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Eurostar International Ltd est une entreprise ferroviaire de droit britannique, qui exploite depuis 1994 les trains à grande vitesse reliant Paris et Bruxelles au sud de l'Angleterre (Kent) et à Londres, via Lille et Calais, en empruntant le tunnel sous la Manche. Des trains directs relient également Londres à Marne-la-Vallée (Disneyland Paris), Avignon (en été), Bourg-Saint-Maurice, La Plagne et Moûtiers (en hiver).
Eurostar est une société majoritairement détenue par la SNCF (en direct ou via SNCF Participations). La répartition du capital au 1er janvier 2010 est de 55 % à la SNCF, 40 % à la compagnie ferroviaire britannique London and Continental Railways (L&CR) (dont la SNCF détient 35 % et le groupe britannique de transport National Express Group 40 %) et 5 % à la compagnie ferroviaire belge SNCB1. Le total de la participation de la SNCF est par conséquent de 69 % (55 % direct et 14 % indirect).
On appelle également Eurostar les trains à grande vitesse utilisés par l'entreprise, également appelés TGV TMST (pour TGV TransManche SuperTrain) en France et British Rail Class 373 au Royaume-Uni. Composée de dix-huit voitures et de deux motrices, chaque rame mesure 393,72 m de long et peut transporter jusqu'à 750 passagers à 300 km/h.
Depuis la première journée d’exploitation commerciale d'un train Eurostar le 14 novembre 19942, des lignes à grande vitesse ont été construites en Belgique (LGV 1) et au Royaume-Uni (High Speed 1) et permettent de relier la Gare de Saint-Pancras de Londres à la Gare de Lille-Europe en 1 h 20, à la Gare de Bruxelles-Midi en 1 h 51 et à la Gare de Paris-Nord en 2 h 153[réf. à confirmer].
Eurostar a atteint 100 millions de voyageurs transportés en août 20094. En 2010, la société revendique 70 % du trafic passager sur les axes Paris–Londres et Bruxelles–Londres avec une cinquantaine de trains passant par le tunnel quotidiennement.
The U.S. Marshals in conjunction with the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, and state and local partner agencies in 16 geographical locations across the U.S., recovered or located 225 critically-missing youth during Operation We Will Find You, a 10-week national operation which concluded 15 May, 2023. We Will Find You is the first national missing child operation and was focused on geographical areas with high clusters of critically-missing children which included: Massachusetts; the National Capital Region (eastern Virginia, Washington D.C. and Maryland); New Orleans, Louisiana; San Antonio, Texas; Orlando, Florida; Puerto Rico; the U.S. Virgin Islands; Los Angeles, California; Guam; northern Ohio; Detriot, Michigan; South Carolina; Yakima, Washington. Operation We Will Find You presented the USMS with an opportunity to expand and highlight partnerships among law enforcement agencies and NCMEC that resulted in not only finding critically missing children, but also bringing more attention to the epidemic of missing children in America.
(U.S. Marshals Service photo by Bennie J. Davis III)
Inauguration et premier jour d'exploitation de la nouvelle ligne de tramway T3 du réseau STAS à Saint-Etienne.
The U.S. Marshals in conjunction with the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children, and state and local partner agencies in 16 geographical locations across the U.S., recovered or located 225 critically-missing youth during Operation We Will Find You, a 10-week national operation which concluded 15 May, 2023. We Will Find You is the first national missing child operation and was focused on geographical areas with high clusters of critically-missing children which included: Massachusetts; the National Capital Region (eastern Virginia, Washington D.C. and Maryland); New Orleans, Louisiana; San Antonio, Texas; Orlando, Florida; Puerto Rico; the U.S. Virgin Islands; Los Angeles, California; Guam; northern Ohio; Detriot, Michigan; South Carolina; Yakima, Washington. Operation We Will Find You presented the USMS with an opportunity to expand and highlight partnerships among law enforcement agencies and NCMEC that resulted in not only finding critically missing children, but also bringing more attention to the epidemic of missing children in America.
(U.S. Marshals Service photo by Bennie J. Davis III)
Brasília, The Exploited em Brasília, 06/11/09.
[Click em "ALL SIZES" acima da foto para vê-la em seu tamanho original]
Breaking free,violence,survivor,trauma bond,PTSD,exploitative relationship,abusive relationship,victim,abuser,perpetrator
Eurostar International Ltd est une entreprise ferroviaire de droit britannique, qui exploite depuis 1994 les trains à grande vitesse reliant Paris et Bruxelles au sud de l'Angleterre (Kent) et à Londres, via Lille et Calais, en empruntant le tunnel sous la Manche. Des trains directs relient également Londres à Marne-la-Vallée (Disneyland Paris), Avignon (en été), Bourg-Saint-Maurice, La Plagne et Moûtiers (en hiver).
Eurostar est une société majoritairement détenue par la SNCF (en direct ou via SNCF Participations). La répartition du capital au 1er janvier 2010 est de 55 % à la SNCF, 40 % à la compagnie ferroviaire britannique London and Continental Railways (L&CR) (dont la SNCF détient 35 % et le groupe britannique de transport National Express Group 40 %) et 5 % à la compagnie ferroviaire belge SNCB1. Le total de la participation de la SNCF est par conséquent de 69 % (55 % direct et 14 % indirect).
On appelle également Eurostar les trains à grande vitesse utilisés par l'entreprise, également appelés TGV TMST (pour TGV TransManche SuperTrain) en France et British Rail Class 373 au Royaume-Uni. Composée de dix-huit voitures et de deux motrices, chaque rame mesure 393,72 m de long et peut transporter jusqu'à 750 passagers à 300 km/h.
Depuis la première journée d’exploitation commerciale d'un train Eurostar le 14 novembre 19942, des lignes à grande vitesse ont été construites en Belgique (LGV 1) et au Royaume-Uni (High Speed 1) et permettent de relier la Gare de Saint-Pancras de Londres à la Gare de Lille-Europe en 1 h 20, à la Gare de Bruxelles-Midi en 1 h 51 et à la Gare de Paris-Nord en 2 h 153[réf. à confirmer].
Eurostar a atteint 100 millions de voyageurs transportés en août 20094. En 2010, la société revendique 70 % du trafic passager sur les axes Paris–Londres et Bruxelles–Londres avec une cinquantaine de trains passant par le tunnel quotidiennement.
Exploitant : RATP
Réseau : RATP
Ligne : 262
Lieu : Grâce de Dieu (Bezons, F-95)
Lien TC Infos : tc-infos.fr/id/11024
Exploitant : Transdev TVO
Réseau : R'Bus (Argenteuil)
Ligne : 34
Lieu : Route de Cormeilles (Argenteuil, F-95)
Lien TC Infos : tc-infos.fr/vehicule/14539
The exploitation rights for this text are the property of the Vienna Tourist Board. This text may be reprinted free of charge until further notice, even partially and in edited form. Forward sample copy to: Vienna Tourist Board, Media Management, Invalidenstraße 6, 1030 Vienna; media.rel@wien.info. All information in this text without guarantee.
Author: Andreas Nierhaus, Curator of Architecture/Wien Museum
Last updated January 2014
Architecture in Vienna
Vienna's 2,000-year history is present in a unique density in the cityscape. The layout of the center dates back to the Roman city and medieval road network. Romanesque and Gothic churches characterize the streets and squares as well as palaces and mansions of the baroque city of residence. The ring road is an expression of the modern city of the 19th century, in the 20th century extensive housing developments set accents in the outer districts. Currently, large-scale urban development measures are implemented; distinctive buildings of international star architects complement the silhouette of the city.
Due to its function as residence of the emperor and European power center, Vienna for centuries stood in the focus of international attention, but it was well aware of that too. As a result, developed an outstanding building culture, and still today on a worldwide scale only a few cities can come up with a comparable density of high-quality architecture. For several years now, Vienna has increased its efforts to connect with its historical highlights and is drawing attention to itself with some spectacular new buildings. The fastest growing city in the German-speaking world today most of all in residential construction is setting standards. Constants of the Viennese architecture are respect for existing structures, the palpability of historical layers and the dialogue between old and new.
Culmination of medieval architecture: the Stephansdom
The oldest architectural landmark of the city is St. Stephen's Cathedral. Under the rule of the Habsburgs, defining the face of the city from the late 13th century until 1918 in a decisive way, the cathedral was upgraded into the sacral monument of the political ambitions of the ruling house. The 1433 completed, 137 meters high southern tower, by the Viennese people affectionately named "Steffl", is a masterpiece of late Gothic architecture in Europe. For decades he was the tallest stone structure in Europe, until today he is the undisputed center of the city.
The baroque residence
Vienna's ascension into the ranks of the great European capitals began in Baroque. Among the most important architects are Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt. Outside the city walls arose a chain of summer palaces, including the garden Palais Schwarzenberg (1697-1704) as well as the Upper and Lower Belvedere of Prince Eugene of Savoy (1714-22). Among the most important city palaces are the Winter Palace of Prince Eugene (1695-1724, now a branch of the Belvedere) and the Palais Daun-Kinsky (auction house in Kinsky 1713-19). The emperor himself the Hofburg had complemented by buildings such as the Imperial Library (1722-26) and the Winter Riding School (1729-34). More important, however, for the Habsburgs was the foundation of churches and monasteries. Thus arose before the city walls Fischer von Erlach's Karlskirche (1714-39), which with its formal and thematic complex show façade belongs to the major works of European Baroque. In colored interior rooms like that of St. Peter's Church (1701-22), the contemporary efforts for the synthesis of architecture, painting and sculpture becomes visible.
Upgrading into metropolis: the ring road time (Ringstraßenzeit)
Since the Baroque, reflections on extension of the hopelessly overcrowed city were made, but only Emperor Franz Joseph ordered in 1857 the demolition of the fortifications and the connection of the inner city with the suburbs. 1865, the Ring Road was opened. It is as the most important boulevard of Europe an architectural and in terms of urban development achievement of the highest rank. The original building structure is almost completely preserved and thus conveys the authentic image of a metropolis of the 19th century. The public representational buildings speak, reflecting accurately the historicism, by their style: The Greek Antique forms of Theophil Hansen's Parliament (1871-83) stood for democracy, the Renaissance of the by Heinrich Ferstel built University (1873-84) for the flourishing of humanism, the Gothic of the Town Hall (1872-83) by Friedrich Schmidt for the medieval civic pride.
Dominating remained the buildings of the imperial family: Eduard van der Nüll's and August Sicardsburg's Opera House (1863-69), Gottfried Semper's and Carl Hasenauer's Burgtheater (1874-88), their Museum of Art History and Museum of Natural History (1871-91) and the Neue (New) Hofburg (1881-1918 ). At the same time the ring road was the preferred residential area of mostly Jewish haute bourgeoisie. With luxurious palaces the families Ephrussi, Epstein or Todesco made it clear that they had taken over the cultural leadership role in Viennese society. In the framework of the World Exhibition of 1873, the new Vienna presented itself an international audience. At the ring road many hotels were opened, among them the Hotel Imperial and today's Palais Hansen Kempinski.
Laboratory of modernity: Vienna around 1900
Otto Wagner's Postal Savings Bank (1903-06) was one of the last buildings in the Ring road area Otto Wagner's Postal Savings Bank (1903-06), which with it façade, liberated of ornament, and only decorated with "functional" aluminum buttons and the glass banking hall now is one of the icons of modern architecture. Like no other stood Otto Wagner for the dawn into the 20th century: His Metropolitan Railway buildings made the public transport of the city a topic of architecture, the church of the Psychiatric hospital at Steinhofgründe (1904-07) is considered the first modern church.
With his consistent focus on the function of a building ("Something impractical can not be beautiful"), Wagner marked a whole generation of architects and made Vienna the laboratory of modernity: in addition to Joseph Maria Olbrich, the builder of the Secession (1897-98) and Josef Hoffmann, the architect of the at the western outskirts located Purkersdorf Sanatorium (1904) and founder of the Vienna Workshop (Wiener Werkstätte, 1903) is mainly to mention Adolf Loos, with the Loos House at the square Michaelerplatz (1909-11) making architectural history. The extravagant marble cladding of the business zone stands in maximal contrast, derived from the building function, to the unadorned facade above, whereby its "nudity" became even more obvious - a provocation, as well as his culture-critical texts ("Ornament and Crime"), with which he had greatest impact on the architecture of the 20th century. Public contracts Loos remained denied. His major works therefore include villas, apartment facilities and premises as the still in original state preserved Tailor salon Knize at Graben (1910-13) and the restored Loos Bar (1908-09) near the Kärntner Straße (passageway Kärntner Durchgang).
Between the Wars: International Modern Age and social housing
After the collapse of the monarchy in 1918, Vienna became capital of the newly formed small country of Austria. In the heart of the city, the architects Theiss & Jaksch built 1931-32 the first skyscraper in Vienna as an exclusive residential address (Herrengasse - alley 6-8). To combat the housing shortage for the general population, the social democratic city government in a globally unique building program within a few years 60,000 apartments in hundreds of apartment buildings throughout the city area had built, including the famous Karl Marx-Hof by Karl Ehn (1925-30). An alternative to the multi-storey buildings with the 1932 opened International Werkbundsiedlung was presented, which was attended by 31 architects from Austria, Germany, France, Holland and the USA and showed models for affordable housing in greenfield areas. With buildings of Adolf Loos, André Lurçat, Richard Neutra, Gerrit Rietveld, the Werkbundsiedlung, which currently is being restored at great expense, is one of the most important documents of modern architecture in Austria.
Modernism was also expressed in significant Villa buildings: The House Beer (1929-31) by Josef Frank exemplifies the refined Wiener living culture of the interwar period, while the house Stonborough-Wittgenstein (1926-28, today Bulgarian Cultural Institute), built by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein together with the architect Paul Engelmann for his sister Margarete, by its aesthetic radicalism and mathematical rigor represents a special case within contemporary architecture.
Expulsion, war and reconstruction
After the "Anschluss (Annexation)" to the German Reich in 1938, numerous Jewish builders, architects (female and male ones), who had been largely responsible for the high level of Viennese architecture, have been expelled from Austria. During the Nazi era, Vienna remained largely unaffected by structural transformations, apart from the six flak towers built for air defense of Friedrich Tamms (1942-45), made of solid reinforced concrete which today are present as memorials in the cityscape.
The years after the end of World War II were characterized by the reconstruction of the by bombs heavily damaged city. The architecture of those times was marked by aesthetic pragmatism, but also by the attempt to connect with the period before 1938 and pick up on current international trends. Among the most important buildings of the 1950s are Roland Rainer's City Hall (1952-58), the by Oswald Haerdtl erected Wien Museum at Karlsplatz (1954-59) and the 21er Haus of Karl Schwanzer (1958-62).
The youngsters come
Since the 1960s, a young generation was looking for alternatives to the moderate modernism of the reconstruction years. With visionary designs, conceptual, experimental and above all temporary architectures, interventions and installations, Raimund Abraham, Günther Domenig, Eilfried Huth, Hans Hollein, Walter Pichler and the groups Coop Himmelb(l)au, Haus-Rucker-Co and Missing Link rapidly got international attention. Although for the time being it was more designed than built, was the influence on the postmodern and deconstructivist trends of the 1970s and 1980s also outside Austria great. Hollein's futuristic "Retti" candle shop at Charcoal Market/Kohlmarkt (1964-65) and Domenig's biomorphic building of the Central Savings Bank in Favoriten (10th district of Vienna - 1975-79) are among the earliest examples, later Hollein's Haas-Haus (1985-90), the loft conversion Falkestraße (1987/88) by Coop Himmelb(l)au or Domenig's T Center (2002-04) were added. Especially Domenig, Hollein, Coop Himmelb(l)au and the architects Ortner & Ortner (ancient members of Haus-Rucker-Co) by orders from abroad the new Austrian and Viennese architecture made a fixed international concept.
MuseumQuarter and Gasometer
Since the 1980s, the focus of building in Vienna lies on the compaction of the historic urban fabric that now as urban habitat of high quality no longer is put in question. Among the internationally best known projects is the by Ortner & Ortner planned MuseumsQuartier in the former imperial stables (competition 1987, 1998-2001), which with institutions such as the MUMOK - Museum of Modern Art Foundation Ludwig, the Leopold Museum, the Kunsthalle Wien, the Architecture Center Vienna and the Zoom Children's Museum on a wordwide scale is under the largest cultural complexes. After controversies in the planning phase, here an architectural compromise between old and new has been achieved at the end, whose success as an urban stage with four million visitors (2012) is overwhelming.
The dialogue between old and new, which has to stand on the agenda of building culture of a city that is so strongly influenced by history, also features the reconstruction of the Gasometer in Simmering by Coop Himmelb(l)au, Wilhelm Holzbauer, Jean Nouvel and Manfred Wehdorn (1999-2001). Here was not only created new housing, but also a historical industrial monument reinterpreted into a signal in the urban development area.
New Neighborhood
In recent years, the major railway stations and their surroundings moved into the focus of planning. Here not only necessary infrastructural measures were taken, but at the same time opened up spacious inner-city residential areas and business districts. Among the prestigious projects are included the construction of the new Vienna Central Station, started in 2010 with the surrounding office towers of the Quartier Belvedere and the residential and school buildings of the Midsummer quarter (Sonnwendviertel). Europe's largest wooden tower invites here for a spectacular view to the construction site and the entire city. On the site of the former North Station are currently being built 10,000 homes and 20,000 jobs, on that of the Aspangbahn station is being built at Europe's greatest Passive House settlement "Euro Gate", the area of the North Western Railway Station is expected to be developed from 2020 for living and working. The largest currently under construction residential project but can be found in the north-eastern outskirts, where in Seaside Town Aspern till 2028 living and working space for 40,000 people will be created.
In one of the "green lungs" of Vienna, the Prater, 2013, the WU campus was opened for the largest University of Economics of Europe. Around the central square spectacular buildings of an international architect team from Great Britain, Japan, Spain and Austria are gathered that seem to lead a sometimes very loud conversation about the status quo of contemporary architecture (Hitoshi Abe, BUSarchitektur, Peter Cook, Zaha Hadid, NO MAD Arquitectos, Carme Pinós).
Flying high
International is also the number of architects who have inscribed themselves in the last few years with high-rise buildings in the skyline of Vienna and make St. Stephen's a not always unproblematic competition. Visible from afar is Massimiliano Fuksas' 138 and 127 meters high elegant Twin Tower at Wienerberg (1999-2001). The monolithic, 75-meter-high tower of the Hotel Sofitel at the Danube Canal by Jean Nouvel (2007-10), on the other hand, reacts to the particular urban situation and stages in its top floor new perspectives to the historical center on the other side.
Also at the water stands Dominique Perrault's DC Tower (2010-13) in the Danube City - those high-rise city, in which since the start of construction in 1996, the expansion of the city north of the Danube is condensed symbolically. Even in this environment, the slim and at the same time striking vertically folded tower of Perrault is beyond all known dimensions; from its Sky Bar, from spring 2014 on you are able to enjoy the highest view of Vienna. With 250 meters, the tower is the tallest building of Austria and almost twice as high as the St. Stephen's Cathedral. Vienna, thus, has acquired a new architectural landmark which cannot be overlooked - whether it also has the potential to become a landmark of the new Vienna, only time will tell. The architectural history of Vienna, where European history is presence and new buildings enter into an exciting and not always conflict-free dialogue with a great and outstanding architectural heritage, in any case has yet to offer exciting chapters.
Here is the remainder of the photos of my shoe exploits from the past few months.
A pair of cheap Chinese plastic shoes similar to Crocs, but I think more classy. These are Euro size 41. big for me and much larger than the typical size I wear these days, but the smallest available. They are actually very comfortable and the Spandex heels keep them snug on my feet.
It seems I'm not the only one who likes the style, I get favorable comments almost every time I wear these. Funny, I can be wearing old shoes falling apart, no comments; Size 2 shoes which look like they belong on a young child, no comments; Women's wedges or ankle boots, usually no comments (but sometimes a funny look or stare, possibly more related to my awkward gait than the footwear.) But something bright and "stylish", and all kinds of favorable comments and questions.
Tour Eiffel
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Tour Eiffel (homonymie).
Tour Eiffel
Géographie
Pays France
VilleParis
Quartier7e arrondissement
Coordonnées48° 51′ 30″ Nord 2° 17′ 40″ Est
Histoire
Ancien(s) nom(s)« Tour de 300 mètres »
Architecte(s)Stephen Sauvestre
Ingénieur(s)Gustave Eiffel & Cie
Construction1887 - 1889
2 ans, 2 mois et 5 jours
Usage(s)Tour d'observation et de télécommunication
Architecture
Style architecturalTour autoportante en fer puddlé
Protection Inscrit MH (1964)
Hauteur de l'antenne324 m
Hauteur du dernier étage279,11 m
Nombre d'étages4
Nombre d'ascenseurs4 (1/pilier)
Administration
Occupant(s)Société d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel (SETE)
Propriétaire(s)Mairie de Paris
Géolocalisation
La tour Eiffel est une tour de fer puddlé de 324 mètres de hauteur (avec antennes)o 1 située à Paris, à l’extrémité nord-ouest du parc du Champ-de-Mars en bordure de la Seine dans le 7e arrondissement. Construite par Gustave Eiffel et ses collaborateurs pour l’Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889, et initialement nommée « tour de 300 mètres », ce monument est devenu le symbole de la capitale française, et un site touristique de premier plan : il s’agit du second site culturel français payant le plus visité en 2011, avec 7,1 millions de visiteurs dont 75 % d'étrangers en 2011, la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris étant en tête des monuments à l'accès libre avec 13,6 millions de visiteurs estimés1 mais il reste le monument payant le plus visité au monde2,note 1. Elle a accueilli son 250 millionième visiteur en 2010.
D’une hauteur de 312 mètreso 1 à l’origine, la tour Eiffel est restée le monument le plus élevé du monde pendant 41 ans. Le second niveau du troisième étage, appelé parfois quatrième étage, situé à 279,11 m, est la plus haute plateforme d'observation accessible au public de l'Union européenne et la plus haute d'Europe, tant que celle de la Tour Ostankino à Moscou culminant à 337 m demeurera fermée au public, à la suite de l'incendie survenu en l'an 2000. La hauteur de la tour a été plusieurs fois augmentée par l’installation de nombreuses antennes. Utilisée dans le passé pour de nombreuses expériences scientifiques, elle sert aujourd’hui d’émetteur de programmes radiophoniques et télévisés.
Contestée par certains à l'origine, la tour Eiffel fut d'abord, à l'occasion de l'exposition universelle de 1889, la vitrine du savoir-faire technique français. Plébiscitée par le public dès sa présentation à l'exposition, elle a accueilli plus de 200 millions de visiteurs depuis son inaugurationo 2. Sa taille exceptionnelle et sa silhouette immédiatement reconnaissable en ont fait un emblème de Paris.
Imaginée par Maurice Koechlin et Émile Nouguier, respectivement chef du bureau des études et chef du bureau des méthodes d'Eiffel & Cie4, la tour Eiffel est conçue pour être le « clou de l'Exposition de 1889 se tenant à Paris. ». Elle salue également le centenaire de la Révolution française. Le premier plan est réalisé en juin 1884 et amélioré par Stephen Sauvestre, l’architecte en chef des projets de l'entreprise, qui lui apporte plus d'esthétique.
Le 1er mai 1886, le ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie Édouard Lockroy, fervent défenseur du projet, signe un arrêté qui déclare ouvert « un concours en vue de l’Exposition universelle de 1889 »5. Gustave Eiffel remporte ce concours et une convention du 8 janvier 1887 fixe les modalités d'exploitation de l'édifice. La galerie Vittorio Emanuele II, au centre de Milan, fut une source d'inspiration, pour sa structure métallique.[réf. nécessaire]
Construite en deux ans, deux mois et cinq jours, de 1887 à 1889, par 250 ouvriers, elle est inaugurée, à l'occasion d'une fête de fin de chantier organisée par Gustave Eiffel, le 31 mars 1889o 3. Sa fréquentation s'érode rapidement ; la tour Eiffel ne connaîtra véritablement un succès massif et constant qu'à partir des années 1960, avec l'essor du tourisme international. Elle accueille maintenant plus de six millions de visiteurs chaque année.
Sa hauteur lui a permis de porter le titre de « plus haute structure du monde » jusqu'à la construction en 1930 du Chrysler Building à New York. Située sur le Champ-de-Mars, près de la Seine, dans le 7e arrondissement de Paris, elle est actuellement exploitée par la société d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel (SETE). Le site, sur lequel travaillent plus 500 personnes (dont plus de 250 directement employés par la SETE), est ouvert tous les jours de l'annéeo 1.
La tour Eiffel est inscrite aux monuments historiques depuis le 24 juin 19646 et est inscrite au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO depuis 1991, en compagnie des autres monuments parisiens.
ESPAGNOL ESPANOL
La Torre Eiffel (La Tour Eiffel, en francés), inicialmente nombrada torre de 330 metros (tour de 330 mètres), es una estructura de hierro pudelado diseñada por Maurice Koechlin y Émile Nouguier y construida por el ingeniero francés Gustave Eiffel y sus colaboradores para la Exposición universal de 1889 en París.1
Situada en el extremo del Campo de Marte a la orilla del río Sena, este monumento parisino, símbolo de Francia y su capital, es la estructura más alta de la ciudad y el monumento que cobra entrada más visitado del mundo, con 7,1 millones de turistas en 2011.2 Con una altura de 300 metros, prolongada más tarde con una antena a 325 metros, la Torre Eiffel fue la estructura más elevada del mundo durante 41 años.
Fue construida en dos años, dos meses y cinco días, y en su momento generó cierta controversia entre los artistas de la época, que la veían como un monstruo de hierro.3 Inicialmente utilizada para pruebas del ejército con antenas de comunicación,4 hoy sirve, además de atractivo turístico y como emisora de programas radiofónicos y televisivos.
La Torre Eiffel sobresale en París con sus 300 metros de altura.
Ubicación de la torre en la orilla sur del río Sena, en el extremo del Campo de Marte.
Inicialmente tema de controversia de algunos, la Torre Eiffel sirvió como presentación a la Exposición Universal de París de 1889, la cual acogió a más de 236 millones de visitantes desde su inauguración. Su tamaño excepcional y su silueta inmediatamente reconocible hicieron de la torre un emblema de París.
Concebida en la imaginación de Maurice Koechlin y Émile Nouguier, jefe de la oficina de estudios y jefe de la oficina de métodos, respectivamente, de la compañía "Eiffel & CO", fue pensada para ser el «clavo (centro de atención) de la exposición de 1889 que se celebraría en París», que además celebraría el centenario de la Revolución francesa. El primer plano de la torre fue realizado en junio de 1884 y mejorado por Stephen Sauvestre, el arquitecto principal de los proyectos de la empresa, quien le aportó más estética.
El 1 de mayo de 1886, el Ministro de Comercio e Industria, Édouard Lockroy, entusiasta partidario del proyecto, firmó un decreto que declaraba abierto «un apoyo para la Exposición Universal de 1889». Gustave Eiffel ganó este apoyo económico y un convenio el 8 de enero de 1887 que fijo las modalidades de construcción del edificio.
Construida en dos años, dos meses y cinco días (de 1887 a 1889) por 250 obreros, se inaugura oficialmente el 31 de marzo de 1889. Sufriendo una corrosión muy frecuente, la Torre Eiffel no conocerá verdaderamente un éxito masivo y constante hasta los años sesenta, con el desarrollo del turismo internacional. Ahora acoge a más de seis millones de visitantes cada año.
Sus 300 metros de altura le permitieron llevar el título de «la estructura más alta del mundo» hasta la construcción en 1930 del Edificio Chrysler, en Nueva York. Construida sobre el Campo de Marte cerca del río Sena, en el 7º distrito de París, actualmente es administrada por la "Sociedad para la administración de la torre Eiffel" (Société d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel, SETE). El lugar, que emplea a 500 personas (250 empleados directos del SETE y 250 de los distintos concesionarios instalados sobre el monumento), está abierto todos los días del año.
Exploitant : Transdev Nanterre
Réseau : RATP
Ligne : 467
Lieu : Gare de Rueil-Malmaison (Rueil-Malmaison, F-92)
Lien TC Infos : tc-infos.fr/id/26912
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Why vegan?
Read Theory of Animal Rights:
www.abolitionistapproach.com/media/slides/theory1.html
Watch Earthlings:
Exploitant : Keolis Seine Essonne
Réseau : Navette Substitution SNCF Île-de-France
Ligne : Navette Transilien J
Lieu : Gare d'Ermont – Eaubonne (Ermont, F-95)
Lien TC Infos : tc-infos.fr/id/41576
Even when I bought their 'throw away' hankies & socks I knew, in both my heart & my head, that the only way they could sell so cheaply was by exploiting slave labour.
Now, after learning that scattered throughout the rubble, blood, bodies, maimed, still trapped & still suffering, ruthlessly exploited human beings --- were this 'booming business' brand's labels -- I swear -- NEVER AGAIN!
www.channel4.com/news/bangladesh-building-collapse-what-p...
Mercedes-Benz Citaro G I n°0151 et Mercedes-Benz Citaro G I n°0152 du réseau LE MET' au Centre d'Exploitation et de Maintenance des TAMM. Ces véhicules sont aujourd'hui réformés.
Ils l'ont fait ! Un semi-ironman, tous les jours, durant cinq jours d'affilée
Saint-Malo : Géraud Paillot inscrit son nom dans le livre Guinness des records
Ils l'ont fait ! Le Malouin Géraud Paillot et son neurologue Mathieu Vaillant ont battu un record du monde en paratriathlon en enchaînant cinq semi-Ironman pendant cinq jours.
Moment de liesse ce jeudi 1er septembre 2022, devant les remparts de Saint-Malo. Quelques minutes avant 15h, accompagnés de plusieurs cyclistes et coureurs à pied, le Malouin Géraud Paillot et son neurologue Mathieu Vaillant sont arrivés au terme de leur formidable défi : celui d’enchaîner, cinq jours de suite, un semi-Ironman chaque jour.
123 km et 9 heures d’effort chaque jour !
Soit 1,9 km de natation, 90 km de vélo et un semi-marathon (21 km) au quotidien. 123 km et 9 heures d’effort chaque jour ! Un véritable « éverest » à gravir pour Géraud, atteint de la sclérose en plaques depuis 2000.
Malgré la douleur, les deux hommes signent une sacrée performance qui leur permet de décrocher le record mondial du nombre de triathlons longue distance enchaîné sur un minimum de 5 jours. Un exploit qui va leur ouvrir les pages de l’illustre livre Guinness des Records.
Ce record, l’athlète handisport l’a réalisé en grande partie avec son fauteuil de course. Le but pour Géraud n’était pas d’épater la galerie, mais de transmettre, à travers ce projet, une « étincelle », voire un grain de folie douce, à toutes celles et ceux qui souffrent d’une maladie dégénérative.
Géraud et Mathieu ont ainsi voulu montrer « qu’on peut avoir des rêves et les réaliser, et qu’à plusieurs on peut faire des choses incroyables ».
En route pour un record !
Un Malouin s'illustre en ce moment dans les bassins et sur les routes de la région de Saint-Malo. Géraud Paillot est bien parti pour battre le record du nombre de paratriathlons longue distance enchaîné sur un minimum de 5 jours.
Géraud s'est élancé à 6h30 dimanche 28 août avec une équipe d'officiels et de sportifs, à l'assaut de 1 900 m de nage à l'Aquamalo, de 90 km de handbike direction le Mont Saint Michel et de 21 km 0975 de fauteuil de course pour arriver devant la porte Saint-Vincent en milieu d'après-midi.
Presque 9 heures d'effort qu'il renouvelle chaque jour depuis !
Si demain jeudi, l'athlète handisport et son neurologue qui l'accompagne Mathieu Vaillant arrivent à bout de cette 5e journée, ils feront leur entrée dans le Guinness Book des Records !
Evènement solidaire
Tentative de Record du Monde, un Handi et un valide en même temps
Aventure Hustive 5 : tentative de record du monde ’enchaînement de Triathlon, format semi-ironman, un défi inédit et solidaire Innédit : établir en même temps un record du monde en format Handi et en format Valide pour l’enchainement de semi Ironman, 1 par jour pendant 3 jours minimum et 7 jours maximum
Catégorie Guinness book des records :
"Most long-distance (113 km) triathlon races completed on consecutive days (male)“ en valide et en paratriathlon
Objectifs :
– Démontrer que Les seules limites sont celles que l’on s’impose
– Démontrer que Handis-Valides /Soignants-Soignés... La différence et la complémentarité permettent d’atteindre des objectifs incroyables
– Solidaire : achat de matériel handisport pour l’Association Aventure Hustive et don recherche maladie chronique
– Aider des personnes à développer leur résilience en participant à une partie du défi Départ le 28 août 2022 dans la région de St Malo et le Mont Saint-Michel
Organisation de l’événement
Journée Type (Horaires intermédiaires estimés)
– 6H20 Départ natation : Aquamalo
– 7H30 Départ Vélo / Handbike : Aquamalo → Mont Saint Michel
– 10H-10H15 Ravitaillement au Mont Saint Michel (près du barrage) puis départ pour Aquamalo
– 12H45 Arrivée Aquamalo
– 13H15 départ Course à Pied / fauteuil : Aquamalo → Mairie de Saint-Malo
– 15H45-17H Temps de partage, participants, partenaires...
Sécurité
– Natation : accompagnateurs et 1 médecin présent
– Vélo : Motos pour ouverture et fermeture + 1 voiture d’accompagnement et 1 médecin présent
– Course à Pied : vélos pour ouverture et fermeture et 1 médecin présent
Circulation :
– Le départ et la circulation des participants se fait de manière groupé. Il ne s’agit pas d’une course avec classement
– Les règles du code de la route sont respectées
Informations complémentaires :
– Lieu de rendez-vous : Aquamalo, Av. Atalante, 35430 Saint-Jouan-des-Guérets
– Heure rendez-vous : 6H10 le matin à partir du 28 août
– Heure départ course 6H20
– Second numéro de téléphone : Hugues Picard, chargé de la sécurité et organisation /
logistique :
– Parcours vélo et CAP sur slides suivants
Aventure Hustive – Mai 2022
Géraud & Mathieu seront accompagnés sur des tronçons ou journée par des sportifs handis ou valides
Mathieu VAILLANT, 38 ans, neurologue au CHU de Grenoble. Il aime prendre le temps d’observer notre environnent avec sa famille, pour leur faire découvrir la nature et l’importance de la protéger.
Il pratique le sport (Ultra trails, semi & full Ironman, randonnée à pied ou à ski en montagne) dans tous les environnements.
Ses valeurs : bienveillance, partage, dépassement de soi, adaptabilité.
Quelques accompagnants sur un partie des disciplines ou triathlon en entier Handis sportifs qui se rééduquent pour participer au défi, Sportifs Valides Chacun peut participer sur inscription et sur une partie du parcours, pour nous accompagner et vivre de l’intérieur cette extraordinaire aventure de tentative de record du monde. Chacun à sa façon, en vélo (électrique ou non) en courant. Certains peuvent aussi participer en logistique pour faciliter le défi
Géraud PAILLOT, 52 ans, ancien cadre dirigeant. Créateur et Président de l’Association Aventure Hustive. Conférencier, patient expert. Atteint de Sclérose en Plaques depuis 2004, il organise et réalise des défis humains et sportifs engagés (Paris-Marseille en Kayak, Une expédition Arctique pour passer le 80ème parallèle Nord, semi et full Ironman...)
Sa devise : « Fais de ta vie un rêve, et d’un rêve une réalité» A de St Exupéry Vivre tous ensemble un défi engagé, inclusif, participatif et convivial avec 3 niveaux de participation
Saint-Malo. Et de un ! Ils ont commencé à enchaîner les triathlons
Ce dimanche 28 août 2022 marquait la première étape du nouveau défi de l’association Aventure Hustive – humaine et sportive. Le duo qui en est à l’initiative vise un record du monde, mais pas seulement.
« Quelle super première journée ! C’est vraiment un plaisir d’être là ! » À l’arrivée, Géraud Paillot, Mathieu Vaillant et une quinzaine de sportifs les accompagnant savourent les applaudissements et un ravitaillement copieusement agrémenté d’encouragements.
Il est 15 h, ce dimanche 28 août 2022 : le petit groupe n’était pas attendu si tôt et s’est manifestement senti pousser des ailes. Cette énergie collective sera en tout cas bien utile pour relever le nouveau défi que s’est lancé l’association Aventure Hustive (Humaine et sportive). Il s’agit en effet d’enchaîner pendant plusieurs jours – au moins trois – des triathlons en formats handi et valide.
Devant la porte Saint-Vincent, à Saint-Malo (Ille-et-Vilaine), les supporters de l’initiative n’étaient pas les seuls à guetter les athlètes. Une arbitre de la Fédération française de triathlon a stoppé son chronomètre 8 h et 17 minutes après le départ de la première épreuve de la journée, 1, 9 km de natation (à 6 h 30 du matin), dans les couloirs de nage d’AquaMalo. Suivis de 90 km de vélo ou de handbike et plus de 21 km de course à pied ou de fauteuil. Il n’y a plus qu’à recommencer, ce lundi 29 août 2022. La présence de deux arbitres, chaque jour, permettra in fine de valider un record d’un genre encore inédit au Guiness book.
Mais ni Géraud Paillot, qui n’a eu de cesse de se lancer des défis sportifs depuis qu’il s’est vu diagnostiquer une sclérose en plaques, en 2017, ni Mathieu Vaillant, médecin neurologue, n’insistent véritablement sur l’aspect « record » du défi. « On avance ensemble, c’est ça qui compte », résument-ils.
Un bon moyen de sensibilisation
Pour le soignant, cette aventure permet « de voir au-delà de l’aspect traitements, de se confronter au quotidien du patient, d’intégrer d’autres dimensions de son vécu ». Pour sa part, Géraud Paillot se réjouit d’entraîner dans sa roue, des sportifs valides et non valides. « Nous voulons sensibiliser le plus de monde possible, notamment aux handicaps invisibles induits par des maladies chroniques qui ont un impact considérable sur la vie des personnes, mais que les gens ne mesurent pas… »
Sans oublier l’essentiel : « Passer un bon moment. On se sent porté par le collectif, il y a une vraie dynamique. » Il est possible de suivre l’aventure sur la page Facebook de l’association. Pour encourager les athlètes, rien de tel, en revanche, que de venir les applaudir, tous les après-midi, vers 15 h, sur l’esplanade Saint-Vincent.
Saint-Malo. Il va tenter le record du monde d’enchaînements de paratriathlons
Géraud Paillot va s’élancer avec Mathieu Vaillant, médecin neurologue, pour tenter d’établir un double record du monde de triathlon, l’un en format handi et l’autre en format valide. Lors de ce défi, ils vont enchaîner des semi-Ironman entre Saint-Malo et Le Mont-Saint-Michel.
Géraud Paillot aime, comme Boris Cyrulnik, « le sport de petit niveau » et se définit comme « un touriste ».
Un touriste costaud alors, vu les défis qu’il enchaîne avec son association Aventure Hustive (humaine et sportive) : Paris-Marseille en kayak ; une expédition de trois semaines, toujours en kayak, pour atteindre le 80e parallèle ; un triathlon longue distance et un autre XXL. Sans compter les challenges d’un jour ou d’un week-end pour le plaisir du partage, ou l’entraînement.
Un triathlon longue distance par jour
Le prochain ? Tenter le record du monde d’enchaînement de triathlons longue distance en catégorie paratriathlon. « On s’est rendu compte que la catégorie enchaînement du plus grand nombre de triathlons longue distance existait dans le Guinness book pour les valides. Mais pas en paratriathlon. On les a sollicités et on a obtenu la création de cette nouvelle catégorie » , détaille Géraud Paillot. Il dit on, car il ne sera pas seul.
Le malouin s’élancera, le 28 août, avec Mathieu Vaillant, médecin neurologue, pour tenter d’établir un double record du monde de triathlon, l’un en format handi et l’autre en format valide.
Ils seront accompagnés de quelques volontaires pour parcourir, chaque jour, 1,9 km en nageant, 90 km en handbike ou vélo, et 21 km en fauteuil ou en courant.
Mais cette quête du record n’est finalement qu’un prétexte. « Le but de l’association est d’organiser des défis sportifs rassemblant handi et valides, comme soignés et soignants, pour communiquer de manière positive sur les maladies chroniques, le handicap et démontrer que c’est possible. »
« Vivre avec »
Le Malouin ajoute : « Oui, il y a le record mais c’est surtout un moment de partage, un moyen de parler de l’asso qui récolte des fonds pour la recherche et finance des activités pour tous. »
C’est en 2017 qu’il crée cette association. L’année où sa maladie, la sclérose en plaques, l’oblige à arrêter de travailler. « J’ai voulu vivre avec plutôt que de lutter contre la maladie. Je ne voulais pas rester dans mon canapé. »
Une grosse préparation
Depuis, l’aventurier multiplie les défis à la force des bras.Il se prépare à celui-ci depuis plus de six mois et a atteint un pic d’entraînement ce dernier mois. « J’ai enchaîné six jours à faire 2 km de nage, puis six jours à faire 70 km en moyenne de handbike, six jours à faire des semi-marathons en fauteuil. Et je finis par trois triathlons S en trois jours. J’enchaîne ensuite par un mois d’août à base de sorties plaisir. »
C’est aussi dans la tête que ça se joue. « Je travaille beaucoup la préparation mentale. Je fais du yoga tous les jours. C’est un volet hyper important et j’en ai besoin pour me connaître et attendre attentif par rapport à ma maladie. »
Il a aussi pu compter sur Itesoft, « un partenaire qui me suit sur cette cinquième aventure. Mais aussi sur AquaMalo, qui nous ouvre les bassins à 6 h 30, la Ville de Saint-Malo et le département de la Manche. »
Rendez-vous donc dimanche 28 août, à 6 h 30, pour 1,9 km de nage à Aquamalo, 90 km de handbike/vélo en aller-retour jusqu’au Mont-Saint-Michel et un semi avec arrivée à Saint-Malo. Avec l’ambition de l’enchaîner trois jours d’affilée. Au minimum…
Saint-Malo : atteint de sclérose en plaques, il veut battre le record du monde de triathlons
Ce dimanche 28 août, Géraud Paillot, atteint de sclérose en plaque va tenter de battre un record en enchaînant le plus grand nombre de triathlons à Saint-Malo.
Géraud Paillot, 52 ans est atteint de sclérose en plaques depuis 2004. En binôme avec Mathieu Vaillant, neurologue, il va tenter à partir de ce dimanche 28 août d'enchaîner le plus grand nombre de triathlons longue distance et de s'inscrire dans le Guinness book record. Géraud Paillot concoure dans la catégorie handicapé et Mathieu Vaillant en catégorie valide. L'idée est de faire un triathlon par jour pendant un maximum de jours. Le duo a pour ambition de les enchaîner pendant un minimum de trois jours.
Pour Géraud Paillot, le handicap n'empêche pas de participer à des défis sportifs. En 2017, il quitte son travail, sa maladie s'aggrave. Il décide alors de créer l'association Aventure Hustive qui organise des challenges physiques " Je suis allé de Paris à Marseille en kayak en solitaire pendant 55 jours, à la rencontre des malades. Ensuite j'ai monté une expédition dans le grand nord au Spitzberg pour passer le 80e parallèle où on était handi-valide en kayak pendant trois semaines en autonomie complète". Pour la troisième fois, Géraud et Mathieu Vaillant font équipe sur un triathlon longue distance.
" L'idée avec Mathieu c'est de montrer que soignant-soigné, on est dans la même barque, on avance ensemble, on pagaie ensemble et on peut atteindre des choses incroyables".
Sensibiliser aux maladies invisibles
Le but de son association est de sensibiliser le grand public aux maladies invisibles comme la sclérose en plaques. Cette maladie affecte le système nerveux. " Quand vous me voyez, vous ne pouvez pas imaginer que je suis handicapé et pourtant j'ai plein de troubles : des troubles cognitifs, comme la concentration comme des grosses fatigues neurologiques, comme la mémoire". La sclérose en plaque touche 120 000 personnes en France.
Le départ a lieu à 6 h 30 dimanche du matin à la piscine Aquamalo de Saint-Jouan-des-Guérets.
Exploitant : Transdev TVO
Réseau : Bus en Seine
Ligne : H
Lieu : Cerisier (Carrières-sur-Seine, F-78)
Lien TC Infos : tc-infos.fr/id/44106
Exploitant : Transdev STRAV
Réseau : Marne et Seine
Ligne : B
Lieu : Créteil – Préfecture du Val de Marne (Créteil, F-94)
Lien TC Infos : tc-infos.fr/id/52784
Nothing to do with this young lady I would hasten to add but this cat agility area left a very bad taste on the Sunday afternoon.
The idea is that by encouragement with a toy the cats go through hoops over obstacles and through tunnels.
The cat you see pictured was one of two light coloured cats loose in the arena together with a ginger cat who was so sick of being constantly in a very small cage it was crying with distress. As for that ginger cat it just had to stay there regardless of its predicament.
The excuse for these light coloured cats being terrified was that they were not used to the arena, the public and the venue.
Sorry but they shouldn't bloody well try and make them perform then. They were absolutely petrified. They were seeking out any place to hide in the arena and whenever they were unceremoniously pushed out again they cowered in fear once again somewhere else.
The 'display' was meant to start at 1pm. At 1.20 they were still poking these cats out of their hiding places and trying to get them to do something they really didn't want to do. The cats were even trying to claw up the walls to get out.
Personally I don't think cat agility has any place in a show like this. Cats do not have the same training ability as dogs, or even rabbits, they are much more easily pushed into a situation of fear in very public situations. Cats train humans to do what they want - any responsible cat owner knows that.
On reflection I wish now I'd headed to the RSPCA stand in the same venue and reported our concerns. This is one 'novelty' that should be scrapped for all future shows. It is cruel and intimidating for the cat. If somebody videoed this sad fiasco of an excuse for entertainment send it to the RSPCA and also upload it to Flickr or YouTube to highlight this bullying practice.
While one lady was poking the petrified felines from the nooks and crannies the other lady explained that you could encourage your cat to go over obstacles by following a toy.
Oh come on! Any five year old could figure that out. This is really scraping the bottom of the pet entertainment barrel.
As a comparison I want to refer to the rabbit jumping at the same show and in particular the young lady with a red top and blonde hair who is in a few of my pics. The rabbits had been well trained and you could see they were quite happy leaping jumps. This young lady had a rabbit who would occasionally refuse. Did she try to force it? No. She did what any respectable pet owner would have done and put bunny straight back in his/her hutch.
So what happened when these ladies finally figured out their cats weren't going to perform?
Well children were then invited into the arena two at a time to parade these 2 terrified felines to the crowd. When they had done a 'lap' they were passed to another 2 children. Passed like a worthless piece of junk from one child to another. Relieved from one episode of terror to be passed from one stranger to another.
The look of fear remained on the cats faces and with others we had to leave - this was appalling.
I could kick myself that I didn't video this whole disgraceful episode. I hope that someone else did and that the RSPCA can see just how frightened those cats were.
I do have other pics of these cats. They didn't come out well and I wasn't going to upload them but I do want you to see these poor little beauties so they have been uploaded and all placed in one set
www.flickr.com/photos/daves_portfolio/sets/72157626567131...
I would like to see people make a stand against exploiting cats like this and I hope that loving cat owners will post comments to this.
Round Table on the role of European institutions in the exploitation of Ariane 6 and Vega-C, at the ESA pavilion, during the Paris Air and Space Show, on 22 June 2017.
Satellites from European institutions will play a major role during the exploitation of the new family of ESA-developed launchers, Vega-C and Ariane 6 which will be operative from 2019/2020.
In this round table, high level representatives from important European institutions were invited to debate how they can contribute to guarantee a level playing field for Ariane 6 and Vega-C exploitation with respect to competitors that can count on a very large number of institutional payloads.
Participants : Pierre Delsaux, European Commission, Deputy-Director General; Alan Ratier, Eumetsat, Director General; Stephan Israel, Arianespace, CEO; Joel Barre, CNES, Deputy Director General; Wolfgang Scheremet, German Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Director-General Industrial Policy; Roberto Battiston, ASI, President; Daniel Neuenschwander, ESA, Director of Space Transportation; Gaele Winters, former ESA Director of Launchers (moderator).
Credit: ESA–Philippe Sebirot, 2017
Journée de sensibilisation de masse sur la prévention de l’exploitation et de l’abus sexuels. 5eme Ardt. Bangui, le 30 août 2017
Photo UN/ Dany Balepe
Vers 1935/1940. A l'arrivée des européens (1901), la région était complètement dépourvue d'arbre. La population locale réservait traditionnellement les rives du lac aux pâturages des vaches ,les cinq presqu'îles de Bukavu étaient donc volontairement inhabitées par les autochtones. D'ouest en Est, voici le nom des cinq presqu'îles de la future ville de Bukavu : La Botte (Nyamoma), Dendere (Ndendere), Ngofu (Nyofu), Nyalukemba (Muhumba) et Nguba. Le boisement partiel que l'on peut voir ici, résulte d'initiative privée (colons obtenant des concessions d'exploitation).
(Carte vue)
Tour Eiffel
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Tour Eiffel (homonymie).
Tour Eiffel
Géographie
Pays France
VilleParis
Quartier7e arrondissement
Coordonnées48° 51′ 30″ Nord 2° 17′ 40″ Est
Histoire
Ancien(s) nom(s)« Tour de 300 mètres »
Architecte(s)Stephen Sauvestre
Ingénieur(s)Gustave Eiffel & Cie
Construction1887 - 1889
2 ans, 2 mois et 5 jours
Usage(s)Tour d'observation et de télécommunication
Architecture
Style architecturalTour autoportante en fer puddlé
Protection Inscrit MH (1964)
Hauteur de l'antenne324 m
Hauteur du dernier étage279,11 m
Nombre d'étages4
Nombre d'ascenseurs4 (1/pilier)
Administration
Occupant(s)Société d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel (SETE)
Propriétaire(s)Mairie de Paris
Géolocalisation
La tour Eiffel est une tour de fer puddlé de 324 mètres de hauteur (avec antennes)o 1 située à Paris, à l’extrémité nord-ouest du parc du Champ-de-Mars en bordure de la Seine dans le 7e arrondissement. Construite par Gustave Eiffel et ses collaborateurs pour l’Exposition universelle de Paris de 1889, et initialement nommée « tour de 300 mètres », ce monument est devenu le symbole de la capitale française, et un site touristique de premier plan : il s’agit du second site culturel français payant le plus visité en 2011, avec 7,1 millions de visiteurs dont 75 % d'étrangers en 2011, la cathédrale Notre-Dame de Paris étant en tête des monuments à l'accès libre avec 13,6 millions de visiteurs estimés1 mais il reste le monument payant le plus visité au monde2,note 1. Elle a accueilli son 250 millionième visiteur en 2010.
D’une hauteur de 312 mètreso 1 à l’origine, la tour Eiffel est restée le monument le plus élevé du monde pendant 41 ans. Le second niveau du troisième étage, appelé parfois quatrième étage, situé à 279,11 m, est la plus haute plateforme d'observation accessible au public de l'Union européenne et la plus haute d'Europe, tant que celle de la Tour Ostankino à Moscou culminant à 337 m demeurera fermée au public, à la suite de l'incendie survenu en l'an 2000. La hauteur de la tour a été plusieurs fois augmentée par l’installation de nombreuses antennes. Utilisée dans le passé pour de nombreuses expériences scientifiques, elle sert aujourd’hui d’émetteur de programmes radiophoniques et télévisés.
Contestée par certains à l'origine, la tour Eiffel fut d'abord, à l'occasion de l'exposition universelle de 1889, la vitrine du savoir-faire technique français. Plébiscitée par le public dès sa présentation à l'exposition, elle a accueilli plus de 200 millions de visiteurs depuis son inaugurationo 2. Sa taille exceptionnelle et sa silhouette immédiatement reconnaissable en ont fait un emblème de Paris.
Imaginée par Maurice Koechlin et Émile Nouguier, respectivement chef du bureau des études et chef du bureau des méthodes d'Eiffel & Cie4, la tour Eiffel est conçue pour être le « clou de l'Exposition de 1889 se tenant à Paris. ». Elle salue également le centenaire de la Révolution française. Le premier plan est réalisé en juin 1884 et amélioré par Stephen Sauvestre, l’architecte en chef des projets de l'entreprise, qui lui apporte plus d'esthétique.
Le 1er mai 1886, le ministre du Commerce et de l'Industrie Édouard Lockroy, fervent défenseur du projet, signe un arrêté qui déclare ouvert « un concours en vue de l’Exposition universelle de 1889 »5. Gustave Eiffel remporte ce concours et une convention du 8 janvier 1887 fixe les modalités d'exploitation de l'édifice. La galerie Vittorio Emanuele II, au centre de Milan, fut une source d'inspiration, pour sa structure métallique.[réf. nécessaire]
Construite en deux ans, deux mois et cinq jours, de 1887 à 1889, par 250 ouvriers, elle est inaugurée, à l'occasion d'une fête de fin de chantier organisée par Gustave Eiffel, le 31 mars 1889o 3. Sa fréquentation s'érode rapidement ; la tour Eiffel ne connaîtra véritablement un succès massif et constant qu'à partir des années 1960, avec l'essor du tourisme international. Elle accueille maintenant plus de six millions de visiteurs chaque année.
Sa hauteur lui a permis de porter le titre de « plus haute structure du monde » jusqu'à la construction en 1930 du Chrysler Building à New York. Située sur le Champ-de-Mars, près de la Seine, dans le 7e arrondissement de Paris, elle est actuellement exploitée par la société d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel (SETE). Le site, sur lequel travaillent plus 500 personnes (dont plus de 250 directement employés par la SETE), est ouvert tous les jours de l'annéeo 1.
La tour Eiffel est inscrite aux monuments historiques depuis le 24 juin 19646 et est inscrite au patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO depuis 1991, en compagnie des autres monuments parisiens.
ESPAGNOL ESPANOL
La Torre Eiffel (La Tour Eiffel, en francés), inicialmente nombrada torre de 330 metros (tour de 330 mètres), es una estructura de hierro pudelado diseñada por Maurice Koechlin y Émile Nouguier y construida por el ingeniero francés Gustave Eiffel y sus colaboradores para la Exposición universal de 1889 en París.1
Situada en el extremo del Campo de Marte a la orilla del río Sena, este monumento parisino, símbolo de Francia y su capital, es la estructura más alta de la ciudad y el monumento que cobra entrada más visitado del mundo, con 7,1 millones de turistas en 2011.2 Con una altura de 300 metros, prolongada más tarde con una antena a 325 metros, la Torre Eiffel fue la estructura más elevada del mundo durante 41 años.
Fue construida en dos años, dos meses y cinco días, y en su momento generó cierta controversia entre los artistas de la época, que la veían como un monstruo de hierro.3 Inicialmente utilizada para pruebas del ejército con antenas de comunicación,4 hoy sirve, además de atractivo turístico y como emisora de programas radiofónicos y televisivos.
La Torre Eiffel sobresale en París con sus 300 metros de altura.
Ubicación de la torre en la orilla sur del río Sena, en el extremo del Campo de Marte.
Inicialmente tema de controversia de algunos, la Torre Eiffel sirvió como presentación a la Exposición Universal de París de 1889, la cual acogió a más de 236 millones de visitantes desde su inauguración. Su tamaño excepcional y su silueta inmediatamente reconocible hicieron de la torre un emblema de París.
Concebida en la imaginación de Maurice Koechlin y Émile Nouguier, jefe de la oficina de estudios y jefe de la oficina de métodos, respectivamente, de la compañía "Eiffel & CO", fue pensada para ser el «clavo (centro de atención) de la exposición de 1889 que se celebraría en París», que además celebraría el centenario de la Revolución francesa. El primer plano de la torre fue realizado en junio de 1884 y mejorado por Stephen Sauvestre, el arquitecto principal de los proyectos de la empresa, quien le aportó más estética.
El 1 de mayo de 1886, el Ministro de Comercio e Industria, Édouard Lockroy, entusiasta partidario del proyecto, firmó un decreto que declaraba abierto «un apoyo para la Exposición Universal de 1889». Gustave Eiffel ganó este apoyo económico y un convenio el 8 de enero de 1887 que fijo las modalidades de construcción del edificio.
Construida en dos años, dos meses y cinco días (de 1887 a 1889) por 250 obreros, se inaugura oficialmente el 31 de marzo de 1889. Sufriendo una corrosión muy frecuente, la Torre Eiffel no conocerá verdaderamente un éxito masivo y constante hasta los años sesenta, con el desarrollo del turismo internacional. Ahora acoge a más de seis millones de visitantes cada año.
Sus 300 metros de altura le permitieron llevar el título de «la estructura más alta del mundo» hasta la construcción en 1930 del Edificio Chrysler, en Nueva York. Construida sobre el Campo de Marte cerca del río Sena, en el 7º distrito de París, actualmente es administrada por la "Sociedad para la administración de la torre Eiffel" (Société d'exploitation de la tour Eiffel, SETE). El lugar, que emplea a 500 personas (250 empleados directos del SETE y 250 de los distintos concesionarios instalados sobre el monumento), está abierto todos los días del año.
Lego look alike from China, appropriately named Exploiter. This one is based on the Lego Technic 8283 alternate design.
ROMA ARCHEOLOGIA e RESTAURO ARCHITETTURA 2020: Adriano La Regina, "The grandest archaeological project since Mussolini’s time has required a special, bureaucracy-defeating agreement.' The Art Newspaper # 86 (November 1998); "In 1993 Rome’s town council began preparing for the Millennium. The debate has been over how much to alter Mussolini’s propagandistic exploitation of imperial remains." The Art Newspaper. # 71 (June 1997) & Via dei Fori Imperiali, dalla pedonalizzazione al sogno: «Smantelliamo quella strada». Reporter Nuovo (Apr 11, 2017). wp.me/pbMWvy-if
1). ROME - The grandest archaeological project since Mussolini’s time has required a special, bureaucracy-defeating agreement
Where archaeology becomes power. The Art Newspaper 86 (November 1998).
It is a mark of the persuasiveness of the deputy prime minister in the last Italian government, Walter Veltroni, who also doubled as the nation’s minister of culture, that the grandest archaeological project to be undertaken in Italy in the last fifty years is passing virtually without sniping in mainstream newspapers and is being hailed by the specialist press with a range of superlatives unseen since Mussolini effectively enforced censorship of the nation’s newspapers.
The most politically sensitive archaeological area in Italy, the excavated ancient fora, which occupy a vast sector of central Rome, is now being overhauled.
In antiquity the fora served as the political and administrative centres of Republican and then imperial power. With the fall of empire, the fora were abandoned and largely built over until Mussolini undertook a vast programme of excavation in 1932.
First, he relegated hundreds of inhabitants to the outskirts of the city; then he personally supervised the demolition of all the residential buildings and churches that stood in the way.
An army of archaeologists was mobilised to resurrect the vestiges of Rome’s greatness. Working day and night they uncovered more of ancient Rome than the world of post-antiquity had ever seen. But in 1932 two-thirds of the newly excavated remains were submerged in cement by Mussolini’s Via dell’Impero which connects Piazza Venezia, the centre of Fascist administration where Mussolini had his offices, with the Colosseum. The Via dell’Impero was used to stage spectacular processions of Fascist soldiers against the backdrop of Roman ruins, labouring the continuity between the military might of ancient and modern Rome.
No other archaeological project has been so hotly contested in Italy in the last twenty years as the question of what to do with the ancient fora. Archaeologists have persistently called for the demolition of Mussolini’s road, renamed the Via dei Fori Imperiali after World War II. It slashes diagonally through the right-angle arrangement of the fora, making the excavated remains at its fringes difficult to interpret. But the road carries much of central Rome’s traffic which makes its demolition virtually impossible.
Proposals floated in the Eighties to excavate the vast unexplored areas on the fringes of the Via dei Fori Imperiali were rejected or endorsed by politicians according to their allegiances. Francesco Rutelli, Mayor of Rome for the last five years, has been an enthusiastic supporter of excavations, but until last year his plans have been scuppered by political opponents.
Excavations are now underway to connect the ancient remains on either side of Mussolini’s road, as part of Italy’s plans for the Jubilee in the year 2000 (The Art Newspaper, No.81, May 1998, pp.34-36). The road itself was built on a sequence of arches which support its weight. If all goes according to plan, by the year 2000 these underlying arches will be excavated and will remain exposed, turning the Via dei Fori Imperiali into an elevated structure resembling an ancient aqueduct. Visitors will then be able to walk through the arches underneath the road as they visit the vast archaeological park that is to be created.
Extensive excavations are underway at Caesar’s Forum where an extra third is to be excavated by 2000. The visible area around the Temple of Peace will increase sevenfold, while an extra 50% of Trajan’s Markets will come to light.
By autumn 1999, an archaeological pathway will lead visitors to the recently uncovered monuments and sites. The main entrances to this pathway will be created at Trajan’s Markets and at the Clivius Argentarium, the Roman road which ran between the Capitol and the Quirinal Hills.
The remains of the Basilica Ulpia, where the Romans administered justice, are to have their own museum built around them. The cellars of medieval buildings and ancient water pipes, unearthed during recent excavations, will be used as underground pedestrian routes between Trajan’s Forum and Caesar’s Forum. The latter is to be re-connected to Nerva’s Forum through the cellars of medieval buildings and a stretch of the Cloaca Massima, the Republican drainage system which served a great portion of the city.
The planned network of pedestrian routes may change as work proceeds. It will probably be on several levels, some at street level, others underground. Via Alessandrina, all that remains of the sixteenth-century centre dismantled during the Fascist period, will eventually be demolished. An international competition may be launched for the reorganisation of some areas.
To prepare for the two million annual visitors expected, information points are to be built along the pedestrian paths as part of a larger multimedia information system.
This vast urban excavation project, which entails the almost total reconstitution of the ancient city in a modern setting, would never have been possible if the bureaucratic obstruction that turns many a public project in Italy into a Herculean task had not been bypassed. The situation in this case might be aggravated by the shared jurisdiction over the area between the government and the city of Rome. An agreement is now being drawn up between the leaders of the various bodies responsible for the project: the Soprintendente, Adriano la Regina; his colleague from the City of Rome, Eugenio La Rocca, and Mario Serio from the ministry of culture. The agreement is designed to simplify the decision-making process and to guarantee sustained funding for the project. The first phase of the project is expected to cost L19 billion (£6.8 million; $11.5 million).
Fonte / source:
--- The Art Newspaper 86 (November 1998).
www.theartnewspaper.com/archive/the-archaeology-of-power
2). ROME - In 1993 Rome’s town council began preparing for the Millennium. The debate has been over how much to alter Mussolini’s propagandistic exploitation of imperial remains. The Art Newspaper 71 (June 1998).
ROME - Almost 2,000 years ago, the first Roman emperor, Augustus, proclaimed his power through an impressive building programme designed to transform his capital from “brick into marble”.
In the 1930s, Mussolini grasped the propaganda potential of Rome’s imperial architecture in a huge archaeological programme that had less to do with the recovery and preservation of antiquity than with fostering an apparent continuity between the imperial city and Fascist Rome.
Now, the mayor of Rome, Francesco Rutelli, and his Partito Democratico della Sinistra (Democratic Party of the Left) council, have endorsed a major scheme in the run-up to the Millennium that will go a long way towards erasing Mussolini’s mark on the city.
In a project that has been described by its supervisor, Professor Eugenio La Rocca, as “every archaeologist’s dream”, the imperial fora of Augustus, Vespasian, Nerva and Trajan, built in antiquity to serve as the political and commercial heart of the city, are to be excavated as far as is possible without disrupting the modern city. Ongoing excavations on the Forum of Nerva have already yielded rich finds from every era of the city’s history.
At the turn of the century, the archaeologist Corrado Ricci focused on the visible parts of Trajan’s Markets, the Forum of Augustus and a small area of the Forum of Nerva, all of them partially visible in the courtyards and cellars of a sixteenth-century residential area. At that time archaeological excavation was not contemplated because the area was densely populated.
Enter Mussolini and his team of archaeologists in 1931. In his eagerness to excavate the fora, three churches, eleven streets, and a hill of Renaissance villas and gardens, were demolished.
Having excavated the imperial fora, Mussolini covered two-thirds of the remains under a thirty-metre wide coat of asphalt to create the Via dell’Impero (today known as the Via dei Fori Imperiali). The street connects the Colosseum—the monument that popular imagination most associates with imperial Rome—to Piazza Venezia, the administrative and ritual heart of Fascist Italy, where Mussolini had his headquarters. On this road, against the backdrop of imperial ruins, isolated from their surroundings and framed by empty space, spectacular processions of Fascist soldiers laboured the connection between Italy’s imperial heritage and its Fascist rulers.
Excavation of the fora has been debated for the last fifteen years, with political ideologies often dictating archaeological proposals. Some advocated the total demolition of Mussolini’s Via dei Fori Imperiali, but in Dr La Rocca’s opinion this would have brought Rome’s traffic to a standstill and it was preferred instead to excavate the empty space framing the monuments to either side of Mussolini’s great road. Archaeological walkways will lead the public through the ruins and new museums will display discovered material.
The work is part of the mayor’s “Capital Rome” project launched in 1993 in run up to the Millennium. L19 billion (£6.9 million; $10.9 million) of the L30 billion (£10.8 million; $17.4 million) to be spent on the project were released in February.
The Ara Pacis: out goes Facism, in comes Richard Meier
If the necessary funds are made available, Millennium preparations will include new housing for the Ara Pacis Augustae. Richard Meier, the American architect whose work includes the Museum of Contemporary Art in Barcelona and who is also working on the new Getty complex, was asked to submit designs for a new structure to enclose the monument. The Ara Pacis—the altar of piece—is a marble altar dedicated in 9 BC by Augustus, to celebrate the peace following his victory at Actium in 31 BC. The walls are decorated in high relief with scenes illustrating the founding of Rome and the rise of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. In 1938 a new technique that permitted freezing the soil of the marshy site was employed to recover all possible fragments and the monument was reassembled. It was enclosed in a larger structure made of concrete and glass on the outer walls of which Mussolini chose to inscribe the Res Gestae . The Res Gestae—an autobiographical account of Augustus’s achievements as emperor, including detailed description of his building projects—was translated, exported and inscribed on temple walls throughout the Roman empire. For Mussolini it became the sacred precedent of Italian imperialism and justification for his dreams of a new Italian Empire. Pending the allocation of funds, the Fascist building is to be replaced by a new structure large enough to house a small museum.
Fonte / source:
--- The Art Newspaper 71 (June 1998).
www.theartnewspaper.com/archive/the-archaeology-of-power
3). ROMA - Via dei Fori Imperiali, dalla pedonalizzazione al sogno: «Smantelliamo quella strada».
Reporter Nuovo / You-tube (Apr 11, 2017).
Adriano La Regina, ex soprintendente ai beni culturali di Roma, rilancia l'idea di rimuovere la strada voluta da Mussolini e creare il parco archeologico più grande al mondo. L'ex sindaco Marino: «Siano gli archeologi a valutare il progetto»
Fonte / source:
--- Reporter Nuovo / You-tube (Apr 11, 2017).
www.youtube.com/watch?v=0k5h6CRiGwg
Additional photographs in:
--- "Roma e le automobili (1975)," In questa serie di fotografie troviamo alcune istantanee che ci mostrano la presenza di automobili nelle principali piazze e vie, ma anche luoghi iconici e meravigliosi della capitale. ROMA IERI OGGI (05/2020).
The exploitation rights for this text are the property of the Vienna Tourist Board. This text may be reprinted free of charge until further notice, even partially and in edited form. Forward sample copy to: Vienna Tourist Board, Media Management, Invalidenstraße 6, 1030 Vienna; media.rel@wien.info. All information in this text without guarantee.
Author: Andreas Nierhaus, Curator of Architecture/Wien Museum
Last updated January 2014
Architecture in Vienna
Vienna's 2,000-year history is present in a unique density in the cityscape. The layout of the center dates back to the Roman city and medieval road network. Romanesque and Gothic churches characterize the streets and squares as well as palaces and mansions of the baroque city of residence. The ring road is an expression of the modern city of the 19th century, in the 20th century extensive housing developments set accents in the outer districts. Currently, large-scale urban development measures are implemented; distinctive buildings of international star architects complement the silhouette of the city.
Due to its function as residence of the emperor and European power center, Vienna for centuries stood in the focus of international attention, but it was well aware of that too. As a result, developed an outstanding building culture, and still today on a worldwide scale only a few cities can come up with a comparable density of high-quality architecture. For several years now, Vienna has increased its efforts to connect with its historical highlights and is drawing attention to itself with some spectacular new buildings. The fastest growing city in the German-speaking world today most of all in residential construction is setting standards. Constants of the Viennese architecture are respect for existing structures, the palpability of historical layers and the dialogue between old and new.
Culmination of medieval architecture: the Stephansdom
The oldest architectural landmark of the city is St. Stephen's Cathedral. Under the rule of the Habsburgs, defining the face of the city from the late 13th century until 1918 in a decisive way, the cathedral was upgraded into the sacral monument of the political ambitions of the ruling house. The 1433 completed, 137 meters high southern tower, by the Viennese people affectionately named "Steffl", is a masterpiece of late Gothic architecture in Europe. For decades he was the tallest stone structure in Europe, until today he is the undisputed center of the city.
The baroque residence
Vienna's ascension into the ranks of the great European capitals began in Baroque. Among the most important architects are Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach and Johann Lucas von Hildebrandt. Outside the city walls arose a chain of summer palaces, including the garden Palais Schwarzenberg (1697-1704) as well as the Upper and Lower Belvedere of Prince Eugene of Savoy (1714-22). Among the most important city palaces are the Winter Palace of Prince Eugene (1695-1724, now a branch of the Belvedere) and the Palais Daun-Kinsky (auction house in Kinsky 1713-19). The emperor himself the Hofburg had complemented by buildings such as the Imperial Library (1722-26) and the Winter Riding School (1729-34). More important, however, for the Habsburgs was the foundation of churches and monasteries. Thus arose before the city walls Fischer von Erlach's Karlskirche (1714-39), which with its formal and thematic complex show façade belongs to the major works of European Baroque. In colored interior rooms like that of St. Peter's Church (1701-22), the contemporary efforts for the synthesis of architecture, painting and sculpture becomes visible.
Upgrading into metropolis: the ring road time (Ringstraßenzeit)
Since the Baroque, reflections on extension of the hopelessly overcrowed city were made, but only Emperor Franz Joseph ordered in 1857 the demolition of the fortifications and the connection of the inner city with the suburbs. 1865, the Ring Road was opened. It is as the most important boulevard of Europe an architectural and in terms of urban development achievement of the highest rank. The original building structure is almost completely preserved and thus conveys the authentic image of a metropolis of the 19th century. The public representational buildings speak, reflecting accurately the historicism, by their style: The Greek Antique forms of Theophil Hansen's Parliament (1871-83) stood for democracy, the Renaissance of the by Heinrich Ferstel built University (1873-84) for the flourishing of humanism, the Gothic of the Town Hall (1872-83) by Friedrich Schmidt for the medieval civic pride.
Dominating remained the buildings of the imperial family: Eduard van der Nüll's and August Sicardsburg's Opera House (1863-69), Gottfried Semper's and Carl Hasenauer's Burgtheater (1874-88), their Museum of Art History and Museum of Natural History (1871-91) and the Neue (New) Hofburg (1881-1918 ). At the same time the ring road was the preferred residential area of mostly Jewish haute bourgeoisie. With luxurious palaces the families Ephrussi, Epstein or Todesco made it clear that they had taken over the cultural leadership role in Viennese society. In the framework of the World Exhibition of 1873, the new Vienna presented itself an international audience. At the ring road many hotels were opened, among them the Hotel Imperial and today's Palais Hansen Kempinski.
Laboratory of modernity: Vienna around 1900
Otto Wagner's Postal Savings Bank (1903-06) was one of the last buildings in the Ring road area Otto Wagner's Postal Savings Bank (1903-06), which with it façade, liberated of ornament, and only decorated with "functional" aluminum buttons and the glass banking hall now is one of the icons of modern architecture. Like no other stood Otto Wagner for the dawn into the 20th century: His Metropolitan Railway buildings made the public transport of the city a topic of architecture, the church of the Psychiatric hospital at Steinhofgründe (1904-07) is considered the first modern church.
With his consistent focus on the function of a building ("Something impractical can not be beautiful"), Wagner marked a whole generation of architects and made Vienna the laboratory of modernity: in addition to Joseph Maria Olbrich, the builder of the Secession (1897-98) and Josef Hoffmann, the architect of the at the western outskirts located Purkersdorf Sanatorium (1904) and founder of the Vienna Workshop (Wiener Werkstätte, 1903) is mainly to mention Adolf Loos, with the Loos House at the square Michaelerplatz (1909-11) making architectural history. The extravagant marble cladding of the business zone stands in maximal contrast, derived from the building function, to the unadorned facade above, whereby its "nudity" became even more obvious - a provocation, as well as his culture-critical texts ("Ornament and Crime"), with which he had greatest impact on the architecture of the 20th century. Public contracts Loos remained denied. His major works therefore include villas, apartment facilities and premises as the still in original state preserved Tailor salon Knize at Graben (1910-13) and the restored Loos Bar (1908-09) near the Kärntner Straße (passageway Kärntner Durchgang).
Between the Wars: International Modern Age and social housing
After the collapse of the monarchy in 1918, Vienna became capital of the newly formed small country of Austria. In the heart of the city, the architects Theiss & Jaksch built 1931-32 the first skyscraper in Vienna as an exclusive residential address (Herrengasse - alley 6-8). To combat the housing shortage for the general population, the social democratic city government in a globally unique building program within a few years 60,000 apartments in hundreds of apartment buildings throughout the city area had built, including the famous Karl Marx-Hof by Karl Ehn (1925-30). An alternative to the multi-storey buildings with the 1932 opened International Werkbundsiedlung was presented, which was attended by 31 architects from Austria, Germany, France, Holland and the USA and showed models for affordable housing in greenfield areas. With buildings of Adolf Loos, André Lurçat, Richard Neutra, Gerrit Rietveld, the Werkbundsiedlung, which currently is being restored at great expense, is one of the most important documents of modern architecture in Austria.
Modernism was also expressed in significant Villa buildings: The House Beer (1929-31) by Josef Frank exemplifies the refined Wiener living culture of the interwar period, while the house Stonborough-Wittgenstein (1926-28, today Bulgarian Cultural Institute), built by the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein together with the architect Paul Engelmann for his sister Margarete, by its aesthetic radicalism and mathematical rigor represents a special case within contemporary architecture.
Expulsion, war and reconstruction
After the "Anschluss (Annexation)" to the German Reich in 1938, numerous Jewish builders, architects (female and male ones), who had been largely responsible for the high level of Viennese architecture, have been expelled from Austria. During the Nazi era, Vienna remained largely unaffected by structural transformations, apart from the six flak towers built for air defense of Friedrich Tamms (1942-45), made of solid reinforced concrete which today are present as memorials in the cityscape.
The years after the end of World War II were characterized by the reconstruction of the by bombs heavily damaged city. The architecture of those times was marked by aesthetic pragmatism, but also by the attempt to connect with the period before 1938 and pick up on current international trends. Among the most important buildings of the 1950s are Roland Rainer's City Hall (1952-58), the by Oswald Haerdtl erected Wien Museum at Karlsplatz (1954-59) and the 21er Haus of Karl Schwanzer (1958-62).
The youngsters come
Since the 1960s, a young generation was looking for alternatives to the moderate modernism of the reconstruction years. With visionary designs, conceptual, experimental and above all temporary architectures, interventions and installations, Raimund Abraham, Günther Domenig, Eilfried Huth, Hans Hollein, Walter Pichler and the groups Coop Himmelb(l)au, Haus-Rucker-Co and Missing Link rapidly got international attention. Although for the time being it was more designed than built, was the influence on the postmodern and deconstructivist trends of the 1970s and 1980s also outside Austria great. Hollein's futuristic "Retti" candle shop at Charcoal Market/Kohlmarkt (1964-65) and Domenig's biomorphic building of the Central Savings Bank in Favoriten (10th district of Vienna - 1975-79) are among the earliest examples, later Hollein's Haas-Haus (1985-90), the loft conversion Falkestraße (1987/88) by Coop Himmelb(l)au or Domenig's T Center (2002-04) were added. Especially Domenig, Hollein, Coop Himmelb(l)au and the architects Ortner & Ortner (ancient members of Haus-Rucker-Co) by orders from abroad the new Austrian and Viennese architecture made a fixed international concept.
MuseumQuarter and Gasometer
Since the 1980s, the focus of building in Vienna lies on the compaction of the historic urban fabric that now as urban habitat of high quality no longer is put in question. Among the internationally best known projects is the by Ortner & Ortner planned MuseumsQuartier in the former imperial stables (competition 1987, 1998-2001), which with institutions such as the MUMOK - Museum of Modern Art Foundation Ludwig, the Leopold Museum, the Kunsthalle Wien, the Architecture Center Vienna and the Zoom Children's Museum on a wordwide scale is under the largest cultural complexes. After controversies in the planning phase, here an architectural compromise between old and new has been achieved at the end, whose success as an urban stage with four million visitors (2012) is overwhelming.
The dialogue between old and new, which has to stand on the agenda of building culture of a city that is so strongly influenced by history, also features the reconstruction of the Gasometer in Simmering by Coop Himmelb(l)au, Wilhelm Holzbauer, Jean Nouvel and Manfred Wehdorn (1999-2001). Here was not only created new housing, but also a historical industrial monument reinterpreted into a signal in the urban development area.
New Neighborhood
In recent years, the major railway stations and their surroundings moved into the focus of planning. Here not only necessary infrastructural measures were taken, but at the same time opened up spacious inner-city residential areas and business districts. Among the prestigious projects are included the construction of the new Vienna Central Station, started in 2010 with the surrounding office towers of the Quartier Belvedere and the residential and school buildings of the Midsummer quarter (Sonnwendviertel). Europe's largest wooden tower invites here for a spectacular view to the construction site and the entire city. On the site of the former North Station are currently being built 10,000 homes and 20,000 jobs, on that of the Aspangbahn station is being built at Europe's greatest Passive House settlement "Euro Gate", the area of the North Western Railway Station is expected to be developed from 2020 for living and working. The largest currently under construction residential project but can be found in the north-eastern outskirts, where in Seaside Town Aspern till 2028 living and working space for 40,000 people will be created.
In one of the "green lungs" of Vienna, the Prater, 2013, the WU campus was opened for the largest University of Economics of Europe. Around the central square spectacular buildings of an international architect team from Great Britain, Japan, Spain and Austria are gathered that seem to lead a sometimes very loud conversation about the status quo of contemporary architecture (Hitoshi Abe, BUSarchitektur, Peter Cook, Zaha Hadid, NO MAD Arquitectos, Carme Pinós).
Flying high
International is also the number of architects who have inscribed themselves in the last few years with high-rise buildings in the skyline of Vienna and make St. Stephen's a not always unproblematic competition. Visible from afar is Massimiliano Fuksas' 138 and 127 meters high elegant Twin Tower at Wienerberg (1999-2001). The monolithic, 75-meter-high tower of the Hotel Sofitel at the Danube Canal by Jean Nouvel (2007-10), on the other hand, reacts to the particular urban situation and stages in its top floor new perspectives to the historical center on the other side.
Also at the water stands Dominique Perrault's DC Tower (2010-13) in the Danube City - those high-rise city, in which since the start of construction in 1996, the expansion of the city north of the Danube is condensed symbolically. Even in this environment, the slim and at the same time striking vertically folded tower of Perrault is beyond all known dimensions; from its Sky Bar, from spring 2014 on you are able to enjoy the highest view of Vienna. With 250 meters, the tower is the tallest building of Austria and almost twice as high as the St. Stephen's Cathedral. Vienna, thus, has acquired a new architectural landmark which cannot be overlooked - whether it also has the potential to become a landmark of the new Vienna, only time will tell. The architectural history of Vienna, where European history is presence and new buildings enter into an exciting and not always conflict-free dialogue with a great and outstanding architectural heritage, in any case has yet to offer exciting chapters.
Info: The folder "Architecture: From Art Nouveau to the Presence" is available at the Vienna Tourist Board and can be downloaded on www.wien.info/media/files/guide-architecture-in-wien.pdf.
C'est un jardin créé par un particulier, sur un peu plus de un hectare . Il aurait treize ans . Faire cela en treize ans est un exploit ! C'est une merveille .
Visite 4€, ça les vaut . www.parcsetjardins.fr/jardins/1686-un-jardin-a-landrevarzec et www.youtube.com/watch?v=zYH0VCMT7bQ
Landrévarzec, Finistère, Bretagne, France .
Photographie J-P Leroy, tous droits réservés .
Le Causse Méjean, entre le Causse de Sauveterre et le Causse Noir, est caractérisé par ses grandes exploitations agricoles, essentiellement ovines.
A l'automne, les grandes étendues de céréales et celles destinées à la fenaison forment de belles taches vertes se détachant du paysage de steppe ponctué des clapas, ces tas de pierres arrachées au sol afin de le rendre cultivable.
C'est aussi sur ce causse que sont élevés les chevaux de Przewalski, originaires d'Asie centrale et qui ont servi a repeupler la Mongolie.
Retrouvez-nous sur Facebook : on.fb.me/KY9IgQ et sur notre site : www.causses-aigoual-cevennes.org
Four men have been arrested in connection with the sexual exploitation of vulnerable young girls in Bury between 2006 and 2009.
The arrests were made on Wednesday24 May and Thursday 25 May 2023 during a series of warrants at properties in the Elton, Moorside and Eastern areas of Bury.
The suspects are between the ages of 36 and 44. The 44-year-old man is a former police officer. They all remain in police custody for questioning.
Two men, aged 35 and 41, have previously been arrested in connection with this investigation and are currently on bail pending further investigations.
Bury District Commander, Chief Superintendent Chris Hill said: “I commend the bravery and strength of any victim in coming forward and supporting police enquiries. The passage of time does not affect our dedication to ensuring they are listened to, placed at the very heart of operations and supported by specialist services for as long as they need.
“The report which resulted in the launch of this investigation initiated a multi-agency response. Officers have completed extensive enquiries to identify and locate suspects - this work is ongoing. They are also working with partner agencies, including Bury Council, to ensure any necessary safeguarding action is taken.
“What follows these arrests is a lengthy investigation to ensure that all involved are identified and that evidence of criminality is referred to the Crown Prosecution Service. Our message is clear – if you believe that you are a victim of child sexual exploitation or have something else to tell us which relates to this investigation, please report it.”
Detective Chief Inspector Dave Jones, of GMP’s Professional Standards Branch, said: “It is, obviously, extremely concerning that one of the suspects is a former police officer, who was employed by GMP until 2011. The Professional Standards Branch is supporting the investigation team and ensuring the correct processes and procedures are followed.”
The investigation team can be contacted via 0161 856 8633 or via the Live Chat function at gmp.police.uk, quoting Operation Factor. Anonymous reports can be made via the independent charity – Crimestoppers on 0800 555 111.
Could you spot a child who is at risk of CSE?
Spot the signs of child exploitation: Going missing for periods of time or regularly returning home late; skipping school or being disruptive in class; appearing with unexplained gifts or possessions that can’t be accounted for; experiencing health problems that may indicate a sexually transmitted infection; having mood swings and changes in temperament; using drugs and/or alcohol; displaying inappropriate sexualised behaviour, such as over-familiarity with strangers, dressing in a sexualised manner or sending sexualised images by mobile phone ("sexting"); increasing screen time or showing unusual use of online platforms, such as websites, social media, apps or games; they may also show signs of unexplained physical harm, such as bruising and cigarette burns.
If you or someone you know has been raped or sexually assaulted, we encourage you not to suffer in silence and report it to the police, or a support agency so you can get the help and support available.
- Saint Mary's Sexual Assault Referral Centre, Manchester provides a comprehensive and co-ordinated response to men, women and children who live or have been sexually assaulted within Greater Manchester. They offer forensic medical examinations, practical and emotional support as well as a counselling service for all ages. Services are available on a 24-hour basis and can be accessed by calling 0161 276 6515.
- Greater Manchester Rape Crisis is a confidential information, support and counselling service run by women for women over 18 who have been raped or sexually abused at any time in their lives. Call on 0161 273 4500 or email help@manchesterrapecrisis.co.uk
- Survivors Manchester provides specialist trauma informed support to male victims in Greater Manchester who have experienced sexual abuse, rape or sexual exploitation. Call 0161 236 2182.