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A representative soil profile of the Mandarin soil series.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderate deep, common
Permeability: Moderate
Landscape: Lower coastal plain
Landform: Marine terrace
Geomorphic Component: Talf
Parent Material: Marine sediments
Slope: 0 to 3 percent
Elevation (type location):
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 67 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 55 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, thermic Oxyaquic Alorthods
Depth to the top of the Spodic: less than 30 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 18 to 42 inches, June to December or November to April
Soil Reaction: extremely acid to moderately acid in the A, E, and Bh horizons and from extremely acid to neutral in the BE, E', and B'h horizons
Other Features: All horizons are sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Natural areas, some community development
Dominant Vegetation: Where natural--scattered second growth slash and longleaf pine, and scrub oak with an understory of greenbriar, sawpalmetto, pineland threeawn, creeping bluestem, paspalum, panicum, and lopsided Indiangrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern peninsular Florida, Georgia, North Carolina.
The series is of moderate extent.
Mandarin soils were formerly mapped as a thermic variant of the Cassia series. Based on a 2-year soil temperature study, the mean annual soil temperature range for this soil in Duval County, Florida is about 69.2 to 71.5 degrees F.
Other Features: Some pedons do not have a bisequum of E and Bh horizons, and are underlain by a C horizon
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MANDARIN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative profile of Burforf soil. (Soil Survey of Woods County, Oklahoma; by Richard Gelnar, Jimmy Ford, Clay Salisbury, Clay Wilson, and Glen Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Burford series consists of deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils formed in calcareous loamy material overlying silty redbeds. These soils are on gently sloping to steep summits and side slopes within the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78). Slope ranges from 1 to 20 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 16 degrees C (61 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is 660 mm (26 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Haplustepts
Solum thickness (depth to C material): 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 in)
Depth visible calcium carbonate: 13 to 81 cm (5 to 32 in)
Lithologic discontinuity: 61 to 152 cm {24 to 60 in)
Reaction is slightly or moderately alkaline in the A and 2Cd horizons and moderately alkaline throughout the remainder of the soil.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland. Minor use is devoted to cotton, wheat, and grain sorghum. Native vegetation consists mainly of short grasses with some midgrasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Texas and Oklahoma; LRR-H Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region (MLRA's 78B, 78C, and 78D). The soil is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK151...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BURFORD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Fulda series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils that formed in lacustrine or local alluvial sediments on glacial lake plains and moraines. They have slopes of 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Epiaquolls
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, and small grains are the main crops. A small acreage is in hay and pasture. Native vegetation is prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Minnesota and the eastern parts of South Dakota and North Dakota. Fulda soils are moderately extensive.
Delaware State Soil
On April 20, 2000, Governor Thomas R. Carper signed House Bill 436, which designated Greenwich loam as Delaware’s official State soil. Students from Fifer Middle School assisted primary sponsor Rep. V. George Carey in convincing the General Assembly to adopt Greenwich loam as the State soil. The students made Greenwich soil mini-monoliths, which they distributed to legislators in an attempt to illustrate the need for the public to be educated about the importance of soils and soil conservation.
The Greenwich series consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in sandy marine and old alluvial sediments overlain by a thin mantle of sediments that have a high content of silt. These soils are in the uplands on the coastal plain of Delaware and adjacent States. They are among the most productive soils in Delaware for agriculture and forestry and are considered prime farmland. They have few limitations if used as sites for urban or recreational development.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Solum Thickness: 50 to 127 cm (20 to 50 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Depth to Lithologic Discontinuity: 50 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Rock Fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume in the solum, 0 to 20 percent in the substratum, mostly fine rounded gravel
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, throughout the profile, unless limed
Other Features: Silt content ranges from 30 to 60 percent above the discontinuity and 2 to 25 percent below the discontinuity
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Delaware, Maryland and possibly New Jersey. The extent is small.
The Greenwich series was originally established in Calvert County, Maryland, 1942. It was made inactive in 1957 and the soils combined with the Sassafras series in Maryland and Delaware. The series was reactivated in 1992 in Sussex County, DE because of important differences in use and management.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GREENWICH.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Cecil soil series; the State Soil of North Carolina.
Landscape: Cecil soils are on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. (Soil Survey of Granville County, North Carolina; by Betty F. McQuaid and Jon D. Vrana, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
archive.org/details/granvilleNC1997
Cecil soils, the state soil of North Carolina, are the most extensive of the soils that have their type location in North Carolina. They occur on 1,601,740 acres in the State. They are estimated to be on nearly one-third of the Piedmont Plateau in the Eastern United States. About half of the acreage of these soils is cultivated, and the rest is used for pasture or forest. The most common crops are small grain, corn, cotton, and tobacco. The Cecil series consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately permeable soils on upland ridges and side slopes. These soils formed in material weathered from felsic, igneous, and high-grade metamorphic rocks. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. The Cecil series is on the National List of Benchmark Soils, and is a Hall of Fame Soil. A monolith of the series profile is on display at the International Soil Reference and Information Centre in Wageningen, The Netherlands.
