Language photos on Flickr

Over 400 FLTAs from 55 countries in all world regions, teaching 52 languages at 178 U.S. higher education institutions convened in Washington, DC to participate in professional workshops, hear from experts in the fields of English language instruction and educational leadership, and share their experiences through their own presentations and cultural activities.

Language Movement 1952 by Muktijuddho e-Archive

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একুশঃ ভাষা আন্দোলনের সচিত্র ইতিহাস (১৯৪৭-১৯৫৬) - সি এম তারেক রেজা

Becoming Jane by ♥ Paris Amour♥

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Tracys_Choice - 16 by Hans Wendland

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THE ANCIENT LANGUAGE OF SOUNDS AND SIGNS

April 27th, 2010

@ Mobius

725 Harrison Avenue, Suite One

Boston MA 02118

Dancers:

Olivier Besson

Ellen Godena www.mobius.org/user/27

Liz Roncka www.myspace.com/realtimeperformance

Musicians:

Haggai Cohen Milo (bass) www.myspace.com/jatul

Amir Milstein (flute)

Jamey Haddad (percussion) www.jameyhaddadmusic.com

A very special evening of improvised music and dance featuring musicians Haggai Cohen Milo (bass) and Amir Milstein (flute) and movement artists Olivier Besson, Ellen Godena and Liz Roncka.

ARTIST BIOS

Olivier Besson - Movement Artist - is an improvisational movement artist who hails from France and is based in Boston. In the period from 1980 until the mid 90's, Olivier studied Contact Improvisation with Robin Feld, Nancy Stark Smith, Lisa Nelson and Andrew Harwood, and Improvisation / Real Time composition with Daniel Lepkoff and Julyen Hamilton. During that time, he also practiced and performed Bugaku (Court dance from Japan) with Arawana Hayashi. Other training includes Butoh with Maureen Feming and Action Theater with Ruth Zaporah.

Most notably, Olivier’s work has been presented: *in the US - at Dance Theatre Workshop (NYC), Judson Church (NYC), New York Improvisation festival, Walker Art Centre (Minneapolis), Boston Dance Umbrella, Florida Dance Festival, Dance Place (Washington DC), The Boston Conservatory, Boston University, Radford University (Virginia), *and internationally - at the National Institute of the Arts (Taipei, Taiwan), Die Pratze (Tokyo), Art of Movement Festival (Yaroslav, Russia), Micadanses (Paris) and with Compagnie Vertige (Nice, France). He has collaborated with many individuals including Chris Aiken, Lisa Schmidt, Debra Bluth, Ming-Shen Ku, Pamela Newell, Toshiko Oiwa and musicians/composers Mike Vargas, Peter Jones, Jane Wang and Grant Smith. Locally, he has guest danced for Dawn Kramer, Micki Taylor-Pinney and Diane Noya. His ongoing performance projects involve collaborations with Liz Roncka in Boston and Emmanuelle Pepin in Nice (France) .

Olivier is currently on faculty at The Boston Conservatory (dance division). He has been on faculty at Canal Danse (Paris), the French National Circus School (CNAC), Bates Dance Festival, Emerson College and the School of Fine Arts at Boston Universtity. He has taught residencies at the National Institute of the Arts (Taipei, Taiwan), Le Centre Choregraphique de Danse / Daniel Larieu (Tours, France), the University of Minnesota, and Radford University (Virginia). He has also taught masterclasses for teen / pre-teen programs at Walnut Hill, Cambridge School of Weston, Jeanette Neil Dance Studios, Brookline High and Cambridge Rindge and Latin.

Haggai Cohen Milo - At the young age of 25, bass player and composer Haggai Cohen Milo is already a known name in the international music scene. Mr. Cohen Milo, currently operating from Berkeley, CA, brings exotic flavors to his music from his native middle east country, Israel. In both his compositions and in his playing, there is a contemporary mix of sound between East and West. His group the Secret Music Project, that features his personal musical sound and vision, has performed in some of the most important festivals around the world including the Aspen Music Festival, the Atlantic Jazz Festival (Canada), Boston First Night and many more.

Mr. Cohen-Milo first gained international recognition when he won the First Prize in the International Ensemble Competition in Belgium 2006. In the same year, Cohen Milo was also awarded the DownBeat Magazine Music Awards and the grand prize at the Fish Middleton Jazz Soloist Competition held in Washington, DC.

As a Composer, Cohen Milo has composed the score for two full enough feature films, Intimate Enemies (2008), by the internationally known Mexican director Fernando Sariñana and SPAM (2009) by the director Charlie Gore. Cohen Milo released his debut album in January 2007 under the prestigious record label “Fresh Sound - New Talent”. The album received enthusiastic reviews in the US and in Europe. Cohen Milo also recorded with different artists for Warner Music, Sunnyside Records and more.

With a fast growing touring career, Cohen Milo has already performed on some of the most important stages around the world, including Carnegie Hall and Birdland (New York), Getxo International Jazz Festival (Spain), The Jazz Station (Belgium) and Rome Music Festival (Italy), to name a few.

Cohen Milo graduated in 2009 from the prestigious New England Conservatory of Music in Boston where he studied with such masters as Danilo Perez, Bob Moses, Jamey Hadad and Jerry Bergonzi.

"... Haggai Cohen Milo revealed over a set of ridiculously infectious music that he's in the soul restoration business. Yessiree. He is!" (Graham Pilsworth, "The Coast", Canada)

Amir Milstein - Flutist and composer - is a graduate of the "Rubin Academy of Music" in Jerusalem (B.M. in jazz and classical flute), and the New England Conservatory (Masters degree in music performance, 2010) Amir established his career in the world-music scene founding acknowledged ensembles such as Bustan Abraham and Tucan Trio with which he has recorded and performed worldwide.

His musical background represents a variety of styles and cultures including classical, jazz, Mediterranean and Latin. He has collaborated with artists such as Zakir Hussein, Tito Puente, Ross Daly, Omar Farouk Tekbilek and Armando Macedo, among others and has participated in distinguished concert venues and festivals, both as a player and a composer.

He has collaborated with several choreographers, with whom he has composed for modern and flamenco dance groups and has composed and recorded several film scores. (His recent work on the documentary film "The Case for Israel- Democracy's Outpost" is currently presented at film festivals worldwide). Amir played in musical shows in the Israeli television and has collaborated and recorded numerous albums with Israel's leading artists, such as Matti Caspi, Shlomo Gronich, Gidi Gov, Miki Gavrielov, Leah Shabbat, and many others.

With over twenty years of experience teaching flute, recorders and music theory, Amir developed a unique musical education program and has instructed at the "Karev Music Educational Program" in Israel. He currently teaches at the New England Conservatory, Boston, and has lectured and presented workshops at music schools such as the Berklee College of music, Boston and Berkeley University, CA. Before moving to Boston, in 2004 Amir was also a faculty member at the "Hed College of Contemporary Music" in Tel Aviv, Israel. Amir presents an interactive workshop for schools and colleges called: "A World of Flutes"- Introducing the evolution of woodwinds through live music, stories, and a demonstration of over 80 musical instruments.

Ellen Godena - Movement Artist - is an experimental performer, choreographer, and Mobius Artists Group member. Her recent work has focused on the relationships between human, non-human (organic), and machine (non-organic) movement as a method for studying human development. Recent solo and collaborative works have been quests to define these relationships through the use of primitive, robotic entities in performance.

Ellen’s training, artistic influences and inspiration derive from the study of Japanese avant-garde movement and theater forms that have developed since the early 1960’s, primarily the butoh dances created by Japanese artists Kazuo Ohno and Tatsumi Hijikata, physical theater, and contemporary dance. Since 1998, she has performed solo, group, and ensemble work in Boston, Philadelphia, Providence, and New York City. She was a former dancer with the Boston-based Kitsune Dance Theater (2003-06) under the direction of Deborah Butler, and the NYC post-modern butoh troupe, the Vangeline Theater (2006-08) under the direction of Vangeline. She has performed with Master butoh artist Katsura Kan (Curious Fish, 2002, 2008), and has studied with internationally recognized artists such as Zack Fuller, Hiroko Tamano, Su-En, Diego Pinon, and Katsura Kan. Her primary, long-term training has been with American artists Deborah Butler, Vangeline, and Jennifer Hicks. Currently, Ellen is presenting solo robotics – movement projects in addition to performing regularly with Liz Roncka's Real-Time Performance Project in Boston, MA. She holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from the Rhode Island School of Design in Studio Painting (1997), and a Master's degree in Human Development and Psychology from Harvard University (2005).

Liz Roncka - Movement Artist - is an avid practitioner of movement improvisation and contemporary dance. She is the director of lizroncka/Real-Time Performance Project,a Mobius Artists Group member and a collaborating artist with Emma Jupe, a Paris-based improvisation collective. Her work has been presented in Boston, NYC, San Francisco, Budapest and Paris.

Liz's early training was in the tradition of classical ballet at the School of the New Bedford Ballet. In college, Liz’s focus shifted toward contemporary dance and improvisation. She was a member of the Dance Collective of Boston from 1998-2005. Liz has had the pleasure of performing modern dance and improvisational work under the direction of: Ramelle Adams, Emily Beattie, Ruth Benson-Levin, Debra Bluth, Alissa Cardone, Sean Curran,Ellen Godena, Andrew Harwood, Michael Jahoda/White Box Project, Dawn Kramer, Light Motion, Karen Murphy-Fitch and Micki Taylor-Pinney.

Much of Liz's work is developed in deep collaboration with sound artists, most notably Jane Wang, Haggai Cohen Milo, Jessyka Luzzi, Sean Frenette and Akili Jamal Haynes. Current projects include an improvisational duo with Forbes Graham (trumpet) and an collaboration with Philippe Lejeune (visual artist) developing a movement piece within a glass installation exploring the intersection of reality and reflected images. For more information please see:

www.dailydanceproject.blogspot.com

www.myspace.com/realtimeperformance

www.mobius.org/user/29

2014 Language Day at DLIFLC by Presidio of Monterey

PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, Calif. -- The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center held its version of Language Day at venues throughout the Presidio May 9, 2014. Thousands of visitors attended the free event aimed primarily at students in grades K-12. School groups attended from across the state. Language Day features cultural displays and activities, classroom presentations, ethnic foods served by local multinational vendors, and a wide variety of entertainment. Throughout the day, visitors were entertained by a colorful program that included Korean dancers, a leaping 60-foot Chinese paper dragon, Hindi and Afghani musicians playing traditional instruments, European choral ensembles and troubadours, Hebrew recitations, Persian folk singers, and a variety of other performers and cultural entertainments. All 24 languages taught at the DLIFLC were featured in special presentations during the day. To read the full story visit www.army.mil/article/125750/

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

Japanese Language Book by born1945

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Here are a few of the Japanese language books I have in my collection. I do not speak or read Japanese, but I love the books I have.

Maybe some of my Japanese speaking Flickr friends can offer translations to these titles.

Language Day 2015 by Florida International University

A student showcases her heritage at FIU Language Day 2015

Thorpe Green War Memorial 1914 - 1916 by Moominpappa06

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Thorpe St Andrews - River Green memorial

1914

Lt W H G Dods

(Probably)

Name: DODS, WILLIAM HENRY GORDON

Rank: Lieutenant Regiment/Service: Leicestershire Regiment Unit Text: 1st Bn.

Age: 22 Date of Death: 21/10/1914

Additional information: Son of Maj. William Sandars Dods (Norfolk Regt.) and Eurice Alice Gordon Dods, of "Glengariff," Roundham Rd., Paignton, Devon.

Grave/Memorial Reference: Panel 4. Memorial: PLOEGSTEERT MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1642605

Norlink picture

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

Norlink notes

Lieutenant Dods was from Thorpe St. Andrew. He died on October 21st 1914

See comments 1 and 3 below

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Cprl J Weeds

(Probably)

Name: WEEDS, JAMES

Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Royal Marine Light Infantry Unit Text: H.M.S. "Hawke."

Date of Death: 15/10/1914 Service No: CH/11520

Grave/Memorial Reference: 7. Memorial: CHATHAM NAVAL MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=3050344

No Picture

Naval Net notes

HMS Hawke, large cruiser of the "Edgar" class, (completed 1893, 7,350 tons, 2-9.2in and 10-6in guns, torpedoed and sunk in North Sea by German U.9, Oct 1914).

www.battleships-cruisers.co.uk/hms_hawke.htm

The Edgar Class cruiser HMS Hawke saw service in World War One as converted depot ship for destroyers and submarines. HMS Hawke was torpedoed and sunk by U- 9 on the 15th October 1914, with the loss of 524 men. (only 70 survivors.)

The nineteenth “HAWK” was a 12-gun twin-screw cruiser, floated out at Chatham in 1891. She was of 7350 tons, 12,000 horse-power, and 20 knots speed. Her length, beam, and draught were 360ft., 60ft., and 24ft. In 1914 the “Hawke,” commanded by Captain Hugh P.E.T. Williams, was engaged in various operations in the North Sea, in connection with the war with Germany. On October 15th the “Hawke,” was successfully torpedoed by a German submarine. The “ Theseus,” which was in company, was unsuccessfully attacked at the same time. The “Hawke” sank in a few minutes, and unfortunately Captain Williams, 26 officers and 500 men were lost with the ship. Four officers and about 60 men were saved.

www.geocities.com/abbertonroh/sawkins.htm

H.M.S. Hawke was an old armoured cruiser operating as part of the 10th Cruiser Squadron assigned to the Northern Patrol. She had originally been launched at Chatham in 1891 and was one of the oldest ships still in service. H.M.S. Hawke was being used as a training ship and had many young cadets on board. She had been recommissioned in February 1913 with a nucleus crew and had come up to her full complement on the outbreak of war in August 1914. During September 1914, she had visited Lerwick.

On the fateful day she was in the northern waters of the North Sea with a similar ship, H.M.S. Theseus when they were attacked. They were operating on October 15th 1914 without a destroyer screen. Unfortunately they were slower than the submarine U9, which was tracking them. Their position was some 60 miles off Aberdeen. At the time, H.M.S. Hawke had just turned to intercept a neutral Norwegian collier.

The U-Boat Commander was Lieutenant Weddigen. He missed the Theseus with his first torpedo but unfortunately hit H.M.S. Hawke amidships near a magazine. The detonation was followed by a second terrific explosion, in which a large number of the crew were killed. The ship sank within 5 minutes and was only able to launch one ship's boat. Five hundred and twenty five perished, including Claude. Only the 49 men in the long boat were saved. They were picked up 3 hours later by a Norwegian steamer. H.M.S. Theseus was under strict Admiralty orders not to attempt to pick up survivors, as only several weeks earlier there had been a disaster. On that occasion, on the 22nd September, both H.M.S. Hogue and H.M.S. Cressy had also been torpedoed when going to pick up survivors from H.M.S. Aboukir. The submarine that had sunk these three ships had again been Lieutenant Otto Weddigen.

However, had they had sufficient time to launch other lifeboats from H.M.S. Hawke, then undoubtedly more would have been saved by the Norwegians.

There is a Corporal George Weeds

Name: WEEDS, GEORGE WILLIAM

Rank: Corporal Regiment/Service: East Yorkshire Regiment Unit Text: 2nd Bn.

Age: 24 Date of Death: 06/02/1915 Service No: 8757

Additional information: Son of George and Eliza Weeds, of Mills Rd., Vogeltown, Brooklyn, Wellington, New Zealand. London, England.

Grave/Memorial Reference: B. 16. Cemetery: RAMPARTS CEMETERY, LILLE GATE

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=446971

(Again, no obvious link with Thorpe)

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L\Cprl S J Whatley

Name: WHATLEY, SYDNEY JOHN

Rank: Lance Corporal Regiment/Service: Coldstream Guards Unit Text: 1st Bn.

Age: 22 Date of Death: 14/09/1914 Service No: 8919

Additional information: Son of Mr. G. R. Whatley, of 15, Goldwell Rd., Lakenham, Norwich.

Grave/Memorial Reference: IV. J. 4. Cemetery: VENDRESSE BRITISH CEMETERY

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=323246

Norlink Picture

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

Norlink notes

Sidney Whatley was from Thorpe St. Andrew, Norwich. He was killed in action on 14th September 1914

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Pvte A Luker

Name: LUKER, ALFRED Initials: A

Rank: Private

Regiment: Northumberland Fusiliers

Unit Text: 1st Bn.

Age: 27 Date of Death: 09/09/1914 Service No: 963

Additional information: Son of Alfred Luker, of 7, Ebenezer Terrace, Wymondham, Norfolk. Served on the North West Frontier of India (1908).

Memorial: LA FERTE-SOUS-JOUARRE MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=879543

Norlink Picture

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

Norlink notes

Private Luker was from Thorpe St. Andrew, Norwich. He died on 9th September 1914

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1915

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2nd Lt L C Wilson

Name: WILSON, LAURENCE CECIL

Rank: Second Lieutenant

Regiment: Norfolk Regiment

Age: 19

Date of Death: 12/08/1915

Additional information: Son of Cecil and Annie M. Wilson, of High House, Thorpe.

Grave/Memorial Reference: In South-West part. Cemetery: THORPE-NEXT-NORWICH (ST. ANDREW) CHURCH CEMETERY

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=2802347

Norlink Picture

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

Norlink notes

Second Lieutenant Wilson died of his wounds, 12th August 1915.

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Private B E Newson

(Probably)

Name: NEWSON, BASIL ERIC

Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Essex Regiment Unit Text: 1st Bn.

Date of Death: 13/08/1915 Service No: 20617

Grave/Memorial Reference: Panel 144 to 150 or 229 to 233. Memorial: HELLES MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=683076

Norlink picture

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

Norlink notes

Private Newson was from Thorpe St. Andrew, Norwich. He died on 13th August 1915

Picture title says 3rd Norfolk Regiment and Essex Regiment

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Private J Newstead

Name: NEWSTEAD, JAMES ROBERT

Rank: Private

Regiment: Norfolk Regiment

Unit Text: 1st Bn.

Date of Death: 12/03/1915 Service No: 7301

Grave/Memorial Reference: Panel 4. Memorial: YPRES (MENIN GATE) MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=918819

Norlink Picture

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

Norlink notes

Private Newstead was from Thorpe St. Andrew. He died 13th December 1915.

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Private F Peachman

Name: PEACHMAN, FREDERICK

Rank: Private

Regiment: Norfolk Regiment

Unit Text: 7th Bn.

Date of Death: 13/10/1915 Service No: 12040

Grave/Memorial Reference: Panel 30 and 31. Memorial: LOOS MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=1766507

Norlink Picture

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

But note Picture says Harry Peachman in handwritten in the frame - see below

Norlink notes

Private Peachman was from Thorpe St. Andrew in Norwich. He died on 13th October 1915

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Private H G Peachman

Name: PEACHMAN, HARRY GEORGE

Rank: Private

Regiment: Essex Regiment

Unit Text: 1st Bn.

Date of Death: 13/08/1915 Service No: 20703

Grave/Memorial Reference: Panel 144 to 150 or 229 to 233. Memorial: HELLES MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=683124

No Norlink picture - but possibly the picture attributed by Norlink as being Frederick may actually be Harry.

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Private W Woodcock

Name: WOODCOCK, WILLIAM VALENTINE

Rank: Private

Regiment: Norfolk Regiment

Unit Text: "D" Coy. 9th Bn.

Age: 23 Date of Death: 26/09/1915 Service No: 15701

Additional information: Son of Joseph and Harriet Woodcock, of 2, School Lane, Thorpe, Norwich.

Grave/Memorial Reference: Panel 30 and 31. Memorial: LOOS MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=737717

Norlink Picture

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

Norlink notes

Private Woodcock was from Thorpe St. Andrew, Norwich. He died on 26th September 1915

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1916

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2nd Lt T W Dowse

Name: DOWSE, THOMAS WILLIAM

Rank: Second Lieutenant

Regiment/Service: Royal Engineers

Unit Text: 34th Div. Sigs.

Date of Death: 07/09/1916

Cemetery: GOLDERS GREEN CREMATORIUM

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=4028126

Norlink Picture

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

Norlink notes

Dowse, Second Lieutenant Thomas William, M.C., Norfolk Yeomanry, 10th Norfolks, 34th Div. Roayl Engineers.

Second Lieutenant was born in Dublin on 23rd January 1893, the son of Russell and Edith Annie Dowse. He enlisted in October 1914 and was killed on 7th September 1916. This photograph was donated by his parents.

Thomas is also mentioned on the Royal Engineers memorial in Norwich Cathedral

www.roll-of-honour.com/Norfolk/NorwichCathedral34thNfkDiv...

Thomas’s MC was confirmed in the London Gazette of the 27th July 1916 - unfortunately the scan cuts off all the relevant details.

www.gazettes-online.co.uk/ViewPDF.aspx?pdf=29684&geot... dowse&exact=&atleast=&similar=

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Corporal J G Bird

Name: BIRD, JOHN GORDON

Rank: Corporal

Regiment: Coldstream Guards

Unit Text: 1st Bn.

Age: 20 Date of Death: 15/09/1916 Service No: 10791

Additional information: Son of William Jesse and Alice Bird, of Thunder Lane, Thorpe St. Andrew, Norwich.

Grave/Memorial Reference: Pier and Face 7 D and 8 D. Memorial: THIEPVAL MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=768833

Norlink - no trace

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Private B Barnard

Probably

Name: BARNARD, BENJAMIN

Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Royal Fusiliers Unit Text: 35th Bn.

Age: 36 Date of Death: 05/12/1916 Service No: 39426

Additional information: Son of Henry and Elizabeth Barnard, of Skeyton, Norfolk.

Grave/Memorial Reference: O. III. G. 11. Cemetery: ST. SEVER CEMETERY EXTENSION, ROUEN

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=515812

Two other B Barnard, but no obvious link to the area.

Norlink - no trace

see comment 2 below - definately this man

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Private W C Fox,

Probably

Name: FOX Initials: W C

Rank: Private

Regiment: Norfolk Regiment

Unit Text: 8th Bn.

Date of Death: 06/08/1916 Service No: 24210

Grave/Memorial Reference: III. P. 6. Cemetery: QUARRY CEMETERY, MONTAUBAN

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=245288

Norlink - no trace

see comment 2 below - definately this man

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Private G S Hart

Name: HART, GILBERT SPENCER

Rank: Private Regiment/Service: Norfolk Regiment Unit Text: 8th Bn.

Age: 20 Date of Death: 01/07/1916 Service No: 13186

Additional information: Son of George and Emma Hart, of Yew Cottage, Chapel Lane, Thorpe, Norwich.

Grave/Memorial Reference: Pier and Face 1 C and 1 D. Memorial: THIEPVAL MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=790042

Norlink Picture

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

The 6th Battalion, Royal Berks went over the top alongside the 8th Norfolks on the first day of the Somme. The story of what happened to the two units can be read here,

www.6throyalberks.co.uk/1stJuly/default.html

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Private A Newstead

Probably - (see Norlink information)

Name: NEWSTEAD Initials: A

Rank: Private

Regiment: Royal Sussex Regiment

Unit Text: 2nd Bn.

Date of Death: 27/09/1916 Service No: 14716

Grave/Memorial Reference: D. 18. Cemetery: MILLENCOURT COMMUNAL CEMETERY EXTENSION

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=43973

Norlink Picture

norlink.norfolk.gov.uk/02_Catalogue/02_013_PictureTitleIn...

Albert is down as the Royal Sussex Regiment but appears to wearing the Britannia cap badge of the Royal Norfolks?

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Private E F Sabberton

Name: SABBERTON, ERNEST FREDERICK EDWARD

Rank: Rifleman

Regiment: London Regiment (Queen Victoria's Rifles)

Unit Text: "A" Coy. 1st/9th Bn.

Age: 35

Date of Death: 09/10/1916 Service No: 5661

Additional information: Son of Edward and Emma Jane Sabberton, of Thorpe, Norwich.

Grave/Memorial Reference: Pier and Face 9 C. Memorial: THIEPVAL MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=810897

No Norlink match

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Private F Weeds

Name: WEEDS, FREDERICK

Rank: Private

Regiment: Norfolk Regiment

Unit Text: 7th Bn.

Date of Death: 12/10/1916

Service No: 16056

Grave/Memorial Reference: Pier and Face 1 C and 1 D. Memorial: THIEPVAL MEMORIAL

www.cwgc.org/search/casualty_details.aspx?casualty=820202

No Norlink Match

see comment 2 below - definately this man

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This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 14, Nos. 1-4, 1920

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1920

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

PREFACE V

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

ANTHROPOMETRIC STUDY AT ANNAPOLIS.

By Lieutenant L. B. Solhaug, Medical Corps, U. S. N 1

Medical and Hygienic Aspects of Submarine Service.

By Lieutenant Commander E. W. Brown, Medical Corps, U. S. N 8

Report on Facial and Jaw Injuries.

By Lieutenant Commander L. W. Johnson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 17

Military Orthopedic Hospitals in the British Isles.

By Lieutenant R. Hammond. Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F. 65

HISTORICAL :

Medicine in Rome 103

EDITORIAL :

The New Year — Standards of Duty 127

IN MEMORIAM :

Edward Grahame Parker.

By Captain C. E. Riggs, Medical Corps, U. S. N 135

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

Changes in Scuttle Butts Aboard Ship.

By Lieutenant Commander J. A. B. Sinclair, Medical Corps,

U. S. N. R. F 137

An Emergency Evacuation Device 145

CLINICAL NOTES :

Bronchopulmonary Spirochetosis in an American.

By Lieutenant G. W. Lewis, Medical Corps, U. S. N 149

Encephalitis Lethargica.

By Lieutenant A. F. Kuhlman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 151

Defense of the Open-Air Treatment of Pneumonia.

By Lieutenant D. Ferguson, jr., Medical Corps, U. S. N 153

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

Carbon tetrachloride poisoning. —Civil service positions. — Serum treatment

in yellow fever. —" Deer-fly disease." — Request for specimens.—

Medical personnel of the French Navy.—Centenary celebrations. —Situs inversus.

—Italian view of prohibition. — Effects of prohibition In Chicago. — Treatment

of sterility. — Pilocarpine in influenza. —A death from anesthesia.- — Free

hospital service in Oklahoma City. —Birth rate of Manila. —Expansion of the

Faculty of Medicine, Paris. —Statistics on blindness. —French eight-hour law. —

Corporation philanthropy 155

REPORTS :

The Receiving Ship Barracks, New York.

By Commander W. G. Farwell and Lieutenant R. M. Krepps, Medical Corps,

U. S. N 163

Grounding of the U. S. S. Northern Pacific.

By Lieutenant J. C. Ruddock, Medical Corps, U. S. N 185

Impressions of a Reservist.

By Commander L. R. G. Crandon, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 188

Number 2

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

Types of Neurological and Psychiatric Cases.

By Lieutenant Commander E. C Taylor, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 191

Yellow Fever.

By Lieutenant Commander T. Wilson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 200

Asepsis of Abdominal Incisions.

By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 208

Calcium Chloride Intravenously for Hemoptysis.

By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Fickel, Medical Corps, U. S. N 210

Hospital Records 213

HISTORICAL:

The Arabians and the First Revival of Learning 225

SUGGESTED DEVICES:

Hospital Garbage Disposal.

By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 237

The Flat-Foot Ladder 240

CLINICAL NOTES:

Chondrodysplasia with Exostoses.

By Lieutenant R. W. Hutchinson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 243

A Case of Vascular Syphilis.

By Lieutenant A. E. Kuhlmann, Medical Corps, U. S. N., and Lieutenant

Commander C. C. Ammerman, Medical Corps, U.S.N.R. F 245

Two Cases of Encephalitis Lethargica.

By Lieutenant Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. N 249

A Case of Foreign Body in the Head.

By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schimdt, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 254

The Late Treatment of War Osteomyelitis.

By Lieutenant E. I. Salisbury, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 255

Two Cases of Gas Gangrene.

By Lieutenant Commander L. M. Schmidt, Medical Corps. U. S. N 257

Gastric Ulcer with Perforation.

By Lieutenant G. G. Holladay, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 259

Internal Ophthalmoplegia.

By Lieutenant Commander E. E. Woodland, Medical Corps, U.S.N 260

Open Treatment of a Fractured Metacarpal Bone.

By Lieutenant R. W. Auerbach, Medical Corps, U. S. N 263

Supernumerary Phalanx.

By Lieutenant R. S. Reeves, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 265

A Cask of Ruptured Kidney.

By Commander K. It. Richardson, Medical Corps, U. S. N

Mustard Gas and the Cardiovascular System.

Ry Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N

A Case of Ulcer of the Sigmoid Flexure.

By Lieutenant H. R. Coleman, Medical Corps, U. S. N

A Case of Malposition.

By Lieutenant A. C. Toll inner, Dental Corps, U. S. N

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :

General Medicine — Blood pressure and posture —Intramuscular Injections

of quinine in malaria — Vincent's disease Surgery — Appendicitis amongst

sailors— Transplanting of bone— Rectal ether anesthesia

Hygiene and Sanitation — Destruction of lice by steam

Eye, Ear. Nose, and Throat — Ocular phenomena in the psychoneuroses of

warfare —Ocular complications due to typhoid inoculations

NOTES AND COMMENTS:

Syphilis and the war—Bone surgery —National Research Council— Laboratories

in Poland— National Anaesthesia Research Society — Vanderbilt Medical School —

Municipal education in Detroit — Female medical matriculates— Degrees conferred

by Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh — Speech defects — Typhoid fever in

New York — Venereal diseases in California- — Omissions in the Annual Report of

the Surgeon General, 1919

REPORTS :

U. S. Navy Ambulance Boat No. 1.

By Chief Pharmacist's Mate D. V. De Witt, U. S. N

Physical Development in the Navy.

By Lieutenant B. G. Baker, Medical Corps, U. S. N

Venereal Prophylaxis at Great Lakes, III.

By Lieutenants D. It. Blender and L. A. Burrows, Medical Corps, U. S.

N. R. F

Report of 505 Tonsillectomies.

By Lieutenant W. P. Vail, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F

BOOK NOTICES

Number 3

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

History of the U. S. Naval Hospital, Chelsea, Mass.

By Captain N. J. Blackwood, Medical Corps, U. S. N 311

INSTRUCTION FOR THE HOSPITAL CORPS.

By Lieutenant Commander W. M. Kerr, Medical Corps, U. S. N. 338

Study of Two Cases of Diabetes Mellitus.

By Lieutenant L. F. Craver, Medical Corps, TJ. S. N 345

Flat Foot in the Navy.

By Lieutenant C. F. Painter, Medical Corps, U. S. N. R. F 359

Static Defects of the Lower Extremities.

By Lieutenant A. A. Marsteller, Medical Corps, U. S. N 365

Treatment of Malaria.

By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 367

Navy Recruiting.

By Lieutenant W. H. Cechla, Medical Corps, U. S. N 371

HISTORICAL:

American Founders of Gynecology 373

EDITORIAL :

"Bring Forth Your Dead "—Is Educational Prophylaxis Effective

381

William Martin —John Wolton Ross —Oliver Dwight Norton, Jr 389

CLINICAL NOTES:

Interdental Ligation for Jaw Fractures.

By Lieutenant W. F. Murdy, Dental Corps, U. S. N 391

A Temporary Stopping.

By Lieutenant Commander H. E. Harvey, Dental Corps, U. S. N 394

ASCARIASIS AND APPENDICITIS.

By Lieutenant Commander E. G. Hakansson, Medical Corps, U. S. N 394

Malarial Crescents.

By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 395

Poisoning by Jelly Fish.

By Commander A. H. Allen, Medical Corps, U. S. N 396

Traumatic Rupture of Kidney.

By Lieutenant Commander F. H. Bowman, Medical Corps, U. S. N 397

A Case of Erythema Multiforme.

By Lieutenant M. F. Czubak, Medical Corps, U. S. N 399

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES:

General Medicine. — Static back trouble—Benzyl benzoate —Relation of

anaphylaxis to asthma and eczema —High enema —Treatment of typhus —Thilerium

hominis 401

Mental and Nervous Diseases. —Insanity as a defense in crime —The nervousness

of the Jew— The Babinski reflex —Problems of delinquency —Encephalomyelitis in

Australia 408

Surgery. — Radium — Surgery of peripheral nerves — Referred symptoms in

diseases of gall-bladder and appendix—Intracranial pressure —Protection of the

skin in surgical operations—Anesthesia

from drugs administered by the mouth —A new skin-suture material —

Roentgen-ray problems , 414

Hygiene and Sanitation. — Birth control—Typhoid fever in vaccinated

troops —Detection of typhoid carriers —Streptococci in market milk

—Tuberculosis in San Francisco —An experiment in sanitary education —Oral

hygiene —Differential diagnosis between trachoma and follicular conjunctivitis

—Left - handedness —The Negritos of the Philippine Islands —Tropical Australia

425

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

American Society for the Control of Cancer — Pay of Italian medical officers

— The passing of the book worm— The neurotic girl —Control of druggists in

Michigan — English statistics on alcoholism —Prevention of simple goiter— Value

of quarantine against influenza in Australia —W. P. C. Barton, first chief of

the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery—Information on blood-pressure estimation

—Automobile accidents —Egyptian Medical School — Educational movement In U. S.

Army 443

REPORTS :

Health Conditions in Santo Domingo.

By Lieutenant Commander G. F. Cottle, Medical Corps, U. S. N 453

History of U. S. S. Pocahontas During the War,

By Lieutenant Commander M. Boland, Medical Corps, U. S. N 460

With the American Peace Commission.

By Commander A. D. McLean, Medical Corps, U. S. N 500

Testing Water for Storage Batteries.

502

Report from Naval Medical School Laboratory 505

BOOK NOTICES 505

Number 4

PREFACE V

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS VI

SURGICAL ACTIVITIES AT THE NAVAL

HOSPITAL, NEW YORK.

Interesting bone cases 512

Fractubes of the anterior tuberosity of the tibia and Osgood-Schlatter's

disease 516

Carrel-Dakin technique for empyema 527

Physical therapy 535

Occupational therapy 536

War wounds of the joints.

By Dr. L. Delrez, Faculty of Medicine Liege 537

A case or joint treatment by Willems's method 545

Chronic intestinal stasis 545

Carrel-Dakin technique in treatment of carbuncle 549

A case of sarcoma of the foot 550

A case of Jacksonian epilepsy with spastic contracture 551

A Case Of Osteoma Of The Humerus 552

A Case Of Bone Infection Resembling Sarcoma 552

Wound closures after Carrel-Dakin treatment 553

Ether in peritonitis 557

HISTORICAL:

The founders ok naval hygiene. Lind, Trotter, and Blane 563

EDITORIAL:

Hospital standards —As seen from within 629

SUGGESTED DEVICES :

Vision test apparatus.

By Lieutenant Commander H. W. Glltner, Medical Corps, U. S.N. R. F 637

Treatment of cement floors.

By Captain A. Farenholt, Medical Corps, U. S. N 638

CLINICAL NOTES:

Ophthalmitis in secondary syphilis.

By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Whitmore, Medical Corps, U. S. N 639

TWO CASES OF OPTIC ATROPHY.

By Lieutenant Commander C. B. Camerer, and Lieutenant G. L. McClintock,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 641

Arsphenamine in malaria.

By Lieutenant Commander W. H. Michael, Medical Corps, U. S. N 643

Ureteral calculus.

By Commander W. J. Zalesky and Lieutenant Commander P. F. Prioleau,

Medical Corps, U. S. N 644

PROGRESS IN MEDICAL SCIENCES :

General medicine. — Treatment of respiratory catarrhs.—Tests of thyroid

hypersensitiveness. —A diet sheet for nephritics.— Delayed arsenical poisoning

647

Surgery. —Open treatment of fractures. — Treatment of crushed extremities.

—Nerve injuries of the war 653

Hygiene and sanitation. —Disinfection of tubercular sputum. — Syphilis

in railroad employees 659

Tropical diseases. —Ulcerating granuloma 663

Eye, ear, .nose, and throat. — Frontal sinus drainage. —Anesthetics in throat

surgery. —Correction of nasal deformities

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

American Library Association.— Mental defects in the United States. —

"Tea-taster's " cough. — Scientific basis of carelessness. — "The

case against the prophylactic packet." —Treatment of leprosy. — Medical

training in London. —A new Army and Navy Club. — The Navy Mutual Aid

Association. — Medical school of the University of Virginia. —A new medical

quarterly. —Solar therapy. — Novarsenobenzol subcutaneously. —Economic loss

from rats. —The flight of mosquitoes. —A medical centenarian. — A French hospital

ship. — Potassium-mercuric-iodide.— Dermatitis in industrial work. —

Radium.— A twelfth century epitaph 663

REPORTS :

Arsenical preparations used intravenously.

By Captain E. S. Bogert, Medical Corps, U. S. N 679

Venereal disease in the Dominican Republic.

By Lieutenant J. W. Vann and Lieutenant B. Groesbeck, Medical Corps, U.

S. N 681

American legation guard, Managua, Nicaragua.

By Lieutenant Commander F. F. Murdock, Medical Corps, U. S. N_ 684

Sanitary conditions in Vladivostok.

By Lieutenant A S. Judy, Medical Corps, U. S. N 689

Hospital records.

Commander H. W. Smith, Medical Corps, U. S. N 698

HOSPITAL RECORDS.

By Commander E. U. Reed, Medical Corps, U. S. N 706

A DEATH FROM ETHER DUE TO STATUS LYMPHATICUS.

By Captain A. W. Dunbar, Medical Corps, U. S. N 714

Medical prophylaxis against venereal diseases.

By Lieutenant P. W. Dreifus, Medical Corps, U. S. N 715

BOOK NOTICES 718

INDEX 721

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Language Movement 1952 by Muktijuddho e-Archive

একুশঃ ভাষা আন্দোলনের সচিত্র ইতিহাস (১৯৪৭-১৯৫৬) - সি এম তারেক রেজা

look into my eyes! by Amna H.

6 13

Aerial view of Cunnamulla, January 1955 by Queensland State Archives

Gunya (also known as Kunya, Kunja, Kurnja) is an Australian Aboriginal language spoken by the Gunya people. The Gunya language region includes the landscape within the local government boundaries of the Paroo Shire Council, taking in Cunnamulla and extending north towards Augathella, east towards Bollon and west towards Thargomindah.

The original Indigenous inhabitants of the area were the Kunja. The area's first European explorer was Thomas Mitchell who passed through the region in 1846.

The town name Cunnamulla is named after a pastoral property established in 1867, which in turn is the Aboriginal name of a deep waterhole in the Warrego River.

A settlement arose here because there was a reliable waterhole where two major stock routes intersected. The town itself came into being in the late 19th century as a coach stop for Cobb and Co coaches. A town survey was conducted in 1868, the same year a courthouse was built.[8] Cunnamulla Post Office opened on 1 March 1868.

Cunnamulla Provisional School opened on 9 July 1877, becoming Cunnamulla State School in 1885.

From 1885 when the railway was constructed to Bourke in New South Wales, farmers at Cunnamulla and other parts of south-western Queensland began to send their wool to markets via Bourke rather than to Charleville, then the terminus of the Western railway line in Queensland, as the New South Wales government offered more competitive rail freight rates than the Queensland Government. Queensland Railway Commissioner James Thallon responded by negotiating with the Carrier's Union which carried goods to the Charleville railhead to make the cost of transporting the goods via Charleville more attractive. However, strikes by the carriers in support of the 1891 Australian shearers' strike meant that goods continued to be travel via New South Wales, further encouraged by new lower freight rates in New South Wales announced in June 1893. The Queensland Government responded the following month by introducing the Railway Border Tax Act which taxed wool and sheepskins crossing the border into New South Wales to make it too expensive to freight the wool via New South Wales.[12] However, this could only be a temporary measure as the anticipated Federation of Australia would likely include free trade between the states of Australia removing the ability to tax goods at the border crossing. Therefore, on 3 December 1895, the Queensland Parliament approved the construction of the 121-mile (195 km) extension of the Western railway line from Charleville to Cunnamulla.

During the construction of the railway line, there was a dispute over the location of the railway station at Cunnamulla. The original proposal was for the station to be to the north of the town to be above the flood level rather than within the town centre as was usual practice. However, the railway chief engineer Henry Charles Stanley visited Cunnamulla and decided it would be better to place the station in the centre of the town as it would be more convenient and better positioned for crossing the Warrego River when the railway line was further extended. However, the disadvantage of the town centre site was that it would encroach on the town's cricket ground. The townsfolk were divided on the issue and many sent petitions to the government to demand one location or the other. The Queensland Parliament eventually decided to proceed with the original location north of the town. The railway line to Cunnamulla was opened on 10 October 1898. However, the hotel on the corner of John and Louise Streets in the centre of the town had already been named the Railway Hotel in anticipation of a town-centre station and retained that name until the 1970s, when it was renamed Trappers Inn.

Catholic church, circa 1930s

Sacred Heart Catholic Church was opened officially opened on 23 May 1894 by Thomas Byrnes and dedicated by Father Corrigon, the parish priest. The building was 70 by 30 feet (21.3 by 9.1 m) and capable of seating about 250 people with 30 people in the organ loft. It was 40 feet (12 m) high, the tallest building in Cunnamulla. It was made from locally-grown cypress with finer-quality Warwick pine used for the floor and ceiling. It was the first church in Cunnamulla. The 1894 church building was demolished in 1971 to be replaced by the current church building which opened in 1972.

The foundation stone for an Anglican church was laid in January 1896 by Christopher Francis, the police magistrate.[23] The church was opened on Saturday 20 June 1896 by Bishop Jack Stretch. The bishop was injured on his way to Cunnamulla, as he shot at a turkey from his buggy, frightening the horses, resulting in a crash with a tree stump, but was still able to perform the ceremony.

The Bush Brotherhood of St Paul has provided pastoral care to Cunnamulla since 1905.

The Sacred Heart Primary School was opened in 1915 by the Sisters of Mercy.

In 1970, Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh and Princess Anne toured Australia including Queensland. The Queensland tour began on Sunday 12 April when the royal yacht HMY Britannia entered Moreton Bay at Caloundra, sailing into Newstead Wharf. Princess Anne accepted an invitation to spend three days on a working sheep station in south-west Queensland. She flew to Cunnamulla on 14 April, travelling 47 miles (76 km) by road to ‘Talbarea Station’ unaccompanied. Princess Anne arrived in Cunnamulla in a government jet a little ahead of schedule. She travelled around the district in a maroon Rolls Royce which was unloaded from the back of an Australian Air Force carrier plane. Princess Anne was given a demonstration of sheep shearing and wool classing on the working property and was accompanied on a horse ride during her stay.

In 1999, the Queensland Department of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Policy and Development reported that Cunnamulla's indigenous community suffered from a high level of domestic violence stemming from an over reliance by the police and the courts on punishment and detention to deal with Indigenous offenders.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunnamulla

Image source: www.archivessearch.qld.gov.au/items/ITM1390242

Language Day 2017 by Presidio of Monterey

3

PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, California -- The 2017 Language Day celebration was held by the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center at the Presidio of Monterey, May 12. Language Day is open to the public and attended by schools throughout the region to promote an understanding of diverse customs and cultures from around the world. Approximately 5,000 people attended the annual event featuring cultural displays, activities and international ethnic cuisine served by local vendors on Presidio’s Soldier Field.

The event featured a Vietnam War veterans recognition ceremony. Vietnam War lapel pins authorized by Congress were individually presented by POM Garrison Commander Col. Lawrence Brown and Garrison Command Sgt. Maj. Roberto Marshall to approximately 75 Vietnam War veterans in attendance.

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

PHOTO by Steven L. Shepard, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.

Dr. Bashi Persian alphabet wood blocks by Dr. Bashi™

FILE RIO 09 by adnanref_alm

FILE

FILE RIO 09

Festival Internacional de Linguagem Eletrônica

Electronic Language International Festival

Instalações / Installations – FILE RIO 09

Casilda Sánchez e Julio Obelleiro – The Viewer – Espanha / Spain

Clara Boj e Diego Diaz – AR_Magic System – Espanha / Spain

Daan Brinkmann – Skinstrument – Holanda

Giselle Beiguelman e Mauricio - Suíte para Mobile Tags - Movimento #1 – Brasil / Brazil

Hugues Bruyère - Presence [A.K.A Soft & Silky] – Canadá / Canada

Jarbas Jacome – Crepúsculo dos Ídolos – Brasil / Brazil

Julio Obelleiro & Alberto García - The Magic Torch – Espanha / Spain

Sheldon Brown – Scalable City – EUA / USA

Soraya Braz & Fábio Fon – Roaming – Brasil / Brazil

Symposium – Simpósio

FILE RIO 09

Giselle Beiguelman & Maurício Fleury [BRA] - Mobile Tagging e a Era da Inteligência Distribuída

Diego Diaz & Clara Boj [ESP] - Hybrid city: a selection of Lalalab's research projects

Jarbas Jácome [BRA] - Sistemas Interativos de Tempo Real para Processamento Audiovisual Integrado

Hugues Bruyère [CAN] - Presence [a.k.a Soft n’ Silky]

Casilda Sánchez e Julio Obelleiro [ESP] - "The Viewer" and other confronted gazes

Julio Obelleiro [ESP] - From The Magic Lantern to The Magic Torch

Jane de Almeida & Eunézio A. Souza [BRA] - Rede Kyatera: infraestrutura para transmissão online de cinema em super-alta definição

Daan Brinkmann [NLD] - skinstrument / Lines - an intermediary installation

Cinema Documenta FILE RIO 09

Antonello Matarazzo – Interferenze – Itália / Italy

Bruno Natal - Dub Echoes – Brasil / Brazil

Carlo Sansolo - Panoramika Eletronika - Brasil / Brazil

Kevin Logan – Recitation – Londres / London

Kodiak Bachine e Apollo 9 – Nuncupate – Brasil / Brazil

Linda Hilfing Nielsen - Participation 0.0 – Dinamarca

Maren Sextro e Holger Wick - Slices, Pioneers of Electronic Music – Vol.1 – Richie Hawtin Documentary – Alemanha / Germany

Matthew Bate - What The Future Sounded Like – Austrália

Thomas Ziegler, Jason Gross e Russell Charmo - OHM+ the early gurus of electronic music – Eua / USA

Mídia Arte FILE RIO 09

[ fladry + jones ] Robb Fladry and Barry Jones - The War is Over 2007 – EUA / USA

Agricola de Cologne - One Day on Mars – Alemanha / Germany

alan bigelow - "When I Was President" – EUA / USA

Alessandra Ribeiro Parente Paes

Daniel Fernandes Gamez

Glauber Kotaki Rodrigues

Igor Albuquerque Bertolino

Karina Yuko Haneda

Marcio Pedrosa Tirico da Silva Junior – Reativo – Brasil / Brazil

Alessandro Capozzo – Talea – Itália / Italy

Alex Hetherington - Untitled (sexyback, folly artist) – Reino Unido / United Kingdon

Alexandre Campos, Bruno Massara e Lucilene Soares Alves - Novos Olhares sobre a Mobilidade – Brasil / Brazil

Alexandre Cardoso Rodrigues Nunes

Bruno Coimbra Franco

Diego Filipe Braga R. Nascimento

Fábio Rinaldi Batistine

Yumi Dayane Shimada – Abra Sua Gaveta – Brasil / Brazil

ALL: ALCIONE DE GODOY, ADILSON NG, CAMILLO LOUVISE COQUEIRO, MARINA QUEIROZ MAIA, RODOLFO ROSSI JULIANI, VINÍCIUS NAKAMURA DE BRITO – Vita Ex Maxina – Brasil / Brazil

Andreas Zingerle - Extension of Human sight – Áustria

Andrei R. Thomaz - O Tabuleiro dos Jogos que se bifurcam - First Person Movements - Brasil / Brazil

Andrei R. Thomaz e Marina Camargo – Eclipses – Brasil / Brazil

Brit Bunkley – Spin – Spite – Nova Zelândia – New Zeland

calin man – appendXship / Romênia

Carlindo da Conceição Barbosa

Kauê de Oliveira Souza

Guilherme Tetsuo Takei

Renato Michalischen

Ricardo Rodrigues Martins

Tassia Deusdara Manso

Thalyta de Almeida Barbosa / Da Música ao Caos – Brasil / Brazil

Christoph Korn – waldstueck – Alemanha / Germany

Corpos Informáticos: Bia Medeiros, Carla Rocha, Diego Azambuja, Fernando Aquino, Kacau Rodrigues, Márcio Mota, Marta Mencarini, Wanderson França – UAI 69 – Brasil / Brazil

Duda. – do pixel ao pixel – Brasil / Brazil

Daniel Kobayashi

Felipe Crivelli Ayub

Fernando Boschetti

Luiz Felipe M. Coelho

Marcelo Knelsen

Mauro Falavigna

Rafael de A. Campos

Wellington K. Guimarães Bastos - A Casa Dentro da Porta – Brasil / Brazil

David Clark - 88 Constellations for Wittgenstein – Canadá

Thais Paola Galvez

Josias Silva

Diego Abrahão Modesto

Nilson Benis

Vinicius Augusto Naka de Vasconcelos

Wilson Ruano Junior

Marcela Moreira da Silva – Rogério caos – Brasil / Brazil

Diogo Fuhrmann Misiti, Guilherme Pilz, João Henrique - Caleidoscópio Felliniano: 8 ½ - Brasil / Brazil

Agence TOPO: Elene Tremblay, Marcio Lana-Lopez, Maryse Larivière, Marie-Josée Hardy, James Prior - Mes / My contacts – Canadá / Canada

Eliane Weizmann, Fernando Marinho e Leocádio Neto – Storry teller – Brasil / Brazil

Fabian Antunes - Pousada Recanto Abaetuba – Brasil / Brazil

Edgar Franco e Fabio FON - Freakpedia - A verdadeira enciclopédia livre – Brasil / Brazil

Fernando Aquino – UAI Justiça – Brasil / Brazil

Henry Gwiazda - claudia and Paul - a doll's house is...... - there's whispering...... – EUA / USA

Architecture in Metaverse: Hidenori Watanave - "Archidemo" - Architecture in Metaverse – Hapão / Japan

Yto Aranda – Cyber Birds Dance – Chile

Dana Sperry - Sketch for an Intermezzo for the Masses, no. 7 – EUA / USA

Jorn Ebner - (sans femme et sans aviateur) – Reino Unido / United Kingdon

Josephine Anstey, Dave Pape - Office Diva – EUA / USA

Josh Fishburn – Layers – Waiting – EUA / USA

Karla Brunet – Peculiaris – Brasil / Brazil

Kevin Evensen - Veils of Light – EUA / USA

lemeh42 (santini michele and paoloni lorenza) - Study on human form and humanity #01 – Itália / Italy

linda hilfling e erik borra - misspelling generator – Dinamarca / Denmark

Lisa Link - If I Worked for 493 years – EUA / USA

Marcelo Padre – Estro – Brasil / Brazil

Martha Carrer Cruz Gabriel - Locative Painting - Brasil / Brazil

Martin John Callanan - I Wanted to See All of the News From Today – Reino Unido / United Kingdon

Mateus Knelsen, Ana Clara, Felipe Vasconcelos, Rafael Jacobsen, Ronaldo Silva - A pós-modernidade em recortes: Tide Hellmeister e as relações Design e cultura – Brasil / Brazil

Mateus Knelsen, Felipe Szulc, Mileine Assai Ishii, Pamela Cardoso, Tânia Taura - Homo ex machina – Brasil / Brazil

Michael Takeo Magruder - Sequence-n (labyrinth) - Sequence-n (horizon) – Reino Unido / United Kingdon

Michael Takeo Magruder + Drew Baker + David Steele - The Vitruvian World - Reino Unido / United Kingdon

Nina Simões - Rehearsing Reality ( An interactive non-linear docufragmentary) - Reino Unido / United Kingdon

Nurit Bar-Shai - Nothing Happens – EUA / USA

projectsinge: Blanquet Jerome - Monkey_Party – França / France

QUBO GAS - WATERCOULEUR PARK – França / France

rachelmauricio castro – 360 - R.G.B. – tybushwacka – Brasil / Brazil

Rafael Rozendaal - future physics – Netherlands

Regina Célia Pinto - Ninhos & Magia – Brasil / Brazil

Roni Ribeiro – Bípedes – Brasil / Brazil

Rubens Pássaro - ISTO NÃO É PARANÓIA – Brasil / Brazil

Rui Filipe Antunes – xTNZ – Brasil / Brazil

Selcuk ARTUT & Cem OCALAN – NewsPaperBox – Brazil

Tanja Vujinovic - "Without Title" – Switzerland

Hipersônica Screening – FILE RIO 09

1mpar – hol – Brasil / Brazil

Art Zoyd - EYECATCHER 1 - EYECATCHER 2, Man with a movie camera - Movie-Concert for The Fall of the Usher House – França / France

Audiobeamers (FroZenSP and Klinid) - Paesaggi Liquidi II – Alemanha / Germany

Bernhard Loibner – Meltdown – Áustria

Bjørn Erik Haugen – Regress - Norway

Celia Eid e Sébastien Béranger – Gymel – França / France

Studio Brutus/Citrullo International - H2O – Itália / Italy

Daniel Carvalho - OUT_FLOW PART I – Brasil / Brazil

David Muth - You Are The Sony Of My Life – Reino Unido / United Kingdon

Dennis Summers - Phase Shift Vídeos – EUA / USA

Duprass - Liora Belford & Ido Govrin – Free Field – Pink / Noise – Israel

Fernando Velázquez – Nómada – Brasil / Brazil

Frames aka Flames - Performance audiovisual sincronizada: Sociedade pós-moderna, novas tecnologias e espaço urbano - Brasil / Brazil

Frederico Pessoa - butterbox – diving - Brasil / Brazil

Jay Needham - Narrative Half-life – EUA / USA

Soundsthatmatter – trotting – briji – Brasil / Brazil

Language Movement 1952 by Muktijuddho e-Archive

1 1

একুশঃ ভাষা আন্দোলনের সচিত্র ইতিহাস (১৯৪৭-১৯৫৬) - সি এম তারেক রেজা

RH20160413-013.jpg by Menlo School

Menlo Middle School students visit a preschool to practice their Spanish language skills. Photo by Ruth Housenbold.

2018 Language Day by Presidio of Monterey

1

PRESIDIO OF MONTEREY, California -- The 2018 Language Day celebration was held by the Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center at the Presidio of Monterey, May 11. Language Day is open to the public and attended by schools across the nation to promote an understanding of diverse customs and cultures from around the world. Approximately 6,000 people attended this annual event featuring cultural displays, activities and international ethnic cuisine served by local vendors.

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

PHOTO by Steven L. Shepard, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs.

M400-1822 by Community Archives

A map entitled "Canada Showing Location of Indian Bands with Linguistic Affiliations." Published by Indian Affairs Branch, Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development in 1968.

Scale: 100 miles : 1 inch.

Language competition banner by Mindy McAdams

Jawa Barat is West Java, the province where Bandung is. The competition judges the language abilities of high school (SMA) students, who must speak and listen in Bahasa Indonesia, Sundanese (the local language around Bandung), and English.

India - Karnataka - Hampi - Lakshmi Narasimha Temple - 4 by Manfred Sommer

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Narasimha (Sanskrit: नरसिंह IAST: Narasiṁha, lit. man-lion), Narasingh, Narsingh and Narasingha in derivative languages is an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu and one of Hinduism's most popular deities, as evidenced in early epics, iconography, and temple and festival worship for over a millennium.

Narasiṁha is often visualised as having a human-like torso and lower body, with a lion-like face and claws. This image is widely worshipped in deity form by a significant number of Vaiṣṇava groups. Vishnu assumed this form on top of Himvat mountain (Harivamsa). He is known primarily as the 'Great Protector' who specifically defends and protects his devotees in times of need. Vishnu is believed to have taken the avatar to destroy the demon king Hiranyakashipu.

ETYMOLOGY

The word Narasimha means 'lion-man' which usually means 'half man and half lion'. His other names are:

- Agnilochana (अग्निलोचन) - the one who has fiery eyes

- Bhairavadambara (भैरवडम्बर) - the one who causes terror by roaring

- Karala (कराल) - the one who has a wide mouth and projecting teeth

- Hiranyakashipudvamsa (हिरण्यकशिपुध्वंस) - the one who killed Hiranyakashipu

- Nakhastra (नखास्त्र) - the one for whom nails are his weapons

- Sinhavadana (सिंहवदन) - the whose face is of lion

- Mrigendra (मृगेन्द्र) - king of animals or lion

SCRIPTURAL SOURCES

There are references to Narasiṁha in a variety of Purāṇas, with 17 different versions of the main narrative. The Bhagavata Purāṇa (Canto 7), Agni Purāṇa (4.2-3), Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa(2.5.3-29), Vayu Purāṇa (67.61-66), Harivaṁśa (41 & 3.41-47), Brahma-Purāṇa (213.44-79), Viṣṇudharmottara Purāṇa(1.54), Kūrma Purāṇa (1.15.18-72), Matsya Purāṇa(161-163), Padma Purāṇa(Uttara-khaṇḍa 5.42), Śiva Purāṇa (2.5.43 & 3.10-12), Liṅga Purāṇa (1.95-96), Skanda Purāṇa 7 (2.18.60-130) and Viṣṇu Purāṇa (1.16-20) all contain depictions of the Narasiṁha Avatāra. There is also a short reference in the Mahābhārata (3.272.56-60) and a Gopāla Tapani Upaniṣad (Narasiṁha tapani Upaniṣad), earliest of Vaiṣṇava Upaniṣads named in reference to him.

REFERENCES FROM VEDAS

The Ṛg Veda contains an epithet that has been attributed to Narasiṁha. The half-man, half-lion avatāra is described as:

- like some wild beast, dread, prowling, mountain-roaming.

Source: (RV.I 154.2a).

There is an allusion to a Namuci story in RV.VIII 14.13:

- With waters' foam you tore off, Indra, the head of Namuci, subduing all contending hosts.

This short reference is believed to have culminated in the full puranic story of Narasiṁha.

LORD NARASIMHA AND PRAHLADA

Bhagavata Purāṇa describes that in his previous avatar as Varāha, Viṣṇu killed the asura Hiraṇayakṣa. The younger brother of Hirṇayakṣa, Hiraṇyakaśipu wanted revenge on Viṣṇu and his followers. He undertook many years of austere penance to take revenge on Viṣṇu: Brahma thus offers the demon a boon and Hiraṇyakaśipu asks for immortality. Brahma tells him this is not possible, but that he could bind the death of Hiraṇyakaśipu with conditions. Hiraṇyakaśipu agreed:

- O my lord, O best of the givers of benediction, if you will kindly grant me the benediction I desire, please let me not meet death from any of the living entities created by you.

- Grant me that I not die within any residence or outside any residence, during the daytime or at night, nor on the ground or in the sky. Grant me that my death not be brought about by any weapon, nor by any human being or animal.

- Grant me that I not meet death from any entity, living or nonliving created by you. Grant me, further, that I not be killed by any demigod or demon or by any great snake from the lower planets. Since no one can kill you in the battlefield, you have no competitor. Therefore, grant me the benediction that I too may have no rival. Give me sole lordship over all the living entities and presiding deities, and give me all the glories obtained by that position. Furthermore, give me all the mystic powers attained by long austerities and the practice of yoga, for these cannot be lost at any time.

Brahma said,

Tathāstu (so be it) and vanished. Hiraṇyakaśipu was happy thinking that he had won over death.

One day while Hiraṇyakaśipu performed austerities at Mandarācala Mountain, his home was attacked by Indra and the other devatās. At this point the Devarṣi (divine sage) Nārada intervenes to protect Kayādu, whom he describes as sinless. Following this event, Nārada takes Kayādu into his care and while under the guidance of Nārada, her unborn child (Hiraṇyakaśipu's son) Prahālada, becomes affected by the transcendental instructions of the sage even at such a young stage of development. Thus, Prahlāda later begins to show symptoms of this earlier training by Nārada, gradually becoming recognised as a devoted follower of Viṣṇu, much to his father's disappointment.

Hiraṇyakaśipu furious at the devotion of his son to Viṣṇu, as the god had killed his brother. Finally, he decides to commit filicide. but each time he attempts to kill the boy, Prahlāda is protected by Viṣṇu's mystical power. When asked, Prahlāda refuses to acknowledge his father as the supreme lord of the universe and claims that Viṣṇu is all-pervading and omnipresent.

Hiraṇyakaśipu points to a nearby pillar and asks if 'his Viṣṇu' is in it and says to his son Prahlāda:

O most unfortunate Prahlāda, you have always described a supreme being other than me, a supreme being who is above everything, who is the controller of everyone, and who is all-pervading. But where is He? If He is everywhere, then why is He not present before me in this pillar?

Prahlāda then answers,

He was, He is and He will be.

In an alternate version of the story, Prahlāda answers,

He is in pillars, and he is in the smallest twig.

Hiraṇyakaśipu, unable to control his anger, smashes the pillar with his mace, and following a tumultuous sound, Viṣṇu in the form of Narasiṁha appears from it and moves to attack Hiraṇyakaśipu. in defence of Prahlāda. In order to kill Hiraṇyakaśipu and not upset the boon given by Brahma, the form of Narasiṁha is chosen. Hiraṇyakaśipu can not be killed by human, deva or animal. Narasiṁha is neither one of these as he is a form of Viṣṇu incarnate as a part-human, part-animal. He comes upon Hiraṇyakaśipu at twilight (when it is neither day nor night) on the threshold of a courtyard (neither indoors nor out), and puts the demon on his thighs (neither earth nor space). Using his sharp fingernails (neither animate nor inanimate) as weapons, he disembowels and kills the demon.

Kūrma Purāṇa describes the preceding battle between the Puruṣa and demonic forces in which he escapes a powerful weapon called Paśupāta and it describes how Prahlāda's brothers headed by Anuhrāda and thousands of other demons were led to the valley of death (yamalayam) by the lion produced from the body of man-lion avatar. The same episode occurs in the Matsya Purāṇa 179, several chapters after its version of the Narasiṁha advent.

It is said that even after killing Hiraṇyakaśipu, none of the present demigods are able to calm Narasiṁha's wrath.So the demigods requested Prahlada to calm down the Lord,and Narasimha,who had assumed the all-powerful form of Gandaberunda returned to more benevolent form after that. In other stories,all the gods and goddesses call his consort, Lakṣmī, who assumes the form of Pratyangira and pacifies the Lord. According to a few scriptures, at the request of Brahma, Shiva took the form of Sharabha and successfully pacified him. Before parting, Narasiṁha rewards the wise Prahlāda by crowning him as the king.

NARASIMHA AND ADI SANKARA

Narasiṁha is also a protector of his devotees in times of danger. Near Śrī Śailaṁ, there is a forest called Hatakeśvanam, that no man enters. Śaṅkarācārya entered this place and did penance for many days. During this time, a Kāpālika, by name Kirakashan appeared before him.

He told Śrī Śaṅkara that he should give his body as a human-sacrifice to Kālī. Śaṅkara happily agreed. His disciples were shocked to hear this and pleaded with Śaṅkara to change his mind, but he refused to do so saying that it was an honor to give up his body as a sacrifice for Kālī and one must not lament such things. The Kāpālika arranged a fire for the sacrifice and Śaṅkara sat beside it. Just as he lifted his axe to severe the head of Śaṅkara, Viṣṇu as Narasiṁha entered the body of the disciple of Śaṅkarācārya and Narasiṁha devotee, Padmapada. He then fought the Kāpālika, slayed him and freed the forest of Kapalikas. Ādi Śaṅkara composed the powerful Lakṣmī-Narasiṁha Karāvalambaṁ Stotram at the very spot in front of Lord Narasiṁha.

MODE OF WORSHIP

Due to the nature of Narasiṁha's form (divine anger), it is essential that worship be given with a very high level of attention compared to other deities. In many temples only lifelong celibates (Brahmācārya) will be able to have the chance to serve as priests to perform the daily puja. Forms where Narasiṁha appears sitting in a yogic posture, or with the goddess Lakṣmī are the exception to this rule, as Narasiṁha is taken as being more relaxed in both of these instances compared to his form when first emerging from the pillar to protect Prahlāda.

PRAYERS

A number of prayers have been written in dedication to Narasiṁha avatāra. These include:

- The Narasiṁha Mahā-Mantra

- Narasiṁha Praṇāma Prayer

- Daśāvatāra Stotra by Jayadeva

- Kāmaśikha Aṣṭakam by Vedānta Deśika

- Divya Prabandham 2954

- Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Karavalamba Stotram by Sri Adi Sankara

THE NARASIMHA MAHA-MANTRA

- oṁ hrīṁ kṣauṁ

- ugraṁ viraṁ mahāviṣṇuṁ

- jvalantaṁ sarvatomukham ।

- nṛsiṁhaṁ bhīṣaṇaṁ bhadraṁ

- mṛtyormṛtyuṁ namāmyaham ॥

O' Angry and brave Mahā-Viṣṇu, your heat and fire permeate everywhere. O Lord Narasiṁha, you are everywhere. You are the death of death and I surrender to You.

NARASIMHA PRANAMA PRAYER

namaste narasiṁhāya,

prahlādahlāda-dāyine,

hiraṇyakaśipor vakṣaḥ,

śilā-ṭaṅka nakhālaye

I offer my obeisances to Lord Narasiṁha, who gives joy to Prahlāda Mahārāja and whose nails are like chisels on the stone like chest of the demon Hiraṇyakaśipu.

ito nṛsiṁhaḥ parato nṛsiṁho,

yato yato yāmi tato nṛsiṁhaḥ,

bahir nṛsiṁho hṛdaye nṛsiṁho,

nṛsiṁhaṁ ādiṁ śaraṇaṁ prapadye

Lord Nṛsiṁha is here and also there. Wherever I go Lord Narasiṁha is there. He is in the heart and is outside as well. I surrender to Lord Narasiṁha, the origin of all things and the supreme refuge.

DASAVATARA STOTRA BY JAYADEVA

tava kara-kamala-vare nakham adbhuta-śrṅgaṁ,

dalita-hiraṇyakaśipu-tanu-bhṛṅgam,

keśava dhṛta-narahari-rūpa jaya jagadiśa hare

O Keśava! O Lord of the universe. O Hari, who have assumed the form of half-man, half-lion! All glories to You! Just as one can easily crush a wasp between one's fingernails, so in the same way the body of the wasp-like demon Hiraṇyakaśipu has been ripped apart by the wonderful pointed nails on your beautiful lotus hands. (from the Daśāvatāra-stotra composed by Jayadeva)

KAMASIKHA ASTAKAM BY VEDANTA DESIKA

tvayi rakṣati rakṣakaiḥ kimanyaiḥ,

tvayi cārakṣāti rakṣākaiḥ kimanyaiḥ ।

iti niścita dhīḥ śrayāmi nityaṁ,

nṛhare vegavatī taṭāśrayaṁ tvam ॥8॥

O Kāmaśikhā Narasiṁha! you are sarva śakthan. When you are resolved to protect some one, where is the need to seek the protection of anyone else? When you are resolved not to protect some one, which other person is capable of protecting us?. There is no one. Knowing this fundamental truth, I have resolved to offer my śaraṇāgatī at your lotus feet alone that rest at the banks of Vegavatī river.

DIVYA PRABANDHAM 2954

āḍi āḍi agam karaindhu isai

pāḍip pāḍik kaṇṇīr malgi engum

nāḍi nāḍi narasingā endru,

vāḍi vāḍum ivvāl nuthale!

I will dance and melt for you, within my heart, to see you, I will sing in praise of you with tears in joy, I will search for Narasiṁha and I am a householder who still searches to reach you (to attain Salvation).

SYMBOLISM

Narasiṁha indicates God's omnipresence and the lesson is that God is everywhere. For more information, see Vaishnav Theology.

Narasiṁha demonstrates God's willingness and ability to come to the aid of His devotees, no matter how difficult or impossible the circumstances may appear to be.

Prahlāda's devotion indicates that pure devotion is not one of birthright but of character. Prahlāda, although born an asura, demonstrated the greatest bhakti to God, and endured much, without losing faith.

Narasiṁha is known by the epithet Mṛga-Śarīra in Sanskrit which translates to Animal-Man. From a philosophical perspective. Narasiṁha is the very icon of Vaiṣṇavism, where jñāna (knowledge) and Bhakti are important as opposed to Advaita, which has no room for Bhakti, as the object to be worshipped and the worshipper do not exist. As according to Advaita or Māyāvāda, the jīva is Paramātma.

SIGNIFICANCE

In South Indian art – sculptures, bronzes and paintings – Viṣṇu's incarnation as Narasiṁha is one of the most chosen themes and amongst [[Avatar] |Avatāra]]s perhaps next only to Rāma and Kṛṣṇa in popularity.

Lord Narasiṁha also appears as one of Hanuman's 5 faces, who is a significant character in the Rāmāyaṇa as Lord (Rāma's) devotee.

FORMS OF NARASIMHA

There are several forms of Narasiṁha, but 9 main ones collectively known as Nava-narasiṁha:

Ugra-narasiṁha

Kroddha-narasiṁha

Vīra-narasiṁha

Vilamba-narasiṁha

Kopa-narasiṁha

Yoga-narasiṁha

Aghora-narasiṁha

Sudarśana-narasiṁha

Lakṣmī-narasiṁha

In Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh, the nine forms are as follows:

Chātra-vata-narasiṁha (seated under a banyan tree)

Yogānanda-narasiṁha (who blessed Lord Brahma)

Karañja-narasiṁha

Uha-narasiṁha

Ugra-narasiṁha

Krodha-narasiṁha

Malola-narasiṁha (With Lakṣmī on His lap)

Jvālā-narasiṁha (an eight armed form rushing out of the pillar)

Pavana-narasiṁha (who blessed the sage Bharadvaja)

Forms from Prahlad story:

Stambha-narasiṁha (coming out of the pillar)

Svayam-narasiṁha (manifesting on His own)

Grahaṇa-narasiṁha (catching hold of the demon)

Vidāraṇa-narasiṁha (ripping open of the belly of the demon)

Saṁhāra-narasiṁha (killing the demon)

The following three refer to His ferocious aspect:

Ghora-narasiṁha

Ugra-narasiṁha

Candā-narasiṁha

OTHERS

Pañcamukha-Hanumān-narasiṁha, (appears as one of Śrī Hanuman's five faces.)

Pṛthvī-narasiṁha, Vayu-narasiṁha, Ākāśa-narasiṁha, Jvalana-narasiṁha, and

Amṛta-narasiṁha, (representing the five elements)

Jvālā-narasiṁha (with a flame-like mane)

Lakṣmī-narasiṁha (where Lakṣmī pacifies Him)

Prasāda/Prahlāda-varadā-narasiṁha (His benign aspect of protecting Prahlad)

Chatrā-narasiṁha (seated under a parasol of a five-hooded serpent)

Yoga-narasiṁha or Yogeśvara-narasiṁha (in meditation)

Āveśa-narasiṁha (a frenzied form)

Aṭṭahasa-narasiṁha (a form that roars horribly and majestically strides across to destroy evil)

Cakra-narasiṁha, (with only a discus in hand)

Viṣṇu-narasiṁha, Brahma-narasiṁha and Rudra-narasiṁha

Puṣṭi narasiṁha, (worshipped for overcoming evil influences)

EARLY IMAGES

In Andhra Pradesh, a panel dating to third-fourth century AD shows a full theriomorphic squatting lion with two extra human arms behind his shoulders holding Vaiṣṇava emblems. This lion, flanked by five heroes (vīra), often has been identified as an early depiction of Narasiṁha. Standing cult images of Narasiṁha from the early Gupta period, survive from temples at Tigowa and Eran. These sculptures are two-armed, long maned, frontal, wearing only a lower garment, and with no demon-figure of Hiraṇyakaśipu. Images representing the narrative of Narasiṁha slaying the demon Hiraṇyakaśipu survive from slightly later Gupta-period temples: one at Madhia and one from a temple-doorway now set into the Kūrma-maṭha at Nachna, both dated to the late fifth or early sixth century A.D.

An image of Narasiṁha supposedly dating to second-third century AD sculpted at Mathura was acquired by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1987. It was described by Stella Kramrisch, the former Philadelphia Museum of Art's Indian curator, as "perhaps the earliest image of Narasiṁha as yet known". This figure depicts a furled brow, fangs, and lolling tongue similar to later images of Narasiṁha, but the idol's robe, simplicity, and stance set it apart. On Narasiṁha's chest under his upper garment appears the suggestion of an amulet, which Stella Kramrisch associated with Visnu's cognizance, the Kauṣtubha jewel. This upper garment flows over both shoulders; but below Hiranyakasipu, the demon-figure placed horizontally across Narasiṁha's body, a twisted waist-band suggests a separate garment covering the legs. The demon's hair streams behind him, cushioning his head against the man-lion's right knee. He wears a simple single strand of beads. His body seems relaxed, even pliant. His face is calm, with a slight suggestion of a smile. His eyes stare adoringly up at the face of Viṣṇu. There is little tension in this figure's legs or feet, even as Narasiṁha gently disembowels him. His innards spill along his right side. As the Matsya purana describes it, Narasiṁha ripped "apart the mighty Daitya chief as a plaiter of straw mats shreds his reeds". Based on the Gandhara-style of robe worn by the idol, Michael Meiste altered the date of the image to fourth century AD.

Deborah Soifer, a scholar who worked on texts in relation to Narasiṁha, believes that "the traits basic to Viṣṇu in the Veda remain central to Viṣṇu in his avataras" and points out, however, that:

we have virtually no precursors in the Vedic material for the figure of a man-lion, and only one phrase that simply does not rule out the possibility of a violent side to the benign Viṣṇu.

Soifer speaks of the enigma of Viṣṇu's Narasiṁha avatāra and comments that how the myth arrived at its rudimentary form [first recorded in the Mahābhārata], and where the figure of the man-lion came from remain unsolved mysteries.

An image of Narasiṁha, dating to the 9th century, was found on the northern slope of Mount Ijo, at Prambanan, Indonesia. Images of Trivikrama and Varāha avatāras were also found at Prambanan, Indonesia. Viṣṇu and His avatāra images follow iconographic peculiarities characteristic of the art of central Java. This includes physiognomy of central Java, an exaggerated volume of garment, and some elaboration of the jewelry. This decorative scheme once formulated became, with very little modification, an accepted norm for sculptures throughout the Central Javanese period (circa 730–930 A.D.). Despite the iconographic peculiarities, the stylistic antecedents of the Java sculptures can be traced back to Indian carvings as the Chalukya and Pallava images of the 6th–7th centuries AD.

CULTURAL TRADITION OF PROCESSION (SRI NRSIMHA YATRA)

In Rājopadhyāya Brahmins of Nepal, there is a tradition of celebrating the procession ceremony of the deity Narasiṁha avatar, in Lalitpur district of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The Lunar fifth day of the waning phase of the moon, in the holy Soli-lunar Śrāvaṇa month i.e. on Śrāvaṇa Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī of the Hindu Lunar Calendar is marked as auspicious day for the religious procession, Nṛsiṁha Yātrā. This tradition of the holy procession has been held for more than a hundred years. This is one of the typical traditions of the Rājopadhyāya Bramhins, the Hindu Bramhans of the locality.

In this Nṛsiṁha Yātrā, each year one male member of the Rājopadhyāya community gets the chance to be the organizer each year in that particular day. He gets his turn according to the sequence in their record, where the names of Rājopadhyāya bramhins are registered when a brahmāṇa lad is eligible to be called as a Bramhan.

WIKIPEDIA

Body Language by Teresa's Place

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Athens, 2015

JuliaTanquary | Spanish Language Immersion: Salamanca by Eckerd College

Name: JuliaTanquary

Class year: 2017

Trip title: Spanish Language Immersion: Salamanca

This is an ancient Roman aqueduct in Segovia.

Body language by Keith Williamson

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Some musicians seem to stay perfectly still as they play. Others express the music with their body movements.

Language Day by Presidio of Monterey

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Photo by Hiro Chang, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs

The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center opened its doors to the public on May 15 for its annual Language Day event.

The event showcased the cultures of the different departmental languages being taught here through dance, skits and fashion shows.

Exhibits were also presented throughout the school grounds with local Monterey ethnic vendors selling their local cuisines to the customers.

Nearly 2,000 high school students and teachers attended Language Day.

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

SequoyahDualLanguage-35 by Tulsa Public Schools

Language Day by Presidio of Monterey

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Photo by Hiro Chang, Presidio of Monterey Public Affairs

The Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center opened its doors to the public on May 15 for its annual Language Day event.

The event showcased the cultures of the different departmental languages being taught here through dance, skits and fashion shows.

Exhibits were also presented throughout the school grounds with local Monterey ethnic vendors selling their local cuisines to the customers.

Nearly 2,000 high school students and teachers attended Language Day.

Official Presidio of Monterey Web site

Official Presidio of Monterey Facebook

Helenium: Tears by Nicolllle

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Language of Flowers

Flowers grew where Helen of Troy's tears hit the ground.

This image is taken from United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 21, Nos. 1-6, 1924 by Medical Heritage Library, Inc.

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Go to the Book with image in the Internet Archive

Title: United States Naval Medical Bulletin Vol. 21, Nos. 1-6, 1924

Creator: U.S. Navy. Bureau of Medicine and Surgery

Publisher:

Sponsor:

Contributor:

Date: 1924-07

Language: eng

Table of Contents

Number 1

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS

vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES:

UNITED STATES NAVAL PHARMACIST'S MATES SCHOOL : ITS DOCTRINES AND

POLICIES.

By Capt. G. Pickrell, Medical Corps, United States Navy 1

MOVE TO STANDARDIZE THE QUARTERLY MARKS OF THE HOSPITAL CORPS, UNITED

STATES NAVY,

By Commander 0, J. Mink, and Chief Pharmacist J. A. McCormack, Medical

Corps, United States Navy 35

SUGGESTED PLAN FOR PROGRESSIVE HOSPITAL CORPS INSTRUCTION,

By Lieut. Commander G. W. Calver, Medical Corps, United States

Navy 41

CLINICAL NOTES:

OBSERVATIONS ON DIRECT VISION CYSTOSCOPY,

By Lieut. Commander R. Hayden, Medical Corps, United States Navy 65

GENERAL PARESIS.

By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. J. Stuart, Medical Corps, United States

Navy 68

WASSERMANN REACTION, NOTES ON THE,

By Lieut. C, F. Behrens, Medical Corps, United States Navy 72

COLOR TEST NOT RELIABLE AS A MENTAL TEST.

By Lieut. R. H. Hunt, Medical Corps, United States Navy 74

LUDWIG'S ANGINA FOLLOWING DOUBLE PERITONSILLAR ABCESS.

By Lieut. H. S. Cragin, Medical Corps, United States Navy 76

CHANCROID, SPECIFIC TREATMENT FOR,

By Lieut. A. J, Chenery, Medical Corps, United States Navy 78

NOTES AND COMMENTS: .

Value of War College training for medical officers--Some hints from the

old physicians - A new blank form 81

NAVY NURSE CORPS :

The earthquake in Japan---------------------------------------- 95

BOOK NOTICES ----------------------------------------------- 101

DIVISION OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE:

Food in its epidemiological aspects - Food poisoning

By Lieut. Commander J. R. Phelps, Medical Corps, United States

Navy------------------------- 105

A death attributed to poisoning by lobster (crawfish)--Case reported as

food poisoning-Canned shrimp-Example of lack of knowledge regarding the subject

of food poisoning-Control of venereal diseases in destroyer squadrons, battle

fleet-Epidemiological report of an outbreak of scarlet fever in mild form at

the United States Naval Training Station, Newport, R. I.-Extracts from the

annual sanitary report of the U. S. S. Rappahannock for the year 1923--

Admissions for injuries and poisonings. January to March, inclusive,

1924-Explosion hazards, storage batteries in submarines 127

Number 2

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

NEUROSYPHILIS.

By Lieut. Commander T. W. Raison, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 145

AURICULAR FIBRILLATION

By Lieut. D. Ferguson, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 164

COOPERATION BETWEEN THE DENTAL AND MEDICAL PROFESSIONS IN THE SURGICAL

TREATMENT OF SINUSITIS.

By G. B. Trible, M. D-----------------------·------------------- 174

THE EFFECTS OF CASTELA NICHOLSONI IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC AMOEBIC

DYSENTARY.

By Lieut. Commander G. R. W. French, Medical Corps, U. S, Navy, and A.

W. Sellards, M. D. 184

A PRELIMINARY NOTE ON A PROCEDURE FOR CLEARING UP DIPHTHERIA CARRIERS.

By Lieut. Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. NAVY 190

THE PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL GOLD.

By Lieut. C. F. Behrens, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 191

CLINICAL NOTES :

REPORT OF A CASE OF OSTEOMYELITIS OF THE DORSAL SPINE.

By Lieut. Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 193

AN UNUSUAL CAUSE FOR FAILURE OF FRACTURE AND AMPUTATED STUMPS TO HEAL.

By Lieut. L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 201

REPORT OF A FOREIGN BODYIN THE APPENDIX.

By Lieut. G. A, Eckert, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 202

INTERNAL DERANGEMENT OF THE KNEE

JOINT.

NOTES By Lieut. (j.g.) F.G. Merrill, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 203

Tobacco poisoning.-Percival Pott's contribution on head injuries.- A

new root canal treatment.- Eyesight and aeroplane landing 209

NAVY NURSE CORPS :

HALF WAY ROUND THE WORLD.

By Laura Hartwell, Reserve Nurse; U. S. Navy 221.

BOOK NOTICES 225

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:

Outbreak of food poisoning on board the U. S. S. Maryland.-An outbreak

of food poisoning caused by lobsters (crawfish).-Results of investigation of

the dysentery (sic) situation, Province of Leyte, P. I.-A case of asphyxia

incidental to diving.-Two cases of gonococcus infection of conjunctiva

traceable to, indirect contact with a case of gonorrhoea.-Abstract from the

annual sanitary report of the U. S. S. Florida for the year 1923, prophylaxis

of venereal disease.-Note from the annual sanitary report, United States naval

station, Olongapo, P, I., for 1923, epidemiological considerations. The common

wash bucket.-Sanitary measures at the navy yard, Norfolk, Va.-Typhoid fever

report-Admissions for injuries and poisonings, January to April, inclusive,

1924 235

Number 3

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES

Hematuria, Its Etiology and Clinical Significance.

By Commander W. S. Pugh, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy (retired). 265

Toxic Smokes.

By Lieut Commander D. C. Walton, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 275

Anthelmintic Warfare.

By Dr. Maurice C. Hall, senior zoologist, Department of Agriculture,

Washington, D. C 286

Goiter.

Ulcer of the Stomach.

By Lieut. Commander R. Hayden, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 294

By Lieut. Commander R. Cuthbertson, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy_ 811

General Significance of Ketonuria.

By Lieut (junior grade) R. A. Cutting, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 834

CLINICAL NOTES :

Notes on Cases of Surgical Interest.

By Lieut. Commander R. I. Longabaugh, Medical Corps, U. S.

Navy 339

Ainhum.

By Lieut R. S. G. Welch, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 352

Idiopathic Anemia.

By Lieut (Junior grade) H. L. Pugh, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 355

Gastric Neurosis.

By Lieut. (Junior grade) P. C. Supan, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 365

NURSE CORPS :

American Red Cross Nursing in Alaska.

By Miss Flora L. Bradford, American Red Cross 371

BOOK NOTICES 377

INSTRUCTIONS TO MEDICAL OFFICERS :

Total patient capacity. —Classified expenditures and per diem costs at

naval hospitals (continental) during November and December, 1923 ; and review

of expenditures for the six months period from July 1 to December 31, 1923.

—Modification of present allotment system. —Poster—Dangers of the common wash

bucket. —Medical periodicals. —Instruction In occupational therapy at United

States naval hospitals. —Civilian employees ; service records in connection

with retirement. —Changes in Supply Table of the Medical Department, United

States Navy, 1922. —Reports by telegraph of admissions to and discharges from

United States naval hospitals, and notices of deaths of ex-members of the

Canadian, Imperial, or other British ex-members of the forces. —Admission to

naval hospitals of officers and enlisted men not of the Regular Navy.

—Discharge of claimants from naval hospitals whose cases have been disallowed

by the United States Veterans' Bureau. —Classified expenditures and per diem

costs at naval hospitals (continental) during January, February, and March,

1924 ; and review of expenditures, for the three months period from January 1

to March 31, 1924. —-Status of civilian employees taken on for temporary work.

—Hospital accounting system. —Fire hazard from X-ray films. —Arsphenamine and

neo-arsphenamine. —Foodstuffs expended during the fiscal year. —Physical

examination In the case of an officer in the Naval Reserve Force. —Changes in

Supply Table, 1922, Part

II.—Error In printing " Quarterly reports of expenditures and

obligations" forms 385

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :

The Annual Physical Examination.

By W. M. Kerr, lieutenant commander, Medical Corps, United States

Navy 433

Report of smallpox. —Gonococcus Infection of the eye attributed to a

wash bucket used In common with other men. Importance of concurrent

disinfection in gonorrhoea. —Study of the diphtheria carrier as an agent in the

spread of diphtheria in Detroit, Mich.—Epidemiological observations by the

medical

officer of a destroyer attached to the United States Asiatic Fleet.—

Prevention of phlebotomus fever. —Question of keeping in stock sufficient

quantities of medical stores and supplies. —Comment regarding data required on

Form F cards in cases of injury or poisoning. —Admissions for injuries and

poisonings, January to May, inclusive, 1924 433

Number 4

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

Annual Physical Examination.

By Lieut Commander W. A. Bloedorn, Medical Corps, United States Navy 479

Fluoroscopic Study of the Chest With Special Reference to Systematic

Routine Operative Technique.

By Lieut. O. B. Spalding, Medical Corps, United States Navy 484

Acidosis.

By Lieut. (Junior Grade) W. S. Sargent, Medical Corps, United States

Navy 507

Graphic Aids in Recording Lesions in the Lower Genito-Urinary Tract.

By Lieut. Commander R. M. Lhamon, Medical Corps, United States Navy 530

CLINICAL NOTES :

Intravenous Treatment of Gonorrheal Epididymitis.

By Lieut. A. J. Chenery, Medical Corps, United States Navy 547

Bacillus Acidophilus Milk, Simple Procedure for Preparing.

By Lieut. H. V. Hughens, Medical Corps, United States Navy 548

Lobar Pneumonia, Clinical Aspects of.

By Lieut. (Junior Grade) E. L. Lanman, Medical Corps, United

States Navy , _._ 550

Lung Abscess, A Typical Case of,

By Lieut. (Junior Grade) F. G. Merrill, Medical Corps, United States

Navy 556

Chronic Dacryocystitis.

By Lieut. (Junior Grade) P. C. Supan, Medical Corps, United States Navy

559

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

Arsenic and its historical associations 563

BOOK NOTICES 567

NAVY NURSE CORPS :

The nurse as an anesthetist 575

A Consideration of Diets for Patients Receiving Insulin.

By Dr. Franklin Adams, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minn 576

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :

Food poisoning and remarks on the application of logic to the

preparation of epidemiological reports— Prevalence of venereal diseases and

measures undertaken for their prevention and control in ships of the United

States Naval Forces, Europe—Annual sanitary report of the Scouting Fleet,

United States Fleet, for the calendar year 1923, by Commander J. Stepp, Medical

Corps, United States Navy, Fleet Surgeon —Epidemiological observations by the

Senior Medical Officer, United States Naval Training Station, Hampton Roads,

Va. —Venereal disease hazards, extract from the annual sanitary report,

submarine base, Pearl Harbor, T. H.—Mosquito control and use of nitre case as a

larvicide at the naval operating base, Hampton Roads, Va. —Admissions for

injuries and poisonings, January to June, Inclusive, 1924 579

Number 5

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

Mycosis of the Hands and Feet.

By Commander C. S. Butler, Lieut. J. E. Houghton, and Lieut. (Junior

Grade) H. G. Cooper, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 615

Schistosomiasis Japonica in the United States Navy.

By Henry Edmund Meleney, M. D., Peking, China 630

Arterial Hypertension.

By Lieut. Commander W. D. Owens, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 637

Diagnosis of Diseases of the Colon.

By Lieut. H. L Brockmann, Medical Corps, U. S. Naval Reserve Force 644

Influence of Climate in the Treatment of Tuberculosis.

By Lieut. J. D. Blackwood, Jr., Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 652

CLINICAL NOTES :

Pylorospasm on Division of the Pyloric Rinq.

By Lieut. L. H. Williams, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 669

Classification of the Arthritides, with Report of Case of Hypertrophic

Arthritis.

By Lieut. (Junior Grade) C. J. Stuart, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 660

Carcinoma of the Pancreas.

By Lieut (Junior Grade) H. L Pugh, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 664

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

Diabetes, nephritis, jaundice 669

REPORTS :

Medical Activities Ashore in Honduras during Civil Strife of February

and March, 1924.

By Lieut W. T. Minnick, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 679

NAVY NURSE CORPS :

Section of Government Nursing Service of the American Nurses' Association.

By Lucy Minnigerode, superintendent of nurses, U. S. Public Health

Service 683

Convention of the American Nurses' Association held at Detroit, Mich.,

June 16 to 21, 1924, Report of.

By J. Beatrice Bowman, superintendent, Navy Nurse Corps 685

Navy Nurse Corps and its Relation to the Advancement of Nursing

Education.

By J. Beatrice Bowman, superintendent Navy Nurse Corps 686

BOOK NOTICES 693

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS :

Remarks on ventilation with special reference to sanitary reports. —

The United Fruit Co.'s experience with malaria. —Caisson disease resulting from

complete disregard for the mandatory Instructions of the diving manual relating

to management of the diver's ascent in conformity with the decompression tables

published therein. — Epidemiological aspects of a case of gonococcus Infection

of the conjunctiva resulting in loss of one eye. —A case of food poisoning,

lobster (crawfish) suspected. —A case of food poisoning, fried oysters

suspected. —Outbreak of food poisoning on board the U. S. S. New York.—Physical

and mental defects In recruits examined by boards of review at naval training

stations. —Admissions for injuries and poisonings 701

Number 6

PREFACE v

NOTICE TO SERVICE CONTRIBUTORS vi

SPECIAL ARTICLES :

District Medical Officer.

By Commander R. W. Plummer, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 751

Sanitary Report, Fifth Naval District, 1918.

Activities in the United States Naval Hospital, Great Lakes, III.,

under the direction and supervision of Contact Officer.

By Lieut. Commander G. D. Sutton, Lieut. H. L Fougarousse, Medical

Corps, U. S. Navy, and Field Director E. Rosenthal, American Red Cross 764

Diarrhea in Bottle Fed Infants.

By Lieut. Commander A. J. Toulon, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 780

The Psychoanalyst and his Work.

By Commander J. C. Thompson, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 787

Anaesthesia—Regional and Spinal.

By Lieut Commander H. M. Stenhouse, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 797

Vaccine and Serum Treatment.

By Lieut. J. E. Miller, Medical Corps, U. S. Navy 803

NOTES AND COMMENTS :

Prevention of Disease.—Intracutaneous vaccination against smallpox.

—Some features of the forthcoming Pharmacopoeia

(tenth revision) 813

NAVY NURSE CORPS : Thirty years of Progress in Nursing.

By Adelaide Nutting .. 851

BOOK NOTICES 883

PREVENTIVE MEDICINE, STATISTICS:

Review of Scarlet Fever Literature.

By Surg. R. E. Dyer. U. S. Public Health Service 871

Outbreak of food poisoning on board the U. S. S. New York. —Outbreak of

food poisoning on board the U. S. S. Montcalm. —Three cases of food poisoning

at the United States submarine base, Coco Solo, Canal Zone.—Typhoid fever

report. —Accidents, discussion of and their causes. —Accidental Injuries and

compensation In 1923 among navy yard employees. —Admission for injuries and

poisonings, January to August, inclusive, 1924 891

INDEX I

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India - Karnataka - Hampi - Lakshmi Narasimha Temple - 2hh by Manfred Sommer

Narasimha (Sanskrit: नरसिंह IAST: Narasiṁha, lit. man-lion), Narasingh, Narsingh and Narasingha in derivative languages is an avatar of the Hindu god Vishnu and one of Hinduism's most popular deities, as evidenced in early epics, iconography, and temple and festival worship for over a millennium.

Narasiṁha is often visualised as having a human-like torso and lower body, with a lion-like face and claws. This image is widely worshipped in deity form by a significant number of Vaiṣṇava groups. Vishnu assumed this form on top of Himvat mountain (Harivamsa). He is known primarily as the 'Great Protector' who specifically defends and protects his devotees in times of need. Vishnu is believed to have taken the avatar to destroy the demon king Hiranyakashipu.

ETYMOLOGY

The word Narasimha means 'lion-man' which usually means 'half man and half lion'. His other names are:

- Agnilochana (अग्निलोचन) - the one who has fiery eyes

- Bhairavadambara (भैरवडम्बर) - the one who causes terror by roaring

- Karala (कराल) - the one who has a wide mouth and projecting teeth

- Hiranyakashipudvamsa (हिरण्यकशिपुध्वंस) - the one who killed Hiranyakashipu

- Nakhastra (नखास्त्र) - the one for whom nails are his weapons

- Sinhavadana (सिंहवदन) - the whose face is of lion

- Mrigendra (मृगेन्द्र) - king of animals or lion

SCRIPTURAL SOURCES

There are references to Narasiṁha in a variety of Purāṇas, with 17 different versions of the main narrative. The Bhagavata Purāṇa (Canto 7), Agni Purāṇa (4.2-3), Brahmāṇḍa Purāṇa(2.5.3-29), Vayu Purāṇa (67.61-66), Harivaṁśa (41 & 3.41-47), Brahma-Purāṇa (213.44-79), Viṣṇudharmottara Purāṇa(1.54), Kūrma Purāṇa (1.15.18-72), Matsya Purāṇa(161-163), Padma Purāṇa(Uttara-khaṇḍa 5.42), Śiva Purāṇa (2.5.43 & 3.10-12), Liṅga Purāṇa (1.95-96), Skanda Purāṇa 7 (2.18.60-130) and Viṣṇu Purāṇa (1.16-20) all contain depictions of the Narasiṁha Avatāra. There is also a short reference in the Mahābhārata (3.272.56-60) and a Gopāla Tapani Upaniṣad (Narasiṁha tapani Upaniṣad), earliest of Vaiṣṇava Upaniṣads named in reference to him.

REFERENCES FROM VEDAS

The Ṛg Veda contains an epithet that has been attributed to Narasiṁha. The half-man, half-lion avatāra is described as:

- like some wild beast, dread, prowling, mountain-roaming.

Source: (RV.I 154.2a).

There is an allusion to a Namuci story in RV.VIII 14.13:

- With waters' foam you tore off, Indra, the head of Namuci, subduing all contending hosts.

This short reference is believed to have culminated in the full puranic story of Narasiṁha.

LORD NARASIMHA AND PRAHLADA

Bhagavata Purāṇa describes that in his previous avatar as Varāha, Viṣṇu killed the asura Hiraṇayakṣa. The younger brother of Hirṇayakṣa, Hiraṇyakaśipu wanted revenge on Viṣṇu and his followers. He undertook many years of austere penance to take revenge on Viṣṇu: Brahma thus offers the demon a boon and Hiraṇyakaśipu asks for immortality. Brahma tells him this is not possible, but that he could bind the death of Hiraṇyakaśipu with conditions. Hiraṇyakaśipu agreed:

- O my lord, O best of the givers of benediction, if you will kindly grant me the benediction I desire, please let me not meet death from any of the living entities created by you.

- Grant me that I not die within any residence or outside any residence, during the daytime or at night, nor on the ground or in the sky. Grant me that my death not be brought about by any weapon, nor by any human being or animal.

- Grant me that I not meet death from any entity, living or nonliving created by you. Grant me, further, that I not be killed by any demigod or demon or by any great snake from the lower planets. Since no one can kill you in the battlefield, you have no competitor. Therefore, grant me the benediction that I too may have no rival. Give me sole lordship over all the living entities and presiding deities, and give me all the glories obtained by that position. Furthermore, give me all the mystic powers attained by long austerities and the practice of yoga, for these cannot be lost at any time.

Brahma said,

Tathāstu (so be it) and vanished. Hiraṇyakaśipu was happy thinking that he had won over death.

One day while Hiraṇyakaśipu performed austerities at Mandarācala Mountain, his home was attacked by Indra and the other devatās. At this point the Devarṣi (divine sage) Nārada intervenes to protect Kayādu, whom he describes as sinless. Following this event, Nārada takes Kayādu into his care and while under the guidance of Nārada, her unborn child (Hiraṇyakaśipu's son) Prahālada, becomes affected by the transcendental instructions of the sage even at such a young stage of development. Thus, Prahlāda later begins to show symptoms of this earlier training by Nārada, gradually becoming recognised as a devoted follower of Viṣṇu, much to his father's disappointment.

Hiraṇyakaśipu furious at the devotion of his son to Viṣṇu, as the god had killed his brother. Finally, he decides to commit filicide. but each time he attempts to kill the boy, Prahlāda is protected by Viṣṇu's mystical power. When asked, Prahlāda refuses to acknowledge his father as the supreme lord of the universe and claims that Viṣṇu is all-pervading and omnipresent.

Hiraṇyakaśipu points to a nearby pillar and asks if 'his Viṣṇu' is in it and says to his son Prahlāda:

O most unfortunate Prahlāda, you have always described a supreme being other than me, a supreme being who is above everything, who is the controller of everyone, and who is all-pervading. But where is He? If He is everywhere, then why is He not present before me in this pillar?

Prahlāda then answers,

He was, He is and He will be.

In an alternate version of the story, Prahlāda answers,

He is in pillars, and he is in the smallest twig.

Hiraṇyakaśipu, unable to control his anger, smashes the pillar with his mace, and following a tumultuous sound, Viṣṇu in the form of Narasiṁha appears from it and moves to attack Hiraṇyakaśipu. in defence of Prahlāda. In order to kill Hiraṇyakaśipu and not upset the boon given by Brahma, the form of Narasiṁha is chosen. Hiraṇyakaśipu can not be killed by human, deva or animal. Narasiṁha is neither one of these as he is a form of Viṣṇu incarnate as a part-human, part-animal. He comes upon Hiraṇyakaśipu at twilight (when it is neither day nor night) on the threshold of a courtyard (neither indoors nor out), and puts the demon on his thighs (neither earth nor space). Using his sharp fingernails (neither animate nor inanimate) as weapons, he disembowels and kills the demon.

Kūrma Purāṇa describes the preceding battle between the Puruṣa and demonic forces in which he escapes a powerful weapon called Paśupāta and it describes how Prahlāda's brothers headed by Anuhrāda and thousands of other demons were led to the valley of death (yamalayam) by the lion produced from the body of man-lion avatar. The same episode occurs in the Matsya Purāṇa 179, several chapters after its version of the Narasiṁha advent.

It is said that even after killing Hiraṇyakaśipu, none of the present demigods are able to calm Narasiṁha's wrath.So the demigods requested Prahlada to calm down the Lord,and Narasimha,who had assumed the all-powerful form of Gandaberunda returned to more benevolent form after that. In other stories,all the gods and goddesses call his consort, Lakṣmī, who assumes the form of Pratyangira and pacifies the Lord. According to a few scriptures, at the request of Brahma, Shiva took the form of Sharabha and successfully pacified him. Before parting, Narasiṁha rewards the wise Prahlāda by crowning him as the king.

NARASIMHA AND ADI SANKARA

Narasiṁha is also a protector of his devotees in times of danger. Near Śrī Śailaṁ, there is a forest called Hatakeśvanam, that no man enters. Śaṅkarācārya entered this place and did penance for many days. During this time, a Kāpālika, by name Kirakashan appeared before him.

He told Śrī Śaṅkara that he should give his body as a human-sacrifice to Kālī. Śaṅkara happily agreed. His disciples were shocked to hear this and pleaded with Śaṅkara to change his mind, but he refused to do so saying that it was an honor to give up his body as a sacrifice for Kālī and one must not lament such things. The Kāpālika arranged a fire for the sacrifice and Śaṅkara sat beside it. Just as he lifted his axe to severe the head of Śaṅkara, Viṣṇu as Narasiṁha entered the body of the disciple of Śaṅkarācārya and Narasiṁha devotee, Padmapada. He then fought the Kāpālika, slayed him and freed the forest of Kapalikas. Ādi Śaṅkara composed the powerful Lakṣmī-Narasiṁha Karāvalambaṁ Stotram at the very spot in front of Lord Narasiṁha.

MODE OF WORSHIP

Due to the nature of Narasiṁha's form (divine anger), it is essential that worship be given with a very high level of attention compared to other deities. In many temples only lifelong celibates (Brahmācārya) will be able to have the chance to serve as priests to perform the daily puja. Forms where Narasiṁha appears sitting in a yogic posture, or with the goddess Lakṣmī are the exception to this rule, as Narasiṁha is taken as being more relaxed in both of these instances compared to his form when first emerging from the pillar to protect Prahlāda.

PRAYERS

A number of prayers have been written in dedication to Narasiṁha avatāra. These include:

- The Narasiṁha Mahā-Mantra

- Narasiṁha Praṇāma Prayer

- Daśāvatāra Stotra by Jayadeva

- Kāmaśikha Aṣṭakam by Vedānta Deśika

- Divya Prabandham 2954

- Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Karavalamba Stotram by Sri Adi Sankara

THE NARASIMHA MAHA-MANTRA

- oṁ hrīṁ kṣauṁ

- ugraṁ viraṁ mahāviṣṇuṁ

- jvalantaṁ sarvatomukham ।

- nṛsiṁhaṁ bhīṣaṇaṁ bhadraṁ

- mṛtyormṛtyuṁ namāmyaham ॥

O' Angry and brave Mahā-Viṣṇu, your heat and fire permeate everywhere. O Lord Narasiṁha, you are everywhere. You are the death of death and I surrender to You.

NARASIMHA PRANAMA PRAYER

namaste narasiṁhāya,

prahlādahlāda-dāyine,

hiraṇyakaśipor vakṣaḥ,

śilā-ṭaṅka nakhālaye

I offer my obeisances to Lord Narasiṁha, who gives joy to Prahlāda Mahārāja and whose nails are like chisels on the stone like chest of the demon Hiraṇyakaśipu.

ito nṛsiṁhaḥ parato nṛsiṁho,

yato yato yāmi tato nṛsiṁhaḥ,

bahir nṛsiṁho hṛdaye nṛsiṁho,

nṛsiṁhaṁ ādiṁ śaraṇaṁ prapadye

Lord Nṛsiṁha is here and also there. Wherever I go Lord Narasiṁha is there. He is in the heart and is outside as well. I surrender to Lord Narasiṁha, the origin of all things and the supreme refuge.

DASAVATARA STOTRA BY JAYADEVA

tava kara-kamala-vare nakham adbhuta-śrṅgaṁ,

dalita-hiraṇyakaśipu-tanu-bhṛṅgam,

keśava dhṛta-narahari-rūpa jaya jagadiśa hare

O Keśava! O Lord of the universe. O Hari, who have assumed the form of half-man, half-lion! All glories to You! Just as one can easily crush a wasp between one's fingernails, so in the same way the body of the wasp-like demon Hiraṇyakaśipu has been ripped apart by the wonderful pointed nails on your beautiful lotus hands. (from the Daśāvatāra-stotra composed by Jayadeva)

KAMASIKHA ASTAKAM BY VEDANTA DESIKA

tvayi rakṣati rakṣakaiḥ kimanyaiḥ,

tvayi cārakṣāti rakṣākaiḥ kimanyaiḥ ।

iti niścita dhīḥ śrayāmi nityaṁ,

nṛhare vegavatī taṭāśrayaṁ tvam ॥8॥

O Kāmaśikhā Narasiṁha! you are sarva śakthan. When you are resolved to protect some one, where is the need to seek the protection of anyone else? When you are resolved not to protect some one, which other person is capable of protecting us?. There is no one. Knowing this fundamental truth, I have resolved to offer my śaraṇāgatī at your lotus feet alone that rest at the banks of Vegavatī river.

DIVYA PRABANDHAM 2954

āḍi āḍi agam karaindhu isai

pāḍip pāḍik kaṇṇīr malgi engum

nāḍi nāḍi narasingā endru,

vāḍi vāḍum ivvāl nuthale!

I will dance and melt for you, within my heart, to see you, I will sing in praise of you with tears in joy, I will search for Narasiṁha and I am a householder who still searches to reach you (to attain Salvation).

SYMBOLISM

Narasiṁha indicates God's omnipresence and the lesson is that God is everywhere. For more information, see Vaishnav Theology.

Narasiṁha demonstrates God's willingness and ability to come to the aid of His devotees, no matter how difficult or impossible the circumstances may appear to be.

Prahlāda's devotion indicates that pure devotion is not one of birthright but of character. Prahlāda, although born an asura, demonstrated the greatest bhakti to God, and endured much, without losing faith.

Narasiṁha is known by the epithet Mṛga-Śarīra in Sanskrit which translates to Animal-Man. From a philosophical perspective. Narasiṁha is the very icon of Vaiṣṇavism, where jñāna (knowledge) and Bhakti are important as opposed to Advaita, which has no room for Bhakti, as the object to be worshipped and the worshipper do not exist. As according to Advaita or Māyāvāda, the jīva is Paramātma.

SIGNIFICANCE

In South Indian art – sculptures, bronzes and paintings – Viṣṇu's incarnation as Narasiṁha is one of the most chosen themes and amongst [[Avatar] |Avatāra]]s perhaps next only to Rāma and Kṛṣṇa in popularity.

Lord Narasiṁha also appears as one of Hanuman's 5 faces, who is a significant character in the Rāmāyaṇa as Lord (Rāma's) devotee.

FORMS OF NARASIMHA

There are several forms of Narasiṁha, but 9 main ones collectively known as Nava-narasiṁha:

Ugra-narasiṁha

Kroddha-narasiṁha

Vīra-narasiṁha

Vilamba-narasiṁha

Kopa-narasiṁha

Yoga-narasiṁha

Aghora-narasiṁha

Sudarśana-narasiṁha

Lakṣmī-narasiṁha

In Ahobilam, Andhra Pradesh, the nine forms are as follows:

Chātra-vata-narasiṁha (seated under a banyan tree)

Yogānanda-narasiṁha (who blessed Lord Brahma)

Karañja-narasiṁha

Uha-narasiṁha

Ugra-narasiṁha

Krodha-narasiṁha

Malola-narasiṁha (With Lakṣmī on His lap)

Jvālā-narasiṁha (an eight armed form rushing out of the pillar)

Pavana-narasiṁha (who blessed the sage Bharadvaja)

Forms from Prahlad story:

Stambha-narasiṁha (coming out of the pillar)

Svayam-narasiṁha (manifesting on His own)

Grahaṇa-narasiṁha (catching hold of the demon)

Vidāraṇa-narasiṁha (ripping open of the belly of the demon)

Saṁhāra-narasiṁha (killing the demon)

The following three refer to His ferocious aspect:

Ghora-narasiṁha

Ugra-narasiṁha

Candā-narasiṁha

OTHERS

Pañcamukha-Hanumān-narasiṁha, (appears as one of Śrī Hanuman's five faces.)

Pṛthvī-narasiṁha, Vayu-narasiṁha, Ākāśa-narasiṁha, Jvalana-narasiṁha, and

Amṛta-narasiṁha, (representing the five elements)

Jvālā-narasiṁha (with a flame-like mane)

Lakṣmī-narasiṁha (where Lakṣmī pacifies Him)

Prasāda/Prahlāda-varadā-narasiṁha (His benign aspect of protecting Prahlad)

Chatrā-narasiṁha (seated under a parasol of a five-hooded serpent)

Yoga-narasiṁha or Yogeśvara-narasiṁha (in meditation)

Āveśa-narasiṁha (a frenzied form)

Aṭṭahasa-narasiṁha (a form that roars horribly and majestically strides across to destroy evil)

Cakra-narasiṁha, (with only a discus in hand)

Viṣṇu-narasiṁha, Brahma-narasiṁha and Rudra-narasiṁha

Puṣṭi narasiṁha, (worshipped for overcoming evil influences)

EARLY IMAGES

In Andhra Pradesh, a panel dating to third-fourth century AD shows a full theriomorphic squatting lion with two extra human arms behind his shoulders holding Vaiṣṇava emblems. This lion, flanked by five heroes (vīra), often has been identified as an early depiction of Narasiṁha. Standing cult images of Narasiṁha from the early Gupta period, survive from temples at Tigowa and Eran. These sculptures are two-armed, long maned, frontal, wearing only a lower garment, and with no demon-figure of Hiraṇyakaśipu. Images representing the narrative of Narasiṁha slaying the demon Hiraṇyakaśipu survive from slightly later Gupta-period temples: one at Madhia and one from a temple-doorway now set into the Kūrma-maṭha at Nachna, both dated to the late fifth or early sixth century A.D.

An image of Narasiṁha supposedly dating to second-third century AD sculpted at Mathura was acquired by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in 1987. It was described by Stella Kramrisch, the former Philadelphia Museum of Art's Indian curator, as "perhaps the earliest image of Narasiṁha as yet known". This figure depicts a furled brow, fangs, and lolling tongue similar to later images of Narasiṁha, but the idol's robe, simplicity, and stance set it apart. On Narasiṁha's chest under his upper garment appears the suggestion of an amulet, which Stella Kramrisch associated with Visnu's cognizance, the Kauṣtubha jewel. This upper garment flows over both shoulders; but below Hiranyakasipu, the demon-figure placed horizontally across Narasiṁha's body, a twisted waist-band suggests a separate garment covering the legs. The demon's hair streams behind him, cushioning his head against the man-lion's right knee. He wears a simple single strand of beads. His body seems relaxed, even pliant. His face is calm, with a slight suggestion of a smile. His eyes stare adoringly up at the face of Viṣṇu. There is little tension in this figure's legs or feet, even as Narasiṁha gently disembowels him. His innards spill along his right side. As the Matsya purana describes it, Narasiṁha ripped "apart the mighty Daitya chief as a plaiter of straw mats shreds his reeds". Based on the Gandhara-style of robe worn by the idol, Michael Meiste altered the date of the image to fourth century AD.

Deborah Soifer, a scholar who worked on texts in relation to Narasiṁha, believes that "the traits basic to Viṣṇu in the Veda remain central to Viṣṇu in his avataras" and points out, however, that:

we have virtually no precursors in the Vedic material for the figure of a man-lion, and only one phrase that simply does not rule out the possibility of a violent side to the benign Viṣṇu.

Soifer speaks of the enigma of Viṣṇu's Narasiṁha avatāra and comments that how the myth arrived at its rudimentary form [first recorded in the Mahābhārata], and where the figure of the man-lion came from remain unsolved mysteries.

An image of Narasiṁha, dating to the 9th century, was found on the northern slope of Mount Ijo, at Prambanan, Indonesia. Images of Trivikrama and Varāha avatāras were also found at Prambanan, Indonesia. Viṣṇu and His avatāra images follow iconographic peculiarities characteristic of the art of central Java. This includes physiognomy of central Java, an exaggerated volume of garment, and some elaboration of the jewelry. This decorative scheme once formulated became, with very little modification, an accepted norm for sculptures throughout the Central Javanese period (circa 730–930 A.D.). Despite the iconographic peculiarities, the stylistic antecedents of the Java sculptures can be traced back to Indian carvings as the Chalukya and Pallava images of the 6th–7th centuries AD.

CULTURAL TRADITION OF PROCESSION (SRI NRSIMHA YATRA)

In Rājopadhyāya Brahmins of Nepal, there is a tradition of celebrating the procession ceremony of the deity Narasiṁha avatar, in Lalitpur district of the Kathmandu Valley in Nepal. The Lunar fifth day of the waning phase of the moon, in the holy Soli-lunar Śrāvaṇa month i.e. on Śrāvaṇa Kṛṣṇa Pañcamī of the Hindu Lunar Calendar is marked as auspicious day for the religious procession, Nṛsiṁha Yātrā. This tradition of the holy procession has been held for more than a hundred years. This is one of the typical traditions of the Rājopadhyāya Bramhins, the Hindu Bramhans of the locality.

In this Nṛsiṁha Yātrā, each year one male member of the Rājopadhyāya community gets the chance to be the organizer each year in that particular day. He gets his turn according to the sequence in their record, where the names of Rājopadhyāya bramhins are registered when a brahmāṇa lad is eligible to be called as a Bramhan.

WIKIPEDIA

Penguin by Bill MacDonald

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Language Arts Classroom Poster.

"Beauty and the Beast" by Su Blackwell by Natasha Marco

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Kate's Paperie

8 West 13th Street, NYC

by navema

www.navemastudios.com

Kate’s Paperie is sponsoring this exhibit entitled SLASH: PAPER UNDER THE KNIFE at the Museum of Modern Art & Design. The works of selected artist will be featured in each of their Manhattan stores throughout the month of October 2009.

“Shredding the Word: Books and Language”

The artists in this section respond to paper as a carrier of the written word, using their knives and scissors to modify, subvert, or celebrate the text printed on a page. British artist Su Blackwell elicits childhood memories of favorite readings, as she cuts up old books, turning them into delicate and fragile three-dimensional dreamscapes.

www.sublackwell.co.uk/

SLASH: PAPER UNDER THE KNIFE takes the pulse of the international art world's renewed interest in paper as a creative medium and source of artistic inspiration, examining the remarkably diverse use of paper in a range of art forms. Slash is the third exhibition in MAD's Materials and Process series, which examines the renaissance of traditional handcraft materials and techniques in contemporary art and design. The exhibition surveys unusual paper treatments, including works that are burned, torn, cut by lasers, and shredded. A section of the exhibition will focus on artists who modify books to transform them into sculpture, while another will highlight the use of cut paper for film and video animations.

Selected artists will be commissioned to create site-specific or site-referential works, and others will be invited to create work onsite in MAD's three artist studios that will subsequently be installed in the exhibition.

collections.madmuseum.org/html/exhibitions/485.html

Artist Statement

Paper has been used for communication since its invention; either between humans or in an attempt to communicate with the spirit world. I employ this delicate, accessible medium and use irreversible, destructive processes to reflect on the precariousness of the world we inhabit and the fragility of our life, dreams and ambitions.

It is the delicacy, the slight feeling of claustrophobia, as if these characters, the landscape have been trapped inside the book all this time and are now suddenly released. A number of the compositions have an urgency about them, the choices made for the cut-out people from the illustrations seem to lean towards people on their way somewhere, about to discover something, or perhaps escaping from something. And the landscapes speak of a bleak mystery, a rising, an awareness of the air.

Language Movement 1952 by Muktijuddho e-Archive

একুশঃ ভাষা আন্দোলনের সচিত্র ইতিহাস (১৯৪৭-১৯৫৬) - সি এম তারেক রেজা

Spansh Dictionary by Cerise Bonaccorsi

Case 1: Intro and Quotes by donaldboozer

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(poster) Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond: The World of Constructed Languages

What are Constructed Languages?

Many people are familiar with languages like English, French, Spanish, Chinese, Arabic, Japanese, Swahili, and German. Lesser-known languages include Basque, Georgian, Tibetan, Mohawk, Quechua, and Guguyimidjir. Some languages that are no longer spoken include Etruscan, Gothic, Gaulish, Tocharian, Hittite, Akkadian, and Ancient Egyptian. The one thing that all these languages share is that they all evolved naturally, arising organically within a group of people through various natural forces. No single person defined their vocabularies, designed their syntaxes, or deliberately decided to create them.

Of course, this is a continuum. Some languages (French, for example) are regulated by government bodies like l'Académie Française. Some (like Korean or Cherokee) have had writing systems created for them but otherwise have evolved naturally.

Constructed languages, or conlangs for short, stand at the other end of the spectrum: a single person (or a small group) defines the vocabulary, designs the syntax, and deliberately decides to create a language. Why would someone want to do this when there are so many "real" languages to learn? The reasons are legion: from the simple artistic desire to play with linguistic concepts to the obsession to provide the world with a universal language. Conlangers (those who construct languages) bring a myriad of skills, tastes, and goals to the art and craft of conlanging. Conlanging is a worldwide phenomenon practiced by people of all ages. It is hoped that this exhibit will provide a glimpse into the fascinating world of conlangs and those who take part in this art. As J.R.R. Tolkien may have said in Quenya: Á harya alassë! Enjoy!

(Top left) Invent a new language anyone can understand.

~ Lawrence Ferlinghetti, “Challenges to Young Poets” (excerpt)

(Top right) My language! heavens!

I am the best of them that speak this speech,

Were I but where 'tis spoken.

~ Shakespeare, The Tempest (Act I, Scene 2)

(middle left, quote only) La plus part des occasions des troubles du monde sont grammairiennes.

The greater part of the world’s troubles are due to disputes about grammar.

~ Michel de Montaigne, Essays, Book 2

(Middle, left w/photo) …language is not the frosting, it’s the cake.

~ Tom Robbins, “What is the Function of Metaphor?” Wild Ducks Flying Backward

(Middle, center) But language is wine upon his lips.

~ Virginia Woolf, Jacob’s Room

(Middle right) We shall never understand one another until we reduce the language to seven words.

~ Kahlil Gibran, Sand and Foam

(Middle left, quote only) ...und in irgend einer fernen Zukunft wird es eine neue Sprache, zuerst als Handelssprache, dann als Sprache des geistigen Verkehres überhaupt, für Alle geben, so gewiss, als es einmal Luft-Schifffahrt giebt.

...and in a future as far removed as one may wish, there will be a new language which will first serve as a means of business communication, later as a vehicle for intellectual relations, just as certainly as there will be some day travel by air.

~ Friedrich Nietzsche, “Anzeichen höherer und niederer Cultur,” Menschliches, Allzumenschliches (1876) (Nietzsche’s skeptical late-nineteenth-century prophecy of the possibility of both an international language and air travel.)

(Bottom) Language is a city to the building of which every human being brought a stone.

~ Ralph Waldo Emerson, Letters and Social Aims: Quotation and Originality

(Dr. Seuss) “In the places I go there are things that I see

“That I never could spell if I stopped with the Z.

“I’m telling you this ‘cause you’re one of my friends.

“My alphabet starts where your alphabet ends!

~Dr. Seuss, On Beyond Zebra!

(small rectangular disclaimer; place in one bottom corner of case please):

NOTE: Translations from The Bible (Genesis 11:1-9 (Tower of Babel text) and Genesis 6:6-7) should not be taken as an endorsement of any specific religion. The use of verses from The Bible for illustrative purposes is due to the prevalence of translations of this work across both time and languages.

Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.

~ Noam Chomsky, Syntactic Structures (Chomsky cites this sentence as one which makes no semantic sense but can make grammatical sense.)

Booker at the Frist by Bob Mendelsohn

Oval-Man saving the day.

Language Movement 1952 by Muktijuddho e-Archive

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একুশঃ ভাষা আন্দোলনের সচিত্র ইতিহাস (১৯৪৭-১৯৫৬) - সি এম তারেক রেজা

Language Movement 1952 by Muktijuddho e-Archive

একুশঃ ভাষা আন্দোলনের সচিত্র ইতিহাস (১৯৪৭-১৯৫৬) - সি এম তারেক রেজা

Nepal - Kathmandu - Durbar Square - 158 by Manfred Sommer

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Kathmandu is the capital and largest municipality of Nepal. It is the only city of Nepal with the administrative status of Mahanagar (Metropolitan City), as compared to Upa-Mahanagar (Sub-Metropolitan City) or Nagar (City). Kathmandu is the core of Nepal's largest urban agglomeration located in the Kathmandu Valley consisting of Lalitpur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi, Bhaktapur and a number of smaller communities. Kathmandu is also known informally as "KTM" or the "tri-city". According to the 2011 census, Kathmandu Metropolitan City has a population of 975.453 and measures 49,45 square kilometres.

The city stands at an elevation of approximately 1.400 metres in the bowl-shaped Kathmandu Valley of central Nepal. It is surrounded by four major hills: Shivapuri, Phulchoki, Nagarjun, and Chandragiri. Kathmandu Valley is part of three districts (Kathmandu, Lalitpur, and Bhaktapur), has the highest population density in the country, and is home to about a twelfth of Nepal's population.

Historically, the Kathmandu Valley and adjoining areas were known as Nepal Mandala. Until the 15th century, Bhaktapur was its capital when two other capitals, Kathmandu and Lalitpur, were established. During the Rana and Shah eras, British historians called the valley itself "Nepal Proper". Today, Kathmandu is not only the capital of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, but also the headquarters of the Bagmati Zone and the Central Development Region of Nepal.

Kathmandu is the gateway to tourism in Nepal. It is also the hub of the country's economy. It has the most advanced infrastructure of any urban area in Nepal, and its economy is focused on tourism, which accounted for 3.8% of Nepal's GDP in 1995–96. Tourism in Kathmandu declined thereafter during a period of political unrest, but since then has improved. In 2013, Kathmandu was ranked third among the top 10 travel destinations on the rise in the world by TripAdvisor, and ranked first in Asia.

The city has a rich history, spanning nearly 2000 years, as inferred from inscriptions found in the valley. Religious and cultural festivities form a major part of the lives of people residing in Kathmandu. Most of Kathmandu's people follow Hinduism and many others follow Buddhism. There are people of other religious beliefs as well, giving Kathmandu a cosmopolitan culture. Nepali is the most commonly spoken language in the city. English is understood by Kathmandu's educated residents. Kathmandu was devastated by a 7.8 magnitude earthquake on April 25, 2015.

ETYMOLOGY

The city of Kathmandu is named after Kasthamandap temple, that stood in Durbar Square. In Sanskrit, Kastha (काष्ठ) means "wood" and Mandap (/मण्डप) means "covered shelter". This temple, also known as Maru Satal (in ″Newar language″), was built in 1596 by King Laxmi Narsingh Malla. The two-storey structure was made entirely of wood, and used no iron nails nor supports. According to legend, all the timber used to build the pagoda was obtained from a single tree. The structure unfortunately collapsed during the major earthquake in April 2015.

The colophons of ancient manuscripts, dated as late as the 20th century, refer to Kathmandu as Kasthamandap Mahanagar in Nepal Mandala. Mahanagar means "great city". The city is called "Kasthamandap" in a vow that Buddhist priests still recite to this day. Thus, Kathmandu is also known as Kasthamandap. During medieval times, the city was sometimes called Kantipur (कान्तिपुर). This name is derived from two Sanskrit words - Kanti and pur. "Kanti" is one of the names of the Goddess Lakshmi, and "pur" means place.

Among the indigenous Newar people, Kathmandu is known as Yen Desa (येँ देश), and Patan and Bhaktapur are known as Yala Desa (यल देश) and Khwopa Desa (ख्वप देश). "Yen" is the shorter form of Yambu (यम्बु), which originally referred to the northern half of Kathmandu.

HISTORY

Archaeological excavations in parts of Kathmandu have found evidence of ancient civilizations. The oldest of these findings is a statue, found in Maligaon, that was dated at 185 AD. The excavation of Dhando Chaitya uncovered a brick with an inscription in Brahmi script. Archaeologists believe it is two thousand years old. Stone inscriptions are an ubiquitous element at heritage sites and are key sources for the history of Nepal

The earliest Western reference to Kathmandu appears in an account of Jesuit Fathers Johann Grueber and Albert d'Orville. In 1661, they passed through Nepal on their way from Tibet to India, and reported that they reached "Cadmendu, the capital of the Kingdom of Necbal".

ANCIENT HISTORY

The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, the present day Kathmandu was once a lake called Nagdaha. The lake was drained by Manjusri, who established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the land.

Kotirudra Samhita of Shiva Purana, Chapter 11, shloka 18 refers to the place as Nayapala city famous for its Pashupati Shivalinga. The name Nepal probably originates from this city Nayapala.

Very few historical records exist of the period before the medieval Licchavis rulers. According to Gopalraj Vansawali, a genealogy of Nepali monarchs, the rulers of Kathmandu Valley before the Licchavis were Gopalas, Mahispalas, Aabhirs, Kirants, and Somavanshi. The Kirata dynasty was established by Yalamber. During the Kirata era, a settlement called Yambu existed in the northern half of old Kathmandu. In some of the Sino-Tibetan languages, Kathmandu is still called Yambu. Another smaller settlement called Yengal was present in the southern half of old Kathmandu, near Manjupattan. During the reign of the seventh Kirata ruler, Jitedasti, Buddhist monks entered Kathmandu valley and established a forest monastery at Sankhu.

MEDIEVAL HISTORY

LICCHAVI ERA

The Licchavis from the Indo-Gangetic plain migrated north and defeated the Kiratas, establishing the Licchavi dynasty. During this era, following the genocide of Shakyas in Lumbini by Virudhaka, the survivors migrated north and entered the forest monastery in Sankhu masquerading as Koliyas. From Sankhu, they migrated to Yambu and Yengal (Lanjagwal and Manjupattan) and established the first permanent Buddhist monasteries of Kathmandu. This created the basis of Newar Buddhism, which is the only surviving Sanskrit-based Buddhist tradition in the world. With their migration, Yambu was called Koligram and Yengal was called Dakshin Koligram during most of the Licchavi era.Eventually, the Licchavi ruler Gunakamadeva merged Koligram and Dakshin Koligram, founding the city of Kathmandu. The city was designed in the shape of Chandrahrasa, the sword of Manjushri. The city was surrounded by eight barracks guarded by Ajimas. One of these barracks is still in use at Bhadrakali (in front of Singha Durbar). The city served as an important transit point in the trade between India and Tibet, leading to tremendous growth in architecture. Descriptions of buildings such as Managriha, Kailaskut Bhawan, and Bhadradiwas Bhawan have been found in the surviving journals of travelers and monks who lived during this era. For example, the famous 7th-century Chinese traveller Xuanzang described Kailaskut Bhawan, the palace of the Licchavi king Amshuverma. The trade route also led to cultural exchange as well. The artistry of the Newar people - the indigenous inhabitants of the Kathmandu Valley - became highly sought after during this era, both within the Valley and throughout the greater Himalayas. Newar artists travelled extensively throughout Asia, creating religious art for their neighbors. For example, Araniko led a group of his compatriot artists through Tibet and China. Bhrikuti, the princess of Nepal who married Tibetan monarch Songtsän Gampo, was instrumental in introducing Buddhism to Tibet.

MALLA ERA

The Licchavi era was followed by the Malla era. Rulers from Tirhut, upon being attacked by Muslims, fled north to the Kathmandu valley. They intermarried with Nepali royalty, and this led to the Malla era. The early years of the Malla era were turbulent, with raids and attacks from Khas and Turk Muslims. There was also a devastating earthquake which claimed the lives of a third of Kathmandu's population, including the king Abhaya Malla. These disasters led to the destruction of most of the architecture of the Licchavi era (such as Mangriha and Kailashkut Bhawan), and the loss of literature collected in various monasteries within the city. Despite the initial hardships, Kathmandu rose to prominence again and, during most of the Malla era, dominated the trade between India and Tibet. Nepali currency became the standard currency in trans-Himalayan trade.

During the later part of the Malla era, Kathmandu Valley comprised four fortified cities: Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, and Kirtipur. These served as the capitals of the Malla confederation of Nepal. These states competed with each other in the arts, architecture, aesthetics, and trade, resulting in tremendous development. The kings of this period directly influenced or involved themselves in the construction of public buildings, squares, and temples, as well as the development of water spouts, the institutionalization of trusts (called guthis), the codification of laws, the writing of dramas, and the performance of plays in city squares. Evidence of an influx of ideas from India, Tibet, China, Persia, and Europe among other places can be found in a stone inscription from the time of king Pratap Malla. Books have been found from this era that describe their tantric tradition (e.g. Tantrakhyan), medicine (e.g. Haramekhala), religion (e.g. Mooldevshashidev), law, morals, and history. Amarkosh, a Sanskrit-Nepal Bhasa dictionary from 1381 AD, was also found. Architecturally notable buildings from this era include Kathmandu Durbar Square, Patan Durbar Square, Bhaktapur Durbar Square, the former durbar of Kirtipur, Nyatapola, Kumbheshwar, the Krishna temple, and others.

MODERN ERA

EARLY SHAH RULE

The Gorkha Kingdom ended the Malla confederation after the Battle of Kathmandu in 1768. This marked the beginning of the modern era in Kathmandu. The Battle of Kirtipur was the start of the Gorkha conquest of the Kathmandu Valley. Kathmandu was adopted as the capital of the Gorkha empire, and the empire itself was dubbed Nepal. During the early part of this era, Kathmandu maintained its distinctive culture. Buildings with characteristic Nepali architecture, such as the nine-story tower of Basantapur, were built during this era. However, trade declined because of continual war with neighboring nations. Bhimsen Thapa supported France against Great Britain; this led to the development of modern military structures, such as modern barracks in Kathmandu. The nine-storey tower Dharahara was originally built during this era.

RANA RULE

Rana rule over Nepal started with the Kot Massacre, which occurred near Hanuman Dhoka Durbar. During this massacre, most of Nepal's high-ranking officials were massacred by Jang Bahadur Rana and his supporters. Another massacre, the Bhandarkhal Massacre, was also conducted by Kunwar and his supporters in Kathmandu. During the Rana regime, Kathmandu's alliance shifted from anti-British to pro-British; this led to the construction of the first buildings in the style of Western European architecture. The most well-known of these buildings include Singha Durbar, Garden of Dreams, Shital Niwas, and the old Narayanhiti palace. The first modern commercial road in the Kathmandu Valley, the New Road, was also built during this era. Trichandra College (the first college of Nepal), Durbar School (the first modern school of Nepal), and Bir Hospital (the first hospital of Nepal) were built in Kathmandu during this era. Rana rule was marked by tyranny, debauchery, economic exploitation and religious persecution.

GEOGRAPHY

Kathmandu is located in the northwestern part of Kathmandu Valley to the north of the Bagmati River and covers an area of 50,67 square kilometres. The average elevation is 1.400 metres above sea level. The city is directly bounded by several other municipalities of the Kathmandu valley: south of the Bagmati by Lalitpur Sub-Metropolitan City (Patan) with which it today forms one urban area surrounded by a ring road, to the southwest by Kirtipur Municipality and to the east by Madyapur Thimi Municipality. To the north the urban area extends into several Village Development Committees. However, the urban agglomeration extends well beyond the neighboring municipalities, e. g. to Bhaktapur and just about covers the entire Kathmandu valley.

Kathmandu is dissected by eight rivers, the main river of the valley, the Bagmati and its tributaries, of which the Bishnumati, Dhobi Khola, Manohara Khola, Hanumant Khola, and Tukucha Khola are predominant. The mountains from where these rivers originate are in the elevation range of 1.500–3.000 metres, and have passes which provide access to and from Kathmandu and its valley. An ancient canal once flowed from Nagarjuna hill through Balaju to Kathmandu; this canal is now extinct.

Kathmandu and its valley are in the Deciduous Monsoon Forest Zone (altitude range of 1.200–2.100 metres), one of five vegetation zones defined for Nepal. The dominant tree species in this zone are oak, elm, beech, maple and others, with coniferous trees at higher altitude.

TOURISM

Tourism is considered another important industry in Nepal. This industry started around 1950, as the country's political makeup changed and ended the country's isolation from the rest of the world. In 1956, air transportation was established and the Tribhuvan Highway, between Kathmandu and Raxaul (at India's border), was started. Separate organizations were created in Kathmandu to promote this activity; some of these include the Tourism Development Board, the Department of Tourism and the Civil Aviation Department. Furthermore, Nepal became a member of several international tourist associations. Establishing diplomatic relations with other nations further accentuated this activity. The hotel industry, travel agencies, training of tourist guides, and targeted publicity campaigns are the chief reasons for the remarkable growth of this industry in Nepal, and in Kathmandu in particular.

Since then, tourism in Nepal has thrived; it is sometimes called the "third religion" of Nepal. It is the country's most important industry. Tourism is a major source of income for most of the people in the city, with several hundred thousand visitors annually. Hindu and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world visit Kathmandu's religious sites such as Pashupatinath, Swayambhunath, Boudhanath and Budhanilkantha. From a mere 6179 tourists in 1961–62, the number jumped to 491504 in 1999-2000. With the end of Maoist insuregency period in 2009 there was a significant rise of 509,956 tourist arrivals. Since then, tourism has improved as the country turned into a Democratic Republic. In economic terms, the foreign exchange registered 3.8% of the GDP in 1995–96 but then started declining. The high level of tourism is attributed to the natural grandeur of the Himalayas and the rich cultural heritage of the country.

The neighborhood of Thamel is Kathmandu's primary "traveler's ghetto", packed with guest houses, restaurants, shops, and bookstores, catering to tourists. Another neighborhood of growing popularity is Jhamel, a name for Jhamsikhel coined to rhyme with Thamel. Jhochhen Tol, also known as Freak Street, is Kathmandu's original traveler's haunt, made popular by the hippies of the 1960s and 1970s; it remains a popular alternative to Thamel. Asan is a bazaar and ceremonial square on the old trade route to Tibet, and provides a fine example of a traditional neighborhood.

With the opening of the tourist industry after the change in the political scenario of Nepal in 1950, the hotel industry drastically improved. Now Kathmandu boasts several five-star hotels like Hyatt Regency, Hotel Yak & Yeti, The Everest Hotel, Hotel Radisson, Hotel De L'Annapurna, The Malla Hotel, Shangri-La Hotel (which is not operated by the Shangri-La Hotel Group) and The Shanker Hotel. There are several four-star hotels such as Hotel Vaishali, Hotel Narayani, The Blue Star and Grand Hotel. The Garden Hotel, Hotel Ambassador, and Aloha Inn are among the three-star hotels in Kathmandu. Hotels like Hyatt Regency, De L'Annapurna and Hotel Yak & Yeti are among the five-star hotels providing casinos as well.

DEMOGRAPHICS

Kathmandu's urban cosmopolitan character has made it the most populous city in Nepal, recording a population of 671846 residents living in 235387 households in the metropolitan area, according to the 2001 census. According to the National Population Census of 2011, the total population of Kathmandu city was 975543 with an annual growth rate of 6,12% with respect to the population figure of 2001. 70% of the total population residing in Kathmandu are aged between 15 and 59.

Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427045 in 1991 to 671805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915071 in 2011 and 1.319.597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of 5,076.6 hectares has expanded to 8.214 hectares in 2001. With this new area, the population density which was 85 in 1991 is still 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021.

ETHNIC GROUPS

The largest ethnic groups are Newar (29.6%), Matwali (25.1% Sunuwar, Gurung, Magars, Tamang etc.), Khas Brahmins (20.51%) and Chettris (18.5%) . Tamangs originating from surrounding hill districts can be seen in Kathmandu. More recently, other hill ethnic groups and Caste groups from Terai have become present as well in vast majority. The major languages are Nepali, Nepal Bhasa and English is understood by about 30% of the people. The major religions are Hinduism and Buddhism.

The linguistic profile of Kathmandu underwent drastic changes during the Shah dynasty's rule because of its strong bias towards the Brahminic culture. Sanskrit language therefore was preferred and people were encouraged to learn it even by attending Sanskrit learning centers in Terai. Sanskrit schools were specially set up in Kathmandu and in the Terai region to inculcate traditional Hindu culture and practices originated from Nepal.

ARCHITECTURE AND CITYSCAPE

The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture. The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has been categorized under the well-known seven groups of heritage monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site (WHS). The seven monuments zones cover an area of 188,95 hectares, with the buffer zone extending to 239,34 hectares. The Seven Monument Zones (Mzs) inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Boudhanath.

DURBAR SQUARES

The literal meaning of Durbar Square is a "place of palaces". There are three preserved Durbar Squares in Kathmandu valley and one unpreserved in Kirtipur. The Durbar Square of Kathmandu is located in the old city and has heritage buildings representing four kingdoms (Kantipur, Lalitpur, Bhaktapur, Kirtipur); the earliest is the Licchavi dynasty. The complex has 50 temples and is distributed in two quadrangles of the Durbar Square. The outer quadrangle has the Kasthamandap, Kumari Ghar, and Shiva-Parvati Temple; the inner quadrangle has the Hanuman Dhoka palace. The squares were severely damaged in the April 2015 Nepal earthquake.

Hanuman Dhoka is a complex of structures with the Royal Palace of the Malla kings and of the Shah dynasty. It is spread over five acres. The eastern wing, with ten courtyards, is the oldest part, dating to the mid-16th century. It was expanded by King Pratap Malla in the 17th century with many temples. The royal family lived in this palace until 1886 when they moved to Narayanhiti Palace. The stone inscription outside is in fifteen languages.

Kumari Ghar is a palace in the center of the Kathmandu city, next to the Durbar square where a Royal Kumari selected from several Kumaris resides. Kumari, or Kumari Devi, is the tradition of worshipping young pre-pubescent girls as manifestations of the divine female energy or devi in South Asian countries. In Nepal the selection process is very rigorous. Kumari is believed to be the bodily incarnation of the goddess Taleju (the Nepali name for Durga) until she menstruates, after which it is believed that the goddess vacates her body. Serious illness or a major loss of blood from an injury are also causes for her to revert to common status. The current Royal Kumari, Matina Shakya, age four, was installed in October 2008 by the Maoist government that replaced the monarchy.

Kasthamandap is a three-storeyed temple enshrining an image of Gorakhnath. It was built in the 16th century in pagoda style. The name of Kathmandu is a derivative of the word Kasthamandap. It was built under the reign of King Laxmi Narsingha Malla. Kasthamandap stands at the intersection of two ancient trade routes linking India and Tibet at Maru square. It was originally built as a rest house for travelers.

PASHUPATINATH TEMPLE

The Pashupatinath Temple is a famous 5th century Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva (Pashupati). Located on the banks of the Bagmati River in the eastern part of Kathmandu, Pashupatinath Temple is the oldest Hindu temple in Kathmandu. It served as the seat of national deity, Lord Pashupatinath, until Nepal was secularized. However, a significant part of the temple was destroyed by Mughal invaders in the 14th century and little or nothing remains of the original 5th-century temple exterior. The temple as it stands today was built in the 19th century, although the image of the bull and the black four-headed image of Pashupati are at least 300 years old. The temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Shivaratri, or the night of Lord Shiva, is the most important festival that takes place here, attracting thousands of devotees and sadhus.

Believers in Pashupatinath (mainly Hindus) are allowed to enter the temple premises, but non-Hindu visitors are allowed to view the temple only from the across the Bagmati River. The priests who perform the services at this temple have been Brahmins from Karnataka, South India since the time of Malla king Yaksha Malla. This tradition is believed to have been started at the request of Adi Shankaracharya who sought to unify the states of Bharatam (Unified India) by encouraging cultural exchange. This procedure is followed in other temples around India, which were sanctified by Adi Shankaracharya.

The temple is built in the pagoda style of architecture, with cubic constructions, carved wooden rafters (tundal) on which they rest, and two-level roofs made of copper and gold.

BOUDHANATH

The Boudhanath, (also written Bouddhanath, Bodhnath, Baudhanath or the Khāsa Chaitya), is one of the holiest Buddhist sites in Nepal, along with Swayambhu. It is a very popular tourist site. Boudhanath is known as Khāsti by Newars and as Bauddha or Bodhnāth by speakers of Nepali. Located about 11 km from the center and northeastern outskirts of Kathmandu, the stupa's massive mandala makes it one of the largest spherical stupas in Nepal. Boudhanath became a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.The base of the stupa has 108 small depictions of the Dhyani Buddha Amitabha. It is surrounded with a brick wall with 147 niches, each with four or five prayer wheels engraved with the mantra, om mani padme hum. At the northern entrance where visitors must pass is a shrine dedicated to Ajima, the goddess of smallpox. Every year the stupa attracts many Tibetan Buddhist pilgrims who perform full body prostrations in the inner lower enclosure, walk around the stupa with prayer wheels, chant, and pray. Thousands of prayer flags are hoisted up from the top of the stupa downwards and dot the perimeter of the complex. The influx of many Tibetan refugees from China has seen the construction of over 50 Tibetan gompas (monasteries) around Boudhanath.

SWAYAMBHU

Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions.[clarification needed] There are pentagonal Toran above each of the four sides, with statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a small space above which lies a gajur.

CULTURE

ARTS

Kathmandu valley is described as "an enormous treasure house of art and sculptures", which are made of wood, stone, metal, and terracotta, and found in profusion in temples, shrines, stupas, gompas, chaityasm and palaces. The art objects are also seen in street corners, lanes, private courtyards, and in open ground. Most art is in the form of icons of gods and goddesses. Kathmandu valley has had this art treasure very long, but received worldwide recognition only after the country opened its doors to the outside world in 1950.

The religious art of Nepal and Kathmandu in particular consists of an iconic symbolism of the Mother Goddesses such as: Bhavani, Durga, Gaja-Lakshmi, Hariti-Sitala, Mahsishamardini, Saptamatrika (seven mother goddesses), and Sri-Lakshmi(wealth-goddess). From the 3rd century BC, apart from the Hindu gods and goddesses, Buddhist monuments from the Ashokan period (it is said that Ashoka visited Nepal in 250 BC) have embellished Nepal in general and the valley in particular. These art and architectural edifices encompass three major periods of evolution: the Licchavi or classical period (500 to 900 AD), the post-classical period (1000 to 1400 AD), with strong influence of the Palla art form; the Malla period (1400 onwards) that exhibited explicitly tantric influences coupled with the art of Tibetan Demonology.

A broad typology has been ascribed to the decorative designs and carvings created by the people of Nepal. These artists have maintained a blend of Hinduism and Buddhism. The typology, based on the type of material used are: Stone Art, Metal Art, Wood Art, Terracotta Art, and Painting.

MUSEUMS

Kathmandu is home to a number of museums and art galleries, including the National Museum of Nepal and the Natural History Museum of Nepal. Nepal's art and architecture is an amalgamation of two ancient religions, Hinduism and Buddhhism. These are amply reflected in the many temples, shrines, stupas, monasteries, and palaces in the seven well-defined Monument Zones of the Kathmandu valley recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. This amalgamation is also reflected in the planning and exhibitions in museums and art galleries throughout Kathmandu and its sister cities of Patan and Bhaktapur. The museums display unique artifacts and paintings from the 5th century CE to the present day, including archeological exportation.

KATHMANDU MUSEUMS ABD ART GALLERIES INCLUDE:

The National Museum

The Natural History Museum

Hanumandhoka Palace Complex

The Kaiser Library

The National Art Gallery

The NEF-ART (Nepal Fine Art) Gallery

The Nepal Art Council Gallery

Narayanhity Palace Museum

The Taragaon Museum

The National Museum is located in the western part of Kathmandu, near the Swayambhunath stupa in an historical building. This building was constructed in the early 19th century by General Bhimsen Thapa. It is the most important museum in the country, housing an extensive collection of weapons, art and antiquities of historic and cultural importance. The museum was established in 1928 as a collection house of war trophies and weapons, and the initial name of this museum was Chhauni Silkhana, meaning "the stone house of arms and ammunition". Given its focus, the museum contains an extensive quantity of weapons, including locally made firearms used in wars, leather cannons from the 18th–19th century, and medieval and modern works in wood, bronze, stone and paintings.

The Natural History Museum is located in the southern foothills of Swayambhunath hill and has a sizeable collection of different species of animals, butterflies, and plants. The museum is noted for its display of species, from prehistoric shells to stuffed animals.

The Tribhuvan Museum contains artifacts related to the King Tribhuvan (1906–1955). It has a variety of pieces including his personal belongings, letters and papers, memorabilia related to events he was involved in and a rare collection of photos and paintings of Royal family members. The Mahendra Museum is dedicated to king Mahendra of Nepal (1920–1972). Like the Tribhuvan Museum, it includes his personal belongings such as decorations, stamps, coins and personal notes and manuscripts, but it also has structural reconstructions of his cabinet room and office chamber. The Hanumandhoka Palace, a lavish medieval palace complex in the Durbar, contains three separate museums of historic importance. These museums include the Birendra museum, which contains items related to the second-last monarch, Birendra of Nepal.

The enclosed compound of the Narayanhity Palace Museum is in the north-central part of Kathmandu. "Narayanhity" comes from Narayana, a form of the Hindu god Lord Vishnu, and Hiti, meaning "water spout" (Vishnu's temple is located opposite the palace, and the water spout is located east of the main entrance to the precinct). Narayanhity was a new palace, in front of the old palace built in 1915, and was built in 1970 in the form of a contemporary Pagoda. It was built on the occasion of the marriage of King Birenda Bir Bikram Shah, then heir apparent to the throne. The southern gate of the palace is at the crossing of Prithvipath and Darbar Marg roads. The palace area covers 30 hectares and is fully secured with gates on all sides. This palace was the scene of the Nepali royal massacre. After the fall of the monarchy, it was converted to a museum.The Taragaon Museum presents the modern history of the Kathmandu Valley. It seeks to document 50 years of research and cultural heritage conservation of the Kathmandu Valley, documenting what artists photographers architects anthropologists from abroad had contributed in the second half of the 20th century. The actual structure of the Museum showcases restoration and rehabilitation efforts to preserve the built heritage of Kathmandu. It was designed by Carl Pruscha (master-planner of the Kathmandy Valley) in 1970 and constructed in 1971. Restoration works began in 2010 to rehabilitate the Taragaon hostel into the Taragaon Museum. The design uses local brick along with modern architectural design elements, as well as the use of circle, triangles and squares. The Museum is within a short walk from the Boudhnath stupa, which itself can be seen from the Museum tower.

ART GALLERIES

Kathmandu is a center for art in Nepal, displaying the work of contemporary artists in the country and also collections of historical artists. Patan in particular is an ancient city noted for its fine arts and crafts. Art in Kathmandu is vibrant, demonstrating a fusion of traditionalism and modern art, derived from a great number of national, Asian, and global influences. Nepali art is commonly divided into two areas: the idealistic traditional painting known as Paubhas in Nepal and perhaps more commonly known as Thangkas in Tibet, closely linked to the country's religious history and on the other hand the contemporary western-style painting, including nature-based compositions or abstract artwork based on Tantric elements and social themes of which painters in Nepal are well noted for. Internationally, the British-based charity, the Kathmandu Contemporary Art Centre is involved with promoting arts in Kathmandu.

Kathmandu contains many notable art galleries. The NAFA Gallery, operated by the Arts and crafts Department of the Nepal Academy is housed in Sita Bhavan, a neo-classical old Rana palace.

The Srijana Contemporary Art Gallery, located inside the Bhrikutimandap Exhibition grounds, hosts the work of contemporary painters and sculptors, and regularly organizes exhibitions. It also runs morning and evening classes in the schools of art. Also of note is the Moti Azima Gallery, located in a three storied building in Bhimsenthan which contains an impressive collection of traditional utensils and handmade dolls and items typical of a medieval Newar house, giving an important insight into Nepali history. The J Art Gallery is also located in Kathmandu, near the Royal Palace in Durbarmarg, Kathmandu and displays the artwork of eminent, established Nepali painters. The Nepal Art Council Gallery, located in the Babar Mahal, on the way to Tribhuvan International Airport contains artwork of both national and international artists and extensive halls regularly used for art exhibitions.

CUISINE

The staple food of most of Kathmanduites is dal bhat. It consists of rice and lentil soup, generally served with vegetable curries, achar and sometimes Chutney. Momo, a type of Nepali version of Tibetan dumpling, has become prominent in Nepal with many street vendors selling it. It is one of the most popular fast foods in Kathmandu. Various Nepali variants of momo including buff (i.e. buffalo) momo, chicken momo, and vegetarian momo are famous in Kathmandu. Dal Bhaat is the local cuisine of Kathmandu.

Most of the cuisines found in Kathmandu are non-vegetarian. However, the practice of vegetarianism is not uncommon, and vegetarian cuisines can be found throughout the city. Consumption of beef is very uncommon and considered taboo in many places. Buff (meat of water buffalo) is very common. There is a strong tradition of buff consumption in Kathmandu, especially among Newars, which is not found in other parts of Nepal. Consumption of pork was considered taboo until a few decades ago. Due to the intermixing with Kirat cuisine from eastern Nepal, pork has found a place in Kathmandu dishes. A fringe population of devout Hindus and Muslims consider it taboo. The Muslims forbid eating buff as from Quran while Hindus eat all varieties except Cow's meat as the consider Cow to be a goddess and symbol of purity. The chief breakfast for locals and visitors is mostly Momo or Chowmein.

Kathmandu had only one restaurant in 1955. A large number of restaurants in Kathmandu have since opened, catering Nepali cuisine, Tibetan cuisine, Chinese cuisine and Indian cuisine in particular. Many other restaurants have opened to accommodate locals, expatriates, and tourists. The growth of tourism in Kathmandu has led to culinary creativity and the development of hybrid foods to accommodate for tourists such as American chop suey, which is a sweet-and-sour sauce with crispy noodles with a fried egg commonly added on top and other westernized adaptations of traditional cuisine. Continental cuisine can be found in selected places. International chain restaurants are rare, but some outlets of Pizza Hut and KFC have recently opened there. It also has several outlets of the international ice-cream chain Baskin-Robbins

Kathmandu has a larger proportion of tea drinkers than coffee drinkers. Tea is widely served but is extremely weak by western standards. It is richer and contains tea leaves boiled with milk, sugar and spices. Alcohol is widely drunk, and there are numerous local variants of alcoholic beverages. But its use has been now reduced.refnational survey. Drinking and driving is illegal, and authorities have a zero tolerance policy. Ailaa and thwon (alcohol made from rice) are the alcoholic beverages of Kathmandu, found in all the local bhattis (alcohol serving eateries). Chhyaang, tongba (fermented millet or barley) and rakshi are alcohols from other parts of Nepal which are found in Kathmandu. However, shops and bars in Kathmandu widely sell western and Nepali beers. Shops are forbidden to sell alcohol on the first two days and last two days of the Nepali month (Nepal Sambat).

FESTIVALS

Most of the fairs and festivals in Kathmandu originated in the Malla period or earlier. Traditionally, these festivals were celebrated by Newars. In recent years, these festivals have found wider participation from other Kathmanduites as well. As the capital of the Republic of Nepal, various national festivals are celebrated in Kathmandu. With mass migration to the city, the cultures of Khas from the west, Kirats from the east, Bon/Tibetan from the north, and Mithila from the south meet in the capital and mingle harmoniously. The festivities such as the Ghode (horse) Jatra, Indra Jatra, Dashain Durga Puja festivals, Shivratri and many more are observed by all Hindu and Buddhist communities of Kathmandu with devotional fervor and enthusiasm. Social regulation in the codes enacted incorporate Hindu traditions and ethics. These were followed by the Shah kings and previous kings, as devout Hindus and protectors of Buddhist religion.

Cultural continuity has been maintained for centuries in the exclusive worship of goddesses and deities in Kathmandu and the rest of the country. These deities include the Ajima, Taleju (or Tulja Bhavani), Digu taleju, and Kumari (the living goddess).[citation needed] The artistic edifices have now become places of worship in the everyday life of the people, therefore a roster is maintained to observe annual festivals. There are 133 festivals held in the year.

Some of the traditional festivals observed in Kathmandu, apart from those previously mentioned, are Bada Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Maghe Sankranti, Naga Panchami, Janai Poornima, Pancha Dan, Teej/Rishi Panchami, Pahan Charhe, Jana Baha Dyah Jatra (White Machchhendranath Jatra), and Matatirtha Aunsi.

HINDUISM

Assumedly, together with the kingdom of Licchhavi (c. 400 to 750), Hinduism and the endogam social stratification of the Caste was established in Kathmandu Valley. The Pashupatinath Temple, Changu Narayan temple (the oldest), and the Kasthamandap are of particular importance to Hindus. Other notable Hindu temples in Kathmandu and the surrounding valley include Bajrayogini Temple, Dakshinkali Temple, Guhyeshwari Temple, and the Sobha Bhagwati shrine.

The Bagmati River which flows through Kathmandu is considered a holy river both by Hindus and Buddhists, and many Hindu temples are located on the banks of this river. The importance of the Bagmati also lies in the fact that Hindus are cremated on its banks, and Kirants are buried in the hills by its side. According to the Nepali Hindu tradition, the dead body must be dipped three times into the Bagmati before cremation. The chief mourner (usually the first son) who lights the funeral pyre must take a holy riverwater bath immediately after cremation. Many relatives who join the funeral procession also take bath in the Bagmati River or sprinkle the holy water on their bodies at the end of cremation as the Bagmati is believed to purify people spiritually.

BUDDHISM

Buddhism started in Kathmandu with the arrival of Buddhist monks during the time of Buddha (c. 563 - 483 BC). They started a forest monastery in Sankhu. This monastery was renovated by Shakyas after they fled genocide from Virudhaka (rule: 491-461 BC).

During the Hindu Lichchavi era (c. 400 to 750), various monasteries and orders were created which successively led to the formation of Newar Buddhism, which is still practiced in the primary liturgical language of Hinduism, Sanskrit.

WIKIPEDIA

LiveABC Demo 061 by ArdieBeaPhotography

We've recently adopted this English Language programme for school children, and are running demo lessons for local kids. This was the first.

Multicultural Mashup Melds Languages, Cultures at COD 58 by COD Newsroom

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Representatives from the College of DuPage Spanish, German, Korean, French, Japanese and Italian clubs and the Alpha Mu Gamm Language Honor Society recently held a celebration of their diverse cultures at the Multicultural Mashup at the Glen Ellyn campus, 425 Fawell Blvd. The groups presented music, food and other cultural treats to highlight their respective corners of the world and educate guests on the various groups represented on the COD campus.