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Engineer at Blackfire Research Corporation.
Lighting: Paul C Buff Einstein with reflector and grid camera left. Einstein with 51" reflecting umbrella camera right. Fired with Cybersyncs.
Specialist Search Engineer on hoist searches and clears guttering surrounding building prior to arrival of VIP.
DB class 66/0 no. 66056 passes Copmanthorpe on 17th July 2025 with an engineers working, 6X07 from York Engineers' Yard to Doncaster Decoy. About to overtake is LNER Azuma class 801 no. 801218 with 1E12, the 11.00 from Edinburgh to Kings Cross.
A team of engineers at Vanderbilt’s Center for Intelligent Mechatronics led by Michael Goldfarb, H. Fort Flowers Chair in Mechanical Engineering, has developed a powered exoskeleton that enables people with severe spinal cord injuries to stand, walk, sit and climb stairs. Its lightweight, compact size and modular design promise to provide users with an unprecedented degree of independence. The university has several patents pending on the design, and Parker Hannifin Corporation, a global leader in motion and control technologies, has signed an exclusive licensing agreement to develop a commercial version of the device that it plans to introduce in 2014.
Delaware Lackawanna Pilot Engineer Mike V is behind the engineer of the Canadian National Mikado 3254 at Delaware Water Gap PA in 2009. This was the eastern most end point of the 2009 Steamtown Founders Day Special between Scranton and Slateford PA.
The CJ has recently renewed much of its engineers' fleet, with a pair of Stadler bi-mode locos, four ballast hoppers and four flat wagons.
Here 521 stands in the siding at Les Breuleux with two of each wagon type. The nearest wagon is adapted with a hydraulic crane, while the other carries cable drums.
World Bank Lead Irrigation Engineer, Joop Stoutjesdijk (second from left) talks with employees at the Wawa Taguig pumping station along the Wawa Lake in Taguig, Philippines on July 11, 2014. There are 53 pumping stations for the Metro Manila to help reduce the flooding during the raining season. Photo © Dominic Chavez/World Bank
Photo ID: World_Bank_Philippines_Edit_0008
Built by the Hunslet Engine Co (Leeds) in 1953 for the Ministry of Defence, Austerity 0-6-0ST 198 'Royal Engineers' runs round it's train in the pouring rain at Havenstreet, before returning to Wootton on the Isle of Wight Steam Railway.
In conjunction with the Isle of Wight Classic Beer Buses & Walks Weekend, the railway was operating between Wootton and Havenstreet and on producton of your Beer & Buses programme, free train travel was to be had.
12th October 2019
This image is released under Creative Commons. Please feel free to use and please credit corgi-homeplan-how-safe-is-your-home.org/
Yes, SharePoint engineers are at your beck and call today to make your work ambience better. For more Details please visit at www.adapt-india.com
You are sitting in the engineers seat on PRR 5878. You are waiting for the outbound passener to make his station stop at Englewood. Once he clears you can make your passenger stop and then proceed to Chicago's Union Station.
Ivan is Invo's current coop engineer concentrating on data mining, numerical simulation, and data visualization.
As a research associate at the University of Rochester Physics department, Ivan investigated visualization techniques for hydrostatic equilibrium conditions and developed and ran a parallelized hydrodynamic simulation on several of the world's biggest computing resources. This research was presented at the American Astronomical Society in 2012 in his poster titled, "The Evolution of Accretion Disks in Stellar Interiors".
After growing up in Rome, Italy, Ivan is now finishing his undergraduate degree in Computer Science from Rochester Institute of Technology in Rochester, New York. He'll graduate in December 2013.
He is currently working on the open source Visual Town Budget project.
Welcome aboard!
A Catedral de São Pedro de Alcântara localiza-se em Petrópolis, cidade serrana no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. É dedicada a São Pedro de Alcântara, padroeiro da cidade e da Monarquia Brasileira.
Originalmente, a Igreja Matriz de Petrópolis era um modesto edifício localizado em frente ao Palácio Imperial, mas a construção de uma nova Matriz já estava prevista, no lugar atual, no plano de urbanização de Petrópolis, datado de 1843, de autoria do Major Júlio Frederico Koeler.
Na década de 1870 volta-se a considerar a construção da nova igreja, graças ao interesse do Imperador D. Pedro II e sua filha, a Princesa Isabel. Em 1871 foi decidida oficialmente a construção de uma nova Matriz, que porém ainda demoraria a materializar-se. Em 1876 o arquiteto italiano Federico Roncetti apresentou um projeto em estilo neo-renascentista, que foi recusado.
O atual edifício da catedral começou a ser construído apenas em 1884. O projeto foi encomendado ao engenheiro e arquiteto baiano Francisco Caminhoá, que concebeu um edifício em estilo neo-gótico, muito em voga na época, inspirado especialmente nas antigas catedrais do norte da França. A obra ficou a cargo da empreiteira de Manuel Pereira Jerônimo, filho de uma das primeiras famílias a se instalarem na cidade, vindas da Ilha do Pico, nos Açores.
A construção da catedral não parou após a Proclamação da República e seguiu até 1901, quando as obras entram em um período de paralisação. Sob o comando do engenheiro Heitor da Silva Costa, a obra entra em uma segunda fase de atividade intensa em 1918. Finalmente, em 29 de novembro de 1925, é inaugurada a nova matriz de Petrópolis, após 37 anos de trabalhos. O edifício, porém, não estava terminado, faltando a fachada principal e a torre, além de muito da decoração interna. As obras da fachada só começaram em 1929 e chegaram até o nível da rosácea na década de 1930. A torre só seria construída entre 1960 e 1969.
Em 1920 foi anulado o decreto que bania a Família Imperial do Brasil, e já em 1921 os restos de D. Pedro II e D. Tereza Cristina foram trazidos do Mosteiro de São Vicente de Fora, em Lisboa, para o Rio de Janeiro, onde foram alojados na Catedral Metropolitana. Em 1925 os restos foram transferidos para a sacristia da catedral de Petrópolis. Finalmente, em 5 de dezembro de 1939, o presidente Getúlio Vargas e outras autoridades inauguraram o Mausoléu Imperial, para onde foi transferido definitivamente o sarcófago do Imperador e da Imperatriz. Em 1971 também foram sepultados no mausoléu a Princesa Isabel e seu marido, o Conde D'Eu.
A Catedral de Petrópolis é uma igreja neogótica de cruz latina com transepto pouco pronunciado e três naves. A cabeceira possui um deambulatório conectado com a capela principal. A catedral mede em total 70 metros de comprimento e 22 metros de largura, com uma altura de 19 metros nas naves.
A fachada principal da igreja tem um portal com múltiplas arquivoltas em forma de arcos apontados. No lugar do tímpano há um Calvário (Cristo Crucificado, a Virgem e José de Arimatéia), e na parte superior da fachada encontram-se estátuas dos quatro evangelistas (São Marcos, São Lucas, São João e São Mateus). Todas essas esculturas são de autoria de Adão Bordignon (c. 1935). A fachada contém também uma bela rosácea.
A torre, o elemento mais recente da igreja (década de 1960), se eleva a 70 metros do solo e contém um carrilhão de cinco sinos de bronze fundidos em Passau (Alemanha), pesando nove toneladas.
No interior, os espaços são divididos por arcos apontados tipicamente góticos. Do lado direito da entrada encontra-se o Mausoléu Imperial e do lado esquerdo o batistério, com a pia batismal da antiga matriz de Petrópolis (1848). O coro da igreja tem um altar-mor em pedra de lioz portuguesa. No deambulatório há uma enorme estátua do patrono da catedral e da monarquia, São Pedro de Alcântara, esculpida em mármore de Carrara pelo francês Jean Magrou (c. 1925). Os vitrais do deambulatório e da nave datam em sua maioria da década de 1930.
A catedral possui um importante órgão, fabricado no Rio de Janeiro e instalado em 1937 por Guilherme Berner.
Mausoléu imperial
O Mausoléu Imperial, uma capela localizada à direita da entrada, é um dos grandes atrativos históricos da catedral. No centro há um sarcófago duplo com os restos do Imperador D. Pedro II e da Imperatriz Tereza Cristina. O túmulo foi esculpido em mármore de Carrara cerca de 1925 pelo francês Jean Magrou, autor dos jacentes, e pelo brasileiro Hildegardo Leão Veloso, autor dos relevos das laterais. Os túmulos da Princesa Isabel e seu marido, o Conde D'Eu, foram esculpidos pelo brasileiro Humberto Cozzo. As janelas da capela tem vitrais coloridos com poemas escritos por D. Pedro II durante o exílio, em que o Imperador deixa transparecer a saudade que sentia do seu país natal. O altar da capela, esculpido em mármore e com uma cruz de granito da Tijuca, contém relíquias dos santos São Magno, Santa Aurélia e Santa Tecla, trazidas de Roma.
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The Cathedral of Petrópolis or Cathedral of St. Peter of Alcantara is located in Petropolis, mountain town in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. It is dedicated to St. Peter of Alcantara, patron of the city and the Brazilian monarchy.Originally, the Church of Petrópolis was a modest building located opposite the Imperial Palace, but the construction of a new Matrix was already foreseen in the current place in the urban plan of Petropolis, dated 1843, authored by Major Júlio Frederico Koeler.In the 1870s back to consider the construction of the new church, thanks to the interest of the Emperor D. Pedro II and his daughter, Princess Isabel. In 1871 it was officially decided the construction of a new Matrix, but still it would take to materialize. In 1876 the Italian architect Federico Roncetti introduced a bill in neo-Renaissance, which was refused. The current building of the cathedral began to be built only in 1884. The project was commissioned to engineer and architect Francisco Caminhoá Bahia, who designed a building in neo-Gothic style, much in vogue, especially inspired by the ancient cathedrals of northern France. The work was borne by the contractor Manuel Pereira Jerome, son of one of the first families to settle in the city from the island of Pico in the Azores. Construction of the cathedral did not stop after the Proclamation of the Republic and continued until 1901, when the works enter into a period of paralysis. Under the command of the engineer Heitor da Silva Costa, the work enters a second phase of intense activity in 1918. Finally, on November 29, 1925, it inaugurated a new array of Petropolis, after 37 years of work. The building, however, was not complete, missing the main facade and tower, and much of the interior decoration. The works of the façade only started in 1929 and reached the level of rosacea in the 1930s. The tower would only be built between 1960 and 1969.In 1920 was annulled the decree that bans the Imperial Family of Brazil, and in 1921 the remains of D. D. Pedro II and Tereza Cristina were brought from the Monastery of São Vicente de Fora in Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, where they were housed in the Metropolitan Cathedral. In 1925 the remains were transferred to the sacristy of the Cathedral of Petrópolis. Finally, on December 5, 1939, President Getúlio Vargas and other authorities inaugurated the Imperial Mausoleum, where he is definitely the sarcophagus of the Emperor and Empress. In 1971 were also buried in the mausoleum of Princess Isabel and her husband, the Count D'Eu.The Cathedral of Petrópolis is a neo-Gothic church of a Latin cross with little pronounced transept and three ships. The headboard has an ambulatory connected to the main chapel. The cathedral measuring 70 meters in total length and 22 meters wide with a height of 19 meters in the aisles. The main facade of the church has a website with multiple archivolts in the form of pointed arches. In place of the eardrum is a Calvary (Christ crucified, the Virgin and Joseph of Arimathea), and at the top of the facade are statues of the four Evangelists (St. Mark, St. Luke, St. John and St. Matthew). All these sculptures are the work of Adam Bordignon (c. 1935). The facade also contains a beautiful rose. The tower, the most recent church (1960), at 70 meters