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Kaolin clay is derived from the mineral Kaolinite which comes from the Earth’s crust. It is a hydrous aluminum silicate formed by the decomposition of minerals such as feldspar. The mineral Kaolinite, also referred to as Kaolinite clay, is a layered silicate mineral and is soft, earthy, and usually white in color, produced by the chemical weathering of aluminum silicate minerals. Rocks that are rich in Kaolinite are also known as Kaolin or China Clay. This means the terms Kaolin clay and Kaolinite clay can be used interchangeably.
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
A representative soil profile of the Tarrus soil series in North Carolina.
Soils of the Tarrus series are deep and well drained. They have moderate permeability. They formed in residuum from argillite or other fine-grained metavolcanic rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt. These soils are on uplands of the Piedmont physiographic region. Slopes range from 0 to 50 percent. (Soil Survey of Randolph County, North Carolina; by Perry W. Wyatt, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Depth to soft bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is more than 60 inches. The upper 20 inches of the Bt horizon ranges from 35 to 60 percent clay. The soil is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout unless limed. Rock fragments of quartz or other fine-grained rock range from 0 to 40 percent in individual horizons throughout. Flakes of mica may be present throughout the soil.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly in woodland of mixed hardwoods and pine. Some acreage is in cultivated crops and pasture. Crops are mostly corn, small grain, hay, and soybeans.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: In the thermic Piedmont Plateau in North Carolina, and possibly South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TARRUS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative profile of a Smithdale soil. Smithdale soils formed in thick deposits of loamy sediments. They are very deep, are loamy, and have a reddish subsoil. They are on hillslopes and summits of narrow ridges. (Soil Survey of Clarke County, Alabama; by Soil Survey of Clarke County, Alabama; Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Smithdale series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridge tops and hill slopes in dissected uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A) and in the Western Coastal Plain (133B). They formed in thick beds of loamy marine sediments. Near the type location the average annual temperature is 63 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 57 inches. Slopes range from 1 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 100 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout, except where the surface has been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Smithdale soils are used for woodland, principally loblolly, longleaf, and shortleaf pines. Cleared areas are used mainly for growing pasture and a few areas are cropped to corn, cotton, soybeans, and small grains.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Coastal Plain of Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL025/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SMITHDALE.html
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A soil profile of a Hapludalf. Note the light-colored E horizon that extends to a depth of about 10 inches. Clay content of the argillic horizon decreases noticeably below a depth of about 1 meter. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Hapludalfs have an argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon that typically extends to a depth of less than 150 cm. In many areas, the argillic horizon is at a depth of less than 100 cm. Where undisturbed, these soils generally have a thin, very dark brown A horizon that is 5 to 10 cm thick, over a lighter-colored brownish eluvial horizon. The eluvial horizon grades into a finer textured argillic horizon, generally at a depth of about 30 to 45 cm in loamy materials. Because these soils have been cultivated extensively, many of those on slopes have lost their eluvial horizons through erosion.
Hapludalfs formed principally in late-Pleistocene deposits or on a surface of comparable age. Temperature regimes are mesic or thermic. Hapludalfs are extensive in the northeastern States, excluding New England, and in Europe, excluding most of Scandinavia. In the United States, the vegetation was deciduous broadleaf forest but these soils are now mostly farmed.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A soil profile of the top 24 inches of Derroc very cobbly sandy loam. The water-worn cobbles are indicative of this soil’s alluvial origin. (Soil Survey of Rockbridge County, Virginia; by Mary Ellen Cook, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Derroc series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in alluvium derived from limestones, shales, quartzites, and sandstones on flood plains. Permeability is moderately rapid or rapid. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 38 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 55 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 60 percent in the A and Ap horizons and from 30 to 80 percent in the Bw and C horizons with an average of 35 percent or more between depths of 10 and 40 inches. Reaction is moderately acid to neutral throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Derroc soils are mainly used for the production of forest products. The remaining areas are cultivated. Pasture, hay, small grain, and corn are the principal crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 128. In the Valley and Ridge physiographic province in Virginia, and possibly, West Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. The area is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/rockb...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DERROC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of an Gypsisol from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).
For more information about these soils, visit:
regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch...
GYPSISOLS: Soil of dry areas with secondary accumulation of gypsum (from the Latin, gypsum, meaning the evaporite calcium sulphate). Gypsisols have substantial secondary accumulation of gypsum in the subsurface. Most areas of Gypsisols are in use for low volume extensive grazing. They occur in the driest parts of the arid climate zone, which explains why leading soil classification systems label them Desert soil (USSR), Aridisols (Soil Taxonomy), Yermosols or Xerosols (FAO). Dominant in only very small part of Europe (less than 0.1 percent).
The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.
A representative soil profile of the Dunstan series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Dunstan soils from 0 - 15 cm; Very dark greyish brown silt loam with 10% gravel, earthy, apedal. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are: Typic Allophanic Brown Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In the U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Lithic Dystrudepts (with andic properties). Lithic Dystrudepts are like Typic Dystrudepts, but they have a lithic contact at a shallow depth. They formed mostly in acid sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. Most of the soils have moderate to steep slopes. Lithic Dystrudepts are extensive in the United States. They are widely distributed. The largest concentration is in the Northeastern States. The native vegetation consists mostly of mixed forest. Most of these soils are used as forest. Some of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as pasture.
Andic Dystrudepts have some andic soil properties in a layer in the upper part that is 18 cm or more thick. Some of the soils contain a significant amount of volcanic ash. Some have an umbric epipedon. Andic Dystrudepts are moderately extensive in the Northwestern United States. The native vegetation consists mostly of coniferous forest. Most of these soils support their native vegetation and are used as forest. A few of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture. Currently, a combined Lithic Andic subgroup is not recognized in Soil Taxonomy.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/7/708#:~:text=As%20established%....
Less than one-fourth of the republic’s area is cultivated. Along with the decrease in farm population, the proportion of national income derived from agriculture has decreased to a fraction of what it was in the early 1950s. Improvements in farm productivity were long hampered because fields typically are divided into tiny plots that are cultivated largely by manual labour and animal power. In addition, the decrease and aging of the rural population has caused a serious farm-labour shortage. However, more recently productivity has been improving as greater emphasis has been given to mechanization, specialization, and commercialization.
South Korean farmers see the area as valuable soil, frequently planting crops near the range, despite warnings to stay away. The range is a typical example of how South Korea's population has encroached on once-rural training areas.
In 1996 and 1998, unexploded ordnance killed two Korean civilians who had entered the area to look for scrap metal. Unexploded munitions and live-fire exercises make the area dangerous. Unexploded ordnance in that area presents a very real and significant danger to anyone walking in the area. This danger is greatly amplified if someone is planting or harvesting crops.
The South Korean Army supervises farming. Farmers must have a pass to cross any of the three bridges, guarded by South Korean soldiers, leading to the range. Normally, range control officials and Army explosive ordnance disposal teams would clear munitions from the impact area annually. But the impact area at Story Range is swampy, and teams can only look for duds on the surface. Additionally, the entire area just south of the DMZ is rife with mines. Many are newer mines laid by the South Korean Army as part of the DMZ defense. But there are unmarked mine fields, and monsoon rains shift mines around. Korean contractors and 8th Army personnel have uncovered about 30 mines while putting in fence posts.
