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While at MFNW 2012 in Portland, Oregon we put our heads together with director Greg Hunt and longtime festival producer Trevor Solomon to curate ‘Room 205 live’. Held at venerable downtown venue Ted’s, (formerly Berbati’s Pan), the night showcased five featured artists from our collaborative Sound & Vision series Room 205. No elaborate sets and no second takes. Just 100% live shredding and raw weirdness. Enjoy!
COMPONENTS
Video
• YouTube: youtube.com/playlist?list=PLCD4B3A8A916B881B
• Vimeo: vimeo.com/album/2245009
Photos
• Flickr: flic.kr/s/aHsjCtUUQE
Music
• SoundCloud: soundcloud.com/goincase/sets/live-at-musicfest-nw
CREDITS
Executive Producer
• Incase: goincase.com
Producer
• Arlie Carstens: disastercasual.typepad.com
Director
• Greg Hunt: huntfilmwork.com
Director of Photography
• Greg P. Schmitt: gregpschmitt.com
Editor
• Andrew van Baal: andrewvanbaal.com
• Forrest Borie: vimeo.com/forrestborie
Gaffer
• Joel Stirnkorb: linkedin.com/pub/joel-stirnkorb/18/45/510
Camera
• Efrem Peter: boxfishfilms.com
• Mike Weiss
Lighting Technician
• Stephen Purcell
Audio Engineer
• Griffin Rodriguez: linkedin.com/pub/griffin-rodriguez/1b/599/2a
Photos
• Arlie Carstens: disastercasual.typepad.com
Room 205 Theme Song
• Cora Foxx: theheapsf.com
Special Thanks
• Trevor Solomon & Matt Manza of MFNW
• Nathan Ostrander & Dave Hite at Ted's (Berbati's Pan)
• The good folks of Portland, Oregon
The first large sections of new track components on the Red Line South are beginning to go in at the south end of the route! These photos are from near 95th/Dan Ryan. Track ties and tie plates, are mostly what you see here, so far. The "running rails" (the rails on which trains physically run) are clipped onto the tie plates, which are the flat pieces of metal already affixed to the wooden ties at the correct distance apart.
More than just the rails on which trains run must be installed--components like the third rail and complex signaling system elements will also need to be installed before the track is complete.
Ingredient for a simple target board: Perfboard, socket, 6-pin DIP header, optional battery box.
Photo taken to accompany short article on working with AVR microcontrollers, and making minimalist target boards for programming them.
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Circa 1910 postcard view of a crowd gathered in Milan, Indiana. The photographer was standing in West Carr Street just west of Catherine Street and facing east-northeast. The K. of P. (Knights of Pythias) Building was outside of this view on the right. The occasion for the gathering is unknown, but the presence of the crowd, the three automobiles and the rare auto bus all suggest it was an important occasion.
This photograph may have been taken as early as 1909. That was the year Ira M. Schoonover sold the wood frame house that stood on the northeast corner at Catherine Street. Thomas Toole, Sr. purchased the structure and moved it to his own lot. A newspaper report explained that Mr. Schoonover planned to build a new concrete block house on that corner. His new house was probably completed in 1909 or early 1910 and that is the house in this postcard view. The house is still standing on that corner today.
Mr. Schoonover also owned the block of commercial businesses east of his house. That block had been owned by E. P. Shockley and was known as the Shockley Block, but a 1905 newspaper report announced Ira Schoonover’s purchase of the Shockley Block and his plan to open a grocery in the building. Another postcard from this era clearly shows the Schoonover Block with window advertising at the east end of the building for the Schoonover grocery and dry goods business. The east end was a wood frame 1½-story structure that appears to have been a house originally. The single-story brick portion of the business block was probably a later addition.
The HARNESS SHOP sign was located near the center of the Schoonover Block. In 1908, M. P. Shultz advertised his harness business in the newspaper. The advertisement identified the location of his business as “opposite bank.” (In the absence of street number addresses, Schoonover Block business owners routinely used the bank’s location across the street as the preferred method of directing customers to their own establishments.) A September 1909 newspaper announcement stated that I. M. Schoonover and J. R. Fallis had purchased the Shultz harness business next to the Schoonover store. The new partners advertised the sale of carriages, buggies and farming implements in addition to harness. Mr. Schoonover bought out his partner in 1910. In 1912, he tried to sell the business, but was still advertising as late as 1913.
The QUEEN CITY TAILORS sign in this scene was mounted on the roof near the west end of the Schoonover Block. The Versailles Republican newspaper reported on October 29, 1902, “Queen City Tailors moved into their new quarters in the E. P. Shockley building today.” Queen City Tailors continued advertising until at least 1908. That same year, a newspaper advertisement for “Milan’s Merchant Tailor” appeared. The tailor’s name was C. E. Wright, but the ad did not include an address. A few years earlier, Cliff Wright of Cincinnati had worked briefly at Queen City Tailors. In 1910, the Wright Bros. Tailors and Haberdashers business was advertising their location “Opposite Bank.” In other words, their business was in the Schoonover Block and the previously mentioned postcard view of the Schoonover Block shows their business in the former location of the Queen City Tailors. A February 1913 newspaper announcement reported the Wright Bros. shop had moved from the Schoonover Block.
The Auto Bus
The auto bus was sometimes referred to as the auto car. In this scene, the letters J. M. BRONNE____ were visible on the front of the vehicle. Versailles newspaper accounts from as early as September 9, 1908, mentioned John M. Bronnenberg’s “new auto car.” Mr. Bronnenberg owned a hotel and The Black Diamond Livery, Feed and Sale Stable in Versailles. A September 28 newspaper announcement said the auto bus service between Osgood and Versailles had been discontinued due to road repair work. An October 28 notice announced Mr. Bronnenberg’s auto bus made a trip between Cross Plains and Osgood and would soon begin regular service. In March 1909, business owners from Brownstown visited Mr. Bronnenberg at Versailles. They were interested in establishing a route between Brownstown and Seymour with an auto bus line similar to what Mr. Bronnenberg had established between Versailles and Osgood.
In July 1909, Mr. Bronnenberg’s advertising presented this description of his auto bus business. “We have a SPECIAL AUTO CAR for parties, picnics and pleasure trips. Capacity up to fourteen passengers, always ready at reasonable prices.” A September 1910 newspaper notice announced Mr. Bronnenberg’s sale of The Black Diamond Livery business except for one horse and the auto bus. However, his auto bus service may have ceased operation shortly thereafter. Other Ripley County auto bus operators began to appear in 1913. For example, a short newspaper article in 1913 announced initiation of new auto bus service between Versailles and Osgood by Crandall & Williams who operated a livery business in Versailles.
The Bronnenberg vehicle in this postcard scene shows a partial manufacturer’s insignia on the radiator. It was ROP___, but the full name has not been identified. Motor buses first appeared in Europe in the 1890s. Postcards showing auto buses in Indiana are extremely rare, probably because the railroad and interurban services were so widespread and convenient.
The appearance of the Bronnenberg auto bus in Ripley County was due largely to failed efforts, beginning in 1903, to build an interurban line between Greensburg and Madison via Versailles. A separate proposal a few years later to extend a line from Scottsburg to Madison and then northeast through Ripley County never materialized. At the same time, improving road conditions in Ripley County made automobile and auto bus travel more tolerable.
From a private collection.
The full postcard image can be seen here.
www.flickr.com/photos/hoosier_recollections/29112028798/i...
Copyright 2004-2018 Hoosier Recollections. All rights reserved. This creative JPG file package is an original compilation of materials and data. The package is unique, consisting of a wide variety of related and integrated components. Neither this package in its entirety nor any of the individual components may be downloaded, transmitted or reproduced without the prior written permission of Hoosier Recollections.
Componentes de la Ruta fotografica a Valsendero.
DATOS TÉCNICOS DE LA ACTIVIDAD
Itinerario: Degollada de las Palomas - Barranco de Crespo - Barranco del Andén - Valsendero.
Distancia: 11 KM.
Dificultad de la Ruta: Grado 3 (Moderado).
Fecha: Sábado, 22 de mayo de 2010.
Lugar de Concentración: Plaza del Fuero Real (Fuente Luminosa) de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria.
Hora: 08:20 horas.
Horario de regreso: 18:00 horas (Aprox).
Plazas disponibles: 28 plazas.
Precio de la actividad: 14€. (Federados en Montaña 13 €).
Periodo de inscripción: Del 17 al 21 de mayo de 2010.
Introducción: Hola a todos, continuando con nuestro programa mensual de actividades de ocio en la Naturaleza, hemos organizado una nueva Ruta Fotográfica apropiada para la estación Primaveral. En esta ocasión visitaremos el Barranco de Crespo y el Barranco del Andén.
Los barrancos que atravesaremos en esta Ruta Fotográfica son de una gran belleza y podremos disfrutar de la gran cantidad de especies florales que habitan en ellos.
Descripción de la ruta: Tras llegar en guagua hasta el punto de inicio de este recorrido, la Degollada de Las Palomas, que se encuentra situada por encima del Parador Nacional de la Cruz de Tejeda, nos dirigiremos hasta los Llanos de Constantino y Mesa de Galaz para comenzar a descender por un lomo que nos conducirá hasta el comienzo del barranco de Crespo.
En una hora aproximadamente llegaremos hasta la zona de las cuevas de Crespo y comenzaremos el descenso por el barranco del mismo nombre. Afrontaremos el descenso del barranco entre un denso pinar y nos iremos adentrando poco a poco hasta llegar a una pista de tierra que nos llevará hasta uno de los numerosos pozos existentes en la zona.
A partir del pozo enlazaremos el final del recorrido por el barranco de Crespo con un tramo del barranco de la Retamilla para finalmente tomar la pista de tierra del barranco del Andén y que nos conducirá hasta Valsendero.
Como siempre, esperamos que se animen a participar y disfrutar de esta nueva jornada fotográfica con el fantástico grupo de personas que participan habitualmente en las Rutas Fotográficas de Octavo Arte.
Nos tomaremos el recorrido con tranquilidad, inviritendo 5-6 horas aproximadamente para realizarlo por completo.
Fecha y Horarios: Les recordamos a los participantes que la fecha de la nueva Ruta Fotográfica será el próximo sábado 22 de mayo de 2010. Nos concentraremos a las 08:20 horas en la Fuente Luminosa de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. Se pide puntualidad y se comunica que la guagua partirá a las 8:55 horas.
Desayuno y Almuerzo: Tras realizar el recuento de los participantes, la guagua partirá en dirección a la zona de la cumbre de Gran Canaria, aunque realizará una parada en San Mateo para tomar el desayuno.
El almuerzo se realizará a lo largo del recorrido.
Equipamiento: Les recordamos que como medida de seguridad deberán utilizar un calzado apropiado (botas), no se olviden de llevar abundante agua, de la comida y de la ropa que nos ayude a protegernos de la lluvia, si ésta aparece, y de abrigo (gorra, chubasquero, jersey, etc). Unos bastones que nos ayuden a apoyarnos a la hora de caminar serán de gran ayuda.
Además siempre les aconsejamos que incorporen una linterna en sus mochilas y que la dejen de forma permanente porque sería de gran ayuda en caso de necesidad.
Información: Les indicamos que este recorrido está catalogado como de dificultad media porque iremos por caminos y veredas que en algunos puntos presentan un mayor desnivel. Es un camino del interior de la isla que requiere estar acostumbrado a caminar por caminos similares. Aún así, algunas personas podrán notar en los días posteriores "agujetas" en sus piernas debido a algunos tramos de desnivel del terreno.
Si alguna persona tiene cualquier duda acerca de las condiciones técnicas de este recorrido y si se adapta a sus condiciones físicas, puede ponerse en contacto con el personal de las Rutas Fotográficas de Octavo Arte en el teléfono: 928.42.43.27.
Servicios ofrecidos en la actividad. La cuota por participar en esta actividad incluye:
● Servicio de organización de la actividad.
● Ficha técnica del recorrido.
● Seguro de Responsabilidad Civil.
● Seguro de Accidentes de los participantes.
● Transporte.
● Monitor de la Actividad.
Cierre de inscripciones: Recuerden que el último día para inscribirse será el viernes 21 de mayo de 2010 (Hasta las 10:00 horas).
¿Cómo pueden inscribirse para participar en la ruta fotográfica?
Si desea participar en la Ruta Fotográfica deberá seguir los siguientes pasos:
1.- Leer las Condiciones Generales de la Actividad.
2.- A través de la página web www.OctavoArte.es podrá hacer clic sobre el icono que le facilitará el acceso al formulario de inscripción (Nota: es necesario haber realizado el registro como usuario del portal para acceder al formulario).
3.- Rellenar el formulario de inscripción. (LO ENCONTRARÁN AL FINAL DE ESTA PÁGINA).
4.- Esperar a que el personal de Rutas Fotográficas de Octavo Arte le confirme que existen plazas disponibles.
5.- Realizar el pago de la cuota de participación en la Ruta Fotográfica mediante un ingreso o una transferencia de 14 € (Federados en Montaña 13 €) a la cuenta 0075-0488-20-0760003167 del Banco Popular Español S.A. a nombre de D. Gustavo Ramírez Sánchez, promotor de las Rutas Fotográficas de Octavo Arte. La reserva de la plaza en la Ruta Fotográfica será durante 48 horas, por lo que el participante deberá abonar la cuota de participación en un plazo no superior a 2 días desde que el personal de Octavo Arte le confirme la reserva de la plaza.
6.- Cuando haya realizado el abono de la cuota de participación deberá enviar el justificante de la operación al e-mail rutasfotograficas@octavoarte.es.
7.- Tras recibir el justificante del abono de la cuota, el personal de Rutas Fotográficas de Octavo Arte procederá a confirmarle la plaza en la Ruta Fotográfica.
8.- Al contratar este servicio estará declarando que conoce y acepta la normativa de esta actividad, eximiendo a la empresa organizadora de cualquier responsabilidad no asumida en las Condiciones Generales de la Actividad.
© RUTAS FOTOGRÁFICAS DE OCTAVO ARTE - Año 2010
Fuente: octavoarte.es/es/actividades/rutas/detalle.php?id=1183
Campinas/SP
Symmetrical Components refers the structure of this transmission line, but is also a method in Electrical Engineering used in Power Systems Analysis. The name of this photo is an "internal joke" for Electrical Engineers like me.
--
"Scores of times each day, with the merest flick of a finger, each one of us taps into vast sources of energy—deep veins of coal and great reservoirs of oil, sweeping winds and rushing waters, the hidden power of the atom and the radiance of the Sun itself—all transformed into electricity, the workhorse of the modern world."
For those of you who are interested in the 'bits', here are a selection of the key parts.
Not a complete rundown by covers the main mechanicals and load-bearing structures.
Car is 'drivable' with rear engine/transaxle, front tub and front drive assembly module.
Engine is an eight cylinder in 'W' format. That is two Vee-fours with their crankshafts gearedto a cenntral drive shaft.
Front and rear suspension are both by swing axles and sprung by torsion bars. The front suspension module plus straing into the front of the stressed tub and is completely self contained for load paths. The rear suspension feefs the loadparths into the engine assembly.
Not on the engine module the heat exchangers mounted in front of the rear wheels as well as behing the rear suspension module. The real Veyron has 13 heat exchangers in all. The detailing on the top of the engine asembly replicates the intake system and air-air intercoolers for the charge air.
One of the included images has the entire vehicle assembly arrayed.
Please feel free to ask any questions or request further techincal information regarding the model.
Pro-Railing is a range of handrailing components designed with simplicity of use in mind. This handrail and stainless steel balustrade system consists of over 1000 components, allowing for the quick installation of complex and attractive stainless steel railings and balustrade systems; simply cut then glue or screw to create a clean and contemporary look, giving you professional results every time. It is available in stainless 304 for internal installations and stainless 316 for exterior handrails or balustrades, and comes either in a brushed steel or mirror polished finish.
To view Pro-Railing products please visit:
The CIS Battalion provides reliable Communication Information System-services to several units of Headquarters 1 (GE/NL) Corps during Exercise Noble Justification. A Rapid CIS Element (RACE) is assigned to the Immediate Response Force Brigade in Evermoen, Norway. A second RACE supports the Exercise Command in Wildflecken and a third RACE provides controlled internet for several units at Wildflecken training area. When 2 CIS coy is not deployed for an exercise, it is located in Garderen, the Netherlands. 1 (GE/NL) Corps’ CIS Battalion is deployed with 8 RACE’s and 410 soldiers to Wildfecken and Norway for Noble Justification. Picture with courtesy of CISBn
Pro-Railing is a range of handrailing components designed with simplicity of use in mind. This handrail and stainless steel balustrade system consists of over 1000 components, allowing for the quick installation of complex and attractive stainless steel railings and balustrade systems; simply cut then glue or screw to create a clean and contemporary look, giving you professional results every time. It is available in stainless 304 for internal installations and stainless 316 for exterior handrails or balustrades, and comes either in a brushed steel or mirror polished finish.
To view Pro-Railing products please visit:
The Prague Astronomical Clock or Prague Orloj is a medieval astronomical clock located in Prague. The Orloj is mounted on the southern wall of Old Town City Hall in the Old Town Square and is a popular tourist attraction.
The Orloj is composed of three main components: the astronomical dial, representing the position of the Sun and Moon in the sky and displaying various astronomical details; The Walk of the Apostles a clockwork hourly show of figures of the Apostles and other moving sculptures; and a calendar dial with medallions representing the months
The oldest part of the Orloj, the mechanical clock and astronomical dial, dates back to 1410 when it was made by clockmaker Mikuláš of Kadaň and Jan Šindel, the latter a professor.
Later, presumably around 1490, the calendar dial was added and clock facade decorated with gothic sculptures.
In 1552 it was repaired by Jan Taborský, clock-master of Orloj, who also wrote a report on the clock where he mentioned Hanuš as maker of the clock. This was a mistake, and was corrected during the 20th century.
The Orloj stopped working many times in the centuries after 1552, and was repaired many times. Some speculate that the original maker's eyes were gouged out in order to prevent him from making a similar clock for another country. After this he died touching the clock, at which point the clock stopped working and remained unrepairable for a number of years. In the 17th century moving statues were added, and figures of the Apostles were added after major repair in 1865-1866.
The Orloj suffered heavy damage on May 7 and especially May 8, 1945, during the Prague Uprising, when Germans directed incendiary fire from several armored vehicles and an anti-aircraft gun to the south-west side of the Old Town Square in an effort to silence the provocative broadcasting initiated by the National Committee on May 5. The hall and nearby buildings burned along with the wooden sculptures on the Orloj and the calendar dial face made by Josef Mánes. The machinery was repaired, the wooden Apostles restored by Vojtěch Sucharda, and the Orloj started working again in 1948, but only after significant effort
The astronomical dial is a form of mechanical astrolabe, a device used in medieval astronomy. Alternatively, one may consider the Orloj to be a primitive planetarium, displaying the current state of the universe.
The astronomical dial has a background that represents the standing Earth and sky, and surrounding it operate four main moving components: the zodiacal ring, an outer rotating ring, an icon representing the Sun, and an icon representing the Moon.
Stationary background
The background represents the Earth and the local view of the sky. The blue circle directly in the center represents the Earth, and the upper blue is the portion of the sky which is above the horizon. The red and black areas indicate portions of the sky below the horizon. During the daytime, the sun sits over the blue part of the background and at night it sits over the black. During dawn or dusk, the mechanical sun is positioned over the red part of the background.
Written on the eastern (left) part of the horizon is aurora (dawn in Latin) and ortus (rising). On the western (right) part is occasus (sunset), and crepusculum (twilight).
Golden Roman numbers at the outer edge of blue circle are the timescale of a normal 24 hour day and indicate time in local Prague time, or Central European Time. Curved golden lines dividing the blue part of dial into 12 parts are marks for unequal hours. These hours are defined as 1/12 of the time between sunrise and sunset, and vary as the days grow longer or shorter during the year.
Zodiacal ring
Astronomical dialInside the large black outer circle lies another movable circle marked with the signs of the zodiac which indicates the location of the sun on the ecliptic. The signs are shown in anticlockwise order. In the photographs accompanying this article, the sun is currently in Aries, and will be moving anticlockwise into Taurus next.
The displacement of the zodiac circle results from the use of a stereographic projection of the ecliptic plane using the North pole as the basis of the projection. This is commonly seen in astronomical clocks of the period.
The small golden star shows the position of the vernal equinox, and sidereal time can be read on the scale with golden Roman numerals.
[Old Czech time scale
At the outer edge of the clock, golden Schwabacher numerals are set on a black background. These numbers indicate Old Czech Time (or Italian hours), with 24 indicating the time of sunset, which varies during the year from as early as 16:00 on winter to 20:16 on summer. This ring moves back and forth during the year to coincide with the time of sunset.
Sun
The golden Sun moves around the zodiacal circle, thus showing its position on the ecliptic. The sun is attached to an arm with a golden hand, and together they show the time in three different ways:
The position of the golden hand over the Roman numerals on the background indicates the time in local Prague time.
The position of the sun over the curved golden lines indicates the time in unequal hours.
The position of the golden hand over the outer ring indicates the hours passed after sunset in Old Czech Time.
Additionally, the distance of the Sun from the center of the dial shows the time of sunrise and sunset.
[Moon
The movement of the Moon on the ecliptic is shown similarly to that of the Sun, although the speed is much faster. The half-silvered sphere of the moon also shows the Lunar phase.
Computer Model of Prague Orloj
The movements of the various mechanical parts of the astronomical dial are too slow to appreciate in real time, but become easier to comprehend using a computer model of Orloj. An animated picture and a spreadsheet that 'constructs' the clock for each moment in the year and at each place in the world is to see in a Didactic explanation
United States Penitentiary, Alcatraz Island, also known simply as Alcatraz ("the gannet") or The Rock, was a maximum security federal prison on Alcatraz Island, 1.25 miles (2.01 km) off the coast of San Francisco, California, United States. The site of a fort since the 1850s, the main prison building was built in 1910–12 as a U.S. Army military prison.
The United States Department of Justice acquired the United States Disciplinary Barracks, Pacific Branch, on Alcatraz on October 12, 1933. The island became adapted and used as a prison of the Federal Bureau of Prisons in August 1934 after the buildings were modernized and security increased. Given this high security and the island's location in the cold waters and strong currents of San Francisco Bay, prison operators believed Alcatraz to be escape-proof and America's most secure prison.
The three-story cellhouse included the four main cell blocks – A-block through D-block – the warden's office, visitation room, the library, and the barber shop. The prison cells typically measured 9 feet (2.7 m) by 5 ft (1.5 m) and 7 ft (2.1 m) high. The cells were primitive and lacked privacy. They were furnished with a bed, desk, washbasin, a toilet on the back wall, and few items other than a blanket. African Americans were segregated from other inmates in cell designation due to racism during the Jim Crow era. D-Block housed the worst inmates, and six cells at its end were designated "The Hole". Prisoners with behavioral problems were sent to these for periods of often brutal punishment. The dining hall and kitchen extended from the main building. Prisoners and staff ate three meals a day together. The Alcatraz Hospital was located above the dining hall.
Prison corridors were named after major U.S. streets, such as Broadway and Michigan Avenue, of New York and Chicago, respectively. Working at the prison was considered a privilege for inmates. Those who earned privileges were employed in the Model Industries Building and New Industries Building during the day, actively involved in providing for the military in jobs such as sewing and woodwork, and performing various maintenance and laundry chores.
The prison closed in 1963, but Alcatraz was reopened as a public museum. The island and prison were occupied by Native Americans from 1969 to 1971. It is one of San Francisco's major tourist attractions, attracting some 1.5 million visitors annually. Now operated by the National Park Service's Golden Gate National Recreation Area, the former prison is being restored and maintained.
The main cellhouse was built incorporating some parts of Fort Alcatraz's citadel, a partially fortified barracks from 1859 that had come to be used as a jail during the Civil War for alleged Confederate sympathizers. C. L. Weller, the Chairman of the State Democratic Committee and brother of California Governor John B. Weller was among one of the first prisoners housed there. A new cellhouse was built from 1910 to 1912 on a budget of $250,000 (approximately $7,810,000 in 2023). Upon completion, the 500-foot (150 m) long concrete building was reputedly the longest concrete building in the world at the time. This building was modernized in 1933 and 1934 and became the main cellhouse of the federal penitentiary. The building closed in 1963.
When the new concrete prison was built, many materials were reused in its construction. Iron staircases in the interior and the cellhouse door near the barber's shop at the end of A-block were retained from the old citadel and massive granite blocks originally used as gun mounts were reused as the wharf's bulkheads and retaining walls. Many of the old cell bars were used to reinforce the walls, causing structural problems later due to the fact that many placed near the edge were subject to erosion from the salt air and wind over the years.
After the United States Army's use of the island for over 80 years, it was transferred to the Federal Bureau of Prisons, which hoped an escape-proof jail would help break the crime wave of the 1920s and 1930s. The Department of Justice acquired the Disciplinary Barracks on Alcatraz on October 12, 1933, and it became a Federal Bureau of Prisons facility in August 1934. $260,000 was spent to modernize and improve it from January 1934. George Hess of the United States Public Health Service was appointed chief medical officer and Edward W. Twitchell became a consultant in psychiatry for Alcatraz in January 1934.
The hospital was checked by three officials from the Marine Hospital of San Francisco. The Bureau of Prisons personnel arrived on Alcatraz in early February; among them was acting chief clerk Loring O. Mills. In April 1934, the old material was removed from the prison; holes were cut in the concrete and 269 cell fronts were installed, built using four carloads of steel ordered from the Stewart Iron Works.
Two of four new stairways were built, as were 12 doors to the utility corridors and gratings at the top of the cells. On 26 April, a small accidental fire broke out on the roof and an electrician injured his foot by dropping a manhole cover on it. The Anchor Post Fence Company added fencing around Alcatraz and the Enterprise Electric Works added emergency lighting in the morgue and switchboard operations.
In June 1934, the Teletouch Corporation of New York began the installation of an "electro-magnetic gun or metal detecting system" at Alcatraz; detectors were added on the wharf, at the front entrance into the cellblock, and at the rear entrance gate. The correctional officers were instructed on how to operate the new locking devices in July 1934, and both the United States Coast Guard and the San Francisco Police Department tested the new radio equipment.[9] Final checks and assessments were made on the first two days of August.
Alcatraz Island is a small island 1.25 miles (2.01 km) offshore from San Francisco, California, United States. The island was developed in the mid-19th century with facilities for a lighthouse, a military fortification, and a military prison. In 1934, the island was converted into a federal prison, Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. The strong currents around the island and cold water temperatures made escape nearly impossible, and the prison became one of the most notorious in American history. The prison closed in 1963, and the island is now a major tourist attraction.
Beginning in November 1969, the island was occupied for more than 19 months by a group of Native Americans, initially primarily from San Francisco, who were later joined by AIM and other urban Indians from other parts of the country, who were part of a wave of Native American activists organizing public protests across the US through the 1970s. In 1972, Alcatraz was transferred to the Department of Interior to become part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area. It was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1986.
Today, the island's facilities are managed by the National Park Service as part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Visitors can reach the island by ferry ride from Pier 33, located between the San Francisco Ferry Building and Fisherman's Wharf, San Francisco. Hornblower Cruises, operating under the name Alcatraz Cruises, is the official ferry provider to and from the island.
Alcatraz Island is the site of the abandoned federal prison, the oldest operating lighthouse on the West Coast of the United States, early military fortifications, and natural features such as rock pools and a seabird colony (mostly western gulls, cormorants, and egrets). According to a 1971 documentary on the history of Alcatraz, the island measures 1,675 feet (511 m) by 590 feet (180 m) and is 135 feet (41 m) at highest point during mean tide. The total area of the island is reported to be 22 acres (8.9 ha).
Landmarks on the island include the Main Cellhouse, Dining Hall, Lighthouse, the ruins of the Warden's House and Social Hall, Parade Grounds, Building 64, Water Tower, New Industries Building, Model Industries Building, and the Recreation Yard.
San Francisco officially the City and County of San Francisco, is a commercial, financial, and cultural center in Northern California. With a population of 808,437 residents as of 2022, San Francisco is the fourth most populous city in the U.S. state of California. The city covers a land area of 46.9 square miles (121 square kilometers) at the end of the San Francisco Peninsula, making it the second-most densely populated large U.S. city after New York City and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county, behind only four New York City boroughs. Among the 92 U.S. cities proper with over 250,000 residents, San Francisco was ranked first by per capita income and sixth by aggregate income as of 2022. Colloquial nicknames for San Francisco include Frisco, San Fran, The City, and SF (although Frisco and San Fran are generally not used by locals).
Prior to European settlement, the modern city proper was inhabited by the Yelamu, who spoke a language now referred to as Ramaytush Ohlone. On June 29, 1776, settlers from New Spain established the Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate, and the Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away, both named for Francis of Assisi. The California Gold Rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, transforming an unimportant hamlet into a busy port, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time; between 1870 and 1900, approximately one quarter of California's population resided in the city proper. In 1856, San Francisco became a consolidated city-county. After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire, it was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama-Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II, it was a major port of embarkation for naval service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater. In 1945, the United Nations Charter was signed in San Francisco, establishing the United Nations and in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers. After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, significant immigration, liberalizing attitudes, the rise of the beatnik and hippie countercultures, the sexual revolution, the peace movement growing from opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War, and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism in the United States.
San Francisco and the surrounding San Francisco Bay Area are a global center of economic activity and the arts and sciences, spurred by leading universities, high-tech, healthcare, finance, insurance, real estate, and professional services sectors. As of 2020, the metropolitan area, with 6.7 million residents, ranked 5th by GDP ($874 billion) and 2nd by GDP per capita ($131,082) across the OECD countries, ahead of global cities like Paris, London, and Singapore. San Francisco anchors the 13th most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States with 4.6 million residents, and the fourth-largest by aggregate income and economic output, with a GDP of $729 billion in 2022. The wider San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland Combined Statistical Area is the fifth-most populous, with 9.0 million residents, and the third-largest by economic output, with a GDP of $1.32 trillion in 2022. In the same year, San Francisco proper had a GDP of $252.2 billion, and a GDP per capita of $312,000. San Francisco was ranked fifth in the world and second in the United States on the Global Financial Centres Index as of September 2023. Despite an ongoing post-COVID-19 pandemic exodus of over 30 retail businesses from the northeastern quadrant of San Francisco, including the downtown core, the city is still home to numerous companies inside and outside of technology, including Salesforce, Uber, Airbnb, X Corp., Levi's, Gap, Dropbox, and Lyft.
In 2022, San Francisco had more than 1.7 million international visitors - the fifth-most visited city from abroad in the United States after New York City, Miami, Orlando, and Los Angeles - and approximately 20 million domestic visitors for a total of 21.9 million visitors. The city is known for its steep rolling hills and eclectic mix of architecture across varied neighborhoods, as well as its cool summers, fog, and landmarks, including the Golden Gate Bridge, cable cars, and Alcatraz, along with the Chinatown and Mission districts. The city is home to a number of educational and cultural institutions, such as the University of California, San Francisco, the University of San Francisco, San Francisco State University, the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, the de Young Museum, the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, the San Francisco Symphony, the San Francisco Ballet, the San Francisco Opera, the SFJAZZ Center, and the California Academy of Sciences. Two major league sports teams, the San Francisco Giants and the Golden State Warriors, play their home games within San Francisco proper. San Francisco's main international airport offers flights to over 125 destinations while a light rail and bus network, in tandem with the BART and Caltrain systems, connects nearly every part of San Francisco with the wider region.
California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2 million residents across a total area of approximately 163,696 square miles (423,970 km2), it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the most populated subnational entity in North America and the 34th most populous in the world. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second and fifth most populous urban regions respectively, with the former having more than 18.7 million residents and the latter having over 9.6 million. Sacramento is the state's capital, while Los Angeles is the most populous city in the state and the second most populous city in the country. San Francisco is the second most densely populated major city in the country. Los Angeles County is the country's most populous, while San Bernardino County is the largest county by area in the country. California borders Oregon to the north, Nevada and Arizona to the east, the Mexican state of Baja California to the south; and has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean to the west.
The economy of the state of California is the largest in the United States, with a $3.4 trillion gross state product (GSP) as of 2022. It is the largest sub-national economy in the world. If California were a sovereign nation, it would rank as the world's fifth-largest economy as of 2022, behind Germany and ahead of India, as well as the 37th most populous. The Greater Los Angeles area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nation's second- and third-largest urban economies ($1.0 trillion and $0.5 trillion respectively as of 2020). The San Francisco Bay Area Combined Statistical Area had the nation's highest gross domestic product per capita ($106,757) among large primary statistical areas in 2018, and is home to five of the world's ten largest companies by market capitalization and four of the world's ten richest people.
Prior to European colonization, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America and contained the highest Native American population density north of what is now Mexico. European exploration in the 16th and 17th centuries led to the colonization of California by the Spanish Empire. In 1804, it was included in Alta California province within the Viceroyalty of New Spain. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821, following its successful war for independence, but was ceded to the United States in 1848 after the Mexican–American War. The California Gold Rush started in 1848 and led to dramatic social and demographic changes, including large-scale immigration into California, a worldwide economic boom, and the California genocide of indigenous people. The western portion of Alta California was then organized and admitted as the 31st state on September 9, 1850, following the Compromise of 1850.
Notable contributions to popular culture, for example in entertainment and sports, have their origins in California. The state also has made noteworthy contributions in the fields of communication, information, innovation, environmentalism, economics, and politics. It is the home of Hollywood, the oldest and one of the largest film industries in the world, which has had a profound influence upon global entertainment. It is considered the origin of the hippie counterculture, beach and car culture, and the personal computer, among other innovations. The San Francisco Bay Area and the Greater Los Angeles Area are widely seen as the centers of the global technology and film industries, respectively. California's economy is very diverse: 58% of it is based on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific, and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5% of the state's economy, California's agriculture industry has the highest output of any U.S. state. California's ports and harbors handle about a third of all U.S. imports, most originating in Pacific Rim international trade.
The state's extremely diverse geography ranges from the Pacific Coast and metropolitan areas in the west to the Sierra Nevada mountains in the east, and from the redwood and Douglas fir forests in the northwest to the Mojave Desert in the southeast. The Central Valley, a major agricultural area, dominates the state's center. California is well known for its warm Mediterranean climate and monsoon seasonal weather. The large size of the state results in climates that vary from moist temperate rainforest in the north to arid desert in the interior, as well as snowy alpine in the mountains.
Settled by successive waves of arrivals during at least the last 13,000 years, California was one of the most culturally and linguistically diverse areas in pre-Columbian North America. Various estimates of the native population have ranged from 100,000 to 300,000. The indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct ethnic groups, inhabiting environments from mountains and deserts to islands and redwood forests. These groups were also diverse in their political organization, with bands, tribes, villages, and on the resource-rich coasts, large chiefdoms, such as the Chumash, Pomo and Salinan. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered social and economic relationships between many groups.
The first Europeans to explore the coast of California were the members of a Spanish maritime expedition led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo in 1542. Cabrillo was commissioned by Antonio de Mendoza, the Viceroy of New Spain, to lead an expedition up the Pacific coast in search of trade opportunities; they entered San Diego Bay on September 28, 1542, and reached at least as far north as San Miguel Island. Privateer and explorer Francis Drake explored and claimed an undefined portion of the California coast in 1579, landing north of the future city of San Francisco. Sebastián Vizcaíno explored and mapped the coast of California in 1602 for New Spain, putting ashore in Monterey. Despite the on-the-ground explorations of California in the 16th century, Rodríguez's idea of California as an island persisted. Such depictions appeared on many European maps well into the 18th century.
The Portolá expedition of 1769-70 was a pivotal event in the Spanish colonization of California, resulting in the establishment of numerous missions, presidios, and pueblos. The military and civil contingent of the expedition was led by Gaspar de Portolá, who traveled over land from Sonora into California, while the religious component was headed by Junípero Serra, who came by sea from Baja California. In 1769, Portolá and Serra established Mission San Diego de Alcalá and the Presidio of San Diego, the first religious and military settlements founded by the Spanish in California. By the end of the expedition in 1770, they would establish the Presidio of Monterey and Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo on Monterey Bay.
After the Portolà expedition, Spanish missionaries led by Father-President Serra set out to establish 21 Spanish missions of California along El Camino Real ("The Royal Road") and along the Californian coast, 16 sites of which having been chosen during the Portolá expedition. Numerous major cities in California grew out of missions, including San Francisco (Mission San Francisco de Asís), San Diego (Mission San Diego de Alcalá), Ventura (Mission San Buenaventura), or Santa Barbara (Mission Santa Barbara), among others.
Juan Bautista de Anza led a similarly important expedition throughout California in 1775–76, which would extend deeper into the interior and north of California. The Anza expedition selected numerous sites for missions, presidios, and pueblos, which subsequently would be established by settlers. Gabriel Moraga, a member of the expedition, would also christen many of California's prominent rivers with their names in 1775–1776, such as the Sacramento River and the San Joaquin River. After the expedition, Gabriel's son, José Joaquín Moraga, would found the pueblo of San Jose in 1777, making it the first civilian-established city in California.
The Spanish founded Mission San Juan Capistrano in 1776, the third to be established of the Californian missions.
During this same period, sailors from the Russian Empire explored along the northern coast of California. In 1812, the Russian-American Company established a trading post and small fortification at Fort Ross on the North Coast. Fort Ross was primarily used to supply Russia's Alaskan colonies with food supplies. The settlement did not meet much success, failing to attract settlers or establish long term trade viability, and was abandoned by 1841.
During the War of Mexican Independence, Alta California was largely unaffected and uninvolved in the revolution, though many Californios supported independence from Spain, which many believed had neglected California and limited its development. Spain's trade monopoly on California had limited the trade prospects of Californians. Following Mexican independence, Californian ports were freely able to trade with foreign merchants. Governor Pablo Vicente de Solá presided over the transition from Spanish colonial rule to independent.
In 1821, the Mexican War of Independence gave the Mexican Empire (which included California) independence from Spain. For the next 25 years, Alta California remained a remote, sparsely populated, northwestern administrative district of the newly independent country of Mexico, which shortly after independence became a republic. The missions, which controlled most of the best land in the state, were secularized by 1834 and became the property of the Mexican government. The governor granted many square leagues of land to others with political influence. These huge ranchos or cattle ranches emerged as the dominant institutions of Mexican California. The ranchos developed under ownership by Californios (Hispanics native of California) who traded cowhides and tallow with Boston merchants. Beef did not become a commodity until the 1849 California Gold Rush.
From the 1820s, trappers and settlers from the United States and Canada began to arrive in Northern California. These new arrivals used the Siskiyou Trail, California Trail, Oregon Trail and Old Spanish Trail to cross the rugged mountains and harsh deserts in and surrounding California. The early government of the newly independent Mexico was highly unstable, and in a reflection of this, from 1831 onwards, California also experienced a series of armed disputes, both internal and with the central Mexican government. During this tumultuous political period Juan Bautista Alvarado was able to secure the governorship during 1836–1842. The military action which first brought Alvarado to power had momentarily declared California to be an independent state, and had been aided by Anglo-American residents of California, including Isaac Graham. In 1840, one hundred of those residents who did not have passports were arrested, leading to the Graham Affair, which was resolved in part with the intercession of Royal Navy officials.
One of the largest ranchers in California was John Marsh. After failing to obtain justice against squatters on his land from the Mexican courts, he determined that California should become part of the United States. Marsh conducted a letter-writing campaign espousing the California climate, the soil, and other reasons to settle there, as well as the best route to follow, which became known as "Marsh's route". His letters were read, reread, passed around, and printed in newspapers throughout the country, and started the first wagon trains rolling to California. He invited immigrants to stay on his ranch until they could get settled, and assisted in their obtaining passports.
After ushering in the period of organized emigration to California, Marsh became involved in a military battle between the much-hated Mexican general, Manuel Micheltorena and the California governor he had replaced, Juan Bautista Alvarado. The armies of each met at the Battle of Providencia near Los Angeles. Marsh had been forced against his will to join Micheltorena's army. Ignoring his superiors, during the battle, he signaled the other side for a parley. There were many settlers from the United States fighting on both sides. He convinced these men that they had no reason to be fighting each other. As a result of Marsh's actions, they abandoned the fight, Micheltorena was defeated, and California-born Pio Pico was returned to the governorship. This paved the way to California's ultimate acquisition by the United States.
In 1846, a group of American settlers in and around Sonoma rebelled against Mexican rule during the Bear Flag Revolt. Afterward, rebels raised the Bear Flag (featuring a bear, a star, a red stripe and the words "California Republic") at Sonoma. The Republic's only president was William B. Ide,[65] who played a pivotal role during the Bear Flag Revolt. This revolt by American settlers served as a prelude to the later American military invasion of California and was closely coordinated with nearby American military commanders.
The California Republic was short-lived; the same year marked the outbreak of the Mexican–American War (1846–48).
Commodore John D. Sloat of the United States Navy sailed into Monterey Bay in 1846 and began the U.S. military invasion of California, with Northern California capitulating in less than a month to the United States forces. In Southern California, Californios continued to resist American forces. Notable military engagements of the conquest include the Battle of San Pasqual and the Battle of Dominguez Rancho in Southern California, as well as the Battle of Olómpali and the Battle of Santa Clara in Northern California. After a series of defensive battles in the south, the Treaty of Cahuenga was signed by the Californios on January 13, 1847, securing a censure and establishing de facto American control in California.
Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (February 2, 1848) that ended the war, the westernmost portion of the annexed Mexican territory of Alta California soon became the American state of California, and the remainder of the old territory was then subdivided into the new American Territories of Arizona, Nevada, Colorado and Utah. The even more lightly populated and arid lower region of old Baja California remained as a part of Mexico. In 1846, the total settler population of the western part of the old Alta California had been estimated to be no more than 8,000, plus about 100,000 Native Americans, down from about 300,000 before Hispanic settlement in 1769.
In 1848, only one week before the official American annexation of the area, gold was discovered in California, this being an event which was to forever alter both the state's demographics and its finances. Soon afterward, a massive influx of immigration into the area resulted, as prospectors and miners arrived by the thousands. The population burgeoned with United States citizens, Europeans, Chinese and other immigrants during the great California Gold Rush. By the time of California's application for statehood in 1850, the settler population of California had multiplied to 100,000. By 1854, more than 300,000 settlers had come. Between 1847 and 1870, the population of San Francisco increased from 500 to 150,000.
The seat of government for California under Spanish and later Mexican rule had been located in Monterey from 1777 until 1845. Pio Pico, the last Mexican governor of Alta California, had briefly moved the capital to Los Angeles in 1845. The United States consulate had also been located in Monterey, under consul Thomas O. Larkin.
In 1849, a state Constitutional Convention was first held in Monterey. Among the first tasks of the convention was a decision on a location for the new state capital. The first full legislative sessions were held in San Jose (1850–1851). Subsequent locations included Vallejo (1852–1853), and nearby Benicia (1853–1854); these locations eventually proved to be inadequate as well. The capital has been located in Sacramento since 1854 with only a short break in 1862 when legislative sessions were held in San Francisco due to flooding in Sacramento. Once the state's Constitutional Convention had finalized its state constitution, it applied to the U.S. Congress for admission to statehood. On September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, California became a free state and September 9 a state holiday.
During the American Civil War (1861–1865), California sent gold shipments eastward to Washington in support of the Union. However, due to the existence of a large contingent of pro-South sympathizers within the state, the state was not able to muster any full military regiments to send eastwards to officially serve in the Union war effort. Still, several smaller military units within the Union army were unofficially associated with the state of California, such as the "California 100 Company", due to a majority of their members being from California.
At the time of California's admission into the Union, travel between California and the rest of the continental United States had been a time-consuming and dangerous feat. Nineteen years later, and seven years after it was greenlighted by President Lincoln, the First transcontinental railroad was completed in 1869. California was then reachable from the eastern States in a week's time.
Much of the state was extremely well suited to fruit cultivation and agriculture in general. Vast expanses of wheat, other cereal crops, vegetable crops, cotton, and nut and fruit trees were grown (including oranges in Southern California), and the foundation was laid for the state's prodigious agricultural production in the Central Valley and elsewhere.
In the nineteenth century, a large number of migrants from China traveled to the state as part of the Gold Rush or to seek work. Even though the Chinese proved indispensable in building the transcontinental railroad from California to Utah, perceived job competition with the Chinese led to anti-Chinese riots in the state, and eventually the US ended migration from China partially as a response to pressure from California with the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act.
Under earlier Spanish and Mexican rule, California's original native population had precipitously declined, above all, from Eurasian diseases to which the indigenous people of California had not yet developed a natural immunity. Under its new American administration, California's harsh governmental policies towards its own indigenous people did not improve. As in other American states, many of the native inhabitants were soon forcibly removed from their lands by incoming American settlers such as miners, ranchers, and farmers. Although California had entered the American union as a free state, the "loitering or orphaned Indians" were de facto enslaved by their new Anglo-American masters under the 1853 Act for the Government and Protection of Indians. There were also massacres in which hundreds of indigenous people were killed.
Between 1850 and 1860, the California state government paid around 1.5 million dollars (some 250,000 of which was reimbursed by the federal government) to hire militias whose purpose was to protect settlers from the indigenous populations. In later decades, the native population was placed in reservations and rancherias, which were often small and isolated and without enough natural resources or funding from the government to sustain the populations living on them. As a result, the rise of California was a calamity for the native inhabitants. Several scholars and Native American activists, including Benjamin Madley and Ed Castillo, have described the actions of the California government as a genocide.
In the twentieth century, thousands of Japanese people migrated to the US and California specifically to attempt to purchase and own land in the state. However, the state in 1913 passed the Alien Land Act, excluding Asian immigrants from owning land. During World War II, Japanese Americans in California were interned in concentration camps such as at Tule Lake and Manzanar. In 2020, California officially apologized for this internment.
Migration to California accelerated during the early 20th century with the completion of major transcontinental highways like the Lincoln Highway and Route 66. In the period from 1900 to 1965, the population grew from fewer than one million to the greatest in the Union. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported California's population as 6.0% Hispanic, 2.4% Asian, and 89.5% non-Hispanic white.
To meet the population's needs, major engineering feats like the California and Los Angeles Aqueducts; the Oroville and Shasta Dams; and the Bay and Golden Gate Bridges were built across the state. The state government also adopted the California Master Plan for Higher Education in 1960 to develop a highly efficient system of public education.
Meanwhile, attracted to the mild Mediterranean climate, cheap land, and the state's wide variety of geography, filmmakers established the studio system in Hollywood in the 1920s. California manufactured 8.7 percent of total United States military armaments produced during World War II, ranking third (behind New York and Michigan) among the 48 states. California however easily ranked first in production of military ships during the war (transport, cargo, [merchant ships] such as Liberty ships, Victory ships, and warships) at drydock facilities in San Diego, Los Angeles, and the San Francisco Bay Area. After World War II, California's economy greatly expanded due to strong aerospace and defense industries, whose size decreased following the end of the Cold War. Stanford University and its Dean of Engineering Frederick Terman began encouraging faculty and graduates to stay in California instead of leaving the state, and develop a high-tech region in the area now known as Silicon Valley. As a result of these efforts, California is regarded as a world center of the entertainment and music industries, of technology, engineering, and the aerospace industry, and as the United States center of agricultural production. Just before the Dot Com Bust, California had the fifth-largest economy in the world among nations.
In the mid and late twentieth century, a number of race-related incidents occurred in the state. Tensions between police and African Americans, combined with unemployment and poverty in inner cities, led to violent riots, such as the 1965 Watts riots and 1992 Rodney King riots. California was also the hub of the Black Panther Party, a group known for arming African Americans to defend against racial injustice and for organizing free breakfast programs for schoolchildren. Additionally, Mexican, Filipino, and other migrant farm workers rallied in the state around Cesar Chavez for better pay in the 1960s and 1970s.
During the 20th century, two great disasters happened in California. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake and 1928 St. Francis Dam flood remain the deadliest in U.S. history.
Although air pollution problems have been reduced, health problems associated with pollution have continued. The brown haze known as "smog" has been substantially abated after the passage of federal and state restrictions on automobile exhaust.
An energy crisis in 2001 led to rolling blackouts, soaring power rates, and the importation of electricity from neighboring states. Southern California Edison and Pacific Gas and Electric Company came under heavy criticism.
Housing prices in urban areas continued to increase; a modest home which in the 1960s cost $25,000 would cost half a million dollars or more in urban areas by 2005. More people commuted longer hours to afford a home in more rural areas while earning larger salaries in the urban areas. Speculators bought houses they never intended to live in, expecting to make a huge profit in a matter of months, then rolling it over by buying more properties. Mortgage companies were compliant, as everyone assumed the prices would keep rising. The bubble burst in 2007–8 as housing prices began to crash and the boom years ended. Hundreds of billions in property values vanished and foreclosures soared as many financial institutions and investors were badly hurt.
In the twenty-first century, droughts and frequent wildfires attributed to climate change have occurred in the state. From 2011 to 2017, a persistent drought was the worst in its recorded history. The 2018 wildfire season was the state's deadliest and most destructive, most notably Camp Fire.
Although air pollution problems have been reduced, health problems associated with pollution have continued. The brown haze that is known as "smog" has been substantially abated thanks to federal and state restrictions on automobile exhaust.
One of the first confirmed COVID-19 cases in the United States that occurred in California was first of which was confirmed on January 26, 2020. Meaning, all of the early confirmed cases were persons who had recently travelled to China in Asia, as testing was restricted to this group. On this January 29, 2020, as disease containment protocols were still being developed, the U.S. Department of State evacuated 195 persons from Wuhan, China aboard a chartered flight to March Air Reserve Base in Riverside County, and in this process, it may have granted and conferred to escalated within the land and the US at cosmic. On February 5, 2020, the U.S. evacuated 345 more citizens from Hubei Province to two military bases in California, Travis Air Force Base in Solano County and Marine Corps Air Station Miramar, San Diego, where they were quarantined for 14 days. A state of emergency was largely declared in this state of the nation on March 4, 2020, and as of February 24, 2021, remains in effect. A mandatory statewide stay-at-home order was issued on March 19, 2020, due to increase, which was ended on January 25, 2021, allowing citizens to return to normal life. On April 6, 2021, the state announced plans to fully reopen the economy by June 15, 2021.
Finished soldering the component side of bushing's new twlfpga board to a mostly-virgin DSi. I'm trying a new "hot glue reflow" technique for making the wiring job sturdy yet serviceable :)
For those of you who are interested in the 'bits', here are a selection of the key parts.
Not a complete rundown by covers the main mechanicals and load-bearing structures.
Car is 'drivable' with rear engine/transaxle, front tub and front drive assembly module.
Engine is an eight cylinder in 'W' format. That is two Vee-fours with their crankshafts gearedto a cenntral drive shaft.
Front and rear suspension are both by swing axles and sprung by torsion bars. The front suspension module plus straing into the front of the stressed tub and is completely self contained for load paths. The rear suspension feefs the loadparths into the engine assembly.
Not on the engine module the heat exchangers mounted in front of the rear wheels as well as behing the rear suspension module. The real Veyron has 13 heat exchangers in all. The detailing on the top of the engine asembly replicates the intake system and air-air intercoolers for the charge air.
One of the included images has the entire vehicle assembly arrayed.
Please feel free to ask any questions or request further techincal information regarding the model.
This project took some time because John wanted to go with vintage Campagnolo components. After Jon Williams (Drillium Revival) machined the cranks and Bryan Myers from Fresh Frame painted the inside of the windows on the hubs, I knew I had to machine the seat post, stem, and chain ring and hand paint them to match.
Hogg takes command of U.S. Army Africa
10 June 2010 - By Rick Scavetta, U.S. Army Africa Public Affairs
VICENZA, Italy – During a ceremony today at Caserma Ederle’s Hoekstra Field, Maj. Gen. David R. Hogg assumed command of U.S. Army Africa.
Gen. William E. Ward, commanding general of U.S. Africa Command presided over the ceremony, which signaled the departure of outgoing commander, Maj. Gen. William B. Garrett III.
Hogg, who recently served as deputy commanding general of Combined Security Transition Command-Afghanistan, said he is delighted to become part of the Vicenza military community.
“After 29 years of service and six overseas assignments to include Germany, Panama and Belgium, this is our first opportunity to be in Italy,” Hogg said. “We are absolutely thrilled to be here.”
Hogg said he is excited to be a part of U.S. Army Africa, the Army's newest service component command, challenged with developing relationships with land forces in Africa and supporting U.S. Army efforts on the African continent.
Ward reminded the crowd that U.S. Army Africa has accomplished some great things since Dec. 2008, when it began its transformation to becoming the Army service component command for U.S. Africa Command.
“In that short time, the command has formed, grown, and matured into an active and effective outfit and has established strong strategic relationships with the ground forces in Africa,” Ward said. “U.S. Army Africa not only succeeded, they excelled. In fact, they thrived on the opportunities they were given.”
Garrett took command of the Southern European Task Force in 2008. He commanded SETAF throughout its transformation to U.S. Army Africa. Garrett now heads to Iraq, where he will serve as the chief of staff, U.S. Forces Iraq.
“We look forward to building upon the systems that Maj. Gen. Garrett and Mrs. Garrett have developed,” Hogg said. “We are truly thankful for the warm welcome that we have received from the community and, especially, the Garretts.”
Photo by SFC Kyle Davis USARAF PAO
Component welding in Cowley factory
Collection: British Leyland
Date: 1975
Reference Number: C-255197-ComponentWelding1975
To enquire about any of our images or for more information, please contact photo@britishmotormuseum.co.uk or visit our photographic website at www.motorgraphs.com/.
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Técnicas básicas de la fotografía
Introducción
Técnicas básicas de la fotografía/Introducción
IntroducciónEl uso de la cámara →
Técnicas básicas de la fotografía
Contenido [ocultar]
1 Origen de la Cámara Fotográfica
1.1 Cámara Estenopeica
2 Componentes de la Cámara
2.1 Cuerpos
2.1.1 Clasificación
2.2 Objetivos
2.2.1 Clasificación
2.3 Filtros
2.4 Accesorios
Aquí comienza este libro. En este capítulo describiremos los componentes de la cámara. Si bien es fundamental conocer estas piezas recomiendo que no se pierda demasiado tiempo en este capítulo. Una de las bondades de la fotografía de hoy en día es que se puede llevar a cabo sin mucho conocimiento técnico. Se puede aprender mucho del funcionamiento de una cámara con solo presionar el botón disparador u obturador. Creo que para aquel que comienza a adentrarse en el mundo de la fotografía es suficiente conocer las partes principales de la cámara para pasar al siguiente capítulo. Mas adelante podrá volver aquí para fijar nombres y conocer elementos más específicos. Como ya saben hacemos todo lo posible por brindar la información que tenemos de la forma más apropiada pero está en ti la capacidad de recorrer este libro de forma dinámica y de aprovechar lo que te brindamos.
[editar]Origen de la Cámara Fotográfica
La cámara fotográfica se ha usado desde el renacimiento. Se conocía como cuarto oscuro, y consistía en una cámara oscura con un orificio muy pequeño en la parte frontal, enfrentando al sujeto que se encontraba fuera de ella. Una imagen invertida se proyectaba en la pared opuesta la que era trazada manualmente.
[editar]Cámara Estenopeica
También llamada cámara de tarro, es una de las cámaras más simples que existen, ya que no posee lentes ni controles de exposición. La luz produce una imagen que pasa a través de un pequeño agujero y se proyecta en la cara opuesta de la cámara donde se coloca un papel fotosensible. La velocidad de obturación se regula manualmente destapando el agujero durante el tiempo deseado. Esta cámara nos permite entender cuales son los principios básicos por los cuales existe la fotografía.
[editar]Componentes de la Cámara
El propósito de una cámara, ya sea compacta, digital o réflex es proyectar la luz en una superficie que pueda capturar la imagen. La acción por la que una cámara permite la "impresión del material sensible" se llama exposición. La forma en que una cámara regula el nivel de exposición es a través de tres variables que la mayoría de las cámaras comparten. Estos tres controles principales son:
Velocidad de Obturación - Es el tiempo durante el cual la luz pasará a través del objetivo. La película o el sensor se verá expuesto a mayor cantidad de luz a medida que la obturación sea más larga, produciendo una imagen de mayor exposición (más luminosa).
Apertura del Objetivo (apertura del diafragma) - Es el tamaño del orificio detrás del objetivo. A mayor apertura, entra mayor cantidad de luz a través del objetivo, produciendo una imagen de mayor exposición (más luminosa). La apertura se controla mediante el diafragma.
Sensibilidad (ISO) - Es la sensibilidad de la película o sensor. Tradicionalmente no es un control de la cámara, sino que se refiere al tipo de película usada. Pero en cámaras digitales el equivalente a la sensibilidad de la película es el sensor de la cámara. Por ejemplo, una película de 800 ASA es ocho veces más sensible a la luz que una de 100 ASA. Normalmente un nivel ASA más alto es útil en lugares con luminosidad más baja.
Examinemos los distintos tipos de cámaras que existen y dónde podemos encontrar dichos controles:
[editar]Cuerpos
El cuerpo de la cámara es el lugar desde donde se controlan la mayoría de las funciones y es el lugar donde se encuentra el material sensible y el obturador que controla si el material sensible se encuentra o no expuesto. Por esto, separar el cuerpo del objetivo no tiene ningún efecto sobre el material sensible (un rollo no se velaría).
[editar]Clasificación
SLR (Single Lens Reflex) Este tipo de cámaras cuentan con un pentaprisma que muestra en el visor exactamente lo mismo que va a ser plasmado en la fotografía final. La imagen captada por el objetivo llega al pentaprisma tras dos reflexiones. Después de atravesar el objetivo, la luz llega, en un primer momento al espejo interno y de ahí se refleja y forma la imagen sobre una pantalla mate. La imagen formada sobre la pantalla mate es recogida por el pentaprisma que corrige las inversiones, tanto la lateral como la vertical. La imagen que se ve a través del visor es la que devuelve el pentaprisma. Cuando se dispara la foto, al tiempo que se abre el obturador, el espejo interno se levanta de modo que la luz ya no se desvía en dirección a la pantalla mate ni al pentaprisma, sino que imprime directamente el negativo (o sensor en el caso de las cámaras DSLR). De este modo el fotógrafo puede ver claramente la profundidad de campo y el enfoque que está entregando el lente, con un botón de vista previa que está incluida en la cámara.
TLR (Twin Lens Reflex) Las cámaras TLR llevan dos objetivos idénticos, uno sobre el otro. Los dos objetivos son gemelos en cuanto a apertura y distancia focal, se diferencian solo en que el superior carece de diafragma y obturador. Este objetivo sirve para formar una imagen sobre un cristal horizontal situado en la parte de encima de la cámara. La postura idónea que ha de adquirir el fotógrafo es situar la cámara en su cintura y mirar desde arriba.
[editar]Objetivos
Los lentes son objetos transparentes de plástico o cristal natural o sintético. Por su forma pueden ser cóncavos, convexos o planos. Los cóncavos tienen forma lenticular (como lenteja) gruesos al centro y delgados en los bordes, también llamados positivos. El lente más popular que conocemos es la famosa "lupa". Los convexos o negativos, son delgados al centro y gruesos en los bordes. Los lentes planos reciben el nombre de filtros y los hay para corregir color, modificar texturas, etc.
El término "lente" se refiere a una pieza y "objetivo" a un grupo o conjunto de lentes. Sin embargo es frecuente usar las dos palabras indistintamente y está aceptado. El término objetivo se aplica al conjunto de lentes que va dirigido al objeto. El término ocular se refiere al conjunto de lentes que se dirigen a nuestro ojo. La cámara fotográfica, el microscopio o el telescopio tienen objetivo y ocular. En algunas cámaras digitales el ocular ha sido sustituido por un display.
El lente u objetivo es la parte más importante de una cámara. Cuando de elección se trate, si prefiere calidad, elija el objetivo de marca más renombrada. De esa calidad dependerá en gran medida la calidad de las imágenes que se capturen con ellos.
Uno de los mejores lentes que se han producido hasta la fecha son de cristales naturales de una región alemana llamada Jena y son fabricados por la empresa alemana Karl Zeiss. Esta marca da una plena garantía de calidad. Desgraciadamente su precio es alto. Los usan las cámaras Leica (alemana), Hasselblad (sueca) y Contax (alemana - japonesa) entre las principales, Sony (japonesa). Las cámaras Hasselblad fueron usadas por los astronautas norteamericanos durante la conquista de la Luna.
Se denomina objetivo al conjunto de lentes convergentes y divergentes que forman parte de la óptica de una cámara. Existen diferentes tipos de objetivos y cada uno de estos tiene distintas características:
Distancia focal: Determina el ángulo de visión de un objetivo
Apertura máxima de diafragma: Indica cuan "luminoso" es un objetivo
Marca y modelo: No cualquier objetivo sirve para cualquier cuerpo
Diámetro: Determina el diámetro de los objetivos que se le quieran adosar estos si son compatibles entre marcas y modelos
Además distintos objetivos tienen distintas calidades ópticas pero esto no se expresa en forma numérica.
Otras características de los objetivos:
Número“f”. El significado del número “f” es el número de diafragmas que caben en la distancia focal de un lento u objetivo. Se le identifica con la letra "efe" minúscula. Es una unidad de medida que se expresa con número fraccionario (quebrado) y sólo se menciona el denominador. f 2 significa: f 1/2, f22 significa f 1/22. Mientras más chico es el número "f" es más grande la magnitud del diafragma. El número “f” de un lente es el máximo diafragma al que puede abrir. Los lentes con número “f” pequeño captan más luz que los de “f” grande. Los objetivos con mayor luminosidad de "f" grande son más caros. De los datos impresos que se incluyen en los objetivos están: Máximo número "f", distancia focal y diámetro de la rosca del lente. El diafragma expresado por el número "f" está íntimamente relacionado con la “profundidad de campo”
Distancia focal. De un lente u objetivo es la distancia medida desde el centro hasta el plano en que se forma la imagen.
Tomando en cuenta la distancia focal de un lente se clasifican en: Normal, gran angular y teleobjetivo.
[editar]Clasificación
Se los clasifica según la distancia focal:
Objetivos normales: Con un ángulo de 46º se asemejan a la visión del ojo humano. Su utilidad se centra en la representación de escenas sin carga dramática. Su profundidad de campo es moderada. No suele presentarse distorsión de la imagen como en los angulares. Generalmente se habla de un objetivo de 50mm como un objetivo normal en una cámara de 35mm.
Objetivos gran angulares: Objetivo cuyo ángulo es mayor al del objetivo normal. Suelen utilizarse para planos generales donde es necesario abarcar un gran ángulo de visión o para realzar o distorsionar ciertas características del sujeto. Su característica principal es que proporcionan gran profundidad de campo y abarcan un amplio ángulo de visión. Suelen distorsionar la imagen haciendo que las líneas verticales pierdan su paralelismo y al mismo tiempo representan exageradamente los objetos más cercanos haciéndolos aparecer de un tamaño mucho mayor que el real.
Teleobjetivos: El ángulo de visión es menor que el del objetivo normal. Permiten acercar objetos situados a grandes distancias. Así consiguen aumentar el tamaño de las imágenes respecto al objeto real. Por el contrario su profundidad de campo es reducida y su punto de enfoque crítico.
Objetivos zoom: Son objetivos de distancia focal variable. Destacan por su comodidad ya que evitan el cambio de objetivos de distancias focales fijas (angulares, normales y teleobjetivos). Suelen presentar la desventaja de no contar con aperturas muy grandes o de presentar una calidad de imagen inferior, ya que su construcción es más compleja que los objetivos de distancia focal fija.
Objetivos macro: Permiten el enfoque a muy corta distancia. Se utiliza para objetos muy pequeños situados a poca distancia del lente.
Objetivo ojo de pez: Se trata de un angular extremadamente amplio, llegando incluso hasta los 180º. Proporcionan una profundidad de campo extrema, y las imágenes se ven curvas como si estuvieran reflejadas en una esfera.
El Lente Normal: Tiene la misma distancia focal de la diagonal de la película o LCD (es.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCD). Para la película de 35 mm el lente normal es de 50 mm. Es el lente con el que se equipa a la mayoría de las cámaras. El ángulo de visión coincide con el del ojo humano. Es el lente más usado. Es el lente más versátil. En él se ha conseguido obtener la menor incidencia de aberraciones.
Lente gran angular: El término se refiere a aquel cuya distancia focal es menor a la diagonal del formato de la película. Para una película de 35 mm un gran angular mide menos de 50 mm. Se usa principalmente para fotos arquitectónicas o en lugares estrechos, así como para hacer ciertos efectos. Tiene una gran profundidad de campo. Exagera la perspectiva haciendo ver muy grandes los objetos cercanos y extremadamente pequeños los objetos lejanos. Son muy luminosos. Es frecuente que no tengan completamente corregidas la aberración esférica, la aberración cromática y el astigmatismo.
El Lente Telefoto: Es aquel cuya distancia focal es mayor que el doble de la distancia focal. Se puede considerar telefoto aquel lente que mida más de 100 mm. Se usa principalmente para fotografiar objetos lejanos. Los más grandes llegan a medir más de 1,000 mm. (1 metro) y son muy poco luminosos, caros y pesados. El lente de 135 mm es el más adecuado para foto de retrato, ya que no altera las proporciones de la cara. Estos lentes producen el efecto de hacer que los objetos geométricos tengan el punto de fuga invertido, es decir que en vez de fugar hacia atrás fuga hacia adelante. También dan el efecto de comprimir la escena de modo que parece como si las distancias entre los elementos estuvieran más cerca uno de otro de lo que realmente están y los objetos lejanos aparentan estar más cerca de lo que realmente están.
Lente Zoom: Hay otra clasificación que corresponde a los lentes zoom o de distancia focal variable. No son recomendables para fotos de calidad, ya que tienen un exceso de aberraciones. Sin embargo el público en general los prefiera ya que prácticamente tienen 3 lentes en uno y son cómodos para encuadrar sin cambiar la distancia entre el fotógrafo y el modelo. También son cómodos al viajar.
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Rim:H PLUS SON TB-14 32H
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RD:Campagnolo Veloce
Brake:Paul Component Mini-Moto
Seat:Brooks Cambium C17
Seatpost:Thomson Elite
Tire:Panaracer Pasera Skinwall 700x35c
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