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Typical profile of Falmouth fine sand, in an area of Falmouth-Bonneau-Blanton complex, 0 to 5 percent slopes. (Soil Survey of Suwannee County, Florida; by Robert L. Weatherspoon, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Falmouth series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained, very slowly permeable soils on uplands of the North Central Florida Ridge. They formed in thick clayey marine deposits in upper Central Florida. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 68 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 57 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 8 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Aquertic Chromic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness is more than 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid in the A, E, Bt, and Btg horizons and from strongly acid to slightly acid in the Cg horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Falmouth soils are used for woodland and planted pine. Some areas are used for pasture. Native vegetation consists of slash pine, longleaf pine, mockernut hickory, laurel oak, water oak, sweetgum, black cherry, tree sparkleberry, muscadine grape, and blackberry.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North Central Florida Ridge of Florida. The series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/florida/FL121/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FALMOUTH.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Bonti fine sandy loam. The subsoil is red to reddish brown clay that overlies sandstone at a depth of about 85 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Jack County, Texas; by Wilfred E. Crenwelge, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Bonti series consists of moderately deep to sandstone, well drained, moderately slowly permeable soils that formed in residuum derived from interbedded sandstone and claystone of Pennsylvanian age. These very gently sloping to steep soils occur on summits and shoulders of ridges on hills. Slope ranges from 1 to 40 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 787 mm (31 in) and mean annual air temperature is about 18.3 degrees C (65 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Ultic Paleustalfs
Depth to paralithic contact: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 in)
Depth to argillic and abrupt textural change: 10 to 40 cm (4 to 16 in)
Surface fragments: 0 to 50 percent total; 0 to 15 percent boulders; 0 to 25 percent stones; 0 to 10 percent cobbles and gravel; size ranges from less than 75 mm (3 in) to 1219 mm (48 in); silica and iron oxide cemented conglomerate or sandstone
Particle-size control section (weighted average)
Clay content: 35 to 56 percent clay
USE AND VEGETATION: The major use is livestock grazing. The native plant community is mainly little and big bluestem, indiangrass, sideoats grama, Arizona cottontop, sand lovegrass, switchgrass, ragweed, blackjack, and post oak.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North-central Texas; LRR H - Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region, MLRA 80B - Texas north-central prairies; The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX237/0/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BONTI.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Dothan series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately slowly to slowly permeable soils on broad uplands of the Southern Coastal Plain (MLRA 133A) and to a much lesser extent in the Eastern Gulf Coast Flatwoods (MLRA 152A) Major Land Resource Areas. They formed in thick beds of unconsolidated, medium to fine-textured marine sediments. Slopes range from 0 to 15 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Plinthic Kandiudults
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Dothan soils have been cleared and are used for the production of corn, cotton, peanuts, vegetable crops, hay, and pasture. Forested areas are in longleaf pine, loblolly pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The series is of large extent.
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part.
Permafrost is frozen ground that doesn’t thaw in the summer due to a cold climate. Permafrost perches water near the surface, making soils wet and runoff fast. The striking polygonal patterned ground so characteristic of the Arctic is due to permafrost. Ice can build up in the ground and then thaw, producing pits, ponds, lakes, and landslides.
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
Fragipans prevent the downward movement of water and roots into the soil. The very dense, brittle, prisms block movement while coarser material surrounding the prisms serves as a preferential flow path. Limited rooting depth caused by fragipans has been found to significantly decrease crop productivity.
The Hosmer series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in loess on hills. They are moderately deep to a fragipan. Slopes are commonly 2 to 12 percent, but range from 0 to 30 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1068 mm (42 inches) and mean annual temperature is about 14 degrees C (57 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Oxyaquic Fragiudalfs
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Moderately well drained. A perched, seasonal water table is at a depth of 46 to 76 centimeters (1.5 to 2.5 feet) from December through April in most years. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high (4.23 to 14.11 micrometers/sec) above the fragipan and low to moderately high (0.07 to 1.41 micrometers/sec) in and below the fragipan. Permeability is moderate (0.6 to 2.0 inches per hour) above the fragipan and slow or very slow in and below the fragipan. The potential for surface water runoff is medium to very high.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing corn, soybeans, winter wheat, or used for hay. Some areas are used for pasture and woodland. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Indiana, southern Illinois and western Kentucky. The acreage is of large extent.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HOSMER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Flasher series consists of shallow, somewhat excessively drained soils formed in soft sandstone on side slopes, shoulder slopes and summits of hills and ridges on uplands and side slopes of valleys. Permeability is moderately rapid or rapid. Slopes range from 3 to 70 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 14 inches and mean annual temperature is about 42 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, frigid, shallow Typic Ustipsamments
Depth to soft sandstone typically is 10 to 20 inches and ranges from 7 to 20 inches. The control section typically is loamy fine sand, but range includes fine sand, loamy sand and sand. The soil ranges from neutral to moderately alkaline throughout and commonly contains carbonates.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for range and pasture. Native vegetation is prairie sandreed, blue grama, little bluestem, upland sedges, some creeping cedar and other shrubs.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western North Dakota, northwestern South Dakota and eastern Montana. The soil is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_dakota/N...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FLASHER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative profile of Belfon soil. (Soil Survey of Stevens County, Kansas; by Thomas C. Byrd, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Belfon series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy, eolian loess deposits of Holocene age. These soils are on level to very gently sloping plains and interdunes of the Southern High Plains, Northern part (MLRA 77A). Slope ranges from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 460 mm (18 in) and mean annual air temperature is about 13 degrees C (55 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Argiustolls
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in)
Thickness of mollic epipedon: 25 to 48 cm (10 to 19 in)
Depth to discontinuity: 33 to 94 cm (13 to 37 in)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 20 to 81 cm (8 to 32 in)
Depth to calcic horizon (where present): 150 to greater than 203 cm (60 to greater than 80 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Silicate clay: 20 to 35 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas of Belfon soils are cultivated. Some of the acreage is irrigated. Wheat and grain sorghum are the principal dryland crops. Where irrigated, the principal crops are wheat, grain sorghum, corn, and alfalfa. Native vegetation is short and mid prairie grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest Kansas and the Oklahoma Panhandle (MLRA-77A in LRR H). This soil is moderately extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kansas/KS189/0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BELFON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Pembroke series.
The Pembroke series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in a thin silty mantle of loess mixed with or underlain by older alluvium or residuum of limestone or both. They are on nearly level uplands and karst areas. Slopes commonly range from 0 to 2 percent, but the range allows slopes from 0 to 12 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, mesic Mollic Paleudalfs
The solum thickness and depth to bedrock ranges from 60 to more than 120 inches. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid, and commonly is neutral in the surface horizons. Fragments of chert commonly range from 0 to 5 percent by volume in the solum, and can range from 0 to 15 percent in the lower part of the solum in some pedons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Nearly all of the soil has been cleared. Chief uses are for growing corn, small grains, tobacco, hay, truck crops, fruits, and pasture. The original forest was mixed hardwoods: chiefly oaks, hickory, maple, ash, elm, hackberry, and poplar.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: MLRAs: 116A, 121, 122. The Pennyroyal and Outer Bluegrass of Kentucky, the Highland Rim of Tennessee, northwest Arkansas, and southwest Missouri. The series is of large extent, about 375,000 acres in size.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kentucky/chris...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PEMBROKE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Everyone is planting ghaf trees. An appliance manufacturer pledged to plant 5,000 ghaf trees in one year and partnered with a local organisation that plants ghaf trees. A retail distributor brand joined the appliance manufacturer brand and they planted the first 100 seeds in May at a nursery close to the Arabian Ranches.
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The central concept of Gelisols is that of soils with gelic materials underlain by permafrost. Freezing and thawing are important processes in Gelisols. Diagnostic horizons may or may not be present. Permafrost influences pedogenesis by acting as a barrier to the downward movement of the soil solution. Cryoturbation (frost mixing) is an important process in many Gelisols and results in irregular or broken horizons, involutions, organic matter accumulation on the permafrost table, oriented rock fragments, and silt caps on rock fragments.
Cryoturbation occurs when two freezing fronts, one from the surface and the other from the permafrost, merge during freeze-back in the autumn. Ice segregation is an important property of gelic materials and occurs when the soil solution migrates toward ice, increasing the volume of ice. Volume changes also occur as the water freezes. In the drier areas, cryoturbation is less pronounced or does not occur, but the soils still have gelic materials, as manifested by sand wedges and ice crystals.
Diagnostic horizons, including ochric, mollic, umbric, and histic epipedons and argillic, salic, gypsic, and calcic horizons, have been observed in Gelisols. The importance of these diagnostic horizons, however, is overshadowed by the properties of the gelic materials and the associated permafrost. In some Gelisols the effects of cryoturbation are so well expressed that no diagnostic horizons are observed.
SOIL TAXONOMY
For more information about the U.S. Soil Classification System and to view or download "Soil Taxonomy, 2nd Edition, 1999." click HERE.
To download or order a hard copy of the latest version of "Soil Taxonomy, 2nd Edition, 1999", click HERE.
KEYS TO SOIL TAXONOMY
To view, print, or save a pdf copy of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, visit Keys to Soil Taxonomy
To download or order a hard copy of the latest version of Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 13th Edition, 2022, click HERE.
A representative soil profile of the Sassafras series. Sassafras soils formed in loamy or gravelly fluviomarine sediments, or both. (Soil Survey of Gloucester County, New Jersey; by Scott C. Keenan, United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Depth Class: Very deep
Slope: 0 to 45 percent
Elevation: 10 to 100 meters (35 to 330 feet)
Frost Free Period: 160 to 250 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 11 degrees C. (52 degrees F.)
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 1143 millimeters (45 inches)
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to Medium
Saturated Hydraulic conductivity Class: Moderately high to high
Permeability Class (Obsolete): Moderate or Moderately Slow
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Solum Thickness: 64 to 127 centimeters (25 to 50 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 203 centimeters (80 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 183 centimeters (72 inches)
Rock Fragments: 0 to 20 percent, by volume in the A and B horizon and 0 to 30 percent in the C horizon, mostly quartz pebbles
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, throughout the profile, except where limed
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Mainly for general crops, truck crops, pastures, fruits, woodland, and wide variety of nonfarm uses.
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--Native vegetation is mixed upland hardwoods, with some shortleaf and Virginia pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Virginia
Extent: Large (more than 100,000 acres)
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/new_jersey/NJ0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/51309536794/in/dateposted-...
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of Typic Xerothents, welded. (Soil Survey of Lassen Volcanic National Park, California; by Andrew E. Conlin, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
General location: Painted Dunes
Landscape: Mountains
Landform: Tephra-covered lava flows
Landform position (two-dimensional): Footslope
Landform position (three-dimensional): Mountainbase
Slope range and aspect: 2 to 50 percent, north aspects
Parent material: Tephra from Cinder Cone
Elevation: 6,150 to 6,530 feet (1,876 to 1,991 meters)
Mean annual precipitation: 31 to 35 inches (787 to 889 millimeters)
Mean annual air temperature: 43 to 44 degrees F (6 degrees C)
Frost-free period: 70 to 90 days
Xerorthents, welded consist of very shallow and shallow, excessively drained soils that formed in tephra from Cinder Cone. These soils are on knolls on lava flows. Slopes range from 2 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 31 inches (787 millimeters), and the mean annual air temperature is about 43 degrees F. (6 degrees C).
TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATION: Frigid, shallow Typic Xerorthent
NOTE: The horizon designation provided in the soil profile is as published in the Soil Survey Report, (p. 475-476). An alternative sequence for horizon designation: C1, C2, C3, Cqm, Cq, Cqm', C', Cq', C''1, C''2, C''3, C''4, C"5)
Depth to restrictive feature: 7 to 20 inches (17 to 51 centimeters) to welded material
Mean annual soil temperature: 45 to 47 degrees F (7 to 8 degrees C)
Period that soil moisture control section is dry: July to October (about 90 days)
Particle-size control section (weighted average): 1 percent clay and 28 percent rock fragments
Surface fragments: 80 to 90 percent gravel, 0 to 2 percent cobbles, and 0 to 1 percent stones
Welded surface crust: Discontinuous, platy, and 1 to 1.5 centimeters thick
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/las...
The Badin series consists of moderately deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from fine-grained metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Carolina Slate Belt. These soils are on gently sloping to steep uplands in the Piedmont. Slopes range from 2 to 55 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 47 inches and mean annual temperature is 60 degrees F. near the type location.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludults
Solum thickness is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to weathered bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to hard bedrock is 40 inches or more. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid in all horizons except where the surface has been limed. Limed soils are typically moderately acid or slightly acid in the A horizon. Rock fragment content is commonly 5 to 35 percent by volume in the A, E, BE, BA, and Bt horizons, and 20 to 60 percent in the BC and C horizons. Some pedons have individual horizons that have 0 to 5 percent rock fragments by volume. Fragments are dominantly channers.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for growing corn, small grain, soybeans, grain sorghum, mixed hay, and pasture. The remainder is in woodlands of oaks, hickory, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, Virginia pine, and yellow-poplar. Common understory species are American holly, flowering dogwood, sourwood, and American hornbeam.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Piedmont Plateau of North Carolina and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BADIN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Edge series consists of deep, well drained soils that formed in loamy and clayey residuum derived from Eocene age, stratified, sandstone and mudstone. These nearly level to strongly sloping soils are on side slopes and interfluves on upland ridges. Slopes range from 1 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 965 mm (38 in) and the mean annual air temperature is 19 degrees C (66 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, thermic Udic Paleustalfs
Depth of solum: 100 to 150 cm (40 to 60 in), Deep
Depth of abrupt texture change: 18 to 84 cm (7 to 33 in)
Depth of argillic horizon: 13 to 84 cm (5 to 33 in)
Depth to secondary carbonates: Greater than 75 cm (30 in)
Redoximorphic features: Masses and concentrations of oxidized iron and iron depletions from 0 to 188 cm (0 to 74 in)
Soil moisture: Dry in some or all parts of the soil moisture control section for more than 90 or more cumulative days and moist in some parts either for more than 180 cumulative days per year or for 90 or more consecutive days in normal years. Ustic soil moisture regime
USE AND VEGETATION: The major uses are rangeland or improved pasture with a few cultivated areas. The native plant community is a savannah with scattered post oak, blackjack oak, and elm trees with ground cover of medium and tall native grasses. Present vegetation is a fairly dense cover of oak trees, yaupon, American beautyberry and hawthorn with shade tolerant grasses such as longleaf uniola. Many areas have been cultivated in the past. These old cropland fields are being used for rangeland or have been established to bermudagrass, bahiagrass or other improved pasture grasses. A few small areas have been planted to loblolly pine. Old fields being used for rangeland are typically producing low quality perennial grasses, annuals grasses, forbs and some fields are being invaded by mesquite.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Land Resource Region J - Southwestern Prairies Cotton and Forage Region. East Central Texas. Texas Claypan Area, Southern Part (MLRA 87A). This soil is of large extent.
Freestone County, Texas; 1986. The Edge series was originally established in Brazos County, Texas in 1955. In May, 1963 the series was placed on the inactive list and the soils were included with the similar Axtell series. The Axtell soils are members of a fine, smectitic, thermic family of Udertic Paleustalfs. Axtell soils are typically on terraces or in valley fill positions and have a solum thicker than 152 cm (60 in)and with vertic properties. The re-defined Edge series has a concept similar to the original series established in Brazos County.
REMARKS: This pedon is within an area of Edge fine sandy loam, eroded. It is on a small area that is not eroded. These soils are not saturated in any part of the solum for more than 30 consecutive days during most years.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EDGE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil scientists explore and seek to understand the earth’s land and water resources. Practitioners of soil science identify, interpret, and manage soils for agriculture, forestry, rangeland, ecosystems, urban uses, and mining and reclamation in an environmentally responsible way.
Soil survey or soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil types and other soil properties in a given area and geo-encoding such information. It applies the principles of soil science, and draws heavily from geomorphology, theories of soil formation, physical geography, and analysis of vegetation and land use patterns. Primary data for the soil survey are acquired by field sampling and by remote sensing.
In the past, a soil scientist would take hard-copies of aerial photography, topo-sheets, and mapping keys into the field with them. Today, a growing number of soil scientists bring a ruggedized tablet computer and GPS into the field with them.
The term soil survey may also be used as a noun to describe the published results. In the United States, these surveys were once published in book form for individual counties by the National Cooperative Soil Survey.
Today, soil surveys are no longer published in book form; they are published to the web and accessed on NRCS Web Soil Survey where a person can create a custom soil survey. This allows for rapid flow of the latest soil information to the user. In the past it could take years to publish a paper soil survey. The information in a soil survey can be used by farmers and ranchers to help determine whether a particular soil type is suited for crops or livestock and what type of soil management might be required.
An architect or engineer might use the engineering properties of a soil to determine whether it is suitable for a certain type of construction. A homeowner may even use the information for maintaining or constructing their garden, yard, or home. Soils are the basis of agriculture and play a critical role in agricultural production as they provide the medium upon which crops can grow. Yet, during the past few decades, focus on the importance of soils has diminished, coupled with harsh man-made and natural conditions that have resulted in soil erosion and soil nutrient mining.
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An Andic Dystrudept from Idaho. Andic Dystrudepts are the Inceptisols that have, throughout one or more horizons with a total thickness of 18 cm or more within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, a fine-earth fraction with both a bulk density of 1.0 g/cm3 or less, measured at 33 kPa water retention, and Al plus 1/2 Fe percentages (by ammonium oxalate) totaling more than 1.0.
Landscape: These soils have some andic soil properties in a layer in the upper part that is 18 cm or more thick. Some of the soils contain a significant amount of volcanic ash. Some have an umbric epipedon. Thee soils are moderately extensive in the Northwestern United States. The native vegetation consists mostly of coniferous forest. Most of these soils support their native vegetation and are used as forest. A few of the less sloping soils have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon and an ochric epipedon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons. They can have an anthropic, histic, mollic, ochric, plaggen, or umbric epipedon.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/97d01af9d4554b9097cb0a477e04...
The Breakneck series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils on strongly sloping to very steep summits and side slopes in the high elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B. They formed in residuum affected by soil creep in the upper part, and weathered from low-grade metasedimentary rocks, primarily metasandstone. Slope ranges from 8 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, isotic, frigid Typic Humudepts
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is in public ownership and is used for watershed protection, recreation, and wildlife habitat. In areas higher than about 5,400 feet, red spruce and fraser fir are the dominant trees. At the lower elevations, northern red oak, chestnut oak, American beech, yellow birch, black cherry, sugar maple, eastern hemlock, and yellow buckeye are common trees. Common understory plants are serviceberry, striped maple, American chestnut sprouts, silverbell, pin cherry, rhododendron, flame azalea, and blueberry. Common forbs are hay-scented fern, woodfern, New York fern, Solomons seal, yellow mandarin, and trillium. A small acreage is covered by heath balds. These balds are vegetated with rhododendron, mountain laurel, blueberry, flame azalea, hawthorn, and mountain ash. Vegetation ranges for spruce/fur to northern hard woods, heath and grass balds.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Higher elevations of the Southern Blue Ridge mountains, MLRA 130B of Tennessee and North Carolina. This series is of moderate extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BREAKNECK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: The Eda series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils. (Soil Survey of Harper County, Oklahoma; by Troy Collier and Steve Alspach, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Native range in an area of Eda loamy sand, 1 to 5 percent slopes.
These soils formed in sandy eolian deposits on dunes and side slopes in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78C) and the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA 80A). Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual temperature is 14 degrees C (61 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is 635 mm (25 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Lamellic Ustipsamments
Solum thickness: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 in)
Free carbonates: below a depth of 102 cm (40 in)
Reaction: The solum ranges from moderately acid to neutral
Other features: The illuvial horizons contain less than 3 percent more clay than the overlying eluvial horizon. Where lamellae are present, combined thickness of lamellae which are 1 cm or thicker, is less than 15 cm (6 in).
USE AND VEGETATION: Less sloping areas are usually cultivated; wheat is the principal crop with lesser acreage of grain sorghum and alfalfa. Steeper slopes are mostly in native range. Native vegetation is dominated by sand bluestem, Indiangrass, and little bluestem.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR-H-Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region; Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA-78C) and Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA-80A) North-central and western Oklahoma, southern Kansas and adjacent parts of the Texas Panhandle. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK059...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EDA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Aughty drained series in an area of unimproved grassland from Ireland. These soils formed in peat (Blanket Bog).
For detailed information about this soil, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/rep_profile_sheet.php?series_code=01...
For information about the soil series of Ireland, visit;
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/soilguide.php
In the Irish soil classification system these soils are Natural Ombrotrophic Peat Soils. Raw Ombrotrophic Peat Soils have fibrous (Of), semi-fibrous (Om) or humified peat (Oh) horizons. These soils have not been disturbed by human-influence, other than grazing by animals.
For more information about describing and classifying soils using the Irish Soils Classification System, visit:
gis.teagasc.ie/soils/downloads/SIS_Final_Technical_Report...
The relatively harsh production environment of Abu Dhabi Emirate allows only a limited range of rural production possibilities. Crop production is largely confined to fresh vegetables, fodder and dates.
Most of the UAE's cultivated land is taken up by date palms, which in the early 1990s numbered about 4 million. They are cultivated in the arc of small oases that constitute the Al Liwa Oasis. Both federal and emirate governments provide incentives to farmers. For example, the government offers a 50 percent subsidy on fertilizers, seeds, and pesticides. It also provides loans for machinery and technical assistance. The emirates have forty-one agricultural extension units as well as several experimental farms and agricultural research stations. The number of farmers rose from about 4,000 in the early 1970s to 18,265 in 1988.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
When deposited on a sinking sea-bottom, sediments often accumulate in masses of great thickness, and in such cases the lower portions tend to consolidate from the weight of the overlying materials. These materials may be affected by one or more cycles with or without intervening soil formation dependent on time of surface exposure as with fluctuating sea levels.
If these sediments are affected by soil genesis, they may develop diagnostic horizons or features such as soil structure, areas of translocated clay, fragic soil properties, and/or redoximorphic features. If unaltered (or relatively unaltered), these sediments meet the criteria for densic materials if they are root limiting.
The area of difficulty for soil scientists is determining if the materials are geogenic (altered by geologic processes) or pedogenic (soil forming processes). For example: densic material (C horizon) versus a fragipan (B horizon). Both layers are non-cemented, dense, compact, and root limiting. A subjective determination as to their origin and development must be made to consistently describe and classify the soils.
In plinthic soils, these underlying layers act as an aquitard restricting water movement, facilitating the formation of plinthite and/or redoximorphic features.
The massive coastal plain sediments in this image (reddish brown material) were dense (relatively high bulk density), compact (slowly permeable), and root limiting--but not cemented. These layers have traditionally been designated as "C" horizons; however, upon closer examination, clay coatings could be observed along fracture planes and clay bridging between sand grains at depths below 2 meters indicating pedogenic processes.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Soil profile: A soil profile of the well drained, very deep loamy Edneyville soils. (Soil Survey of Grayson County, Virginia; by Robert K. Conner, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Edneyville soils are on ridges, hills, and spurs on low mountains and foothills. Major uses include woodland, pasture, hayland, and occasionally fruit trees, burley tobacco, Christmas trees, and vegetables.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts
Solum Thickness: 51 to 140 cm (20 to 55 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 152 cm (60 inches) to weathered bedrock.
Depth Class: Very deep
Rock Fragment content: 0 to 35 percent, by volume, but typically less than 20 percent throughout the profile.
Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to moderately acid in the A horizon, except where limed; very strongly acid or strongly acid in the B and C horizons
Content of Mica: 0 to 20 percent, by volume mica flakes throughout
USE AND VEGETATION:
Dominant Vegetation: Where wooded--white oak, black oak, scarlet oak, chestnut oak, hickory, eastern white pine, Virginia pine, and pitch pine. Yellow poplar and northern red oak occur in the north central mountains of MLRA 130B. Understory includes mountain laurel, flowering dogwood, sourwood, black locust, American chestnut sprouts, greenbrier, Christmas fern, and rhododendron. Where cleared--pasture, hay, and occasionally fruit trees, burley tobacco, Christmas trees, and vegetables.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Southern Blue Ridge (MLRA 130-B) of North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Virginia and Northern Piedmont (MLRA 148).
Extent: Large--more than 100,000 acres.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/virginia/VA077...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EDNEYVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: Driscoll series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils. (Soil Survey of Spokane County, Washington; by Scott H. Bare, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Driscoll soils formed on structural benches above the Clearwater River drainageway. (Soil Survey of Clearwater Area, Idaho; by Glenn Hoffman, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Driscoll soils are mostly on ridges and hills on plateaus and benches in canyons. They formed in material weathered from loess of two ages and may have basalt residuum in the lower subsoil. Slope ranges from 0 to 40 percent. The mean annual temperature is about 46 degrees F. and the mean annual precipitation is about 23 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, superactive, mesic Ultic Palexerolls (Photo taken during dry conditions.)
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for cropland, some areas are used for timber production, livestock grazing, and wildlife habitat. Potential natural vegetation is mainly ponderosa pine, with an understory of bluebunch wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, pine reedgrass, lupine, common snowberry, sticky geranium, rose, cinquefoil, and white spirea.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Washington and northern Idaho, MLRA 9. This soil is moderately extensive.
For additional information about Idaho soils, please visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/washington/spo...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DRISCOLL.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Topdeck series. The Topdeck series consists of shallow, well drained soils that formed in colluvium and residuum from basalt, breccia, and andesite. (Supplement to the Soil Survey of Los Angeles County, California, Southeastern Part; by Randy L. Riddle and Christopher “Kit” Paris, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of Topdeck soil at Forrestal Nature Reserve on the Palos Verdes Peninsula. These soils are on marine terraces
and side slopes of hills and mountains.
Slopes range from 2 to 100 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 457 millimeters (18 inches) and the mean annual temperature is about 19 degrees C (66 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Lithic Argixerolls
Mean annual soil temperature: 61 to 66 degrees F. (16 to 18 degrees C.) Soil moisture: Soil is dry from mid-June through mid-November.
Depth to lithic bedrock: 10 to 20 inches (25 to 50 centimeters).
Organic matter: 1 to 2 percent throughout, decreasing with depth.
USE AND VEGETATION: Wildlife habitat, recreation and building site development. Vegetation is coastal sage brush, buckwheat and needle grass.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Santa Barbara County, California. The soil is of limited extent and found only on the Channel Islands. MLRA 20.
Fohttps://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/losangelesCA2017_SE_supp/Supplement_LA_County_CA_SE_Part.pdfr additional information about the survey area, visit:
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TOPDECK.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
The Eva series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, moderately rapid permeable soils formed in sandy eolian deposits of Holocene age. (Soil Survey of Stevens County, Kansas; by Thomas C. Byrd, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These soils are on very gently to strongly sloping dunes and plains of the Southern High Plains, northern part (MLRA 77A). Slope ranges from 1 to 9 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 13 degrees C (57 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is about 460 mm (18 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Aridic Haplustalfs
Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in)
Thickness of the ochric epipedon: 8 to 48 cm (3 to 19 in)
Thickness of the argillic horizon: 25 to 180 cm (10 to 71 in)
Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 152 to 203 cm (60 to 80 in)
Depth to lithologic discontinuity (where present): 120 to 185 cm (47 to 73 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Silicate clay: 8 to 16 percent
USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are mainly used for rangeland. Some areas are used for irrigated crops. Native vegetation is dominantly sand bluestem little bluestem, sideoats grama, sand lovegrass, sand paspalum, fall witchgrass, and sand dropseed. Sand sagebrush is the major woody species with lesser amounts of skunkbush sumac and yucca.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southwest Kansas and Southeastern Colorado south of the Cimarron River, and the Oklahoma Panhandle (MLRA-77A in LRR H). This soil is moderately extensive. These soils were formerly included in the Vona series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kansas/KS189/0...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EVA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A soil profile of McKittrick gravelly sandy loam, in an area of McKittrick-Riverwash complex, flooded, 0 to 3 percent slopes. This soil has a thick gravelly mollic epipedon over a very gravelly subsurface horizon. The parent material is alluvium from the surrounding hills and mountains. (Guadalupe Mountains National Park, Texas; by Alan L. Stahnke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: An area of McKittrick-Riverwash complex, flooded, 0 to 3 percent slopes, in McKittrick Canyon. An area of Lostpeak-Rock outcrop complex, 40 to 95 percent slopes, is on the mountainsides in the background. Vegetation includes little bluestem, yellow Indiangrass, bull muhly, pinyon ricegrass, pine muhly, sedges, sotol, apache plume, bigtooth maple, chinquapin oak, velvet ash, madrone, hoptree, alligator juniper, ponderosa pine, and pinyon pine.
The McKittrick series consists of very deep well drained soils that formed in gravelly alluvium. Slopes are 0 to 3 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 584 mm (23 in) and the mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (54 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, superactive, mesic Fluventic Haplustolls
Thickness of mollic epipedon: 21 to 45 cm (8 to 18 in)
Particle-size control section (weighted average):
Clay Content: 14 to 29 percent
Rock fragment content: 35 to 80 percent total; 25 to 55 percent gravel; 10 to 50 percent cobbles
USE AND VEGETATION: This soil is used for wildlife habitat and recreation. Vegetation is little bluestem, yellow indiangrass, bull muhly, pinyon ricegrass, pine muhly, sedges, sotol, apache plume, bigtooth maple, chinkapin oak, velvet ash, madrone, hoptree, alligator juniper, ponderosa pine, and pinyon pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR G; Western Great Plains Range and Irrigated Region; MLRA 70C-Central New Mexico Highlands. The soil is not extensive.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MCKITTRICK.html
For a detailed soil description, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/guadalup...
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Note: The left side of the photo exhibits natural soil structure. The right side has been smoothed.
The Eda series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained, rapidly permeable soils. (Soil Survey of Woods County, Oklahoma; by Richard Gelnar, Jimmy Ford, Clay Salisbury, Clay Wilson, and Glen Williams, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
These soils formed in sandy eolian deposits on dunes and side slopes in the Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA 78C) and the Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA 80A). Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Mean annual temperature is 14 degrees C (61 degrees F), and mean annual precipitation is 635 mm (25 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Lamellic Ustipsamments
Solum thickness: 61 to 127 cm (24 to 50 in)
Free carbonates: below a depth of 102 cm (40 in)
Reaction: the solum ranges from moderately acid to neutral
Other features: The illuvial horizons contain less than 3 percent more clay than the overlying eluvial horizon. Where lamellae are present, combined thickness of lamellae which are 1 cm or thicker, is less than 15 cm (6 in).
USE AND VEGETATION: Less sloping areas are usually cultivated; wheat is the principal crop with lesser acreage of grain sorghum and alfalfa. Steeper slopes are mostly in native range. Native vegetation is dominated by sand bluestem, Indiangrass, and little bluestem.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: LRR-H-Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region; Central Rolling Red Plains (MLRA-78C) and Central Rolling Red Prairies (MLRA-80A) North-central and western Oklahoma, southern Kansas and adjacent parts of the Texas Panhandle. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/oklahoma/OK151...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EDA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Lucknow series a loamy, kaolinitic, thermic Grossarenic Kandiudult. (Photo and comments courtesy of Stan Buol, NCSU.)
This profile was photographed in Johnston County, North Carolina. These soils are formed in the coarser textured sediments on the oldest geomorphic surfaces on the Atlantic coastal plain. The sandy textured surface horizons, seen here as Ap and E horizons are more than 1 meter thick and consist of quartz sand. The Bt (kandic) horizon contains between 12 and 35% clay. Such soils are draught prone but can be successfully cultivated with supplemental irrigation.
____________________________________
LUCKNOW SOIL SERIES
COMPETING SERIES:
Troup soils--have a seasonal high water (where present) at a depth of more than 6.0 feet below the soil surface and a redder subsoil
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING:
Landscape: Middle and upper coastal plain, river valley, or sandhills
Landform: Marine terrace, stream terrace, or low hill
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, side slope, riser, or tread
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit or shoulder
Parent Material: Fluviomarine sediments, alluvium, or eolian deposits
Slope: 0 to 25 percent
Elevation: 160 to 370 feet
Frost Free Period: 200 to 225 days
Mean Annual Air Temperature: 57 to 70 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation: 40 to 55 inches
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS:
Ailey soils--have thinner sandy surface layers and subsoil with fragic soil properties underlain by densic materials
Alaga soils--do not have an argillic horizon
Alpin soils--do not have an argillic horizon and contain lamellae
Candor soils--are moderately deep to a sandy argillic horizon and are bisequal
Cowarts soils--do not have thick sandy surface layers and are moderately deep to the base of the argillic
Dothan soils--do not have thick sandy surface layers and contain more than 5 percent plinthite
Fuquay soils--have thinner sandy surface layers and contain more than 5 percent plinthite
Lakeland soils--do not have an argillic horizon
Marvyn soils--do not have thick sandy surface layers and are deep to the base of the argillic
Troup soils--have a seasonal high water (where present) at a depth of more than 6.0 feet below the soil surface
Uchee soils--have thinner sandy surface layers and are deep to the base of the argillic
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY:
Depth Class: Very deep (greater than 80 inches)
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Somewhat excessively drained or well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Deep or very deep (40 to 72 inches to free water), common (present 3 to 6 months), thick (greater than 40 inches)
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None or very rare or rare for brief periods
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium
Permeability: Moderately rapid or rapid in the upper part and moderate or moderately slow in the lower part
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Pasture, hayland, and woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--pasture and hay. Where wooded--natural vegetation includes slash pine, longleaf pine, loblolly pine, red oak, blackjack oak, turkey oak, bluejack oak, and water oak in the overstory and chinkapin, bracken fern, highland fern, huckleberry, bluestem, and panicum in the understory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: South Carolina and possibly Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina
Extent: Small
For more information about this soil series, visit;
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LUCKNOW.html
For more information about describing soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...
For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:
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An aquic soil is saturated with water and virtually free of gaseous oxygen for sufficient periods of time, such that there is evidence of poor aeration (gleying and mottling), common in wetlands.
Boluo County is a county of east-central Guangdong province, People's Republic of China. It is under the administration of the prefecture-level city of Huizhou, and in 2009, had a population of 813,700 residing in an area of 2,795 km (1,079 sq mi). It borders Yuancheng District, Dongyuan and Zijin counties to the northeast, Huiyang and Huicheng Districts to the southeast, Dongguan to the south, Zengcheng to the west, and Longmen County to the northwest.
Rice is the leading crop. Since less than one-fifth of the land is under cultivation, agriculture is of necessity extremely intensive; but the limited extent of sown land available is partly offset by repeated use of it. Progress in irrigation and flood control has made water control possible for almost all of the cultivated area, producing good rice yields. Farming and irrigation have become increasingly mechanized, with more reliance placed on the use of chemical fertilizers.
Two crops of rice a year can be grown on most cultivated land, and in the Pearl River Delta three crops are not unusual. Thus, although average yields per harvest are below the national average, annual yields exceed the average. Although food-grain crops occupy almost all of the total cultivated area, the industrial and fruit crops grown on the remaining land are of national importance. Guangdong annually produces much of China’s total output of sugarcane. In tropical Guangdong a number of industrial crops are successfully raised, including rubber, sisal, palm oil, hemp, coffee, and black pepper. Other traditional agricultural products include sweet potatoes, peanuts (groundnuts), and tea. No less than 300 types of fruits are grown, among the more representative of which are citrus, litchi, pineapples, and bananas.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
A representative soil profile of the Talbott soil series. (Soil Survey of Cannon County, Tennessee; by By Jerry L. Prater, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Talbott series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in clayey residuum weathered from limestone. These soils have moderately slow permeability. The slope ranges from 0 to 70 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Hapludalfs
Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. Rock fragments in this soil are normally less than 5 percent, but range from 0 to 10 percent in all horizons. It ranges from slightly acid to strongly acid except the horizons near bedrock ranges to mildly alkaline.
USE AND VEGETATION: Originally hardwoods, chiefly oak, hickory, elm, maple, and redcedar. Most of the areas are cleared. About 70 percent of the cleared areas are in pasture and hay. Crops include corn, small grain, tobacco, and soybeans. Many areas are idle.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Appalachian Ridge and Valley, Highland Rim and Nashville Basin in Tennessee, northern Georgia, and Alabama, and possibly Kentucky. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/cann...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/T/TALBOTT.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Honeoye series; the State Soil of New York.
The Honeoye soil series is shown on some of the earliest soil maps made in New York. It was established as a soil series in 1910, in a soil survey of Ontario County. Honeoye is designated as a Benchmark soil in recognition of its significance to soil science and the soil resource. The Honeoye series occurs only in New York State, making it a uniquely New York soil. Honeoye was unofficially chosen as the New York State soil in the mid 1980’s by a group of local, state, and federal soil experts. The word Honeoye is believed to have come from the Seneca word “Ha-ne-a-yeh” or “where the finger lies”. The soil was named after the hamlet of Honeoye, NY, one of the places where these soils are found.
The Honeoye series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy till. They are nearly level to very steep soils on till plains, hills, ridges, and drumlins. Slope ranges from 0 to 65 percent. Mean annual temperature is 8 degrees C. (46 degrees F.), and mean annual precipitation is 995 millimeters (39 in).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Glossic Hapludalfs
Thickness of the solum ranges from 51 to 81 cm (20 to 32 in). Depth to bedrock is more than 152 cm (60 in). Depth to carbonates ranges from 41 to 81 cm (16 to 32 in). Rock fragments are mainly gravel, cobbles, and channers of limestone and shale with lesser amounts of sandstone and siltstone. Rock fragment content in the solum ranges from 5 to 30 percent and includes up to 10 percent greater than 3 in in diameter. Rock fragment content in the C horizon ranges from 10 to 60 percent and includes up to 20 percent greater than 3 in in diameter. Rock fragments greater than 10 in in diameter cover 0 to 20 percent of the surface. Some pedons have a Cd or densic substratum that ranges from 51 to 97 cm (20 to 38 in).
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used to raise vegetables, some fruit, wheat, corn, oats, hay, soybeans, and dry beans. Woodlots contain sugar maple, white ash, red and white oak, hickory, black cherry, hop hornbeam, and associated species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Dominantly western and central New York, but extending from extreme western New York to the Hudson Valley in New York. MLRA 101 and 140. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about this state soil, visit:
www.soils4teachers.org/files/s4t/k12outreach/ny-state-soi...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HONEOYE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Kaweka series from New Zealand. (Photo provided by NZ Soils.co.nz and Waikato Regional Council.) For more information about New Zealand soils, visit;
Kaweka soils from 0 - 18 cm; Dark brown humic sandy loam. In the New Zealand Soil Classification system these are Typic Impeded Allophanic Soils. For more information about the New Zealand Soil Classification system, visit;
soils.landcareresearch.co.nz/describing-soils/nzsc/
In U.S. Soil Taxonomy, these are Typic Hapludands. Hapludands are the Udands that do not have a melanic epipedon or a layer that meets the depth, thickness, and organic-carbon requirements for a melanic epipedon. They do not have a placic horizon with its upper boundary within 100 cm of the mineral soil surface or of the upper boundary of an organic layer that has andic soil properties, whichever is shallower. They can have a lithic contact but do not have any other cemented horizon in 75 percent or more of each pedon within these depths. They have, on undried samples, a 1500 kPa water retention of less than 100 percent, by weighted average, throughout the major part of the andic materials.
Commonly, Hapludands have a thin O horizon, an ochric or umbric epipedon, and a cambic horizon. Most of the Hapludands in the United States developed in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits. Most formed under coniferous forest vegetation.
Udands are the more or less well drained Andisols of moist regions. These soils are moderately extensive. They are mostly on the Pacific rim, mainly in the western part of North America and in Japan, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Most of the Udands in the United States are in Washington and Oregon, but some are in Hawaii. Most Udands formed under forest vegetation. Characteristically, Udands have an ochric or umbric epipedon and a cambic horizon. Some have a duripan. Most of the Udands in the United States developed in late-Pleistocene or Holocene deposits.
For additional information about U.S. Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Moretonhampstead series (Chromic Mollic Endoskeletic Umbrisols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Mapped areas of Moretonhampstead soils cover 550 km² and consists of well drained podzolic soils over acid igneous rocks. In South West England and the Lake District the parent material is a gritty, sometimes bouldery, granitic Head passing down into deeply weathered and weakly coherent granite. Hard rock is exposed in places as tors and buttresses and adjacent slopes are often strewn with granite blocks. In Wales the bedrock is more varied and, while acid igneous rocks such as rhyolite predominate, basic and intermediate rocks and intervening bands of sedimentary rock are also included. In north Wales rhyolite is the major parent rock and screes are common. Coarse loamy typical brown podzolic soils, Moretonhampstead series, usually occupy about two-thirds of the land, with similar but coarse silty soils. Humic brown podzolic soils of the Moor Gate series are important associates.
The soils are well drained (Wetness Class I) and in most circumstances they absorb winter rain with ease. On steep slopes there is some surface run-off. The soils are slightly droughty under grass in extreme south-west Dyfed and non-droughty for barley. Although harvested in June, early potatoes are commonly irrigated.
In the lowlands of south-west Dyfed arable and some horticultural crops are grown, whereas in the uplands grassland farming predominates. Where cultivation is not prohibited by slope or boulders, the soils are easily worked over a range of soil moisture contents and, although opportunities for landwork are few, the soils are commonly ploughed in winter as it allows maximum use of grass in autumn and limits weed growth during the mild winter weather. Specialized crops such as early potatoes and broccoli are grown in south-west Dyfed on ground relatively free from spring frosts. The commonest cereal crop is spring barley. Inland where rainfall is high, grassland and rough grazing of good and moderate value is widespread. On steep and rocky slopes where access is restricted bracken is common. The soils are well-suited for forestry in sheltered sites. Douglas fir and Japanese larch are favoured on the lower ground, while Sitka spruce succeeds well under higher rainfall. There is semi-natural oakwood in many steep-sided valleys providing rich wildlife habitats.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/series.cfm?serno=12...
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
Petrogypsic soils have a surface or subsurface soil horizon cemented by gypsum so strongly that dry fragments will not slake in water. The cementation restricts penetration by plant roots. This is a diagnostic horizon in Soil Classification.
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A Plinthaquic Kanhapludult on a stream terrace north of Uberlândia in Mines Gerais, Brazil.
These soils have, in one or more horizons within 75 cm of the mineral soil surface, redox depletions with chroma of 2 or less and also aquic conditions for some time in normal years (or artificial drainage). They have 5 to 50 percent (by volume) plinthite in one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. They are intergrades between Plinthaquults and Kanhapludults. They are not known to occur in the United States. The subgroup is defined for use in other parts of the world.
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A typical profile of a Waynesboro soil. Waynesboro soils are very deep and well drained and have a clay subsoil. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Waynesboro series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in old alluvium or unconsolidated material of sandstone, shale, and limestone origin. Slopes range from 2 to 30 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleudults
Thickness of solum and depth to bedrock are more than 60 inches. The soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid except the surface layer where limed. Each horizon contains 0 to 15 percent chert or quartzite pebbles and sandstone cobbles, except the surface layer ranges to 25 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: About three-fourths of the soil is cleared. Principal crops are small grains, hay, pasture, tobacco, cotton, and truck crops. Forests are of oaks, hickory, beech, elm, maple, yellow- poplar, and in places, loblolly, shortleaf, and Virginia pines.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Great Valley and Highland Rim in Tennessee, northern Alabama, northwest Georgia, Maryland and Kentucky. The series is of large extent.
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In Cecil soil the Bt horizon is 24 to 50 inches or more thick and extends to 40 inches or more.
In Pacolet soil the Bt horizon is 10 to less than 24 inches thick and extends to a depth of 18 to 30 inches.
A representative soil profile of the Birdsall series. (Photo provided by Peter Fletcher, USDA-NRCS; New England Soil Profiles)
The Birdsall series consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils formed in water laid deposits of silt and very fine sand on uplands and plains. They are nearly level soils on terraces and in drainageways. Slope ranges from 0 through 3 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately low through high. The mean annual temperature is about 49 degrees F. (9 degrees C.) and the mean annual precipitation is about 43 inches (1092 millimeters).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, active, nonacid, mesic Typic Humaquepts
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 14 through 54 inches (36 to 137 centimeters). Depth to varved material ranges from 14 through 30 inches (36 through 76 centimeters). The soil ranges from very strongly acid through moderately acid in the A horizon, and from strongly acid through neutral in the Bg and Cg horizons. Content of gravel ranges from 0 through 3 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly forested with some areas in unimproved brushy pasture. Red maple, elm, eastern hemlock, aspen, tamarack, some eastern white pine, alder, willow, sedges, cattails and rushes are the common vegetative types.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Massachusetts, New York, Vermont, and Pennsylvania. MLRA's 101, 140, 142, 144A, and 145. The series is of moderate extent.
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A representative soil profile of the Falaya series. (Kentucky Soil Atlas; by Anastasios D. Karathanasis, University of Kentucky; photo by J. McIntosh)
The Falaya series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in silty alluvium from loess. These level to nearly level soils are wide flood plains in the Southern Mississippi Valley Silty Uplands, MLRA 134. They are subject to flooding and are saturated with water at 1 to 2 feet during periods of high rainfall. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, active, acid, thermic Aeric Fluvaquents
The depth to the upper boundary of the A or E horizons of any buried soil, if present, typically is between 20 and 45 inches and ranges from 20 to 60 or more inches. Depth to the upper boundary of argillic or fragipan horizons of a buried soil, if present, ranges from 40 to more than 80 inches. Total sand content in the control section is less than 10 percent. The soil is strongly acid or very strongly acid except the surface layer where limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the soil is used for growing corn, cotton, soybeans, and small grains. Some is used for growing pasture and hay. The native vegetation is mixed hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: In the loess belts bordering the Mississippi River in Arkansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee, and in Alabama. The series is of large extent, over 1 million acres.
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This photo accompanies Figure 8.—Indicator A1, Histosol or Histel. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
A sample of muck from an Oa horizon of a Belhaven soil.
Soil materials fall into three categories based upon the organic carbon content: organic soil, mucky mineral soil, and mineral soil. In lieu of laboratory data, the following field estimation method can be used to categorize soil material that is wet or nearly saturated with water. This method may be inconclusive with loamy or clayey mineral soils. Gently rub the wet soil material between forefinger and thumb. If upon the first or second rub the material feels gritty, it is mineral soil material. If after the second rub the material feels greasy, it is either mucky mineral or organic soil material. Gently rub the material two or three more times. If after these additional rubs it feels gritty or plastic, it is mucky mineral soil material; if it still feels greasy, it is organic soil material.
If the material is organic soil material, a further division should be made. Organic soil materials are classified as muck, mucky peat, or peat. Differentiating criteria are based on the percentage of visible fibers observable with a hand lens in an undisturbed state and after rubbing between thumb and fingers 10 times. Muck, mucky peat, and peat correspond to the textures sapric, hemic, and fibric. If there is a conflict between unrubbed and rubbed fiber content, rubbed content is used. Live roots are not considered.
In a Histosol, typically 40 cm (16 inches) or more of the upper 80 cm (32 inches) is organic soil material (fig. 7). Organic soil materials have organic carbon contents (by weight) of 12 to 18 percent or more, depending on the clay content of the soil. These materials include muck (sapric soil material), mucky peat (hemic soil material), and peat (fibric soil material). See Keys to Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff) for a complete definition.
A soil profile of a well drained Paleustalf in the southwestern United States. The upper 30 inches is light brown fine sand derived from windblown material. An argillic horizon of red and yellowish red sandy clay loam begins at a depth of about 30 inches and extends
beyond the base of the photo. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
These are the reddish or red Ustalfs that are on old surfaces. Many of them have some plinthite (iron-rich concentration that irreversibly hardens after exposure to repeated wet-dry cycles) in their lower horizons. Paleustalfs occur in relatively stable landscape positions, their slopes are mostly gentle, and their genesis began before the late Pleistocene. In the United States, they typically have a horizon with accumulations of calcium carbonate in or below the argillic horizon as a result of additions of atmospheric carbonates. Secondary lime commonly coats the surfaces of peds that have noncalcareous interiors, and the soils may be noncalcareous at a depth of less than 200 cm. A few of these soils, near the boundary where they join Aridisols, have received enough calcareous dust to have a petrocalcic (cemented by calcium carbonate) horizon.
A few others, near the boundary where they join Udults or Udalfs, do not have accumulated carbonates. Before cultivation, the vegetation on the Paleustalfs in the United States included a mixture of grasses and woody plants. These soils are moderately extensive in the southern part of the Great Plains in the United States, and they probably are extensive in Africa and southern Asia.
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A soil profile of a Haplustox.in a semiarid area of Thailand. This soil has an ochric epipedon about 10 cm thick underlain by a red oxic horizon. (Soil Survey Staff. 2015. Illustrated guide to Soil Taxonomy. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, National Soil Survey Center, Lincoln, Nebraska)
Haplustox have little difference in clay content between the surface and subsoil horizons. They have, in all subhorizons of an oxic horizon within a depth of 150 cm, an apparent ECEC of 1.50 or more cmol(+) per kg clay or a pH value (1N KCl) of less than 5.0. They have base saturation (by NH4OAc) of less than 35% in some horizon within a depth of 125 cm. The subsoil has granular structure, and the epipedons may be either dark- or lightcolored. Haplustox are dark red to yellow and have all intervening colors in the subsoil. They occur in vast areas of central South America and Africa. Supplemental irrigation is needed for continuous cropping.
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A Purpli-Orthic Primosol and landscape. These soils are a type of Primosols derived from weathered purple sedimentary rocks. They distribute widely, from Hainan in the south to Qinling Mountains in the north, and from Hengduan Mountain Range in the west to seashore in the east. Besides, they distribute in a variety of landscapes, in basins with low altitude in the southeast, and plateau and mountain in the southeast as well. However, they distribute the most widely in southern subtropical low mountain and hilly areas. Parent rocks include mudstone (shale) and sandstone, and the soil formation is closely related with the feature of parent rocks. Natural vegetation is scarce already. And secondary vegetation varies with soil properties. Owing to severe soil and water loss, soil solum is thin and includes mostly semi- weathered gravels. (Photos and notes courtesy of China Soils Museum, Guangdong Institute of World Soil Resources; with revision.)
In Chinese Soil Taxonomy, Primosols are recent soils with no diagnostic horizons or only an ochric epipedon. In Soil Taxonomy these soils are mostly Entisols or some Gelisols.
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