View allAll Photos Tagged execution
Having no description of what this place does on the outside, I can only take it literally and assume it's where trendy Shoreditch folk go to have people killed.
A Young Persons Guide To King Parrot Australian Album Tour 2025
All Ages Show
Singing Bird Studios
Frankston, VIC
Australia
Supports:
Goat Sharman
Wombat
Brutal Execution
Smithfield té una història sagnant d'execucions d'heretges i opositors polítics, entre ells les principals figures històriques com patriota escocès William Wallace (1305), Wat Tyler, el líder de la rebel · lió de camperols, i una llarga sèrie de reformadors religiosos i dissidents.
Avui dia, Smithfield és l'únic gran mercat de Londres que no han sortit del centre de Londres per terres més barates, millors connexions de transport i unes instal · lacions més modernes. L'objectiu del mercat és subministrar a carnisseries de la ciutat, botigues i restaurants de carn per al dia següent, així que les hores d'operació són de 4:00-12:00 tots els dies de la setmana (visita recomanada abans de 8:00).
---------------------------
Smithfield tiene una historia sangrienta de ejecuciones de herejes y opositores políticos, entre ellos las principales figuras históricas como patriota escocés William Wallace (1305), Wat Tyler, el líder de la rebelión de campesinos, y una larga serie de reformadores religiosos y disidentes.
Hoy en día, Smithfield es el único gran mercado de Londres no han salido del centro de Londres para tierras más baratas, mejores conexiones de transporte y unas instalaciones más modernas. El objetivo del mercado es suministrar a carnicerías de la ciudad, tiendas y restaurantes de carne para el día siguiente, así que las horas de operación son de 4:00 am a 12:00 pm todos los días de la semana (visita recomendada antes de 8:00).
---------------------------
Smithfield has a bloody history of executions of heretics and political opponents, including major historical figures such as Scottish patriot William Wallace (1305), Wat Tyler, the leader of the Peasants' Revolt, and a long series of religious reformers and dissenters.
Today, Smithfield is the only great London market not to have moved out of central London for cheaper land, better transport links and more modern facilities. The purpose of the market is to supply inner city butchers, shops and restaurants with meat for the coming day, so the trading hours are from 4:00 a.m. to 12:00 noon every weekday (Recommended visit before 8:00).
After public executions fell out of style, executions took place in various places in the Gaol. But the authorities worried about the riot that might ensue if the heroes of 1916 were executed in sight of prisoners, let alone the public. So this space, formerly used for breaking rocks, was the site for the firing squads
Obscured by Jose Rizal's national monument in Luneta is a nearby wooded site where he was executed by the Spanish colonial government on 30 December 1896. He was then secretly buried in an unmarked grave at the Paco Cemetery. In 1898, his remains were exhumed and brought to the Rizal house in Binondo and placed in an urn during which a relative retrieved a vertabra with a lodged bullet that is now on display at Fort Santiago. The remains were then displayed and honored at the Marble Hall of the Ayutamiento before finally being interred in the Rizal monument that was designed by Swiss sculptor Richard Kissling.
Business letter to Complaint for Non-execution of an Order guide.shopyhood.com/business-letter-to-complaint-for-non-...
Excellence is about execution.
A dark morph Red Tail Hawk, Buteo jamaicensis.
Tule Lake National Wildlife Refuge, CA
Keyword: Execution, Raptors.
Fine Art Prints are available at www.wildphotons.com
10% of your purchases go to an environmental or educational cause.
This exercise provides training across the spectrum of OCS readiness from requirements and development of warfighter staff integration and synchronization through contract execution supporting the joint force commander. (U.S. Air Force Photo by Tech. Sgt. Chad Chisholm/Released)
Paul Delaroche, The Execution of Lady Jane Grey, 1833, oil on canvas, 246 x 297 cm (The National Gallery, London)
Back when Sweden still was a barbaric country we used to execute people at this rock near Hanveden. The last person to die here was the farm worker Anders Gustav Pettersson, who brutally murdered his employer Hugo Fredrik Jaedren at the gates to the Näringsberg estate. That was back in 1855. When I passed the rock earlier today I noticed ice and decided to take a few photos.
Thierry Geoffroy / Colonel exhibit now at The Kuma Museum his tent from document Kassel d13 , 2012 ( unsolicited )
that created debates about contempoarary art , started occupy movement in front of Fridericianum museum ... got confiscated , inspired marble tent installation documenta14
read more here :
www.emergencyrooms.org/documenta_kassel.html
Geoffroy normally works with art formats like the EMERGENCY ROOM
to stimulate urgent expression by artist about today 's emergencies :
The art work can be asking about "The Execution of Emperor Maximilian "where Manet paint an " after excecution moment "
Is art always too late ?
Can art prevent accidents ?
Does art always comes after the shooting or can art sometimes prevent it ?
Can artists have an impact ?
Could it be an art that could prevent and stop accidents not only witness and express about them ?
Thierry Geoffroy/ Colonel will be exhibiting in the museum Kunsthalle Mannheim from october 2018 part of the exhibition Konstruktion der Welt .Kunst und Ökonomie
Constructing the World: Art and Economy 1919-1939 and 2008-2018
10/12/18 to 02/03/19
Ten years after the peak of the global financial crisis in 2008, which profoundly shook the economic systems of America and Europe and had a lasting effect on present-day life, this topical exhibition is the first to illustrate the economy’s dramatic influence on art and to make global comparisons, demonstrating these in an analysis of two separate eras. Economic phenomena in the classical modernism of the 1920s and 30s are not only explored by focusing on art from the German Weimar Republic, the Soviet Union, and the United States, but also juxtaposed with artists of the present day.
Curatorial team: Dr. Eckhart Gillen (Berlin), Dr. Ulrike Lorenz, Dr. Sebastian Baden
Project Lead: Dr. Inge Herold, Assistence: Lisa Valentina Riedel, M. A. mult., Elisabeth Bohnet, M.A.
How does contemporary art reflect the world of work today? The catalogue for the second part of the exhibition Constructing the World at the Kunsthalle Mannheim takes a look at this question. The focus of it is primarily on artistic positions of the past decade that deal with the social, political, and economic effects of the most recent economic crisis after 2008. The works address and interrogate new production conditions and developments on the labor market as well as political conflicts. The accompanying publication provides fascinating insights into the diverse artistic positions.
Artists participating 2008-2018
Maja Bajevic - BBM (Observers of Operators of Machines) - Bureau d'Études - Claire Fontaine - Jacques Coetzer - Abraham Cruzvillegas - Szilárd Cseke - Chto Delat - Jeremy Deller - Simon Denny - Tatjana Doll - Harun Farocki & Antje Ehmann - Thierry Geoffroy - Andreas Gursky - Thomas Hirschhorn - Olaf Holzapfel - Sanja Iveković - Charles Lim Yi Yong - Maha Maamoun - José Antonio Vega Macotela - Tobias Rehberger - Oliver Ressler & Dario Azzellini - Mika Rottenberg - Superflex - Zefrey Throwell - Volume V - Maya Zack - Artur Żmijewski
Artists participating 1919-1939
Berenice Abbott - Gerd Arntz - Lester Thomas Beall - Thomas Hart Benton - George Biddle - John Biggers - Peter Blume - Margaret Bourke-White - Jacob Burck - Clarence Holbrook Carter - Charlie Chaplin - Ottilie Cieluszek - Ralston Crawford - Francis Hyman Criss - Stuart Davis - Alexander A. Deineka - Rudolf Dischinger - Otto Dix - Nikolaj A. Dolgorukow - Arthur Durston - Sergej M. Eisenstein - Fred Ellis - Walker Evans - Philip Evergood - Conrad Felixmüller - Hans Finsler - Max Gebhard - Hugo Gellert - John R. Grabach - Otto Griebel - William Gropper - Carl Grossberg - George Grosz - Hans Grundig - Kurt Günther - O. Louis Guglielmi - John Heartfield - Werner Heldt - Karl Hubbuch - Eric Johansson - Joe Jones - Grethe Jürgens - William Karp - Lewis W. Hine - Hannah Höch - Heinrich Hoerle - Edward Hopper - Hermann Otto Hoyer - Edward McKnight Kauffer - Gerhard Keil - Gustavs Klucis - Käthe Kollwitz - Pawel D. Korin - Valentina N. Kulagina - Wilhelm Lachnit - Fritz Lang - Wladimir W. Lebedew - Jack Levine - El Lissitzky - Arkadi Lobanow - Louis Lozowick - Sergej A. Lutschischkin - Reginald Marsh - Carl Mayer - László Moholy-Nagy - Dimitri Moor - Reinhold Nägele - Otto Nagel - Alice Neel - Oskar Nerlinger -Solomon B. Nikritin - Alice Lex-Nerlinger - Gerta Overbeck - Werner Peiner - Kusma S. Petrow-Wodkin - Juri I. Pimeno w - Natalia Pinus - Michail M. Plaksin - Jackson Pollock - Curt Querner - Climent N. Redko - Albert Renger-Patzsch - Serafima V. Rjangina - Alexander Rodtschenk o - Theodore Roszak - Walter Ruttmann - Leni Riefens tahl - Nikolaus Sagrekov - Alexander N. Samochwalow - Paul Sample - August Sander - Arkadi S. Schaichet - Rudolf Schlichter - Wilhelm Schnarrenberger - Georg Scholz - Franz Wilhelm Seiwert - Ben Shahn - Charles Sheeler - Georgi und Wladimir A. Stenberg - Warwara Stepanowa - Paul Strand - Miklos Suba - Ernst Thoms - Alexander G. Tyschler - Bumpei Usui - Konstantin A. Vialov - Karl Völker - Wladimir A. Wassiljew - Dsiga Wertow - Piotr W. Wiljams - Grant Wood - Gustav Wunderwald - Ekaterina S. Zernova - Heinrich Zille
www.colonel.dk contact : emergencyrooms@gmail.com
#artformats #artformat #formatart #biennale #biennalism #biennalecritic
#ARTIVISM #streetartist #politicalartist #activistartist #Epigrammatists #socialcommentary
#premonitionart #avantgardeart #inadvanceart #urbanartist #InstitutionalCritique
#artintime #onlineart
#toolate
thierry.geoffroy #thierrygeoffroy #artistrole
#biennalist #Biennalism #biennalecritic
#venicebiennale
#documentakassel #documenta #d13 #documenta13
#manet #edouardmanet
#exhibition #contemporaryart #
#artandeconomy #kunsthallemannheim #museum #mannheim#thierrygeoffroycolonel
#kuma #kumamuseum
An old Nickelodean type machine that boasted you would see a realistic excecution. The gates opened, the little wooden figures stood perfectly still while music played. At the end, the floor dropped and one wooden figure fell through the floor and was hanged. It was totally lame and awesome at the same time.