The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 48 inches and mean annual temperature is 59 degrees F. near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CECIL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Huntington series. The Huntington series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from shale, sandstone, and limestone on river valley flood plains. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent but are mainly 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1300 mm, and mean annual temperature is about 14 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls
Thickness of the solum ranges from 100 to 175 cm. Depth to the top of the cambic horizon is 25 to 67 cm. Coarse fragment content is less than 3 percent in the solum and from 0 to 14 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is moderately acid to moderately alkaline throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Huntington soils are mostly used for crops or pasture. Principle crops are corn and soybeans. Native vegetation consisted of flood-tolerant hardwood species such as eastern cottonwood, American sycamore, silver maple, and black willow.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Virginia, Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series concept was developed in MLRA 126, but it also occurs in MLRAs 111A, 114A, 114B, 115A, 120A, 120B, 120C, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 147, and 148. These soils are extensive, with about 290,000 acres of the series mapped. Most areas in Alabama and Tennessee mapped as Huntington were correlated in pre-Soil Taxonomy soil surveys and the series extent will decrease as these areas are updated utilizing thermic series.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HUNTINGTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Iredell soil series. (Soil Survey of Appomattox County, Virginia; by William F. Kitchel, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
The Iredell series consists of moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils. These soils formed in material weathered from diabase, diorite, gabbro, and other rocks high in ferro-magnesium minerals. They are on uplands throughout the Piedmont. Slope is dominantly less than 6 percent but ranges up to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Vertic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to paralithic contact (Cr horizon) is 40 to more than 60 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is more than 60 inches. Linear extensibility totals 6.0 cm or more between the surface and paralithic contact. Most pedons have few to many dark concretions throughout the profile. Many pedons have few to many dark mottles or soft bodies in the B and C horizons. Some pedons have few to many flakes of mica or crystals of feldspar in the B and C horizons. The soil is strongly acid to neutral in the A horizon, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the B horizon, and neutral to moderately alkaline in the C horizon. Content of rock fragments, up to 24 inches in diameter, ranges from 0 to 30 percent in the A horizon and E horizon, 0 to 20 percent in the Bt horizon, and 0 to 10 percent in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing cotton, small grain, hay, or pasture. Forested areas are dominantly in post and white oaks.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont areas of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA011...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/IREDELL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes. Bonneau soils have thick sandy surface layers underlain by a loamy moderately permeable subsoil. In the winter months (December through March) they have a seasonal high water table at a depth of 40 inches or more.
Landscape: This nearly level and gently sloping, very deep, well drained soil is on broad, smooth, upland ridges of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 300 acres in size.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Landscape: Lower, middle, and upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 12 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Where cultivated--growing cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, pasture grasses, and tobacco. Where wooded--mixed hardwood and pine, including longleaf and loblolly pine, white, red, turkey, and post oak, dogwood, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia, with moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONNEAU.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: Moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: Occasional to none for brief periods, January to March
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium, depending on slope
Permeability: Moderately slow
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high (1.4 to 4.2 micrometers per second)
Shrink-swell Potential: Moderate
Landscape: Coastal plains
Landform: Stream terraces, marine terraces
Geomorphic Component: Treads, interfluves
Parent Material: Clayey alluvium and marine or fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 15 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly cultivated
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, small grain, soybeans, tobacco, peanuts, and truck crops. Where wooded--mixed hardwoods and pines
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia
Extent: Moderate
Photo courtesy of EAD-Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. www.ead.gov.ae/
H.E. Razan Khalifa Al Mubarak has devoted her career to environmental conservation. She is the Secretary General of the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi (EAD), the largest environmental regulator in the Arabian Gulf, with a crucial role in conservation and the promotion of sustainable development in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Under her leadership, the Emirate underwent a myriad of changes to the environment, and the Agency had to evolve quickly to keep pace with the rapid development. Mrs. Al Mubarak is also the Managing Director of the Mohamed Bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund – one of the world’s largest philanthropic endowments supporting species conservation in over 200 countries. Under her leadership, the fund has garnered global attention for demonstrating best practice in the sustainability of their endowment-based funding model.
Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
A representative soil profile of the Crider series. (Soil Survey of Floyd County, Indiana; by Steven W. Neyhouse, Byron G. Nagel, and Dena L. Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Crider series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. They formed in a loess mantle and the underlying residuum from limestone. Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent. Near the type location, the mean annual precipitation is 48 inches and the mean annual temperature is 57 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Paleudalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to more than 100 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 60 to more than 160 inches; commonly more than 100 inches. Fragments of chert ranges from 0 to about 15 percent; in some pedons it ranges 0 to 35 percent below the lithologic discontinuity. Reaction is from neutral to strongly acid to a depth of 40 inches, and from moderately acid to very strongly acid below 40 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the soil is used for growing crops and pasture. The chief crops are corn, small grains, soybeans, tobacco,and hay; truck crops are grown in a few places. The original vegetation was mixed hardwood forest, chiefly of oaks, maple, hickory, elm, ash, and hackberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Pennyroyal and the western Outer Bluegrass of Kentucky; the northern part of the Highland Rim of Tennessee, and Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri. The soil is of large extent, about 1 million acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN043/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CRIDER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Electromagnetic induction (EMI) has been used to characterize the spatial variability of soil properties since the late 1970s. Initially used to assess soil salinity, the use of EMI in soil studies has expanded to include: mapping soil types; characterizing soil water content and flow patterns; assessing variations in soil texture, compaction, organic matter content, and pH; and determining the depth to subsurface horizons, stratigraphic layers or bedrock, among other uses.
Electromagnetic induction is the creation of an electro-motive force (EMF) by way of a moving magnetic field around an electric conductor and, conversely, the creation of current by moving an electric conductor through a static magnetic field. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is also known as electric current and electromagnetic induction and may also be called magnetic induction, as the principle remains the same whether the process is carried out through electromagnet or static magnet.
For more information about Describing and Sampling soils, visit;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
A Endogleyic Stagnosol in Meulebeke (province of West-Vlaanderen), Belgium. Image provided by S. Dondeyne.
www.researchgate.net/profile/S-Dondeyne
For more information about this soil, visit:
www.researchgate.net/publication/267969329_The_soil_map_o...
A Stagnosol in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is soil with strong mottling of the soil profile due to redox processes caused by stagnating surface water.
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
Stagnosols are periodically wet and mottled in the topsoil and subsoil, with or without concretions and/or bleaching. The topsoil can also be completely bleached (albic horizon). A common name in many national classification systems for most Stagnosols is pseudogley. In the USDA soil taxonomy, many of them belong to the Aqualfs, Aquults, Aquents, Aquepts and Aquolls.
The agricultural suitability of Stagnosols is limited because of their oxygen deficiency resulting from stagnating water above a dense subsoil. Therefore, they have to be drained. However, in contrast to Gleysols, drainage with channels or pipes is in many cases insufficient. It is necessary to have a higher porosity in the subsoil in order to improve the hydraulic conductivity. This may be achieved by deep loosening or deep ploughing. Drained Stagnosols can be fertile soils owing to their moderate degree of leaching.
A Dystric Endogleyic Rubic Arenosols (Humic) by the WRB. They formed in Pleistocene river (terrace) sand in Poland. Photo provided by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
For more information about this soil, visit:
karnet.up.wroc.pl/~kabala/Brunatne.html
Arenosol is one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Reference Base (WRB). Arenosols are sandy-textured soils that lack any significant soil profile development. They exhibit only a partially formed surface horizon (uppermost layer) that is low in humus, and they are bereft of subsurface clay accumulation. Given their excessive permeability and low nutrient content, agricultural use of these soils requires careful management. They occupy about 7 percent of the continental surface area of the Earth, and they are found in arid regions such as the Sahel of western Africa and the deserts of western Australia, as well as in the tropical regions of Brazil. Arenosols are related to the sandy-textured members of the Entisol order of the U.S. Soil Taxonomy.
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
This pedon is a Aquic Udipsamments in the USDA Soil Taxonomy system.
For additional information about the US Soil Taxonomy soil classification system, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of a Luvisol from Russia. (Photo provided by Yakov Kuzyakov, revised.)
Luvisols have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil, as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation in the 50–100 cm depth. Many Luvisols are known as Texturally-differentiated soils and part of Metamorphic soils (Russia), Sols lessivés (France), Parabraunerden (Germany), Chromosols (Australia) and Luvissolos (Brazil). In the United States of America, they were formerly named Grey-brown podzolic soils and belong now to the Alfisols with high-activity clays.
Haplic (from Greek haplous, simple): having a typical expression of certain features (typical in the sense that there is no further or meaningful characterization) and only used if none of the preceding qualifiers applies. (WRB)
For more information, visit;
wwwuser.gwdg.de/~kuzyakov/soils/WRB-2006_Keys.htm
For more information about Dr. Kuzyakov, visit;
www.uni-goettingen.de/de/212970.html
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Myakka soil series. (Soil profile photo courtesy of Tyler Jones, UF/IFAS). For more information about the site, visit:
edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/uw209
In May 1989, Myakka fine sand was named the state soil of Florida. Myakka soils consist of very deep, poorly or very poorly drained sandy soils. These soils are characteristic of Florida's mesic flatwoods where you can find longleaf pine, slash pine, saw palmetto, gallberry, wax myrtle, and many other species. A suite of wildlife species depend on this ecosystem and the soil that makes it possible. Much of this habitat has been converted to commercial forest production, pasture, and citrus.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MYAKKA.html
For acreage, geographic distribution and pedons sampled, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#myakka
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Typic Calciustoll in Texas.
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Calciustolls is fixed on soils that have an ustic moisture regime, that have a mollic epipedon of moderate thickness, and that have a calcic horizon. These Calciustolls have both a cambic and calcic diagnostic horizon. The Castroville series (fine-silty, carbonatic, hyperthermic Typic Calciustolls) is an example.
Typic Calciustolls are of moderately large extent in the United States. They are widely distributed. The largest extent is on the Great Plains from Montana to Texas. The soils also are on tropical islands and in some valleys in the mountains of the Western United States. Most Typic Calciustolls supported grasses and shrubs. Most of the soils on plains are now used as cropland. The soils in the mountains are used mostly as rangeland or wildlife habitat.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CASTROVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Benchley series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils derived from residuum weathered from clayey residuum of the Cook Mountain Formation. These nearly level to moderately sloping soils are on ridges on dissected plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent but are dominantly 1 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Udertic Argiustolls
USE AND VEGETATION: Typically cultivated crops are cotton, grain sorghum, corn and small grain. Bermudagrass pastures are common. Native vegetation includes little bluestem, big bluestem, Indiangrass, brownseed paspalum and various forbes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Blackland Prairies of East Central Texas (MLRA 86B). The series is of moderate extent. This soil was formerly included within the Bonham and Culp series.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BENCHLEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Vertisol from Tanzania. (Photos courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)
Vertisols are heavy clay soils with a high proportion of swelling clays. These soils form deep wide cracks from the surface downward when they dry out, which happens in most years. The name Vertisols (from Latin vertere, to turn) refers to the constant internal turnover (churning) of soil material. Common local names for Vertisols are Black cotton soils and Regur (India), Black turf soils (South Africa) or Margalites (Indonesia). In national soil classification systems they are called Slitozems or Dark vertic soils (Russia), Vertosols (Australia), Vertissolos (Brazil) and Vertisols (United States of America).
Calcic (from Latin calx, lime): having a calcic horizon starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface. A calcic horizon is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate occurs as impregnation of the matrix or in the form of fine calcite particles of < 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (veins, pseudomycelia, coatings, soft and/or hard nodules).
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
Ar Riwedah soil series (NE008) UAE
The Ar Riwedah series is a very deep soil formed in loamy alluvial deposits underlain by sandy and gravelly alluvial deposits.
Taxonomic classification: Typic Torriorthents, coarse-loamy, carbonatic, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizon described in this profile is: None. The finely stratified nature of the horizons and lack of structure prevents this soil from being classified as having a cambic horizon. Also, the soil was not classified with a contrasting particle-size class due to the diffuse boundary (greater than 12.5 cm) between the loamy and sandy horizons.
One-half or more of the particle-size control section has texture finer than very fine sand. The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.5 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) is generally less than 2.0 dS/m in all horizons, but ranges to 4.0 in some pedons. EC (1:1) may be higher in some areas that have been irrigated.
The A horizon ranges from about 10 to 20 cm thick. It has hue of 10YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is loamy fine sand, fine sandy loam, sandy loam, or loam.
The C horizon commonly extends to depths of between 60 and 100 cm, but may extend to more than 200 cm in some places. Hue is 10YR, value is 5 to 7, and chroma is 2 to 4. Texture is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam, including gravelly texture modifiers. Gravel content ranges from 0 to 20%.
The 2C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value 5 or 6, and chroma 2 to 4. It is sand, coarse sand, loamy sand, sandy loam, or fine sandy loam, including gravelly to extremely gravelly texture modifiers. Gravel content ranges from 5 to 70%. The 2C horizon may be extremely weakly or weakly cemented with carbonates. Horizon boundaries between loamy and sandy materials are gradual to diffuse.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
www.biosaline.org/publications/united-arab-emirates-keys-...
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Gypsids are the Aridisols that have a gypsic or petrogypsic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Accumulation of gypsum takes place initially as crystal aggregates in the voids of the soils. These aggregates grow by accretion, displacing the enclosing soil material. When the gypsic horizon occurs as a cemented impermeable layer, it is recognized as the petrogypsic horizon. Each of these forms of gypsum accumulation implies processes in the soils, and each presents a constraint to soil use. One of the largest constraints is dissolution of the gypsum, which plays havoc with structures, roads, and irrigation delivery systems. The presence of one or more of these horizons, with or without other diagnostic horizons, defines the great groups of the Gypsids. Gypsids occur in Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Somalia, West Asia, and some of the most arid areas of the western part of the United States. Gypsids are on many segments of the landscape. Some of them have calcic or related horizons that overlie the gypsic horizon.
Calcigypsids are the Gypsids that have a calcic horizon. Commonly, the calcic horizon is above the gypsic horizon because of differences in the solubility of gypsum and calcium carbonate. These soils are known to occur in New Mexico. Most Calcigypsids are used for grazing.
Salidic Calcigypsids have an ECe of more ha 8 to less than 30 dS/m in a layer 10 cm or more thick within 100 cm of the soil surface.
The Faceville series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). (Soil Survey of Decatur County, Georgia; by Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
They formed in red clayey marine sediments. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 65 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults
Thickness of the solum is 65 inches or more. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout except where the surface has been limed. In some pedons, the reaction is moderately acid in the BA horizon and upper Bt horizon. The clay content of the control section ranges from 36 to 55 percent with less than 30 percent silt. Plinthite content ranges from 0 to 4 percent, by volume, below a depth of 40 inches. Ironstone nodules 3 to 20 mm in size in the A, E and BA horizons range from none to up to 11 percent, by volume.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Faceville soils have been cleared and are used for growing cotton, corn, peanuts, soybeans, wheat, hay, vegetables, small grains, and tobacco. In recent years, some areas have been converted to pasture or reforested. Dominant trees include loblolly, shortleaf, and slash pine and a mixture of upland oaks, hickory, and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of large known extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/GA087/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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The Boquet series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in residual material from herbaceous material overlying mixed alluvium. These soils form in marshes, swales, and flood plains of narrow streams on slopes 0 to 1 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 406 millimeters and the mean annual air temperature is about 5 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive Histic Cryaquolls
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major uses: Range and wildlife habitat
Range/ecological site: R013XY038ID
Dominant native vegetation: Baltic rush, Nebraska sedge, elk sedge, bulbous bluegrass, tufted hair
grass, redtop, shrubby cinquefoil, and willow
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Eastern Idaho, MLRA 13
Extent: The series is not extensive
SERIES PROPOSED: Teton County, Idaho, 2006; Teton Area, Idaho-Wyoming Soil Survey
REMARKS: Boquet soils were previously mapped as Furniss and Tepete.
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The Troup series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands and side slopes of the Southern Coastal Plain (133A), Carolina and Georgia Sand Hills (137), North Central Florida Ridge (138), East Coast Flatwoods (152A) and the Atlantic Coast flatwoods (153A). They formed in unconsolidated sandy and loamy marine sediments. Near the type location, the average annual temperature is about 64 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 52 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 45 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudults
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
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This pedon was marginal to a shallow Typic vs. Lithic Udipsamments. The rock below the soil/bedrock contact ranged from weakly cemented to very strongly cemented with high or very high excavation difficulty. This range straddles the lithic and shallow paralithic concepts.
For lithic contact, the underlying material must be sufficiently coherent when moist to make hand-digging with a spade impractical, although the material may be chipped or scraped with a spade.
Wake series consists of excessively drained, shallow, sandy soils on uplands of the Southern Piedmont. They formed in residuum weathered from igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks such as granite and gneiss. Slope ranges from 2 to 45 percent. Near the type location, the mean annual rainfall is about 48 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 61 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Lithic Udipsamments
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
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Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Very poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow, common to persistent
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None, very rare, rare for very brief, brief, or long periods
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible
Permeability: Moderate (Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high)
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Middle and upper coastal plain, sandhills, river valleys
Landform: Stream terraces and flats
Geomorphic Component: Treads, talfs, dips
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits, alluvium
Slope: 0 to 2 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Umbraquults
Thickness of the surface: 10 to 24 inches
Depth to top of the Argillic horizon: 10 to 24 inches
Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 40 to more than 80 inches
Depth to contrasting soil material (lithologic discontinuity): 40 to more than 80 inches
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 5 percent, by volume throughout; mostly quartz pebbles
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout, except where limed
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0 to 12 inches, November to May
Other Features: None to few flakes of mica; clay mineralogy is kaolinitic
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Forestland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, small grain, truck crops, hay, and pasture. Where wooded--cypress, blackgum, water and willow oaks, pond, loblolly, and slash pine, and an undergrowth of bay bushes, myrtle, reed, and gallberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia
Extent: Large
For a detailed description, visit:
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A representative soil profile and landscape of the Badsey soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are well drained calcareous and non-calcareous fine loamy soils over limestone gravel. Some deep fine loamy soils and fine loamy soils over gravel, and similar but shallower soils affected by groundwater.
They are classified as Calcaric Endoskeletic Cambisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the HOSMER series in Kentucky. Hosmer soils have a perched, seasonal water table at a depth of 46 to 76 centimeters (1.5 to 2.5 feet) from December through April in most years. The saturation helps form Fe-Mg concretions in he zone above the seasonal saturation. These concretions are evident at the lower part of the Ap horizon.
Landscape: The Hosmer series (foreground) consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loess on hills and are very productive with good natural fertility. Slopes are commonly 2 to 12 percent, but range from 0 to 30 percent. (Whitesville, Kentucky area)
They are moderately deep to a fragipan. Slopes are commonly 2 to 12 percent, but range from 0 to 30 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1068 mm (42 inches) and mean annual temperature is about 14 degrees C (57 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 127 to more than 203 cm (50 to more than 80 inches)
Depth to the fragipan: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches)
The particle-size control section averages: 22 to 30 percent clay and 2 to 10 percent sand
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, soybeans, winter wheat, or used for hay. Some areas are used for pasture and woodland. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Indiana, southern Illinois and western Kentucky. The acreage is of large extent and is in MLRAs 113, 114B, 115A, 120A and 120B. The type location is in MLRA 115A.
Visit the published soil survey for more detailed information about the soils of Ohio County, Kentucky.
HoB2—Hosmer silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded. This deep, gently sloping, moderately well drained soil is mostly on hilltops in the northwestern part of the county. Most mapped areas are narrow and winding. They range from about 200 to 500 feet wide and contain from 5 to 25 acres. Slopes are mostly convex and 100 to 300 feet long.
Typically, the surface layer is brown silt loam about 8 inches thick. The subsoil, to a depth of 30 inches, is brown or strong brown silty clay loam or silt loam. To a depth of 70 inches, it is a strong brown or brown silt loam fragipan that has mottles in shades of gray and brown.
This soil has moderate permeability above the fragipan and slow permeability in the fragipan. Runoff is medium. This soil has a moderately deep root zone to the fragipan. The available water capacity is moderate. This soil is low in content of organic matter and medium in natural fertility. It is medium acid to very strongly acid except in areas that have been limed.
Included with this soil in mapping are small areas of Alford and Zanesville soils. Also included are Hosmer soils that are severely eroded, have a silty clay loam surface layer, and have a fragipan at a depth of about 20 inches. Soils that have 6 to 10 percent slopes are included in some areas. The included soils make up about 15 to 25 percent of the map unit.
This Hosmer soil is used for corn, tobacco, soybeans, hay, and pasture. Many farm buildings have been constructed in areas of this soil. Small areas are in woodland.
This soil is well suited to cultivated crops; however, erosion is a moderate hazard. This soil is suited to most of the cultivated crops that are grown in the survey area. Crops respond to lime and fertilizer. The plow layer is easy to till and can be worked over a wide range of moisture content. Conservation tillage, contour cultivation, stripcropping, cover crops, addition of organic matter, grassed waterways, and grasses and legumes in the rotation system reduce runoff and help to control erosion.
This soil is well suited to hay and pasture. It is suited to most of the grasses and legumes that are grown in the survey area; however, some deep-rooted crops are short-lived. The main management needs are proper seeding rates and mixtures, lime and fertilizer, control of weeds, and control of grazing.
This soil is well suited to trees, and the potential productivity is high. Most trees that grow on uplands in the area grow well on this soil. A few small areas remain in native hardwoods. Preferred trees include eastern white pine, shortleaf pine, yellow-poplar, and white ash.
This soii is well suited to most urban uses. Because this soil is on uplands, it is desirable as sites for buildings. This soil has a severe limitation for sanitary facilities because of the slow permeability of the fragipan, but this limitation can be overcome by enlarging the absorption area or modifying the filter field.
This Hosmer soil is in capability subclass Ile and in woodland suitability group 20.
Soil profile: The Badin series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from fine-grained metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt. (Soil Survey of Randolph County, North Carolina; by Perry W. Wyatt, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources)
Badin soils are on gently sloping to steep uplands in the Piedmont. Slopes range from 2 to 55 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to weathered bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is 40 inches or more. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid in all horizons except where the surface has been limed. Limed soils are typically moderately acid or slightly acid in the A horizon. Rock fragment content is commonly 5 to 35 percent by volume in the A, E, BE, BA, and Bt horizons, and 20 to 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. Some pedons have individual horizons that have 0 to 5 percent rock fragments by volume. Fragments are dominantly channers.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for growing corn, small grain, soybeans, grain sorghum, mixed hay, and pasture. The remainder is in woodlands of oaks, hickory, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, and yellow-poplar. Common understory species are American holly, flowering dogwood, sourwood, and American hornbeam.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
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A representative soil profile of the Botella series. The photo was taken at the Sunnyvale Historical Orchard, where Botella soils are still cultivated for orchards. The sandy clay loam texture allows good rooting and nutrient uptake for many plants. The soils provide an excellent medium for growing trees, lawns, gardens, and ornamental plants. Most areas of these soils have been urbanized. (Supplement to the Soil Survey of Santa Clara Area, California, Western Part; narratives written by William Reed, natural resources specialist, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Botella series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvial material from sedimentary rocks. Botella soils are in valley bottoms and on alluvial fans and have slopes of 0 to 15 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 457 mm (18 inches) and the mean annual air temperature is about 14 degrees C (58 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Pachic Argixerolls
Soil moisture: The soil becomes moist between depths of 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 inches) some time from November to early December and remains moist until April or May.
Mean Annual Soil Temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C (59 to 64 degrees F). The soil temperature usually does not go below 8 degrees C (47 degrees F)
Solum: greater than 81 cm (32 inches thick)
Surface fragments: some areas have up to 25 percent shale fragments on the surface
Rock fragments: 0 to 15 percent by volume and are rounded or sub-rounded
Reaction: slightly alkaline to moderately acid
Organic matter: 2 to 6 percent in the upper 50 cm, decreasing graually to about 1 percent or less at a depth of 75 cm (30 inches)
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent in the particle size controls section
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for growing field, forage, truck crops, and orchards and nonirrigated grain pasture, hay, and range. Some areas are used for urban development. Uncultivated areas have a cover of annual grasses and forbs with scattered oak trees and coastal sagebrush in some areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal valleys of central and southern California. MLRAs are 14, 15, and 19. The soils are of moderate extent.
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Soil profile: A typical profile of Reddies sandy loam. Reddies soils are very deep and formed from material deposited by streams and consisting mainly of sand. They occur in mountain valleys of low and intermediate mountains, predominantly at the upper end of large flood plains throughout Buncombe County. (Soil Survey of Buncombe County, North Carolina; by Mark S. Hudson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Burley tobacco in an area of Dellwood-Reddies complex, 0 to 3 percent slopes, occasionally flooded, produces high crop yields when properly managed.
The Reddies series consists of moderately well drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils on flood plains in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. They formed in recent alluvium that is loamy in the upper part and is moderately deep to sandy strata containing more than 35 percent by volume gravel and/or cobbles. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Near the type location, mean annual temperature is 56 degrees F. and mean annual precipitation is 49 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Oxyaquic Humudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 39 inches. The soil is underlain within depths of 20 to 40 inches, by horizons that contain more than 35 percent gravel and/or cobbles. The coarse-loamy material above the C horizon averages less than 50 percent fine and coarser sand. Rock fragments, dominantly gravel size are in the A and B horizons of some pedons, but comprise less than 35 percent by volume. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral. Content of mica flakes is few to many.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the acreage is cleared and is used for hay, corn, pasture, truck crops, ornamentals, and urban uses. The rest is mainly in hardwood forest. Yellow-poplar, sycamore, red maple, and river birch are the dominant trees. Common understory plants are rhododendron, ironwood, flowering dogwood, red maple, tag alder, greenbrier, and switchcane. A few areas have been planted to eastern white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B North Carolina and Tennessee and possibly Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia. This series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Minehart series. (Soil Survey of Clark Mountain, Jean Lake, and Cresent Park Grazing Allotments, California; by Carrie-Ann Houdeshell, Natural RFesources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Minehart soils are on fan remnants. Slope ranges from 2 to 8 percent. These soils formed in alluvium derived from volcanic and metamorphic rocks. Elevations are 1,300 to 1,450 meters. The climate is semiarid with cool, moist winters and warm, intermittently moist summers.
The Minehart series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from volcanic and metamorphic rocks. Minehart soils are on fan remnants. Slope ranges from 2 to 8 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 200 millimeters and the mean annual temperature is about 18 degrees C. The frost-free season is 180 to 240 days.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Ustic Paleargids
Soil moisture - Usually dry, moist in some part from December to March and intermittently moist for 10 to 20 days during July to October following summer convection storms; aridic moisture regime bordering on ustic.
Soil temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C.
Depth to argillic horizon: 5 to 10 centimeters.
Clay content: Averages 18 to 27 percent.
Control section - Rock fragments: Averages 5 to 20 percent, mainly gravel.
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for rangeland and wildlife habitat. The present vegetation is mainly galleta, bush muhly, black grama, Coopers goldenbush and banana yucca.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mojave Desert of southeastern California; MLRA 30. These soils are not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
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A Hapli-Perudic Cambosol and landscape. These soils distribute oddly in southeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and mountainous area of western Hubei. They cover upper and middle slopes of middle mountains and alluvial fans. Parent materials are weathered residual-slope deposits derived from granite or Mesozoic or Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, such as silico-carbonaneous shale. The vegetation is mixed coniferous and deciduous forests or sparse weeds and shrubs. Hapli-Perudic Cambosols do not have severe loss of base elements due to strong resistance of parent rock to weathering or high base element content in their parent rocks, or due to shorter soil formation duration resulted from severe erosion. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Cambosols have low-grade soil development with formation of horizon of alteration or weak expression of other diagnostic horizons. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Inceptisols, Mollisols, or Gelisols.
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The Rub' al Khali is the largest contiguous sand desert in the world, encompassing most of the southern third of the Arabian Peninsula. The desert covers some 650,000 square kilometres including parts of Saudi Arabia, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and Yemen. It is part of the larger Arabian Desert. One very large pile of sand!!!
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Generalized soil-landscape:
This region occurs in the south-east of the Emirate. It comprises dune ridges set out in a roughly rectangular pattern and comprising a mix of barchan, seif and star dunes together with intervening deflation flats and inland sabkha. Surface lag gravels are common on many of the flats and often extend part way up the gently sloping windward face of the dune
ridges.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
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For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
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A representative soil profile of the Medora series in an area of Medora silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Bartholomew County, Indiana; by Mike Wigginton and Dena Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Medora series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loess, loamy material and a paleosol in outwash on eskers and crevasse fillings. They are moderately deep or shallow to a fragipan. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1067 mm (42 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (53 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Fragiudults
Thickness of the loess: 30 to 91 cm (12 to 36 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: more than 203 cm (80 inches)
Depth to the top of the fragipan: 51 to 91 cm (20 to 36 inches), but severely eroded pedons can range from 30 to 51 cm (12 to 20 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are being used to grow corn, soybeans, and wheat. Some areas are for hay and pasture. Native vegetation is mixed hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 114A in southeastern Indiana. This series is of small extent.
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The Bonilla series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loamy glacial till in drainageways and swales of the uplands. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderately slow or moderate in the underlying material. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 23 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Haplustolls
The depth to carbonates ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 20 to 40 inches and it extends into or through the Bw horizon. The control section averages between 18 and 30 percent clay.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, oats, soybeans, grain sorghum, tame grass, and alfalfa are the main crops. Native vegetation is mainly big bluestem, green needlegrass, needleandthread, western wheatgrass, sideoats grama, little bluestem, leadplant, sedges, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: East-central and southeastern South Dakota. It is of large extent.
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The Chenneby series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy and silty sediments on flood plains. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Fluvaquentic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 70 inches. Depth to rock is more than 6 feet. Mica flakes range from none to common in the solum. Chenneby soils do not have iron depletions in shades of gray immediately below the A horizon. Reaction ranges from strongly acid through moderately acid in the A horizon, except where limed, and from extremely acid through moderately acid in the B and C horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: About 50 percent of the Chenneby soils are used for cotton, corn, soybeans, and pasture. The native vegetation is ash, hackberry, birch, ironwood, sycamore, water oak, yellow-poplar, sweetgum, and pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
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Aridisols, as their name implies, are soils in which water is not available to mesophytic plants for long periods. During most of the time when the soils are warm enough for plants to grow, soil water is held at potentials less than the permanent wilting point or has a content of soluble salts great enough to limit the growth of plants other than halophytes, or both. There is no period of 90 consecutive days when moisture is continuously available for plant growth.
The concept of Aridisols is based on limited soil moisture available for the growth of most plants. In areas bordering deserts, the absolute precipitation may be sufficient for the growth of some plants. Because of runoff or a very low storage capacity of the soils, or both, however, the actual soil moisture regime is aridic.
Soil moisture and to a lesser extent soil temperature regimes control processes in soils. In the other soil orders, soil moisture regimes are used at the suborder level or the lower categories, but in the Aridisols they are used to define the order category. The result is a rather homogeneous class in the sense that additions, removals, transfers, and transformations within the soils are strongly influenced by the lack of moisture. Aridisols require a minimum degree of soil formation. This is commonly expressed as a cambic horizon. Because the soil moisture regime is the single most important constraint in the utilization of these soils, this order delineates geographic areas that have relatively uniform use.
Because of an extreme imbalance between evapotranspiration and precipitation, many Aridisols contain salts. The dominant process is one of accumulation and concentration of weathering products. The accumulation of salts is the second most important constraint to land use. Many soluble precipitates may be eliminated or changed in concentration through irrigation. In Aridisols, however, the availability of adequate quality irrigation water is a fundamental problem. Together with irrigation, a mechanism for evacuation of the soluble precipitates must be provided or there is a rapid buildup of salinity and/or sodicity. Irrigation and drainage systems must be well maintained to keep the soils from reverting to their original state.
The classification of Aridisols must include consideration of these constraints or performance restrictive qualities at a high categoric level. Some Aridisols are also situated on geologic evaporites. It is frequently difficult to bring these substratum conditions into a classification system, but care must be taken to evaluate these deep-seated salt accumulations, particularly in irrigation projects.
Some Aridisols have inherited features, such as an argillic horizon, that may be attributed to past wetter paleoclimatic conditions. There is evidence, however, that clay illuviation has also occurred during the Holocene. These attributes, and specifically an argillic horizon, significantly affect the use and management of the soils.
SOIL TAXONOMY
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KEYS TO SOIL TAXONOMY
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Ar Rafah soil series (NE026) UAE
The Ar Rafah series is shallow to calcareous sandstone bedrock. It has formed in sandy, or loamy and sandy, marine deposits over a lithified dune.
Taxonomic classification: Lithic Aquisalids, sandy, carbonatic, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizons described in this profile are: Salic horizon 0 to 40 cm, and Lithic contact at 40 cm. Although the surface layer has a sufficient amount of gypsum for a gypsic horizon, it does not meet the minimum 15 cm thickness requirement.
The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.4 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) ranges from 15.0 to 60.0 dS/m throughout. Depth to sandstone (lithified dune) ranges from 30 to 50 cm. Depth to the water table ranges from 25 to 100 cm. Fragments of seashells range from 0 to 30% throughout.
The A horizon ranges from 5 to 10 cm thick. It has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 2 to 4. It is fine sand, loamy fine sand, loamy sand or sandy loam, including channery texture modifiers. The A horizon commonly has 5 to 10% gypsum.
The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 4. Redoximorphic features in the form of masses of oxidized iron are commonly present. It is fine sand or loamy fine sand, including channery texture modifiers. Individual layers of fine sandy loam or sandy loam are also included, but they make up less than half of the particle-size control section.
The R horizon is calcareous sandstone of varying thickness from 25 to 100 cm or more. Unconsolidated marine deposits are commonly below the sandstone.
Landscape: Upland
Landform: Ridge, hill, and hillslope
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, head slope, nose slope, or side slope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, or backslope
Parent Material Origin: Nearly horizontal, interbedded gray and brown acid siltstone, shale, and sandstone
Parent Material Kind: Residuum
Slope: 0 to 70 percent
Elevation: 91 to 1097 meters (300 to 3600 feet)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 13 to 38 cm (5 to 15 inches)
Depth to the base of the Argillic: 53 to 94 cm (21 to 37 inches)
Solum Thickness: 45 to 91 cm (18 to 36 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth Class: Moderately deep
Rock Fragment content: 5 to 40 percent, by volume, in the solum and 30 to 90 percent, by volume, in the C horizon. The rock fragment content is less than 35 percent, by volume, in the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon. Rock fragments are mostly angular to subangular channers of shale, siltstone, and sandstone.