In June 2001, USFK and the South Korean Defense Ministry agreed to put a fence around the range by January 2004. USFK lobbied the South Korean government to allow fencing of the entire range more quickly so no one is hurt. To protect the farmers, USFK has erected a three-strand barbed wire fence with metal gates and posted danger signs, in English and Korean, to clearly mark the impact area. USFK erected a barbed-wire fence after farmers ignored warning signs in English and Korean to stay out of the impact area. The barbed-wire fence angered farmers, but they continued in 2001 to raise crops on other sections of the range.
The Mosquito series (a hydric soil) is very shallow to moderately deep, very poorly drained soils over permafrost. They formed in silty alluvium or organic matter over alluvium in regions of groundwater discharge on alluvial plains in broad valleys and flats. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
Hydric soils are formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part (Federal Register, 1994). Most hydric soils exhibit characteristic morphologies that result from repeated periods of saturation or inundation that last more than a few days.
To download the latest version of "Field Indicators of Hydric Soils" and additional technical references, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=s...
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, subgelic Ruptic Histoturbels
Groundwater discharge neutralizes organic acids in the organic horizon, and results in a higher pH of these horizons than in most other Ruptic Histoturbels in this region. Because permafrost is relatively impermeable, groundwater must be discharged through associated unfrozen soils.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mosquito soils are used for wildlife habitat and watershed protection. Soil drainage is not improved sufficiently by clearing to allow agricultural use. The soils support forest of tamarack and black spruce, with shrub birch and cottonsedge in the understory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 229, Interior Alaska Lowlands. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOSQUITO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A typical profile of Deno ashy silt loam in an area of Rockly-Deno complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Spokane County, Washington; by Scott H. Bare, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of Rockly-Deno complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes. The Rockly soil is in foreground under rangeland ecological site R009XY301WA. Stiff sagebrush (Artemisia rigida) is the dominant shrub on the Rockly soil. The Deno soil is on mounds and supports rangeland ecological site R009XY102WA.
Landscape--channeled scablands
Landform--mounds on basalt plateaus
Slope--0 to 15 percent
Parent material--loess mixed with volcanic ash in upper part over basalt; minor amount of glaciofluvial deposits in lower part of some pedons
Mean annual precipitation--about 430 mm
Mean annual air temperature--about 9 degrees C
Depth class--deep
Drainage--well drained
Soil moisture regime--xeric
Soil temperature regime--mesic
Soil moisture subclass--typic
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Vitrandic Haploxerolls
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--dominantly homesite development, crop production, and livestock grazing; some wildlife habitat and watershed
Common crops--small grain, hay, pasture
Potential natural vegetation--basin wildrye, common snowberry, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyeth eriogonum, common yarrow, lupine, rose, threadleaf sedge
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Washington; MLRA 9; small extent. The Ritter series appears to be very similar to this series. It should be investigated further to determine vitrandic features.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/spo...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DENO.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of a Plinthic Kandiudult in Lee County, South Carolina..
Landscape: Cotton on an area of Plinthic Kandiudults in South Carolina.
Plinthic Kandiudults that have 5 percent or more (by volume) plinthite in one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface.
Kandiudults are the Udults that are very deep and have a kandic horizon and a clay distribution in which the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within a depth of 150 cm from the mineral soil surface, or the layer in which the clay percentage decreases has at least 5 percent of the volume consisting of skeletans on faces of peds and there is at least a 3 percent (absolute) increase in clay content below this layer. These soils do not have a fragipan or a horizon in which plinthite either forms a continuous phase or constitutes one-half or more of the volume within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. Kandiudults are of moderate extent in the Southeastern United States.
Ultisols are soils that have an argillic or kandic horizon with low base saturation. They may have any soil temperature regime and any soil moisture regime except aridic. There is more precipitation than evapotranspiration at some season, and some water moves through the soils and into a moist or wet substratum. The release of bases by weathering usually is equal to or less than the removal by leaching, and most of the bases commonly are held in the vegetation and the upper few centimeters of the soils. Base saturation in most Ultisols decreases with increasing depth because the vegetation has concentrated the bases at a shallow depth.
Cultivation, therefore, is a shifting cultivation unless soil amendments are applied. Ultisols are most extensive in warm, humid climates that have a seasonal deficit of precipitation. They are mainly on Pleistocene or older surfaces. They formed in a very wide variety of parent materials, but very few have many primary minerals that contain bases other than some micas. Some of the few that have a supply of bases are intensively cultivated. Kaolin, gibbsite, and aluminum-interlayered clays are common in the clay fraction. Smectites also may be present if they are in the parent materials. Extractable aluminum normally is high. A calcium deficient argillic horizon is common in the Ultisols in the United States. Most of the Ultisols in the United States had a vegetation of coniferous or hardwood forests at the time of settlement.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
Cover: The landscape and soils of Abu Dhabi Emirate vary greatly. The landscape shown on the cover represents the wind-blow deposits common to the Emirate. The red color occurs where sand grains are coated with iron. The panel of soils represent the wide array of properties and characteristics that may be observed when closely examining soils as an individual entity on the landscape.
Authors
Mr. John A. Kelley, USDA, ret.
Dr. Mahmoud A. Abdelfattah, EAD
A representative soil profile of Silsbee fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Hardin County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Wiedenfeld, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Silsbee series consists of very deep, well drained soils. These gently sloping to strongly soils formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Lissie Formation of early to mid Pleistocene age. Slope ranges from 3 to 12 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 19.4 degrees C (67 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1397 mm (55 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Soil Moisture: An udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) below the soil surface and remains dry less than 90 cumulative days in most years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 degrees C (69 to 71 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 20 to 58 cm (8 to 23 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 26 to 35 percent
Base saturation: 25 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used primarily for woodland and wildlife habitat. Some areas are used for pastureland. Pastures are bahiagrass and improved bermudagrass. Native vegetation is longleaf pine, yaupon, bluestems, panicums and paspalums. The most common commercially grown pine is loblolly.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeast Texas generally east of the Trinity River; LRR T; MLRA 152B (Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods). The series is of moderate extent. The Silsbee soils were formerly included with the Otanya and Attoyac series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX199/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SILSBEE.html
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Typic Calcigypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD107) are very deep sands, with secondary accumulation of calcium carbonate and gypsum. They occur in the north-eastern part of Abu Dhabi on level to gently undulating deflation hummocky plains. They are typically well drained or somewhat excessively drained and permeability is moderately rapid or rapid.
These soils are used as low density grazing for camels, goats and sheep. The soil typically has <5% vegetation cover mainly comprising of Centropodia forsskaolii, Corniculaca arabica, Cyperus conglomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum, and Zygophyllum spp.
These soils are common in north-eastern parts of the Emirate and have also been recorded south of the coastal plain, west to Sabkha Matti. The soil has been identified as a map unit component in numerous map units around the Emirate.
Plate 7: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Calcigypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD107).
