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NIKON D300s - 14mm - F11.
HDR made from 3 images (1 RAW file) merged in Photomatix Pro. Then a little Topaz Adjust 4 added to bump contrast and add a little punch.
Within the former German-Soviet Environmental Agreement in the years 1989-1991 3 biological expeditions to the Taymyr peninsula in northernmost Siberia were performed. They laid the ground for the establishment (1993) of the Great Arctic Reserve (Zapovednik). The Taymyr peninsula is covered by the most extensive and northernmost tundra habitats in Siberia. These enormous wetlands are used during the short Arctic summer by millions of waterbirds, which winter in Southern Europe, Southern Asia and Africa. The biodiversity of the Taymyr peninsula is with 20% well covered with different kinds of protected areas. However, there may be need to connect them by South-North corridors to secure adaptation of biodiversity moving North with climate change. With increased warming and thawing of tundra massive release of methane stored in the ground could trigger further climate change.
For any form of publication, please include the link to this page: www.grida.no/resources/2689
This photo has been graciously provided to be used in the GRID-Arendal resources library by: Peter Prokosch
The East River is a tidal strait in New York City. It connects Upper New York Bay on its south end to Long Island Sound on its north end. It separates Long Island (including the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn) from the island of Manhattan and the Bronx on the North American mainland. In reference to its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River.[1]
Contents [hide]
1 History
2 Channel
3 Crossings
3.1 Bridges
3.2 Tunnels
3.3 Trams
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
[edit] History
The river was formed approximately 11,000 years ago at the end of the Wisconsin glaciation.[2] The distinct change in the shape of the river channel between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity. The upper portion (from Long Island Sound to Hell Gate), running largely perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering, and has deep narrow bays on both banks, scoured out by the glacier's movement. The lower portion (from Hell Gate to New York Bay) runs north-south, parallel to the glacial motion. It is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist (or existed before being filled in by human activity), are largely wide and shallow.
[edit] Channel
Historical film of the East River, leading up to a final shot of the Brooklyn Bridge. (1903)The East River is dangerous to people who fall in or attempt to swim in it, although as of mid-2007 the water was cleaner than it had been in decades. Anyone in the channel would find there are few places to climb out. According to the marine sciences section of the city Department of Environmental Protection, the channel is swift, with water moving as fast as four knots (just as it does in the Hudson River on the other side of Manhattan). That speed can push casual swimmers out to sea. A few people drown in the rivers around New York City each year.[3] The strength of the current foiled an effort in 2007 to tap it for hydroelectricity.[4]
A panorama of the Hell Gate Bridge and Triborough Bridge from Astoria ParkHistorically, the lower portion of the river (separating Manhattan from Brooklyn) was one of the busiest and most important channels in the world, particularly during the first three centuries of New York City's history. The Brooklyn Bridge, opened in 1883, was the first bridge to span the river, replacing frequent ferry service. Some passenger ferry service remains between Queens and Manhattan.
The Bronx River drains into the East River in the northern section of the strait.
North of Wards Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the strait's midpoint, it narrows into a channel called Hell Gate, which is spanned by both the Triborough Bridge, and the Hell Gate Bridge. On the south side of Wards Island, it is joined by the Harlem River.
Newtown Creek on Long Island drains into the East River, forming part of the boundary between Queens and Brooklyn.
Blackwells Island, East River, From Eighty Sixth Street, Currier & Ives, 1862
"Loading at Pier 10, East River, Clipper ship SunriseThe East River contains a number of islands, including:
Upper section
Rikers Island
North Brother Island
South Brother Island
Mill Rock
Lower Section
Wards Island and Randall's Island (joined by landfill)
Roosevelt Island
U Thant Island (Belmont Island)
[edit] Crossings
New York City waterways: 1. Hudson River, 2. East River, 3. Long Island Sound, 4. Newark Bay, 5. Upper New York Bay, 6. Lower New York Bay, 7. Jamaica Bay, 8. Atlantic Ocean
East River flows past Upper East Side
East River passes children playing football in East River Park
Powell's Cove, Whitestone
See also: List of fixed crossings of the East River and List of ferries across the East River
[edit] Bridges
The river is spanned by eight bridges, which from north to south are:
Throgs Neck Bridge
Bronx-Whitestone Bridge
Rikers Island Bridge (From Queens to Rikers Island only)
Hell Gate Bridge
Robert F. Kennedy Bridge (East River Suspension Span)
Roosevelt Island Bridge (east channel only)
Queensboro Bridge
Williamsburg Bridge (Vehicular traffic & Trains of the J M Z subway services)
Manhattan Bridge (Vehicular traffic & Trains of the B D N Q subway services)
Brooklyn Bridge
[edit] Tunnels
The river is spanned by thirteen tunnels. From north to south, along with uses as of July 2006:
63rd Street Tunnel (Trains of the F subway service - upper level; lower level - under construction and unused)
60th Street Tunnel (Trains of the N Q R subway services)
53rd Street Tunnel (Trains of the E M subway services)
Steinway Tunnel (Trains of the 7 subway services)
Queens-Midtown Tunnel (Vehicular traffic of Interstate 495)
East River Tunnels (Long Island Rail Road and Amtrak trains from Penn Station to points north and east)
14th Street Tunnel (Trains of the L subway service)
Rutgers Street Tunnel (Trains of the F subway service)
Cranberry Street Tunnel (Trains of the A C subway services)
Clark Street Tunnel (Trains of the 2 3 subway services)
Montague Street Tunnel (Trains of the N R subway services)
Joralemon Street Tunnel (Trains of the 4 5 subway services)
Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel (Vehicular traffic of Interstate 478)
[edit] Trams
Roosevelt Island Tramway (west channel only)
[edit] See also
List of New York rivers
Lists of crossings of the East River
Geography and environment of New York City
Geography of New York Harbor
[edit] References
^ Montrésor, John (1766). A plan of the city of New-York & its environs. London.
^ "The East River Flows From Prehistoric Times To Today". The Queens Gazette. July 20, 2005. www.qgazette.com/news/2005-07-20/features/049.html. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
^ "Welcome, Students. Now Watch It.". The New York Times. August 30, 2007. www.nytimes.com/2007/08/30/nyregion/30students.html. Retrieved 2007-08-30.
^ Hogarty, Dave (August 13, 2007). "East River Turbines Face Upstream Battle". Gothamist. gothamist.com/2007/08/13/east_river_turb.php. Retrieved 2010-07-31.
[edit] External links
East River NYC from the Greater Astoria Historical Society
LIC Community Boathouse site for free paddling on the East River
Hydropower turbines destroyed by East River current
Western Queens waterfront information page
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_River"
Standing in front of the Martin Luther King Memorial with about 45 other people, this was the sunrise I was presented and captured for your viewing pleasure. More Tidal Basin/Cherry Blossom pictures to come as I find time to process them. Hope you had a wonderful weekend, I did, as well as a very tiring weekend
Tidal river. John o' groats & Duncansby head to lands end. End to end trail. SWCP. Penpol. Cornwall. England. Great Britain. UK. Day 99
Yesterday I met Dave, Flickr contact of the first hour. We did a photowalk in the Rotterdam Area. We started in Delfshaven, then to the Maasvlakte and finally we ended at the Landtong in Rozenburg. At this spot you can watch the big seaships and ferrys leaving the port of Rotterdam. Here we where spectators of a most beautiful sunset.
Dave, many thanx for spending some great hours together. It was nice to meet a guy like you, who is so passioned about photography.
From PeterJ ©
Beautiful morning sunrise overlooking the Jefferson Memorial
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For more of my Washington DC Photography or to order prints, check out my website:
www.andrewrhodesphoto.com/Portfolio/Washington-DC
© 2013 Andrew Rhodes Photography