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The city of Bath in South West England was founded in the 1st century AD by the Romans who used the natural hot springs as a thermal spa. It became an important centre for the wool industry in the Middle Ages but in the 18th century under the reigns of George l, ll and III it developed into an elegant spa city, famed in literature and art.
The City of Bath is of Outstanding Universal Value for the following cultural attributes: The Roman remains, especially the Temple of Sulis Minerva and the baths complex (based around the hot springs at the heart of the Roman town of Aquae Sulis, which have remained at the heart of the City’s development ever since) are amongst the most famous and important Roman remains north of the Alps, and marked the beginning of Bath’s history as a spa town.
The Georgian city reflects the ambitions of John Wood Senior (1704-1754), Ralph Allen (1693-1764) and Richard “Beau” Nash (1674-1761) to make Bath into one of the most beautiful cities in Europe, with architecture and landscape combined harmoniously for the enjoyment of the spa town’s cure takers.
The Neo-classical style of the public buildings (such as the Assembly Rooms and the Pump Room) harmonises with the grandiose proportions of the monumental ensembles (such as Queen Square, Circus and Royal Crescent) and collectively reflects the ambitions, particularly social, of the spa city in the 18th century.
The individual Georgian buildings reflect the profound influence of Palladio (1508-1580) and their collective scale, style and the organisation of the spaces between buildings epitomises the success of architects such as the John Woods (elder 1704-1754, younger 1728-1782), Robert Adam (1728-1792), Thomas Baldwin (1750-1820) and John Palmer (1738-1817) in transposing Palladio’s ideas to the scale of a complete city, situated in a hollow in the hills and built to a picturesque landscape aestheticism creating a strong garden city feel, more akin to the 19th century garden cities than the 17th century Renaissance cities.
Criterion (i): Bath’s grandiose Neo-classical Palladian crescents, terraces and squares spread out over the surrounding hills and set in its green valley, are a demonstration par excellence of the integration of architecture, urban design and landscape setting, and the deliberate creation of a beautiful city. Not only are individual buildings such as the Assembly Rooms and Pump Room of great distinction, they are part of the larger overall city landscape that evolved over a century in a harmonious and logical way, drawing together public and private buildings and spaces in a way that reflects the precepts of Palladio tempered with picturesque aestheticism.
Bath’s quality of architecture and urban design, its visual homogeneity and its beauty is largely testament to the skill and creativity of the architects and visionaries of the 18th and 19th centuries who applied and developed Palladianism in response to the specific opportunities offered by the spa town and its physical environment and natural resources (in particular the hot springs and the local Bath Oolitic limestone). Three men – architect John Wood Senior, entrepreneur and quarry owner Ralph Allen and celebrated social shaper and Master of Ceremonies Richard “Beau” Nash – together provided the impetus to start this social, economic and physical rebirth, resulting in a city that played host to the social, political and cultural leaders of the day. That the architects who followed were working over the course of a century, with no master plan or single patron, did not prevent them from contriving to relate each individual development to those around it and to the wider landscape, creating a city that is harmonious and logical, in concord with its natural environment and extremely beautiful.
Criterion (ii): Bath exemplifies the 18th century move away from the inward-looking uniform street layouts of Renaissance cities that dominated through the 15th–17th centuries, towards the idea of planting buildings and cities in the landscape to achieve picturesque views and forms, which could be seen echoed around Europe particularly in the 19th century. This unifying of nature and city, seen throughout Bath, is perhaps best demonstrated in the Royal Crescent (John Wood Younger) and Lansdown Crescent (John Palmer). Bath’s urban and landscape spaces are created by the buildings that enclose them, providing a series of interlinked spaces that flow organically, and that visually (and at times physically) draw in the green surrounding countryside to create a distinctive garden city feel, looking forward to the principles of garden cities developed by the 19th century town planners.
Criterion (iv): Bath reflects two great eras in human history: Roman and Georgian. The Roman Baths and temple complex, together with the remains of the city of Aquae Sulis that grew up around them, make a significant contribution to the understanding and appreciation of Roman social and religious society. The 18th century re-development is a unique combination of outstanding urban architecture, spatial arrangement and social history. Bath exemplifies the main themes of the 18th century neoclassical city; the monumentalisation of ordinary houses, the integration of landscape and town, and the creation and interlinking of urban spaces, designed and developed as a response to the growing popularity of Bath as a society and spa destination and to provide an appropriate picturesque setting and facilities for the cure takers and social visitors. Although Bath gained greatest importance in Roman and Georgian times, the city nevertheless reflects continuous development over two millennia with the spectacular medieval Abbey Church sat beside the Roman temple and baths, in the heart of the 18th century and modern day city.
Integrity
Remains of the known Roman baths, the Temple of Sulis Minerva and the below grounds Roman archaeology are well preserved and within the property boundary as are the areas of Georgian town planning and architecture, and large elements of the landscape within which the city is set. Despite some loss of Georgian buildings prior to inscription, the Georgian City remains largely intact both in terms of buildings and plan form. An extensive range of interlinked spaces formed by crescents, terraces and squares set in a harmonious relationship with the surrounding green landscape survive. The relationship of the Georgian City to its setting of the surrounding hills remains clearly visible. As a modern city, Bath remains vulnerable to large-scale development and to transport pressures, both within the site and in its setting that could impact adversely on its garden city feel and on views across the property and to its green setting.
Authenticity
The hot springs, which are the reason for the City’s original development, are of undoubted authenticity. The key Roman remains are preserved, protected and displayed within a museum environment, and the Roman Baths can still be appreciated for their original use. The majority of the large stock of Georgian buildings have been continuously inhabited since their construction, and retain a high degree of original fabric. Repairs have largely been sympathetic, informed by an extensive body of documentation, and aided by a programme of restoration in the late twentieth century. More vulnerable is the overall interaction between groups of buildings in terraces, crescents and squares and views to the surrounding landscape that contributed to the City’s visual harmony. There is a need for new developments to respect the planning of the Georgian terraces, to respect the scale and rhythm of its structures, and to contribute to picturesque views.
ANTALYA, TURKEY - MAY 29: Senior Counsellor to the Director at the OECD Development Centre, Federico Bonaglia (2nd R) attends "Financial Participation: Innovative solutions for the Least Developed Countries" session within the Midterm Review of the Istanbul Programme of Action at Titanic Hotel in Antalya, Turkey on May 29, 2016. The Midterm Review conference for the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries takes place in Antalya, Turkey from 27-29 May 2016. Mustafa Kamaci / Anadolu Agency
Self developed. I got careless with my film drying and had some nasty water spots on this one. Scanned as color and left unretouched for that "vintage distressed" look. (Or that "guy who doesn't know what he's doing" look, take your pick.)
Expired Kodak TMax 400, shot at about ISO 500, developed in Diafine. From my second roll of home processed film.
These rings were developed when my son was just learning how to pass objects from one hand to the other. I noticed he had a particular fondness for a set of floating bathtub rings - but if I let him play with bath toys all day, then bathtime wouldn't be special! So instead, I started making these wool rings. Since then, he has a collection of them, and he loves all of them. They're washable, bendable, squishable, and chewable! They're the perfect size for tiny hands to grab and pass, and since they're so soft, you don't have to worry about your little one going to bed clutching a piece of hard plastic.
Each ring has 3 unique colors. The largest ring, at 6 inches, is denim blue, navy blue and grape. The middle ring, at 5 1/4 inches, is turquoise blue, teal and turquoise green. The smallest ring, at 4 3/4 inches, is plum, lavender and lilac. It also comes with an extra fun ball made with cobalt blue wool for some extra coordination practice.
Developed for GE's Healthymagination data visualization forum, we take a realtime look at the discussions happening on Twitter around the topic of breast cancer. Tweets from all over the world are aggregated in a single location, allowing visitors to quickly understand the current topics, trends, and stories.
Visitors can sort the tweets to reveal the top five most popular topics appearing in the last 1,500 tweets. Within each topic is listed the three most commonly used words. Through this sorting, visitors can easily get an understanding of the major discussion threads, as well as explore each related tweet in detail.
In addition to sorting tweets by topics, visitors can explore the most common news stories referenced in the tweets, explore the individuals who are tweeting the most, or log into Twitter directly and add to the discussion.
Explore:
In mid March small Vernal pools and puddles are numerous at Broughtons Wildlife Education Center near Marietta Ohio, and many of them contain masses of frog or toad eggs. I took several shots but this one is particularly neat because you can see the developing embryos pretty clearly.
A gotta see in Light Box
Developing countries are a major source of air pollution from burning fossil fuels.
A lot of the reason is from lack of adjustment in motors. Simple education about mechanics could help reduce some of this pollution.
Photographed by: www.beinggreenonline.com
5th antinuclear picknick and protest camp at the premises of bkw, operator of the dangerous and obsolete mühleberg atomic power station, at bern's viktoriaplatz.
www.facebook.com/pages/Protest-Picknick-AKW-M%C3%BChleber...
join the popular uprising on 22 may: menschenstrom gegen atom
ANTALYA, TURKEY - MAY 28: Attendees take part in the parliamentary session during the Midterm Review of the Istanbul Programme of Action at Titanic Hotel in Antalya, Turkey on May 28, 2016. The Midterm Review conference for the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries takes place in Antalya, Turkey from 27-29 May 2016. Mustafa Ciftci / Anadolu Agency
Last week I started to draw and digitize my typeface for the MA course. This is the version I worked on last week under the supervision of Gerard Unger. Today it was corrected by Gerry. It seems like I have lots of things to do this week ...
The course presents best practices to develop and operate science centres and museums relating to our natural and cultural heritage, and supporting programmes for the public.
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Foto: Lisa Zillio
ANTALYA, TURKEY - MAY 28: Sahap Kavcioglu (C) and Sukru Erdinc (R), MPs of the Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), and Aytug Atici (L) MP of the Turkey's Republican People's Party (CHP), take part in the parliamentary session during the Midterm Review of the Istanbul Programme of Action at Titanic Hotel in Antalya, Turkey on May 28, 2016. The Midterm Review conference for the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries takes place in Antalya, Turkey from 27-29 May 2016. Mustafa Ciftci / Anadolu Agency
I have tried to find the correct name of this spider, but have failed. If there are any spider experts out there, could you please assist me with id please, thank you. I think it is the common stretch spider.
The main Darling Harbour shopping precinct just a short walk or monorail ride from central Sydney. Quite different I expect from the original Cockle Bay shoreline.
ANTALYA, TURKEY - MAY 28: Ebubekir Gizligider, MP of the Turkey's ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) takes part in the parliamentary session during the Midterm Review of the Istanbul Programme of Action at Titanic Hotel in Antalya, Turkey on May 28, 2016. The Midterm Review conference for the Istanbul Programme of Action for the Least Developed Countries takes place in Antalya, Turkey from 27-29 May 2016. Mustafa Ciftci / Anadolu Agency
Polish aid helped to develop agricultural cooperatives in difficult Palestinian conditions. Innovative solutions make it possible to cultivate vegetables without having access to agricultural land and with limited water resources. Crops are cultivated on the balconies, terraces and in the courtyards, and special attention is paid to optimal watering methods. / Dzięki polskiej pomocy w trudnych palestyńskich warunkach rozwijają się spółdzielnie rolnicze. Innowacyjność zastosowanych rozwiązań pozwala na uprawę warzyw bez dostępu do ziemi rolnej i przy niewielkich zasobach wody. Uprawy są zakładane na balkonach, podwórzach i tarasach, a szczególną wagę przywiązuje się do optymalnego sposobu ich nawadniania.
Foto: Elias Halabi
Developing a fitness related app, we've created a short survey, please let us know what you think :) via /r/strength_training … (via Twitter twitter.com/BestProteinPow/status/711822781806149633)
Developing Film in Coffee
2013.01.12 photoed in Taipei City, Taiwan
咖啡顯影
2013年1月12日於臺北市拍的
Caffenol 30mins
Ever been to Little Nan’s Bar? Its developed quite the following over the last few years. Describing itself as a 'traveling cocktail bar and High Tea parlour’ - Little Nan’s focus mainly on sweet mixed alcoholic drinks, and 'High Tea’ type food to wash them down with. Their latest popup lives under the stupendous Grade II listed Rio Cinema in Dalston. As with all Little Nan experiences, diners can expect loud 90s pop music, some of the best decor I have ever seen (legit), strong mixed drink served out of novelty china teapots and everything that a group of mid-late 20somethings in a party mood could hope for.
Other things worth noting is how it works. Like, for example, in a Japanese cat cafe, you book time in two hour increments - in which time you may consume infinite popcorn and sweets from the pick and mix stand, infinite bottomless teapot cocktails make full use of the ‘prop room’ and photo booth (and there is some WIERD shit in there folks!). If you’re planning to hold a celebration, if you let them know in advance they will come up with a cocktail especially for you, and name it after you (or your date). I feel like I missed the boat in not requesting some kind of scotch powered drink entitled ’The Owl Sex Machine'.
Portmeirion is a model village built by its founder, the architect Sir Clough Williams-Ellis. He wanted to demonstrate that a naturally beautiful site could be developed without spoiling it, and that architecture in sympathy with its surroundings could be good business. His motto was "Cherish the past, Adorn the present, Construct for the future".
Clough acquired the site in 1925 for around £20,000. It was then, as Clough wrote, "a neglected wilderness. Clough immediately changed the name from Aber Iâ (Glacial Estuary) to Portmeirion: Port because of the coastal location and Meirion as this is Welsh for Merioneth, the county in which it lay.
The concept of a tightly grouped coastal village had already formed in Clough's mind some years before he found the perfect site. Clough sometimes later suggested the development was unplanned but drawings and models suggest otherwise. It appears that he had quite a well defined vision for the village from the outset and that to a large extent he stuck to it. Portmeirion was built in two stages: from 1925 to 1939 the site was 'pegged-out' and its most distinctive buildings were erected. From 1954-76 he filled in the details. The second period was typically classical or Palladian in style in contrast to the Arts and Crafts style of his earlier work. Several buildings were salvaged from demolition sites, giving rise to Clough's description of the place as "a home for fallen buildings".
www.portmeirion-village.com/visit/clough-williams-ellis/h...