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★5th Pre-order + Notice about delivery★
We apologize that the delivery is delayed than promised date as supplementation
and research about new joint take more time than expected.
Therefore, after this 5th Pre-order we, Bimong Doll, have decided to receive no more orders
and focus on completing the delivery first until it is finished.
Firstly, we would like to give credibility and relief to our customers
who are going to purchase and have purchased already.
Secondly, we would like to prepare the environment that we can concentrate on
making goods to provide more satisfying dolls to customers.
The future sales method is going to hold inventories beforehand as we did in the past.
We plan prompt delivery within 3-7days.
Also we are going to prepare the limited edition decided full option concept.
We do not sell the gift-parts of the limited edition separately to give them rareness and value.
All deliveries are going to be completed in sequence within 1~3months after finishing 5th pre-order.
Even though we aim to finish all deliveries in a month after order,
we do our best you to receive within 90 days at the latest.
There are going to be no new sales before completing all deliveries, please understand it.
Bimong Doll are going to open all line-up prepared perfectly after completing all deliveries.
--------Scheduled line-up of Bimong Doll----------
(1)*65Narin & 60Narae couple
(2)*40Narin & 40Narae New couple + Classic couple
(3)*Dandelion 51cm New body
(4)*Chuu&Chuubi New body 27cm couple
(5)*Shahti New body 16 inches Fashion Doll
(6) Other parts/ Animals/ Characters
Reopening of Bimong Doll is scheduled during April or May when all deliveries will be completed.
We are going to sell goods finished copy every month limitedly.
We promise seeing you again with higher quality dolls after finishing the research for the rest of the period.
And Finally, we highly appreciate customers giving good ideas about the part of body and joint working.
Every precious your opinion is always the biggest power for us.
With a deep sense of gratitude
감사의 마음을 담아.
Sincerely yours,
Bimong
비몽 드림
Note.
1) It is going to be delivered to the customers of 2nd and 4th pre-order in sequence in mid-February.
2) It is going to be delivered to the customers purchased the head in sequence in mid-February.
3) It is going to be delivered to the customers of 3rd and 5th pre-order in sequence in mid-March.
Abbey of the Dormition is a Catholic abbey belonging to the Benedictine Order in Jerusalem, on Mount Zion just outside the walls of the Old City near the Zion Gate. The Abbey is said to mark the spot where Mary, mother of Jesus, died.
Between 1998 and 2006 the community was known as the Abbey of Hagia Maria Sion, in reference to the basilica of Hagia Sion that stood on this spot during the Byzantine period, but it resumed the original name during the 2006 celebrations of the monastery's centenary. "Hagia Maria Sion" is now the name of the foundation supporting the abbey's buildings, community and academic work.
In recent years the church has become a target for vandalism and desecration by Israeli nationalists.
The Byzantine basilica Hagia Sion was built under John II, Bishop of Jerusalem in the early 5th century. Relics attributed to Saint Stephen were transferred to the church on 26 December 415. The church is shown in the 6th-century Madaba Map. It was destroyed in the 614 sack of Jerusalem by Sasanian king Khosrau II.
Its foundations were recovered in 1899, when the architect and construction manager of the Diocese of Cologne, Heinrich Renard [de] (1868–1928), investigated the site. Bargil Pixner proposed the theory of a pre-Crusader Church of Zion, the continuation of an early Judeo-Christian congregation and their house of worship, which he located on the Madaba Map next to the Hagia Sion basilica.
A monastic order known as the Abbey of Our Lady of Mount Zion was established at the site in the 12th century, with a church built on the ruins of the earlier demolished Byzantine church. The 12th century church was again destroyed in the 13th century, and the monks moved to Sicily. The order was eventually absorbed into the Jesuits in 1617 (the Congregation of Notre-Dame de Sion is an unrelated monastic order founded in 1843).
The order was chosen as the namesake of the "Priory of Sion hoax" created by French esotericist Pierre Plantard during the 1960s.
During his visit to Jerusalem in 1898 for the dedication of the Lutheran Church of the Redeemer, Kaiser Wilhelm II bought this piece of land on Mount Zion for 120,000 German Goldmark from Sultan Abdul Hamid II and presented it to the "German Association of the Holy Land" ("de:Deutscher Verein vom Heiligen Lande").
Conrad Schick reported about the event, describing the acquired plot of land and showing confidence that the remains of the ancient Zion Church would be discovered under the accumulated dirt.
According to local tradition, it was on this spot, near the site of the Last Supper, that the Blessed Virgin Mary died, or at least ended her worldly existence. Both in Orthodoxy and Catholicism, as in the language of scripture, death is often called a "sleeping" – or "falling asleep" – and this gave the original monastery its name. The church itself is called Basilica of the Assumption (or Dormition). In the Catholic dogma of the Assumption of Mary, Christ's mother was taken, body and soul, to heaven.
Renard delivered the designs and plans for the Abbey, the direction of construction was entrusted to the architect Theodor Sandel [de], a member of the Temple Society and a resident of Jerusalem. The foundation stone was laid on 7 October 1900. Construction was completed in only ten years; the basilica was dedicated on 10 April 1910 by the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. The Abbey was built in an ecclesiastical, neo-Romanesque style that had become the state style of the new Imperial Germany.
The present church is a circular building with several niches containing altars, and a choir. Two spiral staircases lead to the crypt, the site ascribed to the Dormition of the Virgin Mary, and also to the organ-loft and the gallery, from where two of the church's four towers are accessible.
Out of regard for the nearby Jewish and Muslim sacred place of David's Tomb, which occupies part of the ground floor of the Cenacle, where it has traditionally been said that the Last Supper took place, the belltower is set far enough away that its shadow does not touch the tomb, and is therefore not directly accessible from the church.
The first monks had already been sent to Jerusalem in 1906 from Beuron Archabbey in Germany. They were interned for the first time in 1918–1921, after the end of World War I. In 1926 the monastery was raised to the status of an abbey within the Beuron Congregation. Between 1939 and 1945, the German monks were interned for the second time, and then for the third time as the result of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War<1947-1949>. The abbey was located in the Israeli-controlled territory on mount Zion, across from the Jordanian-controlled territory within the walled city.
In 1951, the abbey was separated from the Beuron Congregation and placed under the direct supervision of the Abbot-Primate of the Benedictines in Rome.
The community elected its own abbot for the first time in 1979.
Theology seminar
Since 1973 the abbey has been hosting an ecumenical year of study for students of theology from Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. The curriculum encompasses biblical, Eastern Orthodox Church, Judaic, and Islamic studies.
Vandalism
The Dormition Abbey, along with other Christian sites, has been the target of occasional vandalism as a form of "price tag" terrorism by extremist Israeli nationalist religious youths.
In October 2012 and in May and June 2013 the abbey was vandalized with anti-Christian graffiti and insults in Hebrew. The offensive words compared Christians to monkeys and called for revenge against Jesus. Two cars were also covered with graffiti and all tyres were slashed. One of the gates of the nearby Greek Orthodox cemetery was also marked with graffiti. This was allegedly a "price tag" attack carried out by nationalist religious extremists for the dismantling of an illegal outpost Havat Ma'on.
On 26 May 2014 a box of wooden crosses was set ablaze inside the Dormition Abbey. It is believed that this was some sort of failed arson attempt. At the same time of the arson attempt, Pope Francis was conducting a service in the building next door in the Cenacle two floors above the room of King David's Tomb.