The Dellwood series consists of moderately well drained, moderately rapidly to very rapidly permeable soils formed in dominantly coarse-textured alluvium on flood plains in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains. These soils are shallow to sandy material that has more than 35 percent by volume of gravel and cobbles.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic Humudepts
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is cleared and used for pasture and hayland. Some is in urban uses. The rest is mainly in hardwood forest. Sycamore, yellow-poplar, river birch, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, and red maple are the dominant trees. Common understory plants are rhododendron, ironwood, flowering dogwood, red maple, tag alder, greenbrier, and switchcane.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DELLWOOD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution of the soil series, visit:
Soil profile: Laidig soil in an area of Laidig channery loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, rubbly. A fragipan (a dense subsurface horizon that restricts water flow and root penetration) begins at a depth of about 122 centimeters. (Soil Survey of New River Gorge National River, West Virginia by Wendy Noll and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Laidig soils are on middle and lower slopes. Slopes are mostly 8 to 55 percent but range from 0 to 55 percent. Laidig soils formed in loamy colluvium, 6 or more feet thick, derived largely from acid gray sandstone with small amounts of siltstone and shale of the adjacent uplands. Most areas are forested. Red, white, and chestnut oaks are the most common trees with some sugar maple, beech, and hemlock. A relatively small acreage of these soils is cleared and used for cropland or pasture.
Map Unit Setting
Major land resource area (MLRA): 127—Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains
Landscape: Mountains
Elevation: 473 to 962 meters
Mean annual precipitation: 1,034 to 1,289 millimeters
Mean annual air temperature: 5 to 17 degrees C
Frost-free period: 141 to 190 days
Map Unit Composition
Laidig and similar soils: 70 percent
Dissimilar minor components: 30 percent
Soil Classification: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Fragiudults
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Footslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountain base
Down-slope shape: Linear and concave
Across-slope shape: Concave and linear
Aspect (representative): Southwest
Aspect range: All aspects
Slope range: 3 to 15 percent
Parent material: Rubbly colluvium derived from interbedded sedimentary rock
Properties and Qualities
Depth to restrictive feature: 76 to 127 centimeters to fragipan
Shrink-swell potential: Low (about 1.2 LEP)
Salinity maximum based on representative value: Nonsaline
Sodicity maximum: Not sodic
Calcium carbonate equivalent percent: No carbonates
Hydrologic Properties
Slowest capacity to transmit water (Ksat ): Moderately low
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Flooding frequency: None
Ponding frequency: None
Seasonal water table (depth, kind): About 76 to 117 centimeters; perched (see
table 24)
Available water capacity (entire profile): Very high (about 23.4 centimeters)
Interpretive Groups
Land capability subclass (nonirrigated areas): 7s
West Virginia grassland suitability group (WVGSG): Very Rocky, Acid Soils (RA3)
Dominant vegetation map class(es):
Oak - Hickory Forest
Disturbed Area
Eastern Hemlock - Sweet Birch - Tuliptree / Great Laurel Forest
Deciduous Tree / Great Laurel Forest
Hydric soil status: No
Hydrologic soil group: C
Representative Profile
Oi—0 to 2 centimeters; stony slightly decomposed plant material
A—2 to 9 centimeters; gravelly highly organic loam
A/B—9 to 19 centimeters; gravelly loam
Bt1—19 to 80 centimeters; gravelly loam
Bt2—80 to 122 centimeters; gravelly loam
Btx—122 to 200 centimeters; gravelly loam
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LAIDIG.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A profile of Belfon soil. (Soil Survey of Stevens County, Kansas; by Thomas C. Byrd, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Irrigated corn in an area of Belfon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, in central Stevens County, KS.
The Belfon series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy, eolian loess deposits of Holocene age. These soils are on level to very gently sloping plains and interdunes of the Southern High Plains, Northern part (MLRA 77A). Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 460 mm (18 in) and mean annual air temperature is about 13 degrees C (55 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in)
Thickness of mollic epipedon: 25 to 48 cm (10 to 19 in)
Depth to discontinuity: 33 to 94 cm (13 to 37 in)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 20 to 81 cm (8 to 32 in)
Depth to calcic horizon (where present): 150 to greater than 203 cm (60 to greater than 80 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Silicate clay: 20 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Belfon soils are cultivated. Some of the acreage is irrigated. Wheat and grain sorghum are the principal dryland crops. Where irrigated, the principal crops are wheat, grain sorghum, corn, and alfalfa. Native vegetation is short and mid prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest Kansas and the Oklahoma Panhandle (MLRA-77A in LRR H). This soil is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kansas/KS189/0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BELFON.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Pacolet series. The surface layer of brown sandy clay loam is about 15 centimeters thick. The subsoil of red clay is at a depth of about 15 to 70 centimeters, and the loamy saprolite extends below a depth of about 150 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Polk County, North Carolina; by Scott C. Keenan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Pacolet series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered mostly from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes commonly are 15 to 25 percent but range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 10 to 24 inches thick and extends to a depth of 18 to 30 inches. Depth to a lithic contact is more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon, and very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the rest of the profile. Content of rock fragments, dominantly gravel, ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 15 percent in the Bt horizon. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the solum, and few to many in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in forests of pine and mixed hardwoods. Cleared areas are used for small grain, hay, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent. Pacolet soils were formerly mapped as a thin solum phase of the Cecil series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PACOLET.html
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A representative profile of Clarendon soil series. Plinthite and gray colors that indicate wetness begin at a depth of about 60 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Pulaski and Wilcox Counties, Georgia; by Jerry A. Pilkinton, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: moderately deep, common
Index Surface Runoff: low to medium
Permeability: moderately slow
Landscape: middle to upper coastal plain
Landform: uplands
Geomorphic Component: interfluves
Hillslope Profile Position: summit, shoulder
Parent Material: marine sediments
Slope: 0 to 6 percent
Elevation (type location):
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 65 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 45 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Plinthaquic Paleudults
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 18 to 30 inches, December to March
Rock Fragment content: ironstone, 0 to 10 percent in the A and E horizons and in the upper part of the Bt horizon, and 0 to than 2 percent in the lower part of the Bt horizon, by volume
Soil Reaction: is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon and extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the rest of the profile, except where limed
Thickness of solum: 60 to 80 or more inches
Depth to horizons with 5 percent or more plinthite: 20 to 58 inches
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--growing tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, and pasture grasses. Where wooded--pine with scattered hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: large
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clarendon County, South Carolina; 1972.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CLARENDON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
NOTE:
Original classification based on USDA-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 10th Edition, 2006:
Typic Torripsamments, mixed, hyperthermic, petrogypsic phase
Updated classification based on UAE-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 2014:
Salidic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, petrogypsic
AD162 are moderately to very deep, sandy soils with mixed mineralogy, a weakly expressed calcic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface, and are moderately to strongly saline in a layer 10 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface. A petrogypsic layer, probably representing an older period of soil formation, occurs below 100cm. They occur on almost level plains to low dune fields throughout the Abu Dhabi Emirate. They are typically somewhat excessively drained or excessively drained and have rapid or very rapid permeability.
These soils remain as barren land or in some places have been leveled for agroforestry/irrigated farming or sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cyperus conglomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum spp.
These soils occur around Sabkha Matti and have also been described within deflation plains in the north-east of the Emirate. A few sites have been described from the coastal plain and also deflation plains amongst the Liwa dunes.
Plate 57: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Torripsamments, mixed, hyperthermic, petrogypsic phase (Soil AD162).
Anthroportic Udorthents--Udorthents that have 50 cm or more of human-transported material.
Human-transported material (HTM) is parent material for soil that has been moved horizontally onto a pedon from a source area outside of that pedon by purposeful human activity, usually with the aid of machinery or hand tools. This pedon (originally a Cecil soil) has been covered with soil material from and adjacent storage area of cut and fill material.
This material often contains a lithologic discontinuity or a buried horizon just below an individual deposit. Note the buried Bt (argillic horizon) at the 80 centimeter depth.
Human-transported material may be composed of either organic or mineral soil material and may contain detached pieces of diagnostic horizons which are derived from excavated soils. It may also contain artifacts (e.g., asphalt) that are not used as agricultural amendments (e.g., biosolids) or are litter discarded by humans (e.g., aluminum cans).
Human-transported material has evidence that it did not originate from the same pedon which it overlies. In some soils, irregular distribution with depth or in proximity away from an anthropogenic landform, feature, or constructed object (e.g., a road or building) of modern products (e.g., radioactive fallout, deicers, or lead-based paint) may mark separate depositions of human-transported materials or mark the boundary within situ soil material below or beside the human-transported material. In other soils, a discontinuity exists between the human-transported material and the parent material (e.g., a 2C horizon) or root-limiting layer (e.g., a 2R layer) beneath it.
Multiple forms of evidence may be required to identify human-transported material where combinations of human actions and natural processes interact. Examples of these combinations include human-transported material deposited by dredging adjacent to active beaches, human- or water-deposited litter on flood plains and beneath water bodies, and deposits from natural geologic events (e.g., airfall volcanic ash) mantling anthropogenic landforms and microfeatures. Therefore, it is often the preponderance of evidence, including published or historical evidence and onsite observations, that allows identification of human-transported material.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
To download the latest version of Soil Taxonomy, 2nd Edition, 1999, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For additional information about soil classification using Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit:
[www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Keys-to-Soi...]
To download the latest version of Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit:
[www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...]
For an Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/Illustrated...
Sugarcane is commonly grown on Oxisols in Brazil. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
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Luvic Glossic Planosol by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland (Cezary Kabala, distributed via imaggeo.egu.eu)
Poland Soil Taxonomy: Livic Glossic Albic Planosol (Epiarenic, Endoloamic, Raptic), developed of cover sand on decalcified till, SW Poalnd, 101 m ASL
A Planosol in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources is a soil with a light-coloured, coarse-textured, surface horizon that shows signs of periodic water stagnation and abruptly overlies a dense, slowly permeable subsoil with significantly more clay than the surface horizon. In the US Soil Classification of 1938 used the name Planosols, whereas its successor, the USDA soil taxonomy, includes most Planosols in the Great Groups Albaqualfs, Albaquults and Argialbolls.
These soils are typically in seasonally waterlogged flat lands. Planosols are formed mostly in clayey alluvial and colluvial deposits. Geological stratification and/or a pedogenetic process of destruction and removal of clay has resulted in the relatively coarse-textured, light-coloured surface soil abruptly overlying finer textured subsoil; impeded downward percolation of water causes temporarily reducing conditions with a stagnic colour pattern, at least close to the abrupt textural change.
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
A representative soil profile of a coarse-loamy, mixed, active frigid Typic Dystrudept from Canada. (Photo and comments courtesy of Stan Buol, NCSU.)
This profile was photographed in New Brunswick, Canada. This soil is formed in acidic Wisconsin Age glacial till derived from quartzite, sandstone, shale and slate source areas on a 6 percent slope.
Although originally forested this site has been in intensive potato production for over 25 years. An ochric epipedon (Ap horizon to 21 cm) is recognized over a cambic (Bw horizon) from 21 to 35 cm. A C horizon of glacial till is recognized below 35 cm. pH values in water range from 5.7 to 5.2 throughout the profile. Hay crops of red and alsike clovers and timothy are grown in rotation with potatoes.
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Typic Dystrudepts are the acid Udepts of humid and perhumid regions. They developed mostly in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Some developed on older, steeply sloping surfaces. The parent materials generally are acid, moderately or weakly consolidated sedimentary or metamorphic rocks or acid sediments. A few of the soils formed in saprolite derived from igneous rocks. The vegetation was mostly deciduous trees. Most of the Dystrudepts that formed in alluvium are now cultivated, and many of the other Dystrudepts are used as pasture. The normal horizon sequence in Dystrudepts is an ochric epipedon over a cambic horizon. Some of the steeper Dystrudepts have a shallow densic, lithic, or paralithic contact. Dystrudepts are extensive in the United States. They are mostly in the Eastern and Southern States.
Udepts are mainly the more or less freely drained Inceptisols that have a udic or perudic moisture regime. They formed on nearly level to steep surfaces, mostly of late-Pleistocene or Holocene age. Some of the soils, in areas where the soil moisture regime is perudic, formed in older deposits. Most of the soils had or now have a forest vegetation, but some support shrubs or grasses. A few formed from Mollisols by truncation of the mollic epipedon, mostly under cultivation. Most of the soils have an ochric or umbric epipedon and a cambic horizon. Some also have a sulfuric horizon, a fragipan, or a duripan. The Udepts in the United States are most extensive in the Appalachian Mountains, on the Allegheny Plateau, and on the west coast.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
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The Mecklenburg series consists of very deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from intermediate and mafic crystalline rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 45 inches, and mean annual temperature is 59 degrees near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 5 feet. The soil ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon and is moderately acid to neutral in the B and C horizons. Content of rock fragments of gravel and cobble size range from 0 to 30 percent by volume in the A horizon and 0 to 10 percent in the B horizon. Manganese concretions are few to many in the A and B horizons. Content of flakes of mica ranges from none to few.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used primarily for corn, soybeans, small grain, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in shortleaf, loblolly and Virginia pines, yellow- poplar, sweetgum, southern red oak, northern red oak, white oak and hickory. Flowering dogwood, Eastern red cedar, sourwood, winged elm, sassafras, greenbrier, and American holly are common in the understory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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The soil profile above consists of an 8 cm layer of peat and/or mucky peat underlain by a 1 cm layer of muck. The remaining soil layers are sandy soil material. In LRRs R, W, X, and Y, observations would begin below the peat, mucky peat, and muck layers (9 cm). When using Indicators S2 or S3 observations would start at the actual soil surface. In all remaining LRRs, observations would begin at the muck surface (8 cm).
Observe and Document the Site
To observe and document a hydric soil, first remove from the soil surface any woody material larger than 2 cm in cross section that cannot be crushed or shredded when rubbed. Do not remove the organic surface layers of the soil, which generally consist of plant remains in various stages of decomposition. Dig a hole and describe the soil profile. In general, the hole should be dug to the depth needed to document an indicator or to confirm the absence of indicators. For most soils, the recommended excavation depth is approximately 20 inches (50 cm) from the soil surface, although a shallower soil pit may suffice for some indicators (e.g., A2, Histic Epipedon). Digging may be difficult in some areas because of rocks or hardpans. Use the completed profile description to determine which hydric soil indicators have been met (USDA, NRCS, 2006a).
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States; A Guide for Identifying and Delineating Hydric Soils, Version 9.0, 2024.
A soil profile of an extremely deep Calcidic Argiustoll with an A, Bt, Bk, 2BC, 2C horizon sequence. This soil formed in Peoria Loess that blankets the fluvial Ash Hollow Formation of the Ogallala Group. It occurs in an undulating area of the Cheyenne Tablelands in northern Banner County, Nebraska. (Photo from The Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils; photo by Doug Wysocki, NRCS, Lincoln, NE, June 2011.)
These soils are drier than Typic Argiustolls and have a calcic horizon with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. Calcidic Argiustolls do not have a high shrink-swell potential or a lithic contact within 50 cm of the soil surface. They also do not have an albic horizon above the argillic horizon, a mollic epipedon 50 cm or more thick, saturation within 100 cm of the soil surface, or a significant amount of volcanic glass. These soils occur in the southwestern part of the United States and are used mostly for grazing by livestock.
