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A representative soil profile of the Eldridge series. (Photo provided by Jim Turenne, UADS-NRCS; New England Soil Profiles)
The Eldridge series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils on glacial lake plains, terraces, and glacial outwash areas. The soils formed in sandy glaciofluvial or aeolian deposits underlain by loamy estaurine or glaciolacustrine deposits. Permeability is rapid in the solum and moderately slow or slow in the substratum. Slope ranges from 0 to 50 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 34 inches and mean annual temperature is about 49 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy over loamy, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Aquic Udorthents
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for hay and pasture. Some areas are used for growing row crops. Some areas are wooded. Common trees are white pine, sugar maple, gray birch, and elm.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Vermont, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and eastern New York. MLRA 142, 144A, 144B, and 145. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about New England soils, visit:
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/ELDRIDGE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Delphine series which are shallow to bedrock. (Soil Survey of Channel Islands National Park, California; by Alan Wasner, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Delphine series consists of shallow, well drained soils that formed in residuum from schist. Delphine soils are on summits and side slopes of hills on islands. Slopes range from 30 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 18 inches (457 millimeters) and the mean annual temperature is about 66 degrees F. (19 degrees C.)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, thermic, shallow Typic Haploxeralfs
The mean annual soil temperature is 59 to 71 degrees F. (15 to 19 degrees C.) The soil moisture control section is dry in all parts from about mid-June to mid-November and is usually moist the rest of the time.
Depth to paralithic bedrock is 11 to 19 inches (28 to 48 centimeters).
Depth to lithic bedrock is 17 to 22 inches (42 to 56 centimeters). Series is best represented by a depth to lithic bedrock greater than 20 inches (50 centimeters).
The particle-size control section averages 18 to 35 percent clay and 35 to 85 percent rock fragments.
USE AND VEGETATION: Wildlife habitat, recreation and building site development. Vegetation is low shrubs and annual grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Santa Barbara County, California on Santa Cruz Island. The soil is not extensive. MLRA 20.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DELPHINE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Westsum series. (Soil Survey of Noble County, Oklahoma; by Gregory F. Scott, Troy L. Collier, Jim E. Henley, R. Dwaine Gelnar, and Karen B. Stevenson, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Westsum series consists of very deep, well drained, very slowly permeable soils formed in residual material weathered from gray Permian shale. These very gently sloping to gently sloping soils are on lower hillslopes on uplands in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 80A). Slopes range from 1 to 5 percent. Mean annual temperature is 60 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is 32 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Udertic Argiustolls
The thickness of the solum is over 55 inches, and the depth to shale is over 60 inches. Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 12 to 18 inches. Depth to secondary carbonates ranges from 10 to 23 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: The principal use is for cropland or rangeland. The principle crop is wheat. Native vegetation is little bluestem, big bluestem, indiangrass, sideoats grama, hairy grama, blue grama, and buffalograss.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rolling Red Prairies of Oklahoma and Kansas. The series is of small extent. These soils were formerly mapped in the Summit series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK103...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WESTSUM.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Typical profile of a Carlinton soil. (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Carlinton series consists of moderately deep to a fragipan, moderately well drained soils on hills and ridges on basalt plateaus or on mountain slopes and canyon benches. They formed in material weathered from loess and reworked loess with an influence of volcanic ash. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high above the fragipan and moderately low through the fragipan. Slope ranges from 2 to 40 percent. The average annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F and the average annual precipitation is about 27 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, frigid Vitrandic Fragixeralfs
Depth to fragipan - 22 to 40 inches
Depth to bedrock - greater than 60 inches
Solum thickness - greater than 60 inches
Moisture control section - dry 45 to 60 days following the summer solstice, moist - rest of the year
Average annual soil temperature - 41 to 46 degrees F.
Average summer soil temperature - 59 to 63 degrees F. without an O horizon
Depth to seasonally perched water table - 14 to 36 inches from February to May
Vitrandic feature thickness - 7 to 23 inches
Volcanic glass content in the 0.02 to 2.0 mm fraction - 5 to 20 percent
Acid-oxalate extractable Al plus 1/2 Fe - 0.4 to 1.0 percent
Phosphate retention - 19 to 35 percent
15-bar water retention on air dried samples - 7 to 10 percent
Moist bulk density - 1.20 to 1.35 g/cc
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for timber production, hay, pasture, livestock grazing, and some areas of dry cropland production. Potential natural vegetation is mainly grand fir, Douglas-fir, ponderosa pine, western larch, Pacific yew, with an understory of creambrush oceanspray, common snowberry, myrtle pachystima, mallow ninebark and American trailplant.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The series is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/idaho/clearwat...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CARLINTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a Cambisol from Luxembourg. (Photo courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)
Cambisols combine soils with at least an incipient subsurface soil formation. Transformation of parent material is evident from structure formation and mostly brownish discoloration, increasing clay percentage, and/or carbonate removal. Other soil classification systems refer to many Cambisols as Braunerden and Terrae fuscae (Germany), Sols bruns (France), burozems (Russia) and Tenosols (Australia). The name Cambisols was coined for the Soil Map of the World (FAO–UNESCO, 1971–1981) and later adopted by Brazil (Cambissolos). In the United States of America they were formerly called Brown soils/Brown forest soils and are now named Inceptisols. (WRB)
Fluvic (from Latin fluvius, river): having fluvic material ≥ 25 cm thick, and starting ≤ 75 cm from the mineral soil surface. Fluvic material (from Latin fluvius, river) refers to fluviatile, marine and lacustrine sediments that receive fresh material or have received it in the past and still show stratification.
Glossalbic soils have having tonguing of an albic into an argic or natric horizon.
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
Texas State Soil
The Houston Black series occurs on about 1.5 million acres in the Blackand Land Prairie, which extends from north of Dallas south to San Antonio. Because of their highly expansive clays. Houston Black soils are recognized throughout the world as the classic Vertisols, which shrink and swell is markedly expressed with changes in moisture content. Common or many intersecting slickensides (surface of cracks produced in soils containing a high proportion of swelling clay) are in the AC and C horizons. These are cyclic soils, with cycles of microknolls and microbasins repeated at linear intervals of 6 to 12 feet. These soils formed under prairie vegetation and in calcareous clays and marls. Water enters the soils rapidly when they are dry and cracked and very slowly when they are moist. Houston Black soils are used extensively for grain sorghum, cotton, corn, small grain, and forage grasses. They also occur in several metropolitan areas, where their very high shrink-swell potential commonly is a limitation affecting building site development.
The Professional Soil Scientists Association of Texas has recommended to the State Legislature that the Houston Black series be designated the State soil. The series was established in 1902.
The Houston series consists of moderately well drained, slowly permeable, cyclic soils that formed in alkaline clays and chalk of the Blackland Prairies. These clayey soils have very high shrink-swell potential. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent.
(Authors: Julie Howe and Clay Robinson; Around the World, Soil Science Society of America)
For more information about "State Soils" click HERE.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Udic Haplusterts
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all is cultivated and used for growing cotton, sorghums, and corn. Cotton root rot is prevalent on most areas and limits cotton yields and the use of some legumes in rotations. Native vegetation consists of tall and mid grass prairies of little bluestem, big bluestem, indiangrass, switchgrass, and sideoats grama, with scattered elm, mesquite, and hackberry trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Land Resource Region J - Southwestern Prairies Cotton and Forage Region. East Central Texas. The Blackland Prairies (MLRAs 86A and 86B) and eastern part of the Grand Prairies (MLRA 85) of Texas. This soil is of large extent.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Brazoria County, Texas; 1902.
For more information about the Houston Black soil series using "Soil Data Explorer" click HERE
Depth Class: Very Deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat poorly drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Shallow (10 to 20 inches) and common (present 3 to 6 months)
Index Surface Runoff: Low or medium
Permeability: Moderate or moderately slow in the subsoil and moderately rapid or rapid in the underlying material
Landscape: Lowland
Landform: Interfluves, low hills, marine terraces, and flats
Geomorphic Component: Dip, rise, and talf
Parent Material: Silty eolian deposits underlain by sandy and loamy fluvial and marine (fluviomarine) deposits
Slope: 0 to 5 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Aquic Hapludults
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Cultivated crops
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--mostly agronomic crops such as corn, wheat and soybeans. Where wooded-American Beech (Fagus grandifolia), white oak (Quercus alba), sweet gum (Liquidambar stryaciflua), loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) and American holly (Ilex opaca).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Coastal Plain of Maryland and possibly Delaware
Extent: Small; 5,000 to 10,000 acres
State soil of Alabama--A state soil is a soil that has special significance to a particular state. Each state in the United States has selected a state soil, twenty of which have been legislatively established. These “Official State Soils” share the same level of distinction as official state flowers and birds. Also, representative soils have been selected for the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.
[www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/al-state-soi...]
[www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9QK7grSM-E]
Profile of a Bama soil. Bama soils formed in thick deposits of loamy sediments. They are very deep, well drained soils on summits of broad ridges and high stream terraces (Soil Survey of Bibb County, Alabama by Lawrence E. McGhee, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Setting
Landform: High stream terraces; ridges
Landform position: Summits
Shape of areas: Irregular
Size of areas: 15 to 200 acres
Composition
Bama and similar soils: 95 percent
Dissimilar soils: 5 percent
Typical Profile
Surface layer:
0 to 6 inches—brown fine sandy loam
6 to 10 inches—dark brown fine sandy loam
Subsoil:
10 to 72 inches—red sandy clay loam
72 to 80 inches—red sandy loam
Soil Properties and Qualities
Depth class: Very deep
Drainage class: Well drained
Permeability: Moderate
Available water capacity: High
Seasonal high water table: None within a depth of 6 feet
Shrink-swell potential: Low
Flooding: None
Content of organic matter in the surface layer: Low
Natural fertility: Low
Depth to bedrock: More than 80 inches
Minor Components
Dissimilar soils:
• The moderately well drained Savannah soils, which are at the slightly lower elevations and have a fragipan
• The clayey Colwell soils, which have a dark red subsoil
Similar soils:
• Scattered areas of Bama soils that have a surface layer of loam
• Scattered areas of Bama soils that have gravelly strata below a depth of 60 inches
• Scattered areas of Lucedale soils, which have dark red colors throughout the subsoil
• Scattered areas of Smithdale soils, which have a significant decrease in clay content in the lower part of the subsoil
Land Use
Dominant uses: Cropland, pasture, and hayland
Other uses: Forestland and homesites
Cropland
Suitability: Well suited
Commonly grown crops: Corn, cotton, soybeans, and truck crops
Management concerns: No significant limitations affect management of cropland.
Management measures and considerations:
• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity.
Pasture and hayland
Suitability: Well suited
Commonly grown crops: Bermudagrass and bahiagrass
Management concerns: No significant limitations affect management of pasture and hayland.
Management measures and considerations:
• Applying lime and fertilizer on the basis of soil testing increases the availability of nutrients to plants and maximizes productivity.
Interpretive Groups
Land capability classification: 1
Prime farmland status: Prime farmland
Hydric soil status: Not hydric
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL007/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BAMA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A Siltigic-Orthic Anthrosol. These soils distribute mostly in arid areas, including many river valleys, such as valley plains along Yellow River in Inner Mongolia, Ningxia and Gansu, as well as those along Huangshui River in Qinghai. They are also found in Hexi Corridor, the south part of Junggar Basin and Tarim Basin. They were formed during the long-term cultivation and irrigation with river water. Soil materials are sourced from both the siltation of irrigation water containing huge amount of suspended materials and application of farming manure. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Anthrosols have properties induced in soil subsequent to long-term management of soil for agriculture or other uses. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are commonly Inceptisols, Mollisols, Alfisols, or Ultisols.
For additional information about this soil and the Soils Museum, visit:
www.giwsr.com/en/article/index/174
For additional information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Stone Street series (Chromic Endoskeletic Luvisols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
The mapped areas on the more dissected parts of the Lower Greensand dipslope in east Surrey and west Kent between Limpsfield and Ightham. The strong relief reflects the occurrence of chert and hard quartzitic sandstones in the Hythe and Folkestone Beds, and the land consists of steep sided, mostly dry, valleys and ridges, reaching 210-240 m O.D. at the escarpment crest. Most soils on the valley sides are over sands, sandstones and cherts of the Hythe Beds.
The Stone Street series, is paleo-argillic brown earths. They are coarse-loamy, often stony, soils developed in cherty drift that incorporates layers with a brightly-coloured clay matrix. The associated coarse loamy Fyfield soils, typical argillic brown earths, and sandy Shirrell Heath soils, humo-ferric podzols, were formerly called Barming and Hothfield series respectively. They are developed in Lower Greensand and related drift.
Stone Street soils are dominant on ridges and there are small patches of Anglezarke and similar soils under heathland or in woods. On low ridges and valley sides Fyfield soils are accompanied by Rivington series but in woodlands the principal soils are Shirrell Heath and Delamere series. Deep and less stony Maplestead and Ludford soils are present on dry valley floors and footslopes but valleys where drift is underlain at shallow depth by Atherfield Clay, for example near Great Norman Street, wetter Oxpasture and Wickham soils occur. Most of the land was mapped in Kent as their Stone Street association.
These soils are permeable and well drained (Wetness Class I). Excess winter rain is readily absorbed but there is a risk of erosion where bare soil is exposed on steep valley sides. Available water in Stone Street soils is limited in many places by stoniness and these soils are moderately droughty for grass and slightly droughty for cereals.
The main soils are generally easy to work but stoniness inhibits precision drilling in some fields. There is a negligible risk of poaching. Agricultural cropping is confined to the broader ridge tops and valley floors. Much of the land is in grass though production is restricted by drought. There are also small areas of cereals and winter oilseed rape. Some steep valley sides offer rough grazing. Top fruit is grown around Stone Street.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/series.cfm?serno=18...
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
Redoximorphic features (RMFs) consist of color patterns in a soil that are caused by loss (depletion) or gain (concentration) of pigment compared to the matrix color, formed by oxidation/reduction of iron and/or manganese coupled with their removal, translocation, or accrual; or a soil matrix color controlled by the presence of iron.
The composition and responsible formation processes for a soil color or color pattern must be known or inferred before it can be described as an RMF.
This is an example of a depleted matrix with Fe concentrations along an old root channel. A depleted matrix refers to the volume of a soil horizon or subhorizon in which the processes of reduction and translocation have removed or transformed iron, creating colors of low chroma and high value.
Once the soil is saturated, Fe in solution moves downward and laterally. As the soil dries, the Fe accumulates along the pore wall forming pore linings. The linings are zones of accumulation that may be either coatings on a ped or pore surface or impregnations of the matrix adjacent to the pore or ped.
Over time, the Fe concentrations thicken, and cementation may occur. Note the darker red zone forming about 2mm from the pore center. This thin material surrounding the pore was very weakly cemented. The dark colored material in the center of the pore is translocated organic rich soil from the overlying surface horizon.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/50801565657/in/photolist-Q...
A description of the soils is essential in any soil survey. Standard technical terms and their definitions for soil properties and features are necessary for accurate soil descriptions. For some soils, standard terms are not adequate and must be supplemented by a narrative. Some soil properties change through time. Many properties must be observed over time and summarized if one is to fully understand the soil being described and its response to short-term environmental changes. Examples are the length of time that cracks remain open, the patterns of soil temperature and moisture, and the variations in size, shape, and hardness of clods in the surface layer of tilled soils.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
(L) View of polygonal or irregularly shaped mottling in a Dothan soil from the upper coastal plain of South Carolina. These soils commonly have 5 to more than 35 percent plinthite in the subsoil, decreasing with depth to a dense, compact aquitard layer that facilitates plinthite formation.
(R) View of reticulate mottling in a paleosol at Cabrillo National Monument. The term “reticulate” defines the well-defined pattern or network of soil colors. Reticulate mottling is a feature of paleosols at Cabrillo National Monument. Reticulate mottling consists of a network of mottles or redoximorphic features. These features are commonly associated with plinthite. Plinthite is a redoximorphic feature in mineral soils. It forms from the segregation of iron and aluminum in a mixture of clay and quartz. If plinthite is repeatedly subject to wetting and drying, it hardens irreversibly to form ironstone (Soil Survey Staff, 1999). (Soil Survey of Cabrillo National Monument, California; United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service).
For additional information about the Soil Survey area, visit:
archive.org/details/usda-soil-survey-of-cabrillo-national...
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or;
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
(South Dakota State Soil)
The Houdek series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in glacial till on uplands. Permeability is moderate in the solum and moderately slow in the underlying material. Slopes range from 0 to 25 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 22 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 47 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Argiustolls
The depth to carbonates ranges from 14 to 24 inches. Thickness of the mollic epipedon ranges from 8 to 20 inches and includes all or part of the Bt horizon. The soil contains 0 to 10 percent by volume of coarse fragments as pebbles. Some pedons contain up to 20 percent by volume of stones throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated. Small grain, corn, alfalfa, and feed grains are the principal crops. Native vegetation is big bluestem, little bluestem, western wheatgrass, green needlegrass, needleandthread, sideoats grama, blue grama, sedges, and forbs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: East-central South Dakota. The series is of large extent.
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Spink County, South Dakota, 1955.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HOUDEK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of a fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Typic Calciargid. (Photo and comments courtesy of Stan Buol, NCSU.)
This profile was photographed in Pima County, Arizona. Typical of many areas in the arid southwest of the United States this soil, formed in colluvial-alluvial deposits on broad pediments at the base of surrounding basin and range mountain ranges. The soil has a thin, 5 cm, light colored A horizon underlain by a reddish Bt horizon. The white colored nodules below 50 cm are CaCO3 deposits, a calcic horizon leached by infrequent rains from calcareous dust and precipitated as the soil dries. Sparse grasses permit limited grazing.
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Calciargid are the Argids that, below the argillic horizon, have a calcic horizon within 150 cm of the soil surface. These soils have been recharged with calcium carbonate from dust. Calciargids are commonly on late-Pleistocene erosional surfaces or on gentle to steep slopes. Before the International Committee on Aridisols (ICOMID) was established, these soils were classified as Haplargids.
Argids are the Aridisols that have an argillic or natric horizon but do not have a duripan or a gypsic, petrocalcic, petrogypsic, or salic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. The low water flux and high concentration of salts in many Aridisols hinder clay illuviation. The presence of an argillic horizon commonly is attributed to a moister paleoclimate, although there is evidence that clay illuviation occurred during the Holocene in arid soils. Where the soil moisture regime grades to ustic or xeric, evidence of clay translocation commonly is more readily established. Most of the Argids occur in North America. A few have been recognized in the deserts of North Africa or the Near East.
Aridisols, as their name implies, are soils in which water is not available to mesophytic plants for long periods. During most of the time when the soils are warm enough for plants to grow, soil water is held at potentials less than the permanent wilting point or has a content of soluble salts great enough to limit the growth of plants other than halophytes, or both. There is no period of 90 consecutive days when moisture is continuously available for plant growth.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
Profile of Benavides soil in an area of Benavides fine sandy loam, 2 to 5 percent slopes. Calcium carbonates dominate the soil profile because of the calcareous nature of the residuum and colluvium from which this soil formed. (Soil Survey of Duval County, Texas by John L. Sackett III, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Benavides series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in calcareous loamy sediments of the Goliad Formation. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on sideslopes of interfluves. Slope ranges from 2 to 5 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 22 degrees C (72 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 610 mm (24 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, hyperthermic Aridic Calciustolls
Soil Moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on aridic. The soil moisture control section remains moist in some or all parts for less than 90 days, consecutive, in normal years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 22 to 24 degrees C (72 to 76 degrees F)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 13 to 30 cm (5 to 12 in)
Depth to calcic horizon: 30 to 76 cm (12 to 30 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 20 to 30 percent
Coarse Fragments: 0 to 14 percent petrocalcic gravel
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for livestock grazing and wildlife habbitat. Native woody vegetation includes the mountain laurel, mesquite, hog plum, cenizo, guayacan, prickly pear, coyotillo, amargosa, and catclaw. Grass species include plains bristlegrass, hooded windmillgrass, pink pappusgrass, Arizona cottontop and twoflower and fourflower trichloris. The ecological site is Gray Sandy Loam, PE 19-31 (R083CY456TX).
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central Rio Grande Plain, Texas; LRR I; MLRA 83C; large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX131/Du...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BENAVIDES.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Camp Casey is a U.S. military base in Dongducheon (also spelled Tongduchon), South Korea, 40 miles (64 km) north of Seoul, South Korea. Camp Casey was named in 1952 after Major Hugh Boyd Casey, who was killed in a plane crash near the camp site during the Korean War. Camp Casey is one of several U.S. Army bases in South Korea near the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). Camp Casey, Camp Hovey, and neighboring Camp Castle and Camp Mobile hold the main armor, engineer, and mechanized infantry elements of the 2nd Infantry Division (United States) in South Korea. Camp Casey spans 3,500 acres (14 km2) and is occupied by 6,300 military personnel and 2,500 civilians.
A Typic Aquisalid and landscape in the United Arab Emirates (UAE).
Aquisalids are the Salids that are saturated with water in one or more layers within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface for 1 month or more in normal years. These salty soils are in wet areas in the deserts where capillary rise and evaporation of water concentrate the salts near the surface. Some of these soils have redoximorphic depletions and concentrations. In other soils redoximorphic features may not be evident because of a high pH and the associated low redox potential, which inhibit iron and manganese reduction. These soils occur dominantly in depressional areas where ground water saturates the soils at least part of the year. The vegetation on these soils generally is sparse, consisting of salt-tolerant shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Although these soils may hold water at a tension less than 1500 kPa, the dissolved salt content makes the soils physiologically dry.
Salids are the Aridisols soils with an excessive amount of salts that are more soluble than gypsum. This is implicit in the definition, which requires a minimum absolute EC of 30 dS/m in 1:1 extract (about 2 percent salt) and a product of EC and thickness of at least 900. As a rule, Salids are unsuitable for agricultural use, unless the salts are leached out. Leaching the salts is an expensive undertaking, particularly if there is no natural outlet for the drainage water.
Aridisols, as their name implies, are soils in which water is not available to mesophytic plants for long periods. During most of the time when the soils are warm enough for plants to grow, soil water is held at potentials less than the permanent wilting point or has a content of soluble salts great enough to limit the growth of plants other than halophytes, or both. The concept of Aridisols is based on limited soil moisture available for the growth of most plants. In areas bordering deserts, the absolute precipitation may be sufficient for the growth of some plants. Because of runoff or a very low storage capacity of the soils, or both, however, the actual soil moisture regime is aridic.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
www.biosaline.org/publications/united-arab-emirates-keys-...
A soil profile and typical landscape of the Creedmoor series in an area of Creedmoor coarse sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes from the Soil Survey of Granville County, North Cartolina (Photo provided by John Kelley, USDA-NRCS).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aquic Hapludults
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 25 to 60 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Soil reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid throughout, except where surface layers have been limed. Rock fragment content ranges from 0 to 5 percent by volume in the A and B horizons.
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Creedmoor soils are on nearly level to moderately steep slopes in the Triassic Basins. Rocks are of Triassic age. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent. The soils have formed in materials weathered from fine sandstone, mudstone, siltstone, shale, and conglomerate.
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Moderately well drained and somewhat poorly drained. Runoff is moderate; internal drainage is slow. Permeability is very slow in the lower part of the Bt horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: About one-third of the soil is under cultivation or in pasture, and the remainder in forest of shortleaf and loblolly pine, oaks, hickory, and gum. Common crops are tobacco, small grains, corn, cotton, and truck crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Virginia, North Carolina, and possibly South Carolina. The series is extensive; the area is more than 150,000 acres.
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A soil profile of Miami silt loam, 6 to 12 percent slopes, eroded. (Soil Survey of Bartholomew County, Indiana; by Mike Wigginton and Dena Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Miami series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are moderately deep to dense till. Miami soils formed in as much as 46 cm (18 inches) of loess or silty material and in the underlying loamy till. They are on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 1016 mm (40 inches), and mean annual temperature is 11.1 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the loess or silty material: 0 to 46 cm (0 to 18 inches)
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 61 to 102 cm (24 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches)
Depth to bedrock: greater than 203 cm (80 inches)
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to grow corn, soybeans, small grain, and hay. Much of the more sloping part is in permanent pasture or forest. Native vegetation is deciduous forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Indiana, southern Michigan, central and northern Illinois, southeastern Wisconsin, and western Ohio; mainly in MLRAs 111A and 111D, and lesser extents in MLRAs 95B, 97, 98, 108A, 110, 114A, and 115C. The type location is in MLRA 111A. The series is of large extent, more than 1,300,000 acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN005/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MIAMI.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Crewe soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are slowly permeable seasonally waterlogged reddish clayey and fine loamy over clayey soils, often stoneless.
They are classified as Clayic Chromic Eutric Stagnosols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
For more information about this soil, visit:
Kaolin clay is derived from the mineral Kaolinite which comes from the Earth’s crust. It is a hydrous aluminum silicate formed by the decomposition of minerals such as feldspar. The mineral Kaolinite, also referred to as Kaolinite clay, is a layered silicate mineral and is soft, earthy, and usually white in color, produced by the chemical weathering of aluminum silicate minerals. Rocks that are rich in Kaolinite are also known as Kaolin or China Clay. This means the terms Kaolin clay and Kaolinite clay can be used interchangeably.
For more information about describing soils using the USDA-Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
A representative profile of Chapett fine sandy loam. (Soil Survey of Polk County, Minnesota; by Charles T. Saari and Rodney B. Heschke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Chapett series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in calcareous loamy glacial till. These soils are typically on convex slopes on ground and end moraines. The permeability is moderate. Slopes range from 1 to 40 percent. The mean annual temperature is about 40 degrees F and mean annual precipitation is about 24 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Alfic Argiudolls
Depth to the base of the argillic or to free carbonates is 14 to 22 inches, but ranges to 28 inches. The mollic epipedon ranges from 7 to 10 inches in thickness. Rock fragments of mixed lithology make up 2 to 10 percent by volume of the profile. The soil moisture control section is not dry in all parts for as long as 45 consecutive days for the 120 days following the summer solstice. It is also not dry in any part for as long as 90 cumulative days per year in 6 out 10 years.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped to small grain, corn, soybeans and hay. Some areas are in woodland or pasture. Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods and prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northwest and West-central Minnesota. Moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN11...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHAPETT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Tarrus soil series in North Carolina.
Soils of the Tarrus series are deep and well drained. They have moderate permeability. They formed in residuum from argillite or other fine-grained metavolcanic rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt. These soils are on uplands of the Piedmont physiographic region. Slopes range from 0 to 50 percent. (Soil Survey of Randolph County, North Carolina; by Perry W. Wyatt, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Depth to soft bedrock ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is more than 60 inches. The upper 20 inches of the Bt horizon ranges from 35 to 60 percent clay. The soil is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout unless limed. Rock fragments of quartz or other fine-grained rock range from 0 to 40 percent in individual horizons throughout. Flakes of mica may be present throughout the soil.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly in woodland of mixed hardwoods and pine. Some acreage is in cultivated crops and pasture. Crops are mostly corn, small grain, hay, and soybeans.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: In the thermic Piedmont Plateau in North Carolina, and possibly South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TARRUS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative profile of a Smithdale soil. Smithdale soils formed in thick deposits of loamy sediments. They are very deep, are loamy, and have a reddish subsoil. They are on hillslopes and summits of narrow ridges. (Soil Survey of Clarke County, Alabama; by Soil Survey of Clarke County, Alabama; Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Smithdale series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridge tops and hill slopes in dissected uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A) and in the Western Coastal Plain (133B). They formed in thick beds of loamy marine sediments. Near the type location the average annual temperature is 63 degrees F., and the average annual precipitation is about 57 inches. Slopes range from 1 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 100 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout, except where the surface has been limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Smithdale soils are used for woodland, principally loblolly, longleaf, and shortleaf pines. Cleared areas are used mainly for growing pasture and a few areas are cropped to corn, cotton, soybeans, and small grains.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Coastal Plain of Mississippi, Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/alabama/AL025/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SMITHDALE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A soil profile of a Hapludalf. Note the light-colored E horizon that extends to a depth of about 10 inches. Clay content of the argillic horizon decreases noticeably below a depth of about 1 meter. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Hapludalfs have an argillic (clay accumulation) subsoil horizon that typically extends to a depth of less than 150 cm. In many areas, the argillic horizon is at a depth of less than 100 cm. Where undisturbed, these soils generally have a thin, very dark brown A horizon that is 5 to 10 cm thick, over a lighter-colored brownish eluvial horizon. The eluvial horizon grades into a finer textured argillic horizon, generally at a depth of about 30 to 45 cm in loamy materials. Because these soils have been cultivated extensively, many of those on slopes have lost their eluvial horizons through erosion.
Hapludalfs formed principally in late-Pleistocene deposits or on a surface of comparable age. Temperature regimes are mesic or thermic. Hapludalfs are extensive in the northeastern States, excluding New England, and in Europe, excluding most of Scandinavia. In the United States, the vegetation was deciduous broadleaf forest but these soils are now mostly farmed.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A soil profile of the top 24 inches of Derroc very cobbly sandy loam. The water-worn cobbles are indicative of this soil’s alluvial origin. (Soil Survey of Rockbridge County, Virginia; by Mary Ellen Cook, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Derroc series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in alluvium derived from limestones, shales, quartzites, and sandstones on flood plains. Permeability is moderately rapid or rapid. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 38 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 55 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Dystric Fluventic Eutrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches. Rock fragments range from 5 to 60 percent in the A and Ap horizons and from 30 to 80 percent in the Bw and C horizons with an average of 35 percent or more between depths of 10 and 40 inches. Reaction is moderately acid to neutral throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Derroc soils are mainly used for the production of forest products. The remaining areas are cultivated. Pasture, hay, small grain, and corn are the principal crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 128. In the Valley and Ridge physiographic province in Virginia, and possibly, West Virginia, Maryland, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania. The area is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/rockb...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DERROC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of an Gypsisol from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).
For more information about these soils, visit:
regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch...
GYPSISOLS: Soil of dry areas with secondary accumulation of gypsum (from the Latin, gypsum, meaning the evaporite calcium sulphate). Gypsisols have substantial secondary accumulation of gypsum in the subsurface. Most areas of Gypsisols are in use for low volume extensive grazing. They occur in the driest parts of the arid climate zone, which explains why leading soil classification systems label them Desert soil (USSR), Aridisols (Soil Taxonomy), Yermosols or Xerosols (FAO). Dominant in only very small part of Europe (less than 0.1 percent).
The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.
A representative soil profile of the Dunstan series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Dunstan soils from 0 - 15 cm; Very dark greyish brown silt loam with 10% gravel, earthy, apedal. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these soils are: Typic Allophanic Brown Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In the U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these soils are Lithic Dystrudepts (with andic properties). Lithic Dystrudepts are like Typic Dystrudepts, but they have a lithic contact at a shallow depth. They formed mostly in acid sedimentary or metamorphic rocks. Most of the soils have moderate to steep slopes. Lithic Dystrudepts are extensive in the United States. They are widely distributed. The largest concentration is in the Northeastern States. The native vegetation consists mostly of mixed forest. Most of these soils are used as forest. Some of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as pasture.
Andic Dystrudepts have some andic soil properties in a layer in the upper part that is 18 cm or more thick. Some of the soils contain a significant amount of volcanic ash. Some have an umbric epipedon. Andic Dystrudepts are moderately extensive in the Northwestern United States. The native vegetation consists mostly of coniferous forest. Most of these soils support their native vegetation and are used as forest. A few of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture. Currently, a combined Lithic Andic subgroup is not recognized in Soil Taxonomy.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/10/7/708#:~:text=As%20established%....
Less than one-fourth of the republic’s area is cultivated. Along with the decrease in farm population, the proportion of national income derived from agriculture has decreased to a fraction of what it was in the early 1950s. Improvements in farm productivity were long hampered because fields typically are divided into tiny plots that are cultivated largely by manual labour and animal power. In addition, the decrease and aging of the rural population has caused a serious farm-labour shortage. However, more recently productivity has been improving as greater emphasis has been given to mechanization, specialization, and commercialization.
South Korean farmers see the area as valuable soil, frequently planting crops near the range, despite warnings to stay away. The range is a typical example of how South Korea's population has encroached on once-rural training areas.
In 1996 and 1998, unexploded ordnance killed two Korean civilians who had entered the area to look for scrap metal. Unexploded munitions and live-fire exercises make the area dangerous. Unexploded ordnance in that area presents a very real and significant danger to anyone walking in the area. This danger is greatly amplified if someone is planting or harvesting crops.
The South Korean Army supervises farming. Farmers must have a pass to cross any of the three bridges, guarded by South Korean soldiers, leading to the range. Normally, range control officials and Army explosive ordnance disposal teams would clear munitions from the impact area annually. But the impact area at Story Range is swampy, and teams can only look for duds on the surface. Additionally, the entire area just south of the DMZ is rife with mines. Many are newer mines laid by the South Korean Army as part of the DMZ defense. But there are unmarked mine fields, and monsoon rains shift mines around. Korean contractors and 8th Army personnel have uncovered about 30 mines while putting in fence posts.
In June 2001, USFK and the South Korean Defense Ministry agreed to put a fence around the range by January 2004. USFK lobbied the South Korean government to allow fencing of the entire range more quickly so no one is hurt. To protect the farmers, USFK has erected a three-strand barbed wire fence with metal gates and posted danger signs, in English and Korean, to clearly mark the impact area. USFK erected a barbed-wire fence after farmers ignored warning signs in English and Korean to stay out of the impact area. The barbed-wire fence angered farmers, but they continued in 2001 to raise crops on other sections of the range.
The Mosquito series (a hydric soil) is very shallow to moderately deep, very poorly drained soils over permafrost. They formed in silty alluvium or organic matter over alluvium in regions of groundwater discharge on alluvial plains in broad valleys and flats. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
Hydric soils are formed under conditions of saturation, flooding, or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part (Federal Register, 1994). Most hydric soils exhibit characteristic morphologies that result from repeated periods of saturation or inundation that last more than a few days.
To download the latest version of "Field Indicators of Hydric Soils" and additional technical references, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/ref/?cid=s...
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, subgelic Ruptic Histoturbels
Groundwater discharge neutralizes organic acids in the organic horizon, and results in a higher pH of these horizons than in most other Ruptic Histoturbels in this region. Because permafrost is relatively impermeable, groundwater must be discharged through associated unfrozen soils.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mosquito soils are used for wildlife habitat and watershed protection. Soil drainage is not improved sufficiently by clearing to allow agricultural use. The soils support forest of tamarack and black spruce, with shrub birch and cottonsedge in the understory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRA 229, Interior Alaska Lowlands. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MOSQUITO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A typical profile of Deno ashy silt loam in an area of Rockly-Deno complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Spokane County, Washington; by Scott H. Bare, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Typical area of Rockly-Deno complex, 0 to 15 percent slopes. The Rockly soil is in foreground under rangeland ecological site R009XY301WA. Stiff sagebrush (Artemisia rigida) is the dominant shrub on the Rockly soil. The Deno soil is on mounds and supports rangeland ecological site R009XY102WA.
Landscape--channeled scablands
Landform--mounds on basalt plateaus
Slope--0 to 15 percent
Parent material--loess mixed with volcanic ash in upper part over basalt; minor amount of glaciofluvial deposits in lower part of some pedons
Mean annual precipitation--about 430 mm
Mean annual air temperature--about 9 degrees C
Depth class--deep
Drainage--well drained
Soil moisture regime--xeric
Soil temperature regime--mesic
Soil moisture subclass--typic
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Vitrandic Haploxerolls
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use--dominantly homesite development, crop production, and livestock grazing; some wildlife habitat and watershed
Common crops--small grain, hay, pasture
Potential natural vegetation--basin wildrye, common snowberry, Idaho fescue, bluebunch wheatgrass, Sandberg bluegrass, Wyeth eriogonum, common yarrow, lupine, rose, threadleaf sedge
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Washington; MLRA 9; small extent. The Ritter series appears to be very similar to this series. It should be investigated further to determine vitrandic features.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/spo...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DENO.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of a Plinthic Kandiudult in Lee County, South Carolina..
Landscape: Cotton on an area of Plinthic Kandiudults in South Carolina.
Plinthic Kandiudults that have 5 percent or more (by volume) plinthite in one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface.
Kandiudults are the Udults that are very deep and have a kandic horizon and a clay distribution in which the percentage of clay does not decrease from its maximum amount by as much as 20 percent within a depth of 150 cm from the mineral soil surface, or the layer in which the clay percentage decreases has at least 5 percent of the volume consisting of skeletans on faces of peds and there is at least a 3 percent (absolute) increase in clay content below this layer. These soils do not have a fragipan or a horizon in which plinthite either forms a continuous phase or constitutes one-half or more of the volume within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. Kandiudults are of moderate extent in the Southeastern United States.
Ultisols are soils that have an argillic or kandic horizon with low base saturation. They may have any soil temperature regime and any soil moisture regime except aridic. There is more precipitation than evapotranspiration at some season, and some water moves through the soils and into a moist or wet substratum. The release of bases by weathering usually is equal to or less than the removal by leaching, and most of the bases commonly are held in the vegetation and the upper few centimeters of the soils. Base saturation in most Ultisols decreases with increasing depth because the vegetation has concentrated the bases at a shallow depth.
Cultivation, therefore, is a shifting cultivation unless soil amendments are applied. Ultisols are most extensive in warm, humid climates that have a seasonal deficit of precipitation. They are mainly on Pleistocene or older surfaces. They formed in a very wide variety of parent materials, but very few have many primary minerals that contain bases other than some micas. Some of the few that have a supply of bases are intensively cultivated. Kaolin, gibbsite, and aluminum-interlayered clays are common in the clay fraction. Smectites also may be present if they are in the parent materials. Extractable aluminum normally is high. A calcium deficient argillic horizon is common in the Ultisols in the United States. Most of the Ultisols in the United States had a vegetation of coniferous or hardwood forests at the time of settlement.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
Cover: The landscape and soils of Abu Dhabi Emirate vary greatly. The landscape shown on the cover represents the wind-blow deposits common to the Emirate. The red color occurs where sand grains are coated with iron. The panel of soils represent the wide array of properties and characteristics that may be observed when closely examining soils as an individual entity on the landscape.
Authors
Mr. John A. Kelley, USDA, ret.
Dr. Mahmoud A. Abdelfattah, EAD
A representative soil profile of Silsbee fine sandy loam, 5 to 12 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Hardin County, Texas; by Jonathan K. Wiedenfeld, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Silsbee series consists of very deep, well drained soils. These gently sloping to strongly soils formed in loamy fluviomarine deposits of the Lissie Formation of early to mid Pleistocene age. Slope ranges from 3 to 12 percent. Mean annual temperature is about 19.4 degrees C (67 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 1397 mm (55 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudults
Soil Moisture: An udic soil moisture regime. The soil moisture control section is 10 to 30 cm (4 to 12 in) below the soil surface and remains dry less than 90 cumulative days in most years.
Mean annual soil temperature: 20.6 to 21.7 degrees C (69 to 71 degrees F)
Depth to argillic horizon: 20 to 58 cm (8 to 23 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 26 to 35 percent
Base saturation: 25 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Used primarily for woodland and wildlife habitat. Some areas are used for pastureland. Pastures are bahiagrass and improved bermudagrass. Native vegetation is longleaf pine, yaupon, bluestems, panicums and paspalums. The most common commercially grown pine is loblolly.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeast Texas generally east of the Trinity River; LRR T; MLRA 152B (Western Gulf Coast Flatwoods). The series is of moderate extent. The Silsbee soils were formerly included with the Otanya and Attoyac series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX199/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SILSBEE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Typic Calcigypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD107) are very deep sands, with secondary accumulation of calcium carbonate and gypsum. They occur in the north-eastern part of Abu Dhabi on level to gently undulating deflation hummocky plains. They are typically well drained or somewhat excessively drained and permeability is moderately rapid or rapid.
These soils are used as low density grazing for camels, goats and sheep. The soil typically has <5% vegetation cover mainly comprising of Centropodia forsskaolii, Corniculaca arabica, Cyperus conglomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum, and Zygophyllum spp.
These soils are common in north-eastern parts of the Emirate and have also been recorded south of the coastal plain, west to Sabkha Matti. The soil has been identified as a map unit component in numerous map units around the Emirate.
Plate 7: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Calcigypsids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD107).
The Dellwood series consists of moderately well drained, moderately rapidly to very rapidly permeable soils formed in dominantly coarse-textured alluvium on flood plains in the Southern Blue Ridge mountains. These soils are shallow to sandy material that has more than 35 percent by volume of gravel and cobbles.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Oxyaquic Humudepts
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is cleared and used for pasture and hayland. Some is in urban uses. The rest is mainly in hardwood forest. Sycamore, yellow-poplar, river birch, eastern white pine, eastern hemlock, and red maple are the dominant trees. Common understory plants are rhododendron, ironwood, flowering dogwood, red maple, tag alder, greenbrier, and switchcane.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B of North Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DELLWOOD.html
For acreage and geographic distribution of the soil series, visit:
Soil profile: Laidig soil in an area of Laidig channery loam, 3 to 15 percent slopes, rubbly. A fragipan (a dense subsurface horizon that restricts water flow and root penetration) begins at a depth of about 122 centimeters. (Soil Survey of New River Gorge National River, West Virginia by Wendy Noll and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Laidig soils are on middle and lower slopes. Slopes are mostly 8 to 55 percent but range from 0 to 55 percent. Laidig soils formed in loamy colluvium, 6 or more feet thick, derived largely from acid gray sandstone with small amounts of siltstone and shale of the adjacent uplands. Most areas are forested. Red, white, and chestnut oaks are the most common trees with some sugar maple, beech, and hemlock. A relatively small acreage of these soils is cleared and used for cropland or pasture.
Map Unit Setting
Major land resource area (MLRA): 127—Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains
Landscape: Mountains
Elevation: 473 to 962 meters
Mean annual precipitation: 1,034 to 1,289 millimeters
Mean annual air temperature: 5 to 17 degrees C
Frost-free period: 141 to 190 days
Map Unit Composition
Laidig and similar soils: 70 percent
Dissimilar minor components: 30 percent
Soil Classification: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Fragiudults
Setting
Landform: Mountain slopes
Landform position (two-dimensional): Footslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountain base
Down-slope shape: Linear and concave
Across-slope shape: Concave and linear
Aspect (representative): Southwest
Aspect range: All aspects
Slope range: 3 to 15 percent
Parent material: Rubbly colluvium derived from interbedded sedimentary rock
Properties and Qualities
Depth to restrictive feature: 76 to 127 centimeters to fragipan
Shrink-swell potential: Low (about 1.2 LEP)
Salinity maximum based on representative value: Nonsaline
Sodicity maximum: Not sodic
Calcium carbonate equivalent percent: No carbonates
Hydrologic Properties
Slowest capacity to transmit water (Ksat ): Moderately low
Natural drainage class: Well drained
Flooding frequency: None
Ponding frequency: None
Seasonal water table (depth, kind): About 76 to 117 centimeters; perched (see
table 24)
Available water capacity (entire profile): Very high (about 23.4 centimeters)
Interpretive Groups
Land capability subclass (nonirrigated areas): 7s
West Virginia grassland suitability group (WVGSG): Very Rocky, Acid Soils (RA3)
Dominant vegetation map class(es):
Oak - Hickory Forest
Disturbed Area
Eastern Hemlock - Sweet Birch - Tuliptree / Great Laurel Forest
Deciduous Tree / Great Laurel Forest
Hydric soil status: No
Hydrologic soil group: C
Representative Profile
Oi—0 to 2 centimeters; stony slightly decomposed plant material
A—2 to 9 centimeters; gravelly highly organic loam
A/B—9 to 19 centimeters; gravelly loam
Bt1—19 to 80 centimeters; gravelly loam
Bt2—80 to 122 centimeters; gravelly loam
Btx—122 to 200 centimeters; gravelly loam
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LAIDIG.html
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Soil profile: A profile of Belfon soil. (Soil Survey of Stevens County, Kansas; by Thomas C. Byrd, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Irrigated corn in an area of Belfon loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes, in central Stevens County, KS.
The Belfon series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy, eolian loess deposits of Holocene age. These soils are on level to very gently sloping plains and interdunes of the Southern High Plains, Northern part (MLRA 77A). Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 460 mm (18 in) and mean annual air temperature is about 13 degrees C (55 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in)
Thickness of mollic epipedon: 25 to 48 cm (10 to 19 in)
Depth to discontinuity: 33 to 94 cm (13 to 37 in)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 20 to 81 cm (8 to 32 in)
Depth to calcic horizon (where present): 150 to greater than 203 cm (60 to greater than 80 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Silicate clay: 20 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Belfon soils are cultivated. Some of the acreage is irrigated. Wheat and grain sorghum are the principal dryland crops. Where irrigated, the principal crops are wheat, grain sorghum, corn, and alfalfa. Native vegetation is short and mid prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest Kansas and the Oklahoma Panhandle (MLRA-77A in LRR H). This soil is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kansas/KS189/0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BELFON.html
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Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Pacolet series. The surface layer of brown sandy clay loam is about 15 centimeters thick. The subsoil of red clay is at a depth of about 15 to 70 centimeters, and the loamy saprolite extends below a depth of about 150 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Polk County, North Carolina; by Scott C. Keenan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Pacolet series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered mostly from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands. Slopes commonly are 15 to 25 percent but range from 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
The Bt horizon is at least 10 to 24 inches thick and extends to a depth of 18 to 30 inches. Depth to a lithic contact is more than 60 inches. The soil is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon, and very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout the rest of the profile. Content of rock fragments, dominantly gravel, ranges from 0 to 35 percent in the A and E horizons, and 0 to 15 percent in the Bt horizon. Most pedons have few to common flakes of mica in the solum, and few to many in the C horizon.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in forests of pine and mixed hardwoods. Cleared areas are used for small grain, hay, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent. Pacolet soils were formerly mapped as a thin solum phase of the Cecil series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PACOLET.html
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A representative profile of Clarendon soil series. Plinthite and gray colors that indicate wetness begin at a depth of about 60 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Pulaski and Wilcox Counties, Georgia; by Jerry A. Pilkinton, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: moderately deep, common
Index Surface Runoff: low to medium
Permeability: moderately slow
Landscape: middle to upper coastal plain
Landform: uplands
Geomorphic Component: interfluves
Hillslope Profile Position: summit, shoulder
Parent Material: marine sediments
Slope: 0 to 6 percent
Elevation (type location):
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 65 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 45 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Plinthaquic Paleudults
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 18 to 30 inches, December to March
Rock Fragment content: ironstone, 0 to 10 percent in the A and E horizons and in the upper part of the Bt horizon, and 0 to than 2 percent in the lower part of the Bt horizon, by volume
Soil Reaction: is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon and extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the rest of the profile, except where limed
Thickness of solum: 60 to 80 or more inches
Depth to horizons with 5 percent or more plinthite: 20 to 58 inches
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--growing tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, and pasture grasses. Where wooded--pine with scattered hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: large
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clarendon County, South Carolina; 1972.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CLARENDON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
NOTE:
Original classification based on USDA-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 10th Edition, 2006:
Typic Torripsamments, mixed, hyperthermic, petrogypsic phase
Updated classification based on UAE-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 2014:
Salidic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, petrogypsic
AD162 are moderately to very deep, sandy soils with mixed mineralogy, a weakly expressed calcic horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface, and are moderately to strongly saline in a layer 10 cm or more thick, within 100 cm of the soil surface. A petrogypsic layer, probably representing an older period of soil formation, occurs below 100cm. They occur on almost level plains to low dune fields throughout the Abu Dhabi Emirate. They are typically somewhat excessively drained or excessively drained and have rapid or very rapid permeability.
These soils remain as barren land or in some places have been leveled for agroforestry/irrigated farming or sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover of Cyperus conglomeratus, Haloxylon salicornicum and Zygophyllum spp.
These soils occur around Sabkha Matti and have also been described within deflation plains in the north-east of the Emirate. A few sites have been described from the coastal plain and also deflation plains amongst the Liwa dunes.
Plate 57: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Torripsamments, mixed, hyperthermic, petrogypsic phase (Soil AD162).
Anthroportic Udorthents--Udorthents that have 50 cm or more of human-transported material.
Human-transported material (HTM) is parent material for soil that has been moved horizontally onto a pedon from a source area outside of that pedon by purposeful human activity, usually with the aid of machinery or hand tools. This pedon (originally a Cecil soil) has been covered with soil material from and adjacent storage area of cut and fill material.
This material often contains a lithologic discontinuity or a buried horizon just below an individual deposit. Note the buried Bt (argillic horizon) at the 80 centimeter depth.
Human-transported material may be composed of either organic or mineral soil material and may contain detached pieces of diagnostic horizons which are derived from excavated soils. It may also contain artifacts (e.g., asphalt) that are not used as agricultural amendments (e.g., biosolids) or are litter discarded by humans (e.g., aluminum cans).
Human-transported material has evidence that it did not originate from the same pedon which it overlies. In some soils, irregular distribution with depth or in proximity away from an anthropogenic landform, feature, or constructed object (e.g., a road or building) of modern products (e.g., radioactive fallout, deicers, or lead-based paint) may mark separate depositions of human-transported materials or mark the boundary within situ soil material below or beside the human-transported material. In other soils, a discontinuity exists between the human-transported material and the parent material (e.g., a 2C horizon) or root-limiting layer (e.g., a 2R layer) beneath it.
Multiple forms of evidence may be required to identify human-transported material where combinations of human actions and natural processes interact. Examples of these combinations include human-transported material deposited by dredging adjacent to active beaches, human- or water-deposited litter on flood plains and beneath water bodies, and deposits from natural geologic events (e.g., airfall volcanic ash) mantling anthropogenic landforms and microfeatures. Therefore, it is often the preponderance of evidence, including published or historical evidence and onsite observations, that allows identification of human-transported material.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
To download the latest version of Soil Taxonomy, 2nd Edition, 1999, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For additional information about soil classification using Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit:
[www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/Keys-to-Soi...]
To download the latest version of Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit:
[www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...]
For an Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-06/Illustrated...