A vandal entered the premises by jumping over a fence in December 2014 and went on to damage a crucifix, a bench, and a number of statues in the cemetery, one of which marked the grave of a monk with Israeli nationality.
In January 2016, vandals wrote slogans on the walls of the Abbey such as "Death to the heathen Christians, the enemies of Israel" and "May his name be obliterated" (whose first letters in Hebrew spell the name of Jesus). Gregory Collins, who was then the abbot, addressed a crowd of demonstrators for peace in Galilee, saying that: “The attack on the church is an attack on all those who believe in a civilization of love and coexistence.
Jerusalem is an ancient city in West Asia, on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea. It is one of the oldest cities in the world, and is considered holy to the three major Abrahamic religions—Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Both Israel and Palestine claim Jerusalem as their capital; Israel maintains its primary governmental institutions there, and the State of Palestine ultimately foresees it as its seat of power. Neither claim, however, is widely recognized internationally.
Throughout its long history, Jerusalem has been destroyed at least twice, besieged 23 times, captured and recaptured 44 times, and attacked 52 times. The part of Jerusalem called the City of David shows first signs of settlement in the 4th millennium BCE, in the shape of encampments of nomadic shepherds. During the Canaanite period (14th century BCE), Jerusalem was named as Urusalim on ancient Egyptian tablets, probably meaning "City of Shalem" after a Canaanite deity. During the Israelite period, significant construction activity in Jerusalem began in the 10th century BCE (Iron Age II), and by the 9th century BCE, the city had developed into the religious and administrative centre of the Kingdom of Judah. In 1538, the city walls were rebuilt for a last time around Jerusalem under Suleiman the Magnificent of the Ottoman Empire. Today those walls define the Old City, which since the 19th century has been divided into four quarters – the Armenian, Christian, Jewish, and Muslim quarters. The Old City became a World Heritage Site in 1981, and is on the List of World Heritage in Danger. Since 1860, Jerusalem has grown far beyond the Old City's boundaries. In 2022, Jerusalem had a population of some 971,800 residents, of which almost 60% were Jews and almost 40% Palestinians. In 2020, the population was 951,100, of which Jews comprised 570,100 (59.9%), Muslims 353,800 (37.2%), Christians 16,300 (1.7%), and 10,800 unclassified (1.1%).
According to the Hebrew Bible, King David conquered the city from the Jebusites and established it as the capital of the United Kingdom of Israel, and his son, King Solomon, commissioned the building of the First Temple. Modern scholars argue that Jews branched out of the Canaanite peoples and culture through the development of a distinct monolatrous—and later monotheistic—religion centred on El/Yahweh. These foundational events, straddling the dawn of the 1st millennium BCE, assumed central symbolic importance for the Jewish people. The sobriquet of holy city (Hebrew: עיר הקודש, romanized: 'Ir ha-Qodesh) was probably attached to Jerusalem in post-exilic times. The holiness of Jerusalem in Christianity, conserved in the Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, which Christians adopted as their own "Old Testament", was reinforced by the New Testament account of Jesus's crucifixion and resurrection there. In Sunni Islam, Jerusalem is the third-holiest city, after Mecca and Medina. The city was the first qibla, the standard direction for Muslim prayers (salah), and in Islamic tradition, Muhammad made his Night Journey there in 621, ascending to heaven where he speaks to God, according to the Quran. As a result, despite having an area of only 0.9 km2 (3⁄8 sq mi), the Old City is home to many sites of seminal religious importance, among them the Temple Mount with its Western Wall, Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre.
Today, the status of Jerusalem remains one of the core issues in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. During the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, West Jerusalem was among the areas captured and later annexed by Israel while East Jerusalem, including the Old City, was captured and later annexed by Jordan. Israel captured East Jerusalem from Jordan during the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequently effectively annexed it into Jerusalem, together with additional surrounding territory.[note 6] One of Israel's Basic Laws, the 1980 Jerusalem Law, refers to Jerusalem as the country's undivided capital. All branches of the Israeli government are located in Jerusalem, including the Knesset (Israel's parliament), the residences of the Prime Minister (Beit Aghion) and President (Beit HaNassi), and the Supreme Court. The international community rejects the annexation as illegal and regards East Jerusalem as Palestinian territory occupied by Israel.
Etymology
The name "Jerusalem" is variously etymologized to mean "foundation (Semitic yry' 'to found, to lay a cornerstone') of the pagan god Shalem"; the god Shalem was thus the original tutelary deity of the Bronze Age city.
Shalim or Shalem was the name of the god of dusk in the Canaanite religion, whose name is based on the same root S-L-M from which the Hebrew word for "peace" is derived (Shalom in Hebrew, cognate with Arabic Salam). The name thus offered itself to etymologizations such as "The City of Peace", "Abode of Peace", "Dwelling of Peace" ("founded in safety"), or "Vision of Peace" in some Christian authors.
The ending -ayim indicates the dual, thus leading to the suggestion that the name Yerushalayim refers to the fact that the city initially sat on two hills.
Ancient Egyptian sources
The Execration Texts of the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 19th century BCE), which refer to a city called rwšꜣlmm or ꜣwšꜣmm, variously transcribed as Rušalimum, or Urušalimum, may indicate Jerusalem. Alternatively, the Amarna letters of Abdi-Heba (1330s BCE), which reference an Úrušalim, may be the earliest mention of the city.
Hebrew Bible and Jewish sources
The form Yerushalem or Yerushalayim first appears in the Bible, in the Book of Joshua. According to a Midrash, the name is a combination of two names united by God, Yireh ("the abiding place", the name given by Abraham to the place where he planned to sacrifice his son) and Shalem ("Place of Peace", the name given by high priest Shem).
Oldest written mention of Jerusalem
One of the earliest extra-biblical Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem is dated to the sixth or seventh century BCE and was discovered in Khirbet Beit Lei near Beit Guvrin in 1961. The inscription states: "I am Yahweh thy God, I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem", or as other scholars suggest: "Yahweh is the God of the whole earth. The mountains of Judah belong to him, to the God of Jerusalem". An older example on papyrus is known from the previous century.
In extra-biblical inscriptions, the earliest known example of the -ayim ending was discovered on a column about 3 km west of ancient Jerusalem, dated to the first century BCE.
Jebus, Zion, City of David
An ancient settlement of Jerusalem, founded as early as the Bronze Age on the hill above the Gihon Spring, was, according to the Bible, named Jebus. Called the "Fortress of Zion" (metsudat Zion), it was renamed as the "City of David", and was known by this name in antiquity. Another name, "Zion", initially referred to a distinct part of the city, but later came to signify the city as a whole, and afterwards to represent the whole biblical Land of Israel.
Greek, Roman and Byzantine names
In Greek and Latin, the city's name was transliterated Hierosolyma (Greek: Ἱεροσόλυμα; in Greek hieròs, ἱερός, means holy), although the city was renamed Aelia Capitolina for part of the Roman period of its history.
Salem
The Aramaic Apocryphon of Genesis of the Dead Sea Scrolls (1QapGen 22:13) equates Jerusalem with the earlier "Salem" (שלם), said to be the kingdom of Melchizedek in Genesis 14. Other early Hebrew sources, early Christian renderings of the verse and targumim, however, put Salem in Northern Israel near Shechem (Sichem), now Nablus, a city of some importance in early sacred Hebrew writing. Possibly the redactor of the Apocryphon of Genesis wanted to dissociate Melchizedek from the area of Shechem, which at the time was in possession of the Samaritans. However that may be, later Rabbinic sources also equate Salem with Jerusalem, mainly to link Melchizedek to later Temple traditions.
Arabic names
In Arabic, Jerusalem is most commonly known as القُدس, transliterated as al-Quds and meaning "the holy" or "the holy sanctuary", cognate with Hebrew: הקדש, romanized: ha-qodesh. The name is possibly a shortened form of مدينة القُدس Madīnat al-Quds "city of the holy sanctuary" after the Hebrew nickname with the same meaning, Ir ha-Qodesh (עיר הקדש). The ق (Q) is pronounced either with a voiceless uvular plosive (/q/), as in Classical Arabic, or with a glottal stop (ʔ) as in Levantine Arabic. Official Israeli government policy mandates that أُورُشَلِيمَ, transliterated as Ūrušalīm, which is the name frequently used in Christian translations of the Bible into Arabic, be used as the Arabic language name for the city in conjunction with القُدس, giving أُورُشَلِيمَ-القُدس, Ūrušalīm-al-Quds. Palestinian Arab families who hail from this city are often called "Qudsi" (قُدسي) or "Maqdasi" (مقدسي), while Palestinian Muslim Jerusalemites may use these terms as a demonym.
Given the city's central position in both Jewish nationalism (Zionism) and Palestinian nationalism, the selectivity required to summarize some 5,000 years of inhabited history is often influenced by ideological bias or background. Israeli or Jewish nationalists claim a right to the city based on Jewish indigeneity to the land, particularly their origins in and descent from the Israelites, for whom Jerusalem is their capital, and their yearning for return. In contrast, Palestinian nationalists claim the right to the city based on modern Palestinians' longstanding presence and descent from many different peoples who have settled or lived in the region over the centuries. Both sides claim the history of the city has been politicized by the other in order to strengthen their relative claims to the city, and that this is borne out by the different focuses the different writers place on the various events and eras in the city's history.
Prehistory
The first archaeological evidence of human presence in the area comes in the form of flints dated to between 6000 and 7000 years ago, with ceramic remains appearing during the Chalcolithic period, and the first signs of permanent settlement appearing in the Early Bronze Age in 3000–2800 BCE.
Bronze and Iron Ages
The earliest evidence of city fortifications appear in the Mid to Late Bronze Age and could date to around the 18th century BCE. By around 1550–1200 BCE, Jerusalem was the capital of an Egyptian vassal city-state, a modest settlement governing a few outlying villages and pastoral areas, with a small Egyptian garrison and ruled by appointees such as king Abdi-Heba. At the time of Seti I (r. 1290–1279 BCE) and Ramesses II (r. 1279–1213 BCE), major construction took place as prosperity increased. The city's inhabitants at this time were Canaanites, who are believed by scholars to have evolved into the Israelites via the development of a distinct Yahweh-centric monotheistic belief system.
Archaeological remains from the ancient Israelite period include the Siloam Tunnel, an aqueduct built by Judahite king Hezekiah and once containing an ancient Hebrew inscription, known as the Siloam Inscription; the so-called Broad Wall, a defensive fortification built in the 8th century BCE, also by Hezekiah; the Silwan necropolis (9th–7th c. BCE) with the Monolith of Silwan and the Tomb of the Royal Steward, which were decorated with monumental Hebrew inscriptions; and the so-called Israelite Tower, remnants of ancient fortifications, built from large, sturdy rocks with carved cornerstones. A huge water reservoir dating from this period was discovered in 2012 near Robinson's Arch, indicating the existence of a densely built-up quarter across the area west of the Temple Mount during the Kingdom of Judah.
When the Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 722 BCE, Jerusalem was strengthened by a great influx of refugees from the northern kingdom. When Hezekiah ruled, Jerusalem had no fewer than 25,000 inhabitants and covered 25 acres (10 hectares).
In 587–586 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar II of the Neo-Babylonian Empire conquered Jerusalem after a prolonged siege, and then systematically destroyed the city, including Solomon's Temple. The Kingdom of Judah was abolished and many were exiled to Babylon. These events mark the end of the First Temple period.
Biblical account
This period, when Canaan formed part of the Egyptian empire, corresponds in biblical accounts to Joshua's invasion, but almost all scholars agree that the Book of Joshua holds little historical value for early Israel.
In the Bible, Jerusalem is defined as lying within territory allocated to the tribe of Benjamin though still inhabited by Jebusites. David is said to have conquered these in the siege of Jebus, and transferred his capital from Hebron to Jerusalem which then became the capital of a United Kingdom of Israel, and one of its several religious centres. The choice was perhaps dictated by the fact that Jerusalem did not form part of Israel's tribal system, and was thus suited to serve as the centre of its confederation. Opinion is divided over whether the so-called Large Stone Structure and the nearby Stepped Stone Structure may be identified with King David's palace, or dates to a later period.
According to the Bible, King David reigned for 40 years and was succeeded by his son Solomon, who built the Holy Temple on Mount Moriah. Solomon's Temple (later known as the First Temple), went on to play a pivotal role in Jewish religion as the repository of the Ark of the Covenant. On Solomon's death, ten of the northern tribes of Israel broke with the United Monarchy to form their own nation, with its kings, prophets, priests, traditions relating to religion, capitals and temples in northern Israel. The southern tribes, together with the Aaronid priesthood, remained in Jerusalem, with the city becoming the capital of the Kingdom of Judah.
Classical antiquity
In 538 BCE, the Achaemenid King Cyrus the Great invited the Jews of Babylon to return to Judah to rebuild the Temple. Construction of the Second Temple was completed in 516 BCE, during the reign of Darius the Great, 70 years after the destruction of the First Temple.
Sometime soon after 485 BCE Jerusalem was besieged, conquered and largely destroyed by a coalition of neighbouring states. In about 445 BCE, King Artaxerxes I of Persia issued a decree allowing the city (including its walls) to be rebuilt. Jerusalem resumed its role as capital of Judah and centre of Jewish worship.
Many Jewish tombs from the Second Temple period have been unearthed in Jerusalem. One example, discovered north of the Old City, contains human remains in a 1st-century CE ossuary decorated with the Aramaic inscription "Simon the Temple Builder". The Tomb of Abba, also located north of the Old City, bears an Aramaic inscription with Paleo-Hebrew letters reading: "I, Abba, son of the priest Eleaz(ar), son of Aaron the high (priest), Abba, the oppressed and the persecuted, who was born in Jerusalem, and went into exile into Babylonia and brought (back to Jerusalem) Mattathi(ah), son of Jud(ah), and buried him in a cave which I bought by deed." The Tomb of Benei Hezir located in Kidron Valley is decorated by monumental Doric columns and Hebrew inscription, identifying it as the burial site of Second Temple priests. The Tombs of the Sanhedrin, an underground complex of 63 rock-cut tombs, is located in a public park in the northern Jerusalem neighbourhood of Sanhedria. These tombs, probably reserved for members of the Sanhedrin and inscribed by ancient Hebrew and Aramaic writings, are dated to between 100 BCE and 100 CE.
When Alexander the Great conquered the Achaemenid Empire, Jerusalem and Judea came under Macedonian control, eventually falling to the Ptolemaic dynasty under Ptolemy I. In 198 BCE, Ptolemy V Epiphanes lost Jerusalem and Judea to the Seleucids under Antiochus III. The Seleucid attempt to recast Jerusalem as a Hellenized city-state came to a head in 168 BCE with the successful Maccabean revolt of Mattathias and his five sons against Antiochus IV Epiphanes, and their establishment of the Hasmonean Kingdom in 152 BCE with Jerusalem as its capital.
In 63 BCE, Pompey the Great intervened in a struggle for the Hasmonean throne and captured Jerusalem, extending the influence of the Roman Republic over Judea. Following a short invasion by Parthians, backing the rival Hasmonean rulers, Judea became a scene of struggle between pro-Roman and pro-Parthian forces, eventually leading to the emergence of an Edomite named Herod. As Rome became stronger, it installed Herod as a client king of the Jews. Herod the Great, as he was known, devoted himself to developing and beautifying the city. He built walls, towers and palaces, and expanded the Temple Mount, buttressing the courtyard with blocks of stone weighing up to 100 tons. Under Herod, the area of the Temple Mount doubled in size. Shortly after Herod's death, in 6 CE Judea came under direct Roman rule as the Iudaea Province, although the Herodian dynasty through Agrippa II remained client kings of neighbouring territories until 96 CE.
Roman rule over Jerusalem and Judea was challenged in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), which ended with a Roman victory. Early on, the city was devastated by a brutal civil war between several Jewish factions fighting for control of the city. In 70 CE, the Romans destroyed Jerusalem and the Second Temple. The contemporary Jewish historian Josephus wrote that the city "was so thoroughly razed to the ground by those that demolished it to its foundations, that nothing was left that could ever persuade visitors that it had once been a place of habitation." Of the 600,000 (Tacitus) or 1,000,000 (Josephus) Jews of Jerusalem, all of them either died of starvation, were killed or were sold into slavery. Roman rule was again challenged during the Bar Kokhba revolt, beginning in 132 CE and suppressed by the Romans in 135 CE. More recent research indicates that the Romans had founded Aelia Capitolina before the outbreak of the revolt, and found no evidence for Bar Kokhba ever managing to hold the city.
Jerusalem reached a peak in size and population at the end of the Second Temple Period, when the city covered two km2 (3⁄4 sq mi) and had a population of 200,000.
Late Antiquity
Following the Bar Kokhba revolt, Emperor Hadrian combined Iudaea Province with neighbouring provinces under the new name of Syria Palaestina, replacing the name of Judea. The city was renamed Aelia Capitolina, and rebuilt it in the style of a typical Roman town. Jews were prohibited from entering the city on pain of death, except for one day each year, during the holiday of Tisha B'Av. Taken together, these measures (which also affected Jewish Christians) essentially "secularized" the city. Historical sources and archaeological evidence indicate that the rebuilt city was now inhabited by veterans of the Roman military and immigrants from the western parts of the empire.
The ban against Jews was maintained until the 7th century, though Christians would soon be granted an exemption: during the 4th century, the Roman emperor Constantine I ordered the construction of Christian holy sites in the city, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Burial remains from the Byzantine period are exclusively Christian, suggesting that the population of Jerusalem in Byzantine times probably consisted only of Christians.
Jerusalem.
In the 5th century, the eastern continuation of the Roman Empire, ruled from the recently renamed Constantinople, maintained control of the city. Within the span of a few decades, Jerusalem shifted from Byzantine to Persian rule, then back to Roman-Byzantine dominion. Following Sassanid Khosrau II's early 7th century push through Syria, his generals Shahrbaraz and Shahin attacked Jerusalem (Persian: Dej Houdkh) aided by the Jews of Palaestina Prima, who had risen up against the Byzantines.
In the Siege of Jerusalem of 614, after 21 days of relentless siege warfare, Jerusalem was captured. Byzantine chronicles relate that the Sassanids and Jews slaughtered tens of thousands of Christians in the city, many at the Mamilla Pool, and destroyed their monuments and churches, including the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This episode has been the subject of much debate between historians. The conquered city would remain in Sassanid hands for some fifteen years until the Byzantine emperor Heraclius reconquered it in 629.
Middle Ages
After the Muslim conquest of the Levant, Byzantine Jerusalem was taken by Umar ibn al-Khattab in 638 CE. Among the first Muslims, it was referred to as Madinat bayt al-Maqdis ("City of the Temple"), a name restricted to the Temple Mount. The rest of the city "was called Iliya, reflecting the Roman name given the city following the destruction of 70 CE: Aelia Capitolina". Later the Temple Mount became known as al-Haram al-Sharif, "The Noble Sanctuary", while the city around it became known as Bayt al-Maqdis, and later still, al-Quds al-Sharif "The Holy, Noble". The Islamization of Jerusalem began in the first year A.H. (623 CE), when Muslims were instructed to face the city while performing their daily prostrations and, according to Muslim religious tradition, Muhammad's night journey and ascension to heaven took place. After 13 years, the direction of prayer was changed to Mecca. In 638 CE the Islamic Caliphate extended its dominion to Jerusalem. With the Muslim conquest, Jews were allowed back into the city. The Rashidun caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab signed a treaty with Christian Patriarch of Jerusalem Sophronius, assuring him that Jerusalem's Christian holy places and population would be protected under Muslim rule. Christian-Arab tradition records that, when led to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, one of the holiest sites for Christians, the caliph Umar refused to pray in the church so that Muslims would not request conversion of the church to a mosque. He prayed outside the church, where the Mosque of Umar (Omar) stands to this day, opposite the entrance to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. According to the Gaullic bishop Arculf, who lived in Jerusalem from 679 to 688, the Mosque of Umar was a rectangular wooden structure built over ruins which could accommodate 3,000 worshipers.
When the Arab armies under Umar went to Bayt Al-Maqdes in 637 CE, they searched for the site of al-masjid al-aqsa, "the farthest place of prayer/mosque", that was mentioned in the Quran and Hadith according to Islamic beliefs. Contemporary Arabic and Hebrew sources say the site was full of rubbish, and that Arabs and Jews cleaned it. The Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik commissioned the construction of a shrine on the Temple Mount, now known as the Dome of the Rock, in the late 7th century. Two of the city's most-distinguished Arab citizens of the 10th-century were Al-Muqaddasi, the geographer, and Al-Tamimi, the physician. Al-Muqaddasi writes that Abd al-Malik built the edifice on the Temple Mount in order to compete in grandeur with Jerusalem's monumental churches.
Over the next four hundred years, Jerusalem's prominence diminished as Arab powers in the region vied for control of the city. Jerusalem was captured in 1073 by the Seljuk Turkish commander Atsız. After Atsız was killed, the Seljuk prince Tutush I granted the city to Artuk Bey, another Seljuk commander. After Artuk's death in 1091 his sons Sökmen and Ilghazi governed in the city up to 1098 when the Fatimids recaptured the city.
A messianic Karaite movement to gather in Jerusalem took place at the turn of the millennium, leading to a "Golden Age" of Karaite scholarship there, which was only terminated by the Crusades.
Crusader/Ayyubid period
In 1099, the Fatimid ruler expelled the native Christian population before Jerusalem was besieged by the soldiers of the First Crusade. After taking the solidly defended city by assault, the Crusaders massacred most of its Muslim and Jewish inhabitants, and made it the capital of their Kingdom of Jerusalem. The city, which had been virtually emptied, was recolonized by a variegated inflow of Greeks, Bulgarians, Hungarians, Georgians, Armenians, Syrians, Egyptians, Nestorians, Maronites, Jacobite Miaphysites, Copts and others, to block the return of the surviving Muslims and Jews. The north-eastern quarter was repopulated with Eastern Christians from the Transjordan. As a result, by 1099 Jerusalem's population had climbed back to some 30,000.
In 1187, the city was wrested from the Crusaders by Saladin who permitted Jews and Muslims to return and settle in the city. Under the terms of surrender, once ransomed, 60,000 Franks were expelled. The Eastern Christian populace was permitted to stay. Under the Ayyubid dynasty of Saladin, a period of huge investment began in the construction of houses, markets, public baths, and pilgrim hostels as well as the establishment of religious endowments. However, for most of the 13th century, Jerusalem declined to the status of a village due to city's fall of strategic value and Ayyubid internecine struggles.
From 1229 to 1244, Jerusalem peacefully reverted to Christian control as a result of a 1229 treaty agreed between the crusading Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II and al-Kamil, the Ayyubid sultan of Egypt, that ended the Sixth Crusade. The Ayyubids retained control of the Muslim holy places, and Arab sources suggest that Frederick was not permitted to restore Jerusalem's fortifications.
In 1244, Jerusalem was sacked by the Khwarezmian Tatars, who decimated the city's Christian population and drove out the Jews. The Khwarezmian Tatars were driven out by the Ayyubids in 1247.
Mamluk period
From 1260 to 1516/17, Jerusalem was ruled by the Mamluks. In the wider region and until around 1300, many clashes occurred between the Mamluks on one side, and the crusaders and the Mongols, on the other side. The area also suffered from many earthquakes and black plague. When Nachmanides visited in 1267 he found only two Jewish families, in a population of 2,000, 300 of whom were Christians, in the city. The well-known and far-traveled lexicographer Fairuzabadi (1329–1414) spent ten years in Jerusalem.
The 13th to 15th centuries was a period of frequent building activity in the city, as evidenced by the 90 remaining structures from this time. The city was also a significant site of Mamluk architectural patronage. The types of structures built included madrasas, libraries, hospitals, caravanserais, fountains (or sabils), and public baths. Much of the building activity was concentrated around the edges of the Temple Mount or Haram al-Sharif. Old gates to the Haram lost importance and new gates were built, while significant parts of the northern and western porticoes along the edge of the Temple Mount plaza were built or rebuilt in this period. Tankiz, the Mamluk amir in charge of Syria during the reign of al-Nasir Muhammad, built a new market called Suq al-Qattatin (Cotton Market) in 1336–7, along with the gate known as Bab al-Qattanin (Cotton Gate), which gave access to the Temple Mount from this market. The late Mamluk sultan al-Ashraf Qaytbay also took interest in the city. He commissioned the building of the Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya, completed in 1482, and the nearby Sabil of Qaytbay, built shortly after in 1482; both were located on the Temple Mount. Qaytbay's monuments were the last major Mamluk constructions in the city.
Modern era
In 1517, Jerusalem and its environs fell to the Ottoman Turks, who generally remained in control until 1917.[180] Jerusalem enjoyed a prosperous period of renewal and peace under Suleiman the Magnificent—including the rebuilding of magnificent walls around the Old City. Throughout much of Ottoman rule, Jerusalem remained a provincial, if religiously important centre, and did not straddle the main trade route between Damascus and Cairo. The English reference book Modern history or the present state of all nations, written in 1744, stated that "Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine, though much fallen from its ancient grandeaur".
The Ottomans brought many innovations: modern postal systems run by the various consulates and regular stagecoach and carriage services were among the first signs of modernization in the city. In the mid 19th century, the Ottomans constructed the first paved road from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and by 1892 the railroad had reached the city.
With the annexation of Jerusalem by Muhammad Ali of Egypt in 1831, foreign missions and consulates began to establish a foothold in the city. In 1836, Ibrahim Pasha allowed Jerusalem's Jewish residents to restore four major synagogues, among them the Hurva. In the countrywide Peasants' Revolt, Qasim al-Ahmad led his forces from Nablus and attacked Jerusalem, aided by the Abu Ghosh clan, and entered the city on 31 May 1834. The Christians and Jews of Jerusalem were subjected to attacks. Ibrahim's Egyptian army routed Qasim's forces in Jerusalem the following month.
Ottoman rule was reinstated in 1840, but many Egyptian Muslims remained in Jerusalem and Jews from Algiers and North Africa began to settle in the city in growing numbers. In the 1840s and 1850s, the international powers began a tug-of-war in Palestine as they sought to extend their protection over the region's religious minorities, a struggle carried out mainly through consular representatives in Jerusalem. According to the Prussian consul, the population in 1845 was 16,410, with 7,120 Jews, 5,000 Muslims, 3,390 Christians, 800 Turkish soldiers and 100 Europeans. The volume of Christian pilgrims increased under the Ottomans, doubling the city's population around Easter time.
In the 1860s, new neighbourhoods began to develop outside the Old City walls to house pilgrims and relieve the intense overcrowding and poor sanitation inside the city. The Russian Compound and Mishkenot Sha'ananim were founded in 1860, followed by many others that included Mahane Israel (1868), Nahalat Shiv'a (1869), German Colony (1872), Beit David (1873), Mea Shearim (1874), Shimon HaZadiq (1876), Beit Ya'aqov (1877), Abu Tor (1880s), American-Swedish Colony (1882), Yemin Moshe (1891), and Mamilla, Wadi al-Joz around the turn of the century. In 1867 an American Missionary reports an estimated population of Jerusalem of 'above' 15,000, with 4,000 to 5,000 Jews and 6,000 Muslims. Every year there were 5,000 to 6,000 Russian Christian Pilgrims. In 1872 Jerusalem became the centre of a special administrative district, independent of the Syria Vilayet and under the direct authority of Istanbul called the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem.
The great number of Christian orphans resulting from the 1860 civil war in Mount Lebanon and the Damascus massacre led in the same year to the opening of the German Protestant Syrian Orphanage, better known as the Schneller Orphanage after its founder. Until the 1880s there were no formal Jewish orphanages in Jerusalem, as families generally took care of each other. In 1881 the Diskin Orphanage was founded in Jerusalem with the arrival of Jewish children orphaned by a Russian pogrom. Other orphanages founded in Jerusalem at the beginning of the 20th century were Zion Blumenthal Orphanage (1900) and General Israel Orphan's Home for Girls (1902).
One of a very few PSNI Volkswagen LT 45 Public Order Vans. This one is being used to put out traffic cones and notice boards via the trailer on back.
For best quality and sharpness, view Large / On Black. (Press "L")
Like this? see more in my group.
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More emergency vehicles here. More police vehicles here, here, here and also here.
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This photo is Copyright 2013 by Calvert Photography and may not be downloaded, stored, edited, manipulated, externally hosted, embedded, transmitted or used in any way without my permission.
Larger size without watermarks is available to license upon request.
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For rare & interesting vehicles see this set.
Camera: Kowa/SIX
Lens: 85mm f/2.8
Film: Fomapan 100 medium format film
Dev: Rodinal 1+100 at 20ºC for 18 mins
An old tree in amongst the younger upstarts in the forest approaching Lochan Spling in the Trossachs near Aberfoyle, north of Glasgow, Scotland.
This shot was taken to test my Kowa Six which has been brought back out of retirement after some repairs and a replacement 85mm lens.
Again, this was shot on Fomapan 100 - the most inexpensive film I can find at the moment where Ilford HP5 is ridiculously expensive. Or perhaps another sign I haven’t bought film for quite some time.
I stumbled across this tree and had an image in mind. This isn’t quite it - but it was a good exercise in drawing as much detail as possible from the negative during scanning. It was also the driver in forcing me to reconsider my workflow when it comes to scanning as the standard film holders ion the Epson V550 are far from ideal.
Having pixel peeped - I can deduce that while my eyesight isn’t what it used to be - it’s not the critical factor here in getting the image quality I am after. I also think I am somewhat spoilt by the AI enhanced HDR panacea of iPhone photography.
The was shot on tripod at around f/16 with cable release. The Kowa has a beast of a mirror so tried my best to ensure everything was set down to avoid as much shutter slap as possible. Again, at 100 ISO in such conditions, you are headed to shutter speeds not compatible with handheld and certainly not on medium format.
The image was then processed in Adonol (Rodinal) R09 for 18 minutes at 1+100 dilution. Scanned flat to glass on Epson V550 with VueScan and adjusted using Negative Lab Pro and the Nik suite of tools in conjunction with Lightroom Classic.
Created for PS Talent: Challenge 98~
Source image - Feather with kind thanks to Poppy Thomas-Hill
Source image - Seagull with kind thanks to katmary
background by Darkwood
texture in background by CARLOS ARANA
phtos by FOTOLIA free downloads
texture by Pareeerica
Scientific classification:
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Lepidoptera
Family: Lymantriidae
Genus: Lymantria
Those who are familiar with Studio Ghibli movies will recognize the characters I've hand embroidered on these custom-order Blythe Neo panties: soot sprites, Totoro, and Jiji cat.
Order of the Falcon: Monastery by the Eastern Sea
🔳 50" x 30" x 46" (4' x 2.5' x 4')
🔳 50,000 - 100,000 pieces
🔳 120+ Hours
🔳 7 Weeks - Late April to Mid-June
🔳 First and last show at Brickworld Chicago 2022
🔳 Inspiration: The build is inspired in three large ways:
- Art I found online – check out my Instagram post to see it.
- Beautiful Christian buildings I've visited: Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception in D.C., Church of the Intercession in NYC, St. Patrick's Cathedral in NYC, & Cathedral of Saint John the Divine in NYC
- My Love of the Lego Castle Theme: Always been present, especially in my childhood, but I've never really built in heavily. My favorite sets include: 7019 Viking Fortress, 10193 Medieval Market Village, and 7036 Dwaves' Mine. Most recently, I loved 21325 Medieval Blacksmith which is what set me on the Black Falcon kick.
🔳 Help & Support:
Truly could not have done it in the small window of time without some great people:
Simon Liu - did the beautiful and oft mentioned waterfall, the waves/shoreline, & other small details. Came out to Illinois early in advance of Brickworld to help get me across the finish line! Always cheering me on! Everyone needs an accountabuildibuddy!
Nick Jensen - graciously allowed me to come and borrow both the photo studio and a good deal of his time in generating these AMAZING photos. Also came over early pre-Brickworld and helped with any weird, small details I threw at him! An OG!
My friend Noah - did some great bush & plant repetition a week before the show. King!
Steve K. - came by during the wee hours of Thurs night / Friday morning of Brickworld and did something that I cannot remember now 😅 - I know it was important!
Dan L. - a CRUCIAL final Bricklink order!
Friends and Family - so grateful for all your support!
🔳 Credit Where Credit Is Due:
- The rounded bush in bright green used 4 times on the terrace and 3 times by the "river" was by fullplatebuilds in the Micro Trees post.
- The smaller trees on the front left and right of the terrace (best seen in image #1 in the carousel on the left hand side) was a modified version of cheeseystudios' in his great Hogwarts Courtyard build.
- Deer technique is an ever so slightly modified version of littlejohn_brickbuilt's in the fantastic Sabishi Monastery.
- I found the 5-flex-tube tree technique somewhere online but I cannot find it now! Fits in the base of 1 stud surrounded by stacked 1x2 rounded plates.
- Once again, 8th image in the carousel is the waterfall done by Simon Liu.
🔳 Some other random notes on the build:
- The MOC has a footprint of 96x192 in studs
- It weights approx. 50-60 lbs. Hard to tell!
- I was supposed to start in early March...started in late April 😬
- Lighting the stained glass was almost an afterthought. Unfortunately, the walls of the monastery are only 1 brick thick and has a lot of holes for light to peek through. I taped paper along the inside in order to plug these up.
- The story highlight on my profile walks through the entire build from start to finish!
Thanks for viewing!
This modified and customized version is 6 studs longer than the official 75103 LEGO set. It looks also tougher thanks to the systematic tiling of apparent studs and extra detailing provided here and there.
The display LE Aurora doll on the register counter, in front of me.
Pre-ordering the Limited Editon Aurora 17'' Doll and the Diamond Edition Sleeping Beauty Blu-ray/DVD at the Disney Store, on July 28, 2014.
I got to the store at 7:30 am. At 7:40 am three more collectors showed up, who were all collectors that I knew from previous LE doll releases at the same store. We got a sneak peek at the LE Aurora about an hour before the store opened. At about 9:30 am one more person showed up, who was getting the doll for his wife. Then right before store opening at 10 am, a woman showed up who was looking for Frozen items, and didn't know anything about LE Aurora. It turns out the store had 16 dolls, so the five of us could have ordered three each if there wasn't a limit of one per guest.
The manager let me take photos of the display sample LE Aurora as she was ringing me up for the doll and Diamond Edition DVD pre-orders. There was a snafu with the computer system, so no vouchers were printed, so she said the receipts would be good enough when it came time to pick them up on Oct 7. They changed the voucher holders to just cards instead of folders, so they just stapled the receipts to the cards. There was also no longer any discount coupon on the DVD voucher card.
The doll herself was gorgeous. The more outstanding thing about her, and which doesn't come out in photos very well, is the magical golden sparkle in the hair made by the golden tinsel. The tinsel consists of very thin transparent threads with tiny golden beads embedded. She looked as though she had gold dust sprinkled throughout her head. The gold thread in her outfit also sparkled in the light.
They had some Art of Aurora items for sale, and also some of the other newly released Sleeping Beauty merchandise. I didn't buy any of them, as I had already bought what I wanted online, for now.
BJD sizes from left to right: Lati yellow Miel, Lati Yellow SP Cookie, Fairyland LittleFee Lewi, Unoa Chibi Lilin, Fairyland Minifee Moe Line Tan Rheia, Fairyland Minifee Active Line Mirwen, Fairyland Minifee Beauty Line Chloe, Alchemic Labo Unoa Sist
The Order 1886
www.facebook.com/PlaneteJeu/photos/a.509745472523819.1073...
Source : site de jeux vidéos
The Order 1886
www.facebook.com/PlaneteJeu/photos/a.509745472523819.1073...
Source : site de jeux vidéos
The Agatha boots are slinky and sexy and have a lovely added detail on the back as a heel! These are rigged for Lara, Legacy F, Legacy Male, MaitreyaX, Reborn, and Kupra. Also comes with a Fatpack color hud! The Midnight Order event opens July 20th! The contests for these are being held on Facebook, Flickr, & Discord!
★https://www.facebook.com/CULTSL
★https://www.flickr.com/photos/cultfashionsl
★https://discord.gg/tYPf5n63g7
★ Facebook/Flickr: LIKE/COMMENT/FOLLOW/SHARE
★ Discord: JOIN SERVER/USE EMOJI
★ Midnight Order LM: maps.secondlife.com/secondlife/Syndicate/131/143/20
★ Cult's Social Media Links ★
Order : Lepidoptera
Superfamily : Zygaenoidea
Family : Zygaenidae
Subfamily : Zygaeninae
Genus : Zygaena
Subgenus : Agrumenia
Species : fausta
[order] Ciconiiformes | [family] Ardeidae | [latin] Ardea cinerea | [UK] Grey Heron | [FR] Héron cendré | [DE] Graureiher | [ES] Garza Real | [IT] Airone cenerino | [NL] Blauwe Reiger
span-width min.: 155 cm
span-width max.: 175 cm
size min.: 84 cm
size max.: 102 cm
Breeding
incubation min.: 25 days
incubation max.: 26 days
fledging min.: 42 days
fledging max.: 55 days
broods 1
eggs min.: 3
eggs max.: 8
Corr réisc
Status: Common resident at wetlands, estuaries and along rivers throughout Ireland.
Conservation Concern: Green-listed in Ireland. The European population is considered to be Secure.
Identification: The grey plumage and stature of Grey Herons make them unmistakable. It is a very familiar species being widely distributed and a year-round resident in Ireland. Single birds are often flushed when posed motionlessly at the edge of water bodies, coiled ready to strike out at unsuspecting prey with its formidable spear-like bill. It feeds along the edge of a wide range of wetland habitats from coastal waters and estuaries to loughs, streams and marshy ground. They are usually encountered as solitary birds and sometimes as a pairs, although if observing breeding colonies - heronries - numbers can be in the 50s.
Similar Species: None in Ireland.
Call: Loud harsh croaking often given in flight.
Diet: Fish, amphibians, small mammals, insects and reptiles.
Breeding: Clutch: 3-4 eggs (rarely 2 broods). Incubation: 27-29 days. Fledging: 50-55 days (Altricial). Age of first breeding: 2 years. Grey Herons breed in large trees and can form large heronries, some of which have been in use for over 100 years.
Wintering: Grey Herons are found in the same wetland habitats during the winter as in the breeding season. Birds breeding in Ireland are thought to be sedentary and birds from Britain and even Scandinavia join our resident population for the winter.
Where to See: Wetlands around the whole country.
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IRISH BROWN TROUT
(SALMO TRUTTA)
The brown trout is a native Irish species, and the most widely distributed freshwater fish in Ireland. It thrives in rivers and lakes of all types, from small mountain streams and upland lakes to broad limestone rivers such as the Boyne or the lower Liffey and the famous limestone lakes of the west. Lough Corrib has been very prolific for specimen trout in recent years.
Features:
The average size and colour is variable. Limestone rivers and lakes produce larger fish which can vary from all silver to gold with numerous black and red spots. In more acid waters trout tend to be smaller and darker.
Spawning:
In redds (gravel nests) in flowing water in winter.
Fecundity:
400 eggs per lb.
Longevity (age):
River trout can be up to 8 years old, while lake trout can live to between 12 and possibly 15 years of age.
Diet:
Seasonal variations in diet occur. Insects form the mainstay of the trout’s diet with all stages (larva to adult) being taken at some time during the season, minnows and other small fish are also taken. Large lake trout may be exculusively pisciverous.
Jerónimos Monastery is a former monastery of the Order of Saint Jerome near the Tagus river in the parish of Belém, in the Lisbon Municipality, Portugal; it was secularised on 28 December 1833 by state decree and its ownership transferred to the charitable institution, Real Casa Pia de Lisboa.
The monastery is one of the most prominent examples of the Portuguese Late Gothic Manueline style of architecture in Lisbon. It was classified a UNESCO World Heritage Site
St. Benedict founded the Benedictine order around the year 526. Westminster Abbey, Canterbury Cathedral, Durham Cathedral and Norwich Cathedral were Benedictine houses, and others included Bury St. Edmunds, Glastonbury and St. Albans. Binham Priory was founded as a cell of St. Albans Abbey in 1091 by Peter de Valoines. He was a nephew of William the Conqueror who gave him the land at Binham, which according to the Domesday Book originally belonged to a freeman named Esket.
The priory was endowed in the reign of Henry I, probably about 1104, although the building was not finished until the middle of the thirteenth century. The list of priors starts with Osgod in 1106. The Abbot of St Albans was allowed to stay for eight days a year, unless invited to stay longer, and to have no more than thirteen horses in his train. The number of monks was to be no less than eight, and the heirs and successors of the founder were to remain patrons and protectors. With the notable exception of Richard de Parco, Binham suffered much from unscrupulous and irresponsible priors, who quarrelled with St Albans, sold the priory silver, wasted money on lawsuits and even indulged in scandalous behaviour.
About 1212, the priory was besieged by Robert Fitzwalter. The Abbot of St Albans had removed the prior so Fitzwalter produced a forged deed of patronage stating that the prior could not be moved without his consent, and laid siege to the Priory. The monks were forced to eat bran and drink water from the drain-pipes. When King John heard about it he swore 'By God's feet, either I or Fitzwalter must be King of England' and he sent an armed force to relieve the priory. Fitzwalter fled for his life.
The deaths of about twelve monks of Binham are recorded in an obituary of St Albans from 1216 to 1253, which includes the story of Alexander de Langley one-time Prior of Wymondham who became insane through overstudy. When his outbursts of frenzy could no longer be tolerated, he was flogged and kept in solitary confinement at Binham until his death. He was buried in the churchyard in chains to prevent him escaping from his grave.
Richard de Parco was prior from 1227 to 1244. He was honourable and diligent, and acquired property from which he secured income. Richard de Parco also covered the cloister with lead, rebuilt the larder, added a new stable and a stone wall from the gate to the chapel of St. Thomas. His most important and ambitious work was to construct the west front, and yet in spite of all his building activities there was a balance of £20 when he left.
In 1317 William de Somerton became prior. He spent vast sums on the pursuit of alchemy, and sold two chalices, six copes, three chasubles, seven gold rings, silk cloths, silver cups and spoons and the silver cup and crown in which the Host was suspended before the altar. Also the Abbot, Hugh of St Albans was making exorbitant demands, so that it was difficult to buy food for the monks. In 1335 when William de Somerton left he had built up a priory debt of £600.
Benedictines were generally richer than the other orders, and so interested Henry VIII and his minister Thomas Cromwell. Binham Priory was suppressed in 1539, but by then had only six monks (the community at Binham was always small, with 14 monks at its peak in 1320, dropping to 11 in 1381) and its annual income had dropped to £140.
In the 33rd. year of the reign of Henry VIII, four hundred and fifty years after the priory's foundation it was given to Sir Thomas Paston, a local man and an important royal servant, who dismantled most of the buildings in order to build a new house at Wells-next-the-sea. Stone from the priory was sold and reused in many local houses, particularly around doors and windows.
Thomas Paston’s grandson, Edward, began to carry out further demolition works, with the intention of building a new house on the site. These plans were brought to an abrupt end when a workman was killed by falling masonry. This was considered a bad omen and the workmen refused to work and the project was abandoned.
The seven western bays of the nave were later sealed off from the rest of the building and continued in use to this day as The Priory Church of St Mary and the Holy Cross, Binham's parish church.
The priory ruins are managed and cared for by English Heritage.
The church of St. Mary gained Grade: 1 listed building status on 6th. March 1959
The gatehouse at Binham Priory gained Grade: 1 listed building status on 30th. November 1951.
253001 "Sir Kenneth Grange" heads east from Swindon with 1L71 1428 Swansea to London Paddington on 26th October 2017.
Only realised when I got off at Swindon that I'd been being propelled by the celebrity HST power car, so it was only right that I dashed underneath the subway and got a shot as it departed a currently OLE free Swindon. Probably wasn't worth me missing my train to Kemble and having an 80 minute wait for though!
admito que foi um desafio e tanto fazer alto tao ... diferente .
mas eu gostei
=)
os dois tem imãs no peito para se unirem pelo coraçao . s2
*encomenda*
I admit that it was a challenge to make something so … different. but I liked =)
the two have magnets in the chest to be joined by the heart . s2
*order*
Snowy Owl
Class: Aves
Order: Strigiformes
Family: Strigidae
Genus: Nyctea
Scientific Name: Nyctea scandiaca
Description : It is the heaviest North American owl, and one of the largest in overall size. As with most owls, the females are slightly larger. Weight: female average 2.3 kg, male average 1.8 kg. Height: 52 to 70 cm. Wingspan: 125 to 145 cm. They have large, round heads, black beaks, yellow eyes, and no visible ear-tufts. The talons are 25 to 35 mm long.
The feathers of adult males may be almost pure white in colour. Adult females are mostly white, their feathers being barred with dark brown. First-year birds of both sexes are darkly marked. Immature males resemble adult females. Immature females are heavily barred, appearing almost grey from a distance.
Distribution : This owl is a large carnivorous bird of the Arctic regions of the world. They occur in Asia, Europe, Greenland, and North America.
Habitat : In the breeding season they are typically found in areas of tundra across the Northern Hemisphere. In North America, they nest north of the tree line in the high Arctic from Alaska to Labrador. The Canadian summer breeding range includes the islands of the Arctic Archipelago, from Ellesmere Island in the north, to Baffin Island in the east, to Banks Island in the west, and along the northern coast of the continent from the Yukon Territory to Labrador. Some snowy owls over winter in the same areas where they nest, while others migrate south. Migratory snowy owls spend the winter in areas of North America similar to their summer habitat. These include prairies, marshes, open fields, or shorelines; all resembling the treeless tundra.
Food : They are raptors and prey primarily on lemmings, mice, and voles. Rabbits and other small mammals are also consumed as well as other birds, fish, and even insects. Being opportunistic and patient hunters they will wait for, or grab at, anything which comes close enough to catch. Small prey items are swallowed whole. Stomach juices digest the flesh, but indigestible bones, teeth, fur, and feathers are compacted into pellets and regurgitated. Prey is grabbed by their claws and small items may be carried in the beak.
Reproduction and Development : Upon return to their breeding grounds males begin to court the females. He performs display flights, ground displays, and frequently carries a dead lemming to further impress his female of choice. Once paired mating takes place, she scrapes out a nest, which is a simple shallow depression. Clutch size is variable, depending on the availability of prey items. When food is plentiful they lay large clutches, with as many as 11 or 12 eggs. If food is less plentiful clutch size may drop to four to seven eggs. When local lemming populations crash they may not nest at all, or may move to another area. Eggs are laid at intervals of every second day. The female incubates the eggs and this begins with the first egg laid and lasts from 32 to 34 days. She also broods the newly hatched young, while the temperatures are usually below freezing, and she must perform these duties almost continuously. Throughout this time the male provides food for his mate as well as most of the food for his developing chicks. Newly hatched chicks are covered with white down and they quickly grow an additional coat of dark grey down. They leave the nest when three to four weeks old but cannot yet fly.
Remaining in the general area adjacent to the nest they continue to be fed by their parents. They have voracious appetites and growth is rapid. Snowy owl parents are very protective of their offspring from the egg to the time they become independent. Fledging occurs at seven to eight weeks of age and by this time they have immature plumage and are now hunting for themselves. Parents continue to care for them for a few months. As summer approaches its end most young birds will start their first migration. Young owls, especially males get whiter as they get older, while females never become totally white. They are able to breed at two years of age, and can live to at least ten years in the wild.
Adaptations : This owl has many hunting strategies, including swooping onto prey from a perch, taking birds in the air or from the surface of water, and snatching prey while walking on the ground. It frequently perches in silence and patiently waits without moving for prey to appear. They have keen eyesight and acute hearing. Owls have binocular vision with the fields of vision overlapping and providing excellent judgment of distances. They can see in all directions by completing a three-quarter turn of the head without moving the body. Their eyes contain more light-gathering cells than human eyes and they are able to detect small objects far away. They are surrounded by disks of stiff feathers that reflect sound waves to the ear openings, enabling them to detect prey hidden under thick vegetation or snow cover. Unlike other owls they are not nocturnal; these owls hunt during daylight and darkness. Daylight is almost continuous within the Arctic Circle.
They are territorial and will defend their nests against all comers – even wolves. A means of defense against intruders is to act as if wounded by dragging a wing and luring the predator away from its nest. They have no fixed attachment to a breeding area and will nest wherever food is abundant. A dense layer of down, overlaid with thick feathers insulates the body, including the legs and toes. Owls living in colder higher latitudes have more heavily feathered legs and toes.
Threats to Survival : The biggest threat to snowy owls is global warming. Changing Arctic climate conditions may affect the breeding of lemmings and consequently their food supply. They have only a few natural predators. Mainly young birds are at risk from Arctic fox and gulls. Adult owls are at risk when they migrate south from a variety of circumstances relating to human intrusion and development, affecting habitats and migratory routes.
Status : IUCN: Least Concern; CITES: Appendix II; COSEWIC: Not at Risk
Instructions avaiable: www.brickvault.toys/collections/all/products/ucs-resurgen...
Engish: www.eurobricks.com/forum/index.php?/forums/topic/157783-i...
German: www.imperiumdersteine.de/index.php?threads/anleitung-ucs-...
Finally made it!
Sadly, In contrast to the original ISD the RSD isn´t as popular in terms of Lego MOCs.
Despite the triangular geometry that every SD shares – the Resugent-class belongs to the more complex constructions. The prominent “mouth” together with the layered and shifted upper part really limited the building space in the nose area.
The surface was a long-lasting area I was struggling with. I just couldn´t find a for me suitable solution. I wanted to combine studs and tiles in a way that the ship looks sleek but not without losing the studs as a topological element. As you know the Resurgent-class design decorate many different levels and angles at the hull and with the studs I managed to add at least those flat accents.
Even with the UCS size I set it was very difficult to scale down details cause the ship is as near as double the length of an ISD - especially with the amount of different levels the upper part has.
Agnes The Grasshopper Gets the Nobel
Description: Abracris flavolineata is a grasshopper in the order Orthoptera, suborder Caelifera, superfamily Acridoidea, family Acrididae, subfamily Ommatolampidinae and tribe Abracrini.
They feed on a wide variety of low-size woody and herbaceous plants. They also feed on pastures, especially those of Panicum maximum . When mating needs arise, they produce specific mating calls along with antenna movements to attract their mate. They also produce specific songs, such as for territorialism and danger alert. They fixed themselves under an important step in the food chain, serving as food for birds. The subject portrayed is a male.
Thank you to Kátia Matiotti for providing help on this one.
Feeding type: Herbivorous. Feeds on a wide selection of low-size woody and herbaceous plants. They love feeding on pastures, especially those of Panicum maximum.
PROJECT NOAH (Português): www.projectnoah.org/spottings/1504186120