For more information about The Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, version 3.0, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/research/g...
For more information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/nebraska/NE007...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Winter Hill series (Ombric Fibric Histosols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Winter Hill soils are found on peat-covered hillsides, ridge tops and summit plateaux between 190 and 893 m O.D. Peat develops here because the climate is cold, wet and exposed, inhibiting the organisms which decompose plant remains and incorporate them into mineral soil. The ground is flat or gently sloping, the peat having filled in the hollows and produced a smooth undulating land surface.
Winter Hill soils are very extensive on the Pennines and common in Northumberland, the Lake District and on Dartmoor. It also occurs on the North York Moors, Bodmin Moor and Exmoor. The peat is usually between 2 and 4 m thick but can be up to 6 m (Conway 1954), and in the wettest sites has been accumulating at an average rate of 5 cm per century (Tallis and Switsur 1973). As it thickens, the soft and almost permanently waterlogged peat becomes increasingly vulnerable to gully erosion and, less commonly, to mass flow. The landscape thus varies according to the degree of erosion, from uneroded ground covered mainly by cotton-grass, to bare ground affected by wind erosion. Between these extremes are several stages of land degradation, the more spectacular consisting of parallel or reticulate patterns of gullies up to 6 m deep with peat haggs.
The peats have formed in areas of considerable winter rainfall and thus extend to lower elevations in western districts than in the drier east. The maximum potential soil moisture deficit is small, often less than 25 mm. Because of the almost permanent waterlogging, (Wetness Class VI) the soils do not absorb excess rainwater. Run-off is therefore rapid.
Winter Hill soils have little agricultural value because of wetness, unpalatable vegetation and short growing season. The tussock-forming cotton-grass (Eriophorum vaginatum) dominates the most characteristic plant community with Molinia and deer-grass (Trichophorum cespitosum) common locally. In the wettest places the multiple headed cotton-grass (Eriophorum angustifolium) and species of Sphagnum moss predominate, the former often colonizing bare peat that has been deposited by streams issuing from peat gullies. Heather, cross-leaved heath and bilberry occur in less rainy districts and where the soil becomes drier along the edges of gullies. The land is grazed by sheep, and also red grouse for which heather is the staple food. Rawes (1983) has shown that sheep grazing can greatly influence the composition of the vegetation.
he blanket bog vegetation is dominated by bog-mosses and cotton-grasses often with abundant purple moor-grass and deer-grass. Ling and cross-leaved heath are confined to tussocks. The poor grazing value of the vegetation, combined with prolonged wetness and severe climate, restricts agricultural use to summer grazing for sheep, cattle and ponies. The association forms part of the conserved moorland of the Dartmoor and Exmoor National Parks and serves as water gathering ground. On Dartmoor some land is used as army firing ranges.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=101102
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
Soil Survey Project Leader Perry Wyatt describing Mecklenburg soil for annual FFA land judging contest.
The Mecklenburg series consists of very deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from intermediate and mafic crystalline rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent.
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/51111024129/in/photolist-P...
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MECKLENBURG.html
FFA (Future Farmers of America) Land Judging is a high school competition that challenges students to gain a better understanding of soil properties and land evaluation. Land Judging enables each participant to learn how to recognize the physical features of the soil, determine land capability for crop production, and evaluate management practices needed for proper stewardship.
Soil profile: The Anakeesta series consists of deep, well drained soils on moderately steep to very steep summits and side slopes in the high elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B.
Landscape: A view of Stecoah Valley from Cheoah Bald in the high mountains in the Breakneck-Pullback-Luftee-Anakeesta general soil map unit. (Soil Survey of Graham County, North Carolina; by Brian Wood and Southern Blue Ridge Soil Survey Office, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These soils formed in residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper part, and weathered from low-grade metasedimentary rocks, primarily slate. Slope ranges from 15 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, isotic, frigid Humic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness and depth to bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Reaction is extremely acid to strongly acid. Content of rock fragments ranges from 15 percent to 75 percent by volume in the A, BA, and upper Bw horizons, and 50 to 80 percent by volume in the lower Bw horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is in public ownership and is used for watershed protection, recreation, and wildlife habitat. In areas higher than about 5,400 feet, red spruce and fraser fir are the dominant trees. At the lower elevations, northern red oak, black oak, American beech, yellow birch, black cherry, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and yellow buckeye are common trees. Common understory plants are serviceberry, striped maple, American chestnut sprouts, silverbell, pin cherry, rhododendron, flame azalea, and blueberry. Common forbs are hay-scented fern, woodfern, New York fern, Solomons seal, yellow mandarin, and trillium. Acreage covered by heath balds is vegetated with rhododendron, mountain laurel, blueberry, flame azalea, hawthorn, and mountain ash.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Higher elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B of Tennessee and North Carolina. This series is of moderate extent. Although Anakeesta soils may exhibit some of the characteristics of andic soil properties, they lack the volcanic glass found in soils of similar taxa in the Western United States.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ANAKEESTA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Palmview series. (Supplement to the Soil Survey of Los Angeles County, California, Southeastern Part; by Randy L. Riddle and Christopher “Kit” Paris, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Palmview series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium from granitic or related rock sources. Palmview soils are on alluvial fans and have slopes of 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 465 millimeters and the mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, thermic Typic Xerorthents
Soil moisture: The soil becomes moist below a depth of about 30 cm some time from October to December and remains moist in some part between depths of about 30 to 90 cm until April or May.
Mean annual soil temperature: 18 to 20 degrees C. The soil temperature usually does not go below 8 degrees C.
Rock fragments: typically 0 to 15 percent, some pedons have up to 35 percent in areas immediately below canyons.
Artifacts: 0 to 5 percent innocuous trash in the ^Au or ^Cu horizons.
Reaction: slightly acid to neutral in the upper part and are slightly acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part.
Clay content: 5 to 16 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Palmview soils are used for urban residential and commercial development. Ornamental plants and turf-grass are common in these areas. In croplands, citrus, walnut, truck, field, and forage crops are grown.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: These soils are mapped in coastal plains and coastal interior valleys of Southern California Coastal Plain; MLRA 19. These soils are of moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/los...
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A representative soil profile of Wyick fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. These soils occur on flats on the prairie and sometimes are in complex with the Vidauri soils. Wyick soils are in the Claypan Prairie ecological site on the Gulf Coast Prairies. (Soil Survey of Goliad County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Wiedenfeld, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Wyick series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in fluviomarine deposits of Early Pleistocene age. These nearly level soils are on flats on the coastal plain. Slope ranges from 0 to 1 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 in) and the mean annual temperature is about 21.7 degrees C (71 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Typic Haplustalfs
Soil Moisture: An ustic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in). These soils remain dry in the soil moisture control section for more than 90 cumulative days. The dry period occurs during the late winter and early spring months. These soils are moist during the late summer and fall months.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22.2 to 23.4 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Depth to abrupt textural change: 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in)
Depth to argillic horizon: 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 48 to 84 cm (19 to 33 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Total clay content: 27 to 34 percent
CEC/clay ratio: 0.60 to 0.70
USE AND VEGETATION:
Used almost exclusively for livestock grazing. A few areas are used for pasture. Native vegetation for these prairie soils include grasses such as rattail smutgrass, bahiagrass, seacoast bluestem, silver bluestem, bristlegrasses, balsamscale, mouring lovegrass, hairy grama, threeawn, and annuals. Forbs include snoutbean, croton, partridge pea and annuals. A few widely scattered, scrubby live oak and mesquite trees have encroached in some areas.
Ecological site name: Claypan Prairie 28-44" Pz; (R150AY528TX)
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
General location: coastal plain of Texas from the tributaries of the San Antonio River to the Mission River
Land Resource Region: T(Atlantic and Gulf Coast Lowland Forest and Crop Region)
Major Land Resource Area: 150A Gulf Coast Prairies
Extent: moderate
These soils were formerly included in the Edna, Vidauri, and Orelia series. The series was reclassified in 2006 based on lab data and soil moisture monitoring.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/goliadTX...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WYICK.html
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A representative soil profile of the Teddy series. (Soil Survey of Casey County, Kentucky; by Harry S. Evans and James P. Fehr, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Teddy series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils that have a slowly permeable fragipan. These soils formed in a loamy mantle over residuum weathered from limestone, shale, sandstone, and siltstone. They are on nearly level to sloping uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent. The mean annual temperature is about 57 degrees F and the mean annual precipitation is about 51 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Fragiudults
Thickness of the solum and depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Reaction ranges from slightly acid to very strongly acid in the Ap and Bt horizons and is strongly acid or very strongly acid in the Btx, 2Bt, and 3Bt horizons. Rock fragments range from 0 to 2 percent in the Ap, Bt, and Btx horizons, 0 to 15 percent in the 2Bt horizon, and 10 to 45 percent in the 3Bt horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, tobacco, small grains, hay, and pasture. The native vegetation was mixed hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Eastern Pennyroyal of Kentucky and possibly Tennessee. Extent is moderate.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kentucky/KY045...
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Typical profile of a Coveland soil. The soil is somewhat poorly drained as indicated by the yellow and brown stains at a depth of about 20 inches. A compact densic horizon is at a depth below 110 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Island County, Washington; by Bruce Lindsay, Erik Dahlke, and Toby Rodgers, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Coveland series consists of deep to a densic contact, somewhat poorly drained soils formed in glacial drift underlain by dense glaciomarine deposits. Coveland soils are in valleys and outwash plains and have slopes of 0 to 15 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 787 mm and the average annual temperature is about 9 degrees C.
Average annual soil temperature - 10 to 11 degrees c.
Depth to redoximorphic features - 23 to 46 cm
Depth to densic contact - 100 to 150 cm
Reaction - slightly acid to moderately alkaline
Particle size control section:
clay content - 18 to 35 percent
rock fragments - 0 to 15 percent gravel
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Haploxeralfs
USE AND VEGETATION: Coveland soils are used for forage crop production, livestock grazing, and timber production. Potential natural vegetation consists of western redcedar, Douglas-fir, grand fir, lodgepole pine, red alder, common snowberry, trailing blackberry, salmonberry, stinging nettle, salal, swordfern, and bracken fern.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Puget Sound valleys in Northwest Washington; MLRA A2, Northern Part. Series is of small extent.
This revision (5/2006) includes a change in classification and typical pedon, based on laboratory data and field investigations. The previous classification was fine, isotic, mesic Aquic Palexeralfs. The typical pedon was moved from Skagit County to San Juan County. Further investigation needed for similar Agnew series. Under current classification the only difference is active vs. superactive CEC class. Agnew series are likely deep instead of very deep to a densic contact.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/isl...
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soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COVELAND.html
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Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately slowly to slowly permeable soils on broad uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A) and to a much lesser extent in the Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152A) Major Land Resource Areas. They formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
For a detailed soil description, visit:
These are the Haplosalids that have a petrogypsic horizon with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Haplosalids have a high concentration of salts but do not have the saturation that is associated with the Aquisalids. Haplosalids may be saturated for shorter periods than Aquisalids or may have had a water table associated with a past climate. Haplosalids have a petrogypsic horizon with an upper boundary within 100 cm of the soil surface. The petrogypsic horizon is a horizon in which visible secondary gypsum has accumulated or has been transformed.
The petrogypsic horizon is a horizon in which visible
secondary gypsum has accumulated or has been transformed.
The horizon is cemented (i.e., extremely weakly cemented
through indurated cementation classes), and the cementation is both laterally continuous and root limiting, even when the soil is moist. The horizon typically occurs as a subsurface horizon, but it may occur at the surface in some soils.
link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-7420-9_5/ful...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of an Plinthudult from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (rangeland) associated with Plinthudults occurring on the backslope of an interfluve in Brazil.
In this pedon, the subsoil is dominated by iron cementation, either in the form of plinthite or ironstone nodules. Plinthic material is moderately or less cemented, and ironstone is strongly or more cemented. The Bf horizon is dominated by plinthite, and the F horizon is dominated by ironstone nodules.
In USDA Soil Taxonomy, Plinthudults have one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface in which plinthite either forms a continuous phase or constitutes one-half or more of the volume. They are the more or less freely drained Udults that have a large amount of plinthite in the argillic or kandic horizon. They are mainly in intertropical regions and in some areas are extensive. They are not known to occur in large extent in the United States. The great group is primarily provided for use in other parts of the world.
Plinthudult (Plinthossolos) and landscape BRAZIL--In the Brazil soil classification system, Plinthossolos are characterized by the presence of plinthite (kaolinite and iron oxides). They are high in iron and low in organic carbon, with possible sites of extractable aluminum. Classified by either color of soil matrix or consistency. They have low natural fertility, found mainly in the Amazon, usually on the lower back half of back slopes.
In the FAO system, these soils are Plinthosols. Plintosols are one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Plinthosols form under a variety of climatic and topographic conditions. They are defined by a subsurface layer containing an iron-rich mixture of clay minerals (chiefly kaolinite) and silica that hardens on exposure into ironstone concretions known as plinthite. The impenetrability of the hardened plinthite layer, as well as the fluctuating water table that produces it, restrict the use of these soils to grazing or forestry, although the hardened plinthite has value as subgrade material for roads or even as iron ore (the iron oxide content can be as high as 80 percent by mass). Plinthosols occupy about 0.5 percent of the total continental land area on Earth, mainly in Brazil and West Africa.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
A representative soil profile of Moonville medial loam. Moonville soils generally are in proximity to volcanic vents. The soils formed in volcanic ash and cinders. The darker areas in the Bk horizon are krotovinas, which are animal burrows that have been filled with soil material from the A and Bw horizons. (Soil Survey of Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve, Idaho; by Francis R. Kukachka, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Moonville series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in cinders, and ash. Moonville soils are on lava plains and south-facing mountain sideslopes and have slopes of 0 to 60 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 42 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Medial, amorphic, frigid Typic Vitrixerands
The soil moisture control section is dry for 90 to 120 consecutive days. The mean annual soil temperature is 42 to 47 degrees and the mean summer soil temperature is 59 to 66 degrees F. Depth to bedrock is over 60 inches. Depth to the calcic horizon is 20 to 35 inches. Phosphate retention is 50 to 80 percent. Acid-oxalate aluminum plus one-half the iron is 1.0 to 2.0. Glass percent is 5 to 30 percent. the 15-bar water on air dried samples is 12 to 15 percent and 20 to 30 percent on moist samples. Field estimated clay content is 12 to 26 percent. The soil profile contains 2 to 10 percent cinder gravels throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland. Some areas are cultivated. Native vegetation is big sagebrush, three-tip sagebrush, antelope bitterbrush, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Thurber needlegrass, western yarrow, and prickly gilia.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Idaho; adjacent to Craters of the Moon National Monument. It is inextensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/cratersN...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOONVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
An exposed soil from the Southern Coastal Plain of north-eastern Georgia. The soil in this photo exhibits a continuous, dense, compact root limiting subsoil layer starting a depth of about 25 inches continuing to a depth of more than 60 inches. The question at this site is the identification of appropriate morphological features... the presence of plinthite in a continuous phase or fragic soil properties (fragipan)?
The identification of plinthite in the field is somewhat subjective because an exact definition including measurable properties has not been adopted. Therefore, no “required characteristics” are provided. (Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 2022)
The red concentrations in this pedon were evaluated to determine if they meet the concept of plinthite. The following discussion provides general guidance for identifying plinthite. Plinthite is firm or very firm (and is commonly brittle) when the soil moisture content is near field capacity and hard when the moisture content is below the wilting point. Plinthite occurs as discrete bodies larger than 2 mm that can be separated from the matrix. A moist aggregate of plinthite will withstand moderate rolling between thumb and forefinger and is less than strongly cemented. Moist or air-dried plinthite will not slake when submerged in water, even with gentle agitation. Plinthite does not harden irreversibly as a result of a single cycle of drying and rewetting. After a single drying, it will remoisten and then can be dispersed in large part if it is shaken in water with a dispersing agent.
A small amount of plinthite in the soil does not form a continuous phase; that is, the individual redox concentrations or aggregates are not connected with each other. If a large amount of plinthite is present, it may form a continuous phase. Individual aggregates of plinthite in a continuous phase are interconnected, and the spacing of cracks or zones that roots can enter is 10 cm or more.
Evaluation:
The B horizon was dense and compacted and root limiting. It met the required criteria for a fragipan.
A fragipan must have all of the following characteristics:
1) The layer is 15 cm or more thick; and the layer shows evidence of pedogenesis within the horizon or, at a minimum, on the faces of structural units; and
2) The layer has very coarse prismatic, columnar, or blocky structure of any grade, has weak structure of any size, or is massive.
3) Separations between structural units that allow roots to enter have an average spacing of 10 cm or more on the horizontal dimensions; and
4) Air-dry fragments of the natural soil fabric, 5 to 10 cm in diameter, from more than 50 percent of the layer slake when they are submerged in water; and
5) The layer has, in 60 percent or more of the volume, a firm or firmer rupture-resistance class, a brittle manner of failure at or near field capacity, and virtually no roots; and
6) The layer is not effervescent (in dilute HCl).
Item 4). Without a slake test it is not possible to determine the degree of cementation in this horizon. The remaining criteria were met indicating a Btx horizon (a fragipan horizon). However, it could be also argued the red redox concentration met the general characteristics for plinthite. In addition, the horizon was a continuous phase (Btvx horizon); structural units that allow roots to enter had an average spacing of 10 cm or more.
Conclusions:
The subsoil met the required properties for a fragipan if less than 50 percent cemented, but also possibly continuous phase plinthite, assuming plinthite does not require cementation but does require irreversible hardening. The quality of "hardening upon exposure" is very subjective, and often misapplied. Most, if not all of the red aggregates found along the base of this profile and in the first few inches of the exposed surface were cemented and hardened indicating a progression of hardening upon exposure.
Regardless of classification, these soils exhibited a continuous dense, brittle, root limiting horizon.
Soil classification:
There are two possibilities. Since the Btvx horizon is continuous, root-limiting, and contains plinthite the pedon could classify as a Plinthudult (Plinthudults key out before Fragiudults in the Key). There are no other subgroups identified with Plinthudults other than Typic (i.e., a Typic Plinthudult). Note: By visual observation it is very subjective when determining the volume of plinthite (red redox concentrations) in the Btvx horizon; however, it is apparent the dense layer is continuous. There is no set minimum requirement for the quantity of plinthite if the horizon is continuously root limiting. A minimum of 50 percent plinthite (1/2 the horizon volume) may be assumed to qualify for a Plinthudult; however, the identification of plinthite is subjective. In this pedon, plinthite content is high, but an exact quantity cannot be determined with the current definitions provided in Soil Taxonomy.
If the dominant root limitation is thought to be the result of fragic soil properties and the horizon has less than 50 percent plinthite, the pedon best classifies as a Fragiudult. The plinthite content of the Btvx qualifies the pedon for the Plinthic subgroup (i.e. a Plinthic Fragiudult). This may be the best taxonomic placement. The Irvington series is a possibility. These soils have been mapped primarily in the lower southeastern coastal plain.
These soils are common in the Southern Coastal Plain of the southeastern US. Over the years, they have been discussed, investigated, and rediscussed with little clear direction as to classification and correlation. To help quantify plinthic materials, it has been proposed to require cementation to the concept of plinthite, thus allowing for a more accurate quantification. A simple slake test is all that is needed to accomplish this. The test has been approved and is provided in the Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual:
Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual; Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 51, Version 2; Issued 2014 (pp. 148-157)
3.7 Soil Stability, Dispersion, and Slaking
3.7.5 Slaking (Disaggregation) for Identification and Semiquantification of Cemented Materials
John Kelley and Michael A. Wilson, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation
Service, Soil Survey Staff
Slake tests measures the stability of soil when exposed to rapid wetting. You can learn more about slake tests on-line at:
A representative soil profile in a map unit of pale, brown, yellow or red sands grading to loam by 80 centimeters (cm). These soils are sandy earths of the West Midlands of Australia. (Base photo provided by Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia.)
Topsoil
Pale, brown, yellow and red sands
Acid to neutral pH
Subsoil
Sandy grading to loamy by 80m depth
Acid to neutral pH and occasionally calcareous at depth
May grade to a clay at depth.
For more information about these soils including common management constraints, visit:
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-sandy-earths-west-midlands
For more information about the soils of Western Australia, visit;
www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-land-water/soils
In the Australian soil classification system, the soils in this unit include: Mesotrophic red Kandosols, Red, yellow or grey Kandosols, or Orthic Tenosols or Bleached-orthic Tenosols.
Tenosols have only weak soil profile development and are often shallow. In the Australian Soil Classification they are defined as having limited subsoil (B horizon) development (less than 15% clay content). However, Tenosols have more development than the most rudimentary soils i.e. Rudosols as they include bleached layers and color changes
Orthic Tenosols occur on the younger parts of the landscape in lower rainfall areas. They are formed on the steep hills in the north and in the rain shadow area around Omeo. They are more prevalent on the drier north and northwest aspects. These soils often merge with Kandosols as the clay content can be slightly higher than specified as the upper limit for Tenosols (i.e. 15%).
For more information about the Australian Soil Classification System, visit;
www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm
In Soil Taxonomy, these soils are primarily Inceptisols or Entisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Armour soil series. (Soil Survey of Hickman County, Tennessee; by Douglas F. Clendenon, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Armour series consists of very deep well drained soils on stream terraces, foot slopes, and valley floors. These soils formed in old alluvium, valley fill, or in alluvium and the underlying residuum of limestone. Slopes range 0 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to more than 80 inches. Depth to limestone bedrock is greater than 5 feet. Reaction is moderately acid or strongly acid except the surface layer is less acid where limed. Fragments of gravel or chert range from 0 to 10 percent in the upper 40 inches. The fragments range up to about 3 inches in diameter. Below 40 inches the fragment content is dominantly 0 to 35 percent, but ranges to 60 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the areas are cleared and used for pasture, hay, small grain, tobacco, and corn. The native vegetation was mixed hardwoods including oaks, hickory, elm, hackberry, maple, beech, black walnut, ash, locust, yellow-poplar, and red cedar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Nashville Basin and Highland Rim in Tennessee and the inner bluegrass region of Kentucky. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN08...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/ARMOUR.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
When deposited on a sinking sea-bottom, sediments often accumulate in masses of great thickness, and in such cases the lower portions tend to consolidate from the weight of the overlying materials. These materials may be affected by one or more cycles with or without intervening soil formation dependent on time of surface exposure as with fluctuating sea levels.
If these sediments are affected by soil genesis, they may develop diagnostic horizons or features such as soil structure, areas of translocated clay, fragic soil properties, and/or redoximorphic features. If unaltered (or relatively unaltered), these consolidated sediments meet the criteria for densic materials if they are root limiting.
The area of difficulty for soil scientists is determining if the materials are geogenic (altered by geologic processes) or pedogenic (soil forming processes). For example: densic material (C horizon) versus a fragipan (B horizon). Both layers are non-cemented, dense, compact, and root limiting. A subjective determination as to their origin and development must be made to consistently describe and classify the soils.
In plinthic soils, these underlying layers act as an aquitard restricting water movement, facilitating the formation of plinthite and/or redoximorphic features.
The massive coastal plain sediments in this image (reddish brown material) were dense (relatively high bulk density), compact (slowly permeable), and root limiting--but not cemented. These layers have traditionally been designated as "C" horizons; however, upon closer examination, clay coatings could be observed along fracture planes and clay bridging between sand grains at depths below 2 meters indicating pedogenic processes.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
The Flybow series consists of very shallow, well drained soils with moderate permeability that formed in material weathered from basalt and greenstone. Flybow soils have slopes that range from 4 to 100 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 19 inches and the average annual temperature is about 48 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Lithic Xerorthents
Depth to bedrock - 4 to 10 inches
Average annual soil temperature - 47 to 54 degrees F.
Average summer soil temperature - 65 to 70 degrees F.
Moisture control section - dry 45 to 90 days in summer
Particle-size control section (weighted averages):
clay content - 8 to 25 percent
rock fragment content - 35 to 75 percent with less than 45 percent stones
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for rangeland, recreation, and wildlife habitat. The natural vegetation is bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, cutleaf balsamroot, phlox, biscuitroot, wild onion, penstemon, and eriogonum.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West-central Idaho and northeastern Oregon. MLRA 10 and 9. The Flybow soils are moderately extensive.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FLYBOW.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#flybow
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
A representative soil profile of the moderately well drained Sideling soils. The mottled colors below a depth of about 80 centimeters are the result of seasonal saturation. (Soil Survey of Morgan County, West Virginia; by James W. Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Sideling series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, and are moderately slow to slowly permeable. They form in colluvium derived from acid sandstone over shale residuum. They occur on footslopes and colluvial fans below ridges capped by sandstone. Slopes range from 3 to 45 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 44 inches and mean annual temperature is 54 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Depth to lithologic discontinuity is 30 to 60 inches. Lithic contact greater than 60 inches. Content of rock fragments ranges from 10 to 45 percent in the solum and 15 to 60 percent in the substratum. Rock fragments consist of sandstone gravels, cobbles, and stones in the upper solum. Channers and flags from acid and calcareous shales are dominant in the lower solum and substratum. Rock fragments are less than 35 percent in the particle size control section. The soil ranges from slightly acid too extremely acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of these soils are in Oak Hickory forest. Areas that are gently or strongly sloping may be pastured or in orchard.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. The soils of this series are not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SIDELING.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Ardmoelode series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine loamy drift with siliceous stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=09...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic-stagnic Brown Podzolics (soils affected by Fe/Al chemistry increase). These soils have humose topsoil and display stagnic properties as a result of the presence of a slowly
permeable sub-surface horizon.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Soil profile: The Cotaco series consists of very deep, moderately well or somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable soils formed in loamy sediments of acid sandstone, siltstone, and shale origin. These soils are on foot slopes, colluvial fans, and low stream terraces.
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/sde/?series=cotaco#osd
Landscape: Pasture in an area of Allegheny-Cotaco complex, occasionally flooded, is in the foreground. Pasture in an area of Shelocta silt loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes, is the middle ground and to the right. An area of Gilpin-Bouldin-Petros complex, 25 to 75 percent slopes, very stony, is in the background on the mountainsides. (Soil Survey of Scott County Area, Tennessee; by Harry C. Davis and Jennifer R. Yaeger, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
archive.org/details/Scott_TN_2006
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Aquic Hapludults
The solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 inches, and depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Fragments of gravel-sized sandstone, shale, or siltstone range from 0 to 35 percent in the solum, and from 0 to 50 percent in the C horizon. Unless limed, the reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well or somewhat poorly drained. Permeability class is moderate. Runoff class is high or very high in soils with shallow seasonal free water, and negligible to medium where seasonal free water is deeper. Seepage areas are common.
USE AND VEGETATION: Largely used for crops, principally corn, burley, tobacco, small grains, truck, fruit, sorghum, and hay or pasture. Native forest has oak, hickory, elm, beech, sourwood, blackgum, and yellow-poplar as the dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Primarily the Cumberland and Allegheny Plateaus in Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia, and the Northern Appalachian Ridges and Valleys in Virginia. Extent is moderate.
Soil profile: A soil profile of the shallow Rockly soils. (Soil Survey of Spokane County, Washington; by Scott H. Bare, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of Alecanyon-Rockly complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes. The Rockly soil is in foreground under rangeland ecological site R009XY301WA. Stiff sagebrush (Artemisia rigida) is the dominant shrub on the Rockly soil. The Alecanyon soil is between convex areas of Rockly soils and supports rangeland ecological site R009XY202WA.
Landscape--Mountains, hills, plateaus, canyonlands
Landform--mountain slopes, hillslopes, ridges, structural benches, canyons
Slope--0 to 120 percent
Parent material--residuum and colluvium derived from basalt with an influence of loess and volcanic ash
Mean annual precipitation--about 460 mm
Mean annual air temperature--about 9 degrees C
Depth class--shallow, very shallow
Drainage class--well drained
Soil moisture regime--xeric
Soil temperature regime--mesic
Soil moisture subclass--typic
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Lithic Haploxerolls
Soil moisture--usually moist, but dry 60 to 80 consecutive days in all parts between depths of 10 and 30 cm or to a lithic contact
Mean annual soil temperature at lithic contact--8 to 12 degrees C
Depth to bedrock--10 to 30 cm
Thickness of mollic epipedon--10 to 30 cm
Reaction--6.1 to 7.3
Hue--10YR to 5YR
Particle-size control section--loam, silt loam, clay loam, or silty clay loam; about 10 to 30 percent clay; 35 to 75 percent rock fragments consisting of gravel, cobbles, or stones
Percentage of surface covered with stones or cobbles--0 to 15 percent
Faint clay films--lining pores in thin layer above bedrock in some pedons
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--livestock grazing, wildlife habitat, water supply
Native vegetation--mainly stiff sagebrush, lomatium, bluebunch wheatgrass, and Sandberg bluegrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-central Oregon, eastern and central Washington, and west-central Idaho; MLRAs 8, 9, 10, and 43C; large extent
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/spo...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/R/ROCKLY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit: