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The Buncombe series consists of very deep, excessively drained sandy soils on nearly level to gently sloping flood plains in the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. They formed in sandy alluvium washed from soils formed in residuum from schist, gneiss, granite, phyllite, and other metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Piedmont. Slopes range from 0 to 6 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Typic Udipsamments
Depth to hard bedrock is more than 10 feet. Layers of gravel and cobbles are in the substrata of some pedons below a depth of 40 inches. Few to many mica flakes are present throughout the profile. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid. The A, Bw and C horizons to a depth of 40 inches are sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand. In addition, The C horizon may be fine sand within a depth of 40 inches. Below a depth of 40 inches, textures of the C horizon range from sand to loam or are stratified.
USE AND VEGETATION: More than one-half of the soil has been cleared and is used for growing pasture or crops. A few areas are in loblolly, longleaf, or shortleaf pines. Natural vegetation consists mainly of hardwoods such as sweetgum, oaks, birch, elm, ash, hickory, yellow- poplar, sycamore, and willow
trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BUNCOMBE.html
For a detailed description, visit:
Depth Class: Very deep
Agricultural Drainage Class: Somewhat poorly drained
Permeability: Very slow
Surface Runoff: Moderate
Landscape: Triassic Basin uplands
Landform: Interstream divides, ridges, and side slopes
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from Triassic sandstone, mudstone, siltstone, shale, and conglomerate
Slope: 0 to 15
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Vertic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: mixed hardwood and pine forest
Dominant Vegetation: Where forested--loblolly pine, red maple, sweet gum, black gum, water oak, winged elm, and willow oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Thermic region of Piedmont in the Triassic Basin of North Carolina and possibly Virginia
Extent: Small
REMARKS: Green Level soils were previously mapped as White Store soils. White Store soils have a depth to paralithic contact of 40 to 60 inches and have a base saturation of greater than 35 percent above the contact. In addition, White Store soils do not have redoximorphic features within 24 inches of the top of the argillic horizon. The 11/2005 revision changed the type location from Chatham County, NC to Wake County, NC and changed the classification from fine, mixed, active, thermic Aquic Hapludults.
A representative soil profile of Coy clay loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes. The thick, dark-colored surface layer is indicative of high natural fertility. (Soil Survey of Duval County, Texas; by John L. Sackett III, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Coy series consists of very deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils that developed in calcareous clayey alluvium derived from mudstone. These soils are on nearly level to moderately sloping terrace remnants and broad flats associated with drainage ways. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 737 mm (29 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 21.7 degrees C (71 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Pachic Vertic Argiustolls
Soil Moisture: A typic ustic moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 90 days but less than 180 cumulative days in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 23 degrees C (72 to 74 degrees F)
Thickness of Mollic epipedon: 51 to 114 cm (20 to 45 in)
Thickness of Argillic horizon: 51 to 127 cm (20 to 50 in)
Vertic properties: When dry, the soil has cracks up to 5 cm (2 in) wide at the surface that extend to depths of more than 100 cm (40 in).
Depth to Calcic horizon: 89 to 152 cm (35 to 60 in)
USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used for crop production with some areas used for livestock grazing and wildlife habitat. Cultivated crops are cotton, grain sorghum, and corn. Native grasses include Arizona cottontop, little bluestem, sideoats grama, curlymesquite, and Texas bristlegrass. Woody invaders are whitebrush, spiny hackberry, huisache, and mesquite.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern and Central Rio Grande Plain of Texas (MLRA 83A, 83C); Land Resource Region I. The series is of moderate extent. The Coy soils were formerly included with the Monteola series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX131/Du...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Fig. 5.8 Salidic Calcigypsids (AD232) UAE
Salidic Calcigypsids are the Calcigypsids that have an ECe of more than 8 to less than 30 dS m-1 in a layer 10 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface.
Calcigypsids are the Gypsids that have a calcic horizon. Commonly, the calcic horizon is above the gypsic horizon because of differences in the solubility of gypsum and calcium carbonate.
Gypsids are the Aridisols that have a gypsic (or petrogypsic) horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Accumulation of gypsum takes place initially as crystal aggregates in the voids of the soils. These aggregates grow by accretion, displacing the enclosing soil material. When the gypsic horizon occurs as a cemented impermeable layer, it is recognized as the petrogypsic horizon. Each of these forms of gypsum accumulation implies processes in the soils, and each presents a constraint to soil use. One of the largest constraints is dissolution of the gypsum, which plays havoc with structures, roads, and irrigation delivery systems. Gypsids occur in Iraq, Syria, Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Somalia, West Asia, and some of the most arid areas of the western part of the United States.
Aridisols, as their name implies, are soils in which water is not available to mesophytic plants for long periods. During most of the time when the soils are warm enough for plants to grow, soil water is held at potentials less than the permanent wilting point or has a content of soluble salts great enough to limit the growth of plants other than halophytes, or both. There is no period of 90 consecutive days when moisture is continuously available for plant growth.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
A soil profile of a Georgeville soil. Georgeville soils formed from felsic volcanic rocks within the Carolina Slate Belt. They are very erosive because of their high silt content. Depth to bedrock is more than 150 centimeters.
The Georgeville series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in material mostly weathered from fine-grained metavolcanic rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt. Slopes are 2 to 50 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
Thickness of the clayey part of the Bt horizon ranges from 24 to 48 inches. Depth to the bottom of the clayey Bt horizon exceeds 30 inches. Depth to a lithic contact is more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to neutral in the A horizon and very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout the rest of the profile. Content of rock fragments ranges 0 to 20 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 10 percent in the Bt, BC and C horizons. Few fine flakes of mica are in the lower part of the solum of some pedons, and some pedons may have few fine manganese concretions in the surface and upper subsoil horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used for cotton, small grains, tobacco, corn, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in mixed hardwood and pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is extensive.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GEORGEVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the series (Calcaric Cambisols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Coombe soils are typically deep in the valley bottoms, but there are shallow soils on the valley sides. Soil variation is related to the thickness of drift over the chalk. In the Coombe series, typical brown calcareous earths, the subsoil merges downwards into thick, flinty chalky drift.
Coombe soils are developed in flinty, chalky drift in broad valleys and on the lower dipslope of the Chalk in southern England. There are small areas in dry valleys on the Yorkshire Wolds. The soils are well drained, calcareous, fine silty, and often very stony.
The soils are well drained (Wetness Class 1) and surplus winter rain passes easily downwards through the soil and the underlying chalk. Rooting depth is generally adequate and most component soils are only slightly droughty for arable crops except over harder chalk beds such as the Chalk Rock and Melbourne Rock.
The dominant crops are cereals and leys. Top fruit suffers from iron deficiency, but other trace element deficiencies are rare. Though otherwise sheltered, sensitive crops in valley floors are vulnerable to frost. There are ample opportunities for autumn landwork and a shorter though adequate period in spring. These soils may be compacted by badly timed cultivations but are easy to work and recover fairly easily from damage. In the South West cropping is influenced by the farming system on adjacent shallow soils. Cereals and leys are the main crops, with root crops, fruit and vegetables locally. Top fruit suffers from iron deficiency but other trace element deficiencies are rare.
Where the soils are in dry valleys, cropping is influenced by the farming system on adjacent shallow soils. Cereals and grass leys are the main crops, with root crops, fruit and vegetables locally, especially in east Kent. Top fruit suffers from iron deficiency but other trace element deficiencies are rare. Valley bottoms are frost-hollows but are less exposed than many slopes.
Woodland and old grassland includes many calcicolous plant species. Larkey Valley Wood in Kent has hornbeam and hazel coppice below oak and ash standards with a ground flora dominated by bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta) and dog's mercury (Mercurialis perennis). Sanicle (Sanicula europaea) and sweet woodruff (Galium odoratum) occur below beech high forest on Andover soils together with a variety of orchids, for example, the bird's-nest orchid (Neottia nidus-avis) and the lesser butterfly orchid (Platanthera bifolia).
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/series.cfm?serno=23...
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of an Inceptisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (eucalyptus plantation) associated with Inceptisols occurring on an interfluve in Brazil.
Inceptisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. They form quickly through alteration of parent material. They are more developed than Entisols. They have no accumulation of clays, iron oxide, aluminium oxide or organic matter. They have an ochric or umbric horizon and a cambic subsurface horizon. The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon and an ochric epipedon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons.
Inceptisol (Latossolos) and landscape BRAZIL--In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
A representative soil profile of Swannanoa silty clay loam in North Carolina. Swannanoa soils are very deep, have thick, dark surface layers, and formed from old alluvial deposits on high stream terraces. They occur in mountain valleys of intermountain hills and low mountains predominantly along large flood plains throughout the central and southern parts of Buncombe County. (Soil Survey of Buncombe County, North Carolina; by Mark S. Hudson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Swannanoa series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained soils with moderately slow permeability. They formed in old alluvium on high stream terraces, alluvial fans, and toeslopes along the broader stream and river valleys of the Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B). Near the type location, mean annual air temperature is about 56 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Umbraquults
Depth to bedrock is greater than 6 feet. Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 inches or more. Thickness of the alluvium is variable and ranges from 5 to more than 15 feet. Content of rock fragments is less than 15 percent in the A, Ap, E, BA, and BE horizons and the upper part of the Bt horizon; is less than 35 percent in the lower part of the Btg, and BCg horizons, and less than 60 percent in the Cg horizon. Unlimed soils are extremely acid to moderately acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is used for growing cultivated crops, pasture and orchards. Crops include corn, tobacco, small grains, hay, fruit and vegetables. Woodland vegetation consists of mixed hardwoods and pines, dominated by oaks, maple, poplar, hemlock and white pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130B) of North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, and Virginia. This series is of small extent. The Swannanoa series was formerly included with the Dillard or Unison series. However, Dillard soils formed in alluvium on low terraces and are fine-loamy and Unison soils are well drained and occur on high terraces.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SWANNANOA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Left: Petroferric contact ranging from a depth of about 1.25 m to more than 2.0 m. Note soil material is both above and below the ironstone sheet, a common characteristic of soils with a petroferric contact. Also, in the southeastern US, these materials are commonly associated with plinthic soils. In this road cut the plinthic soil was directly adjacent to petroferric soil.
To date these soils have been observed in Louisiana. Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. They are estimated to occur throughout the Coastal Plain of the southeastern US.
Right: Dothan soil profile with nodular (Btv1) and platy (Btv2) plinthite.
The Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Dothan soils are on interfluves. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
The series is extensive through the Southern Coastal Plain, but it also occurs to a lesser extent in the Atlantic Coast Flatwoods (AL, FL, GA, NC, SC, and VA).
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DOTHAN.html
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A representative soil profile of the Iredell soil series. (Soil Survey of Iredell County, North Carolina; by Robert H. Ranson, Jr., and Roger J. Leab, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Iredell series consists of moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils. These soils formed in material weathered from diabase, diorite, gabbro, and other rocks high in ferro-magnesium minerals. They are on uplands throughout the Piedmont. Slope is dominantly less than 6 percent but ranges up to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Vertic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to paralithic contact (Cr horizon) is 40 to more than 60 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is more than 60 inches. Linear extensibility totals 6.0 cm or more between the surface and paralithic contact. Most pedons have few to many dark concretions throughout the profile. Many pedons have few to many dark mottles or soft bodies in the B and C horizons. Some pedons have few to many flakes of mica or crystals of feldspar in the B and C horizons. The soil is strongly acid to neutral in the A horizon, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the B horizon, and neutral to moderately alkaline in the C horizon. Content of rock fragments, up to 24 inches in diameter, ranges from 0 to 30 percent in the A horizon and E horizon, 0 to 20 percent in the Bt horizon, and 0 to 10 percent in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing cotton, small grain, hay, or pasture. Forested areas are dominantly in post and white oaks.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont areas of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Statesville Area, Iredell County, North Carolina; 1901.
REMARKS: Prior to 1998, Bt horizons having vertic characteristics that were less than 20 inches thick were too thin to place these soils in Vertic Hapludalfs. The eighth edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 1998 changed the requirements for Vertic subgroups and now these soils fit.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/IREDELL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil scientists explore and seek to understand the earth’s land and water resources. Practitioners of soil science identify, interpret, and manage soils for agriculture, forestry, rangeland, ecosystems, urban uses, and mining and reclamation in an environmentally responsible way.
Soil survey or soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil types and other soil properties in a given area and geo-encoding such information. It applies the principles of soil science, and draws heavily from geomorphology, theories of soil formation, physical geography, and analysis of vegetation and land use patterns. Primary data for the soil survey are acquired by field sampling and by remote sensing.
In the past, a soil scientist would take hard-copies of aerial photography, topo-sheets, and mapping keys into the field with them. Today, a growing number of soil scientists bring a ruggedized tablet computer and GPS into the field with them.
The term soil survey may also be used as a noun to describe the published results. In the United States, these surveys were once published in book form for individual counties by the National Cooperative Soil Survey.
Today, soil surveys are no longer published in book form; they are published to the web and accessed on NRCS Web Soil Survey where a person can create a custom soil survey. This allows for rapid flow of the latest soil information to the user. In the past it could take years to publish a paper soil survey. The information in a soil survey can be used by farmers and ranchers to help determine whether a particular soil type is suited for crops or livestock and what type of soil management might be required.
An architect or engineer might use the engineering properties of a soil to determine whether it is suitable for a certain type of construction. A homeowner may even use the information for maintaining or constructing their garden, yard, or home. Soils are the basis of agriculture and play a critical role in agricultural production as they provide the medium upon which crops can grow. Yet, during the past few decades, focus on the importance of soils has diminished, coupled with harsh man-made and natural conditions that have resulted in soil erosion and soil nutrient mining.
Exposed roadcut of a soil in southern Wake County, NC (Fuqua-Varina area) with petroferric contact at a depth of about 1.5 meters. The soils in this area were originally mapped as Norfolk and updated to Fuquay or Dothan with this pedon being identified as an inclusion in mapping.
Inset: Petroferric material (fragment from an ironstone sheet).
When first examining this area, the soil survey project leader was unable to auger through the soil to a depth below about 1.5 meters in two of the 10 transect stops. Upon examination of a nearby roadcut, a series of continuous ironstone sheets were identified. Additional transects were run in the immediate area resulting in each encountering a root limiting layer from 1 to 1.5 meter depth making up from 10 to 20 percent of each transect. The bulk of the remaining stops encountered 5 to 15 percent plinthite nodules within a 1.5 meter depth. The dominate soil was then mapped as either Fuquay or Dothan.
To date, no effort has been made to establish a new soil series with petroferric contact.
UPDATE: In 2022 these soils were recognized at the series level--the Darley soil series:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DARLEY.html
However, from the experience of this correlator, the particle size class was dominantly fine-loamy with loamy soil (clay loam or sandy clay loam) above the first contact and clayey soil (sandy clay or clay) below the last contact. In addition, as demonstrated in this profile redoximorphic features are present above the initial contact and at a depth common for an Oxyaquic subgroup. The occurrence of a consistent water table is thought to be minor.
These soils have been observed in Louisiana. Mississippi, Georgia, South Carolina, and North Carolina. They are estimated to occur throughout the Coastal Plain of the southeastern US.
A profile of a Compass soil. Compass soils are moderately well drained and are on summits of ridges and high stream terraces. They have an argillic horizon of brownish yellow sandy loam and sandy clay loam. The lower part of the argillic horizon has masses of reddish, nodular plinthite and has grayish iron depletions. (Soil Survey of Crenshaw County, Alabama)
The Compass series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils on broad uplands and sloping side slopes that lead to drainageways in the coastal plain. They formed in thick loamy and clayey marine sediments. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 68 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 56 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Plinthic Paleudults
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout except where the surface has been limed. Depth to horizons containing 5 percent or more plinthite ranges from 30 to 50 inches. Content of ironstone nodules ranges from 0 to 5 percent in the A and upper Bt horizons. Depth to the B2t horizons ranges primarily from 40 to 60 inches but as deep as 80 inches in some pedons. These horizons are considered diagnostic for the series.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Compass soils are in native vegetation. A few small areas are cleared and planted to peanuts, corn, soybeans, and improved pasture grasses. The native vegetation consists of longleaf pine, slash pine, white oak, red oak, laurel oak, water oak, persimmon, sweetgum, gallberry, waxmyrtle, huckleberry, greenbriers, blackberries, and pineland threeawn.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest Florida and Alabama. The series is of moderate known extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/COMPASS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Setters series. Colors on the left are dry, colors on the right are moist. (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Setters series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in loess or loess over silty sediments. Setters soils are on ridge summits, backslopes and footslopes of hills on dissected basalt plateaus, mountains and benches. Slopes are 0 to 35 percent. The average annual precipitation is about 24 inches and the average annual temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Ultic Palexerolls
Note: This soil would qualify for an Oxyaquic subgroup of Palexerolls if such a subgroup was available in Soil Taxonomy.
Average annual soil temperature - 41 to 47 degrees F.
Average summer soil temperature - 59 to 61 degrees F.; without an O horizon Depth to bedrock - greater than 60 inches
Mollic epipedon thickness - 11 to 18 inches
Base saturation - 50 to 75 percent in the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used mainly for wheat, barley, peas, hay, pasture, and timber production. The natural vegetation is mainly an overstory of Douglas-fir and ponderosa pine and an understory of common snowberry, woods rose, white spirea, pine reed grass, and sticky geranium.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Benewah, Clearwater, Kootenai, Latah, Lewis, and Nez Perce Counties, Idaho. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SETTERS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A typical profile of Dickson silt loam. Dickson soils have a fragipan in the subsoil. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Dickson series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that have a slowly permeable fragipan in the subsoil. These soils formed in a silty mantle 2 to 4 feet thick and the underlying residuum of limestone. They are on nearly level to sloping uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 12 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Glossic Fragiudults
Depth to the fragipan ranges from 18 to 36 inches. Reaction is strongly acid or very strongly acid except where lime has been added. Fragments of gravel range from none to 10 percent in the lower Btx horizon and up to 35 percent in the 2Bt horizon. Depth to hard bedrock is greater than 5 feet.Some pedons have a paralithic contact below 60 inches. Transition horizons have color and textures similar to adjacent horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cleared and used for growing hay, pasture, small grains, corn, soybeans, and tobacco. Some areas are in forest chiefly of oaks, yellow-poplar, hickories, gums, and maples.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Highland Rim in Tennessee, Northern Alabama, and the Pennyroyal of Kentucky. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN13...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DICKSON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Plinthosol from Tanzania. (Photo courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)
Plinthosols are soils with plinthite, petroplinthite or pisoliths. Plinthite is a Fe-rich (in some cases also Mn-rich), humus-poor mixture of kaolinitic clay (and other products of strong weathering such as gibbsite) with quartz and other constituents. It usually changes irreversibly to a layer with hard concretions or nodules or to a hardpan on exposure to repeated wetting and drying. Petroplinthite is a continuous or fractured sheet of connected, strongly cemented to indurated concretions or nodules or concentrations in platy, polygonal or reticulate patterns. Pisoliths are discrete, strongly cemented to indurated concretions or nodules. Both petroplinthite and pisoliths develop from plinthite by hardening. Traditional names are Groundwater Laterite Soils and Perched Water Laterite Soils. Many of these soils are known as Plintossolos (Brazil), Sols gris latéritiques (France), Petroferric Kandosols (Australia) and Plinthaquox, Plinthaqualfs, Plinthoxeralfs, Plinthustalfs, Plinthaquults, Plinthohumults, Plinthudults and Plinthustults (United States of America).
Acric (from Latin acer, sharp): having an argic horizon starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface and having a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of < 24 cmolc kg-1 clay in some part ≤ 50 cm below its upper limit; and having an effective base saturation [exchangeable(Ca + Mg + K + Na) / exchangeable(Ca + Mg + K + Na + Al); exchangeable bases by 1 M NH4OAc (pH 7), exchangeable Al by 1 M KCl (unbuffered)] of < 50% in half or more of the part between 50 and 100 cm from the mineral soil surface or in the lower half of the mineral soil above continuous rock, technic hard material or a cemented or indurated layer starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface, whichever is shallower.
An "argic horizon" (from Latin argilla, white clay) is a subsurface horizon with distinctly higher clay content than the overlying horizon. The textural differentiation may be caused by:
• an illuvial accumulation of clay,
• predominant pedogenetic formation of clay in the subsoil,
• destruction of clay in the surface horizon,
• selective surface erosion of clay,
• upward movement of coarser particles due to swelling and shrinking,
• biological activity, or
• a combination of two or more of these different processes.
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system (World Reference Base for Soil Resources), visit WRB
A representative soil profile of the Castlemoyle series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with limestones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Stagnic Brown Earths. These soils display stagnic properties as a result of the presence of a slowly permeable sub-surface horizon.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
The Murville series consists of very poorly drained soils that have rapid permeability in the A horizon and moderately rapid permeability in the Bh horizon. The soils formed from wet sandy marine and fluvial sediments. They are in flats or in slight depressions on broad interstream areas of uplands and stream terraces in the Coastal Plain. Slopes are less than 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, thermic Umbric Endoaquods
Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Humus in the A and Bh horizons gives the sandy material a loamy feel and appearance. The soil is strongly acid to extremely acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Chiefly in cutover forests of pond pine, with a few scattered loblolly, longleaf pine, and red maple. Slash pine grow in the southern part of the range. Understory vegetation includes sweetbay, redbay, swamp cyrilla (red titi), zenobia, inkberry (bitter gallberry), large gallberry, greenbrier, switchcane, fetterbush lyonia, blueberry, loblollybay gordonia, southern bayberry (waxmyrtle), and a ground cover of sphagnum and club mosses, chainfern, broom sedge, and switchcane and maidencane in open areas. Where frequent burning has taken place only the understory species are present.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina and Florida. The series is of moderate extent.
The Murville soils were formerly included in the Ridgeland series. However, Ridgeland soils are in a mixed mineralogy family. The April 1993 revision of this series changed the subgroup classification from Typic Haplaquods to Umbric Endoaquods.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MURVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Carmine extremely gravelly very fine sandy loam. The clayey subsoil, which contains a large amount of gravel and a few cobbles, begins at a depth of about 85 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Fayette County, Texas; by Dennis D. Ressel and Samuel E. Brown, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Carmine series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in stratified loamy, clayey and siliceous gravel deposits. These soils are on quaternary terraces. Slopes range from 2 to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, thermic Udic Paleustalfs
The solum thickness is more than 80 inches. The combined thickness of the A, AE and E horizons range from 20 to 40 inches. Clay content of the control section ranges from 20 to 35 percent. Rounded siliceous pebbles and cobbles are on the surface and in the A, AE, E, and upper Bt horizons. They average greater than 60 percent by volume in the A, AE and E horizons and greater than 35 percent by volume in the particle-size control section. Cobbles average less than 5 percent by volume in the surface horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used as rangeland and for wildlife habitat. Native vegetation is post oak, blackjack oak and scattered hickory and live oak trees. Understory vegetation includes yaupon, red cedar, juniper, croton, greenbriar, paspalums, prickly pear cactus, bitterweed, panicums and little bluestem.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly on the high quaternary terraces in the southern part of the Texas Claypan Land Resource Area. The series is of minor extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX149/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CARMINE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Typic Endoaqualf (PRC-12) from Guangdong Province China.
Endoaqualfs are the Aqualfs that have an epipedon that rests on an argillic horizon without an abrupt textural change if the argillic horizon has moderately low or lower saturated hydraulic conductivity. The soil temperature regime is frigid, isomesic, mesic, or warmer.
Endoaqualfs are characterized by endoaquic saturation. The ground water fluctuates from a level near the soil surface to below the argillic horizon and is sometimes below a depth of 200 cm. Before cultivation, most Endoaqualfs supported either a deciduous broadleaf or a coniferous forest. Generally, Endoaqualfs are nearly level, and their parent materials are typically late-Pleistocene sediments.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home/taxonomy/j-alfisols...
A representative soil profile of Darco loamy fine sand. (Soil Survey of Shelby County, Texas; by Kirby Griffith, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Coastal pasture in an area of Darco loamy fine sand, 1 to 8 percent slopes. Most areas are used for pine production; some smaller areas are used for pasture or residential uses.
The Darco series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in sandy and loamy residuum from Southern Coastal Plain marine deposits of the Carrizo Sand, Queen City Sand, and Sparta Sand Formations. These gently sloping to steep soils are on uplands. Slopes range from 1 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 1016 to 1270 mm (40 to 50 in) and the mean annual air temperature ranges from 17 to 20 degrees C (63 to 68 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults
Soil Moisture: Udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is moist in some or all parts for more than 275 days in normal years, July and August are the driest months, while November to May are the wettest months.
Mean annual soil temperature range: 18 to 21 degrees C (64 to 70 degrees F).
Solum thickness: Greater than 203 cm (80 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay content: 12 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the soil is used for pasture or woodland. Pastures are mainly in coastal bermudagrass or weeping lovegrass. Native trees include loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, red oak, and hickory. Watermelons, peanuts, small grain for grazing, and vegetables are grown in some areas.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Texas, Arkansas, and Mississippi. The series is extensive. These soils were formerly included in the Lakeland and Troup series. The series was updated in 2002 to allow value 6 in the Bt horizon and to allow clay loam texture below 60 inches deep. The series was updated in 2004 to allow 7.5YR hue in the E and EB horizons.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX419/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DARCO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
North Carolina State Soil
Soil profile: The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils that are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands.
Landscape: Cecil soils are on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. (Durham County, North Carolina; by Robert M. Kirby, Soil Conservation Service)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 24 to 50 inches thick and extends to 40 inches or more. Depth to bedrock ranges from 6 to 10 feet or more. The soil ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid in the A horizons and is strongly acid or very strongly acid in the B and C horizons. Limed soils are typically moderately acid or slightly acid in the upper part. Content of coarse fragments range from 0 to 35 percent by volume in the A horizon and 0 to 10 percent by volume in the Bt horizon. Fragments are dominantly gravel or cobble in size. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the Bt horizon and few to many flakes of mica in the BC and C horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: About half of the total acreage is in cultivation, with the remainder in pasture and forest. Common crops are small grains, corn, cotton, and tobacco.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent, with an area of more than 5 million acres. Cecil soil is a Benchmark soil. A benchmark soil is one of large extent (aerial extent of 100,000 acres in LRR or 10,000 + acres in MLRA) within one or more major land resource areas (MLRAs), one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, one that has special importance to one or more significant land uses, or one that is of significant ecological importance.
The June 1988 revision changed the classification to Typic Kanhapludults and recognized the low activity clay properties of this soil as defined in the Low Activity Clay Amendment to Soil Taxonomy, August 1986. The December 2005 revision changed the type location from Catawba County, North Carolina to a more representative location.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CECIL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Annagh series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with siliceous stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=06...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Histic Groundwater Gleys (soils influenced by water). Typical Groundwater Gleys have evidence of gleying within 40 cm due to the presence of a groundwater table within the profile and a peaty surface horizon (> 20% organic carbon) less than 40 cm thick.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
A representative soil profile of the Annagh series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy drift with siliceous stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=06...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Histic Groundwater Gleys (soils influenced by water). Typical Groundwater Gleys have evidence of gleying within 40 cm due to the presence of a groundwater table within the profile and a peaty surface horizon (> 20% organic carbon) less than 40 cm thick.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
This photo accompanies Figure 1. Soil Comparison. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
This soil is hydric. It meets the requirements of indicator S7 (Dark Surface). From the surface and to a depth of 10 cm, value is 3 or less and chroma is 1 or less. Below 10 cm, the matrix has chroma of 2 or less.
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States is a guide to help identify and delineate hydric soils in the field (fig. 1). Field indicators (indicators) are not intended to replace or modify the requirements contained in the definition of a hydric soil. Proper use of the indicators requires a basic knowledge of soil-landscape relationships and soil survey procedures.
The National Technical Committee for Hydric Soils (NTCHS) defines a hydric soil as a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part (Federal Register, 1994). Most hydric soils exhibit characteristic morphologies that result from repeated periods of saturation or inundation that last more than a few days. Saturation or inundation, when combined with microbial activity in the soil, causes the depletion of oxygen. Prolonged anaerobic conditions promote certain biogeochemical processes, such as the accumulation of organic matter and the reduction, translocation, or accumulation of iron and other reducible elements. These processes result in distinctive characteristics that persist in the soil during both wet and dry periods, making them particularly useful for identifying hydric soils in the field. The indicators are used to identify the hydric soil component of wetlands; however, there are some hydric soils that lack any of the currently listed indicators. Therefore, the lack of any listed indicator does not prevent classification of the soil as hydric. Such soils should be studied and their characteristic morphologies identified for inclusion in this guide.
A (Thionic, Humic, Eutric, Clayic) Mollic Gleysol from the Brisbane region of Queensland Australia. These soils formed in estuarine deltaic sediments, originally a swamp depression on the coastal plain under irrigated sugar cane. (Notes and photos provided by Dr. rer. nat. Ulrich Schuler; ulrichschuler.net/index.html )
In the WRB-World Reference Base soil classification system, Gleysols comprise soils saturated with groundwater for long enough periods to develop reducing conditions resulting in gleyic properties, including underwater and tidal soils. This pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish or yellowish colors at aggregate surfaces and/or in the upper soil layers, in combination with greyish/bluish colors inside the aggregates and/or deeper in the soil. Many underwater soils have only the latter.
Gleysols with a thionic horizon or hypersulfidic material (acid sulfate soils) are common. Redox processes may also be caused by upmoving gases, like CO2 or CH4. Common names for many Gleysols are Gley (former Soviet Union), Gleyzems (Russia), Gleye, Marschen, Watten and Unterwasserböden (Germany), Gleissolos (Brazil) and Hydrosols (Australia). In the United States of America many Gleysols belong to Aquic Suborders and Endoaquic Great Groups of various Orders (Aqualfs, Aquents, Aquepts, Aquolls, etc.) or to the Wassents.
For more information about this site, visit;
ulrichschuler.net/excursions_australia.html
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
In Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Vertisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
The Fuquay series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in sandy and loamy marine sediments of the upper Coastal Plain. Permeability is moderate in the upper part of the subsoil and slow in the lower part. Slopes range from 0 to 10 percent.
Taxonomic class: Loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Arenic Plinthic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine, with some hardwoods, understory plants including American holly, flowering dogwood, persimmon, and greenbrier.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: Large
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Johnston County, North Carolina; 1965. The Fuquay series is a Benchmark soil.
A benchmark soil is one of large extent within one or more major land resource areas (MLRAs), one that holds a key position in the soil classification system, one for which there is a large amount of data, one that has special importance to one or more significant land uses, or one that is of significant ecological importance.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FUQUAY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A profile of the very deep, well drained Emporia soils. Emporia soils formed in marine sediments and have moderately slow or slow permeability with a perched seasonal high water table at 3 to 4.5 feet. (Soil Survey of Charles City County, Virginia; by Robert L. Hodges and Pamela J. Thomas, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
Landscape: A soybean field in an area of Kempsville-Emporia complex, 2 to 6 percent slopes. Emporia soils are moderately suited to corn, soybeans, and grass-legume hay. The slope in the steeper area causes an increase in surface runoff, erosion, and nutrient loss. The high clay content of the soils restricts the rooting depth of crops. The risk of compaction increases when the soil is wet and soil crusting decreases water infiltration and interferes with the emergence of seedlings. (Soil Survey of Caroline County, Virginia; by the Virginia Soil Survey Staff, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: moderately deep to deep, common
Index Surface Runoff: medium to high
Permeability: moderately slow to slow
Landscape: Coastal Plain
Landform: Upland
Geomorphic Component: flat
Parent Material: Marine sediments
Slope: commonly 1 to 6 percent, but range from 0 to 50 percent
Elevation (type location): 20 to 150 feet
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 72 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 36 to 54 inches, November to April
Rock Fragment content: Gravel size rock fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the solum and 0 to 60 percent in the C horizon
Soil Reaction: very strongly acid through moderately acid, except where limed
Other Features: Some pedons have a lithologic discontinuity generally below 40 inches
Other Features: Exchangeable aluminum is less than 6 meq/100 grams of soil in the solum
Other Features: Some part of the Bt or BC horizon of most pedons commonly has firm or very firm consistence in place
Other Features: Mica flakes range from none to common, and are present only in some pedons
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: crops, some forestry
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated-- peanuts, soybeans, cotton, corn, and tobacco. Where wooded-- loblolly pine, Virginia pine, oaks, hickory, sweet gum, and red maple.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Atlantic Coastal Plain in Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and possibly in Alabama and Georgia
Extent: large
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA036... and
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA033...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EMPORIA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Mandarin soil series.
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderate deep, common
Permeability: Moderate
Landscape: Lower coastal plain
Landform: Marine terrace
Geomorphic Component: Talf
Parent Material: Marine sediments
Slope: 0 to 3 percent
Elevation (type location):
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 67 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 55 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, thermic Oxyaquic Alorthods
Depth to the top of the Spodic: less than 30 inches
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 18 to 42 inches, June to December or November to April
Soil Reaction: extremely acid to moderately acid in the A, E, and Bh horizons and from extremely acid to neutral in the BE, E', and B'h horizons
Other Features: All horizons are sand, fine sand, loamy sand, or loamy fine sand
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Natural areas, some community development
Dominant Vegetation: Where natural--scattered second growth slash and longleaf pine, and scrub oak with an understory of greenbriar, sawpalmetto, pineland threeawn, creeping bluestem, paspalum, panicum, and lopsided Indiangrass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northern peninsular Florida, Georgia, North Carolina.
The series is of moderate extent.
Mandarin soils were formerly mapped as a thermic variant of the Cassia series. Based on a 2-year soil temperature study, the mean annual soil temperature range for this soil in Duval County, Florida is about 69.2 to 71.5 degrees F.
Other Features: Some pedons do not have a bisequum of E and Bh horizons, and are underlain by a C horizon
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MANDARIN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative profile of Burforf soil. (Soil Survey of Woods County, Oklahoma; by Richard Gelnar, Jimmy Ford, Clay Salisbury, Clay Wilson, and Glen Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Burford series consists of deep, well drained, slowly permeable soils formed in calcareous loamy material overlying silty redbeds. These soils are on gently sloping to steep summits and side slopes within the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78). Slope ranges from 1 to 20 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 16 degrees C (61 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is 660 mm (26 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Haplustepts
Solum thickness (depth to C material): 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 in)
Depth visible calcium carbonate: 13 to 81 cm (5 to 32 in)
Lithologic discontinuity: 61 to 152 cm {24 to 60 in)
Reaction is slightly or moderately alkaline in the A and 2Cd horizons and moderately alkaline throughout the remainder of the soil.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for rangeland. Minor use is devoted to cotton, wheat, and grain sorghum. Native vegetation consists mainly of short grasses with some midgrasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Texas and Oklahoma; LRR-H Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region (MLRA's 78B, 78C, and 78D). The soil is extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK151...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BURFORD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Fulda series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils that formed in lacustrine or local alluvial sediments on glacial lake plains and moraines. They have slopes of 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Epiaquolls
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Corn, soybeans, and small grains are the main crops. A small acreage is in hay and pasture. Native vegetation is prairie.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Minnesota and the eastern parts of South Dakota and North Dakota. Fulda soils are moderately extensive.
Delaware State Soil
On April 20, 2000, Governor Thomas R. Carper signed House Bill 436, which designated Greenwich loam as Delaware’s official State soil. Students from Fifer Middle School assisted primary sponsor Rep. V. George Carey in convincing the General Assembly to adopt Greenwich loam as the State soil. The students made Greenwich soil mini-monoliths, which they distributed to legislators in an attempt to illustrate the need for the public to be educated about the importance of soils and soil conservation.
The Greenwich series consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately rapidly permeable soils that formed in sandy marine and old alluvial sediments overlain by a thin mantle of sediments that have a high content of silt. These soils are in the uplands on the coastal plain of Delaware and adjacent States. They are among the most productive soils in Delaware for agriculture and forestry and are considered prime farmland. They have few limitations if used as sites for urban or recreational development.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Solum Thickness: 50 to 127 cm (20 to 50 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Depth to Lithologic Discontinuity: 50 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches)
Rock Fragments: 0 to 10 percent, by volume in the solum, 0 to 20 percent in the substratum, mostly fine rounded gravel
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, throughout the profile, unless limed
Other Features: Silt content ranges from 30 to 60 percent above the discontinuity and 2 to 25 percent below the discontinuity
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Delaware, Maryland and possibly New Jersey. The extent is small.
The Greenwich series was originally established in Calvert County, Maryland, 1942. It was made inactive in 1957 and the soils combined with the Sassafras series in Maryland and Delaware. The series was reactivated in 1992 in Sussex County, DE because of important differences in use and management.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GREENWICH.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Cecil soil series; the State Soil of North Carolina.
Landscape: Cecil soils are on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. (Soil Survey of Granville County, North Carolina; by Betty F. McQuaid and Jon D. Vrana, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
archive.org/details/granvilleNC1997
Cecil soils, the state soil of North Carolina, are the most extensive of the soils that have their type location in North Carolina. They occur on 1,601,740 acres in the State. They are estimated to be on nearly one-third of the Piedmont Plateau in the Eastern United States. About half of the acreage of these soils is cultivated, and the rest is used for pasture or forest. The most common crops are small grain, corn, cotton, and tobacco. The Cecil series consists of very deep, well-drained, moderately permeable soils on upland ridges and side slopes. These soils formed in material weathered from felsic, igneous, and high-grade metamorphic rocks. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. The Cecil series is on the National List of Benchmark Soils, and is a Hall of Fame Soil. A monolith of the series profile is on display at the International Soil Reference and Information Centre in Wageningen, The Netherlands.
The Cecil series consists of very deep, well drained moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. They are deep to saprolite and very deep to bedrock. They formed in residuum weathered from felsic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 48 inches and mean annual temperature is 59 degrees F. near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CECIL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Huntington series. The Huntington series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from shale, sandstone, and limestone on river valley flood plains. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent but are mainly 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1300 mm, and mean annual temperature is about 14 degrees C.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Fluventic Hapludolls
Thickness of the solum ranges from 100 to 175 cm. Depth to the top of the cambic horizon is 25 to 67 cm. Coarse fragment content is less than 3 percent in the solum and from 0 to 14 percent in the C horizon. Reaction is moderately acid to moderately alkaline throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Huntington soils are mostly used for crops or pasture. Principle crops are corn and soybeans. Native vegetation consisted of flood-tolerant hardwood species such as eastern cottonwood, American sycamore, silver maple, and black willow.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: West Virginia, Alabama, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series concept was developed in MLRA 126, but it also occurs in MLRAs 111A, 114A, 114B, 115A, 120A, 120B, 120C, 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 128, 147, and 148. These soils are extensive, with about 290,000 acres of the series mapped. Most areas in Alabama and Tennessee mapped as Huntington were correlated in pre-Soil Taxonomy soil surveys and the series extent will decrease as these areas are updated utilizing thermic series.
For additional information about Kentucky soils, visit:
uknowledge.uky.edu/pss_book/4/
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HUNTINGTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Iredell soil series. (Soil Survey of Appomattox County, Virginia; by William F. Kitchel, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University)
The Iredell series consists of moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils. These soils formed in material weathered from diabase, diorite, gabbro, and other rocks high in ferro-magnesium minerals. They are on uplands throughout the Piedmont. Slope is dominantly less than 6 percent but ranges up to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Oxyaquic Vertic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to paralithic contact (Cr horizon) is 40 to more than 60 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is more than 60 inches. Linear extensibility totals 6.0 cm or more between the surface and paralithic contact. Most pedons have few to many dark concretions throughout the profile. Many pedons have few to many dark mottles or soft bodies in the B and C horizons. Some pedons have few to many flakes of mica or crystals of feldspar in the B and C horizons. The soil is strongly acid to neutral in the A horizon, moderately acid to mildly alkaline in the B horizon, and neutral to moderately alkaline in the C horizon. Content of rock fragments, up to 24 inches in diameter, ranges from 0 to 30 percent in the A horizon and E horizon, 0 to 20 percent in the Bt horizon, and 0 to 10 percent in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing cotton, small grain, hay, or pasture. Forested areas are dominantly in post and white oaks.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont areas of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA011...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/IREDELL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: Bonneau loamy fine sand, 0 to 4 percent slopes. Bonneau soils have thick sandy surface layers underlain by a loamy moderately permeable subsoil. In the winter months (December through March) they have a seasonal high water table at a depth of 40 inches or more.
Landscape: This nearly level and gently sloping, very deep, well drained soil is on broad, smooth, upland ridges of the Coastal Plain. Individual areas are irregular in shape and range from about 10 to 300 acres in size.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Arenic Paleudults
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Landscape: Lower, middle, and upper coastal plain
Landform: Marine terraces, uplands
Hillslope Profile Position: Summits, shoulders, backslopes
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes
Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 12 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Where cultivated--growing cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, pasture grasses, and tobacco. Where wooded--mixed hardwood and pine, including longleaf and loblolly pine, white, red, turkey, and post oak, dogwood, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia, with moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONNEAU.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: Moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep, common
Flooding Frequency and Duration: Occasional to none for brief periods, January to March
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium, depending on slope
Permeability: Moderately slow
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high (1.4 to 4.2 micrometers per second)
Shrink-swell Potential: Moderate
Landscape: Coastal plains
Landform: Stream terraces, marine terraces
Geomorphic Component: Treads, interfluves
Parent Material: Clayey alluvium and marine or fluviomarine deposits
Slope: 0 to 15 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly cultivated
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, small grain, soybeans, tobacco, peanuts, and truck crops. Where wooded--mixed hardwoods and pines
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia
Extent: Moderate
Photo courtesy of EAD-Environment Agency - Abu Dhabi. www.ead.gov.ae/
H.E. Razan Khalifa Al Mubarak has devoted her career to environmental conservation. She is the Secretary General of the Environment Agency-Abu Dhabi (EAD), the largest environmental regulator in the Arabian Gulf, with a crucial role in conservation and the promotion of sustainable development in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Under her leadership, the Emirate underwent a myriad of changes to the environment, and the Agency had to evolve quickly to keep pace with the rapid development. Mrs. Al Mubarak is also the Managing Director of the Mohamed Bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund – one of the world’s largest philanthropic endowments supporting species conservation in over 200 countries. Under her leadership, the fund has garnered global attention for demonstrating best practice in the sustainability of their endowment-based funding model.
Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
A representative soil profile of the Crider series. (Soil Survey of Floyd County, Indiana; by Steven W. Neyhouse, Byron G. Nagel, and Dena L. Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Crider series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. They formed in a loess mantle and the underlying residuum from limestone. Slopes range from 0 to 30 percent. Near the type location, the mean annual precipitation is 48 inches and the mean annual temperature is 57 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Paleudalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 60 to more than 100 inches. Depth to bedrock ranges from 60 to more than 160 inches; commonly more than 100 inches. Fragments of chert ranges from 0 to about 15 percent; in some pedons it ranges 0 to 35 percent below the lithologic discontinuity. Reaction is from neutral to strongly acid to a depth of 40 inches, and from moderately acid to very strongly acid below 40 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the soil is used for growing crops and pasture. The chief crops are corn, small grains, soybeans, tobacco,and hay; truck crops are grown in a few places. The original vegetation was mixed hardwood forest, chiefly of oaks, maple, hickory, elm, ash, and hackberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Pennyroyal and the western Outer Bluegrass of Kentucky; the northern part of the Highland Rim of Tennessee, and Illinois, Indiana, and Missouri. The soil is of large extent, about 1 million acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN043/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CRIDER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Electromagnetic induction (EMI) has been used to characterize the spatial variability of soil properties since the late 1970s. Initially used to assess soil salinity, the use of EMI in soil studies has expanded to include: mapping soil types; characterizing soil water content and flow patterns; assessing variations in soil texture, compaction, organic matter content, and pH; and determining the depth to subsurface horizons, stratigraphic layers or bedrock, among other uses.
Electromagnetic induction is the creation of an electro-motive force (EMF) by way of a moving magnetic field around an electric conductor and, conversely, the creation of current by moving an electric conductor through a static magnetic field. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) is also known as electric current and electromagnetic induction and may also be called magnetic induction, as the principle remains the same whether the process is carried out through electromagnet or static magnet.
For more information about Describing and Sampling soils, visit;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
A Endogleyic Stagnosol in Meulebeke (province of West-Vlaanderen), Belgium. Image provided by S. Dondeyne.
www.researchgate.net/profile/S-Dondeyne
For more information about this soil, visit:
www.researchgate.net/publication/267969329_The_soil_map_o...
A Stagnosol in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB) is soil with strong mottling of the soil profile due to redox processes caused by stagnating surface water.
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
Stagnosols are periodically wet and mottled in the topsoil and subsoil, with or without concretions and/or bleaching. The topsoil can also be completely bleached (albic horizon). A common name in many national classification systems for most Stagnosols is pseudogley. In the USDA soil taxonomy, many of them belong to the Aqualfs, Aquults, Aquents, Aquepts and Aquolls.
The agricultural suitability of Stagnosols is limited because of their oxygen deficiency resulting from stagnating water above a dense subsoil. Therefore, they have to be drained. However, in contrast to Gleysols, drainage with channels or pipes is in many cases insufficient. It is necessary to have a higher porosity in the subsoil in order to improve the hydraulic conductivity. This may be achieved by deep loosening or deep ploughing. Drained Stagnosols can be fertile soils owing to their moderate degree of leaching.
A Dystric Endogleyic Rubic Arenosols (Humic) by the WRB. They formed in Pleistocene river (terrace) sand in Poland. Photo provided by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
For more information about this soil, visit:
karnet.up.wroc.pl/~kabala/Brunatne.html
Arenosol is one of the 30 soil groups in the classification system of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), World Reference Base (WRB). Arenosols are sandy-textured soils that lack any significant soil profile development. They exhibit only a partially formed surface horizon (uppermost layer) that is low in humus, and they are bereft of subsurface clay accumulation. Given their excessive permeability and low nutrient content, agricultural use of these soils requires careful management. They occupy about 7 percent of the continental surface area of the Earth, and they are found in arid regions such as the Sahel of western Africa and the deserts of western Australia, as well as in the tropical regions of Brazil. Arenosols are related to the sandy-textured members of the Entisol order of the U.S. Soil Taxonomy.
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
This pedon is a Aquic Udipsamments in the USDA Soil Taxonomy system.
For additional information about the US Soil Taxonomy soil classification system, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of a Luvisol from Russia. (Photo provided by Yakov Kuzyakov, revised.)
Luvisols have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil, as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation in the 50–100 cm depth. Many Luvisols are known as Texturally-differentiated soils and part of Metamorphic soils (Russia), Sols lessivés (France), Parabraunerden (Germany), Chromosols (Australia) and Luvissolos (Brazil). In the United States of America, they were formerly named Grey-brown podzolic soils and belong now to the Alfisols with high-activity clays.
Haplic (from Greek haplous, simple): having a typical expression of certain features (typical in the sense that there is no further or meaningful characterization) and only used if none of the preceding qualifiers applies. (WRB)
For more information, visit;
wwwuser.gwdg.de/~kuzyakov/soils/WRB-2006_Keys.htm
For more information about Dr. Kuzyakov, visit;
www.uni-goettingen.de/de/212970.html
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Myakka soil series. (Soil profile photo courtesy of Tyler Jones, UF/IFAS). For more information about the site, visit:
edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/uw209
In May 1989, Myakka fine sand was named the state soil of Florida. Myakka soils consist of very deep, poorly or very poorly drained sandy soils. These soils are characteristic of Florida's mesic flatwoods where you can find longleaf pine, slash pine, saw palmetto, gallberry, wax myrtle, and many other species. A suite of wildlife species depend on this ecosystem and the soil that makes it possible. Much of this habitat has been converted to commercial forest production, pasture, and citrus.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MYAKKA.html
For acreage, geographic distribution and pedons sampled, visit:
casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#myakka
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Typic Calciustoll in Texas.
The central concept or Typic subgroup of Calciustolls is fixed on soils that have an ustic moisture regime, that have a mollic epipedon of moderate thickness, and that have a calcic horizon. These Calciustolls have both a cambic and calcic diagnostic horizon. The Castroville series (fine-silty, carbonatic, hyperthermic Typic Calciustolls) is an example.
Typic Calciustolls are of moderately large extent in the United States. They are widely distributed. The largest extent is on the Great Plains from Montana to Texas. The soils also are on tropical islands and in some valleys in the mountains of the Western United States. Most Typic Calciustolls supported grasses and shrubs. Most of the soils on plains are now used as cropland. The soils in the mountains are used mostly as rangeland or wildlife habitat.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CASTROVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Benchley series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils derived from residuum weathered from clayey residuum of the Cook Mountain Formation. These nearly level to moderately sloping soils are on ridges on dissected plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent but are dominantly 1 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Udertic Argiustolls
USE AND VEGETATION: Typically cultivated crops are cotton, grain sorghum, corn and small grain. Bermudagrass pastures are common. Native vegetation includes little bluestem, big bluestem, Indiangrass, brownseed paspalum and various forbes.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Blackland Prairies of East Central Texas (MLRA 86B). The series is of moderate extent. This soil was formerly included within the Bonham and Culp series.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BENCHLEY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Vertisol from Tanzania. (Photos courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)
Vertisols are heavy clay soils with a high proportion of swelling clays. These soils form deep wide cracks from the surface downward when they dry out, which happens in most years. The name Vertisols (from Latin vertere, to turn) refers to the constant internal turnover (churning) of soil material. Common local names for Vertisols are Black cotton soils and Regur (India), Black turf soils (South Africa) or Margalites (Indonesia). In national soil classification systems they are called Slitozems or Dark vertic soils (Russia), Vertosols (Australia), Vertissolos (Brazil) and Vertisols (United States of America).
Calcic (from Latin calx, lime): having a calcic horizon starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface. A calcic horizon is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate occurs as impregnation of the matrix or in the form of fine calcite particles of < 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (veins, pseudomycelia, coatings, soft and/or hard nodules).
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
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Gypsids are the Aridisols that have a gypsic or petrogypsic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. Accumulation of gypsum takes place initially as crystal aggregates in the voids of the soils. These aggregates grow by accretion, displacing the enclosing soil material. When the gypsic horizon occurs as a cemented impermeable layer, it is recognized as the petrogypsic horizon. Each of these forms of gypsum accumulation implies processes in the soils, and each presents a constraint to soil use. One of the largest constraints is dissolution of the gypsum, which plays havoc with structures, roads, and irrigation delivery systems. The presence of one or more of these horizons, with or without other diagnostic horizons, defines the great groups of the Gypsids. Gypsids occur in Iraq, Syria, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Somalia, West Asia, and some of the most arid areas of the western part of the United States. Gypsids are on many segments of the landscape. Some of them have calcic or related horizons that overlie the gypsic horizon.
Calcigypsids are the Gypsids that have a calcic horizon. Commonly, the calcic horizon is above the gypsic horizon because of differences in the solubility of gypsum and calcium carbonate. These soils are known to occur in New Mexico. Most Calcigypsids are used for grazing.
Salidic Calcigypsids have an ECe of more ha 8 to less than 30 dS/m in a layer 10 cm or more thick within 100 cm of the soil surface.
The Faceville series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A). (Soil Survey of Decatur County, Georgia; by Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
They formed in red clayey marine sediments. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 65 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kandiudults
Thickness of the solum is 65 inches or more. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout except where the surface has been limed. In some pedons, the reaction is moderately acid in the BA horizon and upper Bt horizon. The clay content of the control section ranges from 36 to 55 percent with less than 30 percent silt. Plinthite content ranges from 0 to 4 percent, by volume, below a depth of 40 inches. Ironstone nodules 3 to 20 mm in size in the A, E and BA horizons range from none to up to 11 percent, by volume.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Faceville soils have been cleared and are used for growing cotton, corn, peanuts, soybeans, wheat, hay, vegetables, small grains, and tobacco. In recent years, some areas have been converted to pasture or reforested. Dominant trees include loblolly, shortleaf, and slash pine and a mixture of upland oaks, hickory, and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of large known extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/GA087/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FACEVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit: