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No offense intended flickr peeps, just couldn't resist the obvious.
And well, since it's Monday, the working folk may just feel this way...
Originally published in 1966 in hardcover and reprinted in 1989. There has likely been no other attempts to state so plainly though in rather obtuse academic language the underpinnings of how human society constructs reality for the humans within said society. To attempt such a description today would be to garner a thousand cuts from the aperspective post modernists and their progeny of which I will say no more.
The two men attempting this project straddle two different academic disciplines and two cultures between them. One Peter L. Berger a professor and director of the Institute for the Study of Economic Culture at Boston University while the other Thomas Luckmann a professor of Sociology at the University of Konstanz in West Germany at the time of writing this book. Neither reveal any personal information within the book itself, but as the treatise unfolds a droll sense of humor is apparent in the cultural examples given i.e. a trio consisting of a man, a woman and a Lesbian and the mythology they might create in order to enjoy the fruits in the proclivities available to them.
The premise of the book is that reality is constructed through the use of language and stored in bodies of knowledge. The objectification of articles in the environment help to construct everyday reality. Language possesses an inherent quality of reciprocity which allows it to create reality in real time. Language constructs symbolic representations far beyond reality. Symbols and signs can detach language from everyday reality and come back to inform it. Semantic fields determine what will be preserved of societal interactions which is passed on from generation to generation. This social stock of knowledge creates society.
Because humans are born before they are fully able to fend for themselves in the wild, society has derived a social order among individuals to provide stability to create the activities that will further socialize babies and children to operate as adults. This is the fascinating thing about humans as a biological organism and a species. The length of time that spans of nearly two decades that it takes to socialize humans has allowed for enormous diversity in how this is achieved as shown in the many cultures that encompass the planet. Our current era seems to have forgotten how crucial this socialization of the young is to their own well being especially as they approach the cusp of adulthood given how we have so easily been persuaded to hand over these young minds first to television and now to the smart phone and with it the internet, the ready portal to porn and caches of information to bolster any belief whatsoever.
The authors continue to posit that reality exists only as individuals are conscious of it. Yet this individual consciousness is socially determined. Thus the individual consciousness is simultaneously shaped by the society it is simmering in. Any bi and tricultural person can attest to that fact from their own sampling of more than one culture.
In society, reality is maintained by institutions where the collected bodies of knowledge are stored. The institution is real only in so far as it is realized by those executing these societal realities in performed roles. Through these roles their characters are defined from which they also derive their objective sense. And language is the medium by which logic ensues and legitimates this socially constructed reality. These are the tools we are given to defend and create our reality within a given society. So we are walking talking maintainers of reality with varying degrees of authority and power given to us by these established institutions. We also internalize this knowledge and the accompanying reality and participate in rituals of tradition to cement the reality into history.
In this ongoing battle to maintain a society we have psychologists to reign in the deviants. This sociological view of psychologists and their created realities in terms of diagnosis is particularly potent. For it is in the construction of individual identities that psychologists get to manage those whose proclivities don’t quite match up with the internalized societal expectations. While sociologists comment on the big picture. A picture often being suppressed by political interests.
The authors urged society to further study these reality making forces, but in the long run the territory covered by sociologists seems to have been overshadowed by the rise of psychologists and the ever increasing number of diagnosis that is theirs to treat. The big picture view of how society creates reality may have gone underground picked up as my teacher said by the conservative Right while being completely ignored by the identity obsessed Left.
As a final note the authors remind us that humans may attempt to create some pretty far fetched social realities, but all such realities will face the limitations of the human body faced as it is with such needs as hunger and sexual reproduction. And as the Buddhist like to remind us — old age, sickness and death.
I found the book to be a much needed reminder of the power of words and ideas to create reality. It gave me the necessary psychological distance to observe this phenomenon as it is happening now. And not be sucked in by the insistence of individuals that certain thoughts are innate or proven by science. It confirmed for me my original instincts about how culture is created to control individual thoughts and beliefs. And how those beliefs are not necessarily either correct or permanent.
“Because of your smile, you make life more beautiful.”
(Thich Nhat Hanh - Vietnamese Monk, Peace Activist and Writer, b.1926)
Saurabh is an architect in Delhi, he wanted his portrait by me so we met recently for lunch in Hauz khas village which is in South Delhi.
As he was living in Milano for a few years, we spoke Italian for fun, he had many expressions and most of all an amazing smile.
We went outside to the Deer Park and I took several shots.
I selected this one where everything on his face is smiling, it is the universal language in the world and a source of joy and happiness.
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Sixty percent of all human communication is nonverbal, body language; thirty percent is your tone. So that means that ninety percent of what you're saying ain't coming out of your mouth.~~~Hitch
Me encantaría morderte, deshacerte con mis labios, beso a beso. Saborear a cada instante, cada hueco, cada recoveco que dibujan los vértices de las esquinas de tus huesos...
Title in other languages:
English: At the southern edge of Sürther Leinpfad in Köln-Godorf, Germany
Nederlands: Aan de zuideinde van Sürther Leinpfad in Köln-Godorf (Duitsland)
English:
Welcome and thank you for being here! This image forms part of a collection of photographs of moments on Planet Earth.
If you enjoy this work and want to support me financially, I’m glad to receive your donation via Paypal: paypal.me/jankohoener
If you intend to use this picture for your own purposes, please credit me with the following attribution line: Janko Hoener / CC-BY-SA-4.0. This is required by the license terms. A link back to this page and informing me about your usage via FlickrMail is appreciated.
Deutsch:
Willkommen und vielen Dank, dass Sie hier sind! Dieses Bild stellt Teil einer Sammlung von Fotografien von Augenblicken auf dem Planet Erde dar.
Wenn Ihnen diese Arbeit zusagt und Sie mich finanziell dabei unterstützen möchten, so freue ich mich über Ihre Spende via Paypal: paypal.me/jankohoener
Wenn Sie dieses Foto für eigene Zwecke nutzen möchten, geben Sie bitte Janko Hoener / CC-BY-SA-4.0 in der Bildunterschrift an. Dies ist per Lizenz gefordert. Über einen Link auf diese Seite und eine Benachrichtigung über die Nutzung via FlickrMail freue ich mich.
PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, Calif. -- The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center held its version of Language Day at venues throughout the Presidio May 9, 2014. Thousands of visitors attended the free event aimed primarily at students in grades K-12. School groups attended from across the state.
Language Day features cultural displays and activities, classroom presentations, ethnic foods served by local multinational vendors, and a wide variety of entertainment. Throughout the day, visitors were entertained by a colorful program that included Korean dancers, a leaping 60-foot Chinese paper dragon, Hindi and Afghani musicians playing traditional instruments, European choral ensembles and troubadours, Hebrew recitations, Persian folk singers, and a variety of other performers and cultural entertainments. All 24 languages taught at the DLIFLC were featured in special presentations during the day.
Official Presidio of Monterey Web site
Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook
PHOTO by Steven L. Shepard, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.
Translated by Mohammed Abd-Elhay
View or download larger version --> www.flickr.com/photos/lilita/7481134770/sizes/in/photostr...
Original English version: www.flickr.com/photos/lilita/5652847156/
More illustrations: www.doggiedrawings.net/dogtraining
Thus the practice of alchemy involved a sort of auto-hypnosis on the part of the would-be adeptus, which led to a hallucinatory state in ... processes expressed in pseudochemical language », thus providing the essence of his interpretative model for alchemy . It might seem obvious that the burden of proof lies on the Jungian to demonstrate that alchemical metaphors such as the « green lion »
Cham, Kemi, Agypten, Land der schwarzen Erde leitet man das gr. chemeia und chymia ab, ferner lat. chymia und ... „Stein derWeisrn“ und Alchemie, aus diesem die Bezeichnung der Chemie in den verschiedenen modernen Sprachen.
M. M. Pattison Muir - Aperçu
The language of the alchemists was, therefore, rich in such expressions as these; "the elements are to be so conjoined that the ... The mastery of this instrument would give them powerto change any metal into gold, thecureof all diseases, and the happiness ... thedivinewater, the virginwater, the carbuncle ofthe sun, the olddragon, the lion,the basilisk, the phœnix; andmany other names were given toit.
Melvyn Bragg - 2011 - Aperçu - Autres éditions
STEPEN PUMFREY: I think it links in quite nicely with this idea that alchemists and indeed many philosophers had that there ... species of metal or whatever were growing or developing from some primitive base form such as a base metal of iron through ... sense as well because the alchemist's language is often loaded with religious language and allusions to theology. ... An alchemist like Paracelsus said you make the Philosopher's Stone by taking the rose-tinted blood of the lion and ...
AMMA NANNA CHARITABLE TRUST (ACT)
“INDUVADHANAMMA CHILD WELFARE ORPHAN HOME” (ICWOH)
Registration No 119/2005 under Trust Act of Govt. of A.P. India
License No. 330/1/2011
Many people in the society are looking for helping hands. Let’s be a hope to them. Amma Nanna Charitable Trust is one among them.
“LIFE IS A JOURNEY IN SEARCH OF GOD“
“SERVICE TO LIFE IS SERVICE TO GOD“
We are joining more orphan children who have no parent’s age group between 3 to 12 years and also joining Widows, Deceived and Separated Women at free of charges only. Our children have been staying with us up to their life settlement that means they will stand with their own bases.
You feel you are also responsible to the society, please, if you come across such people in and around your surroundings, give a hope to them by providing our address and we take care of them with pleasure.
Please don’t Drink Alcohol and other intoxicates Live a happily and make Peaceful Society
Everyone should read and write his/her regional language. We don’t try to take any Loans it leads to bitter life. We can live a happily in Kutcha house without loans, and then granite floored building with Loans. Loans make damage peaceful life and leads us misbehavior and corrupt minding nature.
Address of our Free of cost orphanage Children Home Aditya Nagar, Desapathrunipalem, and Parawada, Near Steel Plant Quarters Sector-X, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India, and Asia. Cell no. 08886563252
For Orphan children we are providing good education, nutritious food, sports and games, cultural activities, meditation and yoga. We are very particular in teaching them good behavior, how to be responsible to the situations, moral, spiritual values and civic senses which in deed helps in providing a healthy citizen to the society in our Orphanage children home.
For deceived women or widows, we are providing nutritious food, shelter, healthy and spiritual environment, yoga and meditation. We even accept them as the Volunteers with a service motto as we all know SERVICE TO LIFE IS SERVICE TO GOD
Do you know depending upon parents and teacher’s behaviors children learn good or bad activities? For example we choose one regional language in particular state, different areas living people speak different stylish the same regional language because it’s their environment effect. So when parents/teachers create good environments to their children doing good things like social, civic, moral, spiritual, cultural, social response, kind, and humanity etc¦ Then children growing such way if not they will grimy.
Now a day’s one in all are thinking about earn billions of billions of rupees whatever job they are doing and give it to their children on heredity properties. Suppose they will give their children billions of billions rupees and, there will be no moral values, civic senescence, social responsibilities, humanity, social behavior, kindness, social moving with others and also no pure air, water, earth and sky. Can they enjoy in that society? and live happily such wrinkle and blight society, we will give them not only money on heredity but also we learn or grow them good behaviors like cultural, spiritual, social, moral, civics, kind, help, social responsibility etc.. . Money is requiring for live but life is not money. Money may not make life happy but service must be making live happily that should be known one in all. Friends we may not giving as light as the sun but we are giving as light as lamp and try to drive way darkness in the society as able as we can then darkness drive way from the society then we will live peacefully and happily in such society
.
Our properties just like water level in the well if we use water purposefully the decreased water level in the well filled later. If we don’t use water the level of water remains the same suppose we add more water into the well it looks raise in the water level in movement but after sometime it comes to the original level. If we use water unnecessarily and dry it then we have no water when we want to drink even though our well water will be raised later. So we take a little amount of water and use it towards real needy people. We eat for living and not live for eating man / woman should working until last his / her breathe. I hope we make such world! We assure you of our ethical zeal of service to the tender generation born to serve our nation as differently able citizens because ability knows no Handicap.
Amma Nanna Charitable Trust (ACT) was started in providing services for noble cause that includes orphanage for children who have no parent’s and also Widows/Separated /Deceived Women at free of cost only. It is a NGO providing non-profit voluntary social services organization orphanage at free charges homes, that includes promoting education to children and counseling for alcohol and other intoxicates. view to serve society, a non-profit and charitable trust, Volunteer NGO’s Services with the name AMMA NANNA CHARITABLE TRUST (ACT)"established in year 2005 and acquired its registration (as per the Trust Act of A.P., India.) and Reg. 119/2005. And also License by Department for Women, Children, Disabled and Senior Citizen & CID-Police Department and License No. 0330/1/2011, under the leadership as Founder & Secretary Sri Gurubelli. Koteswara Rao M.sc., M.Phil, PGDCPA., And as Chairperson and Managing Trustee Smt Gurubelli Venkatalakssmy M.A (Sociology) We are so happy to expedite the meaning of AMMA NANNA "MOTHER FATHER" and the exigency of naming this trust had been arisen in reminiscence of the beloved late parents ( Smt & sri Gurubelli. Ammayamma Ramamurthy) of Sri Gurubelli. Koteswara Rao, founder & secretary of this ministries following on their sympathetic favor, commitment and support launched for the neglected people who were drastically lack of food, clothes and other family problems. We are running this NGO Social Service Volunteer Organization with our own funds without any disparity in caste and creed in INDIA, Asia and Boards.
Koteswarara Rao bore to devout, illiterate parents namely Smt. & Sri Gurubelli. Ammayamma & Ramamurthy from a mediocre family in the village Gangadharapeta, Challavanipeta (post), Jalumuru (mandal), Srikakulam district, Hyderabad capital, State of Andhra Pradesh, Southern India, India. His parents were always interested for orphan, very poor, struggle, problem faced public servicing. They did not tolerate any attack or cheat to poor and weak persons in their village and fight for their justice. They never thought for earning themselves, but they spent their amounts for the development of the poor needy villagers so as to bring them from the social Evil viz., poverty. Also they had in mind particularly for providing the minimum welfare amenities like Drinking Water, School Building, Electricity, Temple, Roads, properly usage of pond water for irrigation purpose etc. which were benefited to the general public. Always they tried to make them unity and liability. They used to offer advices to their children if we have sound wealth use it for the needy and poor communities without any disparity in caste, creed and religion for getting happiness and able to lead their lives properly with self respect, self reliance with dignity in the society. In addition to the above the following such as food, clothes, and medicines were provided to the fish sellers, fruit sellers, vegetable sellers, pot sellers etc., nearby our village and have their lunch at their home even though his parents have eight children to eking out their family burdens with great difficulties. His father resolved as a burden, commitment to reconcile the couple disputes, dowry pending cases harassment, suspecting cases, attacks, thefts by way of probing into the facts leniently by giving a good judgment. His parents were illiterates even though they did very good charitable activities which made them great respect and popularity adjoining to their nearby mandal villages. All the above made him inspired to do something for the general public. At this juncture he thought a lot for how to do it and finally decided to establish a volunteer organization in remembrance of his beloved parents.
Eventually he selected the name as Amma Nanna Charitable Trust" and the meaning of AMMA NANNA is Mother Father He completed graduation in B.Sc., and started educational coaching Institution from 6th class to Junior College (Intermediate) and closed due to his father was seriously ill and expired and also his mother expired within ten months after his father demised. He felt unconscious and took six months for restoration of normal and four years for better condition. After one year (his mother expired) he secured a good job luckily in Central Government by his parents utmost grace which gave him financial support to lead family with severe obstacles and completed his Post Graduate in M. Sc (Math’s) and GPDCPA. Neither his elder brothers supported him nor could his relatives not help him to lead the family at the critical situation. Only his sister have had come forward to support him in all the ways that she could sacrifice a lot for the family. He has three elder and three younger brothers and one elder sister. He made two younger brothers marriages and helped them in establishment of their individual business by leaving his hereditary properties to them. He married with Venkatalakssmy M.A (Sociology) a spiritual, cooperate and eager to work for the society in the year 2002 and complete his Mater Philosophy M.Phil (math’s). He blessed with two children namely Raghavendra (10yrs) and Ahalya(7 yrs) who are studying primary education at their residential area Desapathrunipalem He has no bad habits even tea or coffee but only bad habit is believe' all. So far he faced number of up and downs on all his downs his sister prepared him mentally strong and push him ups in these hard days to keep up their Oath given for their late parents.
We are meeting this running cost from the profit of Indhu Plaza (Electrical, Hardware, Sanitary and Plywood) at Desapathrunipalem, Near Steel Plant Quarters Sector-X, Visakhapatnam which is maintained by our Chairperson and Managing Trustee Smt Venkatalakssmy
Profile of the organization
Name of the trust
Amma Nanna Charitable Trust (ACT)
Head of the Trustee
The Chairperson and Managing Trustee
Name of the Head Trustee
Venkatalakssmy Gurubelli (alias Suguna)
Address of the Organization
Amma nanna charitable trust (ACT)
Aditya Nagar, Desapathrunipalem,
Parawada, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh â 531 021
Registration No
119/2205
License No.
0330/01/2011
Contact mobile no.
8886563252 & 9397983812
Name of the Project
Orphan Children Home
Name of the Bank
State Bank of India
Type of account
Saving Bank
Account No.
30030634007
CONTACT US
Founder: Gurubelli Koteswara Rao M. Sc., M. Phil (Mathematics) PGDCPA.
Address: Amma Nanna Charitable Trust (ACT)
Aditya Nagar, Desapathrunipalem, Parawada
City: Greater Visakhapatnam – 531021
State: Andhra Pradesh
Capital: Hyderabad
Country: India, Asia
Pin Code: 531021
Phone: +91 9397983812, +91 8297388166, +91 8886563252, +91 9390436302
Email: ammanannacharitabletrust@gmail.com, orphanage.vizag@yahoo.com,
childrenhome.vizag@yahoo.com Visit us Blog @ www.ammanannacharitabletrust.blogspot.com
Visakhapatnam District Munchingiputtu, Nathavaram , Pedagantyada , Pedabayalu , Narsipatnam , Paravada , Hukumpetau , Rolugunta , Anakapalli , Dumbriguda , Ravikamatham , Munagapaka , Arakuvalley , Butchayyapeta , Kasimkota , Ananthagiri , Chodavaram , Makavarapalem, Devarapalle , K Kotapadu, Kotauratla , Cheedikada , Sabbavaram , Payakaraopeta , Madugula , Pendurthi , Nakkapalli , Paderu , Anandapuram , S. Rayavaram , Gangaraju Madugula , Padmanabham , Yelamanchili , Chintapalle , Bheemunipatnam , Rambilli , Gudemkothaveedhi , Visakhapatnam , Atchutapuram, Koyyuru , Visakhapatnam urban, rural, Golugonda , Gajuwaka . Munching Puttu, Devarapalli, Gudem Kotha Veedhi. Apalli, gollapalli, telaprolu.
Srikakulam District Veeraghattam , Bhamini , Vangara , Kothuru , Regidiamadala Valasa , Hiramandalam , Rajam , Sarubujjili , Ganguvari Singadam , Amadalavalasa , Laveru , Srikakulam , Ranastalam , Gara , Hetcherla , Polaki , Ponduru , Narasannapeta , Santhakaviti , Jalumuru , Burja , Saravakota, Palakonda , Pathapatnam , Seethampeta , Meliaputti, Kotabommali , Santha Bommali , Nandigam , Vajrapu Kothuru , Palasa , Mandasa , Sompeta , Kanchili , Kaviti , Tekkali, Ichchapuram , Regidi amadalaValasa ,Santhabommali.
Vizianagaram District Komarada , Ramabhadrapuram , Gummalakshmipuram , Badangi , Kurupam , Therlam , Jiyyammavalasa , Merakamudidam , Garugubilli , Dattirajeru , Parvathipuram , Mentada , Makkuva , Gajapathinagaram , Seethanagaram , Bondapalle , Balajipeta , Gurla , Bobbili , Garividi , Salur , Cheepurupalle , Pachipenta , Nellimarla , Bhoghapuram , Denkada , Vizianagaram , Gantyada , Srungavarapukota , Vepada , Lakkavarapukota , Jami , Kothavalasa, Pusapatirega, Colorado, Thermal Bondapalli.
East Godavari District Maredumilli , Pithapuram , Kapileswarapuram , Y Ramavaram , Kothapalle , Alamuru , Addateegala , Kakinada, Atreyapuram , Rajavommangi , Ravula Palem , Kotananduru , Samalkota , Pamarru , Tuni , Rangampeta , Kothapeta , Thondangi , Gandepalle , P Gannavaram , Gollaprolu , Rajanagaram , Ambajipeta , Sankhavaram , Rajahmundry, Ainavilli , Prathipadu , Mummidivaram , Yeleswaram , Kadiam , I.Polavaram , Gangavaram , Mandapeta , Katrenikona, Rampachodavaram , Anaparthy , Uppalaguptam , Devipatnam , Biccavolu , Amalapuram , Seethanagaram , Pedapudi , Allavaram , Korukonda , Karapa , Mamidikuduru , Gokavaram , Thallarevu , Razole , Jaggampeta , Kajuluru , Malikipuram , Kirlampudi , Ramachandrapuram , Sakhinetipalle, Peddapuram , Rayavaram , sankavaram, Samalkot, Kothapet , Gandepalli , Sakhinetipalli, samrlakota.
West Godavari District Jeelugumilli , Nidadavole , Undi , Buttayagudem , Tadepalligudem , Akiveedu , Polavaram , Unguturu , Kalla , Thallapudi , Bhimadole , Bheemavaram , Gopalapuram , Pedavegi , Palakoderu , Koyyalagudem , Pedapadu , Veeravasaram , Jangareddigudem , Eluru , Penumantra , T.Narasapuram , Denduluru , Penugonda , Chintalapudi , Nidamarru , Achanta , Lingapalem , Ganapavaram , Poduru , Kamavarapukota , Pentapadu , Palacole , Dwarakatirumala , Tanuku , Yelamanchili , Nallajerla , Undrajavaram , Narasapuram , Devarapalle , Peravali , Mogalthur Chagallu , Iragavaram , Kovvur , Attili . Tallapudi, Bhimavaram, Palakol, chebrolu Dwaraka Tirumala, Devarapalli.
Guntur District Macherla , Veldurthi , Narasaraopeta, Rentacrintala , Bollapalle , Rompicherla, Gurazala , Nakarikallu , Ipur Dachepalle, Muppalla , Savalyapuram , Machavaram , Phirangipuram , Vinukonda , Bellamkonda , Medikonduru , Nuzendla , Achampeta , Guntur , Chilakaluripet , Krosuru , Pedakakani , Pedanandipadu , Amaravathi , Duggirala , Kakumanu, Thullur , Kollipara , Ponnur , Thadepalle , Kollur , Amruthalur , Mangalagiri , Vemuru , Cherukupalle , Tadikonda , Tenali , Bhattiprolu , Pedakurapadu , Tsundur , Repalle , ,Sattenapalle , Chebrole , Nagaram , Rajupalem , Vatticherukuru , Nizampatnam , Piduguralla , Prathipadu , Pittalavanipalem , Karempudi , Edlapadu , Karlapalem , Durgi , Nadendla , Bapatla. Narasaraopet, Rentachintala, Bollapalli, Nekarikallu, Jaipur, Thadepalli, Cherukupalli Chebrolu, Georgia
Krishna District Vijayawada A.Konduru, Agiripalli, Avanigadda, Bantumilli, Bapulapadu, Challapalli, Chandralapadu, Chatrai, Gampalogudem, Gannavaram, G. Konduru, Ghantasala, Guduru, Gudivada, Gudlavalleru, Ibrahimpatnam, Jaggayyapeta, Kaikalur, Kalidindi , Kanchikacherla , Kankipadu, Koduru , Kruthivennu, Mailavaram , Machilipatam, Mandavalli , Movva , Mopidevi , Mudinepalle , Musunuru , Nagayalanka , Nandigama , Nandivada, Nuzvid , Pamidimukkala , Pedana, Pamarru, Pedaparupudi , Penuganchiprolu , Penamaluru , Reddigudem , Tiruvuru , Thotlavalluru , Unguturu, Vatsavai, Vissannapeta, Vuyyuru, Veerullapadu , Chandarlapadu, Gampalagudem, benz circle, ring road, Machilipatnam, gunadala matha , kond
Khammam District Cherla , Yellandu , Enkuru , Pinapaka , Singareni , Konijerla , Gundala , Bayyaram , Khammam Urban , Manuguru ,Garla , Khammam Rural , Aswapuram , Kamepalle , Thirumalayapalem , Dummugudem , Julurpad , Kusumanchi , Bhadrachalam , Chandrugonda , Nelakondapalle , Kunavaram , Mulakalapalle ,Mudigonda , Chintur , Aswaraopeta , Chinthakani , Vararamachandrapuram , Dammapeta , Wyra , Velairpad , Sathupalle , Bonakal , Kukunoor , Vemsoor , Madhira , Burgampadu , Penuballi , Yerrupalem, Palawancha, Wazeed , Kothagudem , Kalluru , Venkatapuram , Tekulapalle , Thallada . Cherla, Nakuru, Uganda, Kamepalli, Nelakondapalli , Mulakalapalli Va Ramachandrapuram , Palvancha , Tekulapally.
Prakasam District Yerragondapalem , Martur , Veligandla , Pullalacheruvu , Parchur , Pedacherlopalle , Tripuranthakam , Karamchedu , Ponnaluru , Kurichedu , Chirala , Kondapi , Donakonda , Vetapalem , Santhanuthlapadu , Pedaaraveedu , Inkollu , Ongole , Dornala , Janakavaram, Panguluru , Naguluppalapadu , Ardhaveedu , Korisapadu , Chinaganjam , Markapur , Maddipadu , Kothapatnam , Tarlapadu , Chimakurthi , Tangutur , Konakanamitla , Marripudi , Zarugumilli , Podili , Kanigiri , Kandukur , Darsi , Hanumanthunipadu , Voletivaripalem , Mundlamuru , Bestavaripeta , Pamur , Thallur , Cumbum , Lingasamudram , Addanki , Racherla , Gudluru , Ballikuruva , Giddaluru , Ulavapadu , Santhamaguluru , Komarolu , Singarayakonda , Yeddanapudi , Chadrasekara, Puram . Peda Cherlopalli, Peddaraveedu, Tarlupadu, Chimakurthy, Jarugumilli, Ballikurava, Chandrasekara.
Sri Potti Sri Ramulu Nellore District Seetharamapuram, Kodavalur , Sydapuram , Varikuntapadu , Butchireddipalem , Dakkili , Kondapuram , Sangam , Venkatagiri , Jaladanki , Chejerla , Balayapalle , Kavali , Ananthasagaram , Ojili , Bogole , Kaluvoya , Chillakur , Kaligiri , Rapur , Kota , Vinjamur , Podlakur , Vakadu , Duttalur , Nellore , Chittamur , Udayagiri , Kovur , Naidupeta , Marripadu , Indukurpet , Pellakur , Atmakur , Thotapalligudur , Doravarisatram , Anumasamudrampeta , Muthukur , Sullurpeta , Dagadarthi , Venkatachalam , Tada , Allur , Manubolu , Vidavalur , Gudur Buchireddypalem, Balayapalli , Podalakur , Thotapalli Gudur ,Anamasamudrampeta , Allure
.
Dr. Y.S.Rajasekhara Reddy Cuddapah District Muddanur, Vempalle , Kondapuram , Simhadripuram , Chaknayapet , Mylavaram , Lingala , Lakkireddipalle , Peddamudium , Pulivendla , Ramapuram , Raju Palem , Vemula , Veeraballe , Duvvur , Thandur , Rajampet , S Mydukur , Veerapunayunipalle , Nandalur , Brahmamgarimattam , Yerraguntla , Penagaluru , B Kodur , Kamalapuram , Chitvel , Kalasapadu , Vallur , Kodur , Porumamilla , Chennur , Obulavaripalle , Badvel , Atlur , Pullampeta , Gopavaram , Vontimitta , T.Sundupalle , Khajipet , Sidhout , Sambepalle , Chapad , Chinnamandem , Proddutur , Chintha Kommadinne , Rayachoti , Jammalamadugu , Pendlimarri , Galiveedu Vempalli , Chakrayapet , Pulivendula , Tandur , Veerapunayuni Palli , Penagalur , Obulavaripalli , Atlanta , Pullampet , T.Sundupalli , Kazipet, Sambepalli, Proddatur.
Chittoor District Peddamandyam , K V P Puram , Nagari , Thamballapalle , Narayanavanam , Karvetinagar , Mulakalacheruvu , Vadamalapeta , Srirangaraja Puram , Peddathippa Samudram , Tirupati Rural , Palasamudram , B.Kothakota , Kammapalle , Gangadhara Nellore , Kurabalakota , Chandragiri , Penumuru , Gurramkonda , Chinnagottigallu , Puthalapattu , Kalakada , Rompicherla , Irala , Kambhamvaripalle , Pileru , Thavanampalle , Yerravaripalem , Kalikiri ,Chittoor , Tirupati Urban , Vayalpad , Gudipala , Renigunta , Nimmanapalle , Yadamari , Yerpedu , Mandopalle , Bangarupalem , Srikalahasti , Ramasamudram , Palamaner , Thottambedu , Punganur , Gangavaram , Buchinaidu Khandriga , Chowdepalle , Pedda Panjani , Varadaiahpalem , Somala , Baireddi Palle , Satyavedu , Sodam , Venkatagiri Kota , Nagalapuram , Pulicherla , Ramakuppam , Pichatur , Pakala , Santhi Puram , Vijaya Puram , Veduru Kuppam , Gudi Palle , Nindra , Puttur , Kuppam K V B Puram , Sri Rangaraja Puram , Pedda Thippa , Kammapalli , Kambham Vari Palli , Piler , Madanapalle , Madanapalle, Bangarupalem , Srikalahasti , Kandireega , Peddapanjani , Somalia , Baireddipalle ,Sathyavedu , Sodom, Santhipuram , Vijayapuram , Vedurukuppam , Gudipalle , Nidra.
Ananthapur District D.Hirchal , Kunurpi , Gandlapenta , Bommanahal , Kalyandurg , Kadiri , Vidapanakal , Atmakur , Amadagur , Vajrakarur , Anantapur , Obuladevaracheruvu , Guntakal , Bukkarayasamudram , Nallamada , Gooty , Narpala , Gorantla , Peddavadugur , Putlur , Puttaparthi , Yadiki , Yellanur , Bukkapatnam , Tadpatri , Tadimarri , Kothacheruvu , Peddapappur , Bathalapalle , Penu Konda , Singanamala , Raptadu , Roddam , Pamidi , Kanaganapalle , Somandepalle , Garladinne , Kambadur , Chilamathur , Kudair , Ramagiri , Lepakshi , Uravakonda , Chenne Kothapalle , Hindupur , Beluguppa , Dharmavaram , Parigi , Kanekal , Mudigubba , Madakasira , Rayadurg , Talupula , Gudibanda , Gummagatta , Nambulipulikunta , Amarapuram , Brahmasamudram , Tanakal , Agali , Settur , Nallacheruvu , Rolla D.Hirehal, Kundurpi , Bommanahalli , Bathalapalli , Penukonda , Kanaganapalli , Sattur.
Kurnool District Kowthalam , Kodumur , Rudravaram , Kosigi , Gonegandla , Allagadda , Mantralayam , Yemmiganur , Chagalamarri , Nandavaram , Pedda Kadalur , Uyyalawada , C.Belagal , Adoni , Dornipadu , Gudur , Holagunda , Gospadu , Kurnool , Alur , Koilkuntla , Nandi Kotkur , Aspari , Banaganapalle , Pagidyala , Devanakonda , Sanjamala , Kothapalle , Krishnagiri , Kolimigundla , Atmakur , Veldurthi , Owk , Srisailam , Bethamcherla , Peapally , Velgode , Panyam , Dhone , Pamulapadu , Gadivemula , Tuggali , Jupadu Bungalow , Bandi Atmakur , Pattikanda , Midthur , Nandyal , Maddikera East , Orvakal , Mahanandi , Chippagiri , Kallur , Sirvel , Halaharvi . Nandikotkur, Banaganapalli, Dhoni, Jupadu Bunglow, Silver.
Mahabubnagar District Kodangal , Jadcherla , Amrabad , Bomraspeta , Bhoothpur , Balmoor , Kosgi , Mahbubnagar , Lingal , Doulatabad , Addakal , Peddakothapalle , Damaragidda , Devarkadara , Kodair , Maddur , Dhanwada , Gopalpeta , Koilkonda , Narayanpet , Wanaparthy , Hanwada , Utkoor , Pangal , Nawabpet , Maganoor , Pebbair , Balanagar , Makthal , Gadwal , Kondurg , Narva , Dharur , Farooqnagar , Chinna Chinta Kunta , Maldakal , Kothur , Atmakur , Ghattu , Keshampeta , Kothakota , Aiza , Talakondapalle , Peddamandadi , Waddepalle , Amangal , Ghanpur , Itikyal , Madgul , Bijinapalle , Manopadu , Vangoor , Nagar Kurnool , Alampur , Veldanda , Tadoor , Veepangandla , Kalwakurthy , Telkapalle , Kollapur , Midjil , Uppununthala , Thimmajipeta , Achampeta . Daulatabad, Tandoor, Telkapally, Kolhapur, Thimmajipet.
Rangareddy District Marpalle ,Hayathnagar , Gandeed , Mominpet , Saroornagar , Kulkacharla , Nawabpet , Rajendranagar , Pargi , Shankarpalle , Moinabad , Pudur , Malkajgiri , Chevella , Shabad , Serilingampalle , Vikarabad , Shamshabad , Quthbullapur , Dharur , Maheswaram , Medchal , Bantaram , Ibrahimpatam , Shamirpet ,Peddemul , Manchal , Balanagar , Tandur , Yacharam , Keesara , Basheerabad , Kandukur , Ghatkesar , Yelal , Uppal , Doma . Shankarpalli, puduraya, Serilingampally, Maheshwaram, Yell.
Nalgonda District Bommalaramaram , Chityala , Thripuraram , M Turkapalle , Narketpalle , Miryalaguda , Rajapet , Kattangoor , Garide Palle , Yadagirigutta , Nakrekal , Chilkur , Alair , Kethepalle , Kodad , Gundala , Suryapet , Mellachervu , Thirumalagiri , Chivvemla , Huzurnagar , Thunga Thurthi , Mothey , Mattampalle , Nuthankal , Nadigudem , Nered Cherla , Atmakur (S) , Munagala , Dameracherla , Jaji Reddi Gudem , Penpahad , Anumula , Saligouraram , Vemulapalle , Peddavura , Mothkur , Thipparthi , Pedda Adiserlapalle , Atmakur (M) , Nalgonda , Gurrampode , Valigonda , Munugode , Nampalle , Bhuvanagiri , Narayanapur , Chintha Palle , Bibinagar , Marri Guda , Devarakonda , Pochampalle , Chandur , Gundla Palle , Choutuppal , Kangal , Chandam Pet , Ramannapeta , Nidamanur . Tripuraram , M Turkapally , Narketpally , Kethepally , Uganda , Mellacheruvu , Tirumalagiri , Chivemla ,Thoonga , Mattampally, Need Cherla , Damaracherla , Shaligouraram , Vemulapalli ,Peddavura , Narayanpur , Chintapalli , Marriguda , Pochampally , Gundlapalli ,Chandampet , Ramannapet.
Medak District Manoor , Siddipet , Kohir , Kangti , Chinna Kodur , Munpalle , Kalher , Nanganur , Pulkal , Narayankhed , Kondapak , Sadasivpet , Regode , Jagdevpur , Kondapur ,Shankarampet (A) , Gajwel , Sangareddy , Alladurg , Doultabad , Patancheru , Tekmal , Chegunta , Ramachandrapuram , Papannapet , Yeldurthy , Jinnaram , Kulcharam , Kowdipalle , Hathnoora , Medak , Andole , Narsapur , Shankarampet (R) , Raikode , Shivampet , Ramayampet , Nyalkal , Tupran , Dubbak , Jharasangam , Wargal , Mirdoddi , Zahirabad , Mulug . Manoor, Munipalle, Nanganallur, Daulatabad, Veldurthy, Kowdipally, Toopran, to Oprah
Warangal District Cheriyal , Thorrur , Duggondi , Maddur , Nellikudur , Geesugonda , Narmetta , Narsimhulapet , Atmakur , Bachannapeta , Maripeda , Shayampet , Jangaon , Dornakal , Parkal , Lingala Ghanpur , Kuravi , Regonda , Raghunatha Palle , Mahabubabad , Mogullapalle , Ghanpur(Stn) , Kesamudram , Chityal , Dharmasagar , Nekkonda , Bhupalpalle , Hasanparthy , Gudur , Ghanapur , Hanamkonda , Kothagudem , Mulug , Wardhannapet , Khanapur , Venkatapur , Zaffergadh , Govindaraopet , Palakurthi , Chennaraopet , Tadvai , Devaruppula , Parvathagiri , Eturnagaram , Kodakandla , Sangam , Mangapet , Raiparthy , Nallabelly , Warangal Cherial, Cheryl, Bachannapet, Kuruvi, Mogullapally, Bhupalpally, Ghanpur.
Karimnagar District Ibrahimpatnam , Jagtial , Vemulawada , Mallapur , Medipalle , Konaraopeta , Raikal , Koratla , Yella Reddi Peta , Sarangapur , Metpalle , Gambhiraopet , Dharmapuri , Kathlapur , Mustabad , Velgatoor , Chandurthi , Sirsilla , Ramagundam , Kodimial , Ellanthakunta , Kamanpur , Gangadhara , Bejjanki , Manthani , Mallial , Thimmapur , Kataram , Pegadapalle , Kesavapatnam , Mahadevpur , Choppadandi , Huzurabad , Mutharam , Mahadevpur , Sultanabad , Kamalapur , Malharrao , Odela , Elkathurthi , Mutharam Manthani , Jammikunta , Saidapur , Srirampur , Veenavanka , Chigurumamidi , Peddapalle , Manakondur , Koheda , Julapalle , Karimnagar , Husnabad , Dharmaram , Ramadugu , Bheemadevarpalle , Gollapalle , Boinpalle Medipally , Konaraopet , Korutla , Yellareddy Peta , Sarangpur , ,Metpally , Kathalapur Pegadapally, Elkathurthy , Shrirampur , Peddapalli , Julapalli, Bheemadevarapally, Bowenpally.
Nizamabad District Ranjal , Yeda Palle , Sadasivanagar , Navipet , Bodhan , Gandhari , Nandipet , Kotgiri , Banswada , Armur , Madnur , Pitlam , Balkonda , Jukkal , Nizamsagar , Mortad , Bichkunda , Yellareddy , Kammar , Palle , Birkoor , Naga Reddipet , Bheemgal , Varni , Lingampet , Velpur , Dichpalle , Tadwai , Jakranpalle , Dhar Palle , Kamareddy , Makloor , Sirkonda , Bhiknur , Nizamabad , Machareddy , Domakonda . Sadashivanagar, Kotagiri, Armour, Pelle, Naga Reddit, Dichpally, Jakranpally, Sirikonda
Adilabad District Talamadugu , Lohesra , Tiryani , Tamsi , Dilawarpur , Asifabad , Adilabad , Nirmal , Wankdi , Jainad , Laxmanchanda , Kagaz Nagar , Bela , Mamda , Rebbana , Narnoor , Khanpur , Tandur , Inderavelly , Kaddampeddur , Bellampalle , Gudihatnur , Utnur , Nennal , Ichoda , Jainoor , Bheemini , Bazarhathnoor , Kerameri , Sirpur (T) , Boath , Sirpur (U) , Kouthala , Neradigonda , Jannaram , Bejjur , Sarangapur , Dandepalle , Dahegaon , Kuntala , Luxettipet , Vemanpalle , Kubeer , Mancherial , Kotapalle , Bhainsa , Mandamarri , Chennur , Tanur , Kasipet , Jaipur , Mudhole Lohara, Tampa , Kagaznagar , Bella , Kaddam Peddur , Gudihathnoor , Bheemili, boathouse , Sarangpur , Vempalli , Kazipet.
Hyderabad, Secendrabad kukatpally , tank bund , hussain sagar , birla mandir ,himayat nagar , begumpet, shamshabad, charminar, golconda , banjara hills ,stadhampton , khairabadi , yousufguda, patancheru, Musheerabad , Ameerpet , Khairatabad , Bandlaguda, Amberpet , Secunderabad, Charminar , Asifnagar , Himayathnagar ,Tirumalagiri , Golconda , Saidabad , Maredalle,shaikpet ,nampally ,bahadurpura , Maryland .cyderabad, jubili hills, kazipally, bollaram, bachupally, swarnapuri, miyapur, kompally,thumkunta, hakimpet, ramachandra puram, vishwambhar enclave, bala nagar, serilingampally, sri ram nagar, gachibowli, madhapur, secretarial, tolichowki, gandipet, raghuram nagar, bharat nagar, budvel, rajendra nagar, bakaram, kothwalguda, ahmadpur, kavadiguda, asthma, jeedimetla, balaji nagar, alwal, yapral, dammaiguda, sainikpuri, kapra, sakthi nagar, asrao nagar, moulali, bowenpally, ramanthapur, pizza, saroor nagar, falaknuma, vansathi puram, hanuman nagar, brindavan colony, nadergul, indira reddy, rallaguda, gollapally, new hafeezpet, trimulgherry, safilguda, yellareddyguda, musheerabad, taj residency, hill font, apollo hospital, afzalgunj, tadbund, bahadurgarh, sri raghavendra, aradhana, marredpally, zaheerabad, film nagar, mehdipatnam, imperial, esi, kanchanbagh, yeddumailaram, manikonda, chandrayangutta, janwada, chilkur, bakaram, sacoor nagar, deshmukhi, doolapally, amberpet, dilsukhnagar, karwan, gosha mahal, bahadurpura,
Inmates are all district and states of India, like , 1 Town, 75 Feet Road, 4th Town Police Station 104 Area, Aanadha Ashramam, Abidnagar, Anatha Asram, Achampet , Achanta, Adarshnagar, Addanki, Addateegala, Addatheegala, Addakula, Addurodu, Adilabad, Adivivaram, Adoni , Air port, Aganampudi, Akividu,Akkayyapalem, Akkireddypalem, , Alair, Alamanda, Alampur, Alamuru, Allagadda, Allipuram, Allure, Alur, Amadalavalasa, Amalapuram, Amaravathi, Ambajeepeta, Amarchinta, Amaravathi, Amarevati, Anandapuram, Ananthagiri, Anaparthi, Annavaram, Anaparthy, Andhra Bhumi, Andhra University, Anantapur, Andole ,ANR Appikonda, Asifabad, Asifnagar, Asilmetta, Asheelmetta junction, Araku valley, Arasavalli, Arilova, , Armoor, Atchutapuram, Atmakur Attili, A U Campus, IN, Out Gate, Auto Nagar, Avanigadda,
Badvel, Bala cheruvu, Balacheruvu Road, Balaji Nagar, Ballajura Balkonda , Bangalore, Banswada, Bapujinagar, Bapatla, Baruva, Bayyavaram, Berhampur, Bhadrachalam, Bheemili, Bheemunipatnam, Bhimadolu Bhimavaram, Bhogapuram, Bhongir, BHPV, Bhubaneswar Bhupesh Nagar, Big Bazaar, Bazar, Birla, Bimavaram, Boath, Bobbili, Bodhan, Bombay, Bowdara, Borra Caves, BRTS, B.S Layout Cheepurupalli, BSI Standard, Buddhavarapu Gardens, Budithi, Buggaram, Burgampahad, Butchirajupalem, Butchi Sundara Rao Street, Burujupeta, , Burugupudi,
Calcutta, CBM Compound, CBI, Chalakurthy, Challavanipeta, Chanakya Towers, Chandragiri, Chandrayangutta, Chapaluppada, Charminar , Chavulamadam, Chavulamadumu, Cheepurupalli, Chennai, Chennur, Cherial, Chevella , Chilakaluripet, Chilakapalem, China musidivada, chinnamusidivada, Chinnor, Chintalapudi, Chintapalli, krishna Chirala, Chittoor, Chodavaram Chollangi village, Choppadandi, CMR center, Collectorate, Collectors Office Convent junction, corromendal, Coromandel gate, CDR Hospital, Cuddapah, Cumbum,
Dabagarden, Dabagardens, Dagguvanipalem, Dasapalla Hills , Darsi, Dayalapuram, Dayal nagar, Delhi, Denduluru, Devarakonda, devipatnam, Dabhagaden, Dharmavaram, Dhavaleswaram, dhayal nagar, Dolphin, Dhondaparthi, Dhone , Dhorathota, , Diamond Park, Dibbalapalem, Dichpalli, Doctors Colony, Dommat, Dondaparthy, Dorakanagar Dorathota, Dornakal , Duggirala, Duvvada, Dwaraka Nagar, Dwaraka Tirupati, Dwarapudi,
East Godavari, East Point Colony, Ecchapuram, Elamanchili, Eluru, ENDADA, Enadu, Eenadu, Etcherla, Etikoppaka, Femur, Fishing Harbour, Harbor Approach Road,
Gadwal, Gajapathinagaram, Gajwel , Ganavaram Port, Gannavaram, Gangulavari, Gannavaram, Gara, Garividi, Ghanpur, Giddalur, Gumma Lakshmipuram, GL Puram, Gunnies Book, Record, Gnanapuram, Gandhigram Gokavaram Golkonda, Gollapalem, Gollavanipalem, Golukonda, Golugonda Gopalapatnam, Gooty, Gopalapuram, Gorantla, Gorllivanipalem, Green Park, Greater Visakhapatnam, , G.S.N. Gullipadu, Gudivada, Gudur, Guntur, Gurazala, Gurudwara, Hanamkonda,
Hanuman Junction, Temple, Hanumanthavaka, Hall Mark, Hanumantuvaka, Harichandrapuram, Harischandrapuram, Harishchandrapur, HB colony, Head Post Office, Heccherla, Himayat Nagar, Hindupur Hiramandalam, HPCL, hukumpeta, Huzurabad, Hyderabad, Ibrahimpatnam, Ichapuram, India, INDIA, Indurthi, Industrial estate, IT, IN, INL Kalinga, Isukathota, iskathota,
Jadcherla,Jagadam, Jagadamba centre, Jagamba Theatre, Jail Road, Jaggampeta, Jagarajupeta, Jaggayyapalem, Jaggayyapet, Jaghadham Jagtial, Jalandhar, Jalumuru, Jammalamadugu, Jangaon, Jangareddygudem, Jodugullapalem, Jukkal,
Kadapa, Kadiri, Kadiyam, Kaikalur, Kaikaluru, Kailashmetta, Kaka Nagar, Kakani Nagar, Kailasagiri, Kailasapuram, Kakinada, Kalaniketan, Kalanikhetan, Kalingapatnam, Kalinganagar, Kalwakurthy Kalyandurg, Kamalapur, Kamalapuram, Kamareddy, Kancharapalem, Kandukur, Kanigiri, Kankipadu, Kapuluppada, , Kapu uppada, Kapuluppada, Kantipudi, Kanithi Road, Karimnagar, Karnal, Karnataka, Karnool, Karunol, Karwan, Kasibugga, Kasimkota, Kattipudi, Kavali, KGH, Khairatabad , Khammam, Khanapur, Kirlampudi, layout, K. Kotapadu, Kobbari Thota, Kodad, Kodangal , Kodumur, Koduru, Koduruand, Koilkuntla , Kolhapur, Kolkata, Kondepi, Koppaka, Korasavada, Kotabommali, Kotananduru, Kotavalasa, Kotaveedhi, Kothagudem, Kothapet, Kotha Road, Kothavalasa, Kothuru, Kotipalli, Koturu, Kovur, Kovvur,Krishna College, Krantinagar, KRM Colony, Kuchinapudi, Kuppam, Kurupam Market, Kurmanpalem, Kurmam, Kummaripalem, Kurmannapalem , Kurnool, Kusalapuram, Lakkireddipalli, Lalitha Nagar, Lankhilapallem, Lakshminagar, Lankelapalem, Lankilapallem, LB Colony, Leela Mahal, Luxettipet,
Macherla, Machilipatnam, Madakasira, Madanpalle, Madapamu, Maddilapalem, Madduru, Madivala, Madhira, Madhavadhara, Madhurawada, Madhya Pradesh, Madugula Reddi, Maharanipeta, Mahbubabad , Mahabubnagar, Mahbubnagar, Maharajgunj , Makthal, Malkapuram, Malakpet, Malleswaram, Mandapeta, Mandavaripeta, , Mangalagiri, Manthani, Marikavalasa Maredumilli, Markapur, Marripalem, Martur , Maruteru, Medak, Medchal, Medivada, Metpalli, Meghadripeta, Meghadri gadda, Meghadrigadda, Midilapuri, Mindi, Mindhi, Miryalguda, MMTC Colony, Mud Hole, Mudhole, Mudinepalli, Mulug, Mumbai, Mulagada, Mummidivaram, Muppidi Colony, Mungode, Murali Nagar, Musheerabad,
Nagari , Nagarkurnool , MVP colony, Myadaram, Mydukur, Mylavaram, NAD junction, Nagaram, Naguru, Naiduthota Nakkapalem, Nakkapalli, Nakkavanipalem, Nakrekal, Nalgonda, Nallamada, Nandigama, Nandyal, Narasannapeta, Narasaraopet Narasimha, Narayankhed , Narasapur, narsapur, Narsampet, Narsipatnam, Narisipatnam, Natavalasa, Nathavaram, Nathayyapalem, Naval Dock, Yard Neelamma Vepaqchettu, Naval Dock Yard Neelamma Vepachettu, Nellimarla, Nellore, Nerella, new Gajuwaka, Nidadavole, nidadhavole Nidadhavolu, Nidumolu ,Nimmada, Nirmal, Nivagam, Nizamabad, N.R. I NSTL, NTPC, NTPC-Parawada, Nuzvid, Odessa, Old post office, Ongole, Orissa,
Paderu, Palacole, Palair, Palakonda, Palakollu, Palamaner, Palasa, Pallavaram, Panchadarla, Panyam Parawada Parchur, Parkal, Pargi, Parlakimidi, Parvathipuram, Patapatnam, Pata Polavaram, Pathapatnam, Pattikonda , Payakaraopeta, Pedakurapadu, Peda Peddapalli, Peddipalem, Peddapuram, Pendurthi, pendurthy, Penugonda, Penukonda Pillala Ashramam, Piler, Pithapuram, PM Palem, PNT Colony, Pandurangapuram, Polaki, Polavaram, Ponduru, Ponnur, Poondi, Poorna Market, Porur, Prakasam, Prathipadu, Priya, Proddat, Proddatur, Pudimadaka, Pulivendula, Pundi, Pune, Punganur, purna, Purushothapuram, Purusotapuram, puspatera, Puttur , Pydibheemavaram,
Rail Way New Colony, Rajahmundry, Rajam, Rajampet, Raj, Raja Nagar, rajavommangi, Rajolu, Ramachandrapuram, Ramagundam, Rama Nagar, Ramnagar Ramannapet, Rama Talkies Center, ramatheertham, Ramtherdham, Neusan Bhag, Ramatheertham, ramavaram, Ramayampet, Rambilli, Ramnagar, Rampachodavaram, Rangapuram, Ranastalam, Rangareddy, Ravulapalem, Rayachoty, Rayadurg, Raya Durg, Rayavaram, , Razole, Reddipalli, RegupaduRepalle, Rapur, Regupalem, Revidi, Revit, RK Beach, Rotherham, Rushikonda,rusu konda, Rushukonda,
Sabbavaram, Sagar Nagar, Sakhsi, Salur, Sampara , Sanath Nagar, Sangareddy, Santhanuthalapadu , Sarasota, Saraswati Park, Saravakota, Sarvepalli, Sathivada, Sathupalli, Sattenapalli Sastry Road, Satyam centre, Satyavedu, Secunderabad, seetampeta, Seethammadhara, Seethampeta, Shadnagar, Shayampet, Sholur, Shopping Mall, Siddhantam, Siddipet, Simhachalam, Sindhiya, Singanamala, Sircilla , Sirpur, Siripuram, S. Kota, Soluru, Sompeta, Sriharipuram, Srikakulam, Sri Kalahasti, Sri Kalahsti, Srikurmam, Srimukalingam, Srimukhalingam, Srungavarapukota, Steel Plant Quarters Sector, Sujathanagar, Sulurpet, Suryabagh, Surya Bhag, Suryapet,
Tadepalligudem, Tadepellegudem, tadepalli gudum, Tadikonda, Tadipatri, Tagarapuvalasa, , Tallapalem, Talarevu, Tallarevu, Tamil nadu, Tandur, Tanuku , Tekkali, Tenali, Thamballapalle, Thatichetlapalem, Therlam, Thotapalli, Tilaru, Tikkavanipalem, Timaru, Tirumala, Tirupati, Tiruvuru, Tuni, Tungaturthi,
UDA Park, Udda Udayagiri, Ukkumpeta, Ukkunagaram, Undi, Unguturu, Universal records, Uravakonda, Ushodaya Colony, Uttarahalli, Uttarapalli,
Vada cheepurupalli, Vadacheepurapalli, Vaddadi, Vanukuru, Vartha, varthaa, Vayalpad, Vellanki, Vemur, Venkatagiri , Venkojipalem, Velampeta, Vepada, Vepagunta, Vepanjeri , Vijayawada, Vikarabad, Vinukonda, Visakhapatnam, Visakha Valley, Vitanthula ashramam, Vizag, Vizianagaram, Vrudhula ashramam Vuyyuru, Waltair, Wanaparthy, Warangal, Wardhannapet, West Godavari World Record, Yalamanchili, Yakutpura, Yeleswaram, Yellandu, Yellareddy, Yellavaram, Yemmiganur, Yendada, Y junction, Zahirabad, Zoo Park center, and other state of India.
Ariyalur, Chennai, Coimbatore, Cuddalore, Dharmapuri, Dindigu, Erode, Kanchipuram, Kanniyakumari, Karur, Krishnagiri, Madurai, Nagapattinam, Namakkal, Nilgiris, Perambular, Pudukkottai, Ramnathapuram, Salem, Sivaganga, Thanjavur, Theni, Thoothukodi, Tiruvarur, Tirunelveli, Tiruchirappalli, Tiruvallur, Tirupur,Tiruvannamalai, Vellore, Villupuram, Virudhnagar
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Inspired by ‘Quiet Places’ by Lemn Sissay
Photographs by Erdvile Girininkaite
First Year Photography students at the University of Sunderland made their own photographic projects in response to ‘Picture the Poet’ at Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens.
Students each selected one poem written by one of the poets featured in the exhibition. They then made their own creative reinterpretations of the poem, using photography to explore the imagery, language and ideas in the poetry. Some of the work they made can be seen in the collection presented here.
Find out more about Picture the Poet:
The Toraja are an ethnic group indigenous to a mountainous region of South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Their population is approximately 1,100,000, of whom 450,000 live in the regency of Tana Toraja ("Land of Toraja"). Most of the population is Christian, and others are Muslim or have local animist beliefs known as aluk ("the way"). The Indonesian government has recognized this animist belief as Aluk To Dolo ("Way of the Ancestors").
The word toraja comes from the Bugis Buginese language term to riaja, meaning "people of the uplands". The Dutch colonial government named the people Toraja in 1909. Torajans are renowned for their elaborate funeral rites, burial sites carved into rocky cliffs, massive peaked-roof traditional houses known as tongkonan, and colorful wood carvings. Toraja funeral rites are important social events, usually attended by hundreds of people and lasting for several days.
Before the 20th century, Torajans lived in autonomous villages, where they practised animism and were relatively untouched by the outside world. In the early 1900s, Dutch missionaries first worked to convert Torajan highlanders to Christianity. When the Tana Toraja regency was further opened to the outside world in the 1970s, it became an icon of tourism in Indonesia: it was exploited by tourism developers and studied by anthropologists. By the 1990s, when tourism peaked, Toraja society had changed significantly, from an agrarian model - in which social life and customs were outgrowths of the Aluk To Dolo - to a largely Christian society. Today, tourism and remittances from migrant Torajans have made for major changes in the Toraja highland, giving the Toraja a celebrity status within Indonesia and enhancing Toraja ethnic group pride.
ETHNIC IDENTITY
The Torajan people had little notion of themselves as a distinct ethnic group before the 20th century. Before Dutch colonization and Christianization, Torajans, who lived in highland areas, identified with their villages and did not share a broad sense of identity. Although complexes of rituals created linkages between highland villages, there were variations in dialects, differences in social hierarchies, and an array of ritual practices in the Sulawesi highland region. "Toraja" (from the coastal languages' to, meaning people; and riaja, uplands) was first used as a lowlander expression for highlanders. As a result, "Toraja" initially had more currency with outsiders - such as the Bugis and Makassarese, who constitute a majority of the lowland of Sulawesi - than with insiders. The Dutch missionaries' presence in the highlands gave rise to the Toraja ethnic consciousness in the Sa'dan Toraja region, and this shared identity grew with the rise of tourism in the Tana Toraja Regency. Since then, South Sulawesi has four main ethnic groups - the Bugis (the majority, including shipbuilders and seafarers), the Makassarese (lowland traders and seafarers), the Mandarese (traders and fishermen), and the Toraja (highland rice cultivators).
HISTORY
From the 17th century, the Dutch established trade and political control on Sulawesi through the Dutch East Indies Company. Over two centuries, they ignored the mountainous area in the central Sulawesi, where Torajans lived, because access was difficult and it had little productive agricultural land. In the late 19th century, the Dutch became increasingly concerned about the spread of Islam in the south of Sulawesi, especially among the Makassarese and Bugis peoples. The Dutch saw the animist highlanders as potential Christians. In the 1920s, the Reformed Missionary Alliance of the Dutch Reformed Church began missionary work aided by the Dutch colonial government. In addition to introducing Christianity, the Dutch abolished slavery and imposed local taxes. A line was drawn around the Sa'dan area and called Tana Toraja ("the land of Toraja"). Tana Toraja was first a subdivision of the Luwu kingdom that had claimed the area. In 1946, the Dutch granted Tana Toraja a regentschap, and it was recognized in 1957 as one of the regencies of Indonesia.
Early Dutch missionaries faced strong opposition among Torajans, especially among the elite, because the abolition of their profitable slave trade had angered them. Some Torajans were forcibly relocated to the lowlands by the Dutch, where they could be more easily controlled. Taxes were kept high, undermining the wealth of the elites. Ultimately, the Dutch influence did not subdue Torajan culture, and only a few Torajans were converted. In 1950, only 10% of the population had converted to Christianity.
In the 1930s, Muslim lowlanders attacked the Torajans, resulting in widespread Christian conversion among those who sought to align themselves with the Dutch for political protection and to form a movement against the Bugis and Makassarese Muslims. Between 1951 and 1965 (following Indonesian independence), southern Sulawesi faced a turbulent period as the Darul Islam separatist movement fought for an Islamic state in Sulawesi. The 15 years of guerrilla warfare led to massive conversions to
CHRISTIANITY
Alignment with the Indonesian government, however, did not guarantee safety for the Torajans. In 1965, a presidential decree required every Indonesian citizen to belong to one of five officially recognized religions: Islam, Christianity (Protestantism and Catholicism), Hinduism, or Buddhism. The Torajan religious belief (aluk) was not legally recognized, and the Torajans raised their voices against the law. To make aluk accord with the law, it had to be accepted as part of one of the official religions. In 1969, Aluk To Dolo ("the way of ancestors") was legalized as a sect of Agama Hindu Dharma, the official name of Hinduism in Indonesia.
SOCIETY
There are three main types of affiliation in Toraja society: family, class and religion.
FAMILY AFFILIATION
Family is the primary social and political grouping in Torajan society. Each village is one extended family, the seat of which is the tongkonan, a traditional Torajan house. Each tongkonan has a name, which becomes the name of the village. The familial dons maintain village unity. Marriage between distant cousins (fourth cousins and beyond) is a common practice that strengthens kinship. Toraja society prohibits marriage between close cousins (up to and including the third cousin) - except for nobles, to prevent the dispersal of property. Kinship is actively reciprocal, meaning that the extended family helps each other farm, share buffalo rituals, and pay off debts.
Each person belongs to both the mother's and the father's families, the only bilateral family line in Indonesia. Children, therefore, inherit household affiliation from both mother and father, including land and even family debts. Children's names are given on the basis of kinship, and are usually chosen after dead relatives. Names of aunts, uncles and cousins are commonly referred to in the names of mothers, fathers and siblings.
Before the start of the formal administration of Toraja villages by the Tana Toraja Regency, each Toraja village was autonomous. In a more complex situation, in which one Toraja family could not handle their problems alone, several villages formed a group; sometimes, villages would unite against other villages. Relationship between families was expressed through blood, marriage, and shared ancestral houses (tongkonan), practically signed by the exchange of water buffalo and pigs on ritual occasions. Such exchanges not only built political and cultural ties between families but defined each person's place in a social hierarchy: who poured palm wine, who wrapped a corpse and prepared offerings, where each person could or could not sit, what dishes should be used or avoided, and even what piece of meat constituted one's share.
CLASS AFFILIATION
In early Toraja society, family relationships were tied closely to social class. There were three strata: nobles, commoners, and slaves (slavery was abolished in 1909 by the Dutch East Indies government). Class was inherited through the mother. It was taboo, therefore, to marry "down" with a woman of lower class. On the other hand, marrying a woman of higher class could improve the status of the next generation. The nobility's condescending attitude toward the commoners is still maintained today for reasons of family prestige.
Nobles, who were believed to be direct descendants of the descended person from heaven, lived in tongkonans, while commoners lived in less lavish houses (bamboo shacks called banua). Slaves lived in small huts, which had to be built around their owner's tongkonan. Commoners might marry anyone, but nobles preferred to marry in-family to maintain their status. Sometimes nobles married Bugis or Makassarese nobles. Commoners and slaves were prohibited from having death feasts. Despite close kinship and status inheritance, there was some social mobility, as marriage or change in wealth could affect an individuals status. Wealth was counted by the ownership of water buffaloes.
Slaves in Toraja society were family property. Sometimes Torajans decided to become slaves when they incurred a debt, pledging to work as payment. Slaves could be taken during wars, and slave trading was common. Slaves could buy their freedom, but their children still inherited slave status. Slaves were prohibited from wearing bronze or gold, carving their houses, eating from the same dishes as their owners, or having sex with free women - a crime punishable by death.
RELIGIOUS AFFILIATION
Toraja's indigenous belief system is polytheistic animism, called aluk, or "the way" (sometimes translated as "the law"). In the Toraja myth, the ancestors of Torajan people came down from heaven using stairs, which were then used by the Torajans as a communication medium with Puang Matua, the Creator. The cosmos, according to aluk, is divided into the upper world (heaven), the world of man (earth), and the underworld. At first, heaven and earth were married, then there was a darkness, a separation, and finally the light. Animals live in the underworld, which is represented by rectangular space enclosed by pillars, the earth is for mankind, and the heaven world is located above, covered with a saddle-shaped roof. Other Toraja gods include Pong Banggai di Rante (god of Earth), Indo' Ongon-Ongon (a goddess who can cause earthquakes), Pong Lalondong (god of death), and Indo' Belo Tumbang (goddess of medicine); there are many more.
The earthly authority, whose words and actions should be cleaved to both in life (agriculture) and death (funerals), is called to minaa (an aluk priest). Aluk is not just a belief system; it is a combination of law, religion, and habit. Aluk governs social life, agricultural practices, and ancestral rituals. The details of aluk may vary from one village to another. One common law is the requirement that death and life rituals be separated. Torajans believe that performing death rituals might ruin their corpses if combined with life rituals. The two rituals are equally important. During the time of the Dutch missionaries, Christian Torajans were prohibited from attending or performing life rituals, but were allowed to perform death rituals. Consequently, Toraja's death rituals are still practised today, while life rituals have diminished.
CULTURE
TONGKONAN
Tongkonan are the traditional Torajan ancestral houses. They stand high on wooden piles, topped with a layered split-bamboo roof shaped in a sweeping curved arc, and they are incised with red, black, and yellow detailed wood carvings on the exterior walls. The word "tongkonan" comes from the Torajan tongkon ("to sit").
Tongkonan are the center of Torajan social life. The rituals associated with the tongkonan are important expressions of Torajan spiritual life, and therefore all family members are impelled to participate, because symbolically the tongkonan represents links to their ancestors and to living and future kin. According to Torajan myth, the first tongkonan was built in heaven on four poles, with a roof made of Indian cloth. When the first Torajan ancestor descended to earth, he imitated the house and held a large ceremony.
The construction of a tongkonan is laborious work and is usually done with the help of the extended family. There are three types of tongkonan. The tongkonan layuk is the house of the highest authority, used as the "center of government". The tongkonan pekamberan belongs to the family members who have some authority in local traditions. Ordinary family members reside in the tongkonan batu. The exclusivity to the nobility of the tongkonan is diminishing as many Torajan commoners find lucrative employment in other parts of Indonesia. As they send back money to their families, they enable the construction of larger tongkonan.
WOOD CARVINGS
To express social and religious concepts, Torajans carve wood, calling it Pa'ssura (or "the writing"). Wood carvings are therefore Toraja's cultural manifestation.
Each carving receives a special name, and common motifs are animals and plants that symbolize some virtue. For example, water plants and animals, such as crabs, tadpoles and water weeds, are commonly found to symbolize fertility. In some areas noble elders claim these symbols refer to strength of noble family, but not everyone agrees. The overall meaning of groups of carved motifs on houses remains debated and tourism has further complicated these debates because some feel a uniform explanation must be presented to tourists. The image to the left shows an example of Torajan wood carving, consisting of 15 square panels. The center bottom panel represents buffalo or wealth, a wish for many buffaloes for the family. The center panel represents a knot and a box, a hope that all of the family's offspring will be happy and live in harmony, like goods kept safe in a box. The top left and top right squares represent an aquatic animal, indicating the need for fast and hard work, just like moving on the surface of water. It also represents the need for a certain skill to produce good results.
Regularity and order are common features in Toraja wood carving (see table below), as well as abstracts and geometrical designs. Nature is frequently used as the basis of Toraja's ornaments, because nature is full of abstractions and geometries with regularities and ordering. Toraja's ornaments have been studied in ethnomathematics to reveal their mathematical structure, but Torajans base this art only on approximations. To create an ornament, bamboo sticks are used as a geometrical tool.
FUNERAL RITES
In Toraja society, the funeral ritual is the most elaborate and expensive event. The richer and more powerful the individual, the more expensive is the funeral. In the aluk religion, only nobles have the right to have an extensive death feast. The death feast of a nobleman is usually attended by thousands and lasts for several days. A ceremonial site, called rante, is usually prepared in a large, grassy field where shelters for audiences, rice barns, and other ceremonial funeral structures are specially made by the deceased family. Flute music, funeral chants, songs and poems, and crying and wailing are traditional Toraja expressions of grief with the exceptions of funerals for young children, and poor, low-status adults.
The ceremony is often held weeks, months, or years after the death so that the deceased's family can raise the significant funds needed to cover funeral expenses. Torajans traditionally believe that death is not a sudden, abrupt event, but a gradual process toward Puya (the land of souls, or afterlife). During the waiting period, the body of the deceased is wrapped in several layers of cloth and kept under the tongkonan. The soul of the deceased is thought to linger around the village until the funeral ceremony is completed, after which it begins its journey to Puya.
Another component of the ritual is the slaughter of water buffalo. The more powerful the person who died, the more buffalo are slaughtered at the death feast. Buffalo carcasses, including their heads, are usually lined up on a field waiting for their owner, who is in the "sleeping stage". Torajans believe that the deceased will need the buffalo to make the journey and that they will be quicker to arrive at Puya if they have many buffalo. Slaughtering tens of water buffalo and hundreds of pigs using a machete is the climax of the elaborate death feast, with dancing and music and young boys who catch spurting blood in long bamboo tubes. Some of the slaughtered animals are given by guests as "gifts", which are carefully noted because they will be considered debts of the deceased's family. However, a cockfight, known as bulangan londong, is an integral part of the ceremony. As with the sacrifice of the buffalo and the pigs, the cockfight is considered sacred because it involves the spilling of blood on the earth. In particular, the tradition requires the sacrifice of at least three chickens. However, it is common for at least 25 pairs of chickens to be set against each other in the context of the ceremony.
There are three methods of burial: the coffin may be laid in a cave or in a carved stone grave, or hung on a cliff. It contains any possessions that the deceased will need in the afterlife. The wealthy are often buried in a stone grave carved out of a rocky cliff. The grave is usually expensive and takes a few months to complete. In some areas, a stone cave may be found that is large enough to accommodate a whole family. A wood-carved effigy, called Tau tau, is usually placed in the cave looking out over the land. The coffin of a baby or child may be hung from ropes on a cliff face or from a tree. This hanging grave usually lasts for years, until the ropes rot and the coffin falls to the ground.
In the ritual called Ma'Nene, that takes place each year in August, the bodies of the deceased are exhumed to be washed, groomed and dressed in new clothes. The mummies are then walked around the village.
DANCE AND MUSIC
Torajans perform dances on several occasions, most often during their elaborate funeral ceremonies. They dance to express their grief, and to honour and even cheer the deceased person because he is going to have a long journey in the afterlife. First, a group of men form a circle and sing a monotonous chant throughout the night to honour the deceased (a ritual called Ma'badong). This is considered by many Torajans to be the most important component of the funeral ceremony. On the second funeral day, the Ma'randing warrior dance is performed to praise the courage of the deceased during life. Several men perform the dance with a sword, a large shield made from buffalo skin, a helmet with a buffalo horn, and other ornamentation. The Ma'randing dance precedes a procession in which the deceased is carried from a rice barn to the rante, the site of the funeral ceremony. During the funeral, elder women perform the Ma'katia dance while singing a poetic song and wearing a long feathered costume. The Ma'akatia dance is performed to remind the audience of the generosity and loyalty of the deceased person. After the bloody ceremony of buffalo and pig slaughter, a group of boys and girls clap their hands while performing a cheerful dance called Ma'dondan.
As in other agricultural societies, Torajans dance and sing during harvest time. The Ma'bugi dance celebrates the thanksgiving event, and the Ma'gandangi dance is performed while Torajans are pounding rice. There are several war dances, such as the Manimbong dance performed by men, followed by the Ma'dandan dance performed by women. The aluk religion governs when and how Torajans dance. A dance called Ma'bua can be performed only once every 12 years. Ma'bua is a major Toraja ceremony in which priests wear a buffalo head and dance around a sacred tree.
A traditional musical instrument of the Toraja is a bamboo flute called a Pa'suling (suling is an Indonesian word for flute). This six-holed flute (not unique to the Toraja) is played at many dances, such as the thanksgiving dance Ma'bondensan, where the flute accompanies a group of shirtless, dancing men with long fingernails. The Toraja have indigenous musical instruments, such as the Pa'pelle (made from palm leaves) and the Pa'karombi (the Torajan version of a jaw harp). The Pa'pelle is played during harvest time and at house inauguration ceremonies.
LANGUAGE
The ethnic Toraja language is dominant in Tana Toraja with the main language as the Sa'dan Toraja. Although the national Indonesian language is the official language and is spoken in the community, all elementary schools in Tana Toraja teach Toraja language.Language varieties of Toraja, including Kalumpang, Mamasa, Tae' , Talondo' , Toala' , and Toraja-Sa'dan, belong to the Malayo-Polynesian language from the Austronesian family. At the outset, the isolated geographical nature of Tana Toraja formed many dialects between the Toraja languages themselves. After the formal administration of Tana Toraja, some Toraja dialects have been influenced by other languages through the transmigration program, introduced since the colonialism period, and it has been a major factor in the linguistic variety of Toraja languages. A prominent attribute of Toraja language is the notion of grief. The importance of death ceremony in Toraja culture has characterized their languages to express intricate degrees of grief and mourning. The Toraja language contains many terms referring to sadness, longing, depression, and mental pain. Giving a clear expression of the psychological and physical effect of loss is a catharsis and sometimes lessens the pain of grief itself.
ECONOMY
Prior to Suharto's "New Order" administration, the Torajan economy was based on agriculture, with cultivated wet rice in terraced fields on mountain slopes, and supplemental cassava and maize crops. Much time and energy were devoted to raising water buffalo, pigs, and chickens, primarily for ceremonial sacrifices and consumption. Coffee was the first significant cash crop produced in Toraja, and was introduced in the mid 19th century, changing the local economy towards commodity production for external markets and gaining an excellent reputation for quality in the international market .
With the commencement of the New Order in 1965, Indonesia's economy developed and opened to foreign investment. In Toraja, a coffee plantation and factory was established by Key Coffee of Japan, and Torajan coffee regained a reputation for quality within the growing international specialty coffee sector Multinational oil and mining companies opened new operations in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s. Torajans, particularly younger ones, relocated to work for the foreign companies - to Kalimantan for timber and oil, to Papua for mining, to the cities of Sulawesi and Java, and many went to Malaysia. The out-migration of Torajans was steady until 1985. and has continued since, with remittances sent back by emigre Torajans performing an important role within the contemporary economy.
Tourism commenced in Toraja in the 1970s, and accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s. Between 1984 and 1997, a significant number of Torajans obtained their incomes from tourism, working in and owning hotels, as tour guides, drivers, or selling souvenirs. With the rise of political and economic instability in Indonesia in the late 1990s - including religious conflicts elsewhere on Sulawesi - tourism in Tana Toraja has declined dramatically. Toraja continues to be a well known origin for Indonesian coffee, grown by both smallholders and plantation estates, although migration, remittances and off-farm income is considered far more important to most households, even those in rural areas.
TOURISM AND CULTURAL CHANGE
Before the 1970s, Toraja was almost unknown to Western tourism. In 1971, about 50 Europeans visited Tana Toraja. In 1972, at least 400 visitors attended the funeral ritual of Puang of Sangalla, the highest-ranking nobleman in Tana Toraja and the so-called "last pure-blooded Toraja noble." The event was documented by National Geographic and broadcast in several European countries. In 1976, about 12,000 tourists visited the regency and in 1981, Torajan sculpture was exhibited in major North American museums. "The land of the heavenly kings of Tana Toraja", as written in the exhibition brochure, embraced the outside world.
In 1984, the Indonesian Ministry of Tourism declared Tana Toraja Regency the prima donna of South Sulawesi. Tana Toraja was heralded as "the second stop after Bali". Tourism was increasing dramatically: by 1985, a total number of 150,000 foreigners had visited the Regency (in addition to 80,000 domestic tourists), and the annual number of foreign visitors was recorded at 40,000 in 1989. Souvenir stands appeared in Rantepao, the cultural center of Toraja, roads were sealed at the most-visited tourist sites, new hotels and tourist-oriented restaurants were opened, and an airstrip was opened in the Regency in 1981.
Tourism developers have marketed Tana Toraja as an exotic adventure - an area rich in culture and off the beaten track. Western tourists expected to see stone-age villages and pagan funerals. Toraja is for tourists who have gone as far as Bali and are willing to see more of the wild, "untouched" islands. However, they were more likely to see a Torajan wearing a hat and denim, living in a Christian society. Tourists felt that the tongkonan and other Torajan rituals had been preconceived to make profits, and complained that the destination was too commercialized. This has resulted in several clashes between Torajans and tourism developers, whom Torajans see as outsiders.
A clash between local Torajan leaders and the South Sulawesi provincial government (as a tourist developer) broke out in 1985. The government designated 18 Toraja villages and burial sites as traditional tourist attractions. Consequently, zoning restrictions were applied to these areas, such that Torajans themselves were barred from changing their tongkonans and burial sites. The plan was opposed by some Torajan leaders, as they felt that their rituals and traditions were being determined by outsiders. As a result, in 1987, the Torajan village of Kété Kesú and several other designated tourist attractions closed their doors to tourists. This closure lasted only a few days, as the villagers found it too difficult to survive without the income from selling souvenirs.
Tourism has also transformed Toraja society. Originally, there was a ritual which allowed commoners to marry nobles (puang) and thereby gain nobility for their children. However, the image of Torajan society created for the tourists, often by "lower-ranking" guides, has eroded its traditional strict hierarchy. High status is not as esteemed in Tana Toraja as it once was. Many low-ranking men can declare themselves and their children nobles by gaining enough wealth through work outside the region and then marrying a noble woman.
WIKIPEDIA
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 15, Nos. 1-4, 1921
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1921
Language: eng
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PORTRAIT OF SURGEON GENERAL E. R. STITT, U. S. NAVY —Frontispiece</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">THE NAVAL HOSPITAL, MARE ISLAND, CALIF. :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORY OF THE HOSPITAL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operating room technique.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, and Bessie C.
Graham, Nurse Corps, U. S. N 10</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The urological service.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. B. Hepler, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 16</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The roentgenological service.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 30</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The laboratory.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. A. Gray, Medical Corps. U. S. N 34</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Features of organization.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. C. White, Medical Corps, U. S. N 40</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General file and record system.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. C. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 4T</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested clinical chart.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. C. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N 49</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The theater.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist T. C. Hart, Medical Corps, U. S. N 50</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Study of one hundred navy desertions.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A H. Ehrenclou. Medical Corps, U. S. N., and</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lieutenant W. H. Wilson, Chaplain Corps, U. S. N. R. F 53</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical failures.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N 69</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Circumcision.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 77</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A glue cast for fractures of long bones.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N . 79</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculin in the early diagnosis of tuberculosis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. A. Gray, Medical Corps, U. S. N 81</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diphtheria at Mare Island, Calif., in 1920.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. A. Gray, Medical Corps, U. S. N 84</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Agglutination of human erythrocytes by sera.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. A. Gray, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Pharmacist's
Mate E. C. Upp, U. S. N 8G</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A method of ringing the hanging drop, etc.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Hospital Apprentice First Class D. G. Willard, U. S. N 92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preparation of colloidal gold solution.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Marie Karlen. Reserve Nurse Corps, and Pharmacist's Mate First Class
A. E. Bourke, U. S. N 94</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of seventy-five refraction cases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. D. Horner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 95</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Empyema cases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. R. Guinan, Medical Corps, U. S. N 99</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acute mastoiditis. Page.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. N. Meador, Medical Corps, U. S. N 106</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dental foci in the etiology of systemic disease.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. H. Ehrenclou, Medical Corps, and Lieutenant</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">B. F. Loveall, Dental Corps, U. S. N 109</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Transfusion in medical cases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant D. H. Murray, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 117</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DENTAL BRANCH OF THE HOSPITAL COBPS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. F. Loveall, Dental Corps, U. S. N 118</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF TUBERCULOUS PEBICABDITI8.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. H. Ehrenclou, Medical Corps, U. S. N 120</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ACUTE ANILINE POISONING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. H. Ehrenclou, Medical Corps, U. S. N 123</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. J. Sale, Medical Corps, U. S. N 126</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF NEUROPARALYTIC KERATITIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. N. Meador, Medical Corps, U. S. N 127</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vernal conjunctivitis treated with radium.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. D. Horner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1 128</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of acute myelitis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. E. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 130</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of osteoma of the tibia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. G. Linde, Medical Corps, U. S. N 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DISLOCATED SEMILUNAR CARTHAGE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. G. Linde, Medical Corps, U. S. N 132</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF COMPOUND FRACTURE OF TIBIA AND FIBULA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. G. Linde, Medical Corps, U. S. N 132</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM NITRIC ACID POISONING.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. A. Gray, Medical Corps, U.S. N 133</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NECROSIS OF THE MANDIBLE ; TWO CASES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. F. Loveall, Dental Corps, U. S. N 134</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Alexis Soyer.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain J. S. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 139</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Morale 175</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal statistics of the Army and Navy: A study of certain published
reports.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. RIggs. Medical Corps, U. S. N 179</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of one hundred compound fractures due to shell fragments or
machine-gun bullets.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. L. Clifton, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 191</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Death From Novarsenobenzol.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. A. Torrance, Medical Corps, U. S. N 193</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mercurochrome —220, in dentistry.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. L. Darnall, Dental Corps, U. S. N_ 194</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis.
—The clinical recognition of syphilis. —Mercury bichloride Intravenously. —
Transduodenal lavage. — Immunization against diphtheria. —Buccal auscultation
197</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. — Malingering. —Extending the field of
conscious control. —The patient himself. —Anxiety and fear 210</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Blood transfusion. —Dangers of transfusion. —Mixture of ethyl
chloride, chloroform, and ether for anesthesia. — Skin grafting.—Autoplasties
for baldness. —Bladder tumors 217</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Hospital tires.—Coffee and vitamines 223
Tropical medicine. —Sterilization of ova in bilharziasis.—Antimony in the
treatment of bilharziasis 226</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Cause and diagnosis of glaucoma ; treatment
by myotics.— Corneal disease of tubercular origin. —Action of chloral on the
pupil 227</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Enlistments. —Professional training of experienced officers.—The case of
the U. S. S. Pittsburgh. —Prostatic lithiasis.—Cessation of respiration 15
hours before death. —Chloropierin to exterminate rats. —The Annual Report of
the Surgeon General, U. S. Navy. —Finding malarial parasites.— Icterus in
malaria.—Excretion of quinine.— Student health at the University of
Iowa.—Conference on war victims. —Pleasure and profit in the Medical Corps of
the Navy. —Law regarding thermometers. —Adhesive plaster. —The essential in
nursing. —Laxative cookies.—Samoa. —The Navy Mutual Aid Association 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 251</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE<span> </span>VII</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VIII</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of influenza.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander J. L. Neilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 269</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Intravenous use of magnesium sulphate in influenzal pneumonia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. J. Hogan, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R.F.<span> </span>277</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Accidental injuries from electric currents.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant W. T. Brown, Medical Corps,
U. S. N 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Methods of sterilization in dentistry.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N. 282</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Peptic ulcer.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. S. Norburn, Medical Corps, U. S. N 285</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURVEY OF FIFTY COURT-MARTIAL PRISONERS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. H. Castle, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R.F<span> </span>291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital training of apprentices.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. H. Ehrenclou, Medical Corps, U. S. N 296</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Methods of instructing hospital corpsmen.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr. Medical Corps, U. S.N<span> </span>302</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Standardizing treatment for venereal disease.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. D. Owens, Medical Corps, U. S. N 308</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plan of organization for a naval hospital.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain R. P. Crandall and Commander W. A. Angwin, Medical Corps, U.
S. N 316</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGERY IN THE MIDDLE AGES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain J. S. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S.N<span> </span>347</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Calling a spade an implement of horticultural utility 377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"To bide the hobbyhorse with the boys " 378</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SIGGESTED DEVICES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">RETINOSCOPIC LENS HOLDER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain J. S. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 383</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Strong room for alcohol and narcotics.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Detection of mosquito larvae.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. C. Parham, Medical Corps, U. S. N 380</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculous meningitis simulating lethargic encephalitis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. A. Bloedorn, Medical Corps, U. S. N 387</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Advancement of ocular muscles by the Fox technique.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, Medical Corps. U.S. N<span> </span><span> </span>392</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical treatment of "saddle nose" deformity.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, Medical Corps. U. S. N 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A HAND PLASTIC.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson. Medical Corps, U. S. N 399</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dislocation of first cervical vertebra.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain G. T. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 400</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Death from neo-arsphenamine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. .T. Za leaky and Lieutenant J. B. Bellinger, Medical Corps,
U. S. N 401</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thrombosis of the lateral sinus.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Koebbe, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 403</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Orchitis complicating tonsillitis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants J. D. Benjamin and T. C. Quirk, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span> </span>408</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operations for trauma of the urethra.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. L. Cowles, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. P 407</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sea sickness.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. E. Henry. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 410</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of the " West Indian chancroid."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 412</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The arsphenaniines in therapeutics. —Recital absorption
of glucose 415</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —lethargic encephalitis. —Theory of hysteria.
—Mental deficiency 420</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Resuscitation in death under anesthesia. —Advances in anesthesia.
— Sloughing in local anesthesia. —Anesthesia in abdominal surgery. —
Suppurating wounds after abdominal section. —Saving suppurating Incisions.
—Abdominal adhesions. —Perforating gastric and duodenal ulcer. — Persistence of
pyloric and duodenal ulcers. — Diverticula of the duodenum.— Orthopedic
treatment of burns. —Postoperative bronchial irritation. —Care of surgical patients.
—End-to-end anastomosis. —Genital tuberculosis.— Radium therapy of cancer of
bladder. — Radium and malignant genitourinary disease.—Bone tumors. —Fracture
of vertebrae. —Penetrating wounds of chest. —Operation for empyema.—Plastic war
surgery in civil life. —The war's contribution to civil surgery 429</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Typhus fever in Serbia 455</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bactkriology, and animal parasitology. —Diagnosis of cholera.
—Staining malarial parasites. —Saprophytysm of venereal organisms. — Variation
in size of red cells. —Anophellnes of California. —Reaction from echinococcus fluid
457</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.— Encephalitis lethargica<span> </span>487</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS: <span> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bronchospirochaetosis. — Starvation edema. —Dried cabbage as an antiscorbutic.
—Miner's nystagmus. —Endocrines and the teeth. — Orientation of bats. — Sugar
production.- -The teeth of the ancient Egyptians. —Treatment of enlarged
thymus. —Plague in Paris.— Antivenereal campaign in Rouen.— Medical school of
the University of Virginia. —Postgraduate study In the Japanese Navy. — National
Academy of Science.—Peking Unjon Medical College. — The dye Industry. — Naval
medical service as a career. —Naval dispensary and hospital defined.— Death of
Anton Weichselbaum. — Action of the Women's Civic League, Maiden, Mass. — Dr.
Russel H. Boggs. — Preservation of leather. —Service publications. —Picric acid
<span> </span>469</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sewage system in Charlotte Amalia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. L. Pettigrew, Civil Engineer Corps, U. S. N. and
Lieutenant E. Peterson. Medical Corps, U. S. N 481</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Application of the Schick reaction to 2,011 naval recruits.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. F. Norwood. Medical Corps, U. S. N 486</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Smallpox in Haiti.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander K. C. Melborn, Medical Corps, U. S. N 492</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on Libau, Latvia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. C. Smith and Lieutenant R. P. Parsons,
Medical Corps, U. S. N 492</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Summer school, Hampton Roads, Va.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander K. E. Lowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 495</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INFORMATION WANTED 498</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 499</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES : Surgical service of the United States Naval Hospital,
New Orleans, La.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. J. Riddick and Lieutenant Commander E. A.
Stephens, Medical Corps, U. S.N.<span> </span><span> </span>507</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF HYSTERIA IN THE NAVAL SERVICE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. A. Bloedorn, Medical Corps, U. S. N.<span> </span>515</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF HYSTERICAL CONTRACTURE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. H. Ehrenclou, Medical Corps, U. S. N 521</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">X-RAY PROCEDURE AND TECHNIQUE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander I. E. Jacobs, Medical Corps, and Chief
Pharmacist's Mate C. B. Worster, U. S. N 524</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Interpretation of abdominal rigidity.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander Lucius W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span> </span><span> </span>529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ECHINOCOCCUS CYST.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. S. Norburn, Medical Corps, U. S. N 530</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NONCORRODIBLE INSTRUMENTS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. C. Thomas, Medical Corps, U. S. N 532</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Aseptic technique for canal instruments.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N 533</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumata due to falling.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. H. Lane, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span> </span><span> </span>535</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Administration of neosalvarsan.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. B. Bostick, Medical Corps, U. S. N 536</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diet deficiency in Vincent's angina.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. H. Morris, Dental Corps, U. S. N 540</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vincent's infection of the -mouth.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (j. g.) J. B. Goodall, Dental Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>542</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Penetrating wound of the pelvis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. P. Gardner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 544</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic rupture of spleen —removal.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U.S. N., and
Lieutenant Commander E. M. Foote, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 545</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operation for wrist drop.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. I. Yohannan, Medical Corps, U. S. N 547</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A PLASTIC OPERATION ON THE MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 54S</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A SIMPLE OPERATION FOR TRICHIASIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. S. Cragin, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 551</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF ADENO-CARCINOMA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N— 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chancroidal infections.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Pearce, Medical Corps, U. S. N 554</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CA8E OF INNOCENT SYPHILIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. W. Jones, Medical Corps, U. S. N 556</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF CARCINOMA OF THE TESTICLE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. J. Corcoran, Medical Corps, U. S. N 557</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of an unusually large tumor.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. L. Jones, Medical Corps, U. S. N 558</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A RETROSPECT OF NAVAL AND MILITARY MEDICINE.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain J. S. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N 561</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Accidental poisoning — Contributing to the Bulletin —The omission of
the—The future of nursing — Comparative values 627</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine — Mechanism of hiccough — Gases In arterial blood—Treatment
of arsenic poisoning —Treatment of encephalitis letharglca —New test for
nephritis—Blood in pellagra and beri beri —Ocular symptoms in sinus
disease—Reaction from repeated transfusions —Eye symptoms in epidemic
encephalitis —Diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhoids —Cost of venereal
disease—Future of medicine in the United States 637</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases —The criminal—Brain lesions of dementia
praecox —Follow-up studies on mental patients 652</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery—Trauma of the abdomen— Rubber dam tampon —Diagnosis of gastric
or duodenal ulcers —Postoperative thrombophlebitis — Treatment of fractured
patella —Affections of the tibial tubercle— 655</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation —Sanitary features of merchant ships 659</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Errata —Centenary of von Helmholtz —Retirement of Filippo Rho, Surgeon
General, Italian Navy—A diagnostic point in tuberculosis —Curing hemorrhoids
—The X-ray and art— Industrial code of<span> </span>New
York —Preservation of eyesight —Basal metabolism —American Society of Tropical
Medicine —Laboratory work in the Far East— Dentistry in South America
—Fireprooflng of fabrics—The exploration of Mount Everest — Physical
development in Japan — Hiccough and encephalitis lethargica —Use of fish as
food in France — Service items 665</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rat-Proofing at the United States Navy Yard, Key West, Fla.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander P. E. Garrison, Medical Corps, U. S. N 673</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of the Fifth Congress of the International Society of Surgery,
Paris.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant S. B. Burk, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. (Inactive) 681</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Smallpox in Port Au Prince, Haiti.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. J. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 695</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Department of the United States Naval Torpedo Station,
Alexandria, Va.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. C. Kress, Medical Corps, U. S. N 701</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Herman-Perutz Reaction.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. V. Genzmer, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 708</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 711</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Color blindness.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain E. J. Grow, Medical Corps, U. S. N 717</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cardiac irregularity.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 732</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Handling of recruits, Marine Barracks, Parris Island.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. C. Parham, Medical Corps, U. S. N 740</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Four centuries in the treatment of syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. W. Shaffer, Medical Corps, U. S. N 749</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Marine Corps field hospital.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N<span> </span><span> </span>762</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Training and care of the football squad, U. S. Naval Academy, Annapolis,
Md.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. H. Roberts, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 770</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gas poisoning in warfare.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. H. Mankin, Medical Corps, U. S. N 775</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Venereal prophylaxis among U. S. Marines at Honolulu.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. H. Lane, Medical Corps, U. S. N_. 783</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Manila Galleon.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 787</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On learning to write-—On several phases of syphilis 801</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dental X-ray film holder.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps. U. S. N_- 807</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggestion for recording dental conditions.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N-- 807</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF CUTANEOUS SPOROTRICHOSIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander R. E. Hoyt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 809</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of pellagra in Haiti.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 813</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acute rheumatic fever.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. M. Alberty, Medical Corps, U. S. N 814</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of poisoning by oil of chenopodium.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant B. F. Norwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 818</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Brushing the teeth.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N<span> </span><span> </span>824</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">TWENTY-EIGHT CASES OF PNEUMONIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. R. Jeffrey, Medical Corps, U. S. N 825</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF TUBERCULOUS MENINGITIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander S. P. Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N— 830</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cholecystectomy <span> </span>and pyelotomy in
Guam.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander A. H. Robnett, Medical Corps, U. S. N 831</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Elephantiasis of the scrotum.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. W. Breene, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and W. Zur Linden,
chief pharmacist, Medical Corps, U. S. N 884</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rules for massage.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. S. Bainbridge, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F— 835</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Transfusion of blood—Diabetes mellitus In the Negro
race— Diagnosis of syphilis In malarial subjects —So-called diseases of the
blood— Singultus— The role of the prostate and</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">seminal vesicles in arthritis —Medical aspects of naval aviation — Treating
syphilitics—The etiology of scurvy —Food accessory factors in relation to the
teeth 839</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Immediate surgery in fighting ships —Immediate surgery of war
wounds as practiced in hospital ships —The surgical treatment of empyema by a
closed method—Willems treatment of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">knee-joint injuries —Observations on primary venereal sores—Resection
of the small intestine for war wounds —Tetanus in the British Army during the
European War 855</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —New method of treatment of trypanosomiasis — Differential
diagnosis in tropical fevers —Schistosomiasis in the Yangtse Valley—Carriers of
dysenteriae among soldiers —Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine 870</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Cultivation of gonococcus—Aestivo-autumnal
malaria Plasmodia —Virulence of diphtheria-like organisms 885</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.—Absorption of calcium salts in man— Improvements
in the Nephelometer-Colorimeter — Substitution of turbidimetry for nephelometry
in certain biochemical methods of analysis— Creatinuria —Phosphoric acid in the
blood of normal infants—Basal metabolism of normal women—Fat-soluble vitamine— Standards
for normal basal metabolism 887</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.- —Injuries to the ear in modern warfare— Injuries
to the ear in modern warfare— Symptomatology and diagnosis of foreign bodies in
the air and food passages—Etiology and prevention of injuries to the eye
—Mosher-Totl operation on the lachrymal sac —-Tuberculosis of the middle ear
892</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Colles's Fracture—The French view of an American medical congress —Case
Records of the Massachusetts General Hospital— National cancer week- —
Pharmacopoeia of China —Municipal disposal of garbage—American Journal of
Tropical Medicine —Danger of week-end camping in the Tropics — Influenza
epidemic in the British Navy —Benvenuto Cellini—A Consulting Surgeon in the
Near</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">East—Asphyxiation in Garages —Dental service In the British Navy
—Surgeon Captain Lomas, R. N.—Counsels and Ideals from the Writings of William
Osler —John Keats, apothecary and poet — Life and times of Ambroise
Pare—Treatment of ozena —Lead poisoning in the pottery trade—The International
Journal of Gastro-Enterology— Treatment of malarial fever —Formaldehyde
poisoning — Toxic effects of shaking arsphenamine solution —Peking Union Medical
College —Milk standards 901</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 921</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 983</p>
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The Devaraja market in Mysore was built during the reign of Chamaraja Wodeyar IX (1868 – 1894). It is said that there was at this place a small weekly market which may have been as old as the origin of the city itself.
Mysore, officially renamed as Mysuru, is the third most populous city in the state of Karnataka, India. Located at the base of the Chamundi Hills about 146 km southwest of the state capital Bangalore, it is spread across an area of 128.42 km2. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census of India, the population is 887,446. Mysore City Corporation is responsible for the civic administration of the city, which is also the headquarters of the Mysore district and the Mysore division.
Mysore served as the capital city of Kingdom of Mysore for nearly six centuries, from 1399 until 1947. The Kingdom was ruled by the Wodeyar dynasty, except for a brief period in the late 18th century when Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan were in power. Patrons of art and culture, the Wodeyars contributed significantly to the cultural growth of the city. The cultural ambience and achievements of Mysore earned it the sobriquet Cultural capital of Karnataka.
Mysore is noted for its palaces, including the Mysore Palace, and for the festivities that take place during the Dasara festival when the city receives a large number of tourists. It lends its name to the Mysore style of painting, the sweet dish Mysore Pak, the Mysore Peta (a traditional silk turban) and the garment known as the Mysore silk saree. Tourism is the major industry, while information technology has emerged as a major employer alongside the traditional industries. Mysore depends on rail and bus transport for inter-city connections. The city was the location of the first private radio station in India. Mysore houses Mysore University, which has produced several notable authors, particularly in the field of Kannada literature. Cricket is the most popular sport in the city.
ETYMOLOGY
The name Mysore is an anglicised version of Mahishūru, which means the abode of Mahisha in the local Kannada language. Though in Sanskrit Mahisha means buffalo, here Mahisha refers to Mahishasura, a mythological demon who could assume the form of both human and buffalo. According to Hindu mythology, the area was ruled by the demon Mahishasura. The demon was killed by the Goddess Chamundeshwari, whose temple is situated atop the Chamundi Hills. Mahishūru later became Mahisūru (a name which, even now, the royal family uses) and finally came to be called Maisūru, its present name in the Kannada language.
In December 2005, the Government of Karnataka announced its intention to change the English name of the city to Mysuru. This was approved by the Government of India, but as of 2011 the formalities necessary to incorporate the name change were yet to be completed. The central government approved this request in October 2014 and Mysore was renamed (along with other 12 cities) to "Mysuru" on November 1, 2014.
HISTORY
The site where Mysore Palace now stands was occupied by a village named Puragere at the beginning of the 16th century. The Mahishūru Fort was constructed in 1524 by Chamaraja Wodeyar III (1513–1553), who passed on the dominion of Puragere to his son Chamaraja Wodeyar IV (1572–1576). Since the 16th century, the name of Mahishūru has commonly been used to denote the city. The Mysore Kingdom, governed by the Wodeyar family, initially served as a vassal state of the Vijayanagara Empire. With the decline of the Vijayanagara Empire after the Battle of Talikota in 1565, the Mysore Kingdom gradually achieved independence, and by the time of King Narasaraja Wodeyar (1637) it had become a sovereign state. Seringapatam (modern-day Srirangapatna), near Mysore, was the capital of the kingdom from 1610. The 17th century saw a steady expansion of its territory and, under Narasaraja Wodeyar I and Chikka Devaraja Wodeyar, the kingdom annexed large expanses of what is now southern Karnataka and parts of Tamil Nadu, to become a powerful state in the southern Deccan.
The kingdom reached the height of its military power and dominion in the latter half of the 18th century under the de facto rulers Hyder Ali and his son Tipu Sultan. The latter demolished parts of Mysore to remove legacies of the Wodeyar dynasty. During this time, Mysore kingdom came into conflict with the Marathas, the British and the Nizam of Golconda, leading to the four Anglo-Mysore wars, success in the first two of which was followed by defeat in the third and fourth. After Tipu Sultan's death in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799, the capital of the kingdom was moved back to Mysore from Seringapatam, and the kingdom was distributed by the British to their allies of the Fourth Mysore war. The landlocked interior of the previous Mysore Kingdom was turned into a princely state under the suzerainty of the British Crown. The former Wodeyar rulers were reinstated as puppet monarchs, now styled Maharajas. The British administration was assisted locally by Diwan (chief minister) Purnaiah. Purnaiah is credited with improving Mysore's public works. Mysore lost its status as the administrative centre of the kingdom in 1831, when the British commissioner moved the capital to Bangalore. It regained that status in 1881 and remained the capital of the Princely State of Mysore within the British Indian Empire until India became independent in 1947.
The Mysore municipality was established in 1888 and the city was divided into eight wards. In 1897 an outbreak of bubonic plague killed nearly half of the population of the city. With the establishment of the City Improvement Trust Board (CITB) in 1903, Mysore became one of the first cities in Asia to undertake planned development of the city. Public demonstrations and meetings were held there during the Quit India movement and other phases of the Indian independence movement.
After Indian independence, Mysore city remained as part of the Mysore State, now known as Karnataka. Jayachamarajendra Wodeyar, then king of Mysore, was allowed to retain his titles and was nominated as the Rajapramukh (appointed governor) of the state. He died in September 1974 and was cremated in Mysore city. Over the years, Mysore became well known as a centre for tourism; the city remained largely peaceful, except for occasional riots related to the Kaveri river water dispute. Among the events that took place in Mysore and made national headlines were a fire at a television studio that claimed 62 lives in 1989, and the sudden deaths of many animals at the Mysore Zoo.
GEOGRAPHY
Mysore is located at 12.30°N 74.65°E and has an average altitude of 770 metres. It is spread across an area of 128.42 km2 at the base of the Chamundi Hills in the southern region of Karnataka. Mysore is the southern-most city of Karnataka, and is a neighbouring city of the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu in the south, flanked by the state cities Mercara, Chamarajanagara, and Mandya. People in and around Mysore extensively use Kannada as medium of language. Mysore has several lakes, such as the Kukkarahalli, the Karanji, and the Lingambudhi lakes. In 2001, total land area usage in Mysore city was 39.9% residential, 16.1% roads, 13.74% parks and open spaces, 13.48% industrial, 8.96% public property, 3.02% commercial, 2.27% agriculture and 2.02 water. The city is located between two rivers: the Kaveri River that flows through the north of the city and the Kabini River, a tributary of the Kaveri, that lies to the south.
CLIMATE
Mysore has a tropical savanna climate designated Aw under the Köppen climate classification. The main seasons are summer from March to June, the monsoon season from July to November and winter from December to February. The highest temperature recorded in Mysore was 39.4 °C on 4 April 1914, and the lowest was 7.7 °C on 16 January 2012. The city's average annual rainfall is 804.2 mm.
ADMINISTRATION AND UTILITIES
The civic administration of the city is managed by the Mysore City Corporation, which was established as a municipality in 1888 and converted into a corporation in 1977. Overseeing engineering works, health, sanitation, water supply, administration and taxation, the corporation is headed by a mayor, who is assisted by commissioners and council members. The city is divided into 65 wards and the council members (also known as corporators) are elected by the citizens of Mysore every five years. The council members in turn elect the mayor. The annual budget of the Corporation for the year 2011–2012 was ₹426.96 crore (US$63.45 million). Among 63 cities covered under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, Mysore City Corporation was adjudged the second best city municipal corporation and was given the "Nagara Ratna" award in 2011.
Urban growth and expansion is managed by the Mysore Urban Development Authority (MUDA), which is headed by a commissioner. Its activities include developing new layouts and roads, town planning and land acquisition. One of the major projects undertaken by MUDA is the creation of an Outer Ring Road to ease traffic congestion. Citizens of Mysore have criticised MUDA for its inability to prevent land mafias and ensure lawful distribution of housing lands among city residents. The Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation is responsible for electric supply to the city.
Drinking water for Mysore is sourced from the Kaveri and Kabini rivers. The city got its first piped water supply when the Belagola project was commissioned in 1896. As of 2011, Mysore gets 42.5 million gallons water per day. Mysore sometimes faces water crises, mainly during the summer months (March–June) and in years of low rainfall. The city has had an underground drainage system since 1904. The entire sewage from the city drains into four valleys: Kesare, Malalavadi, Dalavai and Belavatha. In an exercise carried out by the Urban Development Ministry under the national urban sanitation policy, Mysore was rated the second cleanest city in India in 2010 and the cleanest in Karnataka.
The citizens of Mysore elect four representatives to the Legislative assembly of Karnataka through the constituencies of Chamaraja, Krishnaraja, Narasimharaja and Chamundeshwari. Mysore city, being part of the larger Mysore Lok Sabha constituency, also elects one member to the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Indian Parliament. The politics in the city is dominated by three political parties: the Indian National Congress (INC), the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), and the Janata Dal (Secular) (JDS).
DEMOGRAPHICS
According to the provisional results of the 2011 census of India, Mysore had a population of 887,446, consisting of 443,813 males and 443,633 females, making it the third most populous city in Karnataka. The gender ratio of the city is 1000 females to every 1000 males and the population density is 6,910.5 per square kilometre. According to the census of 2001, 76.8% of thepopulatiion are Hindus, 19% are Muslims, 2.8% are Christians, and the remainder belong to other religions. The population exceeded 100,000 in the census of 1931 and grew by 20.5 per cent in the decade 1991–2001. As of 2011, the literacy rate of the city is 86.84 per cent, which is higher than the state's average of 75.6 per cent. Kannada is the most widely spoken language in the city. Approximately 19% of the population live below the poverty line, and 9% live in slums. According to the 2001 census, 35.75% of the population in the urban areas of Karnataka are workers, but only 33.3% of the population of Mysore are. Members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled tribes constitute 15.1% of the population. According to the National Crime Records Bureau of India, the number of cognisable crime incidents reported in Mysore during 2010 was 3,407 (second in the state, after Bangalore's 32,188), increasing from 3,183 incidents reported in 2009.
The residents of the city are known as Mysoreans in English and Mysoorinavaru in Kannada. The dispute between Karnataka and Tamil Nadu over the sharing of Kaveri river water often leads to minor altercations and demonstrations in the city. Growth in the information technology industry in Mysore has led to a change in the city's demographic profile; likely strains on the infrastructure and haphazard growth of the city resulting from the demographic change have been a cause of concern for some of its citizens.
ECONOMY
Tourism is the major industry in Mysore. The city attracted about 3.15 million tourists in 2010. Mysore has traditionally been home to industries such as weaving, sandalwood carving, bronze work and the production of lime and salt. The planned industrial growth of the city and the state was first envisaged at the Mysore economic conference in 1911. This led to the establishment of industries such as the Mysore Sandalwood Oil Factory in 1917 and the Sri Krishnarajendra Mills in 1920.
For the industrial development of the city, the Karnataka Industrial Areas Development Board (KIADB) has established four industrial areas in and around Mysore, in the Belagola, Belawadi, Hebbal and Hootagalli areas. One of the major industrial in the proximity of Mysore is Nanjangud which will be Satellite town to Mysore. Nanjangud industrial area hosts a number of Big industries like Reid and Taylor, Jubiliant, TVS, Asian Paints. Nanjangud Industrial area also boasts being 2nd highest VAT / Sales Tax payer which is about 400+ crores after Peenya which is in state capital Bangalore.
Mysore also hosts many central government organisations like CFTRI, DFRL, CIPET, RPM ( Rare Material Project ), RBI Note printing Press and RBI Paper Printing Press.
The growth of the information technology industry in the first decade of the 21st century has resulted in the city emerging as the second largest software exporter in Karnataka, next to Bangalore. The city contributed Rs. 1363 crore (US$275 million) to Karnataka's IT exports.
Mysore is slowly becoming a consumer city with a very big outside population working with the industries and IT hubs. New housing layouts are appearing every month and the number of supermarkets and other shopping facilities is increasing very fast.
EDUCATION
Before the advent of the European system of education in Mysore, agraharas (Brahmin quarters) provided Vedic education to Hindus, and madrassas provided schooling for Muslims. Modern education began in Mysore when a free English school was established in 1833. Maharaja College was founded in 1864. A high school exclusively for girls was established in 1881 and later converted into the Maharani's Women's College. The Industrial School, the first institute for technical education in the city, was established in 1892; this was followed by the Chamarajendra Technical Institute in 1913. While the modern system of education was making inroads, colleges such as the Mysore Sanskrit college, established in 1876, continued to provide Vedic education. Vivekananda Institute, Mysore is an international organisation giving training to Indians and foreigners in development management.
The education system was enhanced by the establishment of the University of Mysore in 1916, making it the first outside the British administration in India. Other important institutes are CFTRI, MYRA School of Business (founded in 2011) and Mysore Medical College.
CULTURE
Referred to as the cultural capital of South Karnataka, Mysore is well known for the festivities that take place during the period of Dasara, the state festival of Karnataka. The Dasara festivities, which are celebrated over a ten-day period, were first introduced by King Raja Wodeyar I in 1610. On the ninth day of Dasara, called Mahanavami, the royal sword is worshipped and is taken on a procession of decorated elephants, camels and horses. On the tenth day, called Vijayadashami, the traditional Dasara procession (locally known as Jumboo Savari) is held on the streets of Mysore which usually falls in the month of September or October.. the Idol of the Goddess Chamundeshwari is placed on a golden mantapa on the back of a decorated elephant and taken on a procession, accompanied by tabla, dance groups, music bands, decorated elephants, horses and camels. The procession starts from the Mysore Palace and culminates at a place called Bannimantapa, where the banni tree (Prosopis spicigera) is worshipped. The Dasara festivities culminate on the night of Vijayadashami with a torchlight parade, known locally as Panjina Kavayatthu.
Mysore is called the City of Palaces because of several ornate examples in the city. Among the most notable are Amba Vilas, popularly known as Mysore Palace; Jaganmohana Palace, which also serves as an art gallery; Rajendra Vilas, also known as the summer palace; Lalitha Mahal, which has been converted into a hotel; and Jayalakshmi Vilas. The main palace of Mysore was burned down in 1897, and the present-day structure was built on the same site. Amba Vilas palace exhibits an Indo-Saracenic style of architecture on the outside, but a distinctly Hoysala style in the interior. Even though the Government of Karnataka maintains the Mysore palace, a small portion has been allocated for the erstwhile Royal family to live in. The Jayalakshmi Vilas Mansion was constructed by Sri Chamaraja Wodeyar for his daughter Jayalakshammanni. It is now a museum dedicated to folk culture and artefacts of the royal family.
The Mysore painting style is an offshoot of the Vijayanagar school of painting, and King Raja Wodeyar (1578–1617 CE) is credited with having been its patron. The distinctive feature of these paintings is the gesso work, to which gold foil is applied. Mysore is known for rosewood inlay work; around 4,000 craftsmen were estimated to be involved in this art in 2002. The city lends its name to the Mysore silk saree, a women's garment made with pure silk and gold zari (thread). Mysore Peta, the traditional indigenous turban worn by the erstwhile rulers of Mysore, is worn by men in some traditional ceremonies. A notable local dessert that traces its history to the kitchen in the Mysore palace is Mysore pak.
Mysore is the location of the International Ganjifa Research Centre, which researches the ancient card game Ganjifa and the art associated with it. The Chamarajendra Academy of Visual Arts (CAVA) offers education in visual art forms such as painting, graphics, sculpture, applied art, photography, photojournalism and art history. The Rangayana repertory company performs plays and offers certificate courses in subjects related to theatre. Kannada writers Kuvempu, Gopalakrishna Adiga and U. R. Ananthamurthy were educated in Mysore and served as professors at the Mysore University. R. K. Narayan, a popular English-language novelist and creator of the fictional town of Malgudi, and his cartoonist brother R. K. Laxman spent much of their life in Mysore.
TRANSPORT
ROAD
Mysore is connected by National Highway NH-212 to the state border town of Gundlupet, where the road forks into the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu. State Highway 17, which connects Mysore to Bangalore, was upgraded to a four-lane highway in 2006, reducing travel time between the two cities. A project was planned in 1994 to construct a new expressway to connect Bangalore and Mysore. After numerous legal hurdles, it remains unfinished as of 2012. State Highways 33 and 88 which connect Mysore to H D Kote and Madikeri respectively. The Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) and other private agencies operate buses both within the city and between cities. A new division of KSRTC called Mysore City Transport Corporation (MCTC) has been proposed. Within the city, buses are cheap and popular means of transport, auto-rickshaws are also available and tongas (horse-drawn carriages) are popular with tourists. Mysore also has a 42.5-kilometre long ring road that is being upgraded to six lanes by the MUDA.
RAIL
Mysore railway station has three lines, connecting it to Bangalore, Hassan and Chamarajanagar. The first railway line established in the city was the Bangalore–Mysore Junction metre gauge line, which was commissioned in 1882. All railway lines that serve the city are single track at some points and the rest of the stretch is double track, impeding faster connections to the city. All trains that connect to Mysore are operated by South Western Railway Zone, Hubli of Indian Railways. The fastest train to serve the city is the Shatabdi Express.
AIR
Following three decades of dormancy, Mysore Airport was modernised in the mid-2000s, reopening to scheduled passenger service in October 2010. However, airlines have had difficulty maintaining service to the airport. As of August 2016, the airport is without commercial service.
MEDIA
Newspaper publishing in Mysore started in 1859 when Bhashyam Bhashyacharya began publishing a weekly newspaper in Kannada called the Mysooru Vrittanta Bodhini, the first of a number of weekly newspapers published in the following three decades. A well-known Mysore publisher during Wodeyar rule was M. Venkatakrishnaiah, known as the father of Kannada journalism, who started several news magazines. Many local newspapers are published in Mysore and carry news mostly related to the city and its surroundings, and national and regional dailies in English and Kannada are available, as in the other parts of the state. Sudharma, the only Indian daily newspaper in Sanskrit, is published in Mysore.
Mysore was the location of the first private radio broadcasting station in India when Akashavani (voice from the sky) was established in the city on 10 September 1935 by M.V. Gopalaswamy, a professor of psychology, at his house in the Vontikoppal area of Mysore, using a 50-watt transmitter. The station was taken over by the princely state of Mysore in 1941 and was moved to Bangalore in 1955. In 1957, Akashvani was chosen as the official name of All India Radio (AIR), the radio broadcaster of the Government of India. The AIR station at Mysore broadcasts an FM radio channel at 100.6 MHz, and Gyan Vani broadcasts on 105.2. BIG FM and Red FM are the two private FM channels operating in the city.
Mysore started receiving television broadcasts in the early 1980s, when Doordarshan (public service broadcaster of the Indian government) started broadcasting its national channel all over India. This was the only channel available to Mysoreans until Star TV started satellite channels in 1991. Direct-to-home channels are now available in Mysore.
SPORTS
The Wodeyar kings of Mysore were patrons of games and sports. King Krishnaraja Wodeyar III had a passion for indoor games. He invented new board games and popularised the ganjifa card game. Malla-yuddha (traditional wrestling) has a history in Mysore dating back to the 16th century. The wrestling competition held in Mysore during the Dasara celebrations attracts wrestlers from all over India. An annual sports meeting is organised there during the Dasara season too.
In 1997 Mysore and Bangalore co-hosted the city's biggest sports event ever, the National Games of India. Mysore was the venue for six sports: archery, gymnastics, equestrianism, handball, table tennis and wrestling. Cricket is by far the most popular sport in Mysore. The city has four established cricket grounds, but is yet to host an international cricket match. Javagal Srinath, who represented India for several years as its frontline fast bowler, comes from Mysore. Other prominent sportsmen from the city are Prahlad Srinath, who has represented India in Davis Cup tennis tournaments; Reeth Abraham, a national champion in the heptathlon and a long jump record holder; Sagar Kashyap, the youngest Indian to officiate at the Wimbledon Championships; and Rahul Ganapathy, a national amateur golf champion. The Mysore race course hosts a racing season each year from August through October. India's first youth hostel was formed in the Maharaja's College Hostel in 1949.
TOURISM
Mysore is a major tourist destination in its own right and serves as a base for other tourist attractions in the vicinity. The city receives large number of tourists during the 10-day Dasara festival. One of the most visited monuments in India, the Amba Vilas Palace, or Mysore Palace, is the centre of the Dasara festivities. The Jaganmohana Palace, The Sand Sculpture Museum the Jayalakshmi Vilas and the Lalitha Mahal are other palaces in the city. Chamundeshwari Temple, atop the Chamundi Hills, and St. Philomena's Church, Wesley's Cathedral are notable religious places in Mysore.
The Mysore Zoo, established in 1892, the Karanji and Kukkarahalli lakes are popular recreational destinations. Mysore has the Regional Museum of Natural History, the Folk Lore Museum, the Railway Museum and the Oriental Research Institute. The city is a centre for yoga-related health tourism that attracts domestic and foreign visitors, particularly those who, for years, came to study with the late ashtanga yoga guru K. Pattabhi Jois.
A short distance from Mysore city is the Krishnarajasagar Dam and the adjoining Brindavan Gardens, where a musical fountain show is held every evening. Places of historic importance close to Mysore are Srirangapatna, Somanathapura and Talakad. B R Hills, Himavad Gopalaswamy Betta hill and the hill stations of Ooty, Sultan Bathery and Madikeri are close to Mysore. Popular destinations for wildlife enthusiasts near Mysore include the Nagarhole National Park, the wildlife sanctuaries at Melkote and B R Hills and the bird sanctuaries at Ranganathittu and Kokrebellur. Bandipur National Park and Mudumalai National Park, which are sanctuaries for gaur, chital, elephants, tigers, Indian leopards and other threatened species, lie between 64 and 97 km to the south. Other tourist spots near Mysore include the religious locations of Nanjanagud and Bylakuppe and the waterfalls at Shivanasamudra.
SISTER CITIES
Mysore is currently twinned with Cincinnati.
WIKIPEDIA
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 7, Nos. 1-4, 1913
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1913
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface VII</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rotch method of roentgenographic age determination, by Harold W. Smith,
passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical training in the United States naval service, by J. A. Murphy, surgeon,
United States Navy 20</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The present status of color blindness, by G. B. Trible, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 28</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The organization and finances of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, by
W. S. Gibson, chief clerk Bureau Medicine and Surgery 39</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The United States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo., the Navy's sanatorium
for tuberculosis, by Philip Leach, medical director, United States Navy 53</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships for fishing fleets, by J. L. Neilson, surgeon, United
States Navy 64</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Prevention of the spread of infectious diseases on shipboard, by E. R. Stitt,
medical inspector, United States Navy 70</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The treatment of the insane in the Navy, by G. A. Riker, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 77</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Intestinal parasites and diseases found in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger,
surgeon, United States Navy 86</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The clinical manifestations of pityriasis rosea, by W. D. Owens, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 93</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An easy method for the cultivation of the gonococcus, by G. F. Clark, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 99</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some statistical observations concerning tattooing as seen by the
recruiting surgeon, by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States Navy 100</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on flat foot, by Bruce Elmore, acting assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 102</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A note in regard to the height and weight, at different ages, of
applicants at the recruiting station, Cleveland, Ohio, by J. E. Gill, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 103</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 105</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 105</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Apparatus for obtaining blood from a vein, or from the heart of an
animal, by G. F. Clark, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diet list for use on board ship, designed by B. F. Jenness, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 108</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Three cases demonstrating the need for care in diagnosis of lead
poisoning and appendicitis, by J. S. Woodward, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 109</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Loose bodies in the knee joint, with report of two cases, by A. M.
Fauntleroy, surgeon, and L. M. Schmidt, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 110</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Korsakow's psychosis, with report of a case, by Heber Butts, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 113</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Multiple compound fracture of the skull, with hemorrhage from longitudinal
sinus, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 121</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of sudden death during thoracentesis, by E. O. J. Eytinge,
passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extensive carcinoma of stomach and omentum complicating pulmonary tuberculosis,
by G. D. Hale, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 125</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eighteen cases resembling climatic bubo, by R. G. Heiner, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 126</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The present status of first aid in the Navy 127</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Medical School laboratories 128</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fractures of the long bones 129</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — -Auricular fibrillation. The rapid cure of amoebic dysentery
and hepatitis by hypodermic injections of soluble salts of emetine. The effects
of college athletics on after life. ByA.W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Neprectomy without drainage for tuberculous kidney. Embryonic
bands and membranes about the caecum. The recognition and treatment of lesions
of the right iliac fossae other than appendicitis. By R. Spear and H. C. Curl
136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —A device for keeping garbage cans in place. The
sanitary aspect of a besieged town. Sunstroke —a heresy. The Bimple life. By C.
N. Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 139</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —Notes on a hitherto unknown "summer
fever" of the German East African coast. By R. 0. Ransdell. Climatic bubo.
The value of certain vermifuges in the treatment of ankylostomiasis. Quinine
prophylaxis in malaria. Some observations upon the healing of wounds in
sleeping-sickness <span> </span>patients. By E. R.
Stitt 141</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Structure of the posterior
extremity in the female ankylostoma and necator. The cultivation of malarial
plasmodia. The periodicity-lacking microfilariae. On</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">the length of life of the rat-flea apart from its host. By E. R. Stitt.
The occurrence and virulence of pneumococci in the circulating blood during
lobar pneumonia and the susceptibility of pneumococcus strains to univalent
antipneumococcus serum. The complement fixation test in the differential
diagnosis of acute and chronic gonococcic arthritis. A diluting fluid for
standardization of vaccines with the hvmocytometer. By M. E. Higgins and G. F.
Clark 145</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N.
Fiske. Improvement in the technique of sampling urine for microscopic examination.
Surgical disinfection of the hands with iodine, followed by decolorization with
sodium bisulphate. Determination of the chemical reaction of urine. Detection
of blood in urine and other physiological fluids. Chemistry of silver therapy.
Sensitive test for the detection of albumin in urine. The influence of dry and
moist air on gaseous metabolism. Has the temperature of the blood any influence
on the gaseous metabolism of man? Estimation of dirt in milk. By E.W. Brown and
O. G. Ruge . 149</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Chronic irido-cyclitis. The cerebrospinal fluid
as an aid to diagnosis in suppurative meningitis of otitic origin. Additional
experiments on the excretion of hexamethylenamine in the ocular humers. By G.
B. Trible 155</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous.— Care of surgical and laboratory instruments in the
Tropics, by E. R. Stitt 156</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Administration of typhoid prophylactic at the Naval Hospital, Yokohama,
Japan, by E. M. Shipp, surgeon, United States Navy 159</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of laboratory work performed at Cafiacao Naval Hospital, by C.
S. Butler, surgeon, United States Navy 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and moral training for war, by J. P. Leys, surgeon, United
States Navy 165</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few remarks on the detention and probation system of punishment, and
a classification of the offenses of the personnel of the United States Naval</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Disciplinary Barracks, by W. L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 174</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some of the opinions of Baron Larrey, by John Chalmers Da Costa,
assistant surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 183</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy
188</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some laboratory notes upon the bacillus of dysentery, by C. S. Butler,
surgeon, United States Navy 200</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic dislocation of the patella, by Morris B. Miller, assistant
surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United States Navy 215</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Further observations on the value of studying the pulse rate with the
blood pressure in croupous pneumonia, by H. A. Hare, assistant surgeon, Medical
Reserve Corps, United States Navy..., 218</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of frambesia with salvarsan, by E. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 220</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cutaneous anthrax, with report of a case, by E. C. White, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 222</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Essence of orange-ether anaesthesia, by C. M. Oman, surgeon, United
States Navy 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Iodine sterilization as now used at the United States Naval Hospital,
Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton, surgeon, United States Navy 234</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene of the personnel below decks, by B. F. Jenness, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to pathological collection 243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helrainthological collection 243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A collapsible chair for eye, ear, nose, and throat work on board ship,
by A. H. Robnett, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 245</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An apparatus for intravenous medication, by N. T. McLean, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 246</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chart for the correction of gas volumes, by E. R. Noyes, chief
pharmacist, United States Navy 247</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of cholecystitis presenting some interesting features and some
knotty points in diagnosis, by N. J. Blackwood, surgeon, United States Navy. .
. 249</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of cholera on the U. S. S. Helena and notes on a
Shanghai epidemic, by W. A. Bloedorn, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 251</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of membraneous pericolitis, by E. L. Woods, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 252</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of chronic urticaria showing dermography, by George C.
Thomas, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of poisoning by sea-urchin, by W. S. Pugh, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 254</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of malaria treated with salvarsan, by E. U. Reed, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The physical qualification of recruits, by C. F. Stokes, Surgeon
General, United States Navy k 257</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Statistical report of the health of the British Navy, covering the year
1911. .258</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —The relation of anaphylaxis to immunity and disease.
By G. F.Clark. Disorders of the pituitary body. Induced pneumothorax in the
treatment of pulmonary disease. Antityphoid vaccination in children. By A. W.
Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 261</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Principles of general naval war surgery. Post-anaesthetic
paralyses. By H. G. Beyer. Extraocular hernia. Spontaneous rupture of the malarial
spleen. By R. Spear and H. C. Curl 269</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Gaseous disinfection of equipment in the
field. By J. L. Neilson. New rapid method for the bacteriological examination
of water and application for the testing of springs and filter beds. Decomposition
and its microscopical detection in some food products. By E. W. Brown. A
substitute for fresh air. Some observations on metabolism in connection with an
experimental march. El servicio de desratizacion y la peste bubonica. Report on
water purification by chloride of lime at Bir-id-Dehib camp, Malta. By C. N.
Fiske and R. C. Ransdell 277</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The etiology of beriberi. Recent research on
cholera in India. The destruction of crescents: conclusions regarding the
prevention of malaria by the administration of quinine. A case of blackwater fever,
showing the cell inclusions of Leishman. The kala-azar problem. By E. R. Stitt
283</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Insect porters of
bacterial infections. Experimental amoebic dysentery and liver abscess in cats.
Uber das Vorkommen und die Lebensbedingiuigen von Ankylostomen und Strongyloides
Larven in Daressalam. By E. R. Stitt. The demonstration of the treponema
pallidum in the brain in cases of general paralysis. On anaphylatoxina and
endotoxins of the typhoid bacillus. By M. E. Higgins and G. F. Clark 287</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —The chemical interpretations of the
serological content of the blood and cerebrospinal fluid, with some reference
to cytology and chemistry of the latter, in mental diseases. Mett's method for determining
the activity of pepsin and the acidity maximum of peptic</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">digestion. A new method for determining sugar. The relations of phenol and
M-cresol to proteins. The mechanism of disinfection. Ointment bases. Merck's
Annual Report, Vol. XXV. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge . . 292</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.— The ozena problem. Paths of encephalic
infection in otitis. General anesthesic in cataract work. Studies of ocular tonometry.
By G. B. Trible 297</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous. —Athletics and candidates for service abroad. Direct
Roentgen pictures without the use of plates. By J. L. Neilson 299</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Account of an outbreak of malaria on the U. S. S. Tacoma resultant upon
a visit to Tampico, Mexico, by J. B. Kaufman, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 301</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Expedition to Santo Domingo, by S. S. Rodman, surgeon, United States Navy
303</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions found in, and surgical aid rendered to the wounded
at Puerto Plata and Monte Cristi, Santo Domingo, by R. A. Warner, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 305</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medico-military report on a cruise in Santo Domingan waters, by H. E.
Jenkins, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 308</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A brief note on the Cape Cruz-Caailda surveying expedition from a
medical officer's point of view, by E. E. Woodland, assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medico-military report on ports of the west coast of Central America
and Mexico, by C. B. Camerer, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 311</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note upon temperature of Filipino applicants for enlistment, by Allan
E. Peck, surgeon, United States Navy 320</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Weak foot, by R. C. Holcomb, surgeon, United States Navy 321</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A new theory of ventilation and its application in certain situations
aboard ship, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 332</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Aural affections dependent upon visceral lesions and functional nervous
disorders, by J. J. Richardson, assistant surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, United
States Navy 339</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The detection of the feeble-minded applicant for enlistment; value of
the Binet-Simon scale as a diagnostic aid, by A. R. Schier, acting assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 345</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lost trails, a plea for naval medical biographies, by J. D. Gatewood,
medical director, United States Navy 360</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Absorbable animal ligatures, by T. A. Berryhill, medical director,
United States Navy 367</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A model camp hospital ashore, by E. Thompson, surgeon, United States Navy
375</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Defensive elements of the body, by W. W. Wilkinson, assistant surgeon, Medical
Reserve Corps, United States Navy 381</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Advantages of Paris from a medical postgraduate point of view, by R. A.
Bachmann, surgeon, United States Navy 391</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Estimation of total nitrogen, by E. R. Noyes, chief pharmacist, United States
Navy 394</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection <span> </span>397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The use of a three-way cock in the intravenous administration of
salvarsan, by R. E. Stoops, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 399</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A suggested improvement of the present form of the sanitary scuttle
butt, by W. E. Eaton, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 400</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case showing mirror writing and associated movements
without palsy, by G. B. Crow, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 403</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Transplantation of bone, by C. M. Oman, surgeon, United States Navy 406</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Prevention of the complications of gonorrheal infection, by F. L.
Benton, surgeon, United Slates Navy 409</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The first aid treatment of burns and scalds by live steam, by A.
Stuart, surgeon, United States Navy 410</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of six-day fever, by M. S. Elliott, surgeon, United States Navy
412</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Punctured wound of knee joint by the spine of a stingray, by N. J.
Black wood, surgeon, United States Navy 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of cocaine poisoning with suicidal tendencies, by W. A.
Bloedorn, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 415</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by petroleum spirits, by M. S. Elliott, surgeon, United
States Navy 416</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment : </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental fitness. Biographical data, by C. F. Stokes, surgeon general, United
States Navy 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Diseases observed at Derna during the Italo-Turkish
War. Mumps with orchitis and absence of parotiditis. By H. G. Beyer. Treatment
of gonorrhea with heated bougies. By W. E. Eaton. Diagnosis between pneumonia
and appendicitis. By L. W. Johnson. Experiments to determine the rate of
absorbability and intensity of action of quinine given hypodermically and by
the mouth. By C. N. Fiske. The use of antityphoid vaccine during the course of
an epidemic. Measles. Clinical observations of carbonic acid brine baths on the
circulation. High arterial tension; high tension hypertrophy of the heart.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The relation of bronchial asthma to pathological conditions of the
nose. "Osier's sign" and cutaneous phenomena sometimes associated
with heart disease. Nephritic hypertension. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow 421</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Rapid cure of suppurating buboes and of abscesses. Gunshot wounds
of the thorax, observed at Bengasi during the Italo-Turkish War. Gunshot wounds
treated in the military hospital at Palermo. By H. G. Beyer. The sterilization
of skin and wounds. By C. N. Fiske. Bastedo's sign: a new symptom of chronic
appendicitis. Adrenalin in chloroform anesthesia. A simple method of blood
transfusion. By L. W. Johnson. Excision and suture in the treatment of dense,
close urethral strictures. Operative fixation as a cause of delay in union of fractures.
The arrest of hemorrhage from bone by plugging with soft tissues. Membranous
pericolitis and allied conditions of the ileocecal region. Acute perforation of
duodenal and gastric ulcers. Observati6ns on the anatomy of inguinal hernia.
Osteoplasty. By H. C. Curl and R. A. Warner 434</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — The action on man of vapors of technical and hygienic
importance. XXX, Nitric acid. XXXI, The "nitrous gases." By E. W.
Brown. On the discolored spots sometimes found on chilled beef. Bacteriology of
incinerator smoke and ash. Leprosy and the bedbug. The regulation of body
temperature in extremes of dry heat. Experiences with spraying mosquitoes.
Artificial house cooling in the Tropics. Portable ozone outfit for military
use. By C. N. Fiske and R.C. Ransdell <span> </span>449</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Cases of beri-beri. By H. G. Beyer. Glossina morsitans
as carriers of sleeping sickness. By R. C. Ransdell. Salvarsan treatment of
ulcerating processes. Chinese spenomegaly. Relapse in malarial infections. The
leprosy bacillus. By E. R. Stitt. . 454</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Transmission of
relapsing fever by lice. Trichostrongylus colubriformis, a human parasite. By
E. R. Stitt. Spirochneta pallida in conjunctival secretions. By H. G. Beyer. A
method of staining the capsule of the pueumococcus. By. G. B. Crow. Experiments
in the transmission of scarlet fever to the lower monkeys. Studies in smallpox
and vaccination. Protozoallike structures in the blood in a case of black-water
fever. By A. B. Clifford and G. F. Clark 461</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. — On a new test for indican in the urine. By H.
G. Beyer. Adrenalin in emergency treatment of noncorrosive poisoning. By L. W.
Johnson. Determination of pepsin activity. Test for the detection of albumen in
urine. Behavior of mercury in the human and animal organism?. Estimation of
mercury in the urine and in the tissues. Method of estimating sugar. Quantitative
reduction of methylene blue by milk bacteria. By E. W. Brown <span> </span>465</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — Blinding by sunlight. Enucleation in the treatment
of panophthalmitis. Ocular headache. On the tolerance of the vitreous to
dislocated lenses, as an index to reclination in given cases. Treatment of
nasal synechiae with mica plates. By G. B. Trible 469</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of work done in the wards of the naval hospital, Norfolk, during
the year 1912, by L. M. Schmidt, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy
471</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of relief work in Turkey, by D. C. Walton, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 473</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on sanitary conditions along the Yangtze River, by R. H. Laning, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 475</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Yangtze Valley, by J. J. O'Malley, assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 478</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some aspects of the prophylaxis of typhoid fever by the injection of
killed cultures, by C. S. Butler, surgeon, United States Navy 489</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">William Longshaw, jr., assistant surgeon, United States Navy, by J. D. Gatewood,
medical director, United States Navy 503</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder, by R. B. Williams, surgeon,
United States Navy 517</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia. Rebreathing method of administration
in general surgery, by H. F. Strine, surgeon. United States Navy. . 521</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leukaemia, with report of a case of the lymphatic type, by H. L.
Kelley, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 524</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Hospital Corps, by G. A. Riker, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 533</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Veru montanitis, by H. W. Cole, passed assistant surgeon. United States
Navy 537</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tests for color blindness, by G. B. Trible, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 542</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical work in American Samoa, by E. U. Reed, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 546</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recurrent dislocation of shoulder, by R. B. Williams, surgeon. United States
Navy 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical department in warfare, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States
Navy 555</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 573</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 573</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Iodized gauze for the first aid packet, by F. E. McCullough, surgeon,
United States Navy 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Incinerator, by A. Farenholt, surgeon, United States Navy 576</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of thermic fever occurring in the fireroom of a battleship,
by J. L. Neilson, surgeon, United States Navy 579</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic neuritis of brachial plexus, by W. A. Bloedorn, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 583</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever with perforation, by N. J. Blackwood, surgeon, United States
Navy 584</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Anaphylaxis with death, by W. H. Connor, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 586</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases simulating appendicitis, by F. M. Furlong, surgeon, United States
Navy 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: Page.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Corps representation at the Naval War College 591</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Training school for native nurses in Samoa 592</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Annual report of the health of the Imperial Japanese Navy for the year
1910. 592</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — On the origin of dreams. By H. G. Beyer. Occurrence
of the syphilitic organism in the brain in paresis. By G. A. Riker. Solubility
of white lead in human gastric juice and its bearing on the</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">hygiene of the lead industries. By L. W. Johnson. Psychosis following carbon-monoxide
poisoning with complete recovery. Relations of internal secretions to mental
conditions. Administration of ox bile in the</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">treatment of hyperacidity and of gastric and duodenal ulcer. New laboratory
test for cancer and sarcoma, also a method of separating bile acids and
pigment, indican being obtained if present. Pathology of syphilitic aortitis
with a contribution to the formation of aneurism. Tests for hepatic function
and diseases under experimental conditions. By A. W. Dunbar and G. B. Crow -.
595</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Hernial formations caused by deficiencies in the peritoneum.
By H. G. Beyer. Chronic intestinal stasis. By R. Spear. Surgical method of
clearing up chronic typhoid carriers. By L. \Y. Johnson. An analysis and study
of 724 major amputations. Arthroplasty. Proctoclysis —an experimental study.
The first successful case of resection of the thoracic portion of the esophagus
for carcinoma. The kinetic theory of shock and its prevention through
anoci-association. By H. C. Curl and R. A. Warner 605</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — Search for pathogenic microbes in raw river water
and in crude sewage. Observations on the effects of muscular exercise upon man.
By E. W. Brown. On the physiology of the open-air treatment. My experiences
relative to malarial prophylaxis on board a battleship. By C. N. Fiske and R.
C. Ransdell 618</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Two cases of climatic bubo. By L. W. Johnson. Polyueuritis
gallinarum caused by different foodstuffs. By E. R. Stitt. 625 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Treponemata in the brain
in general paresis. Identity of entameba histolytica and entameba tetragena,
with observations upon the morphology" and life cycle of entameba
histolytica. The breeding places of phlebotomus. By E. R. Stitt. An
experimental investigation of the cytological changes produced in epithelial
cells by long-continued irritation. Effect of Rontgen and radium radiations
upon the vitality of the cells of mouse carcinoma. A contribution to the
etiology of pernicious anemia. The complement</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">content of the blood in malignant disease. By A. B. Clifford and G. F.
Clark 626</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. — Some modern problems in nutrition. By H. G. Beyer.
New reagent for detecting blood. Rapid clinical method for the estimation of
urea in urine. Preservation of milk samples for analysis. Dentifrices and their
ingredients. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge. . . 633</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — Treatment of persistent otorrhea in
infants and young children by the establishment of post-auricular drainage. Parinaud'a
conjunctivitis; a mycotic disease due to a hitherto undescribed filamentous
organism. The significance of anaphylaxis in ear work. The difficulties of
tonsillectomy and how to deal with them. Notes on the vaccine treatment of
infections which involve the cornea. Intracranial division of the auditory
nerve for persistent tinnitus. By G. H. Trible 637</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous. —The sanitary service in the Japanese Navy during the Russo-Japanese
War. Sanitatsbericht viber die Kaiserlieh Deutsche Marine fur den Zeitraum. By
H. G. Beyer. Annual Report of the Bureau of Health for the Philippine Islands,
1912. By L. W. Johnson. . 640</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of cases of lead poisoning, by L. C. Whiteside, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 647</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of cerebrospinal fever, by P. S. Rossiter, surgeon, United
States Navy 649</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lead poisoning 651</p>
If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.
Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.
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FILE MÍDIA ARTE | FILE MEDIA ART
Aaron Oldenburg – Baptize – Estados Unidos | United States
Alan Bigelow – Saving the alphabet - Estados Unidos | United States
Alan Bigelow – My summer vacation - Estados Unidos | United States
Alan Bigelow – Brainstrips - Estados Unidos | United States
Alice Bradshaw – Static - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Alix Poscharsky - Arthur N. Ghell - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Annette Weintraub - One Text, Many Stories [URBAN MEMORY LOSS: a Nightmare of Change in which Time is Inscribed in Space or How a Text Became a Story] - Estados Unidos | United States
Apokalipso: Rafael Gomes, Áthila Benites, Sávio Oliveira, Leandro Caro, Natanael Andrade, Fernando Gavronski & Fernanda Ferreiro – Senmorta – Brasil | Brazil
Bam Studio - Estudio de Animação Barros Melo: Leonardo Domingues – A sorte – Brasil | Brazil
Bam Studio - Estudio de Animação Barros Melo: Marcio Vieira – Mundo mudo - Brasil | Brazil
Bam Studio - Estudio de Animação Barros Melo: Filippe Lyra & William Paiva – Voltage - Brasil | Brazil
boredomresearch: Vicky Isley & Paul Smith – Lost Calls of Cloud Mountain Whirligigs (View 2, Right & Left) - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Brad Todd - film noir – Canadá | Canada
Bruno M. Rocha, Camilo S. Lima, Caroline V. Costa & Daniela Bissoli - WIRESCAPES_simulação transversa de uma condição de metrópole - Brasil | Brazil
Calin Man - Have a Nice Click - Romênia | Romania
Caterina Davinio - The First Poetry Space Shuttle Landing on Second Life – Itália | Italy
Céline TROUILLET - Song No. 9 – França | France
Céline TROUILLET - Song No. 11 – França | France
Chris Coleman - The Magnitude of the Continental Divides – Estados Unidos | United States
Christin Bolewski - Shan-Shui-Hua – Alemanha | Germany
Coletivo Vertigem: Juliana Rodrigues, Natalia Santana & Ygor Ferreira - Repensando a Obra de arte repensada, Eu Tu Ele, Nós, Vós, Eles ou Labirinto Flutuante – Brasil | Brazil
Daito Manabe & Motoi ishibashi - Pa++ern – Brasil | Brazil
Danilo Guimarãres - (L) anos de Brasília! – Brasil | Brazil
David Clark, Marina Roy & Graham Meisner - Sign After The X - Canadá | Canada
Eric Schockmel - Occupation: Movement I (Syscape#4) - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Fernanda Antoun - Um, Dois! Um, Dois! - Brasil | Brazil
Fundamental Research Lab: Robert B. Lisek – NEST – Polônia | Polony
Gabriela Golder – RESCATE – Argentina | Argentina
hint.fm: Fernanda Viegas & Martin Wattenberg – Fleshmap - Estados Unidos | United States
Hyun Ju Song - NOTHING IS FINISHED - Alemanha | Germany
Ivan Henriques – ReLandscaping - Holanda - Netherlands
Jason Nelson - Evidence of Everything Exploding - Austrália | Australia
Jonathan Monaghan - French Penguin - Estados Unidos | United States
Juliana Yamashita - Metro Tracks - Brasil | Brazil
Kevin Evensen – Danses - Estados Unidos | United States
Kika Nicolela – Flickering - Brasil | Brazil
Kristoffer Ørum, Anders Bojen, Rune Graulund, Maja Zander, Kaspar Bonnén, Stig W. Jørgensen, Palle R Jensen, Ida Marie Hede Bertelsen, Peter Rasmussen, Kasper Hesselbjerg, Ulrik Nørgaard, Daphne Bidstrup, Andreas Pallisgaard & Kristian Haarløv - Radiant Copenhagen - Dinamarca | Denmark
lemeh42 - Inner Klänge – Itália | Italy
Leonardo Uehara - An interactive sound tale - Brasil | Brazil
Martin John Callanan - I wanted to see all the news from today - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Maya Watanabe – ABRASIS – França | France
Michael Takeo Magruder - Data_plex (economy) - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Michael Takeo Magruder - Data_sea - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Michele Barker & Anna Munster - Duchenne's Smile - Austrália | Australia
Miriam Thyes - Global Vulva - Alemanha | Germany
mitumBACK: Coelestine Engels, Markus Hafner & Christof Berthold – mitumBACK - Áustria | Austria
moddr: Gordan Savicic, Walter Langelaar & Danja Vassiliev - Web 2.0 Suicidemachine - Holanda - Netherlands
Não se Cale!: Amanda Miyuki de Sá, Danilo Polo Cain, Douglas Ferreira Neto, Fábio Henrique Alves Will, Patrícia Hitomi Nakazone, Talles Marques Duarte - NÃO SE CALE: A VIOLÊNCIA CONTRA A MULHER A PARTIR DAS PROPOSTAS FOTOGRÁFICAS DE BARBARA KRUGER – Brasil | Brazil
Nicholas Knouf – MAICgregator - Estados Unidos | United States
Nicole Kenney & KS Rives - Before I die I want to - Estados Unidos | United States
Nicole Stenger – DYNASTY - França | France
Osvaldo Cibils - 300x300artsport - Itália | Italy
Owen Eric Wood – Holobomo - Canadá | Canada
Owen Eric Wood – Parallel - Canadá | Canada
OZCAN TURKMEN - ENTROPIC POETRY - Turquia | Turkey
Pipol - TV Cronópios - Brasil | Brazil
Rachelmauricio – towtom - Brasil | Brazil
Rachelmauricio – TexET - Brasil | Brazil
Rachelmauricio - NO_HAHAB - Brasil | Brazil
Regina Pinto – AlphaAlpha - Brasil | Brazil
Regina Pinto - DAVID DANIEL'S 200+ HUMANS BEINGÈD HYMN TO HUMANITY - Brasil | Brazil
rgb3000 - superfreedraw.com - Alemanha | Germany
Richard O'Sullivan – Monitor - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Richard O'Sullivan - Broken Windows - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Roderick Coover – Canyonlands - Estados Unidos | United States
Roderick Coover - SOMETHING THAT HAPPENED ONLY ONCE - Estados Unidos | United States
Rosa Menkman - Glitch Studies Manifesto - Holanda - Netherlands
Rui Filipe Antunes - Senhora da Graça - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Sally Grizell Larson – Axiom - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Sergio Sotomayor - Madera (Wood) - Espanha | Spain
Silvia Laurentiz - Poesias Digitais: Projeto Percorrendo Escrituras - Brasil | Brazil
Spot - Dreams In High Fidelity II - Estados Unidos | United States
Stanza – Sondcities - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Stuart Pound - Dance 0-19 - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Stuart Pound - She's not there - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Stuart Pound - Bus Stop version 2010 - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Stuart Pound - Not you again! - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Stuart Pound - Oh no, not you again! - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Stuart Pound - Sticky Pixels - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Susanne Berkenheger - The Last Days of Second Life - Alemanha | Germany
Tchello d'Barros - "Convergências" | "Convergences" - Brasil | Brazil
Tim Webster - Wonderlands: Machu Picchu - Austrália | Australia
Tina Velho - Tão longe...tão perto - Brasil | Brazil
Trace Sanderson aka Lainy Voom & Tamara Russel aka Gala Charron - Virtual Build Archive (VBA) - Reino Unido e Estados Unidos | United Kingdom and United States
Tuvalu Vizualization Project: Hidenori Watanave, Makiko Suzuki & Shuichi Endou - Tuvalu Vizualization Project - Japão | Japan
UBERMORGEN.COM - SUPERENCHANCED GENERATOR - Áustria | Austria
UBERMORGEN.COM - UGI - UNIVERSAL HEALTH - Áustria | Austria
VJ Eletro-I-MAN - Projeto Representa Corisco - Espanha | Spain
Wilton Azevedo, Rita Varlesi & Savana Pace – Atame: a Angústia do Precário - Brasil | Brazil
ZAO – hearts - Brasil | Brazil
HIPERSÔNICA PARTICIPANTES | HYPERSONICA PARTICIPANTS
++CAYCE POLLARD coletivodeartecomputacional; Nicolau Centola e Fabrizio Poltronieri - A Night in São Paulo - Brasil | Brazil
4propri8 - Junglow Drift - Brasil | Brazil
all your gardening needs – Arranco - Brasil | Brazil
Basavizi: André Damião Bandeira, Fernando Visockis & Sérgio Saad - HID - Human Improvisation Delight - Brasil | Brazil
Berger Rond - Stairs of Unsteady - Canadá | Canada
Carlos Dohrn - x → y - Brasil | Brazil
Carol Robinson – BILLOWS - França | France
Claudio Parodi - The Mother of All Feedback - Itália | Italy
Daniel Gazana - MISTÉRIO MUDO - Brasil | Brazil
Daniel Gazana - RE-CONNECT - Brasil | Brazil
Daniel Gazana - THE KINGDOM OF THE STEEL PORTAL - Brasil | Brazil
Danilo Rossetti - Metropolis parte 1 - Brasil | Brazil
Debashis Sinha - The Bell Garden - Canadá | Canada
Edilson Cardoso - Hâhnio - Ruídos para Filmes de Horror B - Brasil | Brazil
Eduardo Patrício - Electric Talk M.M.S. - Brasil | Brazil
Edwin Lo - Auditory Scenes: The other side of Tides in Limbo - China | China
Emanuele Battisti - Electrode - Study on Pink Noise N.1 - Itália | Italy
Felipe Kirst Adami - Piano Harm - Brasil | Brazil
Franklin Valverde – Sonóricos - Brasil | Brazil
Graeme Truslove - Divergent Dialogues - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Graeme Truslove – Concrètisations - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Graeme Truslove – Portals - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Graeme Truslove – Elements - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Gustavo Alfaix - (en)treses - Brasil | Brazil
John Young – Lamentations - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Kunkuni Mix Project: Rosa Apablaza & Federico Duret - Posible Objetivo Patera - Holanda | Netherlands
Minusbaby - Subversive Motives in Chip Music or The 8bitpeople's party - Estados Unidos | United States
Ocp – Rejects - Portugal | Portugal
Panayiotis KOKORAS - Contruct Synthesis - Grécia | Greece
PAULO GUICHENEY - rec on struction - Brasil | Brazil
Philip Mantione - Dialtone and Strings - Estados Unidos | United States
Regina Porto - Metrópolis São Paulo - Brasil | Brazil
Rohan De Livera – Haiku - Sri Lanka | Sri Lanka
Secret Axis Sonic Collective: Vanderlei Lucentini, Kojiro Umezaki, Yann Novak, Manrico Montero, Terjen Paulsen, Adam Tindale, Scott Smalwood, Zbgniew Karkowski & Hangchul Ki - Secret Axis - Brasil | Brazil
SIMPLE.NORMAL: CLEBER GAZANA – CONSTRUCT - Brasil | Brazil
Sol Rezza - 25 segundos de vida - México | Mexico
The Tiny Orchestra - THE LANGUAGE OF WAITING - Canadá | Canada
Túlio Falcão - Túlio Falcão apresenta: a música de Enrorlando di Falcus - Brasil | Brazil
Vanessa Rossetto - Dogs in English Porcelain - Estados Unidos | United States
Victor Valentim – Estralactides - Brasil | Brazil
HIPERSÔNICA SCREENING – HYPERSONICA SCREENING
Daniel Gazana - MAN-MACHINE-TIME - Brasil | Brazil
Eduardo Raccah – EY - Alemanha | Germany
Fernando Velázquez - SP, automata landscape - Brasil | Brazil
Jaap: Harriet Payer Anderss, Jorge Esquivelzeta - Sound of this City - México | Mexico
Pink Twins - Defenestrator - Finlândia | Finland
Roberto Doati – Sindrome scamosciata - Itália | Italy
Rodrigo F. Cadiz - ID-FUSIONES - Chile | Chile
Sandra Crisp – Oceanics - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Soundsthatmatter – skinstryment - Brasil | Brazil
Soundsthatmatter – bwavssh - Brasil | Brazil
Soundsthatmatter – soundstrain - Brasil | Brazil
FILE MAQUINEMA | FILE MACHINIMA
Andrzej Kozlowski aka CapKosmaty - Apocalypsis Ex Machinima - Polônia | Poland
Annie Ok - My life as an avatar (03-10) - Estados Unidos | United States
Annie Ok - My life as an avatar (04-08) - Estados Unidos | United States
Annie Ok - My life as an avatar (06-08) - Estados Unidos | United States
Basile Vignes aka Tutsy Navarathna - To Each one his own Dreams - Índia | India
Basile Vignes aka Tutsy Navarathna - Vegetal Planet - Índia | India
Berardo Carboni aka Finally Outlander – Volavola - Itália | Italy
Bernard Capitaine aka Iono Allen - The story of Susa Bubble - França | France
Chantal Gerads aka Chantal Harvey - A Woman´s Trial - Holanda | Netherlands
Corndog & Oil Tiger Machinima Team - War of Internet Addiction - China | China
Daniel Wasiluk aka Surgee - The Demise - Polônia | Poland
Egils Mednis aka Demoplay - The Ship - Letônia | Latvia
Elise Carlson aka Lyric Lundquist - Cradle and Trap - Estados Unidos | United States
Elise Carlson aka Lyric Lundquist - Cyberspace is Vast - Estados Unidos | United States
Elise Carlson aka Lyric Lundquist - Sideways Time - Estados Unidos | United States
Elizabeth Pickrd aka Liz Solo - The Death of an avatar - Canadá | Canada
Harrison Heller aka Nefarious Guy & Amorphous Blob Productions – Clockwork - Estados Unidos | United States
Iain Friar aka IceAxe – Clockwork - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Iain Friar aka IceAxe – Embers - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
J. Joshua Diltz - Six Days - Estados Unidos | United States
James Thorpe aka Blackace - Daddy is Home - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Les Riches Douaniers: Gilles Richard & Fabrice Zoll - Chevauchée Nocturne - França | France
Les Riches Douaniers: Gilles Richard & Fabrice Zoll – Kamikaze - França | France
Luca Lisci aka Voom – Prometheus - Itália | Italy
Luca Lisci aka Voom - The Blue Planet - Itália | Italy
Luca Lisci aka Voom - Valentina 'Riflesso' - Itália | Italy
Mark Capell aka Hardy Capo - Control Point - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Miguel Moreira aka Hadj Ling - The Black Chant - Portugal | Portugal
Pineapple Pictures: Kate Fosk & Michael Joyce – Voices - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Piotr Kopik - Big Psomm 2 - Polônia | Poland
Rob Wright aka Robbie Dingo - Watch the world(s) - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Sam Goldwater aka Lorka - The Monad - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Simone Schleu aka Sisch - Saving Grace - Alemanha | Germany
Simone Schleu aka Sisch – Transient - Alemanha | Germany
The Do Group: Clemens Fobianke aka Cisko Vandeverre - Der Erlköning - Alemanha | Germany
The Do Group: Clemens Fobianke aka Cisko Vandeverre - Der Handschuh - Alemanha | Germany
Tobias Lundmark aka Dopefish & Malu05 - Among Fables and Men - Suécia | Sweden
Tom Jantol - Brief Encounter - Croácia | Croatia
Tom Jantol - Wizard of OS: The Fish Incident - Croácia | Croatia
Tony Bannan aka Ammo Previz - Folie à Deux - Austrália | Australia
Trace Sanderson aka Lainy Voom – Fall - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Trace Sanderson aka Lainy Voom – Postcard - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Trace Sanderson aka Lainy Voom – Push - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Van Aerden & Nicolas Bonne – Metabup - França | France
Van Aerden & Nicolas Bonne - Transbup (Trailer) - França | France
Vivian Kendall aka Osprey Therian - Alazi Sautereau - Estados Unidos | United States
Vivian Kendall aka Osprey Therian - Virtual Reality in the Future - Estados Unidos | United States
Zachariah Scott - Jill´s song - Estados Unidos | United States
GAMES
Alexandre Machado | 44 Bico Largo - Robo Sucata - Brasil | Brazil
Behold Studios | Buraco de Bala - Luna - Magnetoware Adventures - Brasil | Brazil
Eddy Boxerman & Dave Burke – Osmos - Canadá | Canada
Elias Holmlid, Dmitri Kurteanu, Guy Lima Jr. & Stefan Mikaelsson – Continuity - Suécia | Sweden
Erik Svedäng - Blueberry Garden - Suécia | Sweden
Florian Faller & Adrian Stutz – Feist - Suíça | Switzerland
Grupo Yellow Jam: Luciano José Firmino Júnior, Luiz José Barbosa de Moura Souza, Rafael Valle Barradas & Heloise Dantas Oliveira - Last Hope - Brasil | Brazil
Guilherme Bischoff, Francesco Sciamarella, Cauê Madeira & Evandro Valente | Kidguru Studios – Lumaki - Brasil | Brazil
Jairo Margatho | Overplay - Night Life - Brasil | Brazil
Joannie Wu & Lee Byron – Fireflies - Estados Unidos | United States
Kokoromi & Polytron - super HYPERCUBE - Canada | Canadá
Leonardo Arantes | Isis Interactive Graphics - Freestyle Challenge - Brasil | Brazil
Luiz Gerosa | Interama - Esther Art Gallery - Brasil | Brazil
Paulo Biagioni – Mutualismo - Brasil | Brazil
Philip Mangione - Chameleon Puzzle Runners - Brasil | Brazil
Q-Games - PixelJunk Eden - Japão | Japan
Rafael Fernandes | TecToy Digital - Vovó a solta - Brasil | Brazil
Rob Jagnow – Cogs - Estados Unidos | United States
Steph Thirion – Eliss - Portugal | Portugal
Tales of Tales – Vanitas - Belgica | Belgium
Tiago Fernandes | TecToy Digital - Dragon vs Heroes - Brasil | Brazil
Tiger Style Games - Spider: The Secret of Bryce Manor - Estados Unidos | United States
Tyler Glaiel – Closure - Estados Unidos | United States
Petri Purho - Crayon Physics Deluxe - Finlândia | Finland
INSTALAÇÕES | INSTALLATIONS
Andrew Hieronymi - Virtual Ground - Estados Unidos | United States
Corby & Baily, Jonathan Mackenzie - Southern Ocean Studies # 1.0 - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Electronic Shadow: Naziha Mestaoui & Yacine Aït Kaci – SuperFluidity - França | France
Ernesto Klar - Luzes relacionais (Relational Lights) - Estados Unidos e Venezuela | United States and Venezuela
Guto Nóbrega – Breathing - Brasil | Brazil
Jarbas Jácome – Vitalino - Brasil | Brazil
Jeraman & Filipe Calegario - Marvim Gainsbug - Brasil | Brazil
Jonas Bohatsch - v+ - Áustria | Austria
Jörg Piringer - abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz for iPhone - Áustria | Austria
Jorge Luis Crowe - 2x (Power of two) - Argentina | Argentina
José Luis de Vicente, Irma Vilà & Bestiario - Atlas of Electromagnetic Space - Espanha | Spain
Keiko Takahashi & Shinji Sasada - Diorama Table - Japão | Japan
LEMUR: League of Electronic Musical Urban Robots & Eric Singer - LEMUR GuitarBot II - Estados Unidos | United States
Luo, He-Lin & Chen, I- Chun - Light Calligraphy - Taiwan (R.O.C.) | Taiwan (R.O.C.)
Markus Decker, Dietmar Offenhuber & Ushi Reiter - From Dust Till Dawn - Áustria | Austria
MARS: Media Arts Research Studies: Monika Fleischmann & Wolfgang Strauss – Mediaflow - Alemanha | Germany
Muk - disc.o - Áustria | Austria
Multitouch Barcelona: Dani Armengol, Roger Pujol, Xavier Vilar & Pol Pla - Hi! A real human interface - Espanha | Spain
Myrto Karanika & Jeremy Keenan – Strings - Reino Unido | United Kingdom
Pierre Proske - Frame Seductions - França e Austrália | France and Australia
Rachel Zuanon & Geraldo Lima – BioBodyGame - Brasil | Brazil
Raquel Kogan – Reler - Brasil | Brazil
Ricardo Barreto, Maria Hsu & AMUDI: Núcleo de Arte e Tecnologia da Escola Politécnica de Engenharia da USP: Breno Flesch Franco, Daniel Augusto Azevedo Moori, Erica Usui, Guilherme Wang de Farias Barros, João Flesch Fortes, Leandro Molon e Nadia Sumie Nobre Ota – feelMe - Brasil | Brazil
Ricardo Brazileiro – METROBANG - Brasil | Brazil
Rob Seward - Death Death Death - Estados Unidos | United States
Robert Mathy - Light Frequency Fingertips - Áustria | Austria
Sebastian Schmieg - Roy Block - Alemanha | Germany
SWAMP: Douglas Easterly, Matt Kenyon & Tiago Rorke – Tardigotchi - Nova Zelândia | New Zealand
Yacine Sebti - Jump! - Bélgica e Marrocos | Belgium and Morocco
PERFORMANCE
27/07
Minusbaby (Richard Alexander Caraballo) - Subversive Motives in Chip Music, or The 8bitpeoples' Party - Estados Unidos | United States
Celia Eid, Sébastien Béranger & Amilcar Zani – Dislocations - Brasil | Brazil
28/07
Jaime E Oliver LR - Silent Percussion Project - Peru | Peru
Panetone - Short lived like a butterfly - Brasil | Brazil
29/07
HEARTCHAMBERORCHESTRA - TERMINALBEACH: Erich Berger [Áustria e Finlândia | Austria and Finland] & Peter Votava [Áustria e Alemanha | Austria and Germany]
30/07
MooM: Dino Vicente & Bill Meirelles - Câmara Secreta - Brasil | Brazil
Ricardo Carioba - dáblio (w) - Brasil | Brazil
DOCUMENTA
27/07
Gustavo Godinho & Vladimir Cunha - Brega S/A- Brasil | Brazil
Claudio Mojope - Talk o Meu Coração ZunZunZunTV - Brasil | Brazil
28/07
Andreas Johnsen & Rasmus Poulsen - Man Ooman (Man Woman) - Dinamarca | Denmark
Fenton Bayle & Randy Barbato - Party Monster: The Shockumentary - Estados Unidos | United States
29/07
João Wainer & Roberto T. Oliveira – PIXO - Brasil | Brazil
Otávio Donasci - 30 Anos de Vídeocriaturas - Brasil | Brazil
30/07
Andreas Johnsen - Good Copy Bad Copy - Dinamarca | Denmark
Robert Baca & Joshua Rizzo - Welcome to Macintosh - Estados Unidos | United States
Lucerne (/ljuːˈsɜːrn/; German: Luzern [luˈtsɛrn] (About this soundlisten); French: Lucerne [lysɛʁn]; Italian: Lucerna [luˈtʃɛrna]; Romansh: Lucerna; Lucerne German: Lozärn) is a city in central Switzerland, in the German-speaking portion of the country. Lucerne is the capital of the canton of Lucerne and part of the district of the same name. With a population of about 81,057 people (as of 2013),[3] Lucerne is the most populous town in Central Switzerland, and a nexus of economics, transportation, culture, and media of this region. The city's urban area consists of 17 municipalities and towns located in three different cantons with an overall population of about 250,000 people (as of 2007).[4]
Owing to its location on the shores of Lake Lucerne (German: Vierwaldstättersee) and its outflow, the river Reuss, within sight of the mounts Pilatus and Rigi in the Swiss Alps, Lucerne has long been a destination for tourists. One of the city's famous landmarks is the Chapel Bridge (German: Kapellbrücke), a wooden bridge first erected in the 14th century.
The official language of Lucerne is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.
Contents
1History
1.1Early history and founding (750–1386)
1.2From city to city-state (1386–1520)
1.3Swiss-Catholic town (1520–1798)
1.4Century of revolutions (1798–1914)
1.521st century
2Geography and climate
2.1Topography
2.2Climate
3Politics
3.1Government
3.2Parliament
3.3National elections
3.3.1National Council
3.4International relations
3.4.1Twin towns
4Demography
4.1Population
4.2Historic population
4.3Religion
5Economy
6Sights
7Culture and events
7.1Culture
7.2Events
8Transport
9Sport
10Gallery
11Notable people
12See also
13References
14Further reading
15External links
History[edit]
Early history and founding (750–1386)[edit]
After the fall of the Roman Empire beginning in the 6th century, Germanic Alemannic peoples increased their influence on this area of present-day Switzerland.
Around 750 the Benedictine Monastery of St. Leodegar was founded, which was later acquired by Murbach Abbey in Alsace in the middle of the 9th century, and by this time the area had become known as Luciaria.[5]
The origin of the name is uncertain, it is possibly derived from the Latin name of the pike, lucius, thus designating a pike fishing spot in the river Reuss. Derivation from the theonym Lugus has been suggested but is phonetically implausible. In any case, the name was associated by popular etymology with Latin lucerna "lantern" from an early time.[6]
In 1178 Lucerne acquired its independence from the jurisdiction of Murbach Abbey, and the founding of the city proper probably occurred that same year. The city gained importance as a strategically located gateway for the growing commerce from the Gotthard trade route.
By 1290 Lucerne had become a self-sufficient city of reasonable size with about 3000 inhabitants. About this time King Rudolph I von Habsburg gained authority over the Monastery of St. Leodegar and its lands, including Lucerne. The populace was not content with the increasing Habsburg influence, and Lucerne allied with neighboring towns to seek independence from their rule. Along with Lucerne, the three other forest cantons of Uri, Schwyz and Unterwalden formed the "eternal" Swiss Confederacy, known as the Eidgenossenschaft, on November 7, 1332.
Later the cities of Zürich, Zug and Bern joined the alliance. With the help of these additions, the rule of Austria over the area came to an end. The issue was settled by Lucerne’s victory over the Habsburgs in the Battle of Sempach in 1386. For Lucerne this victory ignited an era of expansion. The city shortly granted many rights to itself, rights which had been withheld by the Habsburgs until then. By this time the borders of Lucerne were approximately those of today.
From city to city-state (1386–1520)[edit]
In 1415 Lucerne gained Reichsfreiheit from Emperor Sigismund and became a strong member of the Swiss confederacy. The city developed its infrastructure, raised taxes, and appointed its own local officials. The city’s population of 3000 dropped about 40% due to the Black Plague and several wars around 1350.
In 1419 town records show the first witch trial against a male person.
Swiss-Catholic town (1520–1798)[edit]
Lucerne in 1642
Among the growing towns of the confederacy, Lucerne was especially popular in attracting new residents. Remaining predominantly Catholic, Lucerne hosted its own annual passion play from 1453 to 1616. It was a two-day-long play of 12 hours performance per day.[7] As the confederacy broke up during the Reformation, after 1520, most nearby cities became Protestant, but Lucerne remained Catholic. After the victory of the Catholics over the Protestants in the Battle at Kappel in 1531, the Catholic towns dominated the confederacy. The region, though, was destined to be dominated by Protestant cities such as Zürich, Bern and Basel, which defeated the Catholic forces in the 1712 Toggenburg War. The former prominent position of Lucerne in the confederacy was lost forever. In the 16th and 17th centuries, wars and epidemics became steadily less frequent and as a result the population of the country increased strongly.
Lucerne was besieged by a peasant army and quickly signed a peace treaty with the rebels in the Swiss peasant war of 1653.
Century of revolutions (1798–1914)[edit]
Conflict at Lucerne, Illustrated London News, 1845
In 1798, nine years after the beginning of the French Revolution, the French army marched into Switzerland. The old confederacy collapsed and the government became democratic. The industrial revolution hit Lucerne rather late, and by 1860 only 1.7% of the population worked in industry, which was about a quarter of the national average at that time. Agriculture, which employed about 40% of the workers, was the main form of economic output in the canton. Nevertheless, industry was attracted to the city from areas around Lucerne. From 1850 to 1913, the population quadrupled and the flow of settlers increased. In 1856 trains first linked the city to Olten and Basel, then Zug and Zürich in 1864 and finally to the south in 1897.
21st century[edit]
On June 17, 2007, voters of the city of Lucerne and the adjacent town of Littau agreed to a merger in a simultaneous referendum. This took effect on January 1, 2010.[8] The new city, still called Lucerne, has a population of around 80,000 people, making it the seventh-largest city in Switzerland. The results of this referendum are expected to pave the way for negotiations with other nearby cities and towns in an effort to create a unified city-region, based on the results of a study.[9]
Geography and climate[edit]
Topography[edit]
Lucerne is located at the outfall of Lake Lucerne into the river Reuss, which flows from south-east to north-west. The city occupies both banks of the river and the lowest reach of the lake, with the city centre straddling the river immediately downstream of the outfall. The city's suburbs climb the hills to the north-east and south-west, and stretch out along the river and lake banks, whilst the recently added area of Littau is to the north-west.[10]
Besides this contiguous city area, the municipality also includes an exclave on the south shore of Lake Lucerne some 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) away, comprising the northern slopes of the Bürgenstock. This section of the municipality is entirely surrounded by the lake and by land of the canton of Nidwalden. It does not contain any significant settlements, but the summit of the Bürgenstock is the highest point of the municipality.[10]
The municipality has an area of 29.1 square kilometers (11.2 sq mi). Of this area and as of 2009, 28.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 22.3% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 47.6% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (2.1%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains).[11]
Climate[edit]
Between 1961 and 1990 Lucerne had an average of 138.1 days of rain per year and on average received 1,171 mm (46.1 in) of precipitation. The wettest month was June during which time Lucerne received an average of 153 mm (6.0 in) of rainfall. During this month there was rainfall for an average of 14.2 days. The driest month of the year was February with an average of 61 mm (2.4 in) of precipitation over 10.2 days.[12] Climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[13]
hideClimate data for Lucerne
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Average high °C (°F)3.4
(38.1)5.2
(41.4)10.3
(50.5)14.4
(57.9)19.1
(66.4)22.2
(72)24.7
(76.5)23.8
(74.8)19.4
(66.9)14.3
(57.7)7.8
(46)4.3
(39.7)14.1
(57.4)
Daily mean °C (°F)0.5
(32.9)1.4
(34.5)5.4
(41.7)9.1
(48.4)13.7
(56.7)16.9
(62.4)19.1
(66.4)18.3
(64.9)14.6
(58.3)10.2
(50.4)4.6
(40.3)1.6
(34.9)9.6
(49.3)
Average low °C (°F)−2.3
(27.9)−2.0
(28.4)1.1
(34)4.3
(39.7)8.9
(48)12.1
(53.8)14.2
(57.6)13.9
(57)10.6
(51.1)6.7
(44.1)1.6
(34.9)−1.0
(30.2)5.7
(42.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches)51
(2.01)54
(2.13)74
(2.91)88
(3.46)128
(5.04)154
(6.06)151
(5.94)146
(5.75)107
(4.21)76
(2.99)73
(2.87)72
(2.83)1,173
(46.18)
Average snowfall cm (inches)16.0
(6.3)20.2
(7.95)8.3
(3.27)1.2
(0.47)0.0
(0)0.0
(0)0.0
(0)0.0
(0)0.0
(0)0.4
(0.16)5.3
(2.09)14.6
(5.75)66.0
(25.98)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)9.38.711.811.812.913.512.512.510.29.49.610.0132.2
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm)3.84.41.90.60.00.00.00.00.00.12.47.937.9
Average relative humidity (%)83797370727272758083848477
Mean monthly sunshine hours47721221411611712011871379752361,423
Percent possible sunshine21283636373845453932221735
Source: MeteoSwiss[14]
Politics[edit]
Government[edit]
The City Council (Stadtrat) constitutes the executive government of the city of Lucerne and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (German: Stadtrat/-rätin), each presiding over a directorate (Direktion) comprising several departments and bureaus. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (Stadtpräsident). In the mandate period (Legislatur) September 2016 – August 2020 the City Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Beat Züsli. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Grand City Council are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Lucerne allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Majorz. The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate.[15]
As of September 2016, Luzern's City Council is made up of one representative of the SP (Social Democratic Party, who is also the mayor), and one each of CVP (Christian Democratic Party), GPS (Green Party), FDP (FDP.The Liberals), and glp (Green Liberal Party). The last regular election was held on 1 May/5 June 2016.[15]
The City Council (Stadtrat) of Luzern[15]
City Councilor
(Stadtrat/-rätin)PartyHead of Directorate (Direktion, since) ofelected since
Beat Züsli[SR 1] SPMayor's Office and City's Chancellary (Präsidialdirektion und Stadtkanzlei, 2016)2016
Franziska Bitzi Staub CVPFinances (Finanzdirektion, 2016)November 2016
Adrian Borgula GPSEnvironment, Transport, and Security (Direktion Umwelt, Verkehr und Sicherheit, 2012)2012
Manuela Jost glpBuilding and Civil Engineering (Baudirektion, 2012)2012
Martin Merki FDPSocial Services (Sozialdirektion, 2012)2012
^ Mayor (Stadtpräsident)
Toni Göpfert (FDP) is Town Chronicler (Stadtschreiber) since 1990.
Parliament[edit]
The Grosse Stadtrat of Luzern for the mandate period of 2016-2020
JUSO (2.1%)
jg (2.1%)
SP (27.1%)
GPS (12.5%)
glp (8.3%)
CVP (14.6%)
FDP (18.8%)
SVP (16.7%)
The Grand City Council (Grosser Stadtrat) holds legislative power. It is made up of 48 members, with elections held every four years. The Grand City Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of proportional representation.
The sessions of the Grand City Council are public. Unlike members of the City Council, members of the Grand City Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Luzern allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Grand City Council. The parliament holds its meetings in the Rathaus (Town Hall) am Kornmarkt.[16]
The last regular election of the Grand City Council was held on 1 May 2016 for the mandate period (German: Legislatur) from September 2016 to August 2020. Currently the Grand City Council consist of 13 members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS) and one of its junior section, the JUSO, 9 The Liberals (FDP/PLR), 7 Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), 7 Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 6 Green Party (GPS/PES) and one of its junior section, the jg of Luzern, and 4 Green Liberal Party (GLP/PVL).[16]
National elections[edit]
National Council[edit]
In the 2015 election for the Swiss National Council the most popular party was the SPS which received 25.8% of the vote. The next five most popular parties were the SVP (19.5%), the FDP (15.4%), the CVP (14.1%), the GPS (13.3%), and the GLP (8.9%). In the federal election, a total of 26,521 voters were cast, and the voter turnout was 49.48%.[17]
International relations[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Switzerland
Twin towns[edit]
Lucerne is twinned with the following towns:[18]
United Kingdom Bournemouth, United Kingdom (1981)[18][19]
United States Chicago, Illinois, United States (1999)[18]
Poland Cieszyn, Poland (1994)[18]
France Guebwiller / Murbach, France (1978)[18]
Czech Republic Olomouc, Czech Republic (1994)[18]
Germany Potsdam, Germany (2002)[18][20]
Demography[edit]
Population[edit]
Largest groups of foreign residents 2013[21]
NationalityNumbers% of total
(% of foreigners)
Germany4,1675.2 (20.7)
Italy2,2792.8 (11.3)
Portugal1,7652.2 (8.8)
Serbia1,4301.8 (7.1)
Kosovo7941.0 (3.9)
Spain7600.9 (3.8)
Sri Lanka7340.9 (3.6)
Bosnia and Herzegovina5430.7 (2.7)
Croatia5380.7 (2.7)
Republic of Macedonia4570.7 (2.6)
Lucerne has a population (as of 31 December 2017) of 81,401.[2] As of 2013, 19,264 or 25.0% of the population was made up of foreign nationals, of which 19.9% are from Europe, 2.8% from Asia, 1.2% from Africa and 1.0% from America.[21] Over the last 10 years the population has grown at a rate of 1.2%. Most of the population (as of 2010) speak German (87%), with Italian, as well as Serbo-Croatian and English with 5% being second most common languages, followed by French and Albanian with 3%, and Portuguese and Spanish with 2% each.[22]
The age distribution in Lucerne is (as of 2013); 12,916 people or 15.7% of the population is 0–19 years old. 26,381 people or 33.8% are 20–39 years old, and 25,863 people or 32.1% are 40–64 years old. The senior population distribution is 10,530 people or 13.1% are 65–79 years old, 4,208 or 5.2% are 80–89 years old and 900 people or 1.1% of the population are 90+ years old.[23]
In Lucerne about 73.6% of the population (between age 25–64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule).
As of 2000 there are 30,586 households, of which 15,452 households (or about 50.5%) contain only a single individual. 853 or about 2.8% are large households, with at least five members.[24] As of 2000 there were 5,707 inhabited buildings in the municipality, of which 4,050 were built only as housing, and 1,657 were mixed use buildings. There were 1,152 single family homes, 348 double family homes, and 2,550 multi-family homes in the municipality. Most homes were either two (787) or three (1,468) story structures. There were only 74 single story buildings and 1,721 four or more story buildings.[24]
Historic population[edit]
The historical population of Lucerne is given in the following table:
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
186013,166—
187016,450+2.25%
188020,419+2.18%
188823,607+1.83%
190032,954+2.82%
YearPop.±% p.a.
191043,611+2.84%
192048,394+1.05%
193047,066−0.28%
194159,847+2.21%
195066,170+1.12%
YearPop.±% p.a.
196076,148+1.41%
197083,374+0.91%
198078,274−0.63%
199076,466−0.23%
200075,425−0.14%
YearPop.±% p.a.
201077,491+0.27%
201681,592+0.86%
Source: City of Lucerne - Population by Nationality and Sex since 1860
Religion[edit]
The city grew up around Sankt Leodegar Abbey, founded in AD 840, and remained strongly Roman Catholic into the 21st century. By 1850, 96.9% of the population was Catholic, in 1900 it was 81.9% and in 1950 it was still 72.3%. In the 2000 census the religious membership of Lucerne was: 35,682 (60%) Roman Catholic, 9,227 (15.5%) Protestant, with an additional 1,979 (3.33%) who were of some other Christian denominations; 1,824 individuals (3.07% of the population) Muslim; 196 individuals (0.33% of the population) Jewish. Of the remainder, 1,073 (1.8%) individuals were another religion; 6,310 (10.61%) stated they do not belong to any organized religion; and 3,205 (5.39%) did not answer the question.[24]
Economy[edit]
As of 2012, there were a total of 77,641 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 166 people worked in 53 businesses in the primary economic sector. The secondary sector employed 7,326 workers in 666 separate businesses. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 70,149 jobs in 6,929 businesses. In 2013 a total of 11.0% of the population received social assistance.[25] As of 2000 51.7% of the population of the municipality were employed in some capacity. At the same time, women made up 47.9% of the workforce.[24]
Lucerne is home to a number of major Swiss companies, including Schindler Group, Chronoswiss, Emmi, EF Education First and the Luzerner Kantonalbank. Suva, one of Switzerland's oldest accident insurance companies, is also based in Lucerne, as is the University of Lucerne, the youngest of Switzerland's traditional universitites.
Thanks to its continuous tax-cutting policies, Lucerne has become Switzerland's most business-friendly canton. As of 2012 Lucerne offers Switzerland's lowest corporate tax rate at cantonal level.[26]
Furthermore, Lucerne also offers very moderate personal income tax rates. In a recent published study of BAK Basel Economics taxation index 2012, Lucerne made it to the 4th place with an only marginally 2% higher tax rate compared to the top canton in this comparison.[27]
Since November 2009, Zurich Airport can be reached from Lucerne within 1 hour and 2 minutes[28] by a direct (every hour) train connection every half an hour with a stop just below the airport, and within 40 minutes by car due to a direct motorway from Lucerne to the Airport, but only if you travel outside of rush hours.
Sights[edit]
Since the city straddles the Reuss where it drains the lake, it has a number of bridges. The most famous is the Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke), a 204 m (669 ft) long wooden covered bridge originally built in 1333, the oldest covered bridge in Europe, although much of it had to be replaced after a fire on 18 August 1993, allegedly caused by a discarded cigarette. Part way across, the bridge runs by the octagonal Water Tower (Wasserturm), a fortification from the 13th century. Inside the bridge are a series of paintings from the 17th century depicting events from Lucerne's history. The Bridge with its Tower is the city's most famous landmark.
Lucerne city, lake and mountains view from the tower
Downriver, between the Kasernenplatz and the Mühlenplatz, the Spreuer Bridge (Spreuerbrücke or Mühlenbrücke, Mill Bridge) zigzags across the Reuss. Constructed in 1408, it features a series of medieval-style 17th century plague paintings by Kaspar Meglinger (de) titled Dance of Death (Totentanzzyklus). The bridge has a small chapel in the middle that was added in 1568.
Old Town Lucerne is mainly located just north of the Reuss, and still has several fine half-timber structures with painted fronts. Remnants of the old town walls exist on the hill above Lucerne, complete with eight tall watch towers. An additional gated tower sits at the base of the hill on the banks of the Reuss.
The twin needle towers of the Church of St. Leodegar, which was named after the city's patron saint, sit on a small hill just above the lake front. Originally built in 735, the present structure was erected in 1633 in the late Renaissance style. However, the towers are surviving remnants of an earlier structure. The interior is richly decorated. The church is popularly called the Hofkirche (in German) and is known locally as the Hofchile (in Swiss-German).
Bertel Thorvaldsen's famous carving of a dying lion (the Lion Monument, or Löwendenkmal) is found in a small park just off the Löwenplatz. The carving commemorates the hundreds of Swiss Guards of who were massacred in 1792 during the French Revolution, when an armed mob stormed the Tuileries Palace in Paris.
The Swiss Museum of Transport is a large and comprehensive museum exhibiting all forms of transport, including locomotives, automobiles, ships, and aircraft. It is to be found beside the lake in the northern-eastern section of the city.
The Culture and Convention Center (KKL) beside the lake in the center of the city was designed by Jean Nouvel. The center has one of the world's leading concert halls, with acoustics by Russell Johnson.
Culture and events[edit]
Culture[edit]
The Lucerne Culture and Congress Centre at night
Since plans for the new culture and convention centre arose in the late 1980s, Lucerne has found a balance between the so-called established culture and alternative culture. A consensus was reached that culminated in a culture compromise (Kulturkompromiss). The established culture comprises the Lucerne Culture and Congress Centre (KKL), the city theater (Luzerner Theater) and, in a broader sense, smaller establishments such as the Kleintheater, founded by comedian Emil Steinberger, a Lucerne native, or Stadtkeller, a music restaurant in the city's old town. KKL houses a concert hall as well as the Museum of Art Lucerne (Kunstmuseum Luzern).
Alternative culture took place mostly on the premises of a former tube factory, which became known as Boa. Other localities for alternative culture have since emerged in the same inner city area as Boa. Initially, Boa staged various plays, but concerts became more and more common; this new use of the building clashed with the development of apartment buildings on nearby lots of land. Due to possible noise pollution, Boa was closed and a replacement in a less heavily inhabited area is currently under construction. Critics claimed though that the new establishment would not meet the requirements for an alternative culture.
Südpol is a center for performing arts in Lucerne presenting music-, dance- and theatre-events. The house at the foot of Pilatus is opened since November 2008.
Lucerne is home to the Luzerner Sinfonieorchester, a category A symphonic orchestra, and to the 21st Century Symphony Orchestra, and they both hold most of their performances in the Lucerne Culture and Congress Centre.
Lucerne is also home to Keramikkonzerte (keramikkonzerte.com/), a series of classical chamber music concerts held throughout each year.
Events[edit]
Every year, towards the end of winter, Fasnacht (Carnival) breaks out in the streets, alleyways and squares of the old town. This is a glittering outdoor party, where chaos and merriness reign and nothing is as it normally is. Strange characters in fantastic masks and costumes make their way through the alleyways, while Guggenmusiken (carnival bands) blow their instruments in joyful cacophony and thousands of bizarrely clad people sing and dance away the winter. The Lucerner Fasnacht, based on religious, Catholic backgrounds, starts every year on the Thursday before Aschermittwoch (Ash Wednesday) with a big bang at 5am called Morgenwacht (Morning Watch). There are big parades in the afternoon on Schmotzige Donnerstag (literally: Lardy Thursday)[29] and the following Monday, called Güdismontag (literally: Paunch Monday), which attract tens of thousands of people. Lucerne's Carnival ends with a crowning finish on Güdisdienstag (literally: Paunch Tuesday) evening with the Monstercorso, a tremendous parade of Guggenmusiken, lights and lanterns with even a larger audience. Rather recently a fourth Fasnacht day has been introduced on the Saturday between the others Fasnacht days, the Rüüdige Samstag while mainly several indoor balls take place. From dusk till dawn on the evenings of Schmotzige Donnerstag, Güdismontag, and after the Monstercorso many bands wander through the historical part of the city playing typical Fasnacht tunes. Until midnight, the historical part of the city usually is packed with people participating. A large part of the audience are also dressed up in costumes, even a majority in the evenings.
Lucerne Fasnacht
The city hosts various renowned festivals throughout the year. The Lucerne Festival for classical music takes place in the summer. Its orchestra, the Lucerne Festival Orchestra, is hand-picked from some of the finest instrumentalists in the world. In June yearly the pop music festival B-Sides takes place in Lucerne. It focuses on international acts in alternative music, indie rock, experimental rock and other cutting edge and left field artistic musical genres. In July, the Blue Balls Festival brings jazz, blues and punk music to the lake promenade and halls of the Culture and Convention Center. The Lucerne Blues Festival is another musical festival which usually takes place in November. Since spring 2004, Lucerne has hosted the Festival Rose d'Or for television entertainment. And in April, the well-established comics festival Fumetto attracts an international audience.
Being the cultural center of a rather rural region, Lucerne regularly holds different folklore festivals, such as Lucerne Cheese Festival, held annually. In 2004, Lucerne was the focus of Swiss Wrestling fans when it had hosted the Swiss Wrestling and Alpine festival (Eidgenössisches Schwing- und Älplerfest), which takes place every three years in a different location. A national music festival (Eidgenössiches Musikfest) attracted marching bands from all parts of Switzerland in 2006. In summer 2008, the jodelling festival (Eidgenössisches Jodlerfest) is expected to have similar impact.
The 2021 Winter Universiade will be hosted by Lucerne.
Transport[edit]
Lucerne railway station
Lucerne boasts a developed and well-run transport network, with the main operator, Verkehrsbetriebe Luzern (VBL), running both the trolleybuses in Lucerne and a motor buses network in the city and to neighboring municipalities. Other operators, such as PostAuto Schweiz and Auto AG Rothenburg, provide bus services to other towns and villages.
Lucerne railway station is one of Switzerland's principal railway stations situated in the middle of the town and just next to the lake, and enjoys excellent connection to the rest of Switzerland via railway services operated by Swiss Federal Railways (SBB CFF FFS) and the Zentralbahn (zb). Two other stations are located within the city boundaries, with Lucerne Allmend/Messe railway station close to the Swissporarena in the south of the city, and the Lucerne Verkehrshaus railway station adjacent to the Swiss Museum of Transport in the east.
Lucerne's city transit system is fully integrated into the coherent and integrated fare network system called passepartout encompassing all kind of public transport in the cantons of Lucerne, Obwalden, and Nidwalden.
Sport[edit]
The Swissporarena is home to FC Lucerne of the Swiss Super League
There are several football clubs throughout the city. The most successful one is FC Luzern which plays in Switzerland's premier league (Swiss Super League). The club plays its home matches at the new Swissporarena, with a capacity of 16,800.
The city's main hockey team is the HC Luzern which plays in the Swiss Second League, the fourth tier of Swiss hockey. They play their home games in the 5,000-seat Swiss Life Arena.
In the past, Lucerne also produced national successes in men's handball and women's volleyball and softball.
Having a long tradition of equestrian sports, Lucerne has co-hosted CSIO Switzerland, an international equestrian show jumping event, until it left entirely for St. Gallen in 2006. Since then, the Lucerne Equestrian Masters replaced it. There is also an annual horse racing event, usually taking place in August.
Lucerne annually hosts the final leg of the Rowing World Cup on Rotsee Lake, and has hosted numerous World Rowing Championships, among others the first ever in 1962. Lucerne was also bidding for the 2011 issue but failed.
Lucerne hosts the annual Spitzen Leichtathletik Luzern Track and field meeting, which attracts world class athletes such as Yohan Blake and Valerie Adams.
The city also provides facilities for ice-hockey, figure-skating, golf, swimming, basketball, rugby, skateboarding, climbing and more.
Lucerne hosted FIVB Beach Volleyball World Tour event Lucerne Open 2015 and FIVB Beach Volleyball U21 World Championship in 2016.
PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, Calif. – More than 3,000 students from across California visited the Presidio of Monterey on May 13 for DLIFLC’s Language Day. Students, educators and other participants were treated to stage performances, classroom displays and ethnic cuisine, highlighting the cultures of the many foreign languages taught here.
Official Presidio of Monterey Web site
Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook
PHOTO by Steven L. Shepard, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.
. . . the natural make-up of the women is called Thanaka. It is a cream made out of the bark of specific trees. Thanaka cream has been used by Burmese women for over 2000 years. It has a fragrant scent somewhat similar to sandalwood. The creamy paste is applied to the face in attractive designs, the most common form being a circular patch on each cheek, nose, sometimes made stripey with the fingers known as thanaka bè gya, or patterned in the shape of a leaf, often also highlighting the bridge of the nose with it at the same time. It may be applied from head to toe (thanaka chi zoun gaung zoun). Apart from cosmetic beauty, thanaka also gives a cooling sensation and provides protection from sunburn. It is believed to help remove acne and promote smooth skin. It is also an anti-fungal. The active ingredients of thanaka are coumarin and marmesin.
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Yangon (Burmese: ရန်ကုန်, MLCTS rankun mrui, pronounced: [jàɴɡòʊɴ mjo̰]; formerly known as Rangoon, literally: "End of Strife") is the capital of the Yangon Region of Myanmar, also known as Burma. Yangon served as the capital of Myanmar until 2006, when the military government relocated the capital to the purpose-built city of Naypyidaw in central Myanmar. With over 7 million people, Yangon is Myanmar's largest city and is its most important commercial centre.
Yangon boasts the largest number of colonial-era buildings in the region, and has a unique colonial-era urban core that is remarkably intact. The colonial-era commercial core is centred around the Sule Pagoda, which reputed to be over 2,000 years old. The city is also home to the gilded Shwedagon Pagoda — Myanmar's most sacred Buddhist pagoda. The mausoleum of the last Mughal Emperor is located in Yangon, where he had been exiled following the Indian Mutiny of 1857.
Yangon suffers from deeply inadequate infrastructure, especially compared to other major cities in Southeast Asia. Though many historic residential and commercial buildings have been renovated throughout central Yangon, most satellite towns that ring the city continue to be profoundly impoverished and lack basic infrastructure.
ETYMOLOGY
Yangon (ရန်ကုန်) is a combination of the two words yan (ရန်) and koun (ကုန်), which mean "enemies" and "run out of", respectively. It is also translated as "End of Strife". "Rangoon" most likely comes from the British imitation of the pronunciation of "Yangon" in the Arakanese language, which is [rɔ̀ɴɡʊ́ɴ].
HISTORY
EARLY HISTORY
Yangon was founded as Dagon in the early 11th century (c. 1028–1043) by the Mon, who dominated Lower Burma at that time. Dagon was a small fishing village centred about the Shwedagon Pagoda. In 1755, King Alaungpaya conquered Dagon, renamed it "Yangon", and added settlements around Dagon. The British captured Yangon during the First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26), but returned it to Burmese administration after the war. The city was destroyed by a fire in 1841.
COLONIAL RANGOON
The British seized Yangon and all of Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War of 1852, and subsequently transformed Yangon into the commercial and political hub of British Burma. Yangon is also the place where the British sent Bahadur Shah II, the last Mughal emperor, to live after the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Based on the design by army engineer Lt. Alexander Fraser, the British constructed a new city on a grid plan on delta land, bounded to the east by the Pazundaung Creek and to the south and west by the Yangon River. Yangon became the capital of all British-ruled Burma after the British had captured Upper Burma in the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885. By the 1890s Yangon's increasing population and commerce gave birth to prosperous residential suburbs to the north of Royal Lake (Kandawgyi) and Inya Lake. The British also established hospitals including Rangoon General Hospital and colleges including Rangoon University.
Colonial Yangon, with its spacious parks and lakes and mix of modern buildings and traditional wooden architecture, was known as "the garden city of the East." By the early 20th century, Yangon had public services and infrastructure on par with London.
Before World War II, about 55% of Yangon's population of 500,000 was Indian or South Asian, and only about a third was Bamar (Burman). Karens, the Chinese, the Anglo-Burmese and others made up the rest.
After World War I, Yangon became the epicentre of Burmese independence movement, with leftist Rangoon University students leading the way. Three nationwide strikes against the British Empire in 1920, 1936 and 1938 all began in Yangon. Yangon was under Japanese occupation (1942–45), and incurred heavy damage during World War II. The city was retaken by the Allies in May 1945.
Yangon became the capital of Union of Burma on 4 January 1948 when the country regained independence from the British Empire.
CONTEMPORARY YANGON
Soon after Burma's independence in 1948, many colonial names of streets and parks were changed to more nationalistic Burmese names. In 1989, the current military junta changed the city's English name to "Yangon", along with many other changes in English transliteration of Burmese names. (The changes have not been accepted by many Burmese who consider the junta unfit to make such changes, nor by many publications, news bureaus including, most notably, the BBC and foreign nations including the United Kingdom and United States.)
Since independence, Yangon has expanded outwards. Successive governments have built satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa in the 1950s to Hlaingthaya,
Shwepyitha and South Dagon in the 1980s. Today, Greater Yangon encompasses an area covering nearly 600 square kilometres.
During Ne Win's isolationist rule (1962–88), Yangon's infrastructure deteriorated through poor maintenance and did not keep up with its increasing population. In the 1990s, the current military government's more open market policies attracted domestic and foreign investment, bringing a modicum of modernity to the city's infrastructure. Some inner city residents were forcibly relocated to new satellite towns. Many colonial-period buildings were demolished to make way for high-rise hotels, office buildings, and shopping malls, leading the city government to place about 200 notable colonial-period buildings under the Yangon City Heritage List in 1996. Major building programs have resulted in six new bridges and five new highways linking the city to its industrial back country. Still, much of Yangon remains without basic municipal services such as 24-hour electricity and regular garbage collection.
Yangon has become much more indigenous Burmese in its ethnic make-up since independence. After independence, many South Asians and Anglo-Burmese left. Many more South Asians were forced to leave during the 1960s by Ne Win's xenophobic government. Nevertheless, sizable South Asian and Chinese communities still exist in Yangon. The Anglo-Burmese have effectively disappeared, having left the country or intermarried with other Burmese groups.
Yangon was the centre of major anti-government protests in 1974, 1988 and 2007. The 1988 People Power Uprising resulted in the deaths of hundreds, if not thousands of Burmese civilians, many in Yangoon where hundreds of thousands of people flooded into the streets of the then capital city. The Saffron Revolution saw mass shootings and the use of crematoria in Yangoon by the Burmese government to erase evidence of their crimes against monks, unarmed protesters, journalists and students.
The city's streets saw bloodshed each time as protesters were gunned down by the government.
In May 2008, Cyclone Nargis hit Yangon. While the city had few human casualties, three quarters of Yangon's industrial infrastructure was destroyed or damaged, with losses estimated at US$800 million.
In November 2005, the military government designated Naypyidaw, 320 kilometres north of Yangon, as the new administrative capital, and subsequently moved much of the government to the newly developed city. At any rate, Yangon remains the largest city, and the most important commercial centre of Myanmar.
GEOGRAPHY
Yangon is located in Lower Burma (Myanmar) at the convergence of the Yangon and Bago Rivers about 30 km away from the Gulf of Martaban at 16°48' North, 96°09' East (16.8, 96.15). Its standard time zone is UTC/GMT +6:30 hours.
CLIMATE
Yangon has a tropical monsoon climate under the Köppen climate classification system. The city features a lengthy wet season from May through October where a substantial amount of rainfall is received; and a dry season from November through April, where little rainfall is seen. It is primarily due to the heavy rainfall received during the rainy season that Yangon falls under the tropical monsoon climate category. During the course of the year 1961 to 1990s, average temperatures show little variance, with average highs ranging from 29 to 36 °C and average lows ranging from 18 to 25 °C.
CITYSCAPE
Until the mid-1990s, Yangon remained largely constrained to its traditional peninsula setting between the Bago, Yangon and Hlaing rivers. People moved in, but little of the city moved out. Maps from 1944 show little development north of Inya Lake and areas that are now layered in cement and stacked with houses were then virtual backwaters. Since the late 1980s, however, the city began a rapid spread north to where Yangon International airport now stands. But the result is a stretching tail on the city, with the downtown area well removed from its geographic centre. The city's area has steadily increased from 72.52 square kilometres in 1901 to 86.2 square kilometres in 1940 to 208.51 square kilometres in 1974, to 346.13 square kilometres in 1985, and to 598.75 square kilometres in 2008.
ARCHITECTURE
Downtown Yangon is known for its leafy avenues and fin-de-siècle architecture. The former British colonial capital has the highest number of colonial period buildings in south-east Asia. Downtown Yangon is still mainly made up of decaying colonial buildings. The former High Court, the former Secretariat buildings, the former St. Paul's English High School and the Strand Hotel are excellent examples of the bygone era. Most downtown buildings from this era are four-story mix-use (residential and commercial) buildings with 4.3 m ceilings, allowing for the construction of mezzanines. Despite their less-than-perfect conditions, the buildings remain highly sought after and most expensive in the city's property market.
In 1996, the Yangon City Development Committee created a Yangon City Heritage List of old buildings and structures in the city that cannot be modified or torn down without approval. In 2012, the city of Yangon imposed a 50-year moratorium on demolition of buildings older than 50 years. The Yangon Heritage Trust, an NGO started by Thant Myint-U, aims to create heritage areas in Downtown, and attract investors to renovate buildings for commercial use.
A latter day hallmark of Yangon is the eight-story apartment building. (In Yangon parlance, a building with no elevators (lifts) is called an apartment building and one with elevators is called a condominium. Condos which have to invest in a local power generator to ensure 24-hour electricity for the elevators are beyond the reach of most Yangonites.) Found throughout the city in various forms, eight-story apartment buildings provide relatively inexpensive housing for many Yangonites. The apartments are usually eight stories high (including the ground floor) mainly because city regulations, until February 2008, required that all buildings higher than 23 m or eight stories to install lifts. The current code calls for elevators in buildings higher than 19 m or six stories, likely ushering in the era of the six-story apartment building. Although most apartment buildings were built only within the last 20 years, they look much older and rundown due to shoddy construction and lack of proper maintenance.
Unlike other major Asian cities, Yangon does not have any skyscrapers. Aside from a few high-rise hotels and office towers, most high-rise buildings (usually 10 stories and up) are "condos" scattered across prosperous neighbourhoods north of downtown such as Bahan, Dagon, Kamayut and Mayangon. The tallest building in Yangon, Pyay Gardens, is a 25-story condo in the city's north.
Older satellite towns such as Thaketa, North Okkalapa and South Okkalapa are lined mostly with one to two story detached houses with access to the city's electricity grid. Newer satellite towns such as North Dagon and South Dagon are still essentially slums in a grid layout. The satellite towns - old or new - receive little or no municipal services.
ROAD LAYOUT
Downtown Yangon's road layout follows a grid pattern, based on four types of roads:
Broad 49-m wide roads running west to east
Broad 30-m wide roads running south to north
Two narrow 9.1-m wide streets running south to north
Mid-size 15-m wide streets running south to north
The east-west grid of central was laid out by British military engineers Fraser and Montgomerie after the Second Anglo-Burmese War. The city was later developed by the Public Works Department and Bengal Corps of Engineers. The pattern of south to north roads is as follows: one broad 30 m wide broad road, two narrow streets, one mid-size street, two more narrow streets, and then another 30 m wide broad road. This order is repeated from west to east. The narrow streets are numbered; the medium and broad roads are named.
For example, the 30 m Lanmadaw Road is followed by 9.1 m-wide 17th and 18th streets then the medium 15 m Sint-Oh-Dan Road, the 30-foot 19th and 20th streets, followed by another 30 m wide Latha Road, followed again by the two numbered small roads 21st and 22nd streets, and so on.
The roads running parallel west to east were the Strand Road, Merchant Road, Maha Bandula (née Dalhousie) Road, Anawrahta (Fraser) Road, and Bogyoke Aung San (Montgomerie) Road.
PARKS AND GARDENS
The largest and best maintained parks in Yangon are located around Shwedagon Pagoda. To the south-east of the gilded stupa is the most popular recreational area in the city – Kandawgyi Lake. The 61-ha lake is surrounded by the 45-ha Kandawgyi Nature Park, and the 28-ha Yangon Zoological Gardens, which consists of a zoo, an aquarium and an amusement park. West of the pagoda towards the former Hluttaw (Parliament) complex is the 53-ha People's Square and Park, (the former parading ground on important national days when Yangon was the capital.) A few miles north of the pagoda lies the 15-ha Inya Lake Park – a favorite hangout place of Yangon University students, and a well-known place of romance in Burmese popular culture.
Hlawga National Park and Allied War Memorial at the outskirts of the city are popular day-trip destinations with the well-to-do and tourists.
Yangon Book Plaza, the first and biggest book shop in Myanmar was opened on February 26, 2017 on the fifth floor of Than Zay Market in Lanmadaw Township, Yangon.
ADMINISTRATION
Yangon is administered by the Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC). YCDC also coordinates urban planning. The city is divided into four districts. The districts combined have a total of 33 townships. The current mayor of Yangon is Maung Maung Soe. Each township is administered by a committee of township leaders, who make decisions regarding city beautification and infrastructure. Myo-thit (lit. "New Towns", or satellite towns) are not within such jurisdictions.
TRANSPORT
Yangon is Burma's main domestic and international hub for air, rail, and ground transportation.
AIR
Yangon International Airport, located 19 km from the centre, is the country's main gateway for domestic and international air travel. The airport has three terminals, known as T1, T2 and T3 which is also known as Domestic. It has direct flights to regional cities in Asia – mainly, Doha, Dubai, Dhaka, Kolkata, Hanoi, Ho Chi Minh City, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Beijing, Seoul, Guangzhou, Taipei, Bangkok, Kuala Lumpur, Kunming and Singapore. Although domestic airlines offer service to about twenty domestic locations, most flights are to tourist destinations such as Bagan, Mandalay, Heho and Ngapali, and to the capital Naypyidaw.
RAILWAYS
Yangon Central Railway Station is the main terminus of Myanmar Railways' 5,403-kilometre rail network whose reach covers Upper Myanmar (Naypyidaw, Mandalay, Shwebo), upcountry (Myitkyina), Shan hills (Taunggyi, Lashio) and the Taninthayi coast (Mawlamyaing, Dawei).
Yangon Circular Railway operates a 45.9-kilometre 39-station commuter rail network that connects Yangon's satellite towns. The system is heavily utilized by the local populace, selling about 150,000 tickets daily. The popularity of the commuter line has jumped since the government reduced petrol subsidies in August 2007.
BUSES AND CARS
Yangon has a 4,456-kilometre road network of all types (tar, concrete and dirt) in March 2011. Many of the roads are in poor condition and not wide enough to accommodate an increasing number of cars. The vast majority of Yangon residents cannot afford a car and rely on an extensive network of buses to get around. Over 300 public and private bus lines operate about 6,300 crowded buses around the city, carrying over 4.4 million passengers a day. All buses and 80% of the taxis in Yangon run on compressed natural gas (CNG), following the 2005 government decree to save money on imported petroleum. Highway buses to other cities depart from Dagon Ayeyar Highway Bus Terminal for Irrawaddy delta region and Aung Mingala Highway Bus Terminal for other parts of the country.
Motor transportation in Yangon is highly expensive for most of its citizens. As the government allows only a few thousand cars to be imported each year in a country with over 50 million people, car prices in Yangon (and in Burma) are among the highest in the world. In July 2008, the two most popular cars in Yangon, 1986/87 Nissan Sunny Super Saloon and 1988 Toyota Corolla SE Limited, cost the equivalent of about US$20,000 and US$29,000 respectively. A sports utility vehicle, imported for the equivalent of around US$50,000, goes for US$250,000. Illegally imported unregistered cars are cheaper – typically about half the price of registered cars. Nonetheless, car usage in Yangon is on the rise, a sign of rising incomes for some, and already causes much traffic congestion in highway-less Yangon's streets. In 2011, Yangon had about 300,000 registered motor vehicles in addition to an unknown number of unregistered ones.
Since 1970, cars have been driven on the right side of the road in Burma, as part of a military decree. However, as the government has not required left hand drive (LHD) cars to accompany the right side road rules, many cars on the road are still right hand drive (RHD) made for driving on the left side. Japanese used cars, which make up most of the country's imports, still arrive with RHD and are never converted to LHD. As a result, Burmese drivers have to rely on their passengers when passing other cars.
Within Yangon city limits, it is illegal to drive trishaws, bicycles, and motorcycles. Since February 2010, pickup truck bus lines have been forbidden to run in 6 townships of central Yangon, namely Latha, Lanmadaw, Pabedan, Kyauktada, Botahtaung and Pazundaung Townships. In May 2003, a ban on using car horns was implemented in six townships of Downtown Yangon to reduce noise pollution. In April 2004, the car horn ban was expanded to cover the entire city.
RIVER
Yangon's four main passenger jetties, all located on or near downtown waterfront, mainly serve local ferries across the river to Dala and Thanlyin, and regional ferries to the Irrawaddy delta. The 35-km Twante Canal was the quickest route from Yangon to the Irrawaddy delta until the 1990s when roads between Yangon and the Irrawaddy Division became usable year-round. While passenger ferries to the delta are still used, those to Upper Burma via the Irrawaddy river are now limited mostly to tourist river cruises.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Yangon is the most populous city by far in Burma although estimates of the size of its population vary widely. All population figures are estimates since no official census has been conducted in Burma since 1983. A UN estimate puts the population as 4.35 million in 2010 but a 2009 U.S. State Department estimate puts it at 5.5 million. The U.S. State Department's estimate is probably closer to the real number since the UN number is a straight-line projection, and does not appear to take the expansion of city limits in the past two decades into account. The city's population grew sharply after 1948 as many people (mainly, the indigenous Burmese) from other parts of the country moved into the newly built satellite towns of North Okkalapa, South Okkalapa, and Thaketa in the 1950s and East Dagon, North Dagon and South Dagon in the 1990s. Immigrants have founded their regional associations (such as Mandalay Association, Mawlamyaing Association, etc.) in Yangon for networking purposes. The government's decision to move the nation's administrative capital to Naypyidaw has drained an unknown number of civil servants away from Yangon.
Yangon is the most ethnically diverse city in the country. While Indians formed the slight majority prior to World War II, today, the majority of the population is of indigenous Bamar (Burman) descent. Large communities of Indians/South Asian Burmese and the Chinese Burmese exist especially in the traditional downtown neighborhoods. A large number of Rakhine and Karen also live in the city.
Burmese is the principal language of the city. English is by far the preferred second language of the educated class. In recent years, however, the prospect of overseas job opportunities has enticed
some to study other languages: Mandarin Chinese is most popular, followed by Japanese, and French.
RELIGIONS
The primary religions practiced in Yangon are Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, and Islam. Shwedagon Pagoda is a famous religious landmark in the city.
MEDIA
Yangon is the country's hub for the movie, music, advertising, newspaper and book publishing industries. All media is heavily regulated by the military government. Television broadcasting is off limits to the private sector. All media content must first be approved by the government's media censor board, Press Scrutiny and Registration Division.
Most television channels in the country are broadcast from Yangon. TV Myanmar and Myawaddy TV are the two main channels, providing Burmese-language programming in news and entertainment. Other special interest channels are MWD-1 and MWD-2, MRTV-3, the English-language channel that targets overseas audiences via satellite and via Internet, MRTV-4 and Channel 7 are with a focus on non-formal education programs and movies, and Movie 5, a pay-TV channel specializing in broadcasting foreign movies.
Yangon has three radio stations. Myanmar Radio National Service is the national radio service and broadcasts mostly in Burmese (and in English during specific times.) Pop culture oriented Yangon City FM and Mandalay City FM radio stations specialize in Burmese and English pop music, entertainment programs, live celebrity interviews, etc. New radio channels such as Shwe FM and Pyinsawaddy FM can also be tuned with the city area.
Nearly all print media and industries are based out of Yangon. All three national newspapers – two Burmese language dailies Myanma Alin (မြန်မာ့အလင်း) and Kyemon (ကြေးမုံ), and the English language The New Light of Myanmar — are published by the government. Semi-governmental The Myanmar Times weekly, published in Burmese and in English, is mainly geared for Yangon's expatriate community. Over twenty special interest journals and magazines covering sports, fashion, finance, crime, literature (but never politics) vie for the readership of the general populace.
Access to foreign media is extremely difficult. Satellite television in Yangon, and in Burma, is very expensive as the government imposes an annual registration fee of one million kyats. Certain foreign newspapers and periodicals such as the International Herald Tribune and the Straits Times can be found only in a few (mostly downtown) bookstores. Internet access in Yangon, which has the best telecommunication infrastructure in the country, is slow and erratic at best, and the Burmese government implements one of the world's most restrictive regimes of Internet control. International text messaging and voice messaging was permitted only in August 2008.
COMMUNICATION
Common facilities taken for granted elsewhere are luxury prized items in Yangon and Burma. The price of a GSM mobile phone was about K1.1 million in August 2008. In 2007, the country of 55 million had only 775,000 phone lines (including 275,000 mobile phones), and 400,000 computers. Even in Yangon, which has the best infrastructure, the estimated telephone penetration rate was only 6% at the end of 2004, and the official waiting time for a telephone line was 3.6 years. Most people cannot afford a computer and have to use the city's numerous Internet cafes to access a heavily restricted Internet, and a heavily censored local intranet. According to official statistics, in July 2010, the country had over 400,000 Internet users, with the vast majority hailing from just two cities, Yangon and Mandalay. Although Internet access was available in 42 cities across the country, the number of users outside the two main cities was just over 10,000.
LIFESTYLE
Yangon's property market is the most expensive in the country and beyond the reach of most Yangonites. Most rent outside the centre and few can afford to rent such apartments. (In 2008, rents for a typical 60 to 70 m2 apartments in the centre and vicinity range between K70,000 and K150,000 and those for high end condos between K200,000 and K500,000.)
Most men of all ages (and some women) spend their time at ubiquitous tea-shops, found in any corner or street of the city. Watching European football (mostly English Premier League with occasional La Liga, Serie A, Bundesliga) matches while sipping tea is a popular pastime among many Yangonites. The average person stays close to his or her residential neighbourhood. The well-to-do tend to visit shopping malls and parks on weekends. Some leave the city on weekends for Chaungtha and Ngwesaung beach resorts in Ayeyarwady Division.
Yangon is also home to many pagoda festivals (paya pwe), held during dry-season months (November – March). The most famous of all, the Shwedagon Pagoda Festival in March, attracts thousands of pilgrims from around the country.
Yangon's museums are the domain of tourists and rarely visited by the locals.
Most of Yangon's larger hotels offer some kind of nightlife entertainment, geared towards tourists and the well-to-do Burmese. Some hotels offer traditional Burmese performing arts shows complete with a traditional Burmese orchestra. The pub scene in larger hotels is more or less the same as elsewhere in Asia. Other options include karaoke bars and pub restaurants in Yangon Chinatown.
Due to the problems of high inflation, the lack of high denomination notes, and the fact that many of the population do not have access to checks, or credit or debit cards, it is common to see citizens carrying a considerable amount of cash. (The highest denomination of Burmese currency kyat is 10 000 (~US$10.)) Credit cards are only rarely used in the city, chiefly in the more lavish hotels. Credit cards are also accepted in the major supermarket and convenience store chains.
SPORTS
As the city has the best sporting facilities in the country, most national-level annual sporting tournaments such as track and field, football, volleyball, tennis and swimming are held in Yangon. The 40,000-seat Aung San Stadium and the 32,000-seat Thuwunna Stadium are the main venues for the highly popular annual State and Division football tournament. Until April 2009, the now defunct Myanmar Premier League, consisted of 16 Yangon-based clubs, played all its matches in Yangon stadiums, and attracted little interest from the general public or commercial success despite the enormous popularity of football in Burma. Most Yangonites prefer watching European football on satellite TV. Teams such as Manchester United, Liverpool, Chelsea, Real Madrid, Barcelona, Bayern Munich and Manchester City are among the favorite European teams among the Yangonites. It remains to be seen whether the Myanmar National League, the country's first professional football league, and its Yangon-based club Yangon United FC will attract a sufficient following in the country's most important media market.
Yangon is also home to annual the Myanmar Open golf tournament, and the Myanmar Open tennis tournament. The city hosted the 1961 and 1969 South East Asian Games. During colonial times, cricket was played mostly by British officials in the city. First-class cricket was played in the city in January 1927 when the touring Marylebone Cricket Club played Burma and the Rangoon Gymkhana. Two grounds were used to host these matches, the BAA Ground and the Gymkhana Ground. These matches mark the only time Burma and Rangoon Gymkhana have appeared in first-class cricket, and the only time first-class cricket has been played in Burma. After independence cricket all but died out in the country.
Yangon has a growing population of skateboarders, as documented in the films Altered Focus: Burma and Youth of Yangon. German non-profit organization Make Life Skate Life has received permission from the Yangon City Development Committee to construct a concrete skatepark at Thakin Mya park in downtown, and plans to complete the park in November 2015.
ECONOMY
Yangon is the country's main centre for trade, industry, real estate, media, entertainment and tourism. The city represents about one fifth of the national economy. According to official statistics for FY 2010–2011, the size of the economy of Yangon Region was 8.93 trillion kyats, or 23% of the national GDP.
The city is Lower Burma's main trading hub for all kinds of merchandise – from basic food stuffs to used cars although commerce continues to be hampered by the city's severely underdeveloped banking industry and communication infrastructure. Bayinnaung Market is the largest wholesale centre in the country for rice, beans and pulses, and other agricultural commodities. Much of the country's legal imports and exports go through Thilawa Port, the largest and busiest port in Burma. There is also a great deal of informal trade, especially in street markets that exist alongside street platforms of Downtown Yangon's townships. However, on 17 June 2011, the YCDC announced that street vendors, who had previously been allowed to legally open shop at 3 pm, would be prohibited from selling on the streets, and permitted to sell only in their townships of residence, presumably to clean up the city's image. Since 1 December 2009, high-density polyethylene plastic bags have been banned by city authorities.
Manufacturing accounts for a sizable share of employment. At least 14 light industrial zones ring Yangon, directly employing over 150,000 workers in 4,300 factories in early 2010. The city is the centre of country's garment industry which exported US$292 million in 2008/9 fiscal year. More than 80 percent of factory workers in Yangon work on a day-to-day basis. Most are young women between 15 and 27 years of age who come from the countryside in search of a better life. The manufacturing sector suffers from both structural problems (e.g. chronic power shortages) and political.
problems (e.g. economic sanctions). In 2008, Yangon's 2500 factories alone needed about 120 MW of power; yet, the entire city received only about 250 MW of the 530 MW needed. Chronic power shortages limit the factories' operating hours between 8 am and 6 pm.
Construction is a major source of employment. The construction industry has been negatively affected by the move of state apparatus and civil servants to Naypyidaw, new regulations introduced in August 2009 requiring builders to provide at least 12 parking spaces in every new high-rise building, and the general poor business climate. As of January 2010, the number of new high-rise building starts approved in 2009–2010 was only 334, compared to 582 in 2008–2009.
Tourism represents a major source of foreign currency for the city although by south-east Asian standards the number of foreign visitors to Yangon has always been quite low - about 250,000 before the Saffron Revolution in September 2007. The number of visitors dipped even further following the Saffron Revolution and Cyclone Nargis. The recent improvement in the country's political climate has attracted an increasing number of businessmen and tourists. Between 300,000 and 400,000 visitors that went through Yangon International in 2011. However, after years of underinvestment, Yangon's modest hotel infrastructure - only 3000 of the total 8000 hotel rooms in Yangon are "suitable for tourists" - is already bursting at seams, and will need to be expanded to handle additional visitors. As part of an urban development strategy, a hotel zone has been planned in Yangon's outskirts, encompassing government- and military-owned land in Mingaladon, Hlegu and Htaukkyant Townships.
EDUCATION
Yangon educational facilities has a very high number of qualified teachers but the state spending on education is among the lowest of the world. Around 2007 estimate by the London-based International Institute for Strategic Studies puts the spending for education at 0.5% of the national budget. The disparity in educational opportunities and achievement between rich and poor schools is quite stark even within the city. With little or no state support forthcoming, schools have to rely on forced "donations" and various fees from parents for nearly everything – school maintenance to teachers' salaries, forcing many poor students to drop out.
While many students in poor districts fail to reach high school, a handful of Yangon high schools in wealthier districts such as Dagon 1, Sanchaung 2, Kamayut 2, Bahan 2, Latha 2, and TTC provide the majority of students admitted to the most selective universities in the country, highlighting the extreme shallowness of talent pool in the country. The wealthy bypass the state education system altogether, sending their children to private English language instruction schools such as YIEC or more widely known as ISM, or abroad (typically Singapore or Australia) for university education. In 2014, international schools in Yangon cost at least US$8,000 a year.
There are over 20 universities and colleges in the city. While Yangon University remains the best known (its main campus is a part of popular Burmese culture e.g. literature, music, film, etc.), the nation's oldest university is now mostly a graduate school, deprived of undergraduate studies. Following the 1988 nationwide uprising, the military government has repeatedly closed universities, and has dispersed most of undergraduate student population to new universities in the suburbs such as Dagon University, the University of East Yangon and the University of West Yangon. Nonetheless many of the country's most selective universities are still in Yangon. Students from around the country still have to come to study in Yangon as some subjects are offered only at its universities. The University of Medicine 1, University of Medicine 2, Yangon Technological University, University of Computer Studies and Myanmar Maritime University are the most selective in the country.
HEALTH CARE
The general state of health care in Yangon is poor. According to a 2007 estimate, the military government spends 0.4% of the national budget on health care, and 40% to 60% on defense. By the government's own figures, it spends 849 kyats (US$0.85) per person. Although health care is nominally free, in reality, patients have to pay for medicine and treatment, even in public clinics and hospitals. Public hospitals including the flagship Yangon General Hospital lack many of the basic facilities and equipment.
Wealthier Yangonites still have access to country's best medical facilities and internationally qualified doctors. Only Yangon and Mandalay have any sizable number of doctors left as many Burmese doctors have emigrated. The well-to-do go to private clinics or hospitals like Pun Hlaing International Hospital and Bahosi Medical Clinic. Medical malpractice is widespread, even in private clinics and hospitals that serve the well-to-do. In 2009 and 2010, a spate of high-profile deaths brought out the severity of the problem, even for the relatively well off Yangonites. The wealthy do not rely on domestic hospitals and travel abroad, usually Bangkok or Singapore, for treatment.
WIKIPEDIA
Kathakali (Malayalam: കഥകളി, kathakaḷi; Sanskrit: कथाकळिः, kathākaḷiḥ) is a stylized classical Indian dance-drama noted for the attractive make-up of characters, elaborate costumes, detailed gestures and well-defined body movements presented in tune with the anchor playback music and complementary percussion. It originated in the country's present day state of Kerala during the 17th century and has developed over the years with improved looks, refined gestures and added themes besides more ornate singing and precise drumming.
HISTORY
Popular belief is that kathakali is emerged from "Krishnanattam", the dance drama on the life and activities of Lord Krishna created by Sri Manavedan Raja, the Zamorin of Calicut (1585-1658 AD). Once Kottarakkara Thampuran, the Raja of Kottarakkara who was attracted by Krishnanattam requested the Zamorin for the loan of a troupe of performers. Due to the political rivalry between the two, Zamorin did not allow this. So Kottarakkara Thampuran created another art form called Ramanattam which was later transformed into Aattakatha. Krishnanaattam was written in Sanskrit, and Ramanattam was in Malayalam. By the end of 17th century, Attakatha was presented to the world with the title 'Kathakali'.
Kathakali also shares a lot of similarities with Krishnanattam, Koodiyattam (a classical Sanskrit drama existing in Kerala) and Ashtapadiyattam (an adaptation of 12th-century musical called Gitagovindam). It also incorporates several other elements from traditional and ritualistic art forms like Mudiyettu, Thiyyattu, Theyyam and Padayani besides a minor share of folk arts like Porattunatakam. All along, the martial art of Kalarippayattu has influenced the body language of Kathakali. The use of Malayalam, the local language (albeit as a mix of Sanskrit and Malayalam, called 'Manipravaalam'), has also helped the literature of Kathakali sound more transparent for the average audience.
As a part of modernising, propagating, promoting and popularizing Kathakali, the International Centre for Kathakali at New Delhi has taken up a continuing project since 1980 of producing new plays based on not only traditional and mythological stories, but also historical stories, European classics and Shakespeare's plays. Recently they produced Kathakali plays based on Shakespeare's Othello and Greek-Roman mythology of Psyche and Cupid.
Even though the lyrics/literature would qualify as another independent element called Sahithyam, it is considered as a component of Geetha or music, as it plays only a supplementary role to Nritham, Nrithyam and Natyam.
KATHAKALI PLAYS
Traditionally there are 101 classical Kathakali stories, though the commonly staged among them these days total less than one-third that number. Almost all of them were initially composed to last a whole night. Nowadays, there is increasing popularity for concise, or oftener select, versions of stories so as the performance lasts not more than three to four hours from evening. Thus, many stories find stage presentation in parts rather than totality. And the selection is based on criteria like choreographical beauty, thematic relevance/popularity or their melodramatic elements. Kathakali is a classical art form, but it can be appreciated also by novices—all contributed by the elegant looks of its character, their abstract movement and its synchronisation with the musical notes and rhythmic beats. And, in any case, the folk elements too continue to exist. For better appreciation, perhaps, it is still good to have an idea of the story being enacted.
The most popular stories enacted are Nalacharitham (a story from the Mahabharata), Duryodhana Vadham (focusing on the Mahabharata war after profiling the build-up to it), Kalyanasougandhikam, (the story of Bhima going to get flowers for his wife Panchali), Keechakavadham (another story of Bhima and Panchali, but this time during their stint in disguise), Kiratham (Arjuna and Lord Shiva's fight, from the Mahabharata), Karnashapatham (another story from the Mahabharata), Nizhalkuthu and Bhadrakalivijayam authored by Pannisseri Nanu Pillai. Also staged frequently include stories like Kuchelavrittam, Santanagopalam, Balivijayam, Dakshayagam, Rugminiswayamvaram, Kalakeyavadham, Kirmeeravadham, Bakavadham, Poothanamoksham, Subhadraharanam, Balivadham, Rugmangadacharitam, Ravanolbhavam, Narakasuravadham, Uttaraswayamvaram, Harishchandracharitam, Kacha-Devayani and Kamsavadham.
Recently, as part of attempts to further popularise the art, stories from other cultures and mythologies, such as those of Mary Magdalene from the Bible, Homer's Iliad, and William Shakespeare's King Lear and Julius Caesar besides Goethe's Faust too have been adapted into Kathakali scripts and on to its stage. Synopsis of 37 kathakali stories are available in kathakalinews.com.
MUSIC
The language of the songs used for Kathakali is Manipravalam. Though most of the songs are set in ragas based on the microtone-heavy Carnatic music, there is a distinct style of plain-note rendition, which is known as the Sopanam style. This typically Kerala style of rendition takes its roots from the temple songs which used to be sung (continues even now at several temples) at the time when Kathakali was born.
As with the acting style, Kathakali music also has singers from the northern and southern schools. The northern style has largely been groomed by Kerala Kalamandalam in the 20th century. Kalamandalam Neelakantan Nambisan, an overarching Kathakali musician of those times, was a product of the institute. His prominent disciples include Kalamandalam Unnikrishna Kurup, Kalamandalam Gangadharan, Kalamandalam P.G. Radhakrishnan, Rama Varrier, Madambi Subramanian Namboodiri, Tirur Nambissan, Kalamandalam Sankaran Embranthiri, Kalamandalam Hyderali, Kalamandalam Haridas, Subramanian, Kalanilayam Unnikrishnan and Kalamandalam Bhavadasan. The other prominent musicians of the north feature Kottakkal Vasu Nedungadi, Kottakkal Parameswaran Namboodiri, Kottakkal P.D. Narayanan Namboodiri, Kottakkal Narayanan, Kalamandalam Anantha NarayananKalamandalam Sreekumar Palanad Divakaran, Kalanilayam Rajendran, Kolathappilli Narayanan Namboodiri, Kalamandalam Narayanan Embranthiri, Kottakkal Madhu, Kalamandalam Babu Namboodiri, Kalamandalam Harish and Kalamandalam Vinod. In the south, some of whom are equally popular in the north these days, include Pathiyur Sankarankutty. Southerner musicians of the older generation include Cherthala Thankappa Panikker, Thakazhi Kuttan Pillai, Cherthala Kuttappa Kurup, Thanneermukkam Viswambharan and Mudakkal Gopinathan.
PERFORMANCE
Traditionally, a Kathakali performance is usually conducted at night and ends in early morning. Nowadays it isn't difficult to see performances as short as three hours or fewer. Kathakali is usually performed in front of the huge Kalivilakku (kali meaning dance; vilakku meaning lamp) with its thick wick sunk till the neck in coconut oil. Traditionally, this lamp used to provide sole light when the plays used to be performed inside temples, palaces or abodes houses of nobles and aristocrats. Enactment of a play by actors takes place to the accompaniment of music (geetha) and instruments (vadya). The percussion instruments used are chenda, maddalam (both of which underwent revolutionary changes in their aesthetics with the contributions of Kalamandalam Krishnankutty Poduval and Kalamandalam Appukutty Poduval) and, at times, edakka. In addition, the singers (the lead singer is called “ponnani” and his follower is called “singidi”) use chengila (gong made of bell metal, which can be struck with a wooden stick) and ilathalam (a pair of cymbals). The lead singer in some sense uses the Chengala to conduct the Vadyam and Geetha components, just as a conductor uses his wand in western classical music. A distinguishing characteristic of this art form is that the actors never speak but use hand gestures, expressions and rhythmic dancing instead of dialogue (but for a couple of rare characters).
ACTING
A Kathakali actor uses immense concentration, skill and physical stamina, gained from regimented training based on Kalaripayattu, the ancient martial art of Kerala, to prepare for his demanding role. The training can often last for 8–10 years, and is intensive. In Kathakali, the story is enacted purely by the movements of the hands (called mudras or hand gestures) and by facial expressions (rasas) and bodily movements. The expressions are derived from Natyashastra (the tome that deals with the science of expressions) and are classified into nine as in most Indian classical art forms. Dancers also undergo special practice sessions to learn control of their eye movements.
There are 24 basic mudras—the permutation and combination of which would add up a chunk of the hand gestures in vogue today. Each can again can be classified into 'Samaana-mudras'(one mudra symbolising two entities) or misra-mudras (both the hands are used to show these mudras). The mudras are a form of sign language used to tell the story.
The main facial expressions of a Kathakali artist are the 'navarasams' (Navarasas in anglicised form) (literal translation: Nine Tastes, but more loosely translated as nine feelings or expressions) which are Sringaram (amour), Hasyam (ridicule, humour), Bhayanakam (fear), Karunam (pathos), Roudram (anger, wrath), Veeram (valour), Beebhatsam (disgust), Adbhutam (wonder, amazement), Shantam (tranquility, peace). The link at the end of the page gives more details on Navarasas.
One of the most interesting aspects of Kathakali is its elaborate make-up code. Most often, the make-up can be classified into five basic sets namely Pachcha, Kathi, Kari, Thaadi, and Minukku. The differences between these sets lie in the predominant colours that are applied on the face. Pachcha (meaning green) has green as the dominant colour and is used to portray noble male characters who are said to have a mixture of "Satvik" (pious) and "Rajasik" (dark; Rajas = darkness) nature. Rajasik characters having an evil streak ("tamasic"= evil) -- all the same they are anti-heroes in the play (such as the demon king Ravana) -- and portrayed with streaks of red in a green-painted face. Excessively evil characters such as demons (totally tamasic) have a predominantly red make-up and a red beard. They are called Red Beard (Red Beard). Tamasic characters such as uncivilised hunters and woodsmen are represented with a predominantly black make-up base and a black beard and are called black beard (meaning black beard). Women and ascetics have lustrous, yellowish faces and this semi-realistic category forms the fifth class. In addition, there are modifications of the five basic sets described above such as Vella Thadi (white beard) used to depict Hanuman (the Monkey-God) and Pazhuppu, which is majorly used for Lord Shiva and Balabhadra.
NOTABLE TRAINING CENTRES & MASTERS
Kathakali artistes need assiduous grooming for almost a decade's time, and most masters are products of accomplished institutions that give a minimum training course of half-a-dozen years. The leading Kathakali schools (some of them started during the pre-Independent era India) are Kerala Kalamandalam (located in Cheruthuruthy near Shoranur), PSV Natya Sangham (located in Kottakal near Kozhikode), Sadanam Kathakali and Classical Arts Academy (or Gandhi Seva Sadan located in Perur near Ottappalam in Palakkad), Unnayi Varier Smaraka Kalanilayam (located in Irinjalakuda south of Thrissur), Margi in Thiruvananthapuram, Muthappan Kaliyogam at Parassinikkadavu in Kannur district and RLV School at Tripunithura off Kochi and Kalabharathi at Pakalkkuri near Kottarakkara in Kollam district, Sandarshan Kathakali Kendram in Ambalapuzha and Vellinazhi Nanu Nair Smaraka Kalakendra in Kuruvattor. Outside Kerala, Kathakali is being taught at the International Centre for Kathakali in New Delhi, Santiniketan at Visva-Bharati University in West Bengal, Kalakshetra in Chennai and Darpana Academy in Ahmedabad among others. PadmaSree Guru Chengannur Raman Pillai mostly known as 'Guru Chengannur'was running a traditional Gurukula Style approach to propagate Kathakali.
‘Guru Chengannur” is ever renowned as the Sovereign Guru of Kathakali. His precision in using symbols, gestures and steps were highest in the field of Kathakali. Guru Chegannur's kaththi vesham, especially the portrayal of Duryodhana enthralled the audience every time he performed. A master of the art, he found immense happiness and satisfaction in the success and recognition of his disciples.
Senior Kathakali exponents of today include Padma Bhushan Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair, Padma Shri Kalamandalam Gopi, Madavoor Vasudevan Nair, Chemancheri Kunhiraman Nair, Kottakkal Krishnankutty Nair, Mankompu Sivasankara Pillai, Sadanam Krishnankutty, Nelliyode Vasudevan Namboodiri, Kalamandalam Vasu Pisharody, FACT Padmanabhan, Kottakkal Chandrasekharan, Margi Vijayakumar, Kottakkal Nandakumaran Nair, Vazhenkada Vijayan, Inchakkattu Ramachandran Pillai, Kalamandalam Kuttan, Mayyanad Kesavan Namboodiri, Mathur Govindan Kutty, Narippatta Narayanan Namboodiri, Chavara Parukutty, Thonnakkal Peethambaran, Sadanam Balakrishnan, Kalanilayam Gopalakrishnan, Chirakkara Madhavankutty, Sadanam K. Harikumaran, Thalavadi Aravindan, Kalanilayam Balakrishnan, Pariyanampatta Divakaran, Kottakkal Kesavan, Kalanilayam Gopi and Kudamaloor Muralikrishnan. The late titan actor-dancers of Kathakali's modern age (say, since the 1930s) include Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon, Chenganoor Raman Pillai, Chandu Panicker, Thakazhi Guru Kunchu Kurup, Padma Shri Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair, Padma Shri Vazhenkada Kunchu Nair, Kavalappara Narayanan Nair, Kurichi Kunhan Panikkar, Thekkinkattil Ramunni Nair, Padma Shri Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair, Kalamandalam Padmanabhan Nair, Mankulam Vishnu Namboodiri, Oyur Kochu Govinda Pillai, Vellinezhi Nanu Nair, Padma Shri Kavungal Chathunni Panikkar, Kudamaloor Karunakaran Nair, Kottakkal Sivaraman, Kannan Pattali, Pallippuram Gopalan Nair, Haripad Ramakrishna Pillai, Champakkulam Pachu Pillai, Chennithala Chellappan Pillai, Guru Mampuzha Madhava Panicker, and Vaikkom Karunakaran.
Kathakali is still hugely a male domain but, since the 1970s, females too have made entry into the art form on a recognisable scale. The central Kerala temple town of Tripunithura has, in fact, a ladies troupe (with members belonging to several part of the state) that performs Kathakali, by and large in Travancore.
KATHAKALI STYLES
Known as Sampradäyaṃ(Malayalam: സമ്പ്രദായം); these are leading Kathakali styles that differ from each other in subtleties like choreographic profile, position of hand gestures and stress on dance than drama and vice versa. Some of the major original kathakali styles included:
Vettathu Sampradayam
Kalladikkodan Sampradyam
Kaplingadu Sampradayam
Of late, these have narrowed down to the northern (Kalluvazhi) and southern (Thekkan) styles. It was largely developed by the legendary Pattikkamthodi Ravunni Menon (1881-1949) that is implemented in Kerala Kalamandalam (though it has also a department that teaches the southern style), Sadanam, RLV and Kottakkal. Margi has its training largely based on the Thekkan style, known for its stress on drama and part-realistic techniques. Kalanilayam, effectively, churns out students with a mix of both styles.
OTHER FORMS OD DANCE & OFFSHOOTS
Kerala Natanam is a kind of dance form, partly based on Kathakali techniques and aesthetics, developed and stylised by the late dancer Guru Gopinath in the mid-20th century. Kathakali also finds portrayal in Malayalam feature films like Vanaprastham, Parinayam, Marattam, and Rangam. Besides documentary films have also been shot on Kathakali artistes like Chenganoor Raman Pillai, Kalamandalam Krishnan Nair, Keezhpadam Kumaran Nair, Kalamandalam Ramankutty Nair, Kalamandalam Gopi and Kottakkal Sivaraman.
As for fictional literature, Kathakali finds mention in several Malayalam short stories like Karmen (by N.S. Madhavan) and novels like Keshabharam (by P.V. Sreevalsan). Even the Indo-Anglian work like Arundhati Roy's Booker prize-winning The God of Small Things has a chapter on Kathakali, while, of late, Anita Nair's novel, Mistress, is entirely wrapped in the ethos of Kathakali.
Similar musical theater is popular in Kasaragod and the coastal and Malenadu regions of Karnataka, viz. Yakshagana. Though Yakshagana resembles Kathakali in terms of its costume and makeup to an extent, Yakshagana is markedly different from Kathakali as it involves dialogues and method acting also the narration is in Kannada, wherein philosophical debates are also possible within framework of the character. As per records the art form of Yakshagana was already rooted and well established at the time of Sri Manavedan Raja. There is possibilities of its significant influence in formation of Kathakkali as the troupe of performers of "Krishnanattam" designed the basic costume of the art form already established in other parts of south India including Males playing the female roles (until more recently).
Kottayam thamburan's way of presenting kathakali was later known as Kalladikkoden sambradayam. Chathu Paniker,the introducer of Kallikkoden Sambrathayam, stayed in Kottayam for five years with Kottayam Thamburan's residence and practiced Kalladikkoden Sambrathayam. Then he returned to his home place. After a short period Chathu Paniker reached Pulapatta as instructed by Kuthiravattath nair. That was around the year ME 865. Many deciples from Kadathanadu, Kurumbra nadu, Vettathu nadu, Palakkadu and Perumpadappu studied kathakali(Kalladikkoden Sambrathayam ) By that time Chathu Paniker was an old man. Some years later he died from Pulapatta.
NOTED KATHAKALI VILLAGES & BELTS
There are certain pockets in Kerala that have given birth to many Kathakali artistes over the years. If they can be called Kathakali villages (or some of them, these days, towns), here are some of them: Vellinezhi, Kuruvattoor, Karalmanna, Cherpulassery, Kothachira, peringode, sreekrishnapuram Kongad and Ottapalam in Palakkad district, Vazhenkada in Malappuram district, Thichur or Tichoor, Guruvayur, Thiruvilwamala and Irinjalakuda in Thrissur district, Tripunithura, Edappally, Thekkan Chittoor in Ernakulam district and Kuttanad, Harippad belt in Alappuzha district besides places in and around Thiruvanathapuram in south Travancore and Payyannur in north Malabar.
AWARDS FOR KATHAKALI ARTISTS
Sangeet Natak Akademi Awardees - Kathakali (1956–2005)
Nambeesan Smaraka Awards—For artistic performances related kathakali{1992-2008}
KATHAKALI ATTAMS (ELAKI ATTAMS)
Attams or more specifically "elaki attams" are sequences of acting within a story acted out with the help of mudras without support from vocal music. The actor has the freedom to change the script to suit his own individual preferences. The actor will be supported ably by Chenda, Maddalam, and Elathalam (compulsory), Chengila (not very compulsory).
The following are only some examples. 'Kailasa Udharanam' and 'Tapas Attam' are very important attams and these are described at the end. Two of the many references are Kathakali Prakaram, pages 95 to 142 by Pannisheri Nanu Pillai and Kathakaliyile Manodharmangal by Chavara Appukuttan Pillai.
VANA VARNANA: BHIMA IN KALYANA SAUGANDHIKA
Modern man looks at the forest, indeed the birthplace of primates, with a certain wonder and a certain respect. Kathakali characters are no exception.
When Pandavas were living in the forest, one day, a flower, not seen before, wafted by the wind, comes and falls at the feet of Panchali. Exhilarated by its beauty and smell, Panchali asks Bhima to bring her more such flowers. To her pleasure Bhima is ready to go at once. But Panchali asks him what he shall do for food and drink on the way. Bhima thinks and says "Food and Drink! Oh, this side glance (look) of yours. This look of longing. This look of anticipation. The very thought fills me up. I don't need any food and drink at all. Let me go." He takes his mace and off he goes. Ulsaham (enthusiasm) is his Sdhayi Bhavam (permanent feature).
"Let me go at once in search of this flower," says Bhima. "The scented wind is blowing from the southern side. Let me go that way." After walking some distance he sees a huge mountain called Gandhamadana and three ways. He decides to take the middle one which goes over the mountain. After going further "The forest is getting thicker. Big trees, big branches in all directions. The forest looks like a huge dark vessel into which even light can not penetrate. This is my (Bhima's) way. Nothing can hinder me." So saying he pulls down many trees. Sometimes he shatters the trees with his mace. Suddenly he sees an elephant. "Oh! Elephant." He describes it. Its trunk. Sharp ears.
The itching sensation in the body. It takes some mud and throws on the body. Oh good. Then it sucks water and throws on the body. Somewhat better. Slowly it starts dosing even though alert at times. A very huge python is approaching steadily. Suddenly it catches hold of the elephant's hind leg. The elephant wakes up and tries to disengage the python. The python pulls to one side. The elephant kicks and drags to the other side. This goes on for some time. Bhima looks to the other side where a hungry lion is looking for food. It comes running and strikes the elephants head and eats part of the brain and goes off. The python completes the rest. "Oh my god, how ruthless!" says Bhima and proceeds on his way.
UDYANA VARNANA: NALA IN NALACHARITHAM SECOND DAY
Descriptions of gardens are found in most dance forms of India and abroad. These are also common in Kathakali.
Newly married Nala and Damayanthi are walking in the garden. When Nala was lovingly looking at Damayanthi a flower falls on her. Nala is overjoyed and thinks that this is a kindness nature has shown on his wife. Nala says "On seeing the arrival of their queen, the trees and climbers are showing happiness by dropping flowers on you." He tells her, "See that tree. When I used to be alone the tree used to hug the climber and seemingly laugh at my condition." Then he looks at the tree and says, "Dear Tree, look at me now. See how fortunate I am with my beautiful wife."
Both wander about. A bumblebee flies towards Damayanthi. Immediately Nala protects her face with a kerchief. He looks at the bee and then at Damayanthi. He says, "On seeing your face the bee thought it was a flower and came to drink the nectar." Nala and Damayanthi listen to the sounds coming out of the garden. Damayanti says, "It appears that the whole garden is thrilled. The flowers are blooming and smiling. Cuckoos are singing and the bees are dancing. Gentle winds are blowing and rubbing against our bodies. How beautiful the whole garden looks." Then Nala says that the sun is going down and it is time for them to go back and takes her away.
SHABDA VARNANA: HANUMAN IN KALYANA SAUGANDHIKAM
While Bhima goes in search of the flower, here Hanuman is sitting doing Tapas with mind concentrated on Sri Rama.
When he hears the terrible noises made by Bhima in the forest he feels disturbed in doing his Tapas. He thinks "What is the reason for this?" Then the sounds become bigger. "What is this?" He thinks, "The sounds are getting bigger. Such a terrible noise. Is the sea coming up thinking that the time is ripe for the great deluge (Pralaya). Birds are flying helter-skelter. Trees look shocked. Even Kali Yuga is not here. Then what is it? Are mountains quarreling with each other? No, That can't be it. Indra had cut off the wings of mountains so that they don't quarrel. Is the sea changing its position? No it can't be. The sea has promised it will not change its position again. It can't break the promise." Hanuman starts looking for clues. "I see elephants and lions running in fear of somebody. Oh a huge man is coming this way. Oh, a hero is coming. He is pulling out trees and throwing it here and there. Okay. Let him come near, We will see."
THANDEDATTAM: RAVANA IN BALI VADHAM
After his theranottam Ravana is seen sitting on a stool. He says to himself "I am enjoying a lot of happiness. What is the reason for this?" Thinks. "Yes I know it. I did Tapas to Brahma and received all necessary boons. Afterwards I won all ten directions. I also defeated my elder brother Vaishravana. Then I lifted Kailas mountain when Siva and Parvathi were having a misunderstanding. Parvathi got frightened and embraced Siva in fear. Siva was so happy he gave a divine sword called Chandrahasa. Now the whole world is afraid of me. That is why I am enjoying so much happiness." He goes and sits on the stool. He looks far away. "Who is coming from a distance. he is coming fast. Oh, it is Akamba. Okay. Let me find out what news he has for me."
ASHRAMA VARNANA: ARJUNA IN KIRATHAM
Arjuna wants to do Tapas to Lord Siva and he is looking a suitable place in the Himalayan slopes. He comes to place where there is an ashram. Arjuna looks closely at the place. "Oh. What a beautiful place this is. A small river in which a very pure water is flowing. Some hermits are taking baths in the river. Some hermits are standing in the water and doing Tapsas. Some are facing the Sun. Some are standing in between five fires." Arjuna salutes the hermits from far. He says to himself "Look at this young one of a deer. It is looking for its mother. It seems to be hungry and thirsty. Nearby a female tiger is feeding its young ones. The little deer goes towards the tigress and pushes the young tiger cubs aside and starts drinking milk from the tigress. The tigress looks lovingly at the young deer and even licks its body as if it were its own child. How beautiful. How fulfilling."
Again he looks "Here on this side a mongoose and a serpent forgetting their enmity are hugging each other. This place is really strange and made divine by saints and hermits. Let me start my Tapas somewhere nearby."
A sloka called "Shikhini Shalabha" can be selected instead of the above if time permits.
AN ATTAM BASED ON A SLOKA
Sansrit slokas are sometimes shown in mudras and it has a pleasing and exhilarating effect. Different actors use slokas as per his own taste and liking. However, the slokas are taught to students during their training period. An example is given below.
Kusumo Kusumolpatti Shrooyathena Chathushyathe
Bale thava Mukhambuje Pashya Neelolpaladwayam
Meaning a flower blooming inside another flower is not known to history. But, my dear, in your lotus like face are seen two blue Neelolpala flowers (eyes).
A CONVERSATION BASED ON A SLOKA
Sanskrit slokas can also be used to express an intent. One such example is a sloka used by Arjuna addressed to Mathali the charioteer in Kalakeya Vadham. Sloka:
Pitha: Kushalee Mama hritha Bhujaam
Naatha Sachee Vallabha:
Maatha: kim nu Pralomacha Kushalinee
Soonurjayanthasthayo
Preethim va Kushchate Thadikshnavidhow
Cheta Samutkanuthe
Sutha: tvam Radhamashu Chodaya vayam
Dharmadivam Mathala
Meaning: The husband of Indrani and the lord of gods my father - Is he in good health? His son Jayantha - Is he strictly following the commands of his father? Oh, I am impatient to see all of them.
SWARGA VARNANA: ARJUNA IN KELAKEYA VADHAM
Arjuna goes to heaven on the invitation of his father, Indra. After taking permission from Indrani he goes out to see all the places in Swarga. First he sees a building, his father's palace. It is so huge with four entrances. It is made of materials superior to gold and jewels of the world. Then he goes ahead and sees Iravatha. Here he describes it as a huge elephant with four horns. He is afraid to touch it. Then he thinks that animals in Swarga can't be cruel like in the world and so thinking he goes and touches and salutes Iravatha. He describes the churning of the white sea by gods and demons with many details and how Iravatha also came out of the white sea due to this churning.
He walks on and sees his father's (Indra's) horse. It is described as being white and its mane is sizzling like the waves of the white sea from which it came. He touches and salutes the horse also. Then he goes to see the river of the sky (or milky way). He sees many birds by this river and how the birds fly and play is shown.
Then he sees the heavenly ladies. Some are collecting flowers, and one of them comes late and asks for some flowers for making garland. The others refuse. She goes to the Kalpa Vriksha and says "please give me some flowers." Immediately a shower of flowers occurs which she collects in her clothes and goes to make garlands chiding the others. "See... I also got flowers." After this he sees the music and dance of the heavenly ladies. First it starts with the adjustments of instruments Thamburu, Mridangam, Veena. Then the actual music starts along with the striking of cymbals. Then two or three types of dances are shown. Then comes juggling of balls. It is described by a sloka thus:
Ekopi Thraya Iva Bhathi Kandukoyam
Kanthayaa: Karathala Raktharaktha:
Abhrastho Nayanamareechi Neelaneelo
Popular belief is that kathakali is emerged from "Krishnanattam", the dance drama on the life and activities of Lord Krishna created by Sri Manavedan Raja, the Zamorin of Calicut (1585-1658 AD). Once Kottarakkara Thampuran, the Raja of Kottarakkara who was attracted by Krishnanattam requested the Zamorin for the loan of a troupe of performers. Due to the political rivalry between the two, Zamorin did not allow this. So Kottarakkara Thampuran created another art form called Ramanattam which was later transformed into Aattakatha. Krishnanaattam was written in Sanskrit, and Ramanattam was in Malayalam. By the end of 17th century, Attakatha was presented to the world with the title 'Kathakali'. Kathakali also shares a lot of similarities with Krishnanattam, Koodiyattam (a classical Sanskrit drama existing in Kerala) and Ashtapadiyattam (an adaptation of 12th-century musical called Gitagovindam). It also incorporates several other elements from traditional and ritualistic art forms like Mudiyettu, Thiyyattu, Theyyam and Padayani besides a minor share of folk arts like Porattunatakam. All along, the martial art of Kalarippayattu has influenced the body language of Kathakali. The use of Malayalam, the local language (albeit as a mix of Sanskrit and Malayalam, called ), has also helped the literature of Kathakali sound more transparent for the average audience. As a part of modernising, propagating, promoting and popularizing Kathakali, the International Centre for Kathakali at New Delhi has taken up a continuing project since 1980 of producing new plays based on not only traditional and mythological stories, but also historical stories, European classics and Shakespeare's plays. Recently they produced Kathakali plays based on Shakespeare's Othello and Greek-Roman mythology of Psyche and Cupid.
Even though the lyrics/literature would qualify as another independent element called Sahithyam, it is considered as a component of Geetha or music, as it plays only a supplementary role to
Bhumau Talcharana Naghamshu Gaurgaura:
Meaning One ball looks like three balls. When it is in the hands of the juggler, it takes the redness of the hands, when it goes up it takes the blueness of the eyes, when it strikes the ground it becomes white from the whiteness of the leg nails. Once a juggled ball falls down. Then she, the juggler, somehow manages to proceed and remarks "See.. how I can do it".
At one time a garment slips from a lady's body and she adjusts the cloth showing shameful shyness (Lajja). Then the ladies go in for a Kummi dance. As Arjuna was enjoying this dance, suddenly somebody calls him. Arjuna feels scared. "Oh God, where am I?" he says and beats a hasty retreat.
TAPAS ATTAM: RAVANA IN RAVANA ULBHAVAM
[Background: Mali, Sumali and Malyavan were three brothers ruling Sri Lanka. During a war between them and Indra, Indra requested help from Lord Vishnu and as a consequence Lord Vishnu killed Mali. Sumali and Malyavan escaped to Patala. Kaikasi was the daughter of Sumali. She wandered in the forest. She belong three boys through a great sage called Vishravassu. (Vishravassu had an earlier son called Vaishravana who became the richest among all people.) The eldest boy of Kaikasi was Ravana followed by Kumbhakarna and Vibhishana.]
SCENE 1
When Ravana was a young boy (Kutti Ravana vesham), one day he was sleeping on his mothers lap in a place called madhuvanam. At that time Kaikasi sees Vaishravana flying overhead in his vimana (mythical aeroplane). She thinks “Oh, that is Vaishravana, technically a brother of my son who is sleeping on my lap. He is rich and strong. My son is so poor and weak. While thinking thus a drop of tear from her eyes drops on Ravana’s face. Ravana suddenly wakes up and sees his mother crying. When he knew the reason he could not bear it. He says he is going to do tapas to Brahma to get boons so that he will be strong and rich.
SCENE 2
(The tapas itself is shown as a part of autobiographical narration of adult ravana)
Ravana (adult Ravana, not kutti Ravana) is sitting on a stool. He thinks “Why am I so happy? How did I become so rich and strong? Oh yes. It is because of the tapas I did. What made me do the tapas? When I was a young boy, one day I was sleeping on my mother’s lap in a place called Madhuvanam. A drop of tear from her eyes falls on my face. I asked her why she was crying. She said she saw Vaishravana flying overhead in his vimana (plane). She told me Vaishravan was a brother of mine now flying in a plane. He is rich and strong. I am so poor and weak. When I heard this comparison between me and my brother, I could not bear it. I am going to do tapas to Brahma to get boons so that I will be strong and rich.
I made five different types of fires (while doing tapas gods are approached through Agni the god of fire). Then I started my tapas. I asked my brothers to stand guard and also keep the fires burning. Then I fully concentrated on tapas. Time passed but Brahma did not appear. I looked. Why is Brahma not appearing? I doubled my concentration. Time passed. Brahma is not appearing. Still not appearing? I cut one of my heads and put it in the fire. Waited, Brahma did not come. One more head rolls. Still no Brahma comes. Heads roll and roll. No Brahma. Only one head is left. First I thought of stopping my tapas. But no! Never! That will be an insult to me and my family. It is better to die than stop. Also when I die Brahma will be judged as being partial. With great determination I swung the sword at my last neck, when, lo and behold, suddenly Brahma appeared and caught my hand. I looked at him with still un-subsided, but gradually subsiding anger. Brahma asked me what boons I wanted. I asked for a boon that I should win all the worlds and have all the wealth and fame and that I should not be killed except by man. I also asked him to give boons for my brothers.
In the next scene Ravana asks Kumbhakarna and Vibhishana what boons they got. Unfortunately Kumbhakarna’s tongue got twisted while asking for boon and he got ‘sleep’ instead of becoming the ‘king of gods’. Ravana laughed it off. As for Vibhishana, he being a bhaktha of Vishnu, asked for Vishnu’s blessings and got it. Ravana laughs it off and also decides to conquer all the worlds and starts preparing his grand army for the big conquest of the worlds.
[This method of presentation with a peculiar sequence has a tremendous dramatic affect. The main actor redoes a small part of what happened to kutti Ravana vesham, and this gives a view of the high contrast between the boy and the man Ravana. Similarly the presence of Kumbhakarna and Vibhishana in the subsequent scene offers a good smile on the face of the viewer at the end of the play.]
KAILASA UDDHARANAM: RAVANA IN BALI VIJAYAM
[Background and Previous scene: After receiving the boons, and widening his kingdom in all directions, Ravana lives in Sri Lanka with great pomp and splendor. One day he sees Saint Narada approaching his palace singing songs in praise of him ‘Jaya jaya Ravana, Lanka Pathe’. Happily he receives Narada and seats him next to him. After telling Narada about the victory of his son Indrajith on Indra, Ravana tells Narada “Now there is nobody on earth or other worlds who can fight with me”. To this Narada replies “ Very true indeed, but there is one huge monkey called Bali who says he can defeat you. He even said that you are just like a blade of grass to him. Well let him say what he wants. You are unbeatable.” Then Narada says ‘let us go there and see him’. Both decide to go. But Ravana takes his famous sword called “Chandrahasam”. Then Narada asks the history of this sword. Ravana’s Attam Starts.]
Ravana says “I received this sword from Lord Siva. It happened thus. Once when I was conquering new places and expanding my empire I happened to be going across the Kailasa mountain. The plane got stuck on the mountain unable to move forward. I got down from the plane and looked at the mountain. (Looks from one end to the other first horizontally and then vertically.) So huge it was. Then I decided to lift it with my bare hand and keep it aside and move forward. I started sticking my hands under it one by one. Then I tried to lift it. It doesn’t move. I put more force and more force. It moved just a bit. I pushed harder and harder, slowly it started moving then again and again and it moved easily. Then I lifted it up with my hands and started juggling it (exaggeration evident).
“At that particular time Lord Siva was quarreling with his wife Parvathi. Why did they fight? The story is as follows. Parvathi had gone for enjoying swimming and bathing in some beautiful pond. At that time Siva opened his jata (disheveled long hair) and called Ganga for some entertainment after asking Ganapathi and Subramania to go for some errands. Somehow becoming suspicious, right at that time, Parvathi came back in a hurry with wet clothes and saw Siva with Ganga. Siva was wondering what to do and it was at that time that Ravana started lifting the Kailasa. When Kailasa started shaking Parvathi got scared and ran to Siva and hugged him. So the quarrel ended and Siva was happy. “As a reward Siva called me and gave me this famous Chandrahasa sword.”
Then Narada and Ravana leave to meet Bali. Ravana wanted to take the sword along with him, but Narada suggested that the sword is not required for teaching a lesson to Bali who is after all an unarmed monkey.
WIKIPEDIA
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 6, Nos. 1-4, 1912
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1912
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The medical man and vital statistics, by J. D. Gatewood 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A plea for more liberal nomenclature for the Naval Medical Service, by A.
W. Dunbar 22</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acid fast bacilli in the circulating blood of lepers, by G. B. Crow 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The tenth convention of the second Hague conference of 1907, and its
relation to the evacuation of the wounded in naval warfare, by F. L. Pleadwell (second
paper) 34</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A study of 3,268 venereal prophylactic treatments, by R. C. Holcomb and
D. C. Gather 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A year's experience in venereal prophylaxis on board the U. S. S.
Georgia, July 1, 1910-June 30, 1911, by C. L. Moran 60</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The recent advances in the prophylaxis and treatment of typhoid fever, by
M. W. Baker 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical School collections, by P. E. Garrison 69</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection, United States Naval
Medical School, September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection, United States Naval Medical School,
September-November, 1911 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Modification in shoe for prevention of blisters on the heel, by W. S.
Sims. . 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An improved cot for hospital ships and sick bays aboard ship, by E. M. Blackwell
73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Umbilical hernia, by H. F. Strine 76</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case resembling gangosa in which treponema pertenuis was present,
by P. S. Rossiter 78</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bunion operations, by A. M. Fauntleroy 79</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Late positive Wassermann in syphilis and tuberculosis, by W. B. Grove.
... 81</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in frambcesia, by G. F. Cottle<span> </span><span> </span>82</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Salvarsan in filariasis, by G. F. Cottle 84</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons.
... 89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The ninth international Red Cross conference 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever 91</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever at Honolulu 92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Opening of the Naval Hospital, Great Lakes training station, <span> </span><span> </span>92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Pulmonary tuberculosis, experiences with, during
last year; possible infectious origin of pernicious anemia; differential diagnosis
in albuminuria; observations on urine of marathon runners; alcohol in dermal
therapeutics; baldness and its cures; relationship of syphilis and
tuberculosis; present status of salvarsan therapeutics; effect of salvarsan upon
the heart; utilization of Wassermann reaction in the Navy; possible specific
treatment of diabetes mellitus; bromidrosis and hyperidrosis</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">of the feet; by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 93</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Open treatment of transverse fracture of femoral shaft; cure
of prostatic obstruction; organization at main battle dressing station; by R.
Spear 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — A strength and endurance test; dangers to
health from automobile engine gases; decomposing power of bacteria in water; epidemic
due to Gartner bacillus; bacteriological investigation of ice cream in Boston;
emergency rations; accidents of decompression; merits of low protein diet;
concerning particles of albuminous substance in exhaled air; influence of
storage and preservatives upon dissolved oxygen in waters; bacteriological
examinations of oysters; by H. G.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Beyer and C.N. Fiske 113</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Preliminary report on method of preventing pernicious
malaria; recent advances in knowledge of sleeping sickness; experiments on the
cause of beriberi; action of quinine, salvarsan and atoxyl on Plasmodium
prrecox in canary birds; relationship between Gl. Morsitans and sleeping
sickness; by E. R. Stitt 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Detection of tubercle bacilli in sputum; method
of infection in pneumonic plague; study of arteritis of syphilitic origin;
isolation of typhoid, paratyphoid and dysentery bacilli; bacteriological
examination of stools in quarantine protection against cholera; local
production of antibodies; by M. E. Higgins 130</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology.—Etiology of pellagra, by P. E. Garrison 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Determination of arsenic in urine after administering
salvarsan; method for detection of salvarsan; method for estimation of gastric
acidity; absorption of chloroform and other chlorinated hydrocarbons by men and
animals; by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge... 136</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Acute nephritis following acute tonsillitis;
when to remove tonsils and what operation to be used; recent contributions to
knowledge of sympathetic ophthalmia; protest against indiscriminate use of
organic compounds of silver in ophthalmic practice; two cases of iritis treated
with salvarsan ; a quick and easy method for removal of eyeball; by E. M. Shipp
138</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on Hampton Roads, Norfolk, and vicinity, by G. A. Lung.
149</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent pellagra clinic at Columbia, S. C, by P. E. Garrison 152</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A visit to the Finsen Institute, by R. B. Williams 157</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Lead poisoning from inhalation of red-lead laden dust. The possible frequency
of lead encephalopathy in such cases, by E. R. Stitt 161</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Loss of life by drowning in naval warfare, by T. W. Richards 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Etiology of gangosa, based upon complement fixation, by E. P. Halton. .
. 190</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Further observations on the insane of the Navy, by Heber Butts 193</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Roaches and their extermination by the use of sodium fluorid, by M. F. Gates
212</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The prophylaxis of boils, by E. W. Phillips 214</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extract from sanitary report, U. S. S. Washington, by J. H. Iden 215</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Comment, by J. D. Gatewood 216</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Damage table for physical disability in the United States Navy, 1910. International
nomenclature, by C. N. Fiske 217</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Indications for intubation and tracheotomy, by G. B. Trible 219</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on methods of administration of and results obtained from
"salvarsan." Based upon the treatment of over 200 cases of syphilis
at the naval hospital, Mare Island, Cal., by J. A. Biello 221</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Chelsea, Mass., by F. M. Furlong 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by W. M. Garton 225</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method used at naval hospital, New York, N. Y., by C. M. Oman 226</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Distribution of tubercle bacilli in the sputa of tuberculous patients,
by R. W. King 227</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the helminthological collection, December, 1911-February,
1912 229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specimens added to the pathological collection, December,
1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Miscellaneous collection, December, 1911-February, 1912 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An incubator for gelatine cultures, by F. L. Letts 233</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of perforation of the sigmoid by an ulcer, in a case
of dysentery (Flexner-Strong), by Raymond Spear and M. E. Higgins 235</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plastic operation of lip, by R. A. Bachmann 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of entire fibula, by J. L. Neilson 236</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Frontal sinusitis, followed by double mastoiditis; operations, by G. B.
Trible 239 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">"Salvarsan " in syphilis, leprosy, and yaws, by W. M. Kerr
240</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two surgical cases occurring on the U. S. S. South Carolina, by R. B. Williams
242</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Abscess of prostate, gangrene of scrotum, pyemia, death.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Tonsillitis; tonsillectomy, acute nephritis, uremia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical cases from the naval hospital, Norfolk, Va., by H. F. Strine
243</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">1. Lacerated kidney, nephrectomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">2. Gastro-enterostomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">3. Cholecystocolostomy; external biliary fistula; stricture of common duct.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">4. Multiple abscess of liver.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever on the Yorktown, by C. F. Stokes 249</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Naval Medical Bulletin 260</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital ships 250</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Paresis and "line of duty " 253</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Relation of so-called Brill's disease to typhus
fever. Diagnostic importance of hemoptysis. Acute dilatation of the stomach in
pneumonia. Reaction induced by antityphoid vaccination, by A. W. Dunbar and J.
L. Neilfon 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Organization of the medical service at the main dressing
station in battle, by H. G. Beyer. The error of overlooking ureteral or renal stones
under the diagnosis of appendicitis. The incision for lumbar</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">exposure of the kidney. Iodine as the sole dressing for operation
wounds. A review of recent methods for the radical cure of hernia. Studies in peritoneal
adhesions. The surgical treatment of colitis, by Raymond Spear and C. M. Oman
259</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —A symposium on the effects of athletics on
young men, by J. L. Neilson. Mosquito larvicides, by E. R. Stitt. Sur une cause
possible du gout empyreumatique de l'eau de boisson a bord des navires de
guerre, by C. L. Moran. Organic matter in expired air. Tests for freshness of
milk, by E. W. Brown. Experiments in book disinfection. The purification of
water by anhydrous chlorine. Oral hygiene (preliminary contribution on the care
of the mouth). On the survival of specific microorganisms in pupae and imagines
of musca domestica raised from experimentally infected larvae : Experiments
with B. typhosus. On the varieties of B. coli associated with the house fly, by
C. N. Fiske. 271</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. —A few words on the distribution of smallpox,
tuberculosis, and typhoid in the tropics. Do mosquitoes require blood as
nourishment in the development of their eggs? By E. R. Stitt 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —An attempt to differentiate the
diphtheroid group of organisms. The period of infectivity of the blood of
measles; an experimental demonstration of the presence of the virus of measles
in the mixed buccal and nasal secretions; the nature of the virus of measles; the
infectivity of the secretions and disquamating scales of measles. A new
conception of immunity. Complement in human serum, by M. E. Higgins 281</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. —A comparative study of the ameba in the Manila water supply,
in the intestinal tract of healthy persons and in amebic dysentery. The Rocky
Mountain spotted fever tick, with special reference to the problems of its
control in Bitter Root Valley, Montana, by P. B. Garrison 283</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —Some considerations on the absorption and excretion
of drugs. Detection of albumoses in urine. Estimation of free HC1 in gastric
contents by capillary method. Detection of albumin in urine by Merck's tablets.
Estimation of acetone in animal liquids. New test for bile in urine. Method for
determining formaldehyde. Indirect method for determining total volume of
gastric contents, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 286</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.—Abscess of the nasal septum. Observations upon
the treatment of gonorrheal conjunctivitis in the adult, by E. M. Shipp 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Yellow fever occurring on board the U. S. S. Yorktown at Guayaquil, Ecuador,
extracts from a report on cases of, by C. B. Camerer 295</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on military surgery at Foochow, China, by J. G. Omelvena 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on Camp Meyer, Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by L. W. Johnson 303</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special report on the general surgical department, Naval Hospital,
Norfolk, Va. Anesthesia. Prophylaxis of wound infection. Appendicitis. Post-operative
treatment, by H. F. Strine 305</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Public Health Association meeting (abstract of report on), by W.
H. Short 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leprosy, with notes on, and illustrations of the cases as they occurred
in the Tumon Leper Colony, Guam, Marianas, during the months of October and
November, 1911, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon, United States Navy 313</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Photographs of lepers, by G. F. Cottle, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 342</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vision in relation to marksmanship, by E. J. Grow, surgeon, United States
Navy 344</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Technique of a Wassermann test in which guinea-pig complement is not required;
Emery technique; Noguchi reagents, by E. R. Stitt, medical inspector, United
States Navy 362</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some minor sanitary defects in modern battleships, and their correction,
by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy 309</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additional report of cases with unusual symptoms caused by contact with
some unknown variety of jelly fish, by E. H. Old, passed assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effects of high temperature on the personnel of the fire rooms of
naval vessels with special reference to heat cramps (myalgia thermica), by W.
L. Mann, passed assistant surgeon, United States Navy 380</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Detection of methyl alcohol, by C. Schaffer, hospital steward, United States
Navy 392</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 396</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A bunk locker, a tray, and a bracket stool for use in sick bays and
wards of hospital ships, by E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A method for use in opsonic index work and vaccine standardization, by R.
E. Weaver, hospital steward, United States Navy 398</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A note on a case of fish poisoning in Guam, by W. M. Kerr, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 401</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of climatic bubo, by E. W. Phillips, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 402</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the left kidney (nephrectomy), by A. M. Fauntleroy, surgeon,
United States Navy 404</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abscess of the liver in a young infant, by F. E. Sellers, passed
assistant surgeon, United States Navy 405</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendectomy on a haemophiliac, by B. F. Jenness, passed assistant surgeon.
United States Navy 407</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New accounting system at naval hospitals, by Surg. Gen. C. F. Stokes, United
States Navy 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The relations of the American National Red Cross with the Medical
Department of the Navy in war 413</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Physical exercise and blood pressure. On the
identity of typhus fever and Brill's disease. Studies on the virus of typhus,
by A. W. Dunbar and J. L. Neilson 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.— The prevention and treatment of ventral hernia. Technique and
remote results of vascular anastomoses. Accidents and deaths from exploratory
puncture of the pleura. The control of bleeding in brain operations. Surgical
pathology of the stomach and duodenum, by R. Spear and C. M. Oman 421</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation.— The physiological influence of ozone.
Influence of benzine, toluene, and light and heavy "benzines" on the
organism, by E. W. Brown. Disinfection experiments with perautan and paragan. A
new and rapid method of bacteriological water examination, its applicability to
the testing of filtered and well water. A mosquito larvacide disinfectant and
the methods of its standardization. The sterilization of milk bottles with
calcium hypochlorite. Apyrexial malaria carriers, by H. G. Beyer and O. N.
Kiske 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — Cell-inclusions in the blood of a case of
blackwater fever. The estimation of the specific gravity of the blood and its
value in the treatment of cholera, by E. R. Stitt 436</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology.— A study of 35 strains of streptococci
isolated from samples of milk, by C. N. Fiske. Method for the quantitative determination
of fecal bacteria, by E. W. Brown. Pure cultivation of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">spirochieta refringens, by M. E. Higgins 438</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —On the diagnostic value of colloidal nitrogen
in the urine in cases of carcinoma. Determination of the quantity of residual
urine. Clarification of the urine in the estimation of sugar. On the excretion
of formaldehyde, ammonia, and hexamethylenamine. Organic compounds of the
aromatic series as cholagogucs, by E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge 439</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. — An operation for glaucoma. Notes from an Indian
eye clinic. In the report from the St. Louis Ophthalmological Society in a
discussion on the antiseptic and germicidal properties of the silver salts.
Notes of three cases illustrating infection of the accessory sinuses by entry
of water into the nose during bathing. Three cases of chronic suppurative
otitis media, by G. B. Trible 441</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An account of the sinking of the Japanese battleship Hatsuse in the
late Russo-Japanese war, by F. L. Pleadwell, surgeon, United States Navy.. 447</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization, camp management, and sanitation in effect at the marine barracks,
Camp Elliott, Isthmus Canal Zone, Panama, April 15, 1910, to February 26, 1912,
by S. D. Butler, major, United States Marine Corps.. 458</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Samoa, by R. U. Reed, passed assistant surgeon, United
States Navy 462</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary conditions in Guam, by C. P. Kindleberger, surgeon, United
States Navy 464</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A description of recent hospital construction in the United States
Navy, by A. W. Dunbar, surgeon, United States Navy 473</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few general principles of hospital construction, by F. W. Southworth,
S. B., architect 523</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ventilation of warships, by R. H. Robinson, naval constructor, United States
Navy 529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plans and description of a hospital ship for the United States Navy, by
E. M. Blackwell, surgeon, United States Navy 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A report on the prevalence of framboesia (yaws) in Guam, and its
connection with the etiology of gangosa, by W. M. Kerr, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 549</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diagnosis and dosage in hookworm cases in the Navy, by J. F. Leys,
surgeon, United States Navy 552</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nitrous oxide-oxygen anesthesia, by H. F. Strine, surgeon, United
States Navy 555</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A theoretical discussion of the character and genesis of thermic
myospasms, with further observations on myalgia thermica, by W. L. Mann, passed
assistant surgeon. United States Navy 558</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eight hundred and twenty complement-fixation tests on 461 patients, by E.
P. Huff, passed assistant surgeon. United States Navy 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Naval Medical School laboratories:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the helminthological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the pathological collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to the miscellaneous collection 575</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A simple method of securing shelf-bottle stoppers during target
practice, by H. S. Coombs, hospital apprentice, first class. United States
Navy. . . . 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The rat guard used in the Philippine Islands, by C. Fox, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Public Health Service 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the United States naval hospital, Philadelphia, by G.
B. Crow, L. W. Johnson, A. J. Toulon, and C. W. Smith, passed assistant surgeons,
United States Navy 579</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of very large stone in kidney without acute symptoms.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pneumonia following an injury.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The effect of salvarsan on the average number of sick days from
syphilis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of extensive adenocarcinoma.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of exceptionally severe syphilitic Irido-cyclltis with marked
changes in the interior of the eye and total loss of light perception.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An interesting case of gunshot wound, by J. M. Minter, passed assistant
surgeon, United States Navy<span> </span>584</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of humerus by muscular action, by R. G . Davis, assistant
surgeon, United States Navy 585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Editorial comment :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Participation of Medical Officers in Professional Conferences 587</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sight tests for seamen 588</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent legislation affecting the Medical Department of the Navy 589</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval Hospital Corps 590</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Bier's hypersemic treatment in gonorrhceal epididymitis,
by C. N . Fiske. Normal human blood serum in obstetric practice. The cutaneous
reaction of syphilis. Clinical experience with neosalvarsan. By A. W. Dunbar
and J. L. Neilson 591</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. — Local anesthesia in traumatic surgery. Surgery of the bile
ducts. Vanadium steel bone plates and screws. Observations on the diagnosis of
renal tuberculosis, the indications for nephrectomy in its treatment, and the
technic of the operation. Pyloroplasty. By R. Spear and C. M. Oman 596</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. —Notes on the ventilation of troopships in the Tropics.
The structure and functions of the foot. By H. G. Beyer and C. N. Fiske 608</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine. — The antineuritic bases of vegetable origin in
relation to beriberi, with a method of isolation of torulin, the antineuritic
base of yeast, by J. L. Neilson 609</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology. —Double-stain method for the polar bodies
of diphtheria bacilli, by O. G. Huge. The examination of diphtheria specimens;
a new technique in staining with toluidin blue. A critical</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">study of the organisms cultivated from the lesions of human leprosy,
with a consideration of their etiological significance. By M. E. Higgins 611</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology. — Trypanosoma rhodesiense, a second species of
trypanosome producing sleeping sickness in man, by J. L. Neilson 612</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy.— Studies in bacterial metabolism, by C. N. Fiske.
The definition of normal urine. The estimation of indican in urine. A new
method for the determination of total nitrogen in urine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On the determination of ammonia in urine. By E. W. Brown and O. G. Ruge
613</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Tonsillectomy with consideration of its
complications. Protargol in antisepsis of the visual apparatus. The trachoma
question. Keratitis as a cause of myopia. By G. B. Trible 617</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fourth Provisional Regiment, United States Marines, Camp Thomas, North
Island, San Diego, Cal., by R. E. Hoyt, passed assistant surgeon, United States
Navy 623</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Marine Expeditionary Force, Pekin, China, by R. B. Henry, assistant surgeon,
United States Navy 632</p>
If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.
Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.
Read/Download from the Internet Archive
On this map¹, each pixel (p) corresponds to actual (⁓6.2E3 m)² @φ0λ0; R ≅ 0.06° @0φ°. Cfr. notes² over the above image.
ŒV⌆♁ ⌖N0E0A∞ φ10λ10 1:24,027,658 (1√p φ° = 1/96" ≅ 6.2E3 m)
Apparent c @ scale ≅ 12.477 mps; 1 LD ≅ 16 m; 1 LY ≅ 1.024 LD.
vₒʀ♁2.978E4vₑ♁1.119E4vᵣ♁ᴇǫ4.651E2
M5.972E24V1.083E15ρ5.514E03r6.378E06S5.101E11 ♁
M5.135E18V1.400E12ρ1.225E00r1.000E06S1.257E11 A♁
M1.386E21V1.386E06ρ1.000E03r3.620E05S1.647E09 H₂O♁
NOTES
1. L.H. Rohwedder 2006: Transversal ŒV⌆♁ (original image).
2. Map scale ≅ 1:24,027,658. Lφ° = (φ°πR)/180°; R = Rₙ₌ₑ = (Rₙ+Rₑ)/2 ≅ 6.371E6 m; 10 Lφ° = 178√p ≅ ±1.112E6 m; ±1√p φ° ≅ ±2.6E-4 m ≅ ±6.2E3 m; -90°≤φ°≤90°; -180°≤λ°≤180°. Lλ° = (λ°πRₙcosφ°){180°[1-(Rₙ²-Rₑ²)Rₙ⁻²sin²φ°]½}⁻¹; 10 Lλ° @ 0 φ° ≅ 1.106E6 m; ±1√p λ° @0φ° ≅ 6.2E3 m; -90°≤φ°≤90°; -180°≤λ°≤180°.
Fucking N48.067E12.863G4.670E2
Geographic North Pole (⏁) N90.000E0.000G0.000E0
Magnetic N Pole (not shown) N86.494E162.867G0.000E0
Geomagnetic N Pole N80.700E-72.700G1.490E3
Arctic Circle ∩ Prime Meridian N66.567E0.000G0.000E0
Tropic of Cancer ∩ Prime Meridian N23.436E0.000G3.330E2
Null Island (⌖) N0.000E0.000G0.000E0
Tropic of Capricorn ∩ Prime Meridian N-23.436E0.000G0.000E0
Magnetic S Pole (not shown) N-64.081E135.866G0.000E0
Antarctic Circle ∩ Prime Meridian N-66.567E0.000G0.000E0
Geomagnetic S Pole (not shown) N-80.700E107.300G3.392E3
Geographic South Pole (⏂) N-90.000E0.000G2.835E3
Dead Sea N31.500E35.500G-4.305E2
Everest N27.988E86.925G8.848E3
Veryovkina cave N43.416E40.356G-2.212E3
Kilimanjaro N-3.076E37.353G5.895E3
Lake Victoria N-1.000E33.000G1.134E3
Litke Deep N82.400E19.517G-5.449E3
Meteor Deep N-55.419E-26.405G-8.278E3
Milwaukee Deep N19.836E-66.754G-8.383E3
Calypso Deep N36.567E21.133G-5.109E3
Chimborazo N-1.469E-78.818G6.263E3
Huascarán N-9.122E-77.604G6.768E3
Cape Agulhas N-34.833E20.000G0
Cape of Good Hope N-34.357E18.474G0
Cape Barrow (not shown) N68.017E-110.133G0
Cape Leeuwin (not shown) N-34.374E115.136G0
West Cape (not shown) N-45.906E166.428G0
East Cape (not shown) N-37.689E178.548G0
South Point (not shown) N-39.136E146.375G0
Sunda Trench (not shown) N-10.317E109.967G-7.290E3
Horizon Deep (not shown) N-23.450E175.233G-10.832E3
Challenger Deep (not shown) N11.373E142.592G-11.009E3
Denman Glacier (not shown) N-66.750E99.500G-3.500E3
Africa (54 ss): 2A4B8CD4E6GK3L7M3NR8S3TU2Z
Central America (7 ss): BiG SHiNy CuP
Continental South America (13 ss): ABBCCEGGPPSUV
Insulindia (17 ss): ISBMTLVCMSBIPCMTT
REFERENCES
E.G.F. Regina 2024: RM028 climate VII-VIII 1970-2029.
D. Livanov 2023: Physics of planet Earth.
Q.H. Zhang & al. 2021: Space hurricane over Earth's polar ionosphere.
C. Bongiovanni & al. 2021: Deepest ocean bathymetry.
J. O'Donoghue 2019: LD-c (3.844E8/1.255 m/s).
P.C. Budassi 2018: Orders of magnitude.
.png){kind=link}
M.K. Paras & P. Rani 2018: Electrical activity in A♁.
E.G.F. Regina 2018: 4,474 Km from Dildo to Pussy.
E.G.F. Regina 2018: ŒV⌆♁ ⌖⌖N0E-20/160A∞ φ5λ5C4 + rotation.
R. Finelli 2017: Il cammino dell’acqua.
J.C. Iliffe 2017: Quasi-linear map projections.
G. Holzer & al. 2015: A world of innovation.
C. Beccario 2013: earth.nullschool.net.
R.P. Munroe 2011: Map projections.
J.J. van Wijk 2008: Myriahedral projections.
J.F. Hamilton & al. 2008: Atmospheric chemical equator.
G. Allen & al. 2008: Aerosol & trace‐gas in the Darwin area.
D.K. Singh & al. 2004, 2005: Electrical environment of A♁.
J.D. Barrow 2002: The constants of nature.
A.L. Berger 1976: Obliquity and precession for the last 5E6 years.
A.N. Strahler 1952: Hypsometric analysis of erosional topography.
R.E. Horton 1945: Erosional development of streams.
J.G. Verne 1872: Le Tour du monde en 80 jours.
F.W.H.A. von Humboldt 1845-1862: Kosmos.
G. Benzoni 1565: Historia Novi Orbis, L. I, c. V, p. 23.
TI · DMX1943NGIHP · BM02 · ERP5×5C4 · 16.2x8.1 · A♁ · PU · TLE · O→ERP→ŒVP · geomatics · season · weather · antipodes · ⊕X pts · windy.com · lightningmaps.org · ventusky.com · iweathernet.com · space hurricane
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France : Graphiste
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by SultanGiglio © 2011
Go to Page with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin, Vol. 2, Nos. 1-4, 1908
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1908
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><b>Table of Contents</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><b> </b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><b>Number 1</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A preliminary report on gangosa and allied diseases In Guam. By A. J.
Gelger 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hypertrophic arthritis of the spine. By H. W. Smith 6</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Beriberi at the United States Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Va. (with
pathological and bacteriological findings In case 14, by O. J. Mink). By B. C.
Holcomb 16</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Guba (epidemic bronchial asthma, Guam). By F. E. McCullough 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 32</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Patients burned in accident on U. S. S. Georgia. By W. H. Bueher-- 32</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of psychical aphonia. By J. T.. Belknap 33</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of ruptured kidney. By Edgar Thompson 34</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of dementia preacox. By S. H. Dickson 36</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of abscess on the diaphragmatic pleura during an attack of
malaria. By B. P. Jenness 87</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of hernia with the appendix adherent to the sac. By R. C.
Holcomb 39</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment: Miscellaneous Items 41</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Quinine prophylaxis in malaria. By H. O. Shiffert 43</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Vaccination aboard ship in the Orient. By G. M. Olson 44</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical progress 47</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery —Surgery of the thyroid ; varicose veins ; dangers from X ray;
static flat-foot (Ochsner) ; acquired diverticulitis of the large Intestine; a
new Incision for appendecectomy. By H. C. Curl and H. W. Smith 47</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and Bacteriology —The opsonic index In erysipelas and Its
relation to treatment by killed cultures of streptococci ; prophylaxis against
syphilis. By C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 60</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Parasitology—The wood-tick and Its relation to Rocky Mountain Spotted
fever; the spiroehaete of. the relapsing fever of Bombay; the spiroehaete
pertenuis In yaws. By R. C. Holcomb 63</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine —Malaria; Bilharziasis. By E. R. Stitt 58</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine —Tuberculosis; the use of tuberculin in the early
diagnosis of tuberculosis. By F. L. Pleadwell 60</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene —Is the production * * * of a climate considered to be more
healthy for Europeans residing In hot countries necessary and technically
possible ; bubonic plague ; prophylaxis In epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis.
By H. G. Beyer 66</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><b>Number 2</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A preliminary report upon the treatment of tuberculosis by the
administration of mercury, by B. L. Wright 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of fracture of the atlas and axis with forward dislocation of
the occiput on the spinal column; life maintained for thirty-four hours and
forty minutes by artificial respiration, during which time a laminectomy was
performed upon the third cervical vertebra; review of literature, by N. J.
Blackwood 12</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Improvisions to facilitate urethal irrigations on board ship, by C. M.
De Valin 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 27</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of carcinoma following appendicitis, with the possibility of a
direct infection, by W. A. Angwin 27</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of liver abscess; obscure etiology; operation; recovery, by G.
F. Freeman 29</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Purpura (Peliosis rheumatica); two cases 31</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">First case from U. S. S. Wolverine, by A. G. Grunwell 31</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Second case from U. S. S. Vermont, by F. M. Furlong 32</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A severe case of glomerular nephritis treated surgically and resulting
in clinical cure, by H. C. Curl 33</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of aneurism (aortic), by P. R. Stalnaker 34</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of ruptured viscus (spleen), by P. A. Lovering 35</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment: Miscellaneous items 36</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tattooing in the Navy, as shown by the records of the U. S. S.
Independence, by A. Farenholt 37</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The sick spaces on board the Japanese cruiser Tsuhuba, by R. A. Warner.
. 39</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 42</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and Pharmacy —Clinical methods for the determination of the
alkalinity of the blood (a review); on anomalous reactions obtained in testing
urine for sugar with Fehling's solution, by E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner 42</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery —Review of advances; the medical and surgical treatment of
gastric ulcer; experimental surgery of the lungs; another diagnostic point on
McBurney's line; appendicectomy by a transverse incision; orthostatic
albuminuria; surgical treatment of emphysema; certain cranial operations;
diseases of the liver amenable to surgical treatment; bullet wounds of nerves
and their plastic operations; rifle bullet, shrapnel, and shell wounds in tho
Busso-Japanese war; gastric surgery; the value of differential leucocyte count
in appendicitis, by II. C. Curl and H. W. Smith</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and Bacteriology —On proliferation of the cells of the liver;
serum 48 treatment of epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis, by C. S. Butler and O.
J. Mink 55</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Zoology—Parasitic infections of the bowels; human myiosis from
the screw-worm fly; part played by pediculus corporis in the transmission of
relapsing fever; the unequal distribution of filiarisis in the tropics, by R.
C. Holcomb 57</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical Medicine —Chemo-therapy in trypanosome infection; final report
of the German Expedition for the investigation of sleeping sickness; critical
review of recent work on Mediterranean fever; recent work on cause, prevention,
and treatment of Mediterranean fever; specific prophylaxis and treatment of
bacterial dysentery; the transmigration of dysenteric amoebae through the
intestinal walls, by E. R. Stitt 61</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General Medicine —Review of advances: Pirquet's cutaneous tuberculin
reaction; conjunctival tuberculin reaction; conjunctival typhoid reaction;
diagnosis of tuberculosis by Bloch's method; tests for occult blood in stomach
contents, stool and urine; ileus; therapeutic employment of lactic acid
producing bacteria; renal tuberculosis, by R. M. Kennedy and F. L. Pleadwell 66</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and Sanitation —On the increase of body temperature of men at
work in a high temperature; a contribution to the question of the spread of
typhoid fever through drinking water; on artificial and natural plague
infection of fishes; citric acid and solar rays as a means for the disinfection
of drinking water for military purposes; the change in and the renewal of air
on board torpedo-boat destroyers; viciation and renewal of air in submarines, by
H. G. Beyer 71</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 86</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">International congress for the prevention of alcoholism; H. G. Beyer,
delegate 86</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Eighth International Red Cross Conference; J. C. Wise, delegate 93</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><b>Number 3</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface iii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The treatment of tuberculosis by the administration of mercury (second
paper), by B. L. Wright<span> </span>1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathological anatomy of guba. by A. J. Geiger 19</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">History of epidemics in Guam, by F. E. McCullough 22</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Result of three hundred examinations of feces, with reference to the
presence of amebae. by R. E. Hoyt 25</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Banti's disease with splenectomy and arterio-venous
anastomosis, by E. A. Vickery 29</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices<span> </span>36</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A modification of the Crile canula. by E. A. Vickery<span> </span>36</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 37</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases of abnormal kidney, by A. B. Clifford 37</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of empyema, by F. G. Abeken 38</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Case reports from the U. S. Naval Hospital, Canacao, P. I.: A case of
fulminating appendicitis with normal temperature and pulse: a case of sterile
collection of blood in the pleural cavity, giving rise to symptoms resembling
those of einpyena ; a case of multiple stab wounds: one into abdomen, causing 5
penetrations of small Intestines, and another into chest cavity: a severe case
of tetanus In a native child: a case of spleno-myelogenous leukiemia : a case
of ruptured aneurism in the ventricular septum, with sudden death, by E. H.H.
Old and A. E. Lee 39-50</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment<span> </span>51</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Battle organization for the Medical Department on board ship, by John
F. Urie<span> </span>51</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Phimosis as a cause for rejection of recruits, by F. B. Jenness<span> </span>59</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical progress<span> </span>62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory —Ollulanus tricuspis in stomach contents of cat<span> </span>62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The pancreatic reaction in the urine (Cammidge), by H. AV. Smith<span> </span>62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The detection and determination of methyl alcohol and formicaldehyde
(the acid phase of the biuret reaction), by R. W. King--<span> </span>64</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The clinical estimation of the alkalinity of the blood, by E. W.<span> </span>Brown 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy —The bearing of metabolism studies on chemical
medicine: chemical and biological methods in diagnosis: the clinical value of
the estimation of ammonia in diabetes; anomalous reactions given by Fehling's
solution In testing urine for sugar, by E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner 75-79</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery —Pancreatic catarrh and intestinal pancreatitis in their
relation to catarrhal jaundice and also to glycosuria ; pancreatitis resulting
from gallstone disease: diagnosis of pancreatic insufficiency ; clinical value
of the pancreatic reaction In the urine; transfusion and arterial anastomosis;
gumma of the liver as a surgical disease; treatment of diffused suppurative
peritonitis; the value of enterostomy and conservative operative methods in the
surgical treatment of acute intestinal obstruction: intestinal anastomosis
without open incision by means of " basting " stitch ; gastroenterostomy
and after; pneumo thorax and posture; acute dilatation of the stomach and
arterio-mesenterlc ileus : delayed chloroform poisoning —its nature and
prevention, by H. C. Curl and H. W. Smith 79-S7</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology —The technique of the tuberculine ointment
test for tuberculosis; technique of the cutaneous tuberculine test: staining of
the tubercle bacillus; some neglected facts in the biology of the tetanus
bacillus; some notes on the morphology of the spirochseta duttoni in the organs
of rats; the localization of the spirochetes in the papules of yaws, by C. S.
Butler and O. J. Mink 88-92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology —Experiences of ankylostomiasis in Australia:
suppression of uncinariasis in Porto Rico; plague among rats in San Francisco:
a preliminary report on the specific identity of the cestode parasites • • <span> </span>with a description of a new species of taenia,
by R. C. Holcomb 92-98</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine —A comparative study of tsutsugamushi disease and slotted
or tick fever of Montana; studies upon the amebae in the intestine of man; the
campaign against malaria in Italy; are there valid objections to the quinine
prophylaxis of malaria; porocephalus moniliformis Diesing, 1S36, in a negro; on
the etiology of dysentery; poisoning by the juice from the manzanilla tree, by
E. R. Stitt 98-103</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine — Review of internal medicine: etiology of erysipelas;
the clinical application of the serum-diagnosis in syphilis; comparative
experimental studies on cases of framboesia contracted in various parts of the
Tropics; a study of the value of measurements of chest expansion, by R. M.
Kennedy and F. L. Pleadwell 103-116</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation —On the excretion of hexamethyienainin (urotropin)
in the bile and pancreatic Juices; experiments in practical culicidal
fumigation: formalin as a disinfectant; on slow and rapid tobacco smoking; on
expired air, by H. G. Beyer- 110-121</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 122</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">International Congress of Physiotherapy: II. G. Beyer, delegate 122</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observations on various schools of tropical medicine, laboratories, hospitals,
and diseases, while en route from the United States to the Philippines, via
Europe, by A. W. Balch 129-140</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"><b>Number 4</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A peculiar characteristic of spiroehaeta duttoni, by C. S. Butler 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of the investigation of Samoan conjunctivitis, by P. S. Rossiter
4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The composition of potable water, by E. R. Noyes 7</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A supplementary note on elephantiasis of the scrotum: its operative
cure, by A. M. Fauntleroy 21</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 23</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A simplified Turk's counting chamber, by C. S. Butler 23</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 24</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of cases of cerebro-spinal meningitis treated with
Flexuer-Jobling serum, by H. F. Hull 24</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports of four cases of tuberculosis (3 pulmonary and 1 pulmonary and
glandular) treated by mercurial injection, by Reynolds Hayden 32</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on four cases of pancreatitis treated by drainage of the gall
bladder, by H. 0. Curl and H. W. Smith 41</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of lupus of the penis; successfully treated with tuberculin, by
R. S. Langabaugh 44</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 46</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A review of the subject of "Organization of the Medical Department
(Naval) for Battle," by H. G. Beyer 46</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 53</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory- Keport of organisms, isolated from throat cultures, showing
Neisser granual staining characteristics, by D. G. Allen 53</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A rapid method for the determination of ammonia in urine, by R. W. King
54</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The detection of ''occult blood " in feces, urine, and stomach
contents, by R. W. King 57</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Practical application of King's method for occult blood in the
diagnosis of blackwater fever, by E. R. Stitt 62</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy— Natural salicylates; on the origin of
endogenous uric acid; the chemical examination of drinking water at the source
of Hupply; the pancreatic reaction of cammidge in the urine, by E. W. Brown and
P. J. Waldner 63-68</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery—Surgical progress (aneurysms); substitution of whole or half
joints from freshly amputated extremities by free plastic operation; foreign
bodies in the abdominal cavity; preforative peritonitis; the inconsistencies of
the gauze pack; the necessity for the removal of the appendix after
perityphlitic abscess; the purse-string suture — its right and wrong
application in appendectomy; result of over 100 inquiries sent to well-known
American surgeons regarding the method of dealing with appendix stump, by H. C.
Curl and II. AY. Smith 68-73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology — The demonstration of treponema pallida by
the method of dark field illumination; Adams Stokes disease with induration in
the bundle of Hiss; the anatomy and pathology of the carotid gland, by C. S.
Butler and O. J. Mink 73-75</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology —The common tick of the Bitter Root Valley;
leprosy-like disease in rate; report on laboratory work in relation to the
examination of rats for plague in San Francisco; the part played by insects in
the epidemiology of plague; note on fleas; reports of experiments undertaken to
discover whether the common domestic animals of India are affected by plague;
flies as carriers of contagion in yaws; what is " sehistosomum mansoni
" Sambon, 1907 ; remarks on the study of biting flies, with special
reference to the genus glossina; a review of recent work on spirillar fevers;
rabies and its increasing prevalence, by R. C. Holeomb 75-86</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine —Liver abscess and amebiasis; a review of the
position of gland palpation in the diagnosis of human trypanosomiasis, by E. R.
Stitt 86-88</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine —Carbonic acid snow in dermatology; importance of
indican investigations in diagnosis and therapy ; X-ray treatment of leukemia;
the Roentgen ray in the diagnosis of renal and ureteral calculi, by R. M.
Kennedy 88-92</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation — An investigation of the laws of disinfection;
regulations to prevent the appearance of beriberi, tuberculosis, and other
diseases on board vessels and establishments of the navy ("Brazilian), by
H. G. Beyer 93-98</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 99</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A short account of legislative action regarding the U. S. Naval Medical
Corps and of hospital history, by A. Farenholt 99</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">International Congress of Hygiene and Demography; H. G. Beyer, delegate
104</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Association of Military Surgeons; M. H. Simons, delegate 109</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sixth International Dermatological Congress; G. E. H. Harmon,
delegate... 113</p>
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. . . the Durian is the queen of fruits
The durian (/ˈdjʊriən/) is the fruit of several tree species belonging to the genus Durio. The name 'durian' is derived from the Malay-Indonesian languages word for duri or "spike", a reference to the numerous spike protuberances of the fruit, together with the noun-building suffix -an. There are 30 recognised Durio species, at least nine of which produce edible fruit. Durio zibethinus is the only species available in the international market: other species are sold in their local regions.
Regarded by many people in southeast Asia as the "king of fruits", the durian is distinctive for its large size, strong odour, and formidable thorn-covered husk. The fruit can grow as large as 30 centimetres long and 15 centimetres in diameter, and it typically weighs one to three kilograms. Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale yellow to red, depending on the species.
The edible flesh emits a distinctive odour that is strong and penetrating even when the husk is intact. Some people regard the durian as having a pleasantly sweet fragrance; others find the aroma overpowering and revolting. The smell evokes reactions from deep appreciation to intense disgust, and has been described variously as rotten onions, turpentine, and raw sewage. The persistence of its odour has led to the fruit's banishment from certain hotels and public transportation in Southeast Asia.
The durian, native to Southeast Asia, has been known to the Western world for about 600 years. The nineteenth-century British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described its flesh as "a rich custard highly flavoured with almonds". The flesh can be consumed at various stages of ripeness, and it is used to flavour a wide variety of savoury and sweet edibles in Southeast Asian cuisines. The seeds can also be eaten when cooked.
There are hundreds of durian cultivars; many consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market.
TAXONOMY
The genus Durio is placed by some taxonomists in the family Bombacaceae, or by others in a broadly defined Malvaceae that includes Bombacaceae, and by others in a smaller family of just seven genera Durionaceae.
DESCRIPTION
Durian trees are large, growing to 25–50 metres in height depending on the species. The leaves are evergreen, elliptic to oblong and 10–18 centimetres long. The flowers are produced in three to thirty clusters together on large branches and directly on the trunk with each flower having a calyx (sepals) and five (rarely four or six) petals. Durian trees have one or two flowering and fruiting periods per year, although the timing varies depending on the species, cultivars, and localities. A typical durian tree can bear fruit after four or five years. The durian fruit can hang from any branch and matures roughly three months after pollination. The fruit can grow up to 30 centimetres long and 15 centimetres (6 in) in diameter, and typically weighs one to three kilograms. Its shape ranges from oblong to round, the colour of its husk green to brown, and its flesh pale-yellow to red, depending on the species. Among the thirty known species of Durio, nine of them have been identified as producing edible fruits: D. zibethinus, D. dulcis, D. grandiflorus, D. graveolens, D. kutejensis, D. macrantha, D. oxleyanus, and D. testudinarum. There are many species for which the fruit has never been collected or properly examined, however, so other species with edible fruit may exist. The durian is somewhat similar in appearance to the jackfruit, an unrelated species.
The name durian comes from the Malay word duri (thorn) together with the suffix -an (for building a noun in Malay). D. zibethinus is the only species commercially cultivated on a large scale and available outside of its native region. Since this species is open-pollinated, it shows considerable diversity in fruit colour and odour, size of flesh and seed, and tree phenology. In the species name, zibethinus refers to the Indian civet, Viverra zibetha. There is disagreement regarding whether this name, bestowed by Linnaeus, refers to civets being so fond of the durian that the fruit was used as bait to entrap them, or to the durian smelling like the civet.
Durian flowers are large and feathery with copious nectar, and give off a heavy, sour, and buttery odour. These features are typical of flowers pollinated by certain species of bats that eat nectar and pollen. According to research conducted in Malaysia in the 1970s, durians were pollinated almost exclusively by cave fruit bats (Eonycteris spelaea); however, a 1996 study indicated two species, D. grandiflorus and D. oblongus, were pollinated by spiderhunters (Nectariniidae) and another species, D. kutejensis, was pollinated by giant honey bees and birds as well as bats.
CULTIVARS
Over the centuries, numerous durian cultivars, propagated by vegetative clones, have arisen in southeast Asia. They used to be grown with mixed results from seeds of trees bearing superior quality fruit, but now are propagated by layering, marcotting, or more commonly, by grafting, including bud, veneer, wedge, whip or U-grafting onto seedlings of randomly selected rootstocks. Different cultivars may be distinguished to some extent by variations in the fruit shape, such as the shape of the spines. Durian consumers express preferences for specific cultivars, which fetch higher prices in the market.
Most cultivars have a common name and a code number starting with "D". For example, some popular clones are Kop (D99 Thai: กบ – "frog" [kòp]), Chanee (D123, Thai: ชะนี – gibbon [tɕʰániː]), Berserah or Green Durian or Tuan Mek Hijau (D145 Thai: ทุเรียนเขียว – Green Durian [tʰúriːən kʰǐow]), Kan Yao (D158, Thai: ก้านยาว – Long Stem [kâːn jaːw]), Mon Thong (D159, Thai: หมอนทอง – Golden Pillow [mɔ̌ːn tʰɔːŋ]), Kradum Thong (Thai: กระดุมทอง – Golden Button [kràdum tʰɔːŋ]), and with no common name, D24 and D169. Each cultivar has a distinct taste and odour. More than 200 cultivars of D. zibethinus exist in Thailand.
Mon thong is the most commercially sought after for its thick, full-bodied creamy and mild sweet tasting flesh with relatively moderate smell emitted and smaller seeds, while Chanee is the best in terms of its resistance to infection by Phytophthora palmivora. Kan Yao is somewhat less common, but prized for its longer window of time when it is both sweet and odorless at the same time. Among all the cultivars in Thailand, five are currently in large-scale commercial cultivation: Chanee, Mon Thong, Kan Yao, Ruang, and Kradum. There are more than 100 registered cultivars since 1920's in Malaysia and up to 193 cultivar by 1992, and many superior cultivars have been identified through competitions held at the annual Malaysian Agriculture, Horticulture, and Agrotourism Show. In Vietnam, the same process has been achieved through competitions held by the Southern Fruit Research Institute. A recently popular variety is, Cat Mountain King or Musang King.
By 2007, Songpol Somsri, a Thai government scientist, had crossbred more than ninety varieties of durian to create Chantaburi No. 1, a cultivar without the characteristic odour. Another hybrid, Chantaburi No. 3, develops the odour about three days after the fruit is picked, which enables an odourless transport yet satisfies consumers who prefer the pungent odour. On 22 May 2012, two other cultivars from Thailand that also lack the usual odour, Long Laplae and Lin Laplae, were presented to the public by Yothin Samutkhiri, governor of Uttaradit province from where these cultivars were developed locally, while he announced the dates for the yearly durian fair of Laplae District, and the name giver to both cultivars.
Popular cultivars in Malaysia and Singapore (Singapore imports most of its durians from Malaysia hence the varieties are similar although there may be slight variation in the names) include "D24" which is a popular variety known for its bitter sweet taste; "XO" which has a pale color, thick flesh with a tinge of alcoholic fermentation; "Chook Kiok" (Cantonese meaning: bamboo leg) which has a distinctive yellowish core in the inner stem and "Musang King" ( Musang is the Malay word for civet cat) which is usually the priciest of all cultivars. Musang King has bright yellow flesh and is almost like a more potent or enhanced version of the D24. This particular variety should be consumed last since it tends to make other durians taste bland in comparison.
CULTIVATION AND AVAIBILITY
The durian is native to Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia.[8] There is some debate as to whether the durian is native to the Philippines, particularly the Davao region in the island of Mindanao, or was introduced. The durian is grown in other areas with a similar climate; it is strictly tropical and stops growing when mean daily temperatures drop below 22 °C.
The centre of ecological diversity for durians is the island of Borneo, where the fruit of the edible species of Durio including D. zibethinus, D. dulcis, D. graveolens, D. kutejensis, D. oxleyanus and D. testudinarum is sold in local markets. In Brunei, D. zibethinus is not grown because consumers prefer other species such as D. graveolens, D. kutejensis and D. oxleyanus. These species are commonly distributed in Brunei, and together with other species like D. testudinarum and D. dulcis, represent rich genetic diversity.
Although the durian is not native to Thailand, the country is currently one of the major exporters of durians, growing 781,000 tonnes of the world's total harvest of 1,400,000 tonnes in 1999, 111,000 tonnes of which it exported to Taiwan, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Singapore and Canada. Malaysia and Indonesia follow, both producing about 265,000 tonnes each. Of this, Malaysia exported 35,000 tonnes in 1999. Chantaburi in Thailand each year holds the World Durian Festival in early May. This single province is responsible for half of the durian production of Thailand. In the Philippines, the centre of durian production is the Davao Region. The Kadayawan Festival is an annual celebration featuring the durian in Davao City. Other places where durian farms are located include Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, India, the West Indies, Florida, Hawaii, Papua New Guinea, the Polynesian Islands, Madagascar, southern China (Hainan Island), northern Australia, and Singapore.
Durian was introduced into Australia in the early 1960s and clonal material was first introduced in 1975. Over thirty clones of D. zibethinus and six Durio species have been subsequently introduced into Australia. China is the major importer, purchasing 65,000 tonnes in 1999, followed by Singapore with 40,000 tonnes and Taiwan with 5,000 tonnes. In the same year, the United States imported 2,000 tonnes, mostly frozen, and the European Community imported 500 tonnes.
The durian is a seasonal fruit, unlike some other non-seasonal tropical fruits such as the papaya, which are available throughout the year. In Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore, the season for durians is typically from June to August, which coincides with that of the mangosteen. Prices of durians are relatively high as compared with other fruits. For example, in Singapore, the strong demand for high quality cultivars such as the D24, Sultan, and Mao Shan Wang has resulted in typical retail prices of between S$8 to S$15 (US$5 to US$10) per kilogram of whole fruit. With an average weight of about 1.5 kilograms, a durian fruit would therefore cost about S$12 to S$22 (US$8 to US$15). The edible portion of the fruit, known as the aril and usually referred to as the "flesh" or "pulp", only accounts for about 15–30% of the mass of the entire fruit. Many consumers in Singapore are nevertheless quite willing to spend up to around S$75 (US$50) on a single purchase of about half a dozen of the favoured fruit to be shared by family members.
In-season durians can be found in mainstream Japanese supermarkets, while in the West they are sold mainly by Asian markets.
FLAVOUR AND ODOUR
The unusual flavour and odour of the fruit have prompted many people to express diverse and passionate views ranging from deep appreciation to intense disgust. Writing in 1856, the British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace provided a much-quoted description of the flavour of the durian:
The five cells are silky-white within, and are filled with a mass of firm, cream-coloured pulp, containing about three seeds each. This pulp is the edible part, and its consistence and flavour are indescribable. A rich custard highly flavoured with almonds gives the best general idea of it, but there are occasional wafts of flavour that call to mind cream-cheese, onion-sauce, sherry-wine, and other incongruous dishes. Then there is a rich glutinous smoothness in the pulp which nothing else possesses, but which adds to its delicacy. It is neither acidic nor sweet nor juicy; yet it wants neither of these qualities, for it is in itself perfect. It produces no nausea or other bad effect, and the more you eat of it the less you feel inclined to stop. In fact, to eat Durians is a new sensation worth a voyage to the East to experience. ... as producing a food of the most exquisite flavour it is unsurpassed.
Wallace described himself as being at first reluctant to try it because of the aroma, "but in Borneo I found a ripe fruit on the ground, and, eating it out of doors, I at once became a confirmed Durian eater." He cited one traveller from 1599: "it is of such an excellent taste that it surpasses in flavour all other fruits of the world, according to those who have tasted it." He cites another writer: "To those not used to it, it seems at first to smell like rotten onions, but immediately after they have tasted it they prefer it to all other food. The natives give it honourable titles, exalt it, and make verses on it." Despite having tried many foods that are arguably more eccentric, Andrew Zimmern, host of Bizarre Foods, was unable to finish a durian upon sampling it, due to his intolerance of its strong taste.
While Wallace cautions that "the smell of the ripe fruit is certainly at first disagreeable", later descriptions by westerners are more graphic. Novelist Anthony Burgess writes that eating durian is "like eating sweet raspberry blancmange in the lavatory". Chef Andrew Zimmern compares the taste to "completely rotten, mushy onions". Anthony Bourdain, a lover of durian, relates his encounter with the fruit thus: "Its taste can only be described as...indescribable, something you will either love or despise. ...Your breath will smell as if you'd been French-kissing your dead grandmother." Likewise, fellow chef Jamie Oliver has also expressed admiration for the fruit on his first sampling. Travel and food writer Richard Sterling says:
... its odor is best described as pig-shit, turpentine and onions, garnished with a gym sock. It can be smelled from yards away. Despite its great local popularity, the raw fruit is forbidden from some establishments such as hotels, subways and airports, including public transportation in Southeast Asia.
Other comparisons have been made with the civet, sewage, stale vomit, skunk spray and used surgical swabs. The wide range of descriptions for the odour of durian may have a great deal to do with the variability of durian odour itself. Durians from different species or clones can have significantly different aromas; for example, red durian (D. dulcis) has a deep caramel flavour with a turpentine odour while red-fleshed durian (D. graveolens) emits a fragrance of roasted almonds. Among the varieties of D. zibethinus, Thai varieties are sweeter in flavour and less odorous than Malay ones. The degree of ripeness has an effect on the flavour as well. Three scientific analyses of the composition of durian aroma – from 1972, 1980, and 1995 – each found a mix of volatile compounds including esters, ketones, and different sulphur compounds, with no agreement on which may be primarily responsible for the distinctive odour. People in South East Asia with frequent exposures to durian are able to easily distinguish its sweet-like ketones and esters scent from rotten or putrescine odours which are from volatile amines and fatty acids. Developmental or genetic differences in olfactory perception and mapping within the brain ( for e.g. anterior piriform cortex to the orbitofrontal cortex) could possibly explain why some individuals are unable to differentiate these smells and find this fruit noxious.
This strong odour can be detected half a mile away by animals, thus luring them. In addition, the fruit is extremely appetising to a variety of animals, including squirrels, mouse deer, pigs, orangutan, elephants, and even carnivorous tigers. While some of these animals eat the fruit and dispose of the seed under the parent plant, others swallow the seed with the fruit and then transport it some distance before excreting, with the seed being dispersed as a result. The thorny, armoured covering of the fruit discourages smaller animals; larger animals are more likely to transport the seeds far from the parent tree.
RIPENESS AND SELECTION
According to Larousse Gastronomique, the durian fruit is ready to eat when its husk begins to crack. However, the ideal stage of ripeness to be enjoyed varies from region to region in Southeast Asia and by species. Some species grow so tall that they can only be collected once they have fallen to the ground, whereas most cultivars of D. zibethinus are nearly always cut from the tree and allowed to ripen while waiting to be sold. Some people in southern Thailand prefer their durians relatively young when the clusters of fruit within the shell are still crisp in texture and mild in flavour. For some people in northern Thailand, the preference is for the fruit to be soft and aromatic. In Malaysia and Singapore, most consumers prefer the fruit to be as ripe and pungent in aroma as possible and may even risk allowing the fruit to continue ripening after its husk has already cracked open. In this state, the flesh becomes richly creamy, slightly alcoholic, the aroma pronounced and the flavour highly complex.
The various preferences regarding ripeness among consumers make it hard to issue general statements about choosing a "good" durian. A durian that falls off the tree continues to ripen for two to four days, but after five or six days most would consider it overripe and unpalatable. The usual advice for a durian consumer choosing a whole fruit in the market is to examine the quality of the stem or stalk which loses moisture as it ages: a big, solid stem is a sign of freshness. Reportedly, unscrupulous merchants wrap, paint, or remove the stalks altogether. Due to the popularity of Kan Yao, street vendors may sometimes sell a lesser variety with a long stem to unsuspecting customers. Another frequent piece of advice is to shake the fruit and listen for the sound of the seeds moving within, indicating the durian is very ripe and the pulp has dried out a bit.
HISTORY
The durian has been known and consumed in Southeast Asia since prehistoric times, but has only been known to the western world for about 600 years. The earliest native reference to durian is the several bas relief panels of 9th-century Borobudur depicting durian as one of fruit offering for Javanese king, and also as one of the fruits sold in marketplace.
The earliest known European reference to the durian is the record of Niccolò Da Conti, who travelled to southeastern Asia in the 15th century. Translated from the Latin in which Poggio Bracciolini recorded Da Conti's travels: "They (people of Sumatra) have a green fruit which they call durian, as big as a watermelon. Inside there are five things like elongated oranges, and resembling thick butter, with a combination of flavours." The Portuguese physician Garcia de Orta described durians in Colóquios dos simples e drogas da India published in 1563. In 1741, Herbarium Amboinense by the German botanist Georg Eberhard Rumphius was published, providing the most detailed and accurate account of durians for over a century. The genus Durio has a complex taxonomy that has seen the subtraction and addition of many species since it was created by Rumphius. During the early stages of its taxonomical study, there was some confusion between durian and the soursop (Annona muricata), for both of these species had thorny green fruit. It is also interesting to note the Malay name for the soursop is durian Belanda, meaning Dutch durian. In the 18th century, Johann Anton Weinmann considered the durian to belong to Castaneae as its fruit was similar to the horse chestnut.
D. zibethinus was introduced into Ceylon by the Portuguese in the 16th century and was reintroduced many times later. It has been planted in the Americas but confined to botanical gardens. The first seedlings were sent from the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to Auguste Saint-Arroman of Dominica in 1884.
In southeastern Asia, the durian has been cultivated for centuries at the village level, probably since the late 18th century, and commercially since the mid-20th century. In My Tropic Isle, Australian author and naturalist Edmund James Banfield tells how, in the early 20th century, a friend in Singapore sent him a durian seed, which he planted and cared for on his tropical island off the north coast of Queensland.
In 1949, the British botanist E. J. H. Corner published The Durian Theory, or the Origin of the Modern Tree. His theory was that endozoochory (the enticement of animals to transport seeds in their stomach) arose before any other method of seed dispersal, and that primitive ancestors of Durio species were the earliest practitioners of that dispersal method, in particular red durian (D. dulcis) exemplifying the primitive fruit of flowering plants.
Since the early 1990s, the domestic and international demand for durian in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) region has increased significantly, partly due to the increasing affluence of Asia.
USES
CULINARY
Durian fruit is used to flavour a wide variety of sweet edibles such as traditional Malay candy, ice kacang, dodol, lempuk, rose biscuits, and, with a touch of modern innovation, ice cream, milkshakes, mooncakes, Yule logs, and cappuccino. Es durian (durian ice cream) is a popular dessert in Indonesia, sold at street side stall in Indonesian cities, especially in Java. Pulut Durian or ketan durian is glutinous rice steamed with coconut milk and served with ripened durian. In Sabah, red durian is fried with onions and chilli and served as a side dish. Red-fleshed durian is traditionally added to sayur, an Indonesian soup made from freshwater fish. Ikan brengkes is fish cooked in a durian-based sauce, traditional in Sumatra. Traditionally Bollen pastry, specialty of Bandung is filled with banana and cheese. Today Bollen durian is also available, it is pastry filled with durian. Dried durian flesh can be made into kripik durian (durian chips).
Tempoyak refers to fermented durian, usually made from lower quality durian that is unsuitable for direct consumption. Tempoyak can be eaten either cooked or uncooked, is normally eaten with rice, and can also be used for making curry. Sambal Tempoyak is a Sumatran dish made from the fermented durian fruit, coconut milk, and a collection of spicy ingredients known as sambal.
In Thailand, durian is often eaten fresh with sweet sticky rice, and blocks of durian paste are sold in the markets, though much of the paste is adulterated with pumpkin. Unripe durians may be cooked as a vegetable, except in the Philippines, where all uses are sweet rather than savoury. Malaysians make both sugared and salted preserves from durian. When durian is minced with salt, onions and vinegar, it is called boder. The durian seeds, which are the size of chestnuts, can be eaten whether they are boiled, roasted or fried in coconut oil, with a texture that is similar to taro or yam, but stickier. In Java, the seeds are sliced thin and cooked with sugar as a confection. Uncooked durian seeds are toxic due to cyclopropene fatty acids and should not be ingested.
Young leaves and shoots of the durian are occasionally cooked as greens. Sometimes the ash of the burned rind is added to special cakes. The petals of durian flowers are eaten in the North Sumatra province of Indonesia, while in the Moluccas islands the husk of the durian fruit is used as fuel to smoke fish. The nectar and pollen of the durian flower that honeybees collect is an important honey source, but the characteristics of the honey are unknown.
NUTRITIONS AND FOLK MEDICINE
Durian fruit contains a high amount of sugar, vitamin C, potassium, and the serotonergic amino acid tryptophan, and is a good source of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. It is recommended as a good source of raw fats by several raw food advocates, while others classify it as a high-glycemic food, recommending to minimise its consumption.
In Malaysia, a decoction of the leaves and roots used to be prescribed as an antipyretic. The leaf juice is applied on the head of a fever patient. The most complete description of the medicinal use of the durian as remedies for fevers is a Malay prescription, collected by Burkill and Haniff in 1930. It instructs the reader to boil the roots of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis with the roots of Durio zibethinus, Nephelium longan, Nephelium mutabile and Artocarpus integrifolia, and drink the decoction or use it as a poultice.
In the 1920s, Durian Fruit Products, Inc., of New York City launched a product called "Dur-India" as a health food supplement, selling at US$9 for a dozen bottles, each containing 63 tablets. The tablets allegedly contained durian and a species of the genus Allium from India and vitamin E. The company promoted the supplement saying that it provides "more concentrated healthful energy in food form than any other product the world affords".
CUSTOMS AND BELIEFS
Southeast Asian traditional beliefs, as well as traditional Chinese medicine, consider the durian fruit to have warming properties liable to cause excessive sweating. The traditional method to counteract this is to pour water into the empty shell of the fruit after the pulp has been consumed and drink it. An alternative method is to eat the durian in accompaniment with mangosteen, which is considered to have cooling properties. Pregnant women or people with high blood pressure are traditionally advised not to consume durian.
Another common local belief is that the durian is harmful when eaten with coffee or alcoholic beverages. The latter belief can be traced back at least to the 18th century when Rumphius stated that one should not drink alcohol after eating durians as it will cause indigestion and bad breath. In 1929, J. D. Gimlette wrote in his Malay Poisons and Charm Cures that the durian fruit must not be eaten with brandy. In 1981, J. R. Croft wrote in his Bombacaceae: In Handbooks of the Flora of Papua New Guinea that "a feeling of morbidity" often follows the consumption of alcohol too soon after eating durian. Several medical investigations on the validity of this belief have been conducted with varying conclusions, though a study by the University of Tsukuba finds the fruit's high sulphur content inhibits the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing a 70% reduction of the ability to clear toxins from the body.
The Javanese believe durian to have aphrodisiac qualities, and impose a set of rules on what may or may not be consumed with it or shortly thereafter. A saying in Indonesian, durian jatuh sarung naik, meaning "the durian falls and the sarong comes up", refers to this belief. The warnings against the supposed lecherous quality of this fruit soon spread to the West – the Swedenborgian philosopher Herman Vetterling commented on so-called "erotic properties" of the durian in the early 20th century.
A durian falling on a person's head can cause serious injuries because it is heavy, armed with sharp thorns, and can fall from a significant height. Wearing a hardhat is recommended when collecting the fruit. Alfred Russel Wallace writes that death rarely ensues from it, because the copious effusion of blood prevents the inflammation which might otherwise take place. A common saying is that a durian has eyes and can see where it is falling because the fruit allegedly never falls during daylight hours when people may be hurt. A saying in Indonesian, ketiban durian runtuh, which translates to "getting a durian avalanche", is the equivalent of the English phrase "windfall gain". Nevertheless, signs warning people not to linger under durian trees are found in Indonesia. Strong nylon or woven rope nettings are often strung between durian trees in orchards, serving a threefold purpose: the nets aid in the collection of the mature fruits, deter ground-level scavengers, and most importantly, prevent the durians from falling onto people.
A naturally spineless variety of durian growing wild in Davao, Philippines, was discovered in the 1960s; fruits borne from these seeds also lacked spines. Since the bases of the scales develop into spines as the fruit matures, sometimes spineless durians are produced artificially by scraping scales off immature fruits. In Malaysia, a spinesless durian clone D172 is registered by Agriculture Department on 17 June 1989. It was called "Durian Botak" (Bald Durian). In Indonesia, Ir Sumeru Ashari, head of Durian Research Centre, Universitas Brawijaya reported spineless durian from Kasembon, Malang. Another cultivar is from Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Indonesia.
Animals such as Sumatran elephants are known to consume durians. Curiously, the carnivorous Sumatran tiger is also known to consume durian occasionally. The strong odour of the fallen fruits in the jungle probably attracts the tiger to inspect the fruit and lick it.
CULTURAL INFLUENCE
The durian is commonly known as the "King of the Fruits", a label that can be attributed to its formidable look and overpowering odour. In its native southeastern Asia, the durian is an everyday food and portrayed in the local media in accordance with the cultural perception it has in the region. The durian symbolised the subjective nature of ugliness and beauty in Hong Kong director Fruit Chan's 2000 film Durian Durian (榴槤飄飄, lau lin piu piu), and was a nickname for the reckless but lovable protagonist of the eponymous Singaporean TV comedy Durian King played by Adrian Pang. Likewise, the oddly shaped Esplanade building in Singapore is often called "The Durian" by locals, and "The Big Durian" is the nickname of Jakarta, Indonesia.
One of the names Thailand contributed to the list of storm names for Western North Pacific tropical cyclones was 'Durian', which was retired after the second storm of this name in 2006. Being a fruit much loved by a variety of wild beasts, the durian sometimes signifies the long-forgotten animalistic aspect of humans, as in the legend of Orang Mawas, the Malaysian version of Bigfoot, and Orang Pendek, its Sumatran version, both of which have been claimed to feast on durians.
Frozen whole durians are shipped from Thailand to Asian markets and Chinatowns in Western countries.
WIKIPEDIA
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GAMES
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José Luis de Vicente, Irma Vilà & Bestiario - Atlas of Electromagnetic Space - Espanha | Spain
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29/07
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30/07
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Gustavo Godinho & Vladimir Cunha - Brega S/A- Brasil | Brazil
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30/07
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Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4, 1909
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1909
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The artificial illumination of naval vessels (a study in naval
hygiene), by J. D. Gatewood 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A simple operation for hemorrhoids, by H. F. Hull 22</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 25</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A metal suspensory, by W. B. Grove 25</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A short and accurate method of calculating the age in years and months,
by E. M. Brown 25</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Card for index system to be used in preparing smooth quarterly form
"X" at recruiting stations, etc., by C. R. Keen 27</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 29</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of angina Ludovici, by W. S. Pugh 29</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Vincent's angina, by G. F. Clark 31</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the iris; two cases, by R. K. Riggs 32</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wood alcohol poisoning; 13 cases, 3 deaths, by R. A. Baehmann 33</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of virulent chancroids, by D. C. Gather 36</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of septicemia successfully treated with Steam's streptolytic
serum by M. F. Gates . 39</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An unusual case of undescended testicle, by E. M. Brown 39</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 41</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Pharmacopeial Convention 41</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Concerning extracts or abstracts for publication 4l</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Measuring the height of recruits 43</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggestions for the study of heat exhaustion 44</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perfected routine of dosage, etc., in the treatment of tuberculosis by
the administration of mercury, by B. L. Wright 46</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Has the chemical examination of water practical value to the military medical
officer? by P. '.T'. Waldner 47</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An aid in throat and laryngeal examinations, by E. M. Brown 50</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 51</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory —An anatomical peculiarity noted in specimens of hook worm
from Culebra 51</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preliminary note on the lesions of anchylostomiasis in the intestines of
dogs, by O. J. Mink 51</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preliminary note on nematode found in the liver of a wild rat, by O.
J.Mink 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy — Note on the disintegration of tablets;
influence of benzoic acid and benzoates on digestion and health: address on the
clinical examination of urine, with especial reference to estimation of urea;
determination of pepsin by the edestin test, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery —Review of advances; the operative treatment of recent
fractures of the femoral shaft; the treatment of fractures by mobilization and massage;
has surgical treatment lessened mortality from appendicitis; when to operate
for appendicitis; diffuse septic peritonitis, due to appendicitis; local
anesthesia of a limb by venous transfusion after expulsion of blood; on
narcosis under an artificially restricted circulation; the correlation of
glands with internal secretion; improved technique for the detection of
tubercle bacilli in the urine; relief of the wounded during battle, H. C. Curl
and H. W. Smith 54</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology —On the so-called fatty degeneration of the adrenals;
three cases of squamous celled carcinoma of the gall bladder; the practical
value of the demonstration of spirochaeta pallida in the early diagnosis of
syphilis; C. 8. Butler and O. J. Mink 65</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology — Plague in ground squirrels (a review); the prevalence
and distribution of the animal parasites of man in the Philippine Islands, with
a consideration of their possible influence on the public'</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">health; preliminary note on a protozoan in yaws; the intestinal protozoa
of man, R. C. Holcomb • 67</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine — Ankylostomiasis in the Tropics; bilharziasis among women
and girls in Egypt; a report of several cases with unusual symptoms caused by
contact with some unknown variety of jellyfish; the diagnosis of latent
malaria; haemolysins and antihaemolytic substances in the blood of malarial
patients, E. R. Stitt 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine —The direct inspection of the gastric mucous membrane;
toxemia from the standpoint of perverted metabolism; a rapid method of
test-meal removal, lavage, and inflation; the therapeutics of diseases which
involve the internal secretions (mercury in the treatment of tuberculosis — its
mode of action —a warning); Flexner's serum in the treatment of epidemic
cerebrospinal meningitis; vascular crises; the curative influence of extracts
of leucocytes upon infections in animals, R. M. Kennedy 77</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation —Koch's standpoint with reference to the
question of the relation between human and bovine tuberculosis; the prevention of
tuberculosis; tropical lands and white races; sanitary report of the operations
of the naval expeditionary corps (German) in southwest Africa and in east
Africa; growth and naval military service; a study in measurements of cadets at
the naval school; on growth in height of youths serving their time in the army;
the value of fencing as a sport from hygienic and ethical point* of view; on-
the significance of the ophthalmo-reaction for the army; hematuria caused by a
parasite akin to bilharzia; the complex nature of typhoid etiology and the role
played by animals and man in the spread of the typhoid group of diseases; amoebae
carriers, H. G. Beyer 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 195</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Annual meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Alrik Hammar,
delegate 105</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an epidemic of typhoid on the U.S.S. Maine, by M. S.
Elliott.<span> </span>106</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an epidemic of grippe on the U. S. S. Charleston, by M. F.
Gates. 109</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 111</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The treatment of tuberculosis and the results observed during the year 1908
(at the United States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by B. L. Wright 111</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory studies and observations during the year 1908 (at the United
States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by A. B. Clifford 114</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tonsillar hypertrophy; a menace to the service, by B. F. Jenness 120</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The ice bag in the treatment of typhoid fever, by G. Tucker Smith 122</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of typhoid fever by colon irrigations, by the late C. G.
Alderman 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 129</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Description of a pit incinerator furnace, by R. C. Holcomb 129</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of malignant endocarditis, following chancroid, by I.
Franklin Cohn 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of multiple infected wounds from bear bite, by C. C. Grieve 132</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case presenting successive liver abscesses, by H. C. Curl and H. W. Smith
134</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cerebro-spinal fever, by J. G. Field 135</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 141</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gangosa in Haiti 141</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hookworm disease in recruits from the Southern States 141</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Care of ears and eyes in the Japanese navy<span> </span><span> </span>142</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The question of ear protection in the British navy 142</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report relative to a series of experiments conducted on board the U. S.
S. Ohio during target practice, with "Plasticine" for the protection
of the ear drums during heavy gun fire, by W. M. Garton 142</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygienic rules, with particular reference to venereal prophylaxis, in
the Austro-Hungarian navy 144</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experiments with gonococcic vaccine, by W. M. Garton 145</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thyroidal enlargement among applicants for enlistment in the Northwest,
by W. A. Angwin 147</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 148</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory — Sterilization of catgut, by H. W. Smith 148</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy — Fluidglycerates, pharmaceutical and physiological
aspect; the importance and significance of the chemical examination of the
gastric contents after a test meal, with a new method for estimating the
ferment activity of the gastric contents; demonstrations of enzymes and
antienzymes; studies on the chemistry of anaphylaxis; the clinical value of
viscosity determination; the viscosity of the blood; the detection and
quantitative determination of B-oxybutyric acid in the urine; a new method for
the quantitative estimation of albumin in the urine; concerning the diagnostic
value of Cammidge crystals in pancreatic diseases, E. W. Brown and P. J.
Waldner 150</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery — Review of advances; cerebral decompression; operative treatment
of acute gonorrheal epididymitis; appendectomy in diffuse septic peritonitis;
concerning technique of skin grafting; treatment of hypertrophy of the prostate
by injections of alien blood; the value of the Cammidge reaction in the diagnosis
of pancreatic disease; the Cammidge reaction in experimental pancreatitis; the
syphilis case sheet; the thymus in Basedow's disease; the effect of mammalian
pituitary on tetany after parathyreoidectomy, and upon the pupil; hemorrhage in
jaundice controlled by blood transfusion; on the haematogenic origin of
purulent nephritis through the staphylococcus; the snapping hip; three cases of
liver abscess treated by aspiration and injection of quinine, H. C. Curl and H.
\V. Smith: 156</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology — <span> </span>Widal’s
reaction with sterilized cultures; a new medium for typhoid work; report on a
further series of blood cultures from seventy-four cases of typhoid and
paratyphoid fever; the histology of liver tissue regeneration; typhoid bacilli
and gall bladder; the occurrence and distribution of the spirochaeta pallida in
congenital syphilis; experiments on the differentiation of cholera and
cholera-like vitrios by complement fixation;<span>
</span>C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology —What is "schistosoma mansoni;" pulmonary
bilharziasis; filariasis and elephantiasis in southern Luzon; the diagnosis of African
tick fever from the examination of the blood; the parasite of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Kula Azar and allied organisms; a new human nematode-strongylus gibsoni;
report of the Permanent Commission for the Suppression of Uncinariasis; on the
supposed occurrence of the filaria immitis in man, R. C. Holcomb 174</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine —An inquiry concerning the etiology of beriberi; have
trypanosomes an ultramicroscopical stage in their life history?; atoxyl as a
curative agent in malaria, E. R. Stitt 179</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine —The treatment of acute inflammatory conditions by
Bier's hypertemia; treatment of tetanus with subarachnoid injections of
magnesium sulphate; the serum diagnosis of syphilis; tubercle bacilli in the
sputum; a summary of the most recently published work on the doctrine of
opsonins; experimental investigation on "simple continued fever," H.
M. Kennedy 182</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation —On the application of heat for the purification
of water with troops in the field; catarrhal icterus of eberthian origin; the epidemic
of typhoid fever on H. M. S. Regina Elena; the treatment of sweat-foot in the
army; a contribution to our knowledge of the spread of cerebro-spinal
meningitis; on book disinfection on the large scale; the etiology of impetigo
contagiosa; tuberculosis in the British army and its prevention; symptoms that
may be attributed to soldering with the oxyhydrogen</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">flame; tactics and the health of the army, H. G. Beyer 189</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 203</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Seventeenth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons,
Manley H. Simons, delegate 203</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report and recommendations of a board of officers, convened at the navy-yard,
Mare Island, Cal., on the precautionary methods <span> </span>to be taken to prevent the invasion of bubonic
plague at that station 205</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface VII</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 211</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on the treatment of elephantiasis by the internal administration
of tinctuia ferri cbloridi, by P. S. Rossiter 211</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few notes on syphilis, by W. J. Zalesky 215</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A note on the pathology of epidemic asthma, by O. J. Mink 222</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on sixteen cases of heat prostration, with remarks on etiology,
by A. G. Grunwell 223</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reviews 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Liver abscess from the point of view of etiology and prophylaxis; pathology
and differential diagnosis; and treatment (3 papers), by G. B. Crow,, J. A. B.
Sinclair, and J. F. Cottle 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 245</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appliances improvised on sick bay bunks, by C. M. De Valin 245</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 247</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of fracture of patella, with operation at sea, by N. J.
Blackwood.. 247</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of n current nasal hemorrhage, by Raymond Spear 250</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of traumatic pneumonia, by C. F. Sterne 252</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of liver abscess, by M. A. Stuart 254</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital corps efficiency report 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical defects found on reexamination of recruits 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some observations on the berthing of enlisted men of the navy, with suggestions
for improvement, by L. W. Curtis 256</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The value of a chemical examination of water, by E. R. Noyes 257</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 267</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory —A method for the preparation of flat worms for study, by O.
J. Mink and A. H. Ebeling .. 267</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The formalin method for the clinical estimation of ammonia in the
urine, by E. W. Brown 269</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bang's method for estimation of sugar in the urine; the Edestin method for
the estimation of pepsin in stomach contents 273</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy — Concerning the fractional precipitation of
albumin in the spinal fluid of normal cases luetics, functional and organic nervous
diseases and their bearing upon the differential diagnosis of dementia
paralytica, tabes dorsalis, tertiary and late syphilis; quantitative determination
of several sugars in the presence of each other in diabetic urines; the butyric
reaction for syphilis in man and in the monkey; excretion of amino acids in
pregnancy and after parturition; the relation between the protein content of
the blood serum and that of serous fluids; the further separation of antitoxin
from its associated proteins in horse serum, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner...276-279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery —The Hodgen splint; surgical anemia and resuscitation; mechanism
underlying artificial respiration; a new theory of surgical shock; carbon
dioxide snow in the treatment of augioma; bursitis subacromialis, or
periarthritis of the shoulder joint; report on the local anesthetics recommended
as substitutes for cocaine; further researches on the etiology of endemic
goiter; auto- and iso-transplantation, in dogs, of the parathyroid glandules;
partial, progressive, and complete occlusion of the aorta and other large
arteries in the dog by means of the metal band; C. F. Stokes, R. Spear, and H.
W. Smith 279-289</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology —A simple method for the diagnosis of
syphilis; differential methods for detecting the typhoid bacilli in infected
water and milk; a peculiar intralobular cirrhosis of the liver produced by the protozoal
parasite of kala azar; the pathological anatomy of atoxyl poisoning; an
observation on the fate of B. Bulgaricus in the digestive tract of a monkey; a
contribution to the pathology of the spleen; a note, on the histology of a caue
of myelomatosis with Bence-Jones protein in</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">the urine; a new method for the recognition of indol in media; the rapid
diagnosis of rabies (a new stain for negri bodies); C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink
289-297</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology —Anew intestinal trematodeof man; some applications of the
precipitin reaction in the diagnosis of hydatid disease; bilharzia, hematobia,
and circumcision; trichocephaliasis; R. C. Holcomb ...... 297-306</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine — Rice and beriberi; on the etiology of ulcerative
granuloma of the pudenda; amaebic dysentery with abscess of the liver in a patient
who had never been out of England; E. R. Stitt 306-308</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine —The dietetic treatment of diabetes; artificial
hyperemia in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; remarks on the treatment of
gastric ulcer by immediate feeding; present status of the tuberculin tests; T.
W. Richards S0S-315</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation — On 'a new and practical method of securing bodily
cleanliness for our men on board ship; on the heat-conducting power of linoleum
as compared to that of floors made of wood or of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">betone; on the discrimination of unrecognized diseases and on a disease
of overcrowding in ships, <span> </span>especially at
Malta; H. G. Beyer 315-320</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 321</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Guam; reports on health and sanitation for the years 1907 and 1908, by F.
E. McCullough and G. L. Angeny. 321</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 335</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The hospital camp at Norfolk, Va., by P. A. Lovering 335</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The teaching of tropical medicine outside of the Tropics, by E. R.
Stitt 308</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ethyl chloride as a general anaesthetic, by L. W. Johnson 344</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic nephritis in recruits, by B. F. Jenness 347</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supplementary report on the investigation of Samoan conjunctivitis, by P.
S. Rossiter 349</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Points on embalming practicable on board ship, by C. Schaffer 351</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reviews 355</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical shock; a review of recent literature, by H. W. Smith 355</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Installation of an X-ray apparatus on the U. S. S. Maryland, by A.
Farenholt 365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method of fumigation of vessels at Hamburg 368</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An oxygen apparatus 370</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An easily constructed bunk tray, by C. M. Oman 371</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 373</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operations upon the kidney. United States naval hospital, New York, by G.
T. Smith 373</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A report on two cases of dentigerous cysts, by D. N. Carpenter 374</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of mammary development in the male, by E. M. Brown 376</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operative treatment of epididymitis, by W. S. Pugh, Jr 376</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases from report of U. S. S. Hancock—1908: (1) Retinal hemorrhage,
(2) myocarditis with rupture, by P. Leach 377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of fracture of the skull; operation and recovery, by F. W. F.
Wieber. 378</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carron oil in the treatment of otitis media suppurativa (acuta), by R.
E. Riggs 379</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of skull and gunshot wound of lung, with recovery, by W. S.
Pugh, Jr ..... 381</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two unusual appendix cases, by R. R. Richardson 382</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Proctoclysis in typhoid fever, by C. F. Stokes 384</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Subscription price of the Bulletin 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on New York Post-Graduate Medical School 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on contributions to the Bulletin 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on annual meeting of American Medical Association on revision of pharmacopeia
386</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on inquiry concerning clothing in the Tropics 386</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on publicity concerning venereal disease in California 387</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Review of Gatewood's Naval Hygiene 387</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on the work at Tay Tay 388</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical examination of army recruits, by A. E. Peck 389</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on the treatment of syphilis, by W. S. Hoen 391</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Views on the treatment of typhoid fever, by H. A. May 393</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory —Benedict's method for the estimation of glucose in the
urine; estimation of uric acid in the urine, Folin-Schaffer; clinical method
for the estimation of uric acid, modification of the Folin-Schaffer process; test
for blood in the urine; two methods for the estimation of albumin in the urine,
by O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy —The excretion in urine of sugars other than
glucose; experiments and experiences, pharmacological and clinical, with
digitalis, squill, and strophanthus; a reagent for the detection of reducing
sugars; on the antagonism of alcohol to carbolic acid ; the antitoxic activity
of iodine in tuberculosis; new experiments on the physiological action of
sulphuric ether; contribution to the physiology of the glands —further
contributions on the function of the spleen as an organ of iron metabolism;
modifications in the chemical composition of the blood serum in victims of
carbon dioxide poisoning, by P. J. Waldnerand C. Schaffer 402</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology —Studies on typhoid fever; chloroform
poisoning — liver necrosis and repair; the importance of blood cultures in the
study of infections of otitic origin; the cultivation of the spirocheeta
pallidum; the cultivation of the bacillus leprae; the chemistry of the liver in
chloroform necrosis; the present status of the whooping-cough question; the
conveyance of whooping cough from man to animals by direct experiment; serology
of syphilis, by C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 407</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology — Schistosomiasis at Bahia; contribution to the study
of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil; notes on malaria and kala-azar; endemic
amoebic dysentery in New York, with a review of its <span> </span>istribution in North America; filaria
(microfilaria) philippinensis; the distribution of filaria in the Philippine
Islands; acariens and cancers—acariens and leprosy; necator americanus in
Ceylon; anaemia due to trichocephalus dispar; study of the protozoa of J. H.
Wright in sixteen cases of Aleppo boil, by R. C. Holcomb 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine — Infantile kala-azar; on the identity of beri-beri
and epidemic dropsy; Malta fever in South Africa; leprosy in the Philippine
Islands and its treatment; the various types of plague and their clinical
manifestations, by C. S. Butler 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation —The means by which infectious diseases are
transmitted; a critical study of the value of the measurements of chest expansion
and lung capacity; notes on the sanitation of yellow fever and malaria; the
house fly as a disease carrier, by H. G. Beyer 419</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine —A study of the aural and laryngeal complications of
typhoid fever, especially as observed in hospital practice; the problem of
cancer considered from the standpoint of immunity; nine cases of typhoid fever
treated with an antiendotoxic serum, by T. W. Richards 425</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery —Some practical points in the application of the bismuth paste
in chronic suppurative diseases; the sequence of the pathological changes in appendiceal
peritonitis; direct blood transfusion by means of paraffin-coated glass tubes;
the use of animal membrane in producing mobility in ankylosed joints, by C. F.
Stokes and R. Spear 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 489</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Medical Association, by M. F. Gates 439</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on the Second International Conference for Revision of Nomenclature
of Diseases and Causes of Death, by F. L. Pleadwell 445</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report upon medical relief measures at Messina, Sicily, by M. Donelson.
. 449</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports of medical relief measures at Adana, Turkey, by J. T. Miller
and L. W. McGuire 452</p>
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Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4, 1909
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1909
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The artificial illumination of naval vessels (a study in naval
hygiene), by J. D. Gatewood 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A simple operation for hemorrhoids, by H. F. Hull 22</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 25</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A metal suspensory, by W. B. Grove 25</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A short and accurate method of calculating the age in years and months,
by E. M. Brown 25</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Card for index system to be used in preparing smooth quarterly form
"X" at recruiting stations, etc., by C. R. Keen 27</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 29</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of angina Ludovici, by W. S. Pugh 29</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of Vincent's angina, by G. F. Clark 31</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the iris; two cases, by R. K. Riggs 32</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Wood alcohol poisoning; 13 cases, 3 deaths, by R. A. Baehmann 33</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of virulent chancroids, by D. C. Gather 36</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of septicemia successfully treated with Steam's streptolytic
serum by M. F. Gates . 39</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An unusual case of undescended testicle, by E. M. Brown 39</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 41</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Pharmacopeial Convention 41</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Concerning extracts or abstracts for publication 4l</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Measuring the height of recruits 43</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggestions for the study of heat exhaustion 44</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perfected routine of dosage, etc., in the treatment of tuberculosis by
the administration of mercury, by B. L. Wright 46</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Has the chemical examination of water practical value to the military medical
officer? by P. '.T'. Waldner 47</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An aid in throat and laryngeal examinations, by E. M. Brown 50</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 51</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory —An anatomical peculiarity noted in specimens of hook worm
from Culebra 51</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preliminary note on the lesions of anchylostomiasis in the intestines of
dogs, by O. J. Mink 51</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preliminary note on nematode found in the liver of a wild rat, by O.
J.Mink 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy — Note on the disintegration of tablets;
influence of benzoic acid and benzoates on digestion and health: address on the
clinical examination of urine, with especial reference to estimation of urea;
determination of pepsin by the edestin test, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner 52</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery —Review of advances; the operative treatment of recent
fractures of the femoral shaft; the treatment of fractures by mobilization and massage;
has surgical treatment lessened mortality from appendicitis; when to operate
for appendicitis; diffuse septic peritonitis, due to appendicitis; local
anesthesia of a limb by venous transfusion after expulsion of blood; on
narcosis under an artificially restricted circulation; the correlation of
glands with internal secretion; improved technique for the detection of
tubercle bacilli in the urine; relief of the wounded during battle, H. C. Curl
and H. W. Smith 54</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology —On the so-called fatty degeneration of the adrenals;
three cases of squamous celled carcinoma of the gall bladder; the practical
value of the demonstration of spirochaeta pallida in the early diagnosis of
syphilis; C. 8. Butler and O. J. Mink 65</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology — Plague in ground squirrels (a review); the prevalence
and distribution of the animal parasites of man in the Philippine Islands, with
a consideration of their possible influence on the public'</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">health; preliminary note on a protozoan in yaws; the intestinal protozoa
of man, R. C. Holcomb • 67</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine — Ankylostomiasis in the Tropics; bilharziasis among women
and girls in Egypt; a report of several cases with unusual symptoms caused by
contact with some unknown variety of jellyfish; the diagnosis of latent
malaria; haemolysins and antihaemolytic substances in the blood of malarial
patients, E. R. Stitt 73</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine —The direct inspection of the gastric mucous membrane;
toxemia from the standpoint of perverted metabolism; a rapid method of
test-meal removal, lavage, and inflation; the therapeutics of diseases which
involve the internal secretions (mercury in the treatment of tuberculosis — its
mode of action —a warning); Flexner's serum in the treatment of epidemic
cerebrospinal meningitis; vascular crises; the curative influence of extracts
of leucocytes upon infections in animals, R. M. Kennedy 77</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation —Koch's standpoint with reference to the
question of the relation between human and bovine tuberculosis; the prevention of
tuberculosis; tropical lands and white races; sanitary report of the operations
of the naval expeditionary corps (German) in southwest Africa and in east
Africa; growth and naval military service; a study in measurements of cadets at
the naval school; on growth in height of youths serving their time in the army;
the value of fencing as a sport from hygienic and ethical point* of view; on-
the significance of the ophthalmo-reaction for the army; hematuria caused by a
parasite akin to bilharzia; the complex nature of typhoid etiology and the role
played by animals and man in the spread of the typhoid group of diseases; amoebae
carriers, H. G. Beyer 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 195</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Annual meeting of the American Pharmaceutical Association, Alrik Hammar,
delegate 105</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an epidemic of typhoid on the U.S.S. Maine, by M. S.
Elliott.<span> </span>106</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of an epidemic of grippe on the U. S. S. Charleston, by M. F.
Gates. 109</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 111</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The treatment of tuberculosis and the results observed during the year 1908
(at the United States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by B. L. Wright 111</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory studies and observations during the year 1908 (at the United
States Naval Hospital, Las Animas, Colo.), by A. B. Clifford 114</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tonsillar hypertrophy; a menace to the service, by B. F. Jenness 120</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The ice bag in the treatment of typhoid fever, by G. Tucker Smith 122</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of typhoid fever by colon irrigations, by the late C. G.
Alderman 124</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 129</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Description of a pit incinerator furnace, by R. C. Holcomb 129</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of a case of malignant endocarditis, following chancroid, by I.
Franklin Cohn 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of multiple infected wounds from bear bite, by C. C. Grieve 132</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case presenting successive liver abscesses, by H. C. Curl and H. W. Smith
134</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cerebro-spinal fever, by J. G. Field 135</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 141</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Gangosa in Haiti 141</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hookworm disease in recruits from the Southern States 141</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Care of ears and eyes in the Japanese navy<span> </span><span> </span>142</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The question of ear protection in the British navy 142</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report relative to a series of experiments conducted on board the U. S.
S. Ohio during target practice, with "Plasticine" for the protection
of the ear drums during heavy gun fire, by W. M. Garton 142</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygienic rules, with particular reference to venereal prophylaxis, in
the Austro-Hungarian navy 144</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Experiments with gonococcic vaccine, by W. M. Garton 145</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thyroidal enlargement among applicants for enlistment in the Northwest,
by W. A. Angwin 147</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 148</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory — Sterilization of catgut, by H. W. Smith 148</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy — Fluidglycerates, pharmaceutical and physiological
aspect; the importance and significance of the chemical examination of the
gastric contents after a test meal, with a new method for estimating the
ferment activity of the gastric contents; demonstrations of enzymes and
antienzymes; studies on the chemistry of anaphylaxis; the clinical value of
viscosity determination; the viscosity of the blood; the detection and
quantitative determination of B-oxybutyric acid in the urine; a new method for
the quantitative estimation of albumin in the urine; concerning the diagnostic
value of Cammidge crystals in pancreatic diseases, E. W. Brown and P. J.
Waldner 150</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery — Review of advances; cerebral decompression; operative treatment
of acute gonorrheal epididymitis; appendectomy in diffuse septic peritonitis;
concerning technique of skin grafting; treatment of hypertrophy of the prostate
by injections of alien blood; the value of the Cammidge reaction in the diagnosis
of pancreatic disease; the Cammidge reaction in experimental pancreatitis; the
syphilis case sheet; the thymus in Basedow's disease; the effect of mammalian
pituitary on tetany after parathyreoidectomy, and upon the pupil; hemorrhage in
jaundice controlled by blood transfusion; on the haematogenic origin of
purulent nephritis through the staphylococcus; the snapping hip; three cases of
liver abscess treated by aspiration and injection of quinine, H. C. Curl and H.
\V. Smith: 156</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology — <span> </span>Widal’s
reaction with sterilized cultures; a new medium for typhoid work; report on a
further series of blood cultures from seventy-four cases of typhoid and
paratyphoid fever; the histology of liver tissue regeneration; typhoid bacilli
and gall bladder; the occurrence and distribution of the spirochaeta pallida in
congenital syphilis; experiments on the differentiation of cholera and
cholera-like vitrios by complement fixation;<span>
</span>C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 166</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology —What is "schistosoma mansoni;" pulmonary
bilharziasis; filariasis and elephantiasis in southern Luzon; the diagnosis of African
tick fever from the examination of the blood; the parasite of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Kula Azar and allied organisms; a new human nematode-strongylus gibsoni;
report of the Permanent Commission for the Suppression of Uncinariasis; on the
supposed occurrence of the filaria immitis in man, R. C. Holcomb 174</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine —An inquiry concerning the etiology of beriberi; have
trypanosomes an ultramicroscopical stage in their life history?; atoxyl as a
curative agent in malaria, E. R. Stitt 179</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine —The treatment of acute inflammatory conditions by
Bier's hypertemia; treatment of tetanus with subarachnoid injections of
magnesium sulphate; the serum diagnosis of syphilis; tubercle bacilli in the
sputum; a summary of the most recently published work on the doctrine of
opsonins; experimental investigation on "simple continued fever," H.
M. Kennedy 182</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation —On the application of heat for the purification
of water with troops in the field; catarrhal icterus of eberthian origin; the epidemic
of typhoid fever on H. M. S. Regina Elena; the treatment of sweat-foot in the
army; a contribution to our knowledge of the spread of cerebro-spinal
meningitis; on book disinfection on the large scale; the etiology of impetigo
contagiosa; tuberculosis in the British army and its prevention; symptoms that
may be attributed to soldering with the oxyhydrogen</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">flame; tactics and the health of the army, H. G. Beyer 189</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 203</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Seventeenth annual meeting of the Association of Military Surgeons,
Manley H. Simons, delegate 203</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report and recommendations of a board of officers, convened at the navy-yard,
Mare Island, Cal., on the precautionary methods <span> </span>to be taken to prevent the invasion of bubonic
plague at that station 205</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface VII</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 211</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on the treatment of elephantiasis by the internal administration
of tinctuia ferri cbloridi, by P. S. Rossiter 211</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A few notes on syphilis, by W. J. Zalesky 215</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A note on the pathology of epidemic asthma, by O. J. Mink 222</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on sixteen cases of heat prostration, with remarks on etiology,
by A. G. Grunwell 223</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reviews 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Liver abscess from the point of view of etiology and prophylaxis; pathology
and differential diagnosis; and treatment (3 papers), by G. B. Crow,, J. A. B.
Sinclair, and J. F. Cottle 231</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 245</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appliances improvised on sick bay bunks, by C. M. De Valin 245</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 247</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of fracture of patella, with operation at sea, by N. J.
Blackwood.. 247</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of n current nasal hemorrhage, by Raymond Spear 250</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of traumatic pneumonia, by C. F. Sterne 252</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of liver abscess, by M. A. Stuart 254</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital corps efficiency report 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Physical defects found on reexamination of recruits 255</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some observations on the berthing of enlisted men of the navy, with suggestions
for improvement, by L. W. Curtis 256</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The value of a chemical examination of water, by E. R. Noyes 257</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 267</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory —A method for the preparation of flat worms for study, by O.
J. Mink and A. H. Ebeling .. 267</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The formalin method for the clinical estimation of ammonia in the
urine, by E. W. Brown 269</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bang's method for estimation of sugar in the urine; the Edestin method for
the estimation of pepsin in stomach contents 273</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy — Concerning the fractional precipitation of
albumin in the spinal fluid of normal cases luetics, functional and organic nervous
diseases and their bearing upon the differential diagnosis of dementia
paralytica, tabes dorsalis, tertiary and late syphilis; quantitative determination
of several sugars in the presence of each other in diabetic urines; the butyric
reaction for syphilis in man and in the monkey; excretion of amino acids in
pregnancy and after parturition; the relation between the protein content of
the blood serum and that of serous fluids; the further separation of antitoxin
from its associated proteins in horse serum, E. W. Brown and P. J. Waldner...276-279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery —The Hodgen splint; surgical anemia and resuscitation; mechanism
underlying artificial respiration; a new theory of surgical shock; carbon
dioxide snow in the treatment of augioma; bursitis subacromialis, or
periarthritis of the shoulder joint; report on the local anesthetics recommended
as substitutes for cocaine; further researches on the etiology of endemic
goiter; auto- and iso-transplantation, in dogs, of the parathyroid glandules;
partial, progressive, and complete occlusion of the aorta and other large
arteries in the dog by means of the metal band; C. F. Stokes, R. Spear, and H.
W. Smith 279-289</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology —A simple method for the diagnosis of
syphilis; differential methods for detecting the typhoid bacilli in infected
water and milk; a peculiar intralobular cirrhosis of the liver produced by the protozoal
parasite of kala azar; the pathological anatomy of atoxyl poisoning; an
observation on the fate of B. Bulgaricus in the digestive tract of a monkey; a
contribution to the pathology of the spleen; a note, on the histology of a caue
of myelomatosis with Bence-Jones protein in</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">the urine; a new method for the recognition of indol in media; the rapid
diagnosis of rabies (a new stain for negri bodies); C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink
289-297</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology —Anew intestinal trematodeof man; some applications of the
precipitin reaction in the diagnosis of hydatid disease; bilharzia, hematobia,
and circumcision; trichocephaliasis; R. C. Holcomb ...... 297-306</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine — Rice and beriberi; on the etiology of ulcerative
granuloma of the pudenda; amaebic dysentery with abscess of the liver in a patient
who had never been out of England; E. R. Stitt 306-308</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine —The dietetic treatment of diabetes; artificial
hyperemia in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis; remarks on the treatment of
gastric ulcer by immediate feeding; present status of the tuberculin tests; T.
W. Richards S0S-315</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation — On 'a new and practical method of securing bodily
cleanliness for our men on board ship; on the heat-conducting power of linoleum
as compared to that of floors made of wood or of</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">betone; on the discrimination of unrecognized diseases and on a disease
of overcrowding in ships, <span> </span>especially at
Malta; H. G. Beyer 315-320</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 321</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Guam; reports on health and sanitation for the years 1907 and 1908, by F.
E. McCullough and G. L. Angeny. 321</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preface vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Special articles 335</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The hospital camp at Norfolk, Va., by P. A. Lovering 335</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The teaching of tropical medicine outside of the Tropics, by E. R.
Stitt 308</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ethyl chloride as a general anaesthetic, by L. W. Johnson 344</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic nephritis in recruits, by B. F. Jenness 347</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Supplementary report on the investigation of Samoan conjunctivitis, by P.
S. Rossiter 349</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Points on embalming practicable on board ship, by C. Schaffer 351</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reviews 355</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgical shock; a review of recent literature, by H. W. Smith 355</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Suggested devices 365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Installation of an X-ray apparatus on the U. S. S. Maryland, by A.
Farenholt 365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Method of fumigation of vessels at Hamburg 368</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An oxygen apparatus 370</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An easily constructed bunk tray, by C. M. Oman 371</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical notes 373</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operations upon the kidney. United States naval hospital, New York, by G.
T. Smith 373</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A report on two cases of dentigerous cysts, by D. N. Carpenter 374</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of mammary development in the male, by E. M. Brown 376</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operative treatment of epididymitis, by W. S. Pugh, Jr 376</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two cases from report of U. S. S. Hancock—1908: (1) Retinal hemorrhage,
(2) myocarditis with rupture, by P. Leach 377</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A case of fracture of the skull; operation and recovery, by F. W. F.
Wieber. 378</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Carron oil in the treatment of otitis media suppurativa (acuta), by R.
E. Riggs 379</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of skull and gunshot wound of lung, with recovery, by W. S.
Pugh, Jr ..... 381</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Two unusual appendix cases, by R. R. Richardson 382</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Proctoclysis in typhoid fever, by C. F. Stokes 384</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Current comment 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Subscription price of the Bulletin 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on New York Post-Graduate Medical School 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on contributions to the Bulletin 385</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on annual meeting of American Medical Association on revision of pharmacopeia
386</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on inquiry concerning clothing in the Tropics 386</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on publicity concerning venereal disease in California 387</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Review of Gatewood's Naval Hygiene 387</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Note on the work at Tay Tay 388</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical examination of army recruits, by A. E. Peck 389</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on the treatment of syphilis, by W. S. Hoen 391</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Views on the treatment of typhoid fever, by H. A. May 393</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Progress in medical sciences 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Laboratory —Benedict's method for the estimation of glucose in the
urine; estimation of uric acid in the urine, Folin-Schaffer; clinical method
for the estimation of uric acid, modification of the Folin-Schaffer process; test
for blood in the urine; two methods for the estimation of albumin in the urine,
by O. J. Mink and E. W. Brown 397</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy —The excretion in urine of sugars other than
glucose; experiments and experiences, pharmacological and clinical, with
digitalis, squill, and strophanthus; a reagent for the detection of reducing
sugars; on the antagonism of alcohol to carbolic acid ; the antitoxic activity
of iodine in tuberculosis; new experiments on the physiological action of
sulphuric ether; contribution to the physiology of the glands —further
contributions on the function of the spleen as an organ of iron metabolism;
modifications in the chemical composition of the blood serum in victims of
carbon dioxide poisoning, by P. J. Waldnerand C. Schaffer 402</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology and bacteriology —Studies on typhoid fever; chloroform
poisoning — liver necrosis and repair; the importance of blood cultures in the
study of infections of otitic origin; the cultivation of the spirocheeta
pallidum; the cultivation of the bacillus leprae; the chemistry of the liver in
chloroform necrosis; the present status of the whooping-cough question; the
conveyance of whooping cough from man to animals by direct experiment; serology
of syphilis, by C. S. Butler and O. J. Mink 407</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical zoology — Schistosomiasis at Bahia; contribution to the study
of schistosomiasis in Bahia, Brazil; notes on malaria and kala-azar; endemic
amoebic dysentery in New York, with a review of its <span> </span>istribution in North America; filaria
(microfilaria) philippinensis; the distribution of filaria in the Philippine
Islands; acariens and cancers—acariens and leprosy; necator americanus in
Ceylon; anaemia due to trichocephalus dispar; study of the protozoa of J. H.
Wright in sixteen cases of Aleppo boil, by R. C. Holcomb 411</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tropical medicine — Infantile kala-azar; on the identity of beri-beri
and epidemic dropsy; Malta fever in South Africa; leprosy in the Philippine
Islands and its treatment; the various types of plague and their clinical
manifestations, by C. S. Butler 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation —The means by which infectious diseases are
transmitted; a critical study of the value of the measurements of chest expansion
and lung capacity; notes on the sanitation of yellow fever and malaria; the
house fly as a disease carrier, by H. G. Beyer 419</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine —A study of the aural and laryngeal complications of
typhoid fever, especially as observed in hospital practice; the problem of
cancer considered from the standpoint of immunity; nine cases of typhoid fever
treated with an antiendotoxic serum, by T. W. Richards 425</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery —Some practical points in the application of the bismuth paste
in chronic suppurative diseases; the sequence of the pathological changes in appendiceal
peritonitis; direct blood transfusion by means of paraffin-coated glass tubes;
the use of animal membrane in producing mobility in ankylosed joints, by C. F.
Stokes and R. Spear 431</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports and letters 489</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Medical Association, by M. F. Gates 439</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on the Second International Conference for Revision of Nomenclature
of Diseases and Causes of Death, by F. L. Pleadwell 445</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report upon medical relief measures at Messina, Sicily, by M. Donelson.
. 449</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Reports of medical relief measures at Adana, Turkey, by J. T. Miller
and L. W. McGuire 452</p>
If you have questions concerning reproductions, please contact the Contributing Library.
Note: The colors, contrast and appearance of these illustrations are unlikely to be true to life. They are derived from scanned images that have been enhanced for machine interpretation and have been altered from their originals.
Read/Download from the Internet Archive
Language... has created the word "loneliness" to express the pain of being alone. And it has created the word "solitude" to express the glory of being alone.
Ladli — which in Indian languages (Hindi and Urdu) means ‘beloved daughter.’
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LADLI - The loved one! campaign by SOCIAL GEOGRAPHIC
Photo: Firoz Ahmad Firoz
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"Worst of all, violence against women and girls continues unabated in every continent, country and culture. It takes a devastating toll on women’s lives, on their families and on society as a whole. Most societies prohibit such violence -- yet the reality is that, too often, it is covered up or tacitly condoned." (UN SECRETARY-GENERAL in International Women’s Day 2007 Message.)
“Almost every country in the world still has laws that discriminate against women, and promises to remedy this have not been kept.” (UN High Commissioner for Human Rights on the eve of International Women's Day 2008)
According to one United Nations estimate, 113 to 200 million women are “demographically missing” from the world today. That is to say, there should be 113 to 200 million more women walking the earth, who aren’t. By that same estimate, 1.5 to 3 million women and girls lose their lives every year because of gender-based neglect or gender-based violence and Sexual Violence in Conflict.
In addition to torture, sexual violence and rape by occupation forces, a great number of women and girls are kept locked up in their homes by a very real fear of abduction and criminal abuse. In war and conflicts, girls and women have been denied their human right, including the right to health, education and employment. “Sexual violence in conflict zones is indeed a security concern. We affirm that sexual violence profoundly affects not only the health and safety of women, but the economic and social stability of their nations” –US Secretary of State, Condoleeza Rice, 19 June 2008 (Read more about UN Action against Sexual Violence in Conflict www.stoprapenow.org/ ).
Millions of young women disappear in their native land every year. Many of them are found later being held against their will in other places and forced into prostitution. According to the UNICEF ( www.unicef.org/gender/index_factsandfigures.html ),Girls between 13 and 18 years of age constitute the largest group in the sex industry. It is estimated that around 500,000 girls below 18 are victims of trafficking each year. The victims of trafficking and female migrants are sometimes unfairly blamed for spreading HIV when the reality is that they are often the victims.
According to the UNAIDS around 17.3 million, women (almost half of the total number of HIV-positive) living with HIV ( www.unaids.org ). While HIV is often driven by poverty, it is also associated with inequality, gender-based abuses and economic transition. The relationship between abuses of women's rights and their vulnerability to AIDS is alarming. Violence and discrimination prevents women from freely accessing HIV/AIDS information, from negotiating condom use, and from resisting unprotected sex with an HIV-positive partner, yet most of the governments have failed to take any meaningful steps to prevent and punish such abuse.
United Nations agencies estimated that every year 3 million girls are at risk of undergoing the procedure – which involves the partial or total removal of external female genital organs – that some 140 million women, mostly in Asia, the Middle East and in Africa, have already endured.
We can point a finger at poverty. But poverty alone does not result in these girls and women’s deaths and suffering; the blame also falls on the social system and attitudes of the societies.
India alone accounts for more than 50 million of the women who are “missing” due to female foeticide - the sex-selective abortion of girls, dowry death, gender-based neglect and all forms of violence against women.
Since the late 1970s when the technology for sex determination first came into being, sex selective abortion has unleashed a saga of horror in India. Experts are calling it "sanitized barbarism”. The 2001 Census conducted by Government of India, showed a sharp decline in the child sex ratio in 80% districts of India. In some parts of the country, the sex ratio of girls to boys has dropped to less than 800:1,000.
It's alarming that even liberal states like those in the northeast have taken to disposing of girls. Worryingly, the trend is far stronger in urban rather than rural areas, and among literate rather than illiterate women, exploding the myth that growing affluence and spread of basic education alone will result in the erosion of gender bias. The United Nations has expressed serious concern about the situation.
Over the years, laws have been made stricter and the punishment too is more stringent now. But since many people manage to evade punishment, others too feel inclined to take the risk. Just look at the way sex-determination tests go on despite a stiff ban on them. Only if the message goes out loud and clear that nobody who dares to snuff out the life of a female foetus would escape effective legal system would the practice end. It is only by a combination of monitoring, education, socio-cultural campaigns, and effective legal implementation that the deep-seated attitudes and practices against women and girls can be eroded.
The decline in the sex ratio and the millions of Missing Women are indicators of the feudal patriarchal resurgence. Violence against women has gone public – whether it is dowry murders, the practice of female genital mutilation, honour killings, sex selective abortions or death sentences awarded to young lovers from different communities by caste councils, rapes and killings in communal and caste violence, it is only women’s and human rights groups who are protesting – the public and institutional response to these trends is very minimal.
Millions of women suffer from discrimination in the world of work. This not only violates a most basic human right, but has wider social and economic consequences. Most of the governments turn a blind eye to illegal practices and enact and enforce discriminatory laws. Corporations and private individuals engage in abusive and sexist practices without fear of legal system.
More women are working now than ever before, but they are also more likely than men to get low-productivity, low-paid and vulnerable jobs, with no social protection, basic rights nor voice at work according to a new report by the International Labour Organization (ILO) issued for International Women’s Day 2008. Are we even half way to meeting the eight Millennium Development Goals?
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Unite To End Violence Against Women!
Say No To Sex Selection and Female Foeticide!!
Say No To Female Genital Mutilation!!!
Say No To Dowry and Discrimination Against Women!!!!
Say Yes To Women’s Resistance !!!!!
Educate & Empowered Women for a Happy Future !!!!!!
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Christianity’s influence permeates western civilization, reaching into every nook and cranny of our history and culture. The Bible, Christianity’s scripture, is likely the best-selling book of all time. Even as American society has become more secular and many Americans turn away from organized religion, the Bible itself is available in an ever-expanding variety of languages, translations, and editions with all manner of supplements for its readers.
This exhibit explores not the history of the Bible itself but the history of the printing of the Bible. It begins with Gutenberg and other early printers in continental Europe, then moves across the English Channel to examine the publication of Bibles in England, Wales, and Scotland. The exhibit then turns its attention to Bibles and related scriptures, some in English, some not, in the American colonies and later the United States.
All of the Bibles in this exhibit are the property of Swem Library, except the Aitken Bible of 1782, which is the property of Bruton Parish Church but is normally stored at Swem. We thank Bruton Parish for permission to display it.
EARLY PRINTED BIBLES IN EUROPE
Johannes Gutenberg revolutionized the world of Bible reading when he printed Bibles in the mid-1450s. On his heels came numerous editions of printed Bibles, some the work of entrepreneurial printers and others the work of scholars. Their efforts enabled laypeople to read the Bible in their native languages and study it in its original languages, helping spark the Protestant Reformation.
Johannes Gutenberg and the First Printed Bible
Up until the mid-1400s, producing a new Bible typically took a scribe at least a year, copying the text by hand. That changed when Johannes Gutenberg (?-1468), a goldsmith and printer in Mainz, Germany, developed a printing press using movable type. He spent several years creating his masterpiece, a double-folio edition of the Latin Vulgate Bible used by the Catholic Church, then completely dominant throughout much of western Europe. By 1455, Gutenberg had printed approximately 180 copies, some on paper, some on vellum. Costing three years’ wages for an ordinary worker, the book was less expensive than scribes’ copies, but still not affordable for ordinary people. Most copies likely ended up in monasteries and other institutions rather than in private hands. An amazing 47 or 48 survive today, mostly in research libraries, a tribute to the key role the Gutenberg Bible and movable type played in spreading both the Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation.
The copy on display here is a facsimile printed in 1961. Note how the blackletter text resembles that of the small manuscript Dutch Book of Hours (a medieval devotional book for laypeople). Gutenberg deliberately made his type to resemble manuscript letters in hopes of gaining acceptance for the movable type.
Anton Koberger, Modern Entrepreneur
These leaves are a fragment from the ninth Germanic Bible printed by Anton Koberger (ca. 1440-1513) in 1483 in Nuremburg. Koberger in the late 1400s printed about 1500 Bibles at a time. An excellent businessman, he ran an international printing empire, employing a network of printers in other cities and sold his books through agents and correspondents around Europe.
Scholarly Editions: The Complutensian Polyglot Bible
The more widespread availability of the Bible and the religious ideas swirling around Europe in the late 1400s and early 1500s stimulated interest in studying the Bible in its original languages and early translations. Cardinal Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros (1436-1517) personally organized and financed a project at the University of Alcalá in Spain to produce a polyglot Bible, a Bible in which text in several languages would appear in parallel columns. The scholars worked from 1502 to 1517, creating what is known today as the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. The columns on the original leaf presented here have text from Hebrew, Latin Vulgate, and Greek Septuagint manuscripts. The columns on the bottom are Aramaic and a Latin translation produced by the project.
Scholarly Editions: Robert Estienne
Robert Estienne (1503-1559), also known as Robert Stephani, of Paris was a printer with a very scholarly mind. To make sure that the editions of the Bible that he published were as accurate as possible, he collected earlier manuscripts and compared them, studying carefully the changes in the text. His editions are known for annotations and margin notes with variants of the texts, citing his sources. To be able to connect the notes with the appropriate text, Estienne divided the Bible into chapters and verses, an innovation that gained widespread acceptance. On display here is his two-volume 1545 edition of the Latin Vulgate and Zurich texts in parallel columns; one volume is still in its original binding. The Zurich translation was associated with Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531), a Protestant reformer. Though raised a Catholic, Estienne increasingly favored Protestantism. Theologians at the University of Paris forced him to leave the city, and he relocated in 1550 to Geneva, one of the great centers of Protestantism.
Artistic Edition: Hans Holbein
This beautiful Bible includes woodcuts by Hans Holbein the Younger (1497-1543), some reproductions of which are displayed in this case. Holbein was a German artist from Augsburg who did much of his early work in Basel, where the Reformation spirit was strong. It likely was in Basel in the 1520s that he created a series of 90+ woodcuts of Biblical scenes. He painted the great humanist Erasmus, who recommended him to his friend Sir Thomas More. Holbein went to England from 1526 to 1530, painting More and the humanist circles in which More moved. After a brief visit to Basel, he returned to England in 1532. Holbein abandoned his former patron, who incurred the wrath of Henry VIII for opposing his divorce and was executed. Instead, Holbein gained the sponsorship of Anne Boleyn and Sir Thomas Cromwell, who themselves eventually fell out of favor and were executed. Holbein nonetheless became the great portrait painter of Henry VIII’s court. Over his career, Holbein worked for both Protestants and Catholics, and his religious views are unclear. This Bible, from Lyon in 1544, was one of a series of Bibles featuring Holbein’s woodcuts printed in the late 1530s and 1540s.
From the Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library at the College of William and Mary. See swem.wm.edu/scrc/ for further information and assistance.
Arabic (العربية al-ʻarabīyah or عربي/عربى ʻarabī ) ( [al ʕarabijja] (help·info) or ( [ʕarabi] (help·info)) is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD. This includes both the literary language and the spoken Arabic varieties.
The literary language is called Modern Standard Arabic or Literary Arabic. It is currently the only official form of Arabic, used in most written documents as well as in formal spoken occasions, such as lectures and news broadcasts. In 1912, Moroccan Arabic was official in Morocco for some time, before Morocco joined the Arab League.
I set out to post an unremarkable picture of "Urban Markup Language". Before posting, I wanted to improve the contrast by using one of the Photoshop Elements "blending modes", I was quite surprised when the image just Popped at "Color Burn". So here we are :-)
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 24, Nos. 1-4, 1926
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1926-01
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Contributions of the Medical Corps, United States Navy, to American
Medicine 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Rear Admiral E. R. Stitt, Medical Corps, United States Navy</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Black Tongue.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. C. R. Wells, Dental Corps, and Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. W.
Cooper, Medical Corps, United States Navy 12</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Development of Venereal Prophylaxis in the United States Navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist C. A. Setterstrom, United States Navy 31</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Systematization of Dental Treatment in the Navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. W. Rehrauer, Dental Corps, United States Navy 42</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some Observations on Recruiting.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. L. B. Marshall, Medical Corps, United States Navy 49</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Lange Colloidal Gold Reaction.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. B. H. Gradwohl, Medical Corps, United States
Naval Reserve 55</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acute Injuries of the Brain.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander G. W. Shepard, Medical Corps, United States Navy 61</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Chart for Determination of the Erythema Dose in X-Ray Therapy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. E. L. Whitehead, Medical Corps, United States Navy__ 68</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An Analysis of Aviation Crashes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Benjamin, Medical Corps, United States Navy__ 72</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bundle-Branch Heart-Block — Report of Case.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) H. E. Hill, Medical Corps, United States Navy
77</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ear Affections Resulting from Neptune's Party.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. S. Sargent, Medical Corps, United States
Navy<span> </span>82</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sarcoma of Neck.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. D. Middlestadt, Medical Corps, United
States Navy 88</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acute Intestinal Obstruction—With Report of Two Cases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander K. E. Lowman, Medical Corps, United States Navy 91</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Conservative Treatment of Buboes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. M. Barnes, Medical Corps, United States
Navy 96</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unusual Result in Fracture about Elbow Joint.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. Hayden, Medical Corps, United States Navy 90</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Carrying Case for Bedside Laboratory Work. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist R. E. Weaver, United States Navy 100</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Iritis Due to Sodium Iodide—Report of Case.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. L. Emenhiser, Medical Corps, United States
Navy 101</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Age Factor in Major Surgery.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. C. W. Lane, Medical Corps, United States Navy 102</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Bulletin becomes a quarterly. —Postgraduate instruction. —Blood
pressure. —Cancer. —Yatren. —Disinfection of fruits and vegetables.—Sprue.—
Skin antiseptics.—Vitamins. —Culturing amebae. — X-ray treatment of callosltas
and verruca plantaris. —The coral snake 105</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The International Council of Nurses.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Reserve Nurse M. E. Anderson, United States Navy 127</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The International Council of Nurses.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse A. E. Griffiths, United States Navy 132</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 137</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Heat cramps and heat exhaustion on board ships of the Navy. — Food
poisoning attributed to frozen liver. —Food poisoning attributed to boiled ham.
—Food poisoning with unusual symptoms. —Influenza of the gastro-intestlnal
form.—Newspaper mis-Informs the public regarding the adequacy of resuscitation
measures employed in a case of drowning at the Philadelphia Navy Yard.
—Gonococcus infection of conjunctiva attributed to infection by a contaminated
towel. —Worn-out oil from automobile crank cases in the prevention of mosquito
breeding. —Defects in sanitary reports. —Flight personnel, Form F
card.—Statistics relative to mental and physical qualifications of recruits.
—Admissions for injuries and poisoning, July, 1925. —Health of the Navy 145</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE V</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Tactics in Naval Warfare.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, United States Navy 175</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Needs of the Republic of Haiti at the Present Time.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander C. S. Butler, Medical Corps, United States Navy<span> </span>269</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mebcurochrome-220 Soluble, Foreign Protein, and Sugar in the Treatment
of Two Hundred Cases of Gonorrheal Urethritis and Complications —With Animal
Experimentation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. E. Potter, Medical Corps, United States Navy,
and Dr. F. H. Redewill, San Francisco 279</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Heterotaxy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) H. Phillips, Medical Corps, United States Navy
299</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Leukopenia in Disease.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) D. L. Beers, Medical Corps, United States Navy
30S</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Duodenal Ulcer.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) J. N. C. Gordon, Medical Corps. United States
Navy 307</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extragenital Chancre.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) R. F. Hague, Medical Corps, United States Navy
313</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Alveolar Abscess with Unusual Symptomatic Manifestations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Pharmacist E. D. Harrison, United States Navy 318</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Research in the medical services — Periodic health examinations —
Argyria —Low back pain—Hexylresorcinol as a urinary antiseptic —Tests of cure
in experimental syphilis —World health conditions as reviewed in the annual
report of the Surgeon General of the United States Public Health Service
—Sanitary progress in Haiti—The cause of encephalitis letharglca—Mercurochrome
in erysipelas—U. S. P. X. changes —The greatest benefit medical officers can
confer upon the service —Fat-free tincture of digitalis — Wanted: Medical items
of historical interest 321</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recent Developments in Nursing Education.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Mary May Pickering, R. N 357</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Excerpts From Letters Written By The Chief Nurse Of The U. S. S.
"Relief" During the Trip to Australia and New Zealand 363</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A Visit to the Lewisham Hospital at Sydney, Australia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Carrie S. Albright, nurse, United States Navy 367</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 369</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Navy Ration from the Viewpoints of Nutritional Science and Practical
Administration.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. R. Phelps, Medical Corps, United States Navy 381</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Food poisoning at United States Submarine Base, Pearl Harbor, T. H.,
attributed to potato salad—Food poisoning in wardroom mess of
"Wyoming," attributed to- cold meat —Apparent Idiosyncrasy for
lobster proteins, unsatisfactory report—Conveyance of infections by certain
foods 440</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Four hundred thousand pounds for venereal-disease control in Great
Britain —Observations relating to venereal diseases and their control in the
State of Illinois —Reduction In the numbers of severe reactions following the
administration of neoarsphenamine In the Navy —Nonspecific protein
reactions—Outbreak of poliomyelitis in Cortland, N. Y., traced to milk —Vital
statistics of the Navy not to</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Include admissions for disability existing prior to entry into the
service —General use of scarlet fever toxin for active Immunization of naval
personnel not authorized —Statistics relative to mental</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">and physical qualifications of recruits —Admissions for injuries and
poisoning, fourth quarter, 1925 —Health of the Navy 443</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE VI</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Selection of Personnel for Submarines.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. F. Jones, Medical Corps, United States Navy 461</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Specialism in the Navy Medical Corps—A Review.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, United States Navy__ 476</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Botanizing in Haiti.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Dr. E. L. Ekman. Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden 483</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Supply Table of the Medical Department, United States Navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Pharmacist A. B. Montgomery, United States Navy__. 497 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Early Treatment of Facial Injuries.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, United States Navy
50S</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Encephalitis Lethargica.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) H. M. F. Behneman, Medical Corps,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">United States Navy 515</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some Observations Regarding Culebra.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. A. Bloedorn and Lieut. Commander E. Hakansson,
Medical Corps, United States Navy 534</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Activities at United States Naval Hospital, Newport, R. I., During the
Mackinac Disaster.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Capt. C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, United States Navy 544</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Food History and Protein Sensitization Tests in Epilepsy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander L. H. Roddis, Medical Corps, United States Navy .
553</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Seven Thyroidectomies.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander G. F. Cottle. Medical Corps, United States Navy 557</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cholecystography —Intravenous and Oral Administration of Sodium
Tetraiodophenolphthalein.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. C. M. Shaar, Medical Corps, United States Navy 562</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Congenital Polycystic Kidney.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) E. B. McGregor, Medical Corps, United States
Navy 571</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rabies —With Animal Experimentation.<span>
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. B. Logue and Lieut. (Junior Grade) O. B. Morrison, jr.,
Medical Corps, United States Navy 574</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dislocation of the Head of the Fibula —A Rare Luxation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. W. Hall, Medical Corps, United States Navy 577</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of Multiple Fractures of Bones of the Face.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander M. W. Mangold, Dental Corps, United States Navy 580</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Anemia, Splenic (Banti's Disease).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander A. J. Toulon, Medical Corps, United States Navy 581</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of peptic ulcer by physiologic rest —Dengue —Oroya
fever—Diathermy in abdominal operations—Calcaneal spurs —An artificial product
to replace histidine —Prevention of firemen's</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">cramp—Nervous control of leucocytic activity —The germicidal properties
of soap —Residual effects of warfare gases—Dangers of the common drinking
cup—American Medical Association's Manual on Periodic Examinations —A simple
stain for treponema pallidum —Smoke gasses on ship board—Meeting of Dental Association
at Naval Hospital —New books available 585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nursing in the Navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse H. M. Workman 607</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Psychopathic Nursing in the Naval Hospitals.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Nurse C. B. Driscoll 611</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Importance of Psychology in Schools of Nursing.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Reserve Nurse M. B. Muse 613</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 621</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Navy Ration from- the Viewpoints of Nutritional Science and
Practical Administration —Continued.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut Commander J. R. Phelps, Medical Corps, United States Navy 633</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cerebrospinal fever at United States naval training station, Great
Lakes, Ill.— Food poisoning on the U. S. S. "Cincinnati "—Food
poisoning at the United States naval hospital, New York—Epidemiological studies
by health department of Detroit —Importance of administering antitoxins at the
earliest possible moment in diphtheria —Syphilis a menace to railroads
—Mosquitoes observed in flight several miles offshore —Psychrometers furnished
ships by Bureau of Navigation —Regarding statistical practice and preparation
of Form F cards—Statistics relative to mental and physical qualifications of
recruits —Admissions for injuries and poisoning— Health of the Navy 675</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Medical Tactics in Naval Warfare —Continued.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, United States Navy 699</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Useful Hepatic Function Tests.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. W. W. Hall, Medical Corps, United States Navy 843</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cabdiovascular Observations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander D. Ferguson, and Lieut. J. T. O'Connell, Medical
Corps, United States Navy 860</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flight Accelerations and Equilibrium.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander H. C. Richardson, Construction Corps, United States Navy
874</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Diagnosis of Surgical Disease of the Kidney.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, United States Navy 880</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Malignant Disease of the Lungs.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, Medical Corps, United States Navy_ 885</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diabetic Gangrene of Lower Extremities.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) H. D. Scarney, Medical Corps, United States
Navy . 892</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thrombo-Angiitis Obliterans.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) D. L. Beers, Medical Corps, United States Navy
900</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dyschromatopsia in Aviation Examinations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. G. M. Constans, Medical Corps—F, United States Naval Reserve
906</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Multiple Calculi—Stenson's Duct and Parotid Gland.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) E. M. Townsend, Medical Corps, United States
Navy 909</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Spontaneous Pneumothorax.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) B. S. Pupek, Medical Corps, United States Navy
914</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cutaneous Melanosarcomata with Lymphatic Involvement.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. (Junior Grade) G. Jelstrup, Medical Corps, United States Navy
919</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cerebbospinal Fever.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander R. L. Nattkemper, Medical Corps, United States Navy
921</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS : </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">American Red Cross peace program —The eye and the Internist — Chronic
appendicitis—Diagnostic findings in the more common clinical types of heart
disease —Malarial and tryparsamide therapy</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">in paresis —Sodium tetraiodophenolphthalein in biliary
obstruction—Bulletin of Hygiene — Postgraduate medical work in London— Library
of the Medical Society of the County of Kings —Benefits derived from writing
for publication 925</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NURSE CORPS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Navy's Work in American Samoa.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander C. C. Kress, Medical Corps, United States Navy 939</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 947</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The Navy Ration from the Viewpoints of Nutritional Science and
Practical Administration —Continued.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieut. Commander J. R. Phelps. Medical Corps, United States Navy 955</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cerebrospinal fever at the United States Naval Training Station, San
Diego, Calif. —Food poisoning caused by eating mushrooms of a poisonous species
—Oil of wintergreen a cause of fatal poisoning —Case fatality rates by months
from certain communicable diseases in Detroit. Mich. — An incredible report of
atmospheric conditions in a ship's engine and fire rooms during full-power
trial— Health of the Navy 992</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX TO VOLUME XXIV<span> </span>I</p>
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Kathmandu is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as "KTM" or the "tri-city". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975,453 and measures 49.45 square kilometres.
The city stands at an elevation of approximately 1,400 metres in the bowl-shaped Kathmandu Valley of central Nepal. It is surrounded by four major hills: Shivapuri, Phulchoki, Nagarjun, and Chandragiri. Kathmandu Valley is part of three districts (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur), has the highest population density in the country, and is home to about a twelfth of Nepal's population.
Historically, the Kathmandu Valley and adjoining areas were known as Nepal Mandala. Until the 15th century, Bhaktapur was its capital when two other capitals, Kathmandu and Lalitpur, were established. During the Rana and Shah eras, British historians called the valley itself "Nepal Proper". Today, Kathmandu is not only the capital of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, but also the headquarters of the Bagmati Zone and the Central Development Region of Nepal.
Kathmandu is the gateway to tourism in Nepal. It is also the hub of the country's economy. It has the most advanced infrastructure of any urban area in Nepal, and its economy is focused on tourism, which accounted for 3.8% of Nepal's GDP in 1995–96. Tourism in Kathmandu declined thereafter during a period of political unrest, but since then has improved. In 2013, Kathmandu was ranked third among the top 10 travel destinations on the rise in the world by TripAdvisor, and ranked first in Asia.
The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious beliefs as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in the city. English is understood by Kathmandu's educated residents. Kathmandu was devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on April 25, 2015.
ETYMOLOGY
The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kastha (काष्ठ) means "wood" and Mandap (/मण्डप) means "covered shelter". This temple, also known as Maru Satal (in ″Newar language″), was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-storey structure was made entirely of wood, and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legend, all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The structure unfortunately collapsed during the major earthquake in April 2015.
The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means "great city". The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur (कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and pur. "Kanti" is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi, and "pur" means place.
Among the indigenous Newar people, Kathmandu is known as Yen Desa (येँ देश), and Patan and Bhaktapur are known as Yala Desa (यल देश) and Khwopa Desa (ख्वप देश). "Yen" is the shorter form of Yambu (यम्बु), which originally referred to the northern half of Kathmandu.
HISTORY
Archaeological excavations in parts of Kathmandu have found evidence of ancient civilizations. The oldest of these findings is a statue, found in Maligaon, that was dated at 185 AD. The excavation of Dhando Chaitya uncovered a brick with an inscription in Brahmi script. Archaeologists believe it is two thousand years old. Stone inscriptions are an ubiquitous element at heritage sites and are key sources for the history of Nepal
The earliest Western reference to Kathmandu appears in an account of Jesuit Fathers Johann Grueber and Albert d'Orville. In 1661, they passed through Nepal on their way from Tibet to India, and reported that they reached "Cadmendu, the capital of the Kingdom of Necbal".
ANCIENT HISTORY
The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, the present day Kathmandu was once a lake called Nagdaha. The lake was drained by Manjusri, who established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the land.
Kotirudra Samhita of Shiva Purana, Chapter 11, shloka 18 refers to the place as Nayapala city famous for its Pashupati Shivalinga. The name Nepal probably originates from this city Nayapala.
Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.
MEDIEVAL HISTORY
LICCHAVI ERA
The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era.Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma. The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people - the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley - became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. For example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.
MALLA ERA
The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.
During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.
MODERN ERA
EARLY SHAH RULE
The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era.
RANA RULE
Rana rule over Nepal started with the Kot Massacre, which occurred near Hanuman Dhoka Durbar. During this massacre, most of Nepal's high-ranking officials were massacred by Jang Bahadur Rana and his supporters. Another massacre, the Bhandarkhal Massacre, was also conducted by Kunwar and his supporters in Kathmandu. During the Rana regime, Kathmandu's alliance shifted from anti-British to pro-British; this led to the construction of the first buildings in the style of Western European architecture. The most well-known of these buildings include Singha Durbar, Garden of Dreams, Shital Niwas, and the old Narayanhiti palace. The first modern commercial road in the Kathmandu Valley, the New Road, was also built during this era. Trichandra College (the first college of Nepal), Durbar School (the first modern school of Nepal), and Bir Hospital (the first hospital of Nepal) were built in Kathmandu during this era. Rana rule was marked by tyranny, debauchery, economic exploitation and religious persecution.
GEOGRAPHY
Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50.67 square kilometres. The average elevation is 1,400 metres above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley.
Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the Bagmati and its tributaries, of which the Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumant Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1,500–3,000 metres, and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley. An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.
Kathmandu and its valley are in the Deciduous Monsoon Forest Zone (altitude range of 1,200–2,100 metres), one of five vegetation zones defined for Nepal. The dominant tree species in this zone are oak, elm, beech, maple and others, with coniferous trees at higher altitude.
TOURISM
Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.
Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived; it is sometimes called the "third religion" of Nepal. It is the country's most important industry. Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath and Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6,179 tourists in 1961–62, the number jumped to 491,504 in 1999-2000. With the end of Maoist insuregency period in 2009 there was a significant rise of 509,956 tourist arrivals. Since then, tourism has improved as the country turned into a Democratic Republic. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995–96 but then started declining[why?]. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country.
The neighborhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveler's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighborhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveler's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Asan is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighborhood.
With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved. Now Kathmandu boasts several five-star hotels like Hyatt Regency, Hotel Yak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (which is not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and The Shanker Hotel. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well.
DEMOGRAPHICS
Kathmandu's urban cosmopolitan character has made it the most populous city in Nepal, recording a population of 671,846 residents living in 235,387 households in the metropolitan area, according to the 2001 census. According to the National Population Census of 2011, the total population of Kathmandu city was 975,543 with an annual growth rate of 6.12% with respect to the population figure of 2001. 70% of the total population residing in Kathmandu are aged between 15 and 59.
Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of 5,076.6 hectares has expanded to 8,214 hectares in 2001. With this new area, the population density which was 85 in 1991 is still 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021.
ETHNIC GROUPS
The largest ethnic groups are Newar (29.6%), Matwali (25.1% Sunuwar, Gurung, Magars, Tamang etc.), Khas Brahmins (20.51%) and Chettris (18.5%) .[47] Tamangs originating from surrounding hill districts can be seen in Kathmandu. More recently, other hill ethnic groups and Caste groups from Terai have become present as well in vast majority. The major languages are Nepali, Nepal Bhasa and English is understood by about 30% of the people. The major religions are Hinduism and Buddhism.
The linguistic profile of Kathmandu underwent drastic changes during the Shah dynasty's rule because of its strong bias towards the Brahminic culture. Sanskrit language therefore was preferred and people were encouraged to learn it even by attending Sanskrit learning centers in Terai. Sanskrit schools were specially set up in Kathmandu and in the Terai region to inculcate traditional Hindu culture and practices originated from Nepal.
Architecture and cityscape
The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture. The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has been categorized under the well-known seven groups of heritage monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site (WHS). The seven monuments zones cover an area of 188.95 hectares, with the buffer zone extending to 239.34 hectares. The Seven Monument Zones (Mzs) inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Boudhanath.
DURBAR SQUARES
The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar, and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the Hanuman Dhoka palace. The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.
Hanuman Dhoka is a complex of structures with the Royal Palace of the Malla kings and of the Shah dynasty. It is spread over five acres. The eastern wing, with ten courtyards, is the oldest part, dating to the mid-16th century. It was expanded by King Pratap Malla in the 17th century with many temples. The royal family lived in this palace until 1886 when they moved to Narayanhiti Palace. The stone inscription outside is in fifteen languages.
Kumari Ghar is a palace in the center of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a Royal Kumari selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari, or Kumari Devi, is the tradition of worshipping young pre-pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy or devi in South Asian countries. In Nepal the selection process is very rigorous. Kumari is believed to be the bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju (the Nepali name for Durga) until she menstruates, after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body. Serious illness or a major loss of blood from an injury are also causes for her to revert to common status. The current Royal Kumari, Matina Shakya, age four, was installed in October 2008 by the Maoist government that replaced the monarchy.
Kasthamandap is a three-storeyed temple enshrining an image of Gorakhnath. It was built in the 16th century in pagoda style. The name of Kathmandu is a derivative of the word Kasthamandap. It was built under the reign of King Laxmi Narsingha Malla. Kasthamandap stands at the intersection of two ancient trade routes linking India and Tibet at Maru square. It was originally built as a rest house for travelers.
PASHUPATINATH TEMPLE
The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva (Pashupati). Located on the banks of the Bagmati River in the eastern part of Kathmandu, Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu. It served as the seat of national deity, Lord Pashupatinath, until Nepal was secularized. However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Shivaratri, or the night of Lord Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting thousands of devotees and sadhus.
Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly Hindus) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River. The priests who perform the services at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka, South India since the time of Malla king Yaksha Malla. This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of Adi Shankaracharya who sought to unify the states of Bharatam (Unified India) by encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is followed in other temples around India, which were sanctified by Adi Shankaracharya.
The temple is built in the pagoda style of architecture, with cubic constructions, carved wooden rafters (tundal) on which they rest, and two-level roofs made of copper and gold.
BOUDHANATH
The Boudhanath, (also written Bouddhanath, Bodhnath, Baudhanath or the Khāsa Chaitya), is one of the holiest Buddhist sites in Nepal, along with Swayambhu. It is a very popular tourist site. Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by Newars and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by speakers of Nepali. Located about 11 km from the center and northeastern outskirts of Kathmandu, the stupa's massive mandala makes it one of the largest spherical stupas in Nepal. Boudhanath became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox. Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray. Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath.
SWAYAMBHU
Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions.[clarification needed] There are pentagonal Toran above each of the four sides, with statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a small space above which lies a gajur.
CULTURE
ARTS
Kathmandu valley is described as "an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures", which are made of wood, stone, metal, and terracotta, and found in profusion in temples, shrines, stupas, gompas, chaityasm and palaces. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards, and in open ground. Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses. Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure very long, but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened its doors to the outside world in 1950.
The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi(wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BC, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology.
A broad typology has been ascribed to the decorative designs and carvings created by the people of Nepal. These artists have maintained a blend of Hinduism and Buddhism. The typology, based on the type of material used are: Stone Art, Metal Art, Wood Art, Terracotta Art, and Painting.
MUSEUMS
Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries, including the National Museum of Nepal and the Natural History Museum of Nepal. Nepal's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions, Hinduism and Buddhhism. These are amply reflected in the many temples, shrines, stupas, monasteries, and palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This amalgamation is also reflected in the planning and exhibitions in museums and art galleries throughout Kathmandu and its sister cities of Patan and Bhaktapur. The museums display unique artifacts and paintings from the 5th century CE to the present day, including archeological exportation.
KATHMANDU MUSEUMS ABD ART GALLERIES INCLUDE:
The National Museum
The Natural History Museum
Hanumandhoka Palace Complex
The Kaiser Library
The National Art Gallery
The NEF-ART (Nepal Fine Art) Gallery
The Nepal Art Council Gallery
Narayanhity Palace Museum
The Taragaon Museum
The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning "the stone house of arms and ammunition". Given its focus, the museum contains an extensive quantity of weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th–19th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings.
The Natural History Museum is located in the southern foothills of Swayambhunath hill and has a sizeable collection of different species of animals, butterflies, and plants. The museum is noted for its display of species, from prehistoric shells to stuffed animals.
The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to the King Tribhuvan (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to king Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Like the Tribhuvan Museum, it includes his personal belongings such as decorations, stamps, coins and personal notes and manuscripts, but it also has structural reconstructions of his cabinet room and office chamber. The Hanumandhoka Palace, a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar, contains three separate museums of historic importance. These museums include the Birendra museum, which contains items related to the second-last monarch, Birendra of Nepal.
The enclosed compound of the Narayanhity Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. "Narayanhity" comes from Narayana, a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu, and Hiti, meaning "water spout" (Vishnu's temple is located opposite the palace, and the water spout is located east of the main entrance to the precinct). Narayanhity was a new palace, in front of the old palace built in 1915, and was built in 1970 in the form of a contemporary Pagoda. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of King Birenda Bir Bikram Shah, then heir apparent to the throne. The southern gate of the palace is at the crossing of Prithvipath and Darbar Marg roads. The palace area covers (30 hectares) and is fully secured with gates on all sides. This palace was the scene of the Nepali royal massacre. After the fall of the monarchy, it was converted to a museum.The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu Valley. It seeks to document 50 years of research and cultural heritage conservation of the Kathmandu Valley, documenting what artists photographers architects anthropologists from abroad had contributed in the second half of the 20th century. The actual structure of the Museum showcases restoration and rehabilitation efforts to preserve the built heritage of Kathmandu. It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandy Valley [69]) in 1970 and constructed in 1971. Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the Taragaon Museum. The design uses local brick along with modern architectural design elements, as well as the use of circle, triangles and squares. The Museum is within a short walk from the Boudhnath stupa, which itself can be seen from the Museum tower.
ART GALLERIES
Kathmandu is a center for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists. Patan in particular is an ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant, demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a great number of national, Asian, and global influences. Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for. Internationally, the British-based charity, the Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu.
Kathmandu contains many notable art galleries. The NAFA Gallery, operated by the Arts and crafts Department of the Nepal Academy is housed in Sita Bhavan, a neo-classical old Rana palace.
The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery, located inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds, hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors, and regularly organizes exhibitions. It also runs morning and evening classes in the schools of art. Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery, located in a three storied building in Bhimsenthan which contains an impressive collection of traditional utensils and handmade dolls and items typical of a medieval Newar house, giving an important insight into Nepali history. The J Art Gallery is also located in Kathmandu, near the Royal Palace in Durbarmarg, Kathmandu and displays the artwork of eminent, established Nepali painters. The Nepal Art Council Gallery, located in the Babar Mahal, on the way to Tribhuvan International Airport contains artwork of both national and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions.
CUISINE
The staple food of most of Kathmanduites is dal bhat. It consists of rice and lentil soup, generally served with vegetable curries, achar and sometimes Chutney. Momo, a type of Nepali version of Tibetan dumpling, has become prominent in Nepal with many street vendors selling it. It is one of the most popular fast foods in Kathmandu. Various Nepali variants of momo including buff (i.e. buffalo) momo, chicken momo, and vegetarian momo are famous in Kathmandu. Dal Bhaat is the local cuisine of Kathmandu.
Most of the cuisines found in Kathmandu are non-vegetarian. However, the practice of vegetarianism is not uncommon, and vegetarian cuisines can be found throughout the city. Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places. Buff (meat of water buffalo) is very common. There is a strong tradition of buff consumption in Kathmandu, especially among Newars, which is not found in other parts of Nepal. Consumption of pork was considered taboo until a few decades ago. Due to the intermixing with Kirat cuisine from eastern Nepal, pork has found a place in Kathmandu dishes. A fringe population of devout Hindus and Muslims consider it taboo. The Muslims forbid eating buff as from Quran while Hindus eat all varieties except Cow's meat as the consider Cow to be a goddess and symbol of purity. The chief breakfast for locals and visitors is mostly Momo or Chowmein.
Kathmandu had only one restaurant in 1955.[73] A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibetan cuisine, Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American chop suey, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine. Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins
Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar and spices. Alcohol is widely drunk, and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. But its use has been now reduced.refnational survey. Drinking and driving is illegal, and authorities have a zero tolerance policy. Ailaa and thwon (alcohol made from rice) are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu, found in all the local bhattis (alcohol serving eateries). Chhyaang, tongba (fermented millet or barley) and rakshi are alcohols from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu. However, shops and bars in Kathmandu widely sell western and Nepali beers. Shops are forbidden to sell alcohol on the first two days and last two days of the Nepali month (Nepal Sambat).
FESTIVALS
Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier. Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by Newars. In recent years, these festivals have found wider participation from other Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the Republic of Nepal, various national festivals are celebrated in Kathmandu. With mass migration to the city, the cultures of Khas from the west, Kirats from the east, Bon/Tibetan from the north, and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously. The festivities such as the Ghode (horse) Jatra, Indra Jatra, Dashain Durga Puja festivals, Shivratri and many more are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm. Social regulation in the codes enacted incorporate Hindu traditions and ethics. These were followed by the Shah kings and previous kings, as devout Hindus and protectors of Buddhist religion.
Cultural continuity has been maintained for centuries in the exclusive worship of goddesses and deities in Kathmandu and the rest of the country. These deities include the Ajima, Taleju (or Tulja Bhavani), Digu taleju, and Kumari (the living goddess).[citation needed] The artistic edifices have now become places of worship in the everyday life of the people, therefore a roster is maintained to observe annual festivals. There are 133 festivals held in the year.
Some of the traditional festivals observed in Kathmandu, apart from those previously mentioned, are Bada Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Maghe Sankranti, Naga Panchami, Janai Poornima, Pancha Dan, Teej/Rishi Panchami, Pahan Charhe, Jana Baha Dyah Jatra (White Machchhendranath Jatra), and Matatirtha Aunsi.
HINDUISM
Assumedly, together with the kingdom of Licchhavi (c. 400 to 750), Hinduism and the endogam social stratification of the Caste was established in Kathmandu Valley. The Pashupatinath Temple, Changu Narayan temple (the oldest), and the Kasthamandap are of particular importance to Hindus. Other notable Hindu temples in Kathmandu and the surrounding valley include Bajrayogini Temple, Dakshinkali Temple, Guhyeshwari Temple, and the Sobha Bhagwati shrine.
The Bagmati River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are located on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to the Nepali Hindu tradition, the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati before cremation. The chief mourner (usually the first son) who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy riverwater bath immediately after cremation. Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in the Bagmati River or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to purify people spiritually.
BUDDHISM
Buddhism started in Kathmandu with the arrival of Buddhist monks during the time of Buddha (c. 563 - 483 BC). They started a forest monastery in Sankhu. This monastery was renovated by Shakyas after they fled genocide from Virudhaka (rule: 491-461 BC).
During the Hindu Lichchavi era (c. 400 to 750), various monasteries and orders were created which successively led to the formation of Newar Buddhism, which is still practiced in the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Sanskrit.
WIKIPEDIA
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Gramophone Review 1974:
Mahler's symphonic ballad, a Gothic tale of fratricide in a forest glade and a singing flute fashioned by a minstrel from a stray bone of the murdered knight, has a special claim on the attention of Mahlerians. Written when Mahler was barely out of his teens, it is a telling prelude to the achievement of the symphonies—the early Wunderhorn symphonies and symphonies as far distant as the Seventh and Eighth. Orchestrally it introduces us, brilliantly and precociously, to the Mahler language (Mahler's revisions of 1899-1901 involved more tidying than re-working). Emotionally and psychologically, too, it is echt Mahlerisch: potent, allusive, and neither redundantly pictorial nor unconsciously naive, Indeed it is difficult to see the relevance of Professor Redlich's stricture that the work suffers from its association with "the threadbare costumes of obsolescent romantic conventions". From the first, Mahler's musical imagination (like Elliot's poetic imagination a decade or two later) was a modifying and transforming one. "The instruments Mahler played", Sir Neville Cardus once observed, in a felicitous aside on Das klagende Lied, "were always revealing to him buried bones".
Haitink, having completed his integral recording of the symphonies, now busies himself adding the coping stones to the edifice (one wonders whether Solti will give us Das klagende Lied too). To have Haitink's Mahler cycle made genuinely complete in this way will obviously please those collectors who have invested in the symphonies; and the new performance, scrupulously judged, poised and beautifully alert certainly doesn't disappoint. Whether it outclasses either of the rival versions, the Morris now on the mid-price Ace of Diamonds label or the Boulez, which has the passing advantage of a recording of Waldmiirchen, the work's discarded first section, on a complementary CBS/Boulez disc (72865, 10/70), is a matter that needs finely weighing.
The first point to stress is that to catch the full bloom of the Philips recording and the special quality of the Concertgebouw acoustic one does need to play the recording at a fairly high level—something that presents no problems with finished pressings as beautifully engineered as these. Played at a generous level the sound, spacious, warm and cleanly focused, mirrors a performance which is similarly spacious and unclaustrophobic. Where with Wyn Morris one is struck by the immediacy of the sound, the rich solid New Philharmonia horn tone and (at fig. 2) the first sinister flurry of fff tremolando strings (shades of the corybantic happenings at the start of the Third Symphony), with Haitink it is the steady tread of the march rhythm which catches the attention; and later the restrained, stylish shaping of the minstrel's wayfaring motif (fig. 6), with Haitink eschewing that touch of roughness in the string tone which Morris uses (most beguilingly, you might argue) to point up the music's ambling, carressive, rustic mood.
By and large Haitink's fine-grained attention to orchestral detail does pay off. Little (apart from a subdued and sinister drum roll just before fig. 17) escapes his notice. As it happens, Morris brings that drum roll up to a distant yet menacingly explicit mp. But it's not individual details which are relevant in making one's comparisons (one could counter the fig. 17 example by pointing to Haitink's uniquely atmospheric balancing of voice and solo trumpet at the flute's eerie "Ach Spielmann, lieber Spielmann mein"). More important is the way that shifts of detail point to major shifts in the dramatic presentation of the work. In the coda to Part 1, for instance, one notices the extreme care with which Haitink terraces the quiet choral entries and the lines of the orchestral texture itself. Where Morris is less obviously sensitive, deliberately urging the music on and drawing on its haunted, phantasmagoric mood, Haitink (the shape of the movement as a whole beautifully perceived) stresses the pathos of the mood. With Morris it is the minstrel's fearfulness which we experience, with Haitink his sense of loss.
To complicate matters further, though, it is Boulez who is most commanding at the start of Part 2—the wedding feast evoked with an irresistible splendour (one would like to hear Boulez in the festive finale of the Seventh Symphony). Haitink is initially a shade disappointing, but the big maestoso climax and the ghostly diminution of the music (shades of Wagner and Der fliegende Hollander) is strongly brought off and the balance between the off-stage band and the on-stage band and solo voices—an extraordinarily sophisticated juggling with spatial perspectives by the 19 year-old Mahler—is both subtler and more coherent in the Philips recording than in either of its rivals. And good as the placing of the off-stage band is on the Decca/Delyse and CBS recordings (the CBS closer than Mahler indicates but compensatingly brilliant and bizarre) the Philips, very distant yet beautifully definite, is arguably the most atmospheric of all.
But increasingly as the tension mounts in Part 2 the contribution of the soloists and the chorus becomes more and more crucial. And it's here that Boulez is rather let down, both by Grace Hoffman and Evelyn Lear. Haitink is better served. When the flute first reveals the murder to the astounded court Norma Procter, who is splendidly in command throughout the recording, handles the cruel leap of a tenth on "wonnig Weib" almost as adeptly as Decca's Anna Reynolds (arguably the finest of the contralto soloists) and Haitink's control of the slow, swirling climax— marked Vorwiirts, and beautifully timed— is equally satisfying. Yet when the flute, now blown by the newly-wed murdered king, repeats the tale two verses later Haitink is oddly restrained and Heather Harper, though she gets the notes, is no match for Morris's gloriously sure-toned Teresa Zylis-Gara.
Ultimately I find it is the choral contributions which fairly unequivocally tip the balance back in Morris's favour. In the brilliant choral description of the king, like Claudius in Hamlet, rising frenzied from his stool (the choral writing itself distantly predicting the surging motion of the Eighth Symphony's first movement) the Dutch choir strains on the high notes in a way that neither Boulez's LSO Chorus nor Morris's Ambrosian Singers do. Then in the description of the destruction of the palace Morris alone does what Mahler asks. Restraint is essential here (the critic, quoted in Kurt Blaukopf's new book on Mahler, who sneered that "compared with the collapse of the castle in this ballad the twilight of the gods is a purely local event" must have been totally innocent of the final pages of Gotterdammerung). Except for a final, towering six-bar crescendo Mahler asks for a long, sustained pianissimo line from the chorus; only the second and third flutes, and a single clarinet, marked if and f respectively, are asked to play louder. On the records, Haitink's choir sing with imperfect tone and on a long crescendo; Boulez also allows the crescendo, though the Arthur Oldham-trained LSO Chorus does sing with exemplary clarity. It is Wyn Morris, though, with the Ambrosian Singers who vividly and movingly reveals the rightness of Mahler's own intentions; and he caps this with an intensely beautiful (and daringly slow) reading of the work's profoundly desolate coda. Andor Kaposy and Teresa Zylis-Gara are tellingly sensitive here too. Kaposy's soaring rise into the words "Die Lichter verlosen" is more memorable even than Stuart Burrows's on CBS, and is richer by far than Werner Hollweg's detached, rather cool and obviously expert encompassing of the phrase on the Haitink.
A long review, then, but as both EG and AB indicated in their miller reviews of the Morris and the Boulez this is an enthralling and rewarding work to write about. All three performances deserve the closest attention, and if in the process of working through my comparisons I am left in little doubt that the bargain-priced Wyn Morris recording is still the one to have, it is equally clear that the Boulez and the Haitink each offers us a distinctive, workmanlike reading—and an exemplary recording—of this important early score.
R.O.
Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive
Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 13, Nos. 1-4, 1919
Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery
Publisher:
Sponsor:
Contributor:
Date: 1919
Language: eng
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Table of Contents <br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 1</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> PREFACE vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">FRONTISPIECE:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thomas Henry Huxley.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Heart sounds and their value.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. A. Hare, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F. . 1 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eliminating the epileptic from the navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. E. Bisch, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 6</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The use of serum in lobar pneumonia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. W. Gould, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and Lieutenant
M. Shaweker, Med. Corps, U. S. N 16</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diagnosis and treatment of pneumonia and empyema.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. A. Asserson, Med. Corps., U. S. N., and Lieutenant W.
L. Rathbun, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 26</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Development of specific serum therapy in pneumonia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. R. Redden, Med. Corps, U. S. N 36</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Flatfoot.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Med. Corps, U. S.N. R. F 43</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of flat feet.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) S. B. Burk, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 46</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ear protection.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander G. B. Trible and Lieutenant S. S. Watkins, Med.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Corps, U. S. N 48</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-1895).</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. J. B. Cordeiro, Med. Corps, U. S.N., Ret 61</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Accuracy. —Military titles and military behavior. —Shell shock. 71</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid prophylaxis cards.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. B. Henry, Med. Corps, U. S. N 77</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A SURGICAL DRESSING TRAY FOR SHIPS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant M. J. Price. Med. Corps, U. S. N 78</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A USEFUL FLYTRAP.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. V. Hughens, Med. Corps, U. S. N 80</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Scale for measuring flatfoot.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) B. Dunham, Med. Corps, U. S. N R. F 82</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF STATUS LYMPHATICUS</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. L. Rice, Med. Corps, U. S. N 85</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Some practical and theoretical considerations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. J. A. McMullin, Med. Corps, U. S. N. 87</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pain in right hypochondrium and pernicious anemia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. M. Stenhouse, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 89</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perforating wound of intestine and mesentery.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G. Ross, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 93</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of scarlet fever.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. C. Newton, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 94</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Illustrative cases of atypical acute abdominal conditions.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. D. Hale and Lieutenant J. C. Adams, Med.
Corps, U. S. N 95</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Varieties of hypersusceptibility.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. K. McCafferty, Med. Corps, U. S. N 98</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Varix simulating inguinal hernia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. J. Cummings, Med. Corps, U. S.N 103</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Appendicitis and ruptured meso-appendix artery.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. H. Bowman, Med. Corps, U. S. N 104</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Unusual wound contamination.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. A. Stephens, Med. Corps, U. S. N 105</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Subluxation of vertebra by muscular action.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander I. S. K. Reeves and Lieutenant M. K. Miller, Med. Corps,
U.S.N 107</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of the skull.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 108</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report of case of stenosis of Wharton's duct.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. A. Halpin, Med. Corps, U. S. N 108</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Status lymphaticus. —Epidemic of intestinal infection.
—New pathology of syphilis<span> </span>111</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental and nervous diseases. —Temperament and psychosis. War neuroses.
—Traumatic and emotional psychosis. —War neuroses. —Instinct distortion 117</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Fascial transplants. —Chloralose as a general anesthetic 131</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Military, legal and industrial. —Treatment of mustard-gas poisoning.
—Conference on medico-military administration. —Illegitimacy in Norway.
—Prevention of blindness.- —Aniline poisoning. —Immigration</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">statistics. —Preservation of fruit.—Economic and financial assistance given
by the United States 133</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SURGICAL EXPERIENCES AT THE FRONT.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. G.Ross, Med. Corps, U. S.N. R. F 145</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Details of transport service.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Med. Corps, U. S. N.. 149</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Plan of a regimental field hospital.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, Med. Corps, U. S. N 156</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The preparation of blood stain at the U. S. Naval Medical School.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Med. Corps, and Chief Pharmacist's
Mate L. F. Shabek, U. S. N 157</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preparation of identification tags.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. H. Laning, Med. Corps, U. S. N 157</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A death following salvarsan.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. C. Christiansen, Med. Corps, U. S. N 158</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary report on the Island of Corfu.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. Shaw, Med. Corps, U. S. N 163</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The march and the shoe.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. L. Mann, Med. Corps, U. S. N 164</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Tuberculin test in young adults.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. Moody, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and Lieutenant C.
F. Carter, Med. Corps, U. S. N 165</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bed screens in barracks.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander P. S. Rossiter, Med. Corps, U. S. N 167</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza on a naval transport.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. McAnally, Med. Corps, U. S. N 168</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The treatment of chancroids and the prevention of buboes.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. W. Millett, Med. Corps, U. S. N 170</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Record of the navy recruiting station, Pittsburgh, Pa.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. C. Ammerman, Med. Corps, U. S. N. R. F 171</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Strength of the navy 172</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 173</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 175</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE v</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The pathology of pneumonia accompanying influenza.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants (J. G.) E. W. Goodpasture and F. L. Burnett, Medical
Corps, U. S. N. R. F 177</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Mental examination of recruits.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant L. E. Bisch, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>198</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Treatment of military offenders.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. L. Jacoby, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F..
229</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extraction of metallic foreign bodies.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By E. Robin, Medecin I ere Classe 237</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">New methods in amputations and prosthesis of the lower limbs.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. G. LeConte, Medical Corps, U.S.N. R.F.. 244</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Education and sanitation aboard ship.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. S. Pugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 254</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Jean Dominique Larrey 267</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extract from a surgical memoire by Baron Larrey.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Translated by Captain G. A. Lung, Medical Corps, U. S. N 275</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The lesson of job's war horse 283</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Sanitary drinking fountain.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander D. S. Hillis, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. .
287</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical charts in health records.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By lieutenant (J. G.) J. J. Cancelmo, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. .
287</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">System of clinical records.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain W. B. Grove, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant G. B.
Crow, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F... 288</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DRESSING FOR WOUNDS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. W. C. Bunker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 291</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abdominal wounds from hand grenade.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. M. Emmett, Medical Corps, U. S. N 293</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of spine of tibia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. G. Ross, Medical Corps, U.S.N. R.F... 294</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Fracture of pelvis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. G. Ross, Medical Corps, U. S. N . R. F . . .
295</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chronic rheumatism cured by appendectomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. H. Michels, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 296</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF MYELOID LEUKEMIA.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. R. Ryan, Medical Corps, U. S. N 297</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pericardiotomy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N.R. F
299</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A CASE OF KERATOSIS PLANTARIS.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. M. Perret, Medical Corps, U.S.N 300</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza with unusual complications.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) F. G. Folken, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F.. <span> </span>301</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES: </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of malaria in Brioni
— Epidemic lethargic encephalitis— Encephalitis lethargica — Syphilitic
aortitis —The pathology of the streptococcal pneumonias of Army camps— The
venereal problem and the war—The cocaine habit.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Sterilization of wounds by electro-ions — Abscess of thyroid following
septico-pyemia from otitis —Acute perforations of the abdominal viscera— The
use of paraffin for drainage in surgery — Surgical technic in orthopedic
surgery 307-320</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. —Laboratory diagnosis—Detection
of spirochetes— Gonococcus infections 321</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose and throat. —Tests for malingering in defective hearing
— Ocular anaphylaxis 334</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The third resuscitation commission. — Lecture course at Great Lakes,
Ill.—A department of physical training —The Germans and the scientific workers
of Lille—Physical education — Transportation of sick and wounded — Traumatic
rupture of the spleen—Officer-material school at Princeton — Wanted, a
diagnosis 337</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital administration.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain G. A. Lung, Medical Corps, U. S. N 347</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Removal of wounded from U. S. S. "Northern Pacific."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. H. H. Old, Medical Corps, U. S. N 349</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">On board a torpedoed transport.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Curtis, Medical Corps, U.S.N 351</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza at the U. S. Naval Hospital, Washington, D. C.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Rear Admiral R. M. Kennedy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 355</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Notes on post-influenzal pneumonia.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) A. M. Burgess, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F., and
Phar. Mate E. J. Staff, U. S. N. R. F 356</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diphtheria at the U. S. Naval Academy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. E. Houghton, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant
(J. G.) D. G. Richey, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Influenza at Pensacola.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants J. M. Perret, and C. M. Shaar, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N .
. 365</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Training school for nurses in Haiti.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Chief Nurse L. D. Jordan, U. S. N 378</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Observation of candidates for the listener's school.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. B. Galbraith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 380</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 391</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">UNITED STATES NAVAL MEDICAL SCHOOL LABORATORIES.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Additions to pathological collections 393</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 394</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 3</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE VII</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preventive medicine at training camps and stations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 395</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">With marines in France.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. E. Locy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 417</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bone grafts.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. M. Foote, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 433</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Internal derangements or knee joints.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant ( J. G.) C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F <span> </span>442</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Clinical manifestations of tropical sprue.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. J. Wood, Medical Corps, U. S. N.R. F 449</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Isolation and cultivation of Pfeiffer's bacillus.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant DeW. G. Rlchey, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 453</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Nervous element in aviation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. U. Pillmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 458</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Administration of the U. S. Hospital Ship Solace.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander E. E. H. Old, Medical Corps, U. S. N 478</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Devices and uniforms of the Navy Medical Corps 505</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The reform of funerals —The apotheosis of dungarees 515</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Henry G. Beyer.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (T.) P. J. Waldner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 521</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Washington Berry Grove.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 522</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Improvised mess tables.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain H. C. Curl, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1 525</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Apparatus for submersion cases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain G. F. Freeman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 525</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Recording dental operations.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 527</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Rupture of the esophagus.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander L. Sheldon, Medical Corps, U. S. N 529</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Anthrax cured by vaccine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) J. K. Leasure, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 581</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Foreign body in antrum.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant J. B. Greene, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 534</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic rupture of kidney.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander P. H. Bowman. Medical Corps, U. S. N., and
Lieutenant Commander H. D. Meeker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 536</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Thrombosis of popliteal vein.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. A. Frink, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 538</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Alopecia Universalis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. R. Alfred, Medical Corps, U. S. N 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Operations for rupture of kidney and spleen.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. O. Tanner, Medical Corps, U. S. N 539</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Traumatic aneurism : Five cases.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N. and
Lieutenant Commander H. D. Meeker, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 541</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A DEATH FROM SALVARSAN.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. F. Crofutt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 543</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Perforation of Meckel's diverticulum.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant W. F. Pearce, Medical Corps, U. S. N 546</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Syphiloma of cererrum.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenants A. W. Hoaglund and P. F. Prioleau, Medical Corps, U. S.
N 547</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extra-genital chancre.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer and Lieutenant J. R. Poppen,
Medical Corps, U. S. N 551</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chancre of the thumb.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) L. Herman, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 553</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Typhoid fever with severe complications.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. N. Martin, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 554</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Cholangitis following influenza.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 557 </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Diphtheria complicating fractured mandible.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) J. B. Goodall, Dental Corps, U. S. N. R. F.<span> </span><span> </span>559</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. —Tests of physical efficiency — Malaria as a military
problem —Anthelmintics as tested on earthworms —New treatment of bichloride
poisoning —Corpeus luteum and vomiting of pregnancy 561</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery. —Post-operative parotitis —The empyema problem — Skin disinfection
by picric acid — Reconstructive surgery of the hand and forearm 573</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Bacteriology of
tuberculous kidneys — Hermann-Perutz reaction — Experiments with virus of
grippe 578</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat.— Perineural anesthesia for surgery of maxillary
sinus —Intraocular pressure and tonometry 5S2</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Transmission of venereal disease may constitute assault — Interdepartmental
Social Hygiene Board— Sir Charles Wyndham —Harvard surgical unit— Retail
druggists and quack remedies — School of Hygiene, Johns Hopkins University —
Legal decision re vaccination —American merchant marine —Meningococci in blood
—Radium conservation —Andre Chantemesse 585</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The U. S. hospital ship "Comfort."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N.<span> </span>591</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Voyage of the U. S. S. "Leviathan."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander F. A. Asserson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 602</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ship life in Constantinople.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. P. Huff, Medical Corps, U. S. N 605</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A record ship.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. E. Lee, Medical Corps, U. S. N 609</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Naval Air Station, Pauillac, France.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. A. Garrison, Medical Corps, U. S. N 611</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. Naval Air Station, Rockaway Beach, L. I.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant ( J. G. ) A. A. Shadday, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 616</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Increase of weight under service conditions.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. Halstead and Lieutenant (J. G.) E. A. Mallon, Medical
Corps, U. S. N. R. F 620</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by trinitrotoluol.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) A. Saska, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 624</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The marine shoe.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander W. L. Mann, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 625</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">X-RAY WORK AT A NAVAL HOSPITAL.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. H. Jennings, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 628</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dental work at the navy yard, New York.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. Barber, Dental Corps, U. S. N 631</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Dental work at the navy yard, Mare Island, Cal.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander J. L. Brown, Dental Corps, U. S. N 632</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 633</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 635</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Number 4</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PREFACE .. vii</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SPECIAL ARTICLES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Report on the influenza epidemic.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By the Staff of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Philadelphia 837</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Infectious and contagious diseases. Virgin Islands, 1918.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. Peterson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 682</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval ambulance trains in Great Britain.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Captain P. L. Pleadwell, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bone surgery.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. L. Clifton, Medical Corps, U. S. N__ 718</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">An epidemic of mumps.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander R. B. H. Gradwohl, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F.
; Lieutenant C. F. Carter, Medical Corns, U. S. N. ; Lieutenant W. S. Barcus
and Lieutenant (J. G.) H. L. Fougerousse, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 723</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Constitutional inferiority in the Navy.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant T. A. Ratliff, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 728</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acute early appendicitis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Jenkins. Medical Corps, U. S. N., and
Lieutenant L. A. Will, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 733</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Extra-genital chancres.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant .T. M. Perret, Medical Corps. U. S. N. R. F 736</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Incubation and choice of antigens in the Wassermann reaction.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant E. D. Hitchcock, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 740</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">HISTORICAL:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The practice of medicine in Europe during the Middle Ages 747</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">EDITORIAL : Intangible damage—The "Attitude of the Bureau"
775</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">IN MEMORIAM :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Abraham Jacobi (1830-1919) 781</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">SUGGESTED DEVICES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The construction of animal cages.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Medical Corps, U. S. N 783</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">A ROTARY TOOTHBRUSH.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N_ 783</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Equipment of battle dressing station storerooms.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. S. Pugh, Medical Corps, U. S..N 786</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">CLINICAL NOTES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Poisoning by bay rum containing wood alcohol.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant N. S. Betts, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 791</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Arsenic poisoning following the use of novarsenobenzol.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. M. Burchflel, Medical Corps, U. S. N 795</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Death following arsphenamine. Page.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. Goetsch, Medical Corps, U. S. N 797</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">High temperature in influenza.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant (J. G.) P. M. Williams, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 799</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Voiding of a bullet from the bladder.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N . <span> </span>799</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Depressed fracture of frontal bone.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant A. W. Hoagland, Medical Corps. U. S. N 800</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Colon ptosis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant G. U. Plllmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 801</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Ideal tonsil operation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander A. H. Robnett, Medical Corps,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">U. S. N 06</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">General medicine. — Bacillus botulinus poisoning 800</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Surgery.—Pathological possibilities of neglected gallstone disease 811</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hygiene and sanitation. — Historical Inquiry into the efficacy of lime
juice for the prevention and cure of scurvy —The ship's water supply 813</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Pathology, bacteriology, and animal parasitology. — Vaccine treatment
of filarial lymphangitis in British Guiana —Blood destroying substance in
ascarls lumbrlcoldes 817</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Chemistry and pharmacy. —New titration method for the determination of
uric acid in urine — Modifications of Benedict's and Folin's quantitative sugar
methods—Food ingestion and energy transformations with special reference to the
stimulating effect of nutrients —Nutritive factors In animal tissues 819</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Eye, ear, nose, and throat. —Methylene blue in purulent discharge from
the eye socket—Prophylactic use of pitultrin in nose and throat operations
under general and local anesthesia —Colloidal manganese in gonorrheal
ophthalmia —Hemorrhage following the removal of the tonsils and its treatment
821</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTES AND COMMENTS:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The devastation of France— Peking Medical School —Vaccination in California
— Internal decoration of hospitals —Interallied conference on medical aspects
of aviation —U. S. Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board—War Risk Insurance
Bureau —Boy Scouts — Legal control of motion pictures — Influenza statistics,
Great Lakes,</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">111— Sixth Division, Bureau of Navigation 823</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">REPORTS :</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Naval railway battery in France.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander C. S. Stephenson, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 831</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Submarine Division Five.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 846</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Preparation of antihuman amboceptor.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Clark, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Chief
Pharmacist's Mate A. J. Mouton, U. S. N 853</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Psychiatric work among recruits.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant F. L. McDaniel, Medical Corps, U. S. N 854</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Bacteriological experiments with acriflavine.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. B. LaFavre. Medical Corps, U. S. N 858</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Acriflavine In The Treatment Of Gonorrhea. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant C. M. Burchflel, Medical Corps. U. S. N 869</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">The army bedside x-ray unit.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 866</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Hospital service in Haiti.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Lieutenant Commander H. F. Lawrence, Medical Corps, U. S. N 869</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">Organization of the U. S. naval hospital, Charleston, S. C.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">By Commander W. M. Garton and Lieutenant Commander G. W. Calver,
Medical Corps, U. S. N 876</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">BOOK NOTICES 897</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS 901</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;">INDEX 903</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:.0001pt;line-height:normal;"> </p>
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PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, Calif. -- The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center held its version of Language Day at venues throughout the Presidio May 9, 2014. Thousands of visitors attended the free event aimed primarily at students in grades K-12. School groups attended from across the state.
Language Day features cultural displays and activities, classroom presentations, ethnic foods served by local multinational vendors, and a wide variety of entertainment. Throughout the day, visitors were entertained by a colorful program that included Korean dancers, a leaping 60-foot Chinese paper dragon, Hindi and Afghani musicians playing traditional instruments, European choral ensembles and troubadours, Hebrew recitations, Persian folk singers, and a variety of other performers and cultural entertainments. All 24 languages taught at the DLIFLC were featured in special presentations during the day.
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PHOTO by Steven L. Shepard, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.