The execution wall between blocks 10 & 11 at Auschwitz - the area is entered in silence in respect of the lives lost in this & the blocks next to it - the sadness, darkness was so evident (for me) in this space ....
32oz of fake blood.
One fairly large Seedless Watermelon.
And a fairly large load from a shot gun.
BOOM! HEADSHOT!
Firing Squad executing the Rebel Leader.
17th Century re-enactment performed by The Sealed Knot at Stockwood Park
A few years ago, early on Saturday morning, I tried to enter St Dunstan's, with no luck. It was locked fast.
Which was a shame, as it looked a very interesting church from the outside, and with its location, just outside the city gate on the crossing of two main roads.
Anyway, I logged this away in my meory banks, detirmed to go back one day. And for a change this Heritage Weekend, we returned to Canterbury not once, but twice. And on the second day was rewarded with entry to three of the city churches.
St Dunstan is most famous for being the final resting place of Sir Thomas More's head, in the family tomb of his wife. There is fine glass commemorating this.
Some minor work is being carried out at the rear of the church, so a return will be needed to see the full restored church.
------------------------------------------------------
Dedicated to a former Archbishop of Canterbury, St Dunstan's stands outside the city walls. There is structural evidence of the Norman period, but most of the church is fourteenth century. The west tower dates from this time and is very oddly proportioned - about twice the height that its width can really cope with. The south chapel is constructed of brick and was completed in the early sixteenth century. It contains monuments to the More family and is the burial place of St. Thomas More's head, - brought here by his daughter after his execution. The family home stood opposite the church where its brick gateway may still be seen. There are two twentieth-century windows of note in the chapel, by Lawrence Lee and John Hayward.
www.kentchurches.info/church.asp?p=Canterbury+2
-------------------------------------------------
St. Dunstan's is an Anglican church in Canterbury, Kent, at the junction of London Road and Whitstable Road. It is dedicated to St. Dunstan (909-988) and gives its name to the part of the city on the left bank of the River Stour. The parish has been held in plurality with others nearby at different times, in a way that is confusing and difficult to document. In 2010 the parish was joined with the parishes of the City Centre Parish in a new pastoral grouping, City Centre with St. Dunstan.
The church dates from the 11th century and is a grade I listed building. It was restored in 1878-80 by church architect Ewan Christian. Its association with the deaths of Thomas Becket and Thomas More make it a place of pilgrimage.
Dunstan was Archbishop of Canterbury from 960 to 978 and was canonised soon after his death, becoming the favourite saint of the English until he was supplanted by Thomas Becket.[2] He was buried in Canterbury Cathedral but his tomb was destroyed during the Reformation.
In 1174, when Henry II began his penitential pilgrimage in reparation for the murder of Archbishop Thomas Becket, he changed his clothing into sackcloth at St. Dunstan’s Church and began his pilgrimage from here to Thomas Becket's tomb at Canterbury Cathedral on foot.
His daughter Margaret secured the release of Thomas More's head from its spike on London Bridge and brought it back to the family tomb of her husband William Roper.[4] The Roper family lived nearby off what is now St Dunstan's Street. What remains of their home is called Roper Gate, marked with a commemorative plaque, it is all that survives of Place House. The Roper family vault is located underneath the Nicholas Chapel, to the right of the church's main altar. It was sealed in recent years, according to Anglican tradition. A large stone slab marks its location to the immediate left of the chapel's altar. Three impressive stained glass windows line the chapel, the one behind the altar depicts in brilliant detail the major events and symbols in the life of the Saint. Another of the windows commemorates the visit of Pope John Paul II to Canterbury to pray with the Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury at the site of the martyrdom of St. Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral. The window displays the arms of the Archbishop's diocese and the Pope. Plaques mounted on the walls explain the veracity of the relic of the Saint's head, the sealing of the vault which contains it, and the life of the Saint, including a prayer he wrote.
