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The Wake series consists of excessively drained, shallow, sandy soils on uplands of the Southern Piedmont. They formed in residuum weathered from igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks such as granite and gneiss. Slope ranges from 2 to 45 percent. Near the type location, the mean annual rainfall is about 48 inches, and the mean annual temperature is about 61 degrees F.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mixed, thermic Lithic Udipsamments
For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/
For a detailed description of the soil, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WAKE.html
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Ar Ramiah soil series (NE024) UAE
The Ar Ramlah series formed in sandy, or sandy and loamy, marine deposits. It is shallow or moderately deep to a water table, which occurs within 100 cm.
Taxonomic classification: Gypsic Aquisalids, sandy, carbonatic, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizons described in this profile are: Gypsic horizon, 0 to 20 cm; Salic horizon 0 to 110 cm.
The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.6 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) ranges from 15.0 to 62.0 dS/m throughout. Depth to the water table ranges from 15 to 90 cm. Fragments of seashells range from 0 to 30% throughout.
The A horizon ranges from 5 to 25 cm thick. It has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 6 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 3. It is coarse gypsum material, fine gypsum material; or gypsiferous fine sand, loamy fine sand, or loamy sand, including channery texture modifiers. Gypsum content is generally in the form of fine to coarse crystals and ranges from 15 to 50%. The A horizon may be very weakly cemented or weakly cemented by gypsum; However, roots appear to be able to penetrate at less than 10 cm spacing. Some pedons are not cemented.
The B horizon has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 to 8, and chroma of 1 to 3. Redoximorphic features in the form of masses of oxidized iron are in the upper part of most pedons. It is fine sand or loamy fine sand; including channery texture modifiers. Individual layers of fine sandy loam or sandy loam are also included, but they make up less than half of the particle-size control section. Some pedons have silty clay loam or clay loam below 100 cm. Gypsum content is generally less than 5% below depths of about 50 cm.
A representative soil profile of a Torriorthent in the Ras Al Khaimah Emirate, United Arab Emirates.
These very deep, sandy-skeletal soils are along a dry second level floodplain in Wadi Bih. They formed in sandy alluvial deposits with a large content of gravel, cobbles, and stones.
Torriorthents are fixed on the driest Torriorthents. Typic Torriorthents are extensive soils in the intermountain States of the United States. Most of them have moderate or strong slopes and are used only for grazing. Others that have gentle slopes are irrigated. The gently sloping soils are mostly on fans or piedmont slopes where the sediments are recent and have little organic carbon.
The particle-size control section has 35% or more rock fragments, including 15% or more cobbles and stones. The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.6 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) is generally less than 1.0 dS/m in all horizons. Rock fragments ranging from gravel to stones and boulders cover the surface. A dark desert varnish is common on the exposed surfaces of the rock fragments.
The A horizon is 5 to 20 cm thick. It is 7.5YR or 10YR, value 3 to 6, and chroma 2 to 6. It is loamy sand, sand, or coarse sand, including very gravelly, extremely gravelly, very cobbly or extremely cobbly texture modifiers.
The C horizon has hue of 7.5YR, or 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 2 to 6. It is loamy sand, sand, or coarse sand, including very gravelly, extremely gravelly, very cobbly or extremely cobbly texture modifiers. Pockets or lenses of sandy loam up to 5 cm thick are in some pedons. The vertical and under-sides of rock fragments, in some places, are coated with calcium carbonate. The C horizon may be extremely weakly to moderately cemented with carbonates. However, roots appear to be able to penetrate with a spacing of less than 10 cm. Some pedons do not have cementation.
Wādī Al-Biḥ, is a river/wadi that crosses the North-Western Hajar Mountains from the United Arab Emirates, and traversing Oman before returning to the UAE. From the West to the East, it originates in Ras Al Khaimah on the Gulf, before crossing the Omani exclave at the tip of the Musandam Peninsula, past the village of Zighi and into Fujairah at Dibba Al-Hisn, on the Gulf of Oman. The wadi is a popular location for birdwatchers.
For more information about soil classification using the UAE Keys to Soil Taxonomy, visit:
agrifs.ir/sites/default/files/United%20Arab%20Emirates%20...
The dense, red layer underlying the plinthic zone (Btv) is referred to by local soil scientists as the "brick" due to its brick-like characteristics (area below wavy boundary).
This zone is particularity perplexing. Determining the correct horizon nomenclature requires numerous considerations. B horizons must have evidence of pedogenesis. This would commonly include soil structure, development of plinthite, and/or translocation of clay in the form of clay films or clay bridging or formation of other diagnostic features. Soil structure in this layer (if observable) is very weak and very to extremely coarse. Weak coarse subangular blocky aggregates can rarely be identified and lack clearly formed ped faces. Plinthite may be present, but is typically less than 5 percent (by volume).
Ironstone, if present, is most commonly in an elongated cylindrical pattern encompassing old root channels/animal borrowings, rarely as ironstone concretions. Clay films in the traditional form are very rare or absent; however, thick continuous clay flows or coatings greater than 1mm thick are common in old, abandoned root channels or along randomly spaced internal vertical cracks or as thin elongated fragments.
Clay bridging of sand grains is common, but weakly expressed. If pedogenesis has been concluded, the layer may also have fragic soil properties.
Fragic soil properties (FSPs) are principally based on slaking characteristics (non-cemented material) as well as field criteria including evidence of pedogenesis, a rupture resistance class that is firm or firmer, brittle manner of failure, and the ability to restrict the entry of roots. Note: Although thought to characteristically have prismatic structure, a fragipan horizon may be dominantly massive. The properties required for FSPs are common and observable in this layer.
With the striking visual difference between the overlying Btv horizon and the brick layer, is there a lithologic discontinuity? "Not everyone agrees on the degree of change required for a lithologic discontinuity. "No attempt is made to quantify lithologic discontinuities" (KST). Abrupt changes in color that are not the result of pedogenic processes can be used as indicators of a discontinuity.
Although the transition between the plinthic horizon (Btv) and the brick layer (2BCtx) is most commonly abrupt and very striking, it has been observed to be more gradual is other pedons: www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/51325628437/in/album-72157...
This is thought to be the result of the intensity of the flow patterns at the time of deposition or subsequent erosion on the base layer prior to secondary deposition. The brick layer is considered to be of a much greater age than the overlying materials in which the contemporary pedon formed. If the abrupt transition is absent, the materials may be of a single origin to the depth observed.
If the exposure is naturally eroding, the brick layer almost always forms a ledge at the contact with the overlying plinthic horizon:
www.flickr.com/photos/jakelley/50552266921/in/album-72157...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;
www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...
or;
www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
Black land soil in Germany; Photo submitted by Altermann, Merbach, I., Körschens, Rinklebe, UFZ Leipzig-Halle.
www.dbges.de/en/Boden-des-Jahres-2005-Die-Schwarzerde
Chernozem is a black-colored soil containing a high percentage of humus and carbonates. Chernozem is very fertile and can produce high agricultural yields with its high moisture storage capacity. Chernozems are also a Reference Soil Group of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB).
For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:
www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf
The name comes from the Russian terms for black and soil, earth or land (chorny + zemlya). The soil, rich in organic matter presenting a black color, was first identified by Russian geologist Vasily Dokuchaev in 1883 in the tallgrass steppe or prairie of European Russia.
In the USDA soil classification system Chernozem soils are most similar to Mollisols. The central concept of Mollisols is that of soils that have a dark colored surface horizon and are base rich. Nearly all have a mollic epipedon. Many also have an argillic or natric horizon or a calcic horizon. A few have an albic horizon. Some also have a duripan or a petrocalic horizon.
For additional information about USDA soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
A representative soil profile of the Hooksan series. (Photo provided by Pete Fletcher, USDA-NRCS; New England Soil Profiles)
Depth Class: Very deep
Drainage Class: Excessively drained
Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Very high
Permeability (Obsolete): Very rapid
Surface Runoff: Very slow
Parent Material: Eolian sands derived from sandy marine deposits
Slope: 0 to 35 percent
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 13 degrees Celsius (56 degrees F).
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 111.7 centimeters (44 inches)
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Mesic, uncoated Typic Quartzipsamments
Thickness of the Underlying Material: Greater than 182 centimeters (72 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 150 centimeters (60 inches)
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 182 centimeters (72 inches)
Rock Fragments: 0 to 5 percent, by volume throughout the profile, mostly shells. Some pedons may contain individual layers lees 30 centimeters (1 foot) thick with up to 10 percent fragments.
Soil Reaction: Strongly acid to slightly alkaline A or AC horizon and moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the C horizon
USE AND VEGETATION:
Use: Most of these soils are used for ecological services (e.g., mitigation of coastal erosion and flooding), recreation, urban development, beach cottages, and wildlife
Native vegetation consists of beach grasses, poison ivy, beach plum, American holly, red cedar, black cherry, smooth sumac, green briar, and prickly pear cactus.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Mainly bordering the North Atlantic Coast in Connecticut, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Maine.
Extent: Moderate
For additional information about New England soils, visit:
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HOOKSAN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Argixerolls. (Soil Survey of Pinnacles National Monument, California; by Ken Oster, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: View from North Chalone Peak, extending from Hawkins Peak down to Bear Creek. Shown are the pinnacles of rhyolitic breccia, Argixerolls gravelly sandy loam under the darker patches of chamise chaparral, and Burgundy extremely gravelly sandy loam under the paler patches of grasses and forbs.
Argixerolls consists of soils that are shallow or moderately deep to hard bedrock and are well drained. These soils formed in residuum derived from rhyolite. They are on hills. Slopes range from 20 to 70 percent. The mean annual precipitation
is about 17 inches (432 millimeters), and the mean annual air temperature is about 61 degrees F (16 degrees C).
Argixerolls are the Xerolls that have a relatively thin argillic horizon or one in which the percentage of clay decreases rapidly with increasing depth. Generally, the mollic epipedon is very dark brown and the argillic horizon is dark brown. Argixerolls formed mostly in mid-Pleistocene or earlier deposits or on surfaces of Tertiary age.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA7...
As Sirer soil series (NE006) UAE
The As Sirer series is a very deep soil formed in stratified sandy and loamy alluvial deposits with a thin eolian mantle.
Taxonomic classification: Typic Torriorthents, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizon described in this profile is: None.
This soil is classified as having a sandy particle-size class, rather than sandy over loamy because the horizon with an overall loamy texture (Ck3 in this typical profile) is stratified with both sandy and loamy textures. Also, the horizon boundary transition is often a bit more than the taxonomic minimum of 12.5 cm thick, and the thickness of the horizon varies in the profile from about 5 cm to 15 cm
Typic Torriorthents are fixed on the driest Torriorthents. Typic Torriorthents are extensive soils in the intermountain States of the United States. Most of them have moderate or strong slopes and are used only for grazing. Others that have gentle slopes are irrigated. The gently sloping soils are mostly on fans or piedmont slopes where the sediments are recent and have little organic carbon.
Some part of the particle-size control section has texture of loamy very fine sand or finer. The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.6 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) is generally less than 1.0 dS/m in all horizons, but may be higher in some areas that have been irrigated. Most pedons have little or no gravel lag on the surface, but there may be as much as 20% cover of gravel in some places.
The A horizon is generally about 20 cm thick, but ranges from 10 to 25 cm. Hue is 7.5YR or 10YR, value is 4 to 6, and chroma is 3 to 6. Texture is loamy fine sand, very fine sand, or fine sandy loam. As much as 5% fine or medium gravel may be present. A thin layer of loam or silt loam overwash may be present on the surface of some pedons in wadis as a result of brief ponding and sedimentation after heavy rains.
The C horizon has hue of 5YR, 7.5YR, 10YR, or 2.5Y, value of 3 to 7, and chroma of 3 to 6. It is stratified fine sandy loam, loamy very fine sand, loamy fine sand, fine sand, sand, or coarse sand, including gravelly texture modifiers above 100 cm, and gravelly, very gravelly or extremely gravelly texture modifiers below 100 cm. Fine to medium gravel ranges from 0 to 25% in individual horizons above 100 cm and from 0 to 60% below 100 cm.
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of an Plinthudult from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
In this pedon, the subsoil is dominated by iron cementation, either in the form of plinthite or ironstone nodules. Plinthic material is moderately or less cemented, and ironstone is strongly or more cemented.
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (eucalyptus plantation) associated with Plinthudults occurring on the backslope of an interfluve in Brazil.
In USDA Soil Taxonomy, Plinthudults have one or more horizons within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface in which plinthite either forms a continuous phase or constitutes one-half or more of the volume. They are the more or less freely drained Udults that have a large amount of plinthite in the argillic or kandic horizon. They are mainly in intertropical regions and in some areas are extensive. They are not known to occur in the United States. The great group is provided for use in other parts of the world.
Plinthudult (Plinthossolos) and landscape BRAZIL--In the Brazil soil classification system, these soils are characterized by the presence of plinthite (kaolinite and iron oxides). They are high in iron and low in organic carbon, with possible sites of extractable aluminum. Classified by either color of soil matrix or consistency. They have low natural fertility, found mainly in the Amazon, usually on the lower back half of back slopes.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Sengtown gravelly silt loam. Gravelly clay textures are below a depth of about 45 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Hickman County, Tennessee; by Douglas F. Clendenon, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: A valley area that includes Etowah, Waynesboro, and Sengtown soils. These soils are well suited to cropland, pasture, and hay. (Soil Survey of Overton County, Tennessee; by Carlie McCowan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Sengtown series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. They formed in residuum weathered from cherty limestone. Slopes are 2 to 60 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, semiactive, thermic Typic Paleudalfs
Solum thickness and depth to limestone bedrock are greater than 60 inches. Reaction is very strongly acid to moderately acid except where limed. Average content of coarse fragments ranges between l5 and 35 percent in the solum. Transition horizons have colors and texture similar to adjacent horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Cleared areas are used for pasture, hay, small grain, tobacco, and corn. The remaining areas are in oak-hickory forest.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Highland Rim of Tennessee. The area is of large extent. Sengtown soils were formerly mapped in the Fullerton and Baxter series.
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN08...
and...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/tennessee/TN13...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SENGTOWN.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
UAE (NE002)
The Fujairah series is a very deep soil formed in alluvial deposits that are nearly all gravel, cobble, and stones, with less than 10% sand or finer-size particles.
Taxonomic classification: Typic Torriorthents, fragmental, mixed, hyperthermic
Typic Torriorthents are fixed on the driest Torriorthents. Typic Torriorthents are extensive soils in the intermountain States of the United States. Most of them have moderate or strong slopes and are used only for grazing. Others that have gentle slopes are irrigated. The gently sloping soils are mostly on fans or piedmont slopes where the sediments are recent and have little organic carbon.
The pH (1:1) ranges from 7.0 to 8.0 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) is generally less than 1.0 dS/m in all horizons. Rock fragments ranging from gravel to stones and boulders cover the surface. A dark desert varnish is common on the exposed surfaces of the rock fragments. Due to the extremely coarse texture of this soil, the horizons described are thought to be more reflective of varying depositional episodes rather than pedogenic development.
The C horizons have hue of 7.5YR, or 10YR, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. They are composed of 90% or more gravel, cobbles, and stones of varying proportions. The vertical and under-sides of rock fragments are coated with calcium carbonate in most places. The fine-earth fraction makes up less than 10% of the soil volume and ranges from coarse sand to sandy loam. Some pedons have no cementation.
Aridisols (or desert soils) are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Aridisols (from the Latin aridus, for "dry", and solum) form in an arid or semi-arid climate. Aridisols dominate the deserts and xeric shrublands, which occupy about one third of the Earth's land surface. Aridisols have a very low concentration of organic matter, reflecting the paucity of vegetative production on these dry soils. Water deficiency is the major defining characteristic of Aridisols.
Also required is sufficient age to exhibit subsoil weathering and development. Limited leaching in aridisols often results in one or more subsurface soil horizons in which suspended or dissolved minerals have been deposited: silicate clays, sodium, calcium carbonate, gypsum or soluble salts. These subsoil horizons can also be cemented by carbonates, gypsum or silica. Accumulation of salts on the surface can result in salinization.
For additional information about U.S Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/survey/cla...
This photo accompanies Figure 2.—Observe and Document the Soil. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
The soil profile above consists of an 8 cm (3.14 inches) layer of peat and/or mucky peat underlain by a 1 cm (0.4 inches) layer of muck. The remaining soil layers are sandy soil material. In LRRs R, W, X, and Y, observations would begin below the peat, mucky peat, and muck layers (9 cm). In LRRs, F, G, H, and M, observations would start at the actual soil surface. In all remaining LRRs, observations would begin at the muck surface (8 cm).
This soil is in the Duckston soil series. The Duckston series (Typic Psammaquents) consists of poorly drained sands near the Lower and Mid-Atlantic coast. They have very slow runoff and very rapid permeability above the water table. The water table fluctuates in relation to the tides and the surface is flooded following heavy rains or high storm tides. At the time of observation, the water table was at a depth of 43 cm.
Duckston soils are mainly in shallow depressions between coastal dunes and on nearly level flats between the dunes and marshes generally at elevations less than 5 feet above mean tide level. Slopes are typically less than 2 percent and surfaces are plane to concave. The soil formed in sandy sediments reworked by waves and wind. Average annual precipitation near the type location is about 48 inches and mean annual temperature about 62 degrees F. The soils are periodically flooded with salt water; salinity is variable according to length of time since last flooding.
Vegetation is a coastal shrub plant community. Locally, a maritime forest exists on a minor acreage of the soil. Duckston soils are of moderate extent along the Lower and Mid-Atlantic coast in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia.
As Sihebi soil series (NE020) UAE
The As Sihebi series is a very deep soil formed in loamy alluvial deposits with a thin eolian mantle.
Taxonomic classification: Typic Haplocambids, sandy over loamy, carbonatic, hyperthermic
Diagnostic subsurface horizon described in this profile is: Cambic horizon 15 to 180 cm.
The pH (1:1) ranges from 6.8 to 8.2 throughout the profile. The EC (1:1) ranges from 0.1 to 3.0. Gravel is less than 5% in this soil.
The A horizon ranges from about 10 to 30 cm thick. It has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 3 or 4. Texture is fine sand, or very fine sand..
The B horizon has hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value 5 to 7, and chroma is 3 or 4. Texture is dominantly very fine sandy loam, or loam, but thin layers of very fine sand or fine sand are in the upper part. In some pedons the B horizon extends to 200 cm or more.
The C horizon has hue of 10YR, value 5 or 6, and chroma 3 or 4. It is fine sand, very fine sand, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. Some pedons do not have a C horizon within 200 cm.
A petrogypsic horizon is a surface or subsurface soil horizon cemented by gypsum so strongly that dry fragments will not slake in water. The cementation restricts penetration by plant roots. This is a diagnostic horizon in soil taxonomy.
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
These soils have 5 to 50 percent (by volume) plinthite in some horizon within 150 cm of the mineral soil surface. They are of small extent in the Southern United States. These soils are used as forest or have been cleared and are used as cropland or pasture.
Left: A soil profile of a "Plinthic Paleaquult" (Guangdong Province of China).
Center: Typical landscape associated with the soil profile (low-lying foreground).
Right: Redoximorphic feature in the lower subsoil (plinthite nodules) starting at about 110 cm and exceeding 5 percent at 130 cm
For more information about describing, sampling, classifying, and/or mapping soils, please refer to the following references: "Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils", "Keys to Soil Taxonomy", and the "Soil Survey Manual".
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Typic Torriorthents, sandy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD151) are deep to very deep, sandy soils having ≥35% rock fragments or gravels on the surface and in the profile. These soils typically occupy older land surfaces. They occur throughout the Emirate but particularly in the north and east where they have been influenced by outwash deposits from the Oman Mountains. They are typically excessively drained or somewhat excessively drained and have rapid to very rapid permeability.
These soils occur on older eroded sediment surfaces usually in the level to gently undulating piedmont plain or gently undulating deflation plain.
These soils remain as a barren land or in some places have been leveled for agroforestry or sometimes used for low intensity grazing by camel, sheep or goats. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover of Haloxylon salicornicum, Tribulus arabicus and Zygophyllum qatarense.
These soils are common but not widespread being confined to the piedmont plain in the northeastern part of Abu Dhabi Emirate near Al Ain where they have been identified as a component of several map units.
Plate 49: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Torriorthents, sandy-skeletal, mixed, hyperthermic (Soil AD151).
A representative profile of Clarendon soil series.
Depth Class: very deep
Drainage Class (Agricultural): moderately well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: moderately deep, common
Index Surface Runoff: low to medium
Permeability: moderately slow
Landscape: middle to upper coastal plain
Landform: uplands
Geomorphic Component: interfluves
Hillslope Profile Position: summit, shoulder
Parent Material: marine sediments
Slope: 0 to 6 percent
Elevation (type location):
Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 65 degrees F.
Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 45 inches
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Plinthaquic Paleudults
Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 18 to 30 inches, December to March
Rock Fragment content: ironstone, 0 to 10 percent in the A and E horizons and in the upper part of the Bt horizon, and 0 to than 2 percent in the lower part of the Bt horizon, by volume
Soil Reaction: is very strongly acid to slightly acid in the A horizon and extremely acid to strongly acid throughout the rest of the profile, except where limed
Thickness of solum: 60 to 80 or more inches
Depth to horizons with 5 percent or more plinthite: 20 to 58 inches
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: cropland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--growing tobacco, cotton, corn, soybeans, small grain, and pasture grasses. Where wooded--pine with scattered hardwoods.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina
Extent: large
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Raleigh, North Carolina
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Clarendon County, South Carolina; 1972.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CLARENDON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Depth Class: Moderately deep to soft bedrock and deep or very deep to hard bedrock
Drainage Class (Agricultural): Well drained
Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very deep
Flooding Frequency and Duration: None
Ponding Frequency and Duration: None
Index Surface Runoff: Low to high
Permeability: Moderate
Shrink-Swell Potential: Low
Landscape: Piedmont upland
Landform: Hill, ridge
Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, sideslope
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, back slope
Parent Material: Residuum weathered from mafic rock
Slope: 2 to 50 percent
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Ultic Hapludalfs
Depth to top of Argillic horizon: 4 to 15 inches
Depth to base of Argillic horizon: 20 to 40 inches
Depth to Bedrock: 20 to 40 inches to soft bedrock and 40 to 60 inches or more to hard bedrock
Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: Greater than 60 inches
Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 5 percent, by volume quartz gravel throughout and 3 to 35 percent partially weathered gneiss or schist fragments in the lower B horizon and the C horizon
Soil Reaction: Moderately acid to very strongly acid throughout, unless limed
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland
Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, hay, and pasture. Where wooded--Upland oaks, and hickory.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina
Extent: Small
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SPRIGGS.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
This photo accompanies Figure 10.—Indicator A4, Hydrogen Sulfide. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
Left: Sample of the Ag horizon. This layer had a strong "rotten egg" order, that was readily noticed as soon as the sample was exposed.
Right: Typical tidal marsh landscape associated with these soils.
As with this Bohicket soil, marsh soils may give off a sulfurous odor. This odor is not a reliable indicator of the presence of significant amounts of oxidizable sulfides; however, odor can be a reliable indicator that sulfides are present. The sulfurous odor (“rotten egg smell”), if detected, should be noted in the soil description. Qualitative class terms for odor intensity are:
Slight.—Odor is faint, only detected close to nose.
Moderate.—Odor is readily noticeable, even at arm’s length from the nose.
Strong.—Odor is intense and readily noticed as soon as sample is exposed to the air.
A hydric soil is a soil that formed under conditions of saturation, flooding or ponding long enough during the growing season to develop anaerobic conditions in the upper part. A Gley is a wetland soil ( hydric soil ) that, unless drained, is saturated with groundwater for long enough periods to develop a characteristic gleyic color pattern. This pattern is essentially made up of reddish, brownish, or yellowish colors at surfaces of soil particles and/or in the upper soil horizons mixed with greyish/blueish colors inside the peds and/or deeper in the soil.
In the humid environments, earthy materials may extend to a depth of many meters with no obvious changes below the upper 1 or 2 m, except for an occasional stone line. In many wet soils, gleyed soil material may begin a few centimeters below the surface and, in some areas, continue down for several meters apparently unchanged with increasing depth.
Aquisalids are the salty soils in wet areas in the deserts where capillary rise and evaporation of water concentrate the salts near the surface. Some of these soils have redoximorphic depletions and concentrations. In other soils redoximorphic features may not be evident because of a high pH and the associated low redox potential, which inhibit iron and manganese reduction. These soils occur dominantly in depressional areas where ground water saturates the soils at least part of the year. The vegetation on these soils generally is sparse, consisting of salt-tolerant shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Although these soils may hold water at a tension less than 1500 kPa, the dissolved salt content makes the soils physiologically dry.
Anhydritic Aquisalids have an anhydric horizon within 100 cm of the soil surface. The anhydritic horizon is a horizon in which anhydrite has accumulated through neoformation or transformation to a significant exent. It typically occurs as a subsurface horizon. It commonly occurs in conjunction with a salic horizon.
Anhydrite is a mineral—anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4. Distinctly developed crystals are somewhat rare, the mineral usually presenting the form of cleavage masses. The hardness is 3.5 and the specific gravity 2.9. The color is white, sometimes greyish, bluish, or purple. When exposed to water, anhydrite readily transforms to the more commonly occurring gypsum, (CaSO4·2H2O) by the absorption of water. This transformation is reversible, with gypsum or calcium sulfate hemihydrate forming anhydrite by heating to ~200°C under normal atmospheric conditions. Anhydrite is commonly associated with calcite and halite.
Identification of anhydrite is important when determining soil strength. Soils high in anhydrite exhibit fluidity and lack soil strength and load bearing capacity. Moisture content strongly influences soil’s consistence and a water table is commonly within the soil profile. The manner in which specimens of soil fail under increasing force ranges widely and usually is highly dependent on water state. To test for fluidity, a handful of soil material is squeezed in the hand. For moderately fluid materials after exerting full pressure, most flows through the fingers; a small residue remains in the palm of the hand.
For example, if some of the soil flows between the fingers with difficulty, the n value is between 0.7 and less than 1.0 (slightly fluid manner of failure class); if the soil flows easily between the fingers, the n value is 1 or more (moderately fluid or very fluid manner of failure class) depending on what remains in the palm of the hand.
Refer to:
A soil profile of Blanton sand. (Soil Survey of Screven County, Georgia; by Gary C. Hankins, Jr., Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Blanton series consists of very deep, somewhat excessively drained to moderately well drained, moderately to slowly permeable soils on uplands and stream terraces in the Coastal Plain. They formed in sandy and loamy marine or eolian deposits. Near the type location, the mean annual temperature is about 67 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 55 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 45 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Grossarenic Paleudults
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Content of gravel-sized fragments, dominantly quartz and ironstone pebbles, is less than 10 percent, by volume, in all horizons except the A and E horizons which may have as much as 35 percent, by volume. Reaction ranges from very strongly acid to moderately acid throughout except where the surface has been limed. Depth to the Bt horizon is commonly 50 to 70 inches but ranges from 40 to 80 inches. Redoximorphic features that indicate wetness occur at depths of between 30 and 72 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Many areas are cleared and used for cropland, truck crops, improved pasture, and hayland. Natural vegetation consists of slash and longleaf pine, red, bluejack, and live oak with an understory of chinkapin, highland fern, huckleberry, and pineland threeawn, bluestem, panicum, and tickclover.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. The series is of large extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/screve...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BLANTON.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
For more information about this soil, visit,
nesoil.com/images/limerick.htm
The Limerick series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils on flood plains. They formed in loamy alluvium. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Slope ranges from 0 through 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 44 inches (1118 millimeters) and mean annual temperature is about 45 degrees F. (7 degrees C).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts
Thickness of the solum ranges from 17 through more than 60 inches (43 through 152 centimeters). Depth to bedrock is more than 60 inches (152 centimeters). Reaction ranges from strongly acid through neutral. The weighted average of fine and coarser sands, in the particle-size control section, is less than 15 percent.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for long term hay and pasture. A few areas have been drained, and cultivated crops are grown. Common trees in wooded areas are red maple and eastern white pine. Additional woody species are alders, willows, black ash, green ash, swamp birch, river birch, silky willow, and pussy willow. Common herbaceous species include cinnamon fern, nettle, and skunk cabbage.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont; MLRAs 142, 144A, and 145. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LIMERICK.html
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A calcium carbonate nodule from a calcic horizon in a Haplocalcid in the UAE. A volume of 5 percent or more nodules may be used to support a calcic horizon.
The calcic horizon (from L. calx , lime) is a horizon in which secondary