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Ranthambore National Park, Rajasthan, India.
The sambar is a large deer native to the Indian subcontinent, South China, and Southeast Asia, listed as a vulnerable species on the IUCN Red List since 2008. Populations have declined substantially due to severe hunting, local insurgency, and industrial exploitation of habitat.
Source: Wikipedia
L'exploitation de la marne a fait disparaître le prolongement de l'ancien Luikerweg, et la plate-forme symbolise ce prolongement à partir d'aujourd'hui. De la plate-forme, vous regardez dans la carrière et voyez les lacs avec leur couleur azur profond, causée par le reflet du ciel bleu dans les profondeurs de l'eau. Le point le plus profond de la carrière est de 5m et la Meuse est de 45m à cet endroit.
L'origine de cette carrière est due à ENCI (First Dutch Cement Industry). Dès 1926, l'extraction de la marne très calcaire pour l'industrie du ciment a commencé ici, au cœur de Sint Pietersberg. 900 000 tonnes de ciment y ont été produites, l'imposante cheminée de l'usine ENCI dominant le paysage. Depuis 2018, l'exploitation de la marne a cessé et la nature a retrouvé de l'espace grâce aux Natuurmonumenten.
Marl mining eliminated the extension of the old Luikerweg, and the platform symbolizes this extension to this day. From the platform, you look down into the quarry and see the lakes with their deep azure color, caused by the reflection of the blue sky in the water's depths. The quarry's deepest point is 5 meters, and the Meuse River is 45 meters deep at this point.
This quarry was founded by ENCI (First Dutch Cement Industry). As early as 1926, the extraction of the highly calcareous marl for the cement industry began here, in the heart of Sint Pietersberg. 900,000 tons of cement were produced here, with the imposing chimney of the ENCI factory dominating the landscape. Since 2018, marl mining has ceased, and nature has regained its place thanks to the Nature Monuments.
Parque Natural del Señorío de Bértiz, Navarra, España.
El Parque Natural del Señorío de Bértiz, de 2.040 ha, está localizado al noroeste de la Comunidad Foral de Navarra, España. En el municipio de Bértiz-Arana, accediéndose desde la localidad de Oyeregui y Oronoz-Mugaire.
El territorio del parque natural perteneció a la familia Bértiz desde el siglo XIV. El titular del predio, Pedro Miguel Bértiz, fue nombrado Merino de las Montañas (o sea, juez de amplia jurisdicción), en el año 1392, por el rey Carlos III el Noble.2
La casa solariega fue levantada en 1847 por la antigua familia Bértiz, que continuó con la propiedad hasta el siglo XIX y ampliada en 1905 por sus últimos propietarios Don Pedro Ciga y su esposa Dª Dorotea Fernandez.
A la muerte sin descendencia de Francisco de Bértiz, en el año 1657 tomo posesión del Senorío Antonio Barragán. La Real Corte de Navarra, mediante sentencia de 1672, declaró la propiedad del palacio y mayorazgo de Bértiz a favor de Juan Francisco de Alduncin. El matrimonio de María Josefa de Alduncin, heredera del Senorío, con Francisco Javier de Elío, hizo que la propiedad pasara a esa familia (1741). Los Elío vendieron el Senorío a Pedro Andrés Oteiza, maderista y vecino de Narvarte (1881). El 20 de octubre de 1900 Oteiza vendió la finca a Pedro Ciga por la cantidad de seiscientas cincuenta mil pesetas. Los Ciga lo remodelaron a su estado actual y en el año 1949 lo donaron a la Comunidad Foral de Navarra, con la condición de que se conservara tal cual y de que fuera utilizado exclusivamente para fines recreativos, educativos y científicos.
Al sur, en la zona más baja a orillas del río Bidasoa en la localidad de Oyeregui, se encuentran el palacio y los jardines, en 3,4 ha que acogen una abundante colección botánica, con especies traídas de todos los lugares del mundo.
El resto del territorio al norte es una sucesión de valles y montes cubiertos de bosque atlántico autóctono, muy bien conservados dada la escasa explotación que de ellos se ha venido haciendo, abundando las hayas, los robles y las alisedas. En estos bosques hay numerosos ciervos, corzos y jabalíes, así como las típicas aves del bosque atlántico de pequeño y mediano tamaño.
En la cima del monte Aizkolegi se encuentra un chalet modernista, hoy abandonado, desde el que se disfrutan unas magníficas vistas del Parque y al que se llega mediante una pista forestal.
The Señorío de Bértiz Natural Park, covering 2,040 ha, is located in the northwest of the Comunidad Foral de Navarra, Spain. In the municipality of Bértiz-Arana, accessed from the town of Oyeregui and Oronoz-Mugaire.
The territory of the natural park belonged to the Bértiz family since the 14th century. The owner of the property, Pedro Miguel Bértiz, was named Merino de las Montañas (that is, judge of wide jurisdiction), in the year 1392, by King Carlos III the Noble.2
The manor house was built in 1847 by the old Bértiz family, who continued to own the property until the 19th century and enlarged it in 1905 by its last owners, Mr. Pedro Ciga and his wife, Ms. Dorotea Fernandez.
On the death without issue of Francisco de Bértiz, in 1657 he took possession of the Senorío Antonio Barragán. The Royal Court of Navarra, through a ruling of 1672, declared the ownership of the palace and mayorazgo of Bértiz in favor of Juan Francisco de Alduncin. The marriage of María Josefa de Alduncin, heir to the Senorío, with Francisco Javier de Elío, made the property pass to that family (1741). The Elíos sold the Senorío to Pedro Andrés Oteiza, a Maderista and resident of Narvarte (1881). On October 20, 1900, Oteiza sold the farm to Pedro Ciga for six hundred and fifty thousand pesetas. The Ciga family remodeled it to its current state and in 1949 they donated it to the Comunidad Foral de Navarra, with the condition that it be kept as is and that it be used exclusively for recreational, educational and scientific purposes.
To the south, in the lower area on the banks of the Bidasoa River in the town of Oyeregui, are the palace and gardens, covering 3.4 ha that house an abundant botanical collection, with species brought from all over the world.
The rest of the territory to the north is a succession of valleys and mountains covered with native Atlantic forest, very well preserved given the little exploitation that has been done of them, abounding with beeches, oaks and alder groves. In these forests there are numerous deer, roe deer and wild boar, as well as the typical small and medium-sized birds of the Atlantic forest.
At the top of Mount Aizkolegi there is a modernist chalet, now abandoned, from which magnificent views of the Park can be enjoyed and which is reached via a forest track.
Arizona. Gilbert. Ce sont les canards dans leur aire d'hivernage qui ont motivé ce voyage. Durant une semaine, je me levais tôt pour aller parcourir le vaste Gilbert Water Ranch. C'est mon approche pour exploiter le potentiel d'un site. Les conditions exceptionnelle-ment nuageuses sont mon seul regret. Mises à part les sarcelles, la plupart des espèces étaient collaboratrices. Pas nerveux. Mr. relax.
staff of zurich's lush shop campaigning against the use of animals in circuses.
aktion zircus ohne tiere: www.azot.ch
kein applaus für tierquälerei: www.zirkusinfo.ch
lush switzerland: www.lush-shop.ch
Ville: Nice
Réseau: Lignes d'Azur
Exploitant: Régie Ligne d'Azur
Numéro de parc: 294
Ligne: 11 Square Daudet - Vallon des Fleurs - Bella Vista
Perhaps this child will change the world of her culture for future generations. When I took the photo, I did not notice the look of defiance on her face - clearly not happy to be part of the tourism circus/exploitation. Though I had read articles about the plight of these people (all Hill Tribe cultures), I did not fully realize until I was there how true it was
Hardly I post a "selfie", this is just to point out that even the exploited theme of "feet to the sea", I like to do it my way.
This child has lost all his colour, becoming one with the objects which surround him in his karmic prison.
Pour l'exploitation vapeur, la société SLM Winterthur a réalisé huit locomotives, numérotées de 1 à 8. Ces machines présentent des caractéristiques communes, à ceci près que les cinq premières sont à vapeur saturée (206 tubes à fumée, puissance de 250 ch), et les trois dernières à surchauffe (90 tubes et 15 éléments surchauffeurs, puissance de 280 ch). La chaudière est inclinée de 10 %, de façon que l'eau soit à un niveau suffisant au-dessus du foyer même dans les fortes rampes.
1978 SEAB Flipper Model 1 (1978-1980)
- plastic-bodied and acrylic-windowed body assembled by Societe d'Exploitation et d'Application des Brevet (SEAB), Villejuif - France
- air-cooled 47cc single cylinder Sachs Adlx 2-stroke engine
- 3 bhp
- 2-speed Sachs automatic transmission
- top speed 35 km/h
- beige, brown, or a combination of the two were the only colors available
- available options: ungainly add-on fiberglass "humps" front and rear for traffic protection, extra carrying capacity, and "fins" at the rear to protect from parking lot mishaps
Lenka's story at the Venice Biennale 2024.
Colonialism, exploitation of plant and animal resources, anthropocentrism and speciesism: a denunciation at the Venice Biennale.
La storia di Lenka alla Biennale di Venezia 2024.
Colonialismo, sfruttamento delle risorse vegetali e animali, antropocentrismo e specismo: una denuncia alla Biennale di Venezia.
www.ilgiornaledellarte.com/Articolo/Diario-da-Venezia-qua...
"The war in Ukraine reminds us how unjust and painful the construction of a people's identity, the affirmation of national independence and the reclamation of one's roots can be. Repairing serious and profound wounds inflicted throughout history is a slow, complex and difficult process. A metaphor and monument of a similar condition is Lenka, in the Czech Pavilion. The famous giraffe captured in Kenya in 1954, transported to the Prague zoo, survived in captivity for only two years, then taxidermied and preserved in the museum, after having thrown its organs into the city sewers. Eva Kotakova's work, «The heart of a giraffe in captivity is twelve kilos lighter», is a walkable environmental installation that reproduces the inside of the long dissected neck of the animal arranged in a circle. In the center of the room there is a blackboard and a space for meeting and reflection to learn about its history, its meaning and its cultural implications. On the floor, Lenka's skeleton is reproduced and as a sound that pervades the Pavilion the hymns of the countries that the giraffe crossed on its long journey to Prague, many of which no longer exist today."
"La guerra in Ucraina ci ricorda quanto ingiuste e dolorose possano rivelarsi la costruzione di un’identità di un popolo, l’affermazione dell’indipendenza nazionale e la rivendicazione delle proprie radici. Risarcire gravi e profonde ferite inflitte nel corso della storia è un processo lento, complesso e difficile. Metafora e monumento di simile condizione è Lenka, nel Padiglione della Cecoslovacchia. La celebre giraffa catturata in Kenya nel 1954, trasportata allo zoo di Praga, sopravvissuta in cattività solo due anni, poi tassidermizzata e conservata nel museo, dopo aver gettato gli organi nelle fogne cittadine. L’opera di Eva Kotakova, «Il cuore di una giraffa in cattività è dodici chili più leggero», è un’installazione ambientale percorribile che riproduce l’interno del lungo collo sezionato dell’animale disposto a cerchio. Al centro della sala una lavagna e uno spazio di incontro e riflessione per conoscerne la storia, il suo significato e le sue implicazioni culturali. Sul pavimento lo scheletro di Lenka riprodotto e come suono che pervade il Padiglione gli inni dei Paesi che la giraffa attraversò nel suo lungo viaggio verso Praga, molti oggi non più esistenti."
labiennale.ngprague.cz/it-2024-eva-kotkov
milano.czechcentres.cz/it/blog/2023/08/eva-kotatkova-bude...
Bing Image Creator
On this International Workers Day, let us remember the millions of workers all over the world, especially in the world's poorest countries, who do the hardest, dirtiest and most dangerous work for the lowest pay. They contribute so much to our daily lives, yet they ask for so little in return, just enough so they can feed their families. Too often, they are invisible; we don't see their blood, sweat and tears. They have my deepest respect, and their hardships will not be forgotten.
For millions of brick workers in Bangladesh, life is incredibly hard. In the 8,000 brick fields, according to the United Nations Development Program, men and women carry loads of bricks on their heads for 8 or more hours a day. Each brick weighs about 2.5 kilos (5.5 lbs), and many workers carry between 10-20 bricks up to 30 kilos per load. For this exhausting and grueling work, they get paid about US$2-3 a day. The kilns used for baking the bricks burn wood and coal, even plastic and tires, spewing toxic pollutants, smoke and ash. Their day long exposure to so much environmental pollutants, smoke, heat and dust without any protective equipment cause many workers to suffer from lung diseases like asthma, bronchitis, silicosis and cancer, as well as skin diseases and injuries due to falling bricks. Debt bondage forces many workers to labor under such hazardous and punishing conditions. Often, entire families with children old enough to work, labor for years, trapped in a spiraling cycle of poverty to pay off their debts to the bosses /moneylenders. It was heart-breaking for me to see the exploitation and suffering of the brick workers, and moved me to tell their story.
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Cattle Egret - Bubulcus ibis
The cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) is a cosmopolitan species of heron (family Ardeidae) found in the tropics, subtropics and warm temperate zones.
It is a white bird adorned with buff plumes in the breeding season. It nests in colonies, usually near bodies of water and often with other wading birds. The nest is a platform of sticks in trees or shrubs. Cattle egrets exploit drier and open habitats more than other heron species. Their feeding habitats include seasonally inundated grasslands, pastures, farmlands, wetlands and rice paddies. They often accompany cattle or other large mammals, catching insect and small vertebrate prey disturbed by these animals. Some populations of the cattle egret are migratory and others show post-breeding dispersal.
The cattle egret has undergone one of the most rapid and wide reaching natural expansions of any bird species.It was originally native to parts of Southern Spain and Portugal, tropical and subtropical Africa and humid tropical and subtropical Asia. In the end of the 19th century it began expanding its range into southern Africa, first breeding in the Cape Province in 1908. Cattle egrets were first sighted in the Americas on the boundary of Guiana and Suriname in 1877, having apparently flown across the Atlantic Ocean. It was not until the 1930s that the species is thought to have become established in that area.
The species first arrived in North America in 1941 (these early sightings were originally dismissed as escapees), bred in Florida in 1953, and spread rapidly, breeding for the first time in Canada in 1962. It is now commonly seen as far west as California. It was first recorded breeding in Cuba in 1957, in Costa Rica in 1958, and in Mexico in 1963, although it was probably established before that. In Europe, the species had historically declined in Spain and Portugal, but in the latter part of the 20th century it expanded back through the Iberian Peninsula, and then began to colonise other parts of Europe; southern France in 1958, northern France in 1981 and Italy in 1985.
Breeding in the United Kingdom was recorded for the first time in 2008 only a year after an influx seen in the previous year. In 2008, cattle egrets were also reported as having moved into Ireland for the first time. This trend has continued and cattle egrets have become more numerous in southern Britain with influxes in some numbers during the non breeding seasons of 2007/08 and 2016/17. They bred in Britain again in 2017, following an influx in the previous winter, and may become established there.
In Australia, the colonisation began in the 1940s, with the species establishing itself in the north and east of the continent. It began to regularly visit New Zealand in the 1960s. Since 1948 the cattle egret has been permanently resident in Israel. Prior to 1948 it was only a winter visitor.
Noisy and gregarious, these cheerful exploiters of man's rubbish and wastefulness have managed to colonise most of the world. The ultimate avian opportunist perhaps. Monitoring suggests a severe decline in the UK house sparrow population, recently estimated as dropping by 71 per cent between 1977 and 2008 with substantial declines in both rural and urban populations. While the decline in England continues, Breeding Bird Survey data indicate recent population increases in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.
Read more at www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/wildlife-guides/bird-a...
The House Sparrow is a small but sturdily built bird with a stout bill designed for eating seeds. Adult males are distinctive; the crown and nape are grey and only the sides of the head are brown. The black bib is wide and extends down onto the chest. The back is warm brown, streaked with black but with a few white wing feathers. Adult females and juvenile birds of both sexes are typically sandy brown in colour with brown and grey streaks on the back and wings.
Although adults will feed themselves on wide range of seeds, they need to find plenty of aphids and small caterpillars for their growing youngsters, especially in the first few days after hatching.
House Sparrows like to nest colonially, so one box on its own is unlikely to attract a breeding pair. They may nest in hedges and in climbing plants – but this does not mean that they are Hedge Sparrows or Tree Sparrows!
House Sparrows are red-listed birds of conservation concern.
Small nest box with hole (32mm)
Nest height: over 2m above ground
The nest is an untidy domed structure made of grasses, lined with feathers, hair and wool
Egg laying starts between mid March and early August. Up to four broods
4 to 5 eggs. White or pale blue with darker spots
Incubation time: 13 -15 days
Nestlings fledge after 15-17 days
For more information, please visit www.bto.org/about-birds/nnbw/nesting-birds/house-sparrow
Modèle : MAN Lion's City A21 CNG
n°4855 - ligne 399
Exploitant : RATP
Réseau : Île de France Mobilités, RATP
Lieu photo : Juvisy sur Orge
I'm still exploiting the little plant I bought about 6 weeks ago. I believe that these are my favorite flower to light and photograph because of the elegant shapes. Some of the black and white photos I've seen that were done a long time ago by famous photographers are amazing works of art.
Lighting stuff: I placed a YN560 in a Rogue grid behind the flower and slightly to the right at 1 o'clock for backlighting, and used a YN560-III in an 8.6 inch Lastolite softbox in front and slightly to the left of center for fill. Both flashes, in manual mode, were triggered by a Yongnuo RF-603N.
Other Calla Lily pictures are in my Calla Lilly album. www.flickr.com/photos/9422878@N08/sets/72157626082181550/...
Other plants, flowers, fruit or thingys that I've photographed using strobes can be seen in my Strobe Lit Plant set. In the description for that set, I list resources that I've used to learn how to light with off camera flash. www.flickr.com/photos/9422
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The French colonial administration of Indochina was determined to exploit the Mekong River to aid a route into China, and in doing so help counter British colonial expansion in Upper Burma. ... However, the key obstacle lay in southern Laos, where at Siphandon Islands, the river splits into numerous channels forming formidable rapids collectively known as the Khon (or Khone) Falls. Attempts in 1891, 1892, and 1893 to scale the falls failed; there are accounts of steamships ‘engines roaring and boilers near bursting, with hundreds of men hauling from the rocks on ropes and others pushing from the decks with pikes’ ...
Thus, alternatives modes of transport had to be found. One idea came in the form of a British tidal expert resident in Siam, Herbert Warington Smyth, who suggested, perhaps half-cynically, that a tramway ... should be built around the falls. The latter, he reckoned, ‘would satisfactorily cripple the French economy (Source: Wikipedia).
Well, the French did just that, building boat landings south and north of the falls and connectiong both by a railraod.
I found no source of the factual impact of this adventure on the French economy yet a nice description of how it was to travel with that steam engine in the middle of deep jungles:
The train, struggling and grating amid the clashing sound of steel, hauled us across the island, which is covered by teak trees and bamboos whose branches brushed our faces. The temperature was very high and the sun, filtering through the trees, roused noxious fever-vapours from the tangled undergrowth. Sweat caked my hair under my sun hat; the heat burned my arms through my clothes; and the mosquitoes took advantage of my predicament to attack me as they pleased, all over my hands and face…
—John Keay, Mad About The Mekong: Exploration and Empire in South East Asia
Statue "Aigle de Genève" sur le quai Turrettini (SCHMIED, Frédéric (1939) - SUISSE
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Meeting aérien "Air Legend" 2019 (Melun-Villaroche)
Bücker 181 Bestman - G-TPWX n° 183
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Red Fox - Essex. These are 1st year siblings trying to understand their position within their group, trying to stay free from disease or injury which would be catastrophic to their ability to find food, above all else they have to contend with people, some of whom feed them which allows others to exploit their trust and do them harm. It's a very hard world they face.
"Well fitted"
Train journey to Hanoï (Gia Lam station)
Voyage en train en direction de Hanoï - Gare de Gia Lam (Vietnam)
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An iceberg or ice mountain is a large piece of freshwater ice that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open water
Terry (Bingleyman) took me to this location in Nov last year, I took the family last week via the amazing Broughton bakery.
I texted Terry to ask him if he wanted anything bringing back only to find he had been in the bakery 20 minutes after we'd left.
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Australia 2011/12
WIKIPEDIA: The raw material for the limestone of the Pinnacles came from seashells in an earlier epoch rich in marine life. These shells were broken down into lime rich sands which were blown inland to form high mobile dunes.
The mechanisms through which the Pinnacles were formed from this raw material are the subject of some controversy, with three mechanisms having been proposed:
they were formed from lime leaching from the aeolian sand (wind-blown sand) and by rain cementing the lower levels of the dune into a soft limestone. Vegetation forms an acidic layer of soil and humus. A hard cap of calcrete develops above the softer limestone. Cracks in the calcrete are exploited by plant roots. The softer limestone continues to dissolve and quartz sand fills the channels that form. Vegetation dies and winds blow away the sand covering the eroded limestone, thus revealing the Pinnacles.
they were formed through the preservation of cast of trees buried in coastal aeolianites where roots became groundwater conduits, resulting in precipitation of indurated (hard) calcrete. Subsequent wind erosion of the aeolianite would then expose the calcrete pillars.
On the basis of the mechanism of formation of smaller “root casts” occurring in other parts of the world, it has been proposed that plants played an active role in the creation of the Pinnacles, rather than the rather passive role detailed above. The proposal is that as transpiration draws water through the soil to the roots, nutrients and other dissolved minerals flow toward the root. This process is termed "mass-flow" and can result in the accumulation of nutrients at the surface of the root, if the nutrients arrive in quantities greater than needed for plant growth. In coastal aeolian sands which have large amounts of calcium (derived from marine shells) the movement of water to the roots would drive the flow of calcium to the root surface. This calcium accumulates at high concentrations around the roots and over time is converted into a calcrete. When the roots die, the space occupied by the root is subsequently also filled with a carbonate material derived from the calcium in the former tissue of the roots and possibly also from water leaching through the structures. Although evidence has been provided for this mechanism in the formation of root casts in South Africa, evidence is still required for its role in the formation of the Pinnacles.
"Break in the shade"
Lausanne (Canton de Vaud - Suisse)
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"Copyright © – Patrick Bouchenard
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Obviously many 'western' images of African people are directly connected to exploitation and slavery. But it is often forgotten that there's also an idealist ideology that sees non-Europeans as good and free and noble, indeed as exemplary. This photo is part of the latter tradition. The insets provide some background.
In 1610 one Barthelomeus Moor (1573-1636) bought a piece of land on what is now the Rokin in Amsterdam and built a house there; the pictured decorative statement was probably added later in the style of Louis XIV. He'd been born in Antwerp and was one of many merchants, often Calvinist, who fled the southern Low Countries in the wake of their fall to the Catholic Habsburgs and the onset of religious persecution. They found religious freedom and independence from monarchy in the Dutch Republic. Around 1600 Antwerp's population had diminshed from about 100,000 to a mere 42,000, and something like 30% of the population of Amsterdam was made up of Flemish Dutchmen. Many of these immigrants were merchant families soon to become wealthy in the prospering northern Low Countries.
No doubt, the choice of Moor or his family for this sculpture was motivated by the meaning of his family name. But added to that are the connotations of freedom, independence and desire for trade imputed to non-Europeans exemplified by that self-conscious, proud 'Moor'. He could well be a Carib or else maybe a Guinean. The inset top right is after a drawing by John Gabriël Stedman (1744-1797) of a Carib family. The one on the left is in the first book on African Guinea (more or less present-day Ghana) by Pieter de Maarees around 1602. It depicts Dutch (?) and African merchants and traders. Note the similarity in head dresses of the 'Guineans', the Carib and our 'Moor'.
Saw this couple eating their lunch and asked if I could take their photo which they kindly agreed to ...
Bucker 131 Jungmann Black Wolf - F-AZVK N°27 - Basé sur l'aérodrome de Dijon-Darois - Meeting de France 2019 (Dijon-Longvic - Côte d'OR)
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Here we see a phenomenon I don’t exploit nearly enough: Autumn foliage appears extra vibrant in flat cloudy light after a few hours of rain. You just have to exclude the washed-out sky from the frame.
This little building, which I took to be a power house, is what remains of the historic Peck, Stow & Wilcox complex along the Quinnipiac River. The last occupant of the factory, Ideal Forging, went bankrupt in the early 2000s and the complex was demolished in the 2010s to make way for a mixed-use development that still had not begun construction when I stopped by in 2023.
Statue du poète tadjik du IXème siècle Rudaki (858-941) - Université agraire tadjike Chotemour à Douchanbé (Asie Centrale - Tadjikistan)
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"Copyright © – Patrick Bouchenard
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"Seed seller"
Douchanbé (Asie Centrale - Tadjikistan)
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"At nightfall"
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"Copyright © – Patrick Bouchenard
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Salle excavée dans la couche de sel à 250 mètres de profondeur.
Assistance conception et lumières : Gamine
Modèle : Gamine
Tous droits réservés © Jean Roulin
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Ossuary.
Paris has building stone beneath its very ground. Two Lutetian benches were exploited, each 2 to 3m high. Unfortunately, the operation was quite disorderly and, following numerous collapses, the Paris quarries were definitively closed by the decree of September 15, 1776.
Barely later, for reasons of public health, part of the cemeteries were removed and the bones transferred to the old quarries renamed Catacombs: walls were built from carefully stacked tibias and skulls while the rest of the bones were often broken. accumulates behind.
Only a small part of the quarries and catacombs can be visited officially and constitutes an atypical “museum”.
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Ossuaire.
Paris dispose de pierre de construction sous son sol même. Deux bancs du Lutétien ont été exploités, chacun de 2 à 3m de hauteur. Malheureusement, l'exploitation était assez désordonnée et, suite à de nombreux effondrements, les carrières de Paris seront définitivement fermées par le décret du 15 septembre 1776.
A peine plus tard, pour des raisons de salubrité publique, on supprime une partie des cimetières et les ossements sont transférés dans les anciennes carrières renommées Catacombes: des murets sont construits à partir de tibias et de crânes soigneusement empilés alors que le reste des os souvent brisés s'accumule derrière.
Seule une petite partie des carrières et des catacombes est visitable de façon officielle et constitue un "musée" atypique.
"Surfers territory"
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Kavala (Greek: Καβάλα) is a city in northern Greece, the principal seaport of eastern Macedonia and the capital of Kavala regional unit. It is situated on the Bay of Kavala, across from the island of Thasos. Kavala is located on the Egnatia motorway and is a one and a half-hour drive to Thessaloniki (160 kilometres (99 miles) west) and a forty-minute drive to Drama (37 km (23 miles) north) and Xanthi (56 km (35 miles) east). Its nickname is The cyan city (Η γαλάζια πόλη).
History
Antiquity
The city was founded at about the end of the 7th century BC by settlers from Thassos, who called it Neapolis (Νεάπολις; "new city" in Greek). It was one of the colonies that the Thassians founded along the coastline in order to take advantage of the rich gold and silver mines of the territory, especially those located in the nearby Pangaion mountain (which were eventually exploited by Phillip the Second of Macedonia).
The worship of "Parthenos", a female deity of Greek–Ionian origin, is archaeologically attested in the archaic period. At the end of the 6th century BC Neapolis claimed its independence from Thassos and cut its own silver coins with the head of Gorgo (γοργὀνειο) on the one side. At the beginning of the 5th century BC a large Ionic temple made from thassian marble replaced the archaic one. Parts of it can now be seen in the archaeological museum of Kavala.
In 411 BC, during the Peloponnesian War, Neapolis was besieged by the allied armies of the Spartans and the Thassians but remained faithful to Athens. Two Athenian honorary decrees in 410 and 407 BC rewarded Neapolis for its loyalty.
Neapolis was a town of Macedonia, located 14 km (9 mi) from the harbor of Philippi. Neapolis was a member of the Athenian League; a pillar found in Athens mentions the contribution of Neapolis to the alliance.
Roman Era
The military Roman road Via Egnatia passed through the city helped commerce to flourish. It became a Roman civitas in 168 BC, and was a base for Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC, before their defeat in the Battle of Philippi. (Appian, B.C. iv. 106; Dion Cass. xlvii. 35.). The Apostle Paul landed at Kavala on his first voyage to Europe (Acts, xvi. 11).
Byzantine Era
In the 6th century, Byzantine emperor Justinian I fortified the city in an effort to protect it from barbaric raids. In later Byzantine times the city was called Christoupolis (Χριστούπολις, "city of Christ") and belonged to the theme of Macedonia. The first mention of the new name is recorded in a taktikon of the early 9th century. The city is also mentioned in the "Life of St. Gregory of Dekapolis". In the 8th and 9th century, Bulgarian attacks forced the Byzantines to reorganize the defense of the area, giving great care to Christoupolis with fortifications and a notable garrison. In 926 the Byzantine general (strategos) Basil Klaudon reconstructed the fallen walls of the city, ("τα πριν φθαρέντα και πεπτωκότα τείχη") according to an inscription that is now in the archaeological museum of Kavala. Due to the location of Christoupolis, the city experienced an economic resurgence, securing the contact between Constantinople and Thessaloniki. During the Norman raid of Macedonia in 1185, the city was captured and burned. In 1302, the Catalans failed to capture the city. In order to prevent them from coming back, the Byzantine emperor Andronikos III Palaiologos built a new long defensive wall ("το παρά την Χριστούπολιν τείχισμα"). In the 13th century the Byzantine Greek historian George Akropolites writes that the city and the area around the city is highly populated with Bulgarians and this makes it more difficult to keep the city as a part of Bizantium.[2] In 1357 it is mentioned that the Byzantine officers and brothers Alexios and John controlled the city and its territory. Recent excavations have revealed the ruins of an early Byzantine basilica under an old Ottoman mosque in the old part of the city (Panagia peninsula). This Christian temple was used until the late Byzantine era, as the also recently revealed small cemetery around it shows. The Ottoman Turks first captured the city in 1387 and completely destroyed it in 1391, as a Mount Athos chronicle testifies.
Ottoman Era
Kavala was part of the Ottoman Empire from 1387 to 1912. In the middle of the 16th century, Ibrahim Pasha, Grand Vizier of Suleiman the Magnificent, contributed to the prosperity and growth of Kavala by the construction of an aqueduct.[3] The Ottomans also extended the Byzantine fortress on the hill of Panagia. Both landmarks are among the most recognizable symbols of the city today.
Mehmet Ali, the founder of a dynasty that ruled Egypt, was born in Kavala in 1769. His house has been preserved as a museum.
Modern Kavala
Kavala was briefly occupied by the Bulgarians during the first Balkan War in 1912, but was finally captured by Greece in 1913 during a successful landing operation by the Greek Navy that was commanded by the famous admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis. During World War I Kavala suffered from the Bulgarian military occupation with many victims among its Greek population.[citation needed] After the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922, the city entered a new era of prosperity because of the labour offered by the thousands of refugees that moved to the area from Asia Minor. The development was both industrial and agricultural. Kavala became greatly involved in the processing and trading of tobacco. Many buildings related to the storage and processing of tobacco from that era are preserved in the city.
During World War II and after the fall of Athens, the Nazis awarded Kavala to their Bulgarian allies in 1941, causing the city to suffer once again, but finally was liberated in 1944.
In the late 1950s Kavala expanded towards the sea by reclaiming land from the area west of the port.
In 1967, King Constantine II left Athens for Kavala in an unsuccessful attempt to launch a counter-coup against the military junta.
Etymology
In antiquity the name of the city was Neapolis. During the Middle Ages it was Christoupolis. The etymology of the modern name of the city is disputed. There are some explanations, either from the Italian cavallo (=horse), or from the Hebrew Kabbalah due to the large Jewish population of the city.
Climate
Kavala has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfa") that borders on an semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification "BSk" or "BSh" depending on the system used) with annual average precipitation of 460 mm (18.1 in). Snowfalls are sporadic, but happen more or less every year. The humidity is always very high
The absolute maximum temperature ever recorded was 38.0 °C (100 °F), while the absolute minimum ever recorded was −5.8 °C (22 °F).
Education/Research
The Technological Educational Institute (panoramic view).TEI of Kavala: The Technological Educational Institute of Kavala (Greek: ΤΕΙ Καβάλας) is a public institute providing education at university level in the region of Eastern Macedonia and Thrace. The main campus of the institute located in St. Lukas, Kavala and is approximately 132,000 m2 with buildings covering an area of 36,000 m2.The campus is home for 2 faculties (Faculty of Engineering Sciences and Faculty of Business and Economics) with totally 9 departments.
Fisheries Research Institute:[5] Fisheries Research Institute (F.R.I) is one of the five specialized research institutes of N.AG.RE.F, being responsible to conduct research and to promote technological development in the fishery sector. The Institute is located 17 km (11 mi) away from Kavala, in Nea Peramos, at the centre of a marine area with rich fishery grounds and high biodiversity in the surrounding lagoons, lakes and rivers.
Institute of Mohamed Ali for the Research of the Eastern Tradition (I.M.A.R.E.T.):[6] I.M.A.R.E.T. is a registered NGO with the Hellenic Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which was established several months ago by concerned citizens in Kavala, Greece. Its aims include the study of the Egyptian influence in Greece and vice versa. The intra-cultural exchange and dialogue, as well as the promotion of art as a means of intra-cultural understanding. The first major co-operation partner is Cultnat of Bibliotheca Alaxandrina with the aim of documenting and digitizing the architectural heritage of the Mohamed Ali era in Egypt and Greece. Most important event that take place every year at the institute is the International Roman Law Moot Court Competition.
Historical & Literary Archives of Kavala:[7] It is purely a non-profiteering, public utility foundation. The foundation of the Historical & Literary Archives of Kavala is not subsidized by the Greek State, neither by any other enterprise of the private sector. Its operational cost is covered only by its founders and by infrequent aids of the local self-government.
Egnatia Aviation:[8] It is a private training college for pilots that started training in Greece in July 2006. The facilities of Egnatia Aviation mostly located in the former passenger’s terminal of the Kavala International Airport "Alexander the Great".
Culture
Festivals and events
Kavala hosts a wide array of cultural events, which mostly take place during the summer months. The top festival is the Festival of Philippi,[9] which lasts from July to September and includes theatrical performances and music concerts. Since 1957, it has been the city's most important cultural event and one of the most important of Greece.
Cosmopolis is an International Festival held in the Old Town of Kavala that offers an acquaintance with cultures around the world through dancing and musical groups, traditional national cuisines, cinema, and exhibits at the kiosks of the participant countries.
Giannis Papaioannou’s Festival includes concerts and music seminars.[10]
Ilios ke Petra (Sun and Stone)(July): a Festival held in “Akontisma” of Nea Karvali. The event is of folkloric character, with the participation of traditional dancing groups from all over the world.
Wood Water Wild Festival:[11] Wood Water Wild is an outdoor activities festival, inspired by nature. It includes live bands & DJ sets, body&mind activities, a book fair, outdoor theatre, ecology, camping, and debates.
Kavala AirSea Show:[12] An annual air show, which takes place during the last days of June
Besides, various cultural events are held in all municipalities of Kavala during the summer months.
Cuisine
Fish and sea food, as well as the products of the local livestock breeding and agricultural sectors are the prevailing elements of Kavala courses. In Kavala, the traditional local recipes have been influenced by the cuisine of the refugees from Pontos, Asia Minor and Kappadokia. Fresh fish and sea food, salted food, mackerel "gouna" (sun dried mackerel on the grill), sardine pantremeni, mussels with rice, herring saganaki, anchovies wrapped in grape leaves, Stuffed eggplant: these are some very renowned recipes in Kavala and the coastal settlements of the region. The grapes, wine and tsipouro produced in the area, as well as the kourabiedes (sugar-coated almond biscuits) from Nea Karvali are particularly famous.
Municipality
The municipality of Kavala was formed at the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following 2 former municipalities, that became municipal units:[13]
Municipal units (former municipalities):
Kavala
Filippoi
Municipal unit
Kavala 58,790
Filippoi 11,711
The population of the new municipality is 70,501 and the area is 350,61 km2. The seat of the municipality is in Kavala. Some of the most important communities inside new municipality are:
Population
Kavala 56,371
Krinides 3,365
Amigdaleonas 2,724
Nea Karvali 2,225
Zygos 2,057
Subdivisions
Kavala is built amphitheatrically, with most residents enjoying superb views of the coast and sea. Some of the regions inside Kavala are:
Agia Varvara Agios Athanasios Agios Ioannis Agios Loukas Chilia
Dexameni Kalamitsa Kentro Neapolis Panagia
Perigiali Potamoudia Profitis Ilias Timios Stavros Vyronas
Province
The province of Kavala (Greek: Επαρχία Καβάλας) was one of the provinces of the Kavala Prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality Kavala, and part of the municipal unit Eleftheroupoli.[14] It was abolished in 2006.
Transport
Highway Network
European route E90 runs through the city and connects Kavala with the other cities. The Egnatia Motorway (A2) lies north of the city. One can enter the city from one of two Junctions; 'Kavala West' and 'Kavala East'.Kavala has regular connection with Interregional Bus Lines (KTEL) from and to Thessaloniki and Athens.
Airport
The Kavala International Airport "Alexander the Great" (27 km (17 mi) from Kavala) is connected with Athens by regularly scheduled flights and with many European cities by scheduled and charter flights.
Port
Kavala is connected with all the islands of the Northern Aegean Sea with frequent itineraries of various ferry lines.
Bus
The city is connected with all of the large Greek cities such as Thessaloniki and Athens. All of the local villages are also connected via bus lines. The cost of tickets is very cheap. There is also a shuttle bus in Kavala with these lines : 1. Vironas - Kallithea 2. Dexameni 3. Cemetery 4. Kipoupoli - Technological Institute 5. Agios Loukas 6. Profitis Ilias 7. Stadium 8. Kalamitsa - Batis ( only in summer ) 9. Agios Konstantinos 10. Neapoli 11. Hospital - Perigiali
Sports
Kavala F.C.: AO Kavala (Greek: Athlitikos Omilos Kavala, Αθλητικός Όμιλος Καβάλα), the Athletic Club Kavala, is a professional association football club based in the city of Kavala, Greece.The club plays in the Municipal Kavala Stadium "Anthi Karagianni".[15]
Kavala B.C.: Enosi Kalathosfairisis Kavalas (Greek: Ένωση Καλαθοσφαίρισης Καβάλας - Basketball Union of Kavala) is a Greek professional basketball club that is located in Kavala, Greece. The club is also known as E.K. Kavalas. The club's full Greek name is Ένωση Καλαθοσφαίρισης Καβάλας. Which means, Kavala Basketball Union or Kavala Basketball Association in English. The club competes in the Greek League.
Kavala '86: A women football club, founded in 1986, with panhellenic titles in Greek women football.
Kavala Chess Club:[16] Chess is very popular in Kavala and the local chess club ranks top in Greece, enjoying plenty of success both domestically and internationally. The highlight has to be the club's annual International Open, that takes place every August in Kavala and attracts the biggest names in chess from all over the globe
Nautical Club of Kavala (1945, Ναυτικός Ομιλος Καβάλας, ΝΟΚ). Sports of sea (swimming, yachting,water-polo,diving e.t.c.)
Kavala Titans (2009, Τιτάνες Καβάλας). Rugby Union
International relations
Twin towns – Sister cities
Kavala is twinned with:
Bulgaria Gabrovo, Bulgaria (1975)
Bosnia and Herzegovina Gradiška, Bosnia and Herzegovina (1994)
Germany Nuremberg, Germany (1998)
Partnerships
Morocco Agadir, Morocco (2001)
Armenia Martuni, Armenia (2001)
Turkey Tekirdağ, Turkey (2003)
Bulgaria Gotse Delchev, Bulgaria (2003)
Serbia Vranje, Serbia (2009)
Postage stamps
Austria opened a post office in Kavala before 1864.[18] Between 1893 and 1903, the French post office in the city issued its own postage stamps; at first stamps of France overprinted with "Cavalle" and a value in piasters, then in 1902 the French designs inscribed "CAVALLE".
Historical population
1961 44,517 44,978 -
1971 46,234 46,887 -
1981 56,375 56,705 -
1991 56,571 58,025 -
2001 58,663 63,293 -
2011 54,027 58,790 70,501
Notable figures
Muhammad Ali Pasha of Kavala, the Albanian Wali (governor) of Egypt between 1805–1848 and founder of the modern state of Egypt
Theodore Kavalliotis, Greek Orthodox priest, teacher and a figure of the Greek Enlightenment
Vassilis Vassilikos, Greek writer and diplomat
George Georgiadis, Greek footballer
Giorgos Heimonas (1938–2000), writer and translator
Nikos Karageorgiou, (born December 9, 1962) Manager of Greek football team Ergotelis, based in Heraklion, Crete
Anthi Karagianni, silver medalist in the Athens 2004 and Beijing 2008 Paralympic Games; the city's Municipal stadium is named after her
Vasilis Karas, Greek singer
Nikos Kourkoulis, Greek singer
Mitsos Partsalidis, first elected "red" (communist) mere in modern Greek history, back in 1.4.1934
Antigone Valakou, actress
Despina Vandi, a Top Greek singer
Thanasis Euthimiadis, a Greek actor
Anna Verouli, 1982 Gold Medalist, European Championship, javelin thrower
Zisis Vryzas (born November 9, 1973), former footballer, currently vicepresident of PAOK FC
Theodoros Zagorakis (born October 27, 1971), former footballer, captain of national team of Greece-European champion 2004, currently president of PAOK FC
Anna Gerasimou, a Greek tennis player
Kleon Krantonellis, Αrchitect