St Dunstan’s has six bells, hung for change ringing in the English style, the heaviest weighing 13cwt (approx. 675 kg). Due to the unusual narrowness of the belfry, the bells are hung in a two-tier frame.
The fifth bell of the ring is one of the oldest Christian church bells in the world, believed to have been cast in 1325 by William le Belyetere, making it nearly 690 years old as of 2014 [5]
The bells were removed from the tower in 1935 so that a concrete structural beam could be fitted to the tower. At this time the bells were retuned by the Whitechapel Bell Foundry, and rehung in the present frame in 1936.
The bells are rung on Friday evenings for practice, and Sunday mornings for the service, by the St Dunstan’s Society of Change Ringers.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Dunstan%27s,_Canterbury
----------------------------------------------
ir Thomas More (/ˈmɔːr/; 7 February 1478 – 6 July 1535), venerated by Roman Catholics as Saint Thomas More,[1][2] was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a councillor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532.[3]
More opposed the Protestant Reformation, in particular the theology of Martin Luther and William Tyndale. He also wrote Utopia, published in 1516, about the political system of an imaginary ideal island nation. More opposed the King's separation from the Catholic Church, refusing to acknowledge Henry as Supreme Head of the Church of England and the annulment of his marriage to Catherine of Aragon. After refusing to take the Oath of Supremacy, he was convicted of treason and beheaded. Ahead of his execution, he was reported saying his famous words: "I die the King's good servant, but God's first."
Pope Pius XI canonised More in 1935 as a martyr. Pope John Paul II in 2000 declared him the "heavenly Patron of Statesmen and Politicians."[4] Since 1980, the Church of England has remembered More liturgically as a Reformation martyr.[5] The Soviet Union honoured him for the 'Communistic' attitude toward property rights expressed in Utopia.
Born in Milk Street in London, on February 7, 1478, Thomas More was the son of Sir John More,[9] a successful lawyer and later judge, and his wife Agnes (née Graunger). More was educated at St Anthony's School, then considered one of London's finest schools.[10] From 1490 to 1492, More served John Morton, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor of England, as a household page.[11]:xvi Morton enthusiastically supported the "New Learning" (now called the Renaissance), and thought highly of the young More. Believing that More had great potential, Morton nominated him for a place at the University of Oxford (either in St. Mary's Hall or Canterbury College, both now gone).[12]:38
More began his studies at Oxford in 1492, and received a classical education. Studying under Thomas Linacre and William Grocyn, he became proficient in both Latin and Greek. More left Oxford after only two years—at his father's insistence—to begin legal training in London at New Inn, one of the Inns of Chancery.[11]:xvii[13] In 1496, More became a student at Lincoln's Inn, one of the Inns of Court, where he remained until 1502, when he was called to the Bar.
According to his friend, theologian Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam, More once seriously contemplated abandoning his legal career to become a monk.[14][15] Between 1503 and 1504 More lived near the Carthusian monastery outside the walls of London and joined in the monks' spiritual exercises. Although he deeply admired their piety, More ultimately decided to remain a layman, standing for election to Parliament in 1504 and marrying the following year.[11]:xxi
In spite of his choice to pursue a secular career, More continued ascetical practices for the rest of his life, such as wearing a hair shirt next to his skin and occasionally engaging in flagellation.[11]:xxi A tradition of the Third Order of Saint Francis honours More as a member of that Order on their calendar of saints.
More married Jane Colt in 1505.[12]:118 She was 5 years younger than her husband, quiet and good-natured.[12]:119 Erasmus reported that More wanted to give his young wife a better education than she had previously received at home, and tutored her in music and literature.[12]:119 The couple had four children before Jane died in 1511: Margaret, Elizabeth, Cicely, and John.[12]:132
Going "against friends' advice and common custom," within thirty days More had married one of the many eligible women among his wide circle of friends.[17] He certainly expected a mother to take care of his little children and, as the view of his time considered marriage as an "economic union",[18] he chose a rich widow, Alice Harpur Middleton.[19] More is regarded not getting remarried for sexual pleasure, since Alice is much older than himself, and their marriage possibly had not been consummated.[18] The speed of the marriage was so unusual that More had to get a dispensation of the banns, which, due to his good public reputation, he easily obtained.[17] Alice More lacked Jane's docility; More's friend Andrew Ammonius derided Alice as a "hook-nosed harpy."[20] Erasmus, however, called their marriage happy.[12]:144
More had no children from his second marriage, although he raised Alice's daughter from her previous marriage as his own. More also became the guardian of two young girls: Anne Cresacre would eventually marry his son, John More;[12]:146 and Margaret Giggs (later Clement) would be the only member of his family to witness his execution (she died on the 35th anniversary of that execution, and her daughter married More's nephew William Rastell). An affectionate father, More wrote letters to his children whenever he was away on legal or government business, and encouraged them to write to him often.[12]:150[21]:xiv
More insisted upon giving his daughters the same classical education as his son, a highly unusual attitude at the time.[12]:146–47 His eldest daughter, Margaret, attracted much admiration for her erudition, especially her fluency in Greek and Latin.[12]:147 More told his daughter of his pride in her academic accomplishment in September 1522, after he showed the bishop a letter she had written:
When he saw from the signature that it was the letter of a lady, his surprise led him to read it more eagerly … he said he would never have believed it to be your work unless I had assured him of the fact, and he began to praise it in the highest terms … for its pure Latinity, its correctness, its erudition, and its expressions of tender affection. He took out at once from his pocket a portague [A Portuguese gold coin] … to send to you as a pledge and token of his good will towards you.[21]:152
More's decision to educate his daughters set an example for other noble families. Even Erasmus became much more favourable once he witnessed their accomplishments.[12]:149
A portrait of More and his family was painted by Holbein, but it was lost in a fire in the 18th century. More's grandson commissioned a copy, two versions of which survive.
In 1504 More was elected to Parliament to represent Great Yarmouth, and in 1510 began representing London.[22]
From 1510, More served as one of the two undersheriffs of the City of London, a position of considerable responsibility in which he earned a reputation as an honest and effective public servant. More became Master of Requests in 1514,[23] the same year in which he was appointed as a Privy Counsellor.[24] After undertaking a diplomatic mission to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, accompanying Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Archbishop of York, to Calais and Bruges, More was knighted and made under-treasurer of the Exchequer in 1521.[24]
As secretary and personal adviser to King Henry VIII, More became increasingly influential: welcoming foreign diplomats, drafting official documents, and serving as a liaison between the King and Lord Chancellor Wolsey. More later served as High Steward for the universities of Oxford and Cambridge.
In 1523 More was elected as knight of the shire (MP) for Middlesex and, on Wolsey's recommendation, the House of Commons elected More its Speaker.[24] In 1525 More became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, with executive and judicial responsibilities over much of northern England.
More supported the Catholic Church and saw the Protestant Reformation as heresy, a threat to the unity of both church and society. More believed in the theology, polemics, and ecclesiastical laws of the church, and "heard Luther's call to destroy the Catholic Church as a call to war."[25]
His early actions against the Reformation included aiding Wolsey in preventing Lutheran books from being imported into England, spying on and investigating suspected Protestants, especially publishers, and arresting anyone holding in his possession, transporting, or selling the books of the Protestant Reformation. More vigorously suppressed the travelling country ministers who used Tyndale's English translation of the New Testament.[citation needed] It contained controversial translations of certain words; for example, Tyndale used "senior" and "elder" rather than "priest" for the Greek "presbyteros", and some of the marginal glosses challenged Catholic doctrine.[26] It was during this time that most of his literary polemics appeared.
Rumours circulated during and after More's lifetime regarding ill-treatment of heretics during his time as Lord Chancellor. The popular anti-Catholic polemicist John Foxe, who "placed Protestant sufferings against the background of... the Antichrist",[27] was instrumental in publicising accusations of torture in his famous Book of Martyrs, claiming that More had often personally used violence or torture while interrogating heretics. Later authors such as Brian Moynahan and Michael Farris cite Foxe when repeating these allegations.[28] More himself denied these allegations:
Stories of a similar nature were current even in More's lifetime and he denied them forcefully. He admitted that he did imprison heretics in his house – 'theyr sure kepynge' – he called it – but he utterly rejected claims of torture and whipping... 'so helpe me God.'[12]:298
However, More writes in his "Apology" (1533) that he only applied corporal punishment to two heretics: a child who was caned in front of his family for heresy regarding the Eucharist, and a "feeble-minded" man who was whipped for disrupting prayers.[29]:404 During More's chancellorship, six people were burned at the stake for heresy; they were Thomas Hitton, Thomas Bilney, Richard Bayfield, John Tewkesbery, Thomas Dusgate, and James Bainham.[12]:299–306 Moynahan has argued that More was influential in the burning of Tyndale, as More's agents had long pursued him, even though this took place over a year after his own death.[30] Burning at the stake had long been a standard punishment for heresy; about thirty burnings had taken place in the century before More's elevation to Chancellor, and burning continued to be used by both Catholics and Protestants during the religious upheaval of the following decades.[31] His biographer Peter Ackroyd notes that More explicitly "approved of Burning".[12]:298
John Tewkesbury was a London leather seller found guilty by Bishop of London John Stokesley[32] of harbouring banned books; he was sentenced to burning for refusing to recant. More declared: he "burned as there was neuer wretche I wene better worthy."[33]
Modern commentators are divided over More's religious actions as Chancellor. Some biographers, including Ackroyd, have taken a relatively tolerant view of More's campaign against Protestantism by placing his actions within the turbulent religious climate of the time. Others have been more critical, such as Richard Marius, an American scholar of the Reformation, believing that persecutions were a betrayal of More's earlier humanist convictions, including More's zealous and well-documented advocacy of extermination for Protestants.[29]:386–406
Some Protestants take a different view. In 1980, More was added to the Church of England's calendar of Saints and Heroes of the Christian Church, despite being a fierce opponent of the English Reformation that created the Church of England. He was added jointly with John Fisher, to be commemorated every 6 July (the date of More's execution) as "Thomas More, Scholar, and John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, Reformation Martyrs, 1535".[5] Pope John Paul II honoured him by making him patron saint of statesmen and politicians in October 2000, stating: "It can be said that he demonstrated in a singular way the value of a moral conscience... even if, in his actions against heretics, he reflected the limits of the culture of his time".
As the conflict over supremacy between the Papacy and the King reached its apogee, More continued to remain steadfast in supporting the supremacy of the Pope as Successor of Peter over that of the King of England. In 1530, More refused to sign a letter by the leading English churchmen and aristocrats asking Pope Clement VII to annul Henry's marriage to Catherine of Aragon, and also quarrelled with Henry VIII over the heresy laws. In 1531, Henry had isolated More by purging most clergy who supported the papal stance from senior positions in the church. Parliament's reinstatement of the charge of praemunire in 1529 had made it a crime to support in public or office the claim of any authority outside the realm (such as the Papacy) to have a legal jurisdiction superior to the King's. In 1531, a royal decree required the clergy to take an oath acknowledging the King as "Supreme Head" of the Church in England. As a layperson, More did not need to take the oath and the clergy, after some initial resistance, took the oath with the addition of the clause "as far as the law of Christ allows." However, More saw he could not render the support Henry expected from his Lord Chancellor for the policy the King was developing to support the annulment of his marriage with Catherine. In 1532 he petitioned the King to relieve him of his office, alleging failing health. Henry granted his request.
In 1533, More refused to attend the coronation of Anne Boleyn as the Queen of England. Technically, this was not an act of treason, as More had written to Henry acknowledging Anne's queenship and expressing his desire for the King's happiness and the new Queen's health.[34] Despite this, his refusal to attend was widely interpreted as a snub against Anne, and Henry took action against him.
Shortly thereafter, More was charged with accepting bribes, but the charges had to be dismissed for lack of any evidence. In early 1534, More was accused of conspiring with the "Holy Maid of Kent," Elizabeth Barton, a nun who had prophesied against the king's annulment, but More was able to produce a letter in which he had instructed Barton not to interfere with state matters.[citation needed]
On 13 April 1534, More was asked to appear before a commission and swear his allegiance to the parliamentary Act of Succession. More accepted Parliament's right to declare Anne Boleyn the legitimate Queen of England, but, holding fast to the teaching of papal supremacy, he steadfastly refused to take the oath of supremacy of the Crown in the relationship between the kingdom and the church in England. More furthermore publicly refused to uphold Henry's annulment from Catherine. John Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, refused the oath along with More. The oath reads:[35]
...By reason whereof the Bishop of Rome and See Apostolic, contrary to the great and inviolable grants of jurisdictions given by God immediately to emperors, kings and princes in succession to their heirs, hath presumed in times past to invest who should please them to inherit in other men's kingdoms and dominions, which thing we your most humble subjects, both spiritual and temporal, do most abhor and detest...
With his refusal to support the King's annulment, More's enemies had enough evidence to have the King arrest him on treason. Four days later, Henry had More imprisoned in the Tower of London. There More prepared a devotional Dialogue of Comfort against Tribulation. While More was imprisoned in the Tower, Thomas Cromwell made several visits, urging More to take the oath, which he continued to refuse.
On 1 July 1535, More was tried before a panel of judges that included the new Lord Chancellor, Sir Thomas Audley, as well as Anne Boleyn's father, brother, and uncle. He was charged with high treason for denying the validity of the Act of Supremacy and was tried under the following section of the Treasons Act 1534:
If any person or persons, after the first day of February next coming, do maliciously wish, will or desire, by words or writing, or by craft imagine, invent, practise, or attempt any bodily harm to be done or committed to the king's most royal person, the queen's, or their heirs apparent, or to deprive them or any of them of their dignity, title, or name of their royal estates …
That then every such person and persons so offending … shall have and suffer such pains of death and other penalties, as is limited and accustomed in cases of high treason.[36]
More, relying on legal precedent and the maxim "qui tacet consentire videtur" (literally, who (is) silent is seen to consent), understood that he could not be convicted as long as he did not explicitly deny that the King was Supreme Head of the Church, and he therefore refused to answer all questions regarding his opinions on the subject.
Thomas Cromwell, at the time the most powerful of the King's advisors, brought forth the Solicitor General, Richard Rich, to testify that More had, in his presence, denied that the King was the legitimate head of the church. This testimony was characterised by More as being extremely dubious. Witnesses Richard Southwell and Mr. Palmer both denied having heard the details of the reported conversation, and as More himself pointed out:
Can it therefore seem likely to your Lordships, that I should in so weighty an Affair as this, act so unadvisedly, as to trust Mr. Rich, a Man I had always so mean an Opinion of, in reference to his Truth and Honesty, … that I should only impart to Mr. Rich the Secrets of my Conscience in respect to the King's Supremacy, the particular Secrets, and only Point about which I have been so long pressed to explain my self? which I never did, nor never would reveal; when the Act was once made, either to the King himself, or any of his Privy Councillors, as is well known to your Honours, who have been sent upon no other account at several times by his Majesty to me in the Tower. I refer it to your Judgments, my Lords, whether this can seem credible to any of your Lordships.
The jury took only fifteen minutes, however, to find More guilty.
After the jury's verdict was delivered and before his sentencing, More spoke freely of his belief that "no temporal man may be the head of the spirituality". He was sentenced to be hanged, drawn, and quartered (the usual punishment for traitors who were not the nobility), but the King commuted this to execution by decapitation. The execution took place on 6 July 1535. When he came to mount the steps to the scaffold, he is widely quoted as saying (to the officials): "I pray you, I pray you, Mr Lieutenant, see me safe up and for my coming down, I can shift for myself"; while on the scaffold he declared that he died "the king's good servant, but God's first."
Another comment he is believed to have made to the executioner is that his beard was completely innocent of any crime, and did not deserve the axe; he then positioned his beard so that it would not be harmed.[39] More asked that his foster/adopted daughter Margaret Clement (née Giggs) be given his headless corpse to bury.[40] She was the only member of his family to witness his execution. He was buried at the Tower of London, in the chapel of St Peter ad Vincula in an unmarked grave. His head was fixed upon a pike over London Bridge for a month, according to the normal custom for traitors. His daughter Margaret (Meg) Roper rescued it, possibly by bribery, before it could be thrown in the River Thames.[citation needed]
The skull is believed to rest in the Roper Vault of St Dunstan's Church, Canterbury, though some researchers[who?] have claimed it might be within the tomb he erected for More in Chelsea Old Church (see below). The evidence,[clarification needed] however, seems to be in favour of its placement in St Dunstan's, with the remains of his daughter, Margaret Roper, and her husband's family, whose vault it was.[citation needed]
Among other surviving relics is his hair shirt, presented for safe keeping by Margaret Clement.[41] This was long in the custody of the community of Augustinian canonesses who until 1983 lived at the convent at Abbotskerswell Priory, Devon. It is now preserved at Syon Abbey, near South Brent.
We came to Helgen, where they let us out. With horror I realized that we had arrived at a place of execution. The general wanted to have us all beheaded.
The other prisoners were Stormcloaks, who had fought against the Empire and were now sentenced to death.
And there was a thief who was shot when he tried to escape.
The first Stormcloak man was led to the executioner and beheaded. I felt sick.
Then it was my turn. They pulled me to the block and let me kneel down.
When I thought my end had come, a dragon appeared and spat fire. Soldiers. Stormcloaks and civilians ran screaming away.
Where they would line up people in the concentration camps and shoot them. Blood ditch for people bleeding out.
A model displaying a rather nasty method of execution in the torture chamber at Chillingham Castle in Northumberland.
Business Books That Matter is a new Book Club program co-organized by White & Lee and the Software Development Forum (SDForum) and sponsored by Microsoft.
The conversation centered on Execution: The Discipline of Getting Things Done by Larry Bossidy and Ram Charan.
Moderator:
Mark Cameron White
Partner, White & Lee LLP
Panelists:
J. Peter Herz
Former CEO of 3ware, Inc. and Board Chairman, IPextreme, Inc.
Bruce Lichorowic
CEO, Intalio, Inc.
General consensus was that the book was good for large company process execution with a Midwest mentality. But in the Silicon Valley, emphasis is on innovation and practice.
Jorge Pineda (1879 – 1946)
The Execution of José Rizal
Ca. 1910
oil on canvas
11 1/2" x 20" (29 cm x 51 cm)
Opening bid: PHP 1,000,000
Lot 144 of the Leon Gallery auction in November 2019. For more details, please see leon-gallery.com
Jorge Pineda, hailed as the King of Filipino Illustrators, was also a worthy painter who specialized in two subjects: the simple pleasures of Filipino country life and the significant historical event. He was an ardent patriot and a devoted Rizalist who styled himself after our national hero.
The critic Eric Torres described him as “a free-thinker and an anti-cleric.” He would frequently rail against the friars for engineering the execution of Rizal and bluster about the banning of the reading of the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo in Catholic schools.
One of his favorite pastimes—apart from long walks—was fencing. It was a sport that entranced the ilustrado gentlemen of the time, from Rizal to the Luna brothers, and the pioneer art collector, the late Don Alfonso Ongpin. (Don Alfonso would become Pineda’s fencing partner.) It is no surprise therefore that Pineda would capture this most quintessential and defining moment in our national history.
This painting, based on the single most famous photograph of Rizal’s demise, is made even more startling since it brings to life the taut colors and brooding atmosphere of that somber morning. Pineda himself was seventeen years old in 1896 and, by one account, was among the crowd on that fateful day. His prodigious memory for detail coupled with his reputation for meticulous research and his fine hand as an illustrator make this a priceless work of historical import.
Pineda’s The Execution of José Rizal captures the poignant details of that remarkable occasion. Rizal stands, arms bound at the elbow, a chistera (or derby) on his head. There was a gruesome choreography to his death. First, the Filipino troops were massed on three sides, the better to give the impression that Rizal was to die at the hands of his own countrymen. Immediately in front of Rizal was a drum corps. These men were instructed to play as loud as possible to deliberately drown out Rizal’s voice should he try to address the crowd. (The corps had jauntily played the Spanish national anthem on the way to the killing field.)
The account of one eyewitness, Hilarion Martinez, adds further details: When Rizal was near the center of the quadrangle, the mayor de la plaza, a colonel, announced, “En el nombre del Rey, el que se levante la voz a favor del reo sera ejecutado.” (In the name of the King, he who raises his voice in favor of the criminal will be executed.)
The drum corps then withdrew and were replaced by a troop of Filipino soldiers. Massed behind the Filipinos on every side was a phalanx of Spanish soldiers, ready to take up arms should the Filipinos fail to do their duty and execute Rizal. There were civilian spectators, too, and we see their white shirts in the distance.
Rizal was accompanied by two Jesuit priests, Fr. Estanislao March and Fr. Jose Villaclara, as well as his defense counsel, Lt. Luis Taviel de Andrade. The other men in white were also Spanish officers.
“With visible effort,” Martinez says, “Rizal raised his right hand which was tied and took off his hat.”The moment captured in this painting was just before that split second, corresponding in almost balletic detail to Christ’s last breath on the Holy Cross. “Amidst the silence, Rizal moved his head very slowly up and down, his lips moving as if in prayer.”
He continues, Then the commanding officer by means of his saber signaled the firing squad to aim. Then the saber dropped and there was a simultaneous crack of rifle fire that shattered the stillness of the morning. José Rizal wheeled in one last effort and toppled forward with a thud, his face towards the sky and his derby hat thrown ahead. He had fallen in the direction of the bay.
At the center of the painting is a stark, leafless tree that conveys the isolation of Rizal and the utter sadness of his death. As did Rizal at the moment of his death, it reaches plaintively to the sky in an eloquent plea for freedom and justice.
Martinez continues, Suddenly, as if from nowhere, a small dog appeared and ran in circles around Rizal’s fallen body, barking and whimpering. This incident would much later be the subject of our talk in our quarters. Some of my comrades were quick to conclude that it was a premonition of a coming misfortune.
That pale dog is captured standing near the Spanish soldiers in the painting. Indeed, it would bode the end of the Spanish empire in the Philippines.
Martinez proceeds, Then the capitan militar de la sanidad (medical officer) stepped forward, knelt before the fallen man, and felt his pulse. Looking up, he beckoned to a member of the firing squad to come forward and give the final tiro de gracia (coup de grace), another shot done at close range. I thought I saw a faint haze rise from Rizal’s coat, but it might have been a wisp of the morning mist. Seeing the body before me, I felt weak.
The officers began to show animation again. They fell in formation and marched to the tune of the Spanish national air, the Paso Doble Marcha de Cadiz.
As was customary in past executions, we filed past the body to view it for the last time. When we were commanded “eyes left,” I did not shut my eyes as I had at the sight of the several reos (convicts) whose heads were blown off by rifle fire. I wanted to see the face of the man for one last time. Rizal lay dead on the dewy grass. The day had started and I realized that I was gazing on the face of the great Malayan; that I was witnessing history in the making.
(Lisa Guerrero Nakpil)
mittelalterliches Scharfrichterbeil im Kriminalmuseum
Im früheren Klostergebäude des Johanniterordens ist das heutige Kriminalmuseum untergebracht. Ausgestellt werden die mittelalterlichen Instrumente zur Folter und zum strafrechtlichen Vollzug.
It means : (?)
If I lift up my ax, I wish the sinner to eternal life.