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This soil is on alluvial plains. This soil is well drained. Median measured saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface
layer is high.
This soil is commonly used for farming including fruits, vegetables, date palms, and animal fodder. A few previously farmed areas are now idle. The total area being built-up for housing, roads, and business is increasing. Some areas are in natural vegetation. Commonly described vegetation species include Acacia tortilis, Haloxylon salicornicum, Prosopis cineraria, and Prosopis juliflora. Vegetation cover is 5 to 15%.
The main distinguishing feature of this soil is the relatively fine texture as compared to most other soils in the survey area, as well as the presence of a cambic subsoil horizon. Where irrigation water is available, this soil is well adapted to agricultural use for most crops grown in the area.
Sustainable Solutions for Professional AG Soil Management (www.ReduceFarmCosts.com) - Photos of Hydric Soils and Landscapes courtesy of Professional AG Soil Nutrition Products, Reduce Farm Costs and Sustainable Soil Management Solutions. (www.reducefarmcosts.com)
soilscience-5105380760_fb5abe8574_o
A representative soil profile of Planosol from Kazakhstan. (Photo provided by Yakov Kuzyakov, revised.)
Planosols are soils with a mostly light-coloured horizon that shows signs of periodic water stagnation and that abruptly overlies a dense, slowly permeable subsoil with significantly more clay. The name Planosols was coined in 1938 in the United States of America, where now most of them are included in the Great Groups of the Albaqualfs, Albaquults and Argialbolls. The name has been adopted in Brazil (Planossolos).
Calcic (from Latin calx, lime): having a calcic horizon starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface. A calcic horizon (from Latin calx, lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has accumulated in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate occurs as impregnation of the matrix or in the form of fine calcite particles of < 1 mm, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (veins, pseudomycelia, coatings, soft and/or hard nodules).
(Solodic) formerly saline soil, associated with semi-arid tropical environments, in which the A soil horizon has become slightly acid, and the B horizon is enriched with sodium-saturated clay. The term was used in soil classification systems derived from early Russian systems based on the work of V. V. Dokuchaev, but is no longer used in soil classification. (WRB)
For more information, visit;
wwwuser.gwdg.de/~kuzyakov/soils/WRB-2006_Keys.htm
For more information about Dr. Kuzyakov, visit;
www.uni-goettingen.de/de/212970.html
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
A Typic Dystrudept from south-west Poland--lower Silesia region and the Sudetes Mountains formed in materials weathered from colluvial deposits of Cretaceous mudstone and Permian sandstone. (Photo provided by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.}
These are the acid Inceptisols of humid and perhumid regions. They developed mostly in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Some developed on older, steeply sloping surfaces. The parent materials generally are acid, moderately or weakly consolidated sedimentary or metamorphic rocks or acid sediments. A few of the soils formed in saprolite derived from igneous rocks. The vegetation was mostly deciduous trees. Most of the Dystrudepts that formed in alluvium are now cultivated, and many of the other Dystrudepts are used as pasture. The normal horizon sequence in Dystrudepts is an ochric epipedon over a cambic horizon. Some of the steeper Dystrudepts have a shallow densic, lithic, or paralithic contact. Dystrudepts are extensive in the United States. They are mostly in the Eastern and Southern States. The native vegetation consists mostly of mixed forest. Most of these soils are used as forest. Many of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
These soils are classified as Dystric Cambisols (Endochromic, Loamic, Ochric) by the World Reference Base (WRB).
For more information about this soil, visit:
karnet.up.wroc.pl/~kabala/Brunatne.html
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For additional information about the US Soil Taxonomy soil classification system, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Cornafulla series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in loamy river alluvium.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=05...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic Calcareous Alluvial Gleys. Calcareous Humic Gleys have evidence of a calcareous gleyed sub-surface horizon starting within 40 cm and an humose topsoil.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
A representative soil profile of a Grey Sodosol in a map unit of shallow sandy duplexes (Albany to Esperance) with grey or yellow sands to 30 centimeters (cm) over neutral sandy clays. (Base photo provided by Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia with revision.)
Topsoil:
Grey acidic sands to 30cm
Gravel (<20 %) can be present usually at the base of the topsoil (sand) layer
Subsoil:
Abrupt boundary change between sand and clay layers at depth <30cm
Clays often sodic, mottled and appear as polyhedral columns
Clay pH mildly acidic
For more information about these soils including common management constraints, visit:
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-shallow-sandy-duplexes-...
In the Australian soil classification system, the soils in this unit include:
Grey, yellow or brown Sodosols and,
Grey, yellow or brown Chromosols
Sodosols have a strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B) horizons and the subsoil horizons are sodic. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Sodosols can be grouped further (Suborder) based on the color of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil i.e. red, brown, yellow, grey and black. These can be further differentiated based on subsoil characteristics (Great Groups) such as the level of sodicity (in the upper B horizon) and the presence of carbonate or lime (Subgroup).
For more information about the Australian Soil Classification System, visit;
www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm
In Soil Taxonomy, these soils are primarily Alfisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
The Nankin series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils on uplands of the Coastal Plain. They formed in stratified loamy and clayey marine sediments. Near the type location, the mean annual air temperature is about 65 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 50 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid or strongly acid throughout, except where limed. Nodules or fragments of ironstone range from 0 to 25 percent, by volume, in the A and B horizons. Few to common flakes of mica occur in the lower parts of some pedons. The control section has an average clay content of 35 to 50 percent and an average silt content of less than 20 percent. Plinthite ranges from 0 to 3 percent, by volume, in the Bt horizon.
SE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in woodland with some areas in cropland or pasture. Loblolly pine, longleaf pine, and slash pine the dominant trees.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. The series is of moderate extent, about 700,000 acres.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/N/NANKIN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Wake series consists of excessively drained, shallow, sandy soils on uplands of the Southern Piedmont. They formed in residuum weathered from igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks such as granite and gneiss.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Lithic Udipsamments
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly in mixed hardwood forest of post oak, blackjack oak, northern red oak, and hickory along with shortleaf pine, Virginia pine and loblolly pine. Small areas are used for corn, small grain, orchards, and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont of North Carolina, and possibly Alabama, Georgia, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of small extent.
For a detailed description, please visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WAKE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Crush series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in loamy material over calcareous gravels.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=03...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Humic Rendzinas. Rendzinas are shallow (< 30 cm depth) calcareous soils with hard rock or skeletal material at or above 30 cm. Humic Rendzinas have a humose surface horizon.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
This soil has a mollic epipedon about 40 cm thick underlain by an argillic horizon, which extends to a depth of about 130 cm. The argillic horizon has prismatic structure with dark organic stains on prism faces. Pockets of white, soft calcium carbonate are below a depth of about 130 inches.
Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy (p. 4-338)
A representative soil profile of a Typic Kanhapludult in China.
The central concept of the Typic subgroup of Kanhapludults is fixed on freely drained soils that are more than 50 cm deep to a lithic contact.
Typic Kanhapludults are of large extent in the Southeastern United States. The natural vegetation consisted of forest plants. Slopes range from nearly level to steep. Where slopes are suitable, many of the soils are used as cropland. The steeper soils are used as forest. Some of the soils are used as pasture or homesites.
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Gilgai.—A type of landscape microrelief consisting of a pattern of concave microlows surrounded by convex or linear microhighs distributed over a nearly level plain. The distance from microhigh to microlow is commonly about 3 to 10 meters. This distinctive landscape pattern is commonly associated with Vertisols or other soils that shrink and swell markedly. The presence of gilgai is not used as a criterion anywhere in Soil Taxonomy.
Figure 49.—Soil profile and landscape of the Laewest soil (fine, smectitic, hyperthermic Typic Hapludert). The Laewest series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in clayey flood basin deposits on alluvial plains or deltas of the Beaumont Formation of Pleistocene Age. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on broad flat coastal plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent. This is a cyclic soil and undisturbed areas have gilgai microrelief with microknolls 15 to 38 cm (6 to 15 in) higher than microdepressions.
A representative soil profile of the Coolykereen series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine silty drift with siliceous stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=07...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Surface-water Gleys. These soils have evidence of gleying within 40 cm and distinct topsoil, without any other distinguishing features.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Fractured lithic contact. Vertical fractures are greater than 10 cm. Sandstone is below the lithic contact.
Soil Taxonomy, 2nd Edition, 1999, (p. 77).
This soil is mostly on dunes, but is also found on level to undulating sand sheets overlying alluvial plains. This soil is somewhat excessively drained. Median measured saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface layer is very high.
This soil is used mostly for rangeland grazing for camels. In some areas the dunes have been leveled for building site development. Commonly described vegetation species include Calotropis procera, Citrullus colocynthis Haloxylon salicornicum, Cyperus conglomeratus, and Prosopis cineraria. Vegetative cover is mostly less than 5%.
This soil occurs extensively throughout the western and central two-thirds of the soil survey area. It is the most extensive soil. The main distinguishing feature of this soil is the thick sandy profile of eolian origin. It has limited water and nutrient holding capacity and is subject to wind erosion after disturbance. Steep slopes and uneven topography limit its suitability for irrigated agriculture, but land leveling can overcome this limitation. Salinity is generally low in these soils, and gravels are absent, making it a desirable material for soil replacement for uses such as intensive date palm plantations and landscaping around building sites.
A soil profile of a well drained, loamy Dystrustept in Thailand. This soil has an ochric epipedon about 12 to 15 cm thick underlain by a cambic subsoil horizon that extends to a depth of about 35 cm. A paralithic contact with soft, weathered bedrock is at a depth of about 35 cm. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Dystrustepts—These are the acid Ustepts with low base saturation and relatively low natural fertility. They developed mostly in Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Some of the soils with steep slopes formed in older deposits. Parent materials generally are acid, moderately or weakly consolidated sedimentary or metamorphic rocks or acid sediments. The vegetation was mostly forest. Most of these soils have warm or very warm temperatures. A common horizon sequence in Dystrustepts is an ochric (typically thin and/or light-colored) epipedon over a cambic (minimal soil development) subsoil horizon. Some of the steeper soils are shallow to rootlimiting bedrock or a dense, compact layer. In the United States, Dystrustepts are found mostly in coastal California and in Hawaii. A few are in the Rocky Mountains and on the Great Plains.
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
An example of both depletions and concentrations in a dark matrix.
F7 (Depleted Dark Surface). These soils have redox depletions with value of 5 or more and chroma of 2 or less in a layer that is at least 10 cm (4 inches) thick, starting at a depth ≤20 cm (8 inches) from the mineral soil surface, and has:
a. Matrix value of 3 or less and chroma of 1 or less and 10 percent or more redox depletions, or
b. Matrix value of 3 or less and chroma of 2 or less and 20 percent or more redox depletions.
User Notes:Care should be taken not to mistake mixing of an E or calcic horizon into the surface layer for depletions. The “pieces” of E and calcic horizons are not redox depletions. Knowledge of local conditions is required in areas where E and/or calcic horizons may be present. In soils that are wet because of subsurface saturation, the layer directly below the dark surface layer should have a depleted or gleyed matrix. Redox depletions should have associated redox concentrations (fig. 32) that occur as Fe pore linings or masses within the depletion(s) or surrounding the depletion(s).
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States; A Guide for Identifying and Delineating Hydric Soils, Version 9.0, 2024.
A representative soil profile of the Glantane series in an area of improved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in loamy material over sandstone bedrock.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Stagnic Brown Earths. These soils display stagnic properties as a result of the presence of a slowly permeable sub-surface horizon.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
A representative soil profile of the Crossabeagh series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in coarse loamy material over sandstone and shale bedrock.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=11...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Gleyic Brown Earths. These soils display gleyic features due to the presence of a shallow fluctuating groundwater table.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
This soil is well drained. Median measured saturated hydraulic conductivity class for the surface layer is high.
This soil is on alluvial plains and in wadis. This soil is used for rangeland and for farming including fruits, vegetables, date palms, and animal fodder. A few previously farmed areas are now idle. The total area being built-up for housing, roads, and business is increasing. Some areas are in natural vegetation. Commonly described vegetation species include Acacia tortilis, Haloxylon salicornicum, Prosopis cineraria, and Prosopis juliflora. Vegetation cover is 1 to 20%.
This soil is mostly located on the western half of the alluvial plains, generally closer to the dune/alluvial plain interface than to the mountains. The main distinguishing feature of this soil is the relatively fine texture as compared to most other soils in the survey area. Where quality irrigation water is available, this soil is well adapted to agricultural use for most crops grown in the area.
A representative soil profile of a Phaeozem from the Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) by Prof. Blaskó Lajos (2008).
For more information about these soils, visit:
regi.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch...
PHAEOZEMS: Soil with a deep, dark surface horizon that is rich in organic matter without secondary calcium carbonate concentrations within 1m (from the Greek, phaios, meaning dusk and the Russian, zemlja, meaning earth or land). Phaeozems are found in wet steppe (prairie) regions and are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but more intensively leached in wet seasons. Consequently, they have a dark,humus-rich surface horizon and have no secondary carbonates in the upper metre of soil. Commonly used international names are Brunizems (Argentina, France), Parabraunerde-Tschernozems (Germany) and Aquolls in the order of the Mollisols (Soil Taxonomy) They cover 3 percent of Europe.
The current Hungarian Soil Classification System (HSCS) was developed in the 1960s, based on the genetic principles of Dokuchaev. The central unit is the soil type grouping soils that were believed to have developed under similar soil forming factors and processes. The major soil types are the highest category which groups soils based on climatic, geographical and genetic bases. Subtypes and varieties are distinguished according to the assumed dominance of soil forming processes and observable/measurable morphogenetic properties.
This photo accompanies Figure 25.—Indicator S6, Stripped Matrix [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
Typical landscape of a Toisnot soil. The Toisnot series (Typic Fragiaquults) consists of very deep (moderately deep to the fragipan), poorly drained, slowly permeable soils with slow to ponded runoff. They formed in fluvial or marine sediments in the upper Coastal Plain. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Depth to a seasonal high water table (endosaturation) is 0 to 12 inches, primarily in December to April.
Toisnot soils are in shallow depressions, around the heads of drainageways, and on the outer fringe of stream terraces next to the better drained uplands, in the upper Coastal Plain. They occupy the transition areas between soils with contrasting drainage. On some landscapes, these soils extend down shallow drainageways for short distances. Slopes are generally less than 2 percent. Near the type location, the mean annual rainfall is 49 inches and mean annual temperature is 62 degrees F.
Most areas are in mixed forests of hardwoods and pine. Native trees include oak, maple, sweetgum, yellow-poplar, and loblolly pine, with understory plants as sweet bay, myrtle, gallberry, and smilax. Small acreages have been cleared and used for pasture, corn, and soybeans.
Toisnot soils are of small extent along Upper Coastal Plain areas of North Carolina and possibly South Carolina and Virginia.
This soil is on loess-covered hills and stream terraces along the Missouri River. It has a mollic epipedon about 60 cm thick and no other diagnostic horizons. The subsoil exhibits minimal soil development. Scale is in cm.
Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy (p. 4-340)
The Sharjah series is a very deep soil formed in eolian sands UAE (NE011) .
Taxonomic classification: Typic Torripsamments, carbonatic, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizon described in this profile is: None.
Texture is dominated by a mixture of fine sand and very fine sand of eolian origin, with almost no particles larger than medium sand. The layers often exhibit some cross-bedding, reflective of the eolian origin of the soil. Very fine sand makes up 25 to 49% of the sands in the particle-size control section and there are no particles of gravel-size. The EC (1:1) is generally less than 0.5 dS/m throughout the profile. The pH (1:1) ranges from about 7.0 to 8.5 throughout.
The A horizon is generally about 20 cm thick, but ranges for 10 to 25 cm. Hue is 7.5YR or 10YR, value is 4 to 7, and chroma is 4 to 6. Texture is fine sand or loamy fine sand. Some profiles, particularly where the dunes are unstable and constantly shifting, have been described with C horizons at the surface.
The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value 4 to 7, and chroma 3 to 6. Texture is fine sand or loamy fine sand.
The upper meter of the subsoil horizon from a Dothan soil located in South Carolina, exhibiting an increasing amount of plinthite with depth. The reddish areas are very firm, dense and brittle, and are weakly cemented with iron. The area below 60 cm is root limiting in that zones that roots can enter are 10 or more centimeters apart (continuous phase plinthite).
This pedon would classify as a "Plinthudult" if determined to have one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface in which plinthite either forms a continuous phase or constitutes one-half or more of the volume. Currently, there is not an established method for determining the quantity of plinthite nor an agree-to definition for "continuous phase" for plinthic materials. This layer would qualify as a "plinthic horizon" as proposed.
A water emersion disaggregation method (or slake test) has been developed to quantify plinthite, however, this method only identifies those plinthic materials that are cemented. Due to past application (primarily in Texas and California) the cementation requirement has not received unanimous acceptance in the soil science community. A proposed definition for "continuous phase" plinthite has been submitted. It is essentially the same as for other materials requiring a continuous phase in Soil Taxonomy.
For more information about Slake Tests, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2023-01/SSIR51.pdf
Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual; Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 51, Version 2; Issued 2014 (pp. 148-157)
3.7 Soil Stability, Dispersion, and Slaking
3.7.5 Slaking (Disaggregation) for Identification and Semiquantification of Cemented Materials
John Kelley and Michael A. Wilson, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation
Service, Soil Survey Staff
According to USDA-Soil Taxonomy, Plinthudults are the more or less freely drained Udults that have a large amount of plinthite in the argillic or kandic horizon. They are mainly in intertropical regions and in some areas are extensive. Historically, they have not been identified in the United States and the great group has been provided for use in other parts of the world. As indicated by this image, this concept should be revisited.
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or:
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
or:
A representative soil profile of a Typic Histoturbel near Fairbanks, Alaska. (Photo by D. Weindorf.)
Histoturbels are the Turbels that have organic materials at the surface. Commonly, the organic materials are thicker in the lower positions on the landscape and thinner in the higher positions. These soils are commonly saturated at or near the surface for some time during normal years. They commonly have redoximorphic features.
Turbels are the Gelisols that have one or more horizons with evidence of cryoturbation in the form of irregular, broken, or distorted horizon boundaries, involutions, the accumulation of organic matter on top of the permafrost, ice or sand wedges, and oriented rock fragments. Cryoturbation occurs only in soils with sufficient moisture. Cryoturbated horizons in soils that are dry for most of the year likely were more moist in the past. Turbels are the dominant suborder of Gelisols. They account for about half the Gelisols on a global basis. These soils are common in the High and Middle Arctic vegetation regions of North America and Eurasia.
For more information about soils and the Michigan State University-Department of Geography, visit:
project.geo.msu.edu/soilprofiles/
For additional information about soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
This photo accompanies Figure 19.—Indicator A14 (Alaska Redox). [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
A lunch break while investigating hydric soils in the Interior Alaska Lowlands, southwest of Fairbanks along the Tanana River in mid June. My supervisor told me when I first began working in soil survey... Every day an adventure, every lunch a picnic.
A representative soil profile of the Straw soil series in North Dakota.
The Straw series consists of very deep, moderately well and well drained soils that formed in alluvium. These soils are on floodplains, stream terraces and drainageways. Slopes are 0 to 8 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, frigid Cumulic Haplustolls
Soil temperature - 41 to 47 degrees F.
Moisture control section - between 4 and 12 inches; not dry in all parts for 60 or more consecutive days following July 1.
Mollic epipedon thickness - 16 to 40 inches.
Depth to Bk horizon - 13 to 30 inches.
The soil may be noncalcareous to a depth of 25 inches.
Some pedons have Bw or Ab horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Straw soils are used mainly for dryland cropland, irrigated cropland, and range. Potential native vegetation is mainly rough fescue, western wheatgrass, needleandthread, little bluestem, bluebunch wheatgrass, green needlegrass, forbs, and shrubs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Straw soils are of moderate extent in eastern Montana and possibly in Wyoming and North Dakota.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_dakota/N...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/STRAW.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Northeast Regional Soil Collegiate Competition ⛏📋🐾 #HuskyUnleashed #BloomOnward #EGGS #EnvironmentalGeoscience #SoilScience #geology #dirt
A representative soil profile of the Coolykereen series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in fine silty drift with siliceous stones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=07...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical Surface-water Gleys. These soils have evidence of gleying within 40 cm and distinct topsoil, without any other distinguishing features.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
Rock structure.—A characteristic of unconsolidated soil materials in which the fine stratifications of sediments (alluvial, eolian, lacustrine, or marine), or the minerals or pseudomorphs of saprolite inherited from bedrock parent material, retain their original relative positions. The prevalence of rock structure that persists in the soil material is an indication that little pedogenic development has occurred. The lack of rock structure throughout most of a layer is a diagnostic criterion included in many of the definitions of diagnostic epipedons and subsurface horizons in the Keys to Soil Taxonomy.
Figure 95.—Examples of unconsolidated soil materials in which the fine stratifications of sediments (alluvial, eolian, lacustrine, and marine) remain.
Left photo: Alluvial Sediments—Trail soil (sandy, mixed, mesic Typic Torrifluvents). The Trail series consists of very deep, well drained and somewhat excessively drained soils that formed in stratified alluvium. Trail soils are on floodplains and alluvial fans.
Middel photo: Aeolian Sediments—Soil profile with rock structure as fine to coarse stratifications throughout. The upper 60 cm is recent eolian sand. The lower part consists of old alluvial deposits interspersed with eolian strata. The soil is a Torriorthent in the United Arab Emirates.
Right photo: Lacustrine sediments—Soil profile of an Entisol (lacustrine lake bed sediment) from China. (Photo provided by China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources, Guangdong, China.)
Sugarcane is commonly grown on Oxisols in Brazil. Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
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A representative soil profile of the Straffan series in an area of wheat from Ireland. These soils formed in fine loamy drift with limestones.
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=07...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Typical surface-water gleys (soils influenced by water).
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
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An Oxyaquic Glossudalf from south-west Poland--lower Silesia region and the Sudetes Mountains, formed in sandy material over till. (Photo provided by Cezary Kabala, Institute of Soil Science, University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.)
These soils are classified as Eutric Albic Endostagnic Retisols (Anoarenic, Aric, Endoloamic, Ochric, Raptic) by the World Reference Base (WRB).
Oxyaquic Glossudalfs are the Glossudalfs that are saturated with water within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface for 20 or more consecutive days or 30 or more cumulative days in normal years. The wetness is caused mainly by slowly permeable materials in the lower horizons or the substratum. These soils are of small extent and are mostly in the south-central and north-central parts of the United States.
Glossudalfs have an argillic horizon that shows evidence of destruction in the form of a glossic horizon. The glossic horizon extends through the argillic horizon in some of these soils. Glossudalfs do not have very dark red colors throughout the argillic horizon. They are more extensive in Europe than in the United States.
For more information about this soil, visit:
sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home/taxonomy/j-alfisols...
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
For additional information about the US Soil Taxonomy soil classification system, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile and landscape of the Nerwycs soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are dominantly brownish or reddish subsoils and no prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40 cm depth. They are developed mainly on permeable materials. Most are in agricultural use. These are non-alluvial, with non-calcareous loamy or clayey subsoils without significant clay enrichment. They formed in medium loamy drift with siliceous stones.
They are classified as Eutric Stagnic Cambisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
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A representative soil profile and landscape of the Bradfield soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)
These and associated soils are dominantly brownish or reddish subsoils and no prominent mottling or greyish colours (gleying) above 40 cm depth. They are developed mainly on permeable materials at elevations below about 300 m.0.D. Most are in agricultural use.
They are loamy or clayey, with an ancient reddish or reddish mottled, clay-enriched subsoil formed, at least in part, before the last (Devensian) glacial period. They formed in light loamy stoneless drift.
They are classified as Ruptic Chromic Luvisols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)
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Peds are aggregates of soil particles form as a result of pedogenic processes; this natural organization of particles forms discrete units separated by pores or voids. The term is generally used for macroscopic (visible; i.e. greater than 1 mm in size) structural units when observing soils in the field. Soil peds should be described when the soil is dry or slightly moist, as they can be difficult to distinguish when wet.
In platy structure, the units are flat and platelike. They are generally oriented horizontally. A special form, lenticular platy structure, is recognized for plates that are thickest in the middle and thin toward the edges. Platy structure is usually found in subsurface soils that have been subject to leaching or compaction by animals or machinery. The plates can be separated with little effort by prying the horizontal layers with a pen knife. Platy structure tends to impede the downward movement of water and plant roots through the soil.
There are five major classes of macrostructure seen in soils: platy, prismatic, columnar, granular, and blocky. There are also structureless conditions. Some soils have simple structure, each unit being an entity without component smaller units. Others have compound structure, in which large units are composed of smaller units separated by persistent planes of weakness.
The Leaf series consists of very deep, poorly drained, very slowly permeable soils on flood plains, low terraces along streams and on broad flats in the Southern Coastal Plain and Atlantic Coast Flatwoods Major Land Resource Areas. They formed in clayey alluvial and fluvial sediments.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Typic Albaquults
Thickness of the solum exceeds 60 inches. Reaction ranges from extremely acid to strongly acid throughout except where the surface has been limed. Content of quartz pebbles range from none to common throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Leaf soils are in forests of mixed bottomland hardwoods and pines. Some areas are used for growing corn and small grains. The principal vegetation of the forested areas consists of water oak, sweetgum, blackgum, slash pine, loblolly pine, and white oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina and South Carolina. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LEAF.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Dr. Shabbir A. Shahid has more than 32 years of experience as a Soil Scientist in Pakistan, UK, Australia, Kuwait, and the United Arab Emirates. He served as Lead Soil Taxonomist, Technical Coordinator, and QA Expert for the Soil Surveys of Kuwait (1996–1999) and Abu Dhabi Emirate (2004–2009). He with his co- associates discovered anhydrite soil in the coastal land of Abu Dhabi Emirate. He is a prolific author and coauthor of over 150 scientific papers published in peer- reviewed scientific journals, books, and manuals. He pioneered the concept of soil survey in the UAE.
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This soil has an aridic moisture regime, and, due to limited leaching, a higher base saturation than other Oxisols. This soil formed in residuum from a basaltic lava flow. Scale is in cm.
Illustrated Guide to Soil Taxonomy (p. 4-351)
The Twentieth Annual Kentucky Commodity Conference held at the University Plaza Holiday Inn in Bowling Green, Kentucky on Friday, January 17, 2014 concluded with an awards banquet honoring Kentucky commodity contest winners
This soil has a thick, dark surface horizon that meets the requirements of indicator A11. Unlike the soil profile in fig. 15, which has a depleted matrix starting around 8 cm below the dark surface horizon, this soil has a depleted matrix that starts at a depth of about 29 cm, which is too deep to meet the requirements of indicator F3, Depleted Matrix. Indicator A11 allows a deeper depleted matrix than indicator F3.
These soils have a layer with a depleted or gleyed matrix that has 60 percent or more chroma of 2 or less, starting at a depth ≤30 cm (12 inches) from the soil surface, and having a minimum thickness of either:
a. 15 cm (6 inches), or
b. 5 cm (2 inches) if the 5 cm consists of fragmental soil material.
Organic, loamy, or clayey layer(s) above the depleted or gleyed matrix must have value of 3 or less and chroma of 2 or less starting at a depth <15 cm (6 inches) from the soil surface and extend to the depleted or gleyed matrix. Any sandy material above the depleted or gleyed matrix must have value of 3 or less and chroma of 1 or less starting at a depth ≤15 cm (6 inches) from the soil surface and extend to the depleted or gleyed matrix. Viewed through a 10x or 15x hand lens, at least 70 percent of the visible sand particles must be masked with organic material. Observed without a hand lens, the sand particles appear to be close to 100 percent masked.
User Notes: This indicator often occurs in Mollisols but also applies to soils with umbric epipedons and dark colored ochric epipedons (figs. 15 and 16). For soils with dark colored epipedons more than 30 cm (12 inches) thick, use indicator A12. A depleted matrix requires value of 4 or more and chroma of 2 or less. Redox concentrations, including soft iron-manganese masses and/or pore linings, are required in soils with matrix colors of 4/1, 4/2, or 5/2. A, E, and calcic horizons may have low chromas and high values and may therefore be mistaken for a depleted matrix; however, they are excluded from the concept of depleted matrix unless the soil has common or many distinct or prominent redox concentrations occurring as soft masses or pore linings.
Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States; A Guide for Identifying and Delineating Hydric Soils, Version 9.0, 2024.
Pungo soils (a hydric soil) consist of very deep, very poorly drained, slowly permeable soils. They formed in the remains of vegetation dominated by tupelo, cypress, Atlantic white-cedar, and related non-woody fibrous hydrophytic plants over loamy and clayey marine sediments on slopes of 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Dysic, thermic Typic Haplosaprists
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mostly woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Some areas are vegetated with scattered pond pine (Pinus serotina) and a dense undergrowth of large holly and small gallberry (Ilex spp.) and huckleberry (Gavlussacia spp.), greenbrier (Smilax spp.), southern bayberry (Myrica cerifera), scattered maple (Acer spp.), red bay (Persea borbonia), sweetbay magnolia (Magnolia Virginiana), and switch cane (Arundinaria tecta). Areas with a history of severe burning usually have a smaller population of these species and contain large amounts of broomsedge (Andropogon spp.) and other grasses and briers. These soils also support mixed hardwood forests dominated by tupelo (Nyssa spp.), baldcypress (Taxodium distichum), Atlantic white-cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), and other hydrophytic species
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina, South Carolina, and
Virginia
Extent: Small
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PUNGO.html
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