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A better picture now the vegetation has died back (and a drier day!) of the buffers at Fen Drayton.Looks like the contractors have sprayed the entire area with systematic weedkiller because all the bramble has died off and everything is crispy.
The only clue that this used to be a major rail route is the telegraph post beside the buffer.The track originally used to go on for another 1.5 miles to St-Ives station (demolished in 1978),but that was lifted sometime in the 1970's and made into a road so ARC (Amalgamated roadstone corporation) could use it as an access road for their sand & gravel quarrying works which was done extensivley in the area.ARC used the old line to deliver sand down to Kings Cross London until 1992.
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. Dan Jaynes of the US Department of Agriculture's Agriculture Research Service, sitting on a water control structure, is one of the leading researchers on saturated buffers.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Bremminger prepares a buffer solution for an experiment to look at HIV capsid protein structures. | photo by Phillip Sitter, Bond LSC
The Danbury Garden Club in Connecticut received a grant from the Albert & Helen Meserve Memorial Fund for educational materials for the Lake Kenosia buffer gardens. The grand opening June 30, 2012 included tours of Lake Kenosia and the buffer gardens. Here’s a project that the Danbury Garden Club's Civic Committee worked on to support the Lake Kenosia Commission to educate the public regarding the purpose of buffer gardens at Lake Kenosia in Danbury.
Hoboken's first buffered bike lane was striped on Clinton Street between 15th Street and 16th Street. On very wide streets, a buffered area is striped next to bike lanes for added safety.
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A line of tile is installed parallel to the stream. When water from field tile is diverted to this tile from the water control structure that lies within a seeded buffer, the soil below becomes saturated. The roots and plant uptake then denitrify the water.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
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A pretty hearty buffer stop at Mansion House station on the Underground (Circle and District Lines).
I turned left on 9th and walked west a few blocks to the beginning of the buffered lane on SW Stark and 14th. This shows the buffered lane at SW 10th, next to the on-street bike corral in front of the Ace Hotel.
The new buffered bike lanes were installed this weekend on SW Stark and SW Oak in downtown Portland
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A water control structure is a key component; it either diverts water from field tile to the perforated tile that runs parallel to the stream--which saturates the buffer-- or allows water to bypass the buffer, depending on how many panels are inserted into the structure to divert flow.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Buffer stops marking the end of the line at Lendava in Slovenia. The line used to go onwards to Lenti in Hungary. Taken on a visit by the 2015 PTG tour of Slovenia and Croatia.
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A water control structure is a key component; it either diverts water from field tile to the perforated tile that runs parallel to the stream--which saturates the buffer-- or allows water to bypass the buffer, depending on how many panels are inserted into the structure to divert flow.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A water control structure is a key component; it either diverts water from field tile to the perforated tile that runs parallel to the stream--which saturates the buffer-- or allows water to bypass the buffer, depending on how many panels are inserted into the structure to divert flow.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. Dan Jaynes of USDA ARS inserts panels into a water control structure. The panels divert water from field tile into tile that run parallel to the stream, saturating the strip of land bordering the stream. Native prairie plants seeded in the buffer then remove nitrates from the water.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Crewe is one of the least attractive mainline stations in the UK in my view but at least it has buffer stops that look as if they can do the job. (compare with my shot of Shrewsbury on the same day.)
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A water control structure is a key component; it either diverts water from field tile to the perforated tile that runs parallel to the stream--which saturates the buffer-- or allows water to bypass the buffer, depending on how many panels are inserted into the structure to divert flow.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A water control structure is a key component; it either diverts water from field tile to the perforated tile that runs parallel to the stream--which saturates the buffer-- or allows water to bypass the buffer, depending on how many panels are inserted into the structure to divert flow.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Konark Sun Temple ([koɳarəkə]; also Konârak) is a 13th-century Sun Temple at Konark in Odisha, India. It is believed that the temple was built by king Narasimhadeva I of Eastern Ganga Dynasty around 1250 CE. The temple is in the shape of a gigantic chariot elaborately carved stone wheels, pillars and walls. A major part of the structure is now in ruins. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and has also featured on various list of Seven Wonders of India.
ETYMOLOGY
The name Konark derives from the combination of the Sanskrit words, Kona (corner) and Arka (sun), in reference to the temple which was dedicated to the Sun god Surya.
The monument was also called the Black Pagoda by European sailors. In contrast, the Jagannath Temple in Puri was called the White Pagoda. Both temples served as important landmarks for the sailors.