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid through strongly acid throughout, except where limed
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Hayland, pasture, cropland, and woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--Grass-legume hay, corn, soybeans, wheat, or oats. Where wooded--Oaks, maple, hickory, and yellow-poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Pennsylvania, Georgia, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, New York, Ohio, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia
Extent: Large, over 6 million acres, at the time of this revision
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GILPIN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Photos courtesy of Douglas Freese, consulting soil scientist
The Birome series consists of moderately deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in iron enriched loamy
and clayey sediments. These gently sloping to moderately steep soils are on low hills and ridges. Slopes range from 2 to 20 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Paleustalfs
The solum thickness and depth to sandstone ranges 20 to 40 inches. Ironstone and sandstone pebbles and sandstone fragments less than an inch to 3 inches thick and 3 to about 10 inches across the long axis cover 0 to 20 percent of the soil surface. Pebbles and fragments comprise 0 to 35 percent of the epipedon and 0 to 10 percent in the argillic horizon.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Well drained; rapid runoff; slow permeability.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly in wooded pasture. Native vegetation consists of little bluestem, purpletop, and shrubs with an overstory of post oak and blackjack oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Texas mainly in the East Cross Timbers land resource area. The soils are of moderate
extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BIROME.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Cataula series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in material weathered from metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Piedmont. They contain a layer that is dense and partially brittle. Permeability is slow. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Oxyaquic Kanhapludults
Depth to the dense, partially brittle layer ranges from 15 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 5 feet. The solum ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches thick. Content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to about 7 percent by volume. These consist of angular fragments of quartz often occurring as quartz stringers. The A horizon is very strongly acid to slightly acid, and all of the other horizons are very strongly acid to moderately acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas had been cleared and used for growing cotton, corn, small grain, and pasture, but now about 75 percent of the total acreage is in shortleaf and loblolly pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of South Carolina, Alabama and Georgia. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CATAULA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
(Guangdong Province, PRC; Rhodic Kandiudult PRC-03)
Rhodic Kandiudults soils are like Typic Kandiudults, but the upper part of their kandic horizon has hue of 2.5YR or redder, a color value, moist, of 3 or less, and a dry value no more than 1 unit higher than the moist value. Rhodic Kandiudults are of small extent in the United States. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to moderately steep. Many of these soils are used as cropland. Some, particularly the most sloping ones, are used as forest. Some are used as pasture or homesites.
Kandiudults are the Udults that are very deep and have a kandic horizon and a clay distribution in which the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within a depth of 150 cm from the mineral soil surface, or the layer in which the clay percentage decreases has at least 5 percent of the volume consisting of skeletans on faces of peds and there is at least a 3 percent (absolute) increase in clay content below this layer. These soils do not have a fragipan or a horizon in which plinthite either forms a continuous phase or constitutes one-half or more of the volume within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. Kandiudults are of moderate extent in the Southeastern United States.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
The Fuquay series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy marine sediments of the upper Coastal Plain. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the subsoil and slow in the lower part. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent.
Taxonomic class: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: Large
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Johnston County, North Carolina; 1965. The Fuquay series is a Benchmark soil.
A benchmark soil is one of large extent within one or more major land resource areas (MLRAs), one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, one that has special importance to one or more significant land uses, or one that is of significant ecological importance.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FUQUAY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Culleoka series consists of moderately deep, well drained, soils formed in colluvium or residuum from siltstone or interbedded shale, limestone, siltstone, and fine grained sandstone. Slope ranges from 2 to 70 percent. Near the type location the mean annual precipitation is about 47.5 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 54.7 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the solum and depth to lithic bedrock of dominantly siltstone or fine grained sandstone is 20 to 40 inches. Content of flagstones and channers range from 0 to 35 percent in the A horizon, 10 to 35 percent in the B horizon, and 25 to 80 percent in the BC and C horizons. Reaction ranges from moderately to strongly acid in the solum and strongly to slightly acid in the substratum.
USE AND VEGETATION: Chiefly pasture and hay, with some tobacco, corn, and small grains. Native forest has oak, maple, black walnut, ash, hickory, beech, elm, hackberry, locust, Kentucky coffeetree, redbud, dogwood, and red cedar as the dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Bluegrass region of Kentucky, the outer Central Basin of Tennessee, Arkansas, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia. It is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CULLEOKA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Blue Ridge Mountains are composed primarily of igneous and metamorphic rock. The highest peak sits nearly 6,000 feet above sea level. Here we see a portion of the mountain range that has poor soils for supporting vegetation which is why the landscape is a grayish-brown.
Photographer: Soil Science
www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/5097236364/in/faves-128...
A representative soil profile of the Tate series. (Soil Survey of Polk County, North Carolina; by Scott C. Keenen, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Tate series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on benches, fans, and toe slopes in coves in the Blue Ridge (MLRA 130). They formed in colluvium weathered from felsic to mafic high-grade metamorphic rocks. Mean annual temperature is 52 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation about 52 inches near the type location. Slope ranges from 2 to 50 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Thickness of the solum ranges from 24 to more than 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is greater than 60 inches. Content of rock fragments is less than 35 percent by volume in the A and Bt horizons, and less than 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid unless limed. Content of mica flakes is few or common.
USE AND VEGETATION: About half is cleared and used for growing corn, small grain, tobacco, truck crops, and pasture. Common trees in forested areas are scarlet oak, white oak, yellow-poplar, eastern white pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, and northern red oak. Understory plants include mountain-laurel, rhododendron, blueberry, greenbrier, flowering dogwood, black locust, honeysuckle, sourwood, and flame azalea.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Blue Ridge (MLRA 130) of North Carolina, Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and possibly Georgia and South Carolina. The series has large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TATE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit: