hasta que fue reconocido y arrestado. Se suicidó en la prisión poco antes de iniciarse su proceso en 1963.
Como es uno de los lugares de mayor simbolismo del Holocausto o Shoah, la Unesco lo declaró Patrimonio de la Humanidad en 1979.
Auschwitz I fue el centro administrativo de todo el complejo. Fue fundado el 20 de mayo de 1940, a partir de barracas de ladrillo del ejército polaco. Los primeros prisioneros del campo fueron 728 prisioneros políticos polacos de Tarnów. El campo fue utilizado inicialmente para internar miembros de la resistencia e intelectuales polacos; más adelante llevaron allí también prisioneros de guerra soviéticos, prisioneros comunes alemanes, elementos antisociales y homosexuales. Desde el primer momento llegaron asimismo prisioneros judíos. El campo albergaba generalmente entre 13.000 y 16.000 prisioneros, alcanzando la cifra de 20.000 en 1942.
La entrada de Auschwitz I tenía las palabras Arbeit macht frei, "el trabajo hace libre". Los prisioneros del campo salían a trabajar durante el día para las construcciones o el campo, con música de marcha tocada por una orquesta. Dicha inscripción fue robada por cinco desconocidos el viernes 18 de diciembre de 2009 y recuperada por la policía apenas cuatro días después.2
Las SS generalmente seleccionaban prisioneros, llamados kapos, para supervisar al resto. Todos los prisioneros del campo realizaban trabajos, y excepto en las fábricas de armas, el domingo se reservaba para limpieza, duchas, y no se asignaba trabajo. Las durísimas condiciones de trabajo, unidas a la desnutrición y poca higiene, hacían que la tasa de mortalidad entre los prisioneros fuera muy grande.
El bloque 11 de Auschwitz I era «la prisión dentro de la prisión»; allí se aplicaban los castigos. Algunos de ellos consistían en encierro por varios días en una celda demasiado pequeña para sentarse, existen 4 celdas de un metro cuadrado las cuales llegaban a ser ocupadas hasta por cinco prisioneros a la vez. Otros eran ejecutados, colgados o dejados morir de hambre.
En septiembre de 1941, las SS realizaron en el bloque 11 las pruebas del gas Zyklon B en las que murieron 850 prisioneros polacos y rusos. Las pruebas fueron consideradas exitosas y en consecuencia se construyeron una cámara de gas y un crematorio. Esta cámara de gas fue utilizada entre 1941 y 1942, para luego ser convertida en un refugio antiaéreo.
La primera mujer llegó al campo el 26 de marzo de 1942. Entre abril de 1943 y mayo de 1944 se llevaron a cabo experimentos de esterilización sobre mujeres judías en el bloque 10 de Auschwitz I. El objetivo era desarrollar un método sencillo que funcionara con una simple inyección para ser utilizado con la población esclava. El Dr. Josef Mengele experimentó con gemelos en este mismo complejo. Cuando un prisionero no se recobraba rápidamente, solía ser ejecutado aplicándole una inyección letal de fenol.
El campo burdel se creó el verano de 1943 por órdenes de Himmler. Estaba ubicado en el bloque 29, llamado Frauenblock, y se utilizaba para premiar a prisioneros privilegiados. Los guardias seleccionaban prisioneras polacas para este campo, pero podían aceptar «voluntarias» atraídas por las mejores condiciones alimentarias.
uschwitz" and "Auschwitz-Birkenau" redirect here. For the town, see Oświęcim. Distinguish from Austerlitz. Or see Auschwitz (disambiguation)
Auschwitz
German Nazi Concentration and Extermination camp (1940-1945).
The main entrance to Auschwitz-Birkenau extermination camp
Location of Auschwitz in contemporary Poland
Coordinates50°02′09″N 19°10′42″ECoordinates: 50°02′09″N 19°10′42″E
Other namesBirkenau
LocationAuschwitz, Nazi Germany
Operated bythe Nazi Schutzstaffel (SS), the NKVD (after World War II)
Original useArmy barracks
OperationalMay 1940 – January 1945
Inmatesmainly Jews, Poles, Roma, Soviet soldiers
Killed1.1 million (estimated)
Liberated bySoviet Union, January 27, 1945
Notable inmatesViktor Frankl, Primo Levi, Witold Pilecki, Rudolf Vrba, Elie Wiesel, Maximillian Kolbe
Notable booksIf This Is a Man, Night, Man's Search for Meaning
WebsiteAuschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
Auschwitz concentration camp (German: Konzentrationslager Auschwitz [ˈaʊʃvɪts] ( listen)) was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. It was the largest of the Nazi concentration camps, consisting of Auschwitz I (the Stammlager or base camp); Auschwitz II–Birkenau (the Vernichtungslager or extermination camp); Auschwitz III–Monowitz, also known as Buna–Monowitz (a labor camp); and 45 satellite camps.[1]
Auschwitz had for a long time been a German name for Oświęcim, the town by and around which the camps were located; the name "Auschwitz" was made the official name again by the Nazis after they invaded Poland in September 1939. Birkenau, the German translation of Brzezinka ("birch forest"), referred originally to a small Polish village that was destroyed by the Nazis to make way for the camp.
Auschwitz II–Birkenau was designated by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, the Third Reich's Minister of the Interior, as the place of the "final solution of the Jewish question in Europe". From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe.[2] The camp's first commandant, Rudolf Höss, testified after the war at the Nuremberg Trials that up to three million people had died there (2.5 million gassed, and 500,000 from disease and starvation).[3] Today the accepted figure is 1.3 million, around 90 percent of them Jewish.[4][5] Others deported to Auschwitz included 150,000 Poles, 23,000 Roma and Sinti, 15,000 Soviet prisoners of war, some 400 Jehovah's Witnesses and tens of thousands of people of diverse nationalities.[6][7] Those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced labor, infectious diseases, individual executions, and medical experiments.[8]
On January 27, 1945, Auschwitz was liberated by Soviet troops, a day commemorated around the world as International Holocaust Remembrance Day. In 1947, Poland founded a museum on the site of Auschwitz I and II, which by 2010 had seen 29 million visitors—1,300,000 annually—pass through the iron gates crowned with the infamous motto, Arbeit macht frei ("work makes [you] free").[3]
Auschwitz I
Auschwitz I entrance
50.027606°N 19.203088°E
Map of Auschwitz I, shows Polish Tobacco Monopoly building; 1940
Auschwitz I was the original camp, serving as the administrative center for the whole complex. The site for the camp (16 one-story buildings) had earlier served as Austrian army and later Polish army artillery barracks. It was first suggested as a site for a concentration camp for Polish prisoners by SS-Oberführer Arpad Wigand, an aide to Higher SS and Police Leader for Silesia, Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski. Bach-Zelewski had been searching for a site to house prisoners in the Silesia region as the local prisons were filled to capacity. Richard Glücks, head of the Concentration Camps Inspectorate, sent former Sachsenhausen concentration camp commandant, Walter Eisfeld, to inspect the site. Glücks informed SS- Reichsführer Heinrich Himmler that a camp would be built on the site on February 21, 1940.[10] Rudolf Höss would oversee the development of the camp and serve as the first commandant, SS-Obersturmführer Josef Kramer was appointed Höss's deputy.[11]
Local residents were evicted, including 1,200 people who lived in shacks around the barracks, creating an empty area of 40 km2, which the Germans called the "interest area of the camp". 300 Jewish residents of Oświęcim were brought in to lay foundations. From 1940 to 1941 17,000 Polish and Jewish residents of the western districts of Oświęcim town, from places adjacent to Auschwitz Concentration Camp, were expelled. Germans ordered also expulsions from the villages of Broszkowice, Babice, Brzezinka, Rajsko, Pławy, Harmęże, Bór, and Budy.[12] The expulsion of Polish civilians was a step towards establishing the Camp Interest Zone, which was set up to isolate the camp from the outside world and to carry out business activity to meet the needs of the SS. German and Volksdeutsche settlers moved into some buildings whose Jewish population had been deported to the ghetto.
Main article: First mass transport to Auschwitz concentration camp
The first prisoners (30 German criminal prisoners from the Sachsenhausen camp) arrived in May 1940, intended to act as functionaries within the prison system. The first transport of 728 Polish prisoners, which included 20 Jews, arrived on June 14, 1940 from the prison in Tarnów, Poland. They were interned in the former building of the Polish Tobacco Monopoly adjacent to the site, until the camp was ready. The inmate population grew quickly, as the camp absorbed Poland's intelligentsia and dissidents, including the Polish underground resistance. By March 1941, 10,900 were imprisoned there, most of them Poles.[11]
The SS selected some prisoners, often German criminals, as specially privileged supervisors of the other inmates (so-called kapos). Although involved in numerous atrocities, only two Kapos were ever prosecuted for their individual behavior; many were deemed to have had little choice but to act as they did.[13] The various classes of prisoners were distinguishable by special marks on their clothes; Jews and Soviet prisoners of war were generally treated the worst. All inmates had to work in the associated arms factories, except on Sundays, which were reserved for cleaning and showering. The harsh work requirements, combined with poor nutrition and hygiene, led to high death rates among the prisoners.
Block 11 of Auschwitz was the "prison within the prison", where violators of the numerous rules were punished. Some prisoners were made to spend the nights in "standing cells". These cells were about 1.5 m2 (16 sq ft), and four men would be placed in them; they could do nothing but stand, and were forced during the day to work with the other prisoners. In the basement were located the "starvation cells"; prisoners incarcerated here were given neither food nor water until they were dead.[14]
Block 11
In the basement were the "dark cells"; these cells had only a very tiny window, and a solid door. Prisoners placed in these cells would gradually suffocate as they used up all of the oxygen in the cell; sometimes the SS would light a candle in the cell to use up the oxygen more quickly. Many were subjected to hanging with their hands behind their backs for hours, even days, thus dislocating their shoulder joints.[15]
On September 3, 1941, deputy camp commandant SS-Hauptsturmführer Fritzsch experimented on 600 Russian POWs and 250 Polish inmates by gathering them in the basement of Block 11 and gassing them with Zyklon B, a highly lethal cyanide-based pesticide.[16] This paved the way for the use of Zyklon B as an instrument for extermination at Auschwitz, and a gas chamber and crematorium were constructed by converting a bunker. This gas chamber operated from 1941 to 1942, during which time some 60,000 people were killed therein; it was then converted into an air-raid shelter for the use of the SS. This gas chamber still exists, together with the associated crematorium, which was reconstructed after the war using the original components, which remained on-site.[17][18]
Il campo di concentramento di Auschwitz fu uno dei tre campi principali che formavano il complesso concentrazionario situato nelle vicinanze di Auschwitz (in polacco Oświęcim), in Polonia. Facevano parte del complesso anche il campo di sterminio di Birkenau, situato a Birkenau (in polacco Brzezinka), il campo di lavoro di Monowitz, situato a Monowitz, (in polacco Monowice) ed i restanti 45 sottocampi costruiti durante l'occupazione tedesca della Polonia[1].
Il complesso dei campi di Auschwitz[2] svolse un ruolo fondamentale nei progetti di "soluzione finale del problema ebraico" - eufemismo con il quale i nazisti indicarono lo sterminio degli ebrei (nel campo, tuttavia, trovarono la morte anche molte altre categorie di internati) - divenendo rapidamente il più grande ed efficiente centro di sterminio nazista. Auschwitz, nell'immaginario collettivo, è diventato il simbolo universale del lager.
Dal 1979, ciò che resta di quel luogo è patrimonio dell'umanità dell'UNESCO[3] ed è visitabile dal pubblico.
Auschwitz
Era il Konzentrationslager (campo di concentramento). È stato reso operativo dal 14 giugno 1940 e centro amministrativo dell'intero complesso. Il numero di prigionieri rinchiusi costantemente in questo campo fluttuò tra le 15.000 e le oltre 20.000 unità. Qui furono uccise, nella camera a gas ricavata nell'obitorio del Crematorio N.1, o morirono a causa delle impossibili condizioni di lavoro, di esecuzioni, per percosse, torture, malattie, fame, criminali esperimenti medici, circa 70.000 persone, per lo più intellettuali polacchi e prigionieri di guerra sovietici. Nei sotterranei del Block 11 di Auschwitz, la prigione del campo, il 3 settembre 1941 venne sperimentato per la prima volta dal vicecomandante del campo Karl Fritzsch, per l'uccisione di 850 prigionieri, il gas Zyklon B, normalmente usato come antiparassitario, poi impiegato su vasta scala per il genocidio ebraico.
KZ Auschwitz bezeichnet einen Lagerkomplex, der aus dem größten Vernichtungslager Auschwitz-Birkenau, dem Stammlager sowie dem KZ Auschwitz–Monowitz im damals deutsch besetzten Polen bestand. Diese drei Konzentrationslager wurden von 1940 bis 1945 während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus bei Kraków (deutsch: Krakau) am Westrand der polnischen Stadt Oświęcim (deutsch: Auschwitz) errichtet. Zu dem Lagerkomplex gehörten auch eine Vielzahl von Neben- oder Außenlagern in der Region. Die europaweit gefangen genommenen Menschen wurden per Bahn in das KZ Auschwitz transportiert. Es handelte sich um die räumlich größte Ansammlung von Konzentrationslagern des Deutschen Reichs, in denen über 1,1 Millionen Menschen ermordet wurden (siehe Opferzahlen der Konzentrationslager Auschwitz). Die Lager wurden am 27. Januar 1945 von der Roten Armee befreit. In der Nachkriegszeit ist "Auschwitz" zu einem Symbol für die Shoa bzw. den Holocaust geworden.
Die noch vorhandenen Teile der drei Konzentrationslager bei Oświęcim sind seit 1947 staatliches polnisches Museum bzw. Gedenkstätte. Seit dem 27. Juni 2007 trägt das Museumsgelände als UNESCO-Weltkulturerbe die Bezeichnung Auschwitz-Birkenau – deutsches nationalsozialistisches Konzentrations- und Vernichtungslager. Damit soll die damalige deutsche Verantwortlichkeit für die in Polen eingerichteten Stätten des Massenmordens auch für die Zukunft verdeutlicht werden.
Das deutsche Stammlager des KZ Auschwitz (oder Auschwitz I), von der SS K.L. Auschwitz genannt, war das erste Konzentrationslager am Ort und diente als Verwaltungszentrum des gesamten Lagerkomplexes (das war die Bedeutung der von der SS benutzten Bezeichnung Stammlager). Die Errichtung dieses ersten Konzentrationslagers war von Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler am 27. März 1940 angeordnet worden. Der erste Häftlingstransport traf am 20. Mai 1940 ein.
Ursprünglich war das Konzentrationslager in einer ehemaligen polnischen Kaserne wegen seiner „günstigen verkehrstechnischen Lage“ als Quarantäne- und Durchgangslager für verhaftete polnische Staatsangehörige aus dem neu gebildeten Oberschlesien geplant worden. Sie sollten als Zwangsarbeiter weiter nach Deutschland verschleppt werden. Die SS übernahm später Reparaturaufträge für die Wehrmacht und vermietete „ihre“ Häftlinge an Privatunternehmen, die sie als Zwangsarbeiter in zahlreichen Nebenlagern und Außenkommandos in der räumlichen Nähe einsetzten. An der Planung war auch der Vorstand der I.G. Farben, beteiligt, der einen geeigneten Standort für die Buna-Produktion mit den dafür erforderlichen Rohstoffen Wasser, Kalk, Salz und Kohle suchte.
Bereits im März 1941 ordnete Himmler eine Vergrößerung des Lagers an. Im Oktober 1941 begann der Bau des Vernichtungslagers Auschwitz II–Birkenau. Auch für dessen Verwaltung war es als „Stammlager“ im organisatorischen Rahmen der SS-internen Verwaltung aller Konzentrationslager durch das Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungshauptamt (WVHA, zuvor die IKL) zuständig.
On 29 December 1880 Tuhiata, the convicted murderer of artist Mary Dobie, was executed in Wellington gaol.
Tuhiata, usually known as Tuhi, had later said the he never intended Mary harm. The pair had a fatal meeting out in the countryside where she was sketching, and by his account his attempt to ask her where she was from was misunderstood as she spoke no Māori and he little English. But when he dismounted from his horse and came towards her she became frightened and tried to give him the coins in her pocket to make him go away. She then uttered the fatal words that would lead to her death, telling him she would tell the soldiers about him. Fearful of being charged with theft he grabbed her and committed the far greater crime of murder, cutting her throat and dragging her body behind a flax bush.
Blood stained trousers believed to be Tuhi’s were recovered from the scene and his bloody knife was also found. The day of Mary’s murder was fine and she had visited the local store to buy a carpenter’s pencil for her sketching. A gifted artist she had supplied sketches of New Zealand scenery which were published in the London Graphic magazine. As she made her purchase Tuhi was also in the store where he unsuccessfully tried to buy a pair of moleskin trousers on credit. The same day he was seen dancing in the tap room of the local pub before riding his black horse in the direction Mary had taken. Before the murder he had been well thought of and was described by one witness as “usually a quiet man. He is not quarrelsome.” He was arrested and tried in Wellington where the jury took only 20 minutes to unanimously decide on his guilt. He was hanged soon after and the newspapers reported that he had walked “firmly” onto the scaffold and that death was instantaneous
Shown here is the coroner’s certification of Tuhiata’s death. It includes the official cause of death by hanging and the names of all witnesses present at the execution.
ACGS 16211 J1/283/u 1881/9
collections.archives.govt.nz/web/arena/search#/?q=R24425793
More information can be found here:
paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZTIM18801230.2.50?q...
nzhistory.govt.nz/hokianga-chief-patuone-arrives-in-sydne...
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Warsaw's Old Town Market Place is the center and oldest part of the Old Town of Warsaw, Poland. Immediately after the Warsaw Uprising, it was systematically blown up by the German Army. After World War II, the Old Town Market Place was restored to its prewar appearance. The Old Town Market Place is the true heart of the Old Town, and until the end of the 18th century it was the heart of all of Warsaw. It originated in the late 13th century, at the same time that the city was founded. Here the representatives of guilds and merchants met in the town hall (built before 1429, pulled down in 1817), and fairs and the occasional execution were held. The houses around it represented the Gothic style until the great fire of 1607, after which they were rebuilt in late-Renaissance style and eventually in late-Baroque style by Tylman Gamerski in 1701. The main feature at that time was the immense town hall, reconstructed in 1580 in the style of Polish mannerism by Antoneo de Ralia and again between 1620 and 1621. The architecture of the building was similar to many other structures of that type in Poland. It was adorned with attics and four side towers. A clock tower, embellished with an arcade loggia, was covered with a bulbous spire typical for Warsaw mannerist architecture (an example being the Royal Castle). The district was damaged by the bombs of the German Luftwaffe during the Invasion of Poland (1939). The ancient Market Place was rebuilt in the 1950s, after having been destroyed by the German Army after the suppression of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising. Today it is a major tourist attraction.
This panorama was constructed using Photoshop CC to stitch together horizontally five landscape-oriented images.
Additional information about the Old Town Market Place may be obtained at Wikipedia.
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