ARCHITECTURE
The temple was originally built at the mouth of the river Chandrabhaga, but the waterline has receded since then. The temple has been built in the form of a giant ornamented chariot of the Sun god, Surya. It has twelve pairs of elaborately carved stone wheels which are 3 meters wide and is pulled by a set of seven horses (4 on the right and 3 on the left). The temple follows the traditional style of Kalinga architecture. It is carefully oriented towards the east so that the first rays of sunrise strikes the principal entrance. The temple is built from Khondalite rocks.
The original temple had a main sanctum sanctorum (vimana), which was supposedly 70 m tall. Due to the weight of the super structure and weak soil of the area the main vimana fell in 1837. The audience hall (Jagamohana), which is about 30 m tall, still stands and is the principal structure in the surviving ruins. Among the structures, which have survived to the current day, are the dance hall (Nata mandira) and dining hall (Bhoga mandapa).
The Konark temple is also known for its erotic sculptures of maithunas.
Two smaller ruined temples have been discovered nearby. One of them is called the Mayadevi Temple and is located southwest from the entrance of the main temple. It is presumed to have been dedicated to Mayadevi, one of the Sun god's wives. It has been dated to the late 11th century, earlier than the main temple. The other one belongs to some unknown Vaishnava deity. Sculptures of Balarama, Varaha and Trivikrama have been found at the site, indicating it to be a Vaishnavite temple. Both temples have their primary idols missing.
A collection of fallen sculptures can be viewed at the Konark Archaeological Museum which is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.
HISTORY
ANCIENT TEXTS
According to Bhavishya Purana and Samba Purana, there may have been a sun temple in the region earlier than current one, dating to the 9th century or earlier. The books mention three sun temples at Mundira (possibly Konark), Kalapriya (Mathura), and Multan.
According to the scriptures, Samba, the son of Krishna, was cursed with leprosy. He was advised by the sage, Kataka, to worship the sun god to cure his aliment. Samba underwent penance for 12 years in Mitravana near the shores of Chandrabhaga. Both the original Konark temple and the Multan temple have been attributed to Samba.
The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea (1st Century CE) mentions a port called Kainapara, which has been identified as current day Konark.
SUN DIAL AND TIME
The wheels of the temple are sundials which can be used to calculate time accurately to a minute including day and night.
SECOND TEMPLE
According to the Madala Panji, there was another temple in the region. It was built by one Pundara Kesari. He may have been Puranjaya, the 7th century ruler, of the Somavasmi Dynasty.
NARASIMHADEVA I
The current temple is attributed to Narasimhadeva I of the Eastern Ganga Dynasty. His reign spanned from 1238 to 1264 CE. The temple may have been a monument to his victory against Tughral Tughan Khan.
DHARMAPADA´S TALE
According to local folklore, Narasimhadeva I had hired a chief architect called Bisu Maharana to build the temple. After a period of twelve years, a workforce of twelve thousand almost finished the construction. But, they failed to mount the crown stone. The impatient king ordered the temple to be finished in three days or the artisans be put to death. At the time, Bisu Maharana's twelve-year-old son, Dharmapada arrived at the site. Bisu Maharana had never seen his son, as he had left his village when his wife was still pregnant. Dharmapada successfully proposed a solution to mount the crown stone. But, the artisans were still apprehensive that the king will be displeased to learn that a boy succeeded where his best artisans failed. Dharmapada climbed onto the temple and leapt into the water to save his father and his co-workers.
COLLAPSE
There have been several proposed theories for the collapse of the main sanctum. The date of the collapse is also not certain.
The Kenduli copper plates of Narasimha IV (Saka 1305 or 1384 CE) states the temple to be in a perfect state.
In the 16th century Ain-i-Akbari, Abul Fazl also mentions Konark being in a proper state. The account also mentions the cost of construction being 12 years of revenue.
The cause of collapse is also placed on Kalapahad who invaded Odisha in 1568.
In 1627, the then Raja of Khurda had removed the sun idol from Konark and moved it to the Jagannath temple in Puri.
James Fergusson (1808–1886) had the opinion that marshy foundation had caused the collapse. But, the structure has shown no sign of sinking into its foundation. Fergusson, who visited the temple in 1837, recorded a corner of the main sanctum still standing. It also fell down in 1848 due to a strong gale.
According to Percy Brown (1872–1955), the temple was not properly completed and so it collapsed. This contradicts earlier recorded accounts of the temple being in a proper state.
In 1929, an analysis of a moss covered rock estimated the date of abandonment at around 1573.
Other proposed causes include lightning and earthquake.
ARUNA STAMBHA
In the last quarter of the 18th century, when worship had ceased in the temple, the Aruna stambha (Aruna pillar) was removed from the entrance of Konark temple and placed at the Singha-dwara (Lion's Gate) of the Jagannath temple in Puri by a Maratha Brahmachari called Goswain (or Goswami). The pillar is made of monolithic chlorite and is 10.26 m tall . It is dedicated to Aruna, the charioteer of the Sun god.
PRESERVATION EFFORTS
In 1803, requests were made for conservations by the East India Marine Board, but only removal of stones from the site was prohibited by the Governor General. As a result, a part of the main tower, which was still standing, collapsed in 1848.
The then Raja of Khurda removed some stones and sculptures to use in a temple he was building in Puri. A few gateways and some sculptures were destroyed in the process. In 1838, after the depredation of the Raja of Khurda, Asiatic Society of Bengal requested conservation, but the requests were denied and only preventative of human-caused damages were guaranteed. The Raja was forbidden to remove any more stones.
In 1859, Asiatic Society of Bengal proposed moving an architrave depicting the navagraha to the Indian Museum in Calcutta. The first attempt in 1867 was abandoned as the funds ran out.
In 1894, thirteen sculptures were moved to the Indian Museum.
In 1903 when a major excavation was attempted nearby, the then Lieutenant governor of Bengal, J. A. Baurdilon, ordered the temple to be sealed and filled with sand to prevent the collapse of the Jagamohana.
In 1906, casuarina and punnang trees were planted facing the sea to buffer the site against sand-laden winds.
In 1909, the Mayadevi temple was discovered while removing sand and debris.
The temple was granted World Heritage Site status by the UNESCO in 1984.
WIKIPEDIA
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A water control structure is a key component; it either diverts water from field tile to the perforated tile that runs parallel to the stream--which saturates the buffer-- or allows water to bypass the buffer, depending on how many panels are inserted into the structure to divert flow.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A water control structure is a key component; it either diverts water from field tile to the perforated tile that runs parallel to the stream--which saturates the buffer-- or allows water to bypass the buffer, depending on how many panels are inserted into the structure to divert flow.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A water control structure is a key component; it either diverts water from field tile to the perforated tile that runs parallel to the stream--which saturates the buffer-- or allows water to bypass the buffer, depending on how many panels are inserted into the structure to divert flow.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A water control structure is a key component; it either diverts water from field tile to the perforated tile that runs parallel to the stream--which saturates the buffer-- or allows water to bypass the buffer, depending on how many panels are inserted into the structure to divert flow.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
CoMotion Americano on Northwest Military Highway in San Antonio, TX. This buffered bicycle lane provides additional spatial separation from high-speed vehicular traffic.
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A line of tile is installed parallel to the stream. When water from field tile is diverted to this tile from the water control structure that lies within a seeded buffer, the soil below becomes saturated. The roots and plant uptake then denitrify the water.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A line of tile is installed parallel to the stream. When water from field tile is diverted to this tile from the water control structure that lies within a seeded buffer, the soil below becomes saturated. The roots and plant uptake then denitrify the water.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Buffer stops at Rugby station. The track has recently been removed as part of a redevelopment / resignalling project.
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. Dan Jaynes of USDA ARS inserts panels into a water control structure. The panels divert water from field tile into tile that run parallel to the stream, saturating the strip of land bordering the stream. Native prairie plants seeded in the buffer then remove nitrates from the water.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A water control structure is a key component; it either diverts water from field tile to the perforated tile that runs parallel to the stream--which saturates the buffer-- or allows water to bypass the buffer, depending on how many panels are inserted into the structure to divert flow.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. Dan Jaynes of USDA ARS inserts panels into a water control structure. The panels divert water from field tile into tile that run parallel to the stream, saturating the strip of land bordering the stream. Native prairie plants seeded in the buffer then remove nitrates from the water.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts
Installation of saturated buffer in Story County, Iowa, on land farmed by Justin Hanson. A line of tile is installed parallel to the stream. When water from field tile is diverted to this tile from the water control structure that lies within a seeded buffer, the soil below becomes saturated. The roots and plant uptake then denitrify the water.
Please Credit: NRCS/SWCS photo by Lynn Betts