above the ground and contains a peal of five bronze bells cast in Passau (Germany), weighing nine tons.Inside, the spaces are divided by pointed arches typically Gothic. The right of the entrance lies the Imperial Mausoleum and left the baptistery, with the font of the old array of Petrópolis (1848). The choir of the church has an altar in stone lioz Portuguese. In the ambulatory there is a huge statue of the patron saint of the cathedral and the monarchy, St. Peter of Alcantara, carved in Carrara marble by Frenchman Jean Magrou (c. 1925). The windows of the nave and the ambulatory dating mostly from the 1930s. The cathedral has an important organ, made in Rio de Janeiro in 1937 and installed by William Berner.Imperial MausoleumThe Imperial Mausoleum, a chapel located right at the entrance, is a major historical attractions of the cathedral. In the center is a double sarcophagus with the remains of Emperor D. Pedro II and Empress Teresa Cristina. The tomb was carved in Carrara marble around 1925 by Frenchman Jean Magrou, author of the prostrate, and the Brazilian Hildegardo Leão Veloso, author of the reliefs on the sides. The tombs of Princess Elizabeth and her husband, the Count D'Eu, were carved by Brazilian Humberto Cozzo. The windows of the chapel has stained glass windows with poems written by D. Peter II during his exile, when the Emperor betrays the longing he felt his home country. The chapel's altar, carved in marble and granite with a cross da Tijuca, contains relics of the saints are Magno, Aurelia and Santa Tecla, brought from Rome.
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With a Warp Energy Condensor and Doom Rocket ... of course! I used the front crew rat from the Island of Blood Warp Fire Thrower as the body, head from the Doom Wheel crew, the condensor from the Warlock in the Island of Blood ... green stuff, wire. Fun model and fun in game.
2018 Tauber Colloquium
Photographer: Philip Dattilo
Rights: © 2018 Regents of the University of Michigan. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
(734) 647-0308. Tauber.umich.edu
Barefoot solar engineers under training at Barefoot college. After six months hard training they will return to electrify their home villages. Ajmer, Rajasthan, India.
Photography of the Engineers Australia Cairns Region End of Year Gala Dinner, Cairns Pullman International, 6 Dec 2024.
32 West 40th Street, Midtown Manhattan, New York City, New York, United States
The Engineers’ Club was founded in 1888 at a time when professional engineering was becoming increasingly important to the industrial and economic development of the United States. While the city was well supplied with professional and trade associations related to engineering, the Engineers’ Club was the first purely social organization founded in the United States for engineers or those connected to the field. Prominent members have included Andrew Carnegie, Herbert C. Hoover, Thomas Edison, Charles Lindbergh, Cornelius Vanderbilt, H.H. Westinghouse, and Nikola Tesla.
While the club originally leased space in Midtown Manhattan, it began to plan for a larger, purpose-built clubhouse around the turn of the century, acquiring land facing Bryant Park and the future home of the New York Public Library (both New York City Landmarks). Around the same time, industrialist and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie offered the sum of $1 million for a separate project - the creation of a joint headquarters for New York City’s professional engineering clubs. In 1904, Carnegie increased the amount of his proffered gift to $1.5 million in order to incorporate the plans of the Engineers’ Club. Ultimately, the decision was reached to erect two separate but related structures, allowing for a direct flow between them.
The design of the Engineers’ Club building was determined by an architectural competition in which the young firm of Whitfield & King bested more established names such as Carrère & Hastings and Clinton & Russell. The 12-story Renaissance Revival style building, completed in 1907, featured a tripartite configuration consisting of a three-story base clad in white marble with prominent Corinthian pilasters, a seven-story red brick shaft embellished with marble quoins and molded window enframements, and a three-story capital capped by a deeply projecting modillioned cornice. An early example of the high-rise clubhouse building type, the Engineers’ Club building also featured 66 sleeping rooms in addition to its public and social spaces.
The Engineers’ Club occupied the West 40th Street building until 1979, at which point the structure was converted into residential apartments. Today, the building looks almost exactly as it did more than a century ago, standing as an architectural reminder of the emergence of New York State as the engineering center of the country and of the United States as an industrial and economic power. As the last remaining club building on the block, it is also a visual reminder of the prominence of the social club and of the bachelor apartment at the turn of the 20th century.
DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS
West 40th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues
At the turn of the 20th century, West 40th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, the future site of the Engineers’ Club building, was at the crossroads of several rapidly-evolving Midtown neighborhoods. In the late 1800s, Fifth Avenue between 34th and 59th Streets had been established as one of the most fashionable addresses in Manhattan, and residential rowhouses lined the blocks to the east and to the west. By 1900, however, various real estate forces were coalescing to permanently alter the character of this part of Manhattan. Construction of Grand Central Terminal (1903-13, a designated New York City Landmark) at East 42nd Street between Madison and Lexington Avenues and the decking of the railroad tracks running north from the station accelerated the commercialization of eastern Midtown and spurred the development of an important hotel and business district. With respect to the blocks surrounding the future site of the Engineer’s Club building, considered the northwest periphery of the Murray Hill neighborhood, the construction of or conversion of private residences into exclusive retail shops, restaurants and office buildings, was already well underway by the close of the century.
Midtown Manhattan, west of Fifth Avenue, was being similarly transformed at the turn of the 20th century. A growing transportation hub at Herald Square (at the intersection of 34th Street, Broadway and Sixth Avenue), featured cross-town streetcars, the Sixth Avenue Elevated, and the Hudson Tubes to New Jersey, and helped secure this area’s continued commercial development. The successful openings of two department stores at Herald Square, Saks & Co. in 1900 followed by R.H. Macy’s in 1901-02, anchored a new shopping district that encouraged similar businesses to relocate northwards from Madison Square. The construction of restaurants and hotels to meet shoppers’ needs logically followed. The opening of Pennsylvania Station at 34th Street and Seventh Avenue in 1910 precipitated even higher demand for realty in the blocks surrounding the station, which had become known as the ‘Pennsylvania terminal loft zone’ due to the large number of plans filed for manufacturing and business structures.
In 1899, the south side of West 40th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues was still lined with the four-story rowhouses that had been built in the mid-century. In 1903, the New York Times cited how commercial forces were “already being felt in the side streets” off of Fifth Avenue by “the recent leasing for business purposes” of houses in the area. Many of the residences that were not converted for commercial use were demolished for the construction of new, larger commercial structures. In 1900-01, several smaller lots were combined for the construction of Bryant Park Studios on the southeast corner of West 40th Street and Sixth Avenue, across from Bryant Park. On the southwest corner of West 40th Street and Fifth Avenue, opposite the future home of the New York Public Library (1898-1911), the Knox Building (a designated New York City Landmark) was built in 1901-02 as the headquarters of the Knox Hat Company. In 1902, the Republican Club was erected at 54 West 40th Street, the first club building to go up on the block. Another club, the New York Club at 18-22 West 40th Street, was erected shortly thereafter – the same year as the Engineers’ Club building. By the end of the 1920s, virtually no traces of the one-time residential character of the block remained.
Early History of Clubhouses and Bachelor Apartments in New York City
Social clubs for men had been organized in New York City since the 1830s. Largely modeled after those in London, the clubs were formed along lines such as social class, politics, ethnicity, business, sports, or other shared interests. New York City has also been host to a large variety of professional clubs, the Union Club for the law (1836), Lambs Club for the theater (1874), and Friars Club for comedians (1904) being among the most prominent. By the end of the 19th century, New York had over 100 men’s clubs (second only to London), many catering particularly to young bachelors and providing alternative options for living, dining and drinking, and socializing outside of boardinghouses or restaurants.
Initially, most clubs were established in former rowhouses and mansions, in areas such as Madison Square and Gramercy Park. In the late 19th century, a men’s clubhouse district developed in Midtown Manhattan, most highly concentrated along West 43rd and 44th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, but extending at least as far north as 54th Street and down into the 20s. The Union League Club, constructed in 1881 at Fifth Avenue and 39th Street (demolished) is considered the city’s first purpose-built clubhouse. Others followed shortly thereafter, including the Berkeley Athletic Club at 23 West 44th Street (1890, demolished), and the Harvard Club at 27 West 44th Street (1893-94, demolished). As late as the early 1890s, however, there was not a specific architectural style or type associated with clubhouse architecture in New York.
A development that paralleled the emergence of the clubhouse in New York was the emergence of a distinct residential building type for men: the bachelor apartment hotel, or “bachelor flats.” Throughout the 19th century, the population of bachelors living in New York was rising with the growth and industrialization of the city during the 19th century, which was accompanied by a workforce consisting of large numbers of unmarried men. Despite their large numbers, housing options for middle-class unmarried men in New York were severely limited. As rowhouses and better hotels were expensive, bachelors were forced to find quarters in boarding or rooming houses (usually converted rowhouses) with less privacy or security, in less-than-desirable rooms in cheaper hotels or apartment buildings, or in such facilities as clubs and YMCAs. The apartment hotel provided an alternative that could accommodate unmarried men along with couples, families, and widows, but this was considered awkward as single men were seen as threatening to married couples and traditional gender roles.
Between 1880 and 1915, the real estate market began to catch up with demand and hundreds of bachelor apartment hotels were erected. By 1905, buildings of this type could be found mostly along Fifth Avenue south of Central Park, on the adjacent cross streets, on Broadway, and in other locations south to 23rd Street. Many of the purpose-built social and professional clubs erected around this time also began to include proper accommodations for bachelors. The Yale Club of New York building (a designated New York City Landmark), for example, constructed in 1900-01, devoted more than half of its floors to bachelor apartments. Similarly, the central seven stories of the Engineers’ Club building were designed to accommodate 66 bachelor apartments that could be used either in combination as a suite, or independently.
Early History of Professional Engineering and of the Engineers’ Club
New York State is often credited as the birthplace of professional engineering within the United States, the growth and development of which was a significant factor in the rise of the country as a major industrial and economic power during the 19th century. New York State was home to the first school in the country to offer engineering as an academic subject (civil engineering at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, beginning in 1801), and also to the first university to offer a degree in engineering (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, beginning in 1838). Moreover, the number and complexity of both private and public works projects throughout the state during the 19th century, including construction of the Erie Canal (1817-25) and the Croton Aqueduct system (1837-1842), relied heavily on advancements in the engineering fields – from civil engineering, commonly associated with public works projects, to those branches more allied with industry, such as mining, mechanical or electrical engineering. Construction of the Erie Canal, alone, has been cited as responsible for doubling the number of engineers in the country. New York City’s own emergence as a grand metropolis during this era was also dependent on the engineering innovations of the era, culminating in achievements such as the Brooklyn Bridge, the extensive subway system, and the city’s myriad towering skyscrapers.
By the mid-19th century, American engineers had begun to organize professionally, with the principal aim of educating peers by means of publications and conferences. The first such organization, the Association of Civil Engineers (ASCE) was formed in 1852 in New York City. Other emerging disciplines followed with their own professional organizations, including the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineering (AIME), organized in 1871, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), organized in 1880, the American Institute of Electrical Engineers (AIEE), organized in 1884, the American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), organized in 1908, and the Institute of Radio Engineers (AIRE), organized in 1912. Many of these organizations, including ASME, AIEE and AIRE, were also formed in New York City.
The Engineers’ Club was organized in 1888 within the rooms of the ASCE clubhouse on East 23rd Street. While the city, by then, was well supplied with professional and trade associations related to engineering, the Engineers’ Club was the first purely social organization founded in the United States for engineers or those connected to the field. As would be spoken by President Arthur T. Hadley of Yale at the 1907 opening exercises for the completed Engineers’ Club building, “it is not enough to know the special sciences on which the practice of a profession is based. A man ought to have a clear conception of the public service which his profession can render, and the public duties that its members owe.”
The Engineers’ Club formally opened its doors on April 27, 1889, at a building it leased at 10 West 29th Street. Among its founding members was President James A. Burden of the Burden Iron Works in Troy, New York, Vice Presidents Henry R. Towne of the Yale & Towne Manufacturing Company and James C. Bayles of the Spiral Weld Tube Company, Treasurer
A.C. Rand of the Rand Rock Drill Company, and Secretary David Williams, publisher of the Iron Age. Though located in New York, the club was in no sense local, embracing members from “all the States of the Union, as well as Canada and Mexico.” Initially there were two classes of members – resident and non-resident – though both had the same privileges. Any candidate wishing to become a member of the club had to be proposed, seconded and endorsed by the other members of the club.
The Planning of the Engineers’ Club Building
Three years after its founding, the membership of the Engineers’ Club totaled nearly 550 members. Although the constitution of the organization limited total membership to 1,000 members, the club was growing rapidly, reaching 650 members by the close of 1896. In 1897, the club relocated to larger rented quarters at 374 Fifth Avenue but continued to swell in size, reaching 769 members by the close of 1898. Around this time, the club began to discuss plans to construct a purpose-built clubhouse to meet the demands of a steadily increasing membership. A survey was circulated to members in 1898 concerning the “advisability of taking up the matter of a new house.” Although there was unanimous agreement by the Board of Management in 1902 as to the desirability of the club “to have a house of its own,” sufficient funds needed to be raised. In 1903, the Engineers’ Realty Company was formed and its stock made available for purchase by members of the Engineers’ Club. Every member of the Engineers’ Club was expected to subscribe in the company’s stock.
By 1903, the Engineers’ Club reached 1,000 members and had conclusively outgrown its Fifth Avenue quarters. That same year, enough of the Engineering Realty Company’s stock had been sold to purchase an available site on West 40th Street. The site consisted of two adjacent tax lots at 32 and 34 West 40th Street, together measuring 50 feet wide by 100 feet deep. The site was reported in Architects’ and Builders’ Magazine as an ideal location overlooking both Bryant Park and the future home of the New York Public Library, already under construction. In their annual report of 1903, the Board of Management of the Engineers’ Club said of the lot:
This location is the most desirable in the city of New York for a Club House. Fifth Avenue; the elevated railroad station; the station of the new underground road; the Broadway, Sixth Avenue, Forty-second street and Fourth Avenue surface railroads are all near the site. It is near the Theatre district and convenient to the New York Central Railroad Station, and near to the proposed station of the Pennsylvania Railroad at 33d Street, making it readily accessible to those arriving at either of those depots.
At the turn of the 20th century, Andrew Carnegie (1835-1919) was one of the wealthiest men in the world. He had sold his holdings in the Carnegie Steel Company to the newly-formed
U.S. Steel Corporation and consequently amassed a considerable fortune. Carnegie, by this time, was already known for his extensive philanthropic activities, the focus of which were largely within the realm of education. In 1895, Carnegie was approached by W.D. Weaver of the AIEE about creating a joint headquarters for the city’s numerous engineering societies. Nothing came of this initial suggestion, and in 1903 the proposal was made again. By this time, Carnegie had already contributed to a library fund for the AIEE and had even spoken of “co-operation among engineers” at a dinner held by the organization in honor of the library’s opening. Carnegie, it seemed, had come to agree that the engineering disciplines needed to be better unified and that housing the independent clubs in a centralized home would help achieve this goal.
In early 1903, Carnegie offered the sum of $1 million for the purpose of providing a suitable professional building for the various engineering societies already centered in New York City. As reported in the New York Times, Carnegie’s objective was to make “New York a sort of intellectual engineering centre [sic], at least of the Western Hemisphere.” Carnegie, made aware of the existence of the Engineers’ Club and its plans to construct a new club house at West 40th Street, declared the location to be wholly appropriate for a central engineering building. In order to incorporate the plans of the Engineers’ Club, Carnegie increased the amount of his proffered gift to $1.5 million in 1904. He invited three of the largest professional clubs – AIEE, ASME and AIME – to participate alongside the Engineers’ Club. Hoping to ensure the success of his enterprise, he made his gift contingent on the participation of each of the professional clubs, which had a combined, rapidly rising membership of approximately 9,000 members. The chief opposition was expected to come from AIME, who expressed concerns that any appearance of localism might diminish the national standing of the organization. AIME’s fears were apparently overcome and in 1904 the professional groups formed the United Engineering Society. Soon thereafter, a joint Conference Committee was formed to carry the construction of the proposed building through to completion. This committee consisted of 12 men, three from each of the aforementioned organizations, and was headed by William R. Ware, founder of the school of architecture at Columbia University.
Shortly after beginning its work, the committee determined that it would be too difficult to purchase the amount of land required to combine all of the social and technical requirements of the unified engineering organizations into one building. Instead, the decision was made to erect two separate structures – one for the Engineers’ Club on the existing West 40th Street lot, and a second for the professional societies, to be located on West 39th Street. The completed buildings would abut one another at the rear, allowing for a direct flow between them. A larger allotment of $1.05 million was allocated for the proposed building for the professional organizations, which would be known as the Engineering Societies’ building, while the remaining $450,000 was assigned to the smaller Engineers’ Club building.
In 1905, the Trustees of the Engineers’ Club published a pamphlet for its members titled The New Club House of the Engineers’ Club: Being a Preliminary Description of the Plans and Details. Alongside a color rendering of the proposed exterior and detailed plans of each of the building’s 12 stories, the organization printed its anticipation that “the Engineers’ Club will shortly be in the enjoyment of one of the finest and most luxurious clubhouses in the United States” and one that every member “can take individual and professional pride in.” The cornerstone of the building was laid in 1905 by Louise Whitfield Carnegie – Andrew Carnegie’s wife and sister of one of the two architects. The new building opened its doors on April 25, 1907, despite “the delay of general contractors in completing their work, strikes, and other labor troubles.” In the end, the project far exceeded original cost estimates, with construction of the building alone, exclusive of the land or interior furnishings, costing approximately $550,000. In total, the project is said to have cost closer to $870,000, with Carnegie’s grant covering only the initially promised $450,000. Upon the opening of the building, the Board of Management of the Engineers’ Club pronounced it to be “one of the most comfortable and convenient Club Houses in New York City, the center of American club life.”
The Architecture of the Engineers’ Club Building
As noted in The American Architect and Building News in 1907, the worldwide fame of the donor, coupled with the magnitude of the gift and the national character of the organizations involved, made the selection of an architect for the two proposed buildings a semi-public matter of “more than ordinary importance.” The selection process for the Engineers’ Club and Engineering Societies’ buildings took the form of a competition in which six well-known and established architects were invited to participate. Each was to be paid $1,000 for his submission, whether it was accepted or not. A number of other architects were also invited to present plans, though without compensation. Additionally, the competition was made open to any architect in New York City who had been in actual practice for two or more years under his own name, incentivized by cash prizes to be awarded to the four best submissions among this open class. All plans were to be submitted anonymously.
In July 1904, the Conference Committee examined 28 sets of plans for the two buildings, comprising more than 500 drawings. The award for the Engineers’ Club building went to the firm of Whitfield & King, a young partnership who had, implausibly, been invited to participate as one of the six well-known and established firms, and who were selected over some of architecture’s most renowned names at the time, including Carrère & Hastings and Clinton & Russell. The award for the Engineering Societies’ building went to the firm of Hale & Rogers, with H.G. Morse as associate. Despite the measures purportedly taken to ensure an open and democratic selection process, it is difficult not to question the determinations – most notably, the fact that James Gable Hale, of Hale & Rogers, was the son of Edward Everett Hale, president of the Engineers’ Club, while Henry D. Whitfield, of Whitfield & King, was Carnegie’s own brother-in law.
In 1904, the New York Times reported on the winning designs, writing “it is doubtful if anywhere in the world there will be two buildings more perfectly fitted for their respective needs and more artistic in conception and execution than these two structures.” The article went on to describe the design for the Engineers’ Club building as “sumptuous in the extreme,” which is consistent with the notion that, while the buildings erected east of Fifth Avenue after the turn of the 20th century tended to exhibit a more subdued architectural and social atmosphere, those constructed west of Fifth Avenue were typically more exuberantly ornamented. Upon completion in 1907, the 12-story Engineers’ Club building featured an impressive three-story marble base with prominent Corinthian pilasters separating three round-arched windows and supporting an ornate frieze and cornice. The seven-story red brick shaft of the building featured marble quoins at its sides and marble trim surrounding its windows. A three-story capital was highlighted by an ornamental balcony, Ionic columns, round-arched windows, and a deeply projecting modillioned cornice.
While the Engineering Societies’ building was designed to meet the professional requirements of the engineers who would occupy the space, the interior configuration of the Engineers’ Club building was designed to meet the social needs of club members. The interior of the building (not part of this designation) featured a broad hallway and stairway leading to social rooms on the second and third stories. The fourth through ninth stories contained 66 bedrooms, planned in such a way as to be used either in combination as a suite or separately. On the 11th story, the main dining room, or banquet hall, contained room for 300 and was accessible by means of a service bridge across the dumbbell-shaped building’s east court. Associated facilities, including two large private dining rooms, were divided among the 10th through 12th stories. A half-story penthouse located at the rear of the building while a garden occupied the front portion of the roof. The tripartite exterior configuration of the main elevation of the Engineers’ Club building is a direct reflection of each of these interior functions: the prominent exterior columns of the base enframe the windows of the large “club” and billiard rooms, while the stories devoted to bedrooms, at the shaft of the building, are treated in a red brick and accentuated by the marble quoins; lastly, the ornamental balcony at the building’s capital serves to denote the location of the 11th-story banquet hall, overlooking the park.
Subsequent History
The increased size and prominence of the Engineers’ Club’s accommodations contributed to a significant growth in membership in the years following construction of the new building. Between 1906 and 1909, the club’s membership rose nearly 35% to 2,000 members. By 1910, just three years after the club opened, the Board of Management declared that it would be forced to consider the provision of additional facilities to meet the “reasonable requirements of the members.” To satisfy the growing demands, the Engineers’ Club began construction in 1913 of a five-story building at 23 West 39th Street (not part of this designation), directly abutting the Engineers’ Club building to the rear and the Engineering Societies’ building to the east. The space, formerly utilized as a carriage entrance for the complex, opened for use by the club in April 1915. A decade later, in need of further expansion, the Engineers’ Club purchased the buildings located on both sides of it – 28 and 36 West 40th Street. No. 28 was used for additional bedrooms and a lounge area, while no. 36 was used as office space. Today the Engineers’ Club building continues to tower over its diminutive neighbors, rising almost nine stories above the rooflines of the smaller buildings.
For nearly six decades, the Engineers’ Club and the Engineering Societies’ buildings served as the epicenter of American engineering, with each establishment frequented by some of the world’s most renowned engineers and scientists. Among its most prominent members, the Engineers’ Club has counted Andrew Carnegie, President Herbert C. Hoover, Thomas Edison, Charles Lindbergh, Cornelius Vanderbilt, Henry Clay Frick, H.H. Westinghouse and Nikola Tesla. Countless national and international engineering conferences were held regularly in the buildings, with some of the country’s largest corporations as participants. In 1960, the United Engineering Society sold its West 39th Street property and relocated to the new United Engineering Center building at 345 East 47th Street, opposite the United Nations. With that action, the engineering center was officially disbanded. As of 1972, the Engineers’ Club was also the only remaining club on West 40th Street.
By the mid-1970s, the Engineers’ Club was facing serious financial difficulties which culminated in the club declaring bankruptcy in 1977. Among the assets the club was forced to put up for sale were the Engineers’ Club building at 32 West 40th Street, and each of the three associated buildings at 28 and 36 West 40th Street and 23 West 39th Street. In 1979, the Engineers’ Club building and its three associated structures were purchased by a developer who converted the buildings for residential use. Changes were also made around this time to the penthouse units, which were expanded to cover a greater portion of the roof. Upon completion, the now-apartment building also featured ground floor retail and was advertised as “The Columns,” probably in reference to the four prominent columns which adorn the base of the building. The celebrated history of the Engineers’ Club was used in advertisements that appeared in the New York Times boasting: “CARNEGIE BUILT IT! Edison & Nobel Lived Here! NOW… SO CAN YOU!” The building was converted into a cooperative apartment house in 1983, and remains one today.
In the mid-1990s, it was discovered that the exterior of the Engineers’ Club was suffering from physical deterioration, particularly of the ornamental marble and metal elements. The architectural firm Midtown Preservation Architecture & Engineering, P.C. was hired to assess the condition of the building and make necessary repairs. The firm proceeded to repair elements including the marble arches and keystones of the 12th story, and replaced much of the original material, particularly at the building’s base and at the 11th-story balcony, with lightweight fiberglass replicas due to the advanced state of deterioration of the existing marble and metal cornices. Both the cornices at the third and at the 12th stories have been replaced with fiberglass replicas. Further repairs to the exterior facade were also made c. 2001.
Today, the Engineers’ Club is known as Bryant Park Place and continues to thrive as a cooperative apartment house. The building looks almost exactly as it did when it was constructed more than a century ago, standing as an architectural reminder of the commercial transformation of this part of Midtown Manhattan and of the emergence of New York State as the engineering center of the country and of the United States as an industrial and economic power. As the last remaining club building on the block, the Engineers’ Club is also a prominent early example of the high-rise clubhouse building type and a visual reminder of the prominence of the social club and of bachelor apartment at the turn of the 20th century. The building also significantly contributes to the recognizable south street wall of Bryant Park. A commemorative plaque celebrating the history of the building as the Engineers’ Club was placed to the left of the primary entrance by the Co-op Board in 2007. The Engineers’ Club building and the adjacent Engineering Societies’ building were jointly listed on the State and National Registers of Historic Places in 2007.
The Architects: Whitfield & King
It us unknown when the partnership of Henry D. Whitfield (1876-1949) and Beverly S. King (1879-1935), architects of the Engineers’ Club building, was formed. The first known work of the firm was the parish house of the Flatbush Congregation Church, completed in 1899, an unusual polygonal Shingle-style structure (part of the Ditmas Park Historic District). The partnership appears to have benefited greatly from Whitfield’s familial relationship with Andrew Carnegie. Prior to their work on the Engineers’ Club building, Whitfield & King were probably best known for the neo-Federal style parking garage designed in 1904 for Carnegie, Whitfield’s brother-in-law. The garage, erected at 55 East 90th Street (part of the Expanded Carnegie Hill Historic District), near Carnegie’s Fifth Avenue mansion (a designated New York City Landmark), was one of the first structures erected in Manhattan specifically as a private automobile garage. Following completion of the Engineers’ Club, Whitfield & King went on to complete at least two more commissions associated with Carnegie, including the Cleveland Public Library in Ohio (1911) and Taylor Hall, Lehigh University’s first dormitory building (1907). Whitfield & King are also credited with the c. 1906 design of the Phipps Houses, model tenements constructed between West 63rd and 64th Streets at West End Avenue in Manhattan, underwritten by Henry Phipps, a former partner of Carnegie’s.
King began working as an architect in New York City before the turn of the century and appears to have worked both independently and as part of various architectural partnerships over the course of his career. In 1909, King was noted as having formed the partnership of King & Walker with Henry Leslie Walker. Pomander Walk (a designated New York City Landmark), a complex of 27 two- and three-story houses organized around a private walk on Manhattan’s Upper West Side, is probably King’s best known project outside of the Engineers’ Club building. The complex was designed in 1921 while King was associated with the partnership of King & Campbell. In the 1920s, King moved his practice to White Plains, New York and was responsible for several public buildings in Westchester, including the White Plains Public Library, financed by Carnegie. At the end of his career (c. 1933), King went to Washington, D.C. where he served as deputy administrator of the National Recovery Administration (NRA), one of the New Deal agencies created by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Whitfield graduated from Harvard University in 1898 and served as an Army officer in World War I. Whitfield appears to have practiced largely independently from 1910 to 1924, following the dissolution of his partnership with King. He worked on numerous Carnegie-funded projects throughout the country, including several libraries, such as the Muskogee Carnegie Library in Oklahoma (1914) and the Hawai’i State Library in Honolulu (1911-13), as well as several university science buildings including the Carnegie Hall of Chemistry at Allegheny College (1915-18), the applied science building at the University of Rochester (c. 1913), and the Carnegie Science Hall at Bates University (1913). Shortly following completion of the library in Honolulu, Whitfield was commissioned to design the Federal Building, U.S. Post Office and Courthouse in Hilo, Hawaii, one the first buildings in Hawaii to use reinforced concrete, already common on the mainland. Within New York City, Whitfield is probably best known as the architect of the National Collection of Heads and Horns (1922, later the Security, Education and International Conservation Offices, a designated New York City Landmark) located on the east side of Astor Court at the New York Zoological Park (later the Bronx Zoo). Andrew Carnegie and his wife Louise were great supporters of the New York Zoological Society (later the Wildlife Conservation Society), and may have helped initiate contact between Whitfield and the society.
Description
North (West 40th Street) Facade:
Twelve stories; Renaissance Revival style; one visible and two partially visible elevations; tripartite vertical composition; three bays at each story; dumbbell-shaped plan above third story; three-story base with marble facing and marble ornament; seven-story shaft with red brick in an English bond, marble quoins and other marble ornament; two-story capital with brick and marble facing and marble ornament; possibly original multi-paned windows with arched upper sashes at 11th-story window openings.
East and West Facades:
Partially visible; largely not designed; red brick laid in a Common bond; 11th-story service bridge at east facade.
Alterations:
Fiberglass replica cornices at third and 12th-stories (originally metal cornices; c. 1994-95); fiberglass replacements also at some areas of base, 11th-story balcony, and 12th-story (originally marble; c. 1994-95); aluminum replacement windows throughout (except where noted; first story originally one-over-one double-hung with arched upper sashes, replaced after c. 1940 New York City Tax Photograph; second story originally one-over-one double hung sashes with single-pane transoms; third story originally fixed multi-paned round-arched windows; fourth through ninth stories originally one-over-one double-hung sashes; 10th story originally one-over-one double-hung sashes with single-pane rectangular transoms; one-over-one double-hung sashes throughout east and west facades); original penthouse units altered and enlarged (c. 1980; penthouse units along West 40th Street further expanded into duplex units c. 1992); awnings at first-story window openings; metal globe lamps on painted metal armatures at primary door opening; plaque to left of primary door opening (2007); brass number “32” to right of primary door opening; security camera at first story; security lights at first story.
- From the 2011 NYCLPC Landmark Designation Report
Ohio Central engineer Scott Czigans has one hand on the throttle and another on the brakes of FP9A No. 6307 as it glides along the former Pennsylvania Railroad Pittsburgh-St. Louis mainline near West Lafayette, Ohio. (Scanned from a slide)
Last edited on May 14, 2021
Above figure is a mosaic of microscopic images taken by NASA's Mars rover Curiosity on June 1, 2019 (Sol 2424).
The mosaic shows a spot called "Woodland Bay" in the clay-bearing unit in Gale Crater, Mars.
In the mosaic, white boxes mark countless wood cell remains. Well-preserved wood cell remains are detailed in www.flickr.com/photos/fossil_lin/48065923301/in/dateposte...
Compare them with wood cells on Earth: www.flickr.com/photos/fossil_lin/albums/72177720296071690.
Above mosaic in the largest size: www.flickr.com/photos/fossil_lin/47990831822/sizes/o/
No geological material resembles the "wood cell remains on Mars".
For scale bar and context, see www.facebook.com/marscuriosityimages/photos/pcb.281404741...
Information and source of above mosaic: www.unmannedspaceflight.com/index.php?s=&showtopic=84...
Location: mars.nasa.gov/imgs/2019/06/Curiosity_Location_Sol2432-ful...
Note 1: see wood anatomy at careforwood.wordpress.com/wood-anatomy/
Note 2: micrograph of tracheids: www.flickr.com/photos/fossil_lin/50735510621/in/dateposte...
Added on April 25, 2021: Above mosaic shows engineered wood tissues.
Above mosaic shows countless wood cell remains. They include different types of wood cells. So, they were wood tissues. These wood tissues do not show any shape of plants or logs or trunks. So, the wood tissues should be engineered wood tissues. Earthlings made many types of engineered wood: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineered_wood
Added on May 14, 2021:
Note 1: No sand grains have the shapes of wood cells. Air or wind or water does not form the shapes of individual wood cells (see careforwood.wordpress.com/wood-anatomy/ ).
Note 2: Complex organic molecules are all over Mars (see www.foxnews.com/science/nasa-rover-lands-on-mars-building... ).
Geological instruments cannot detect complex organic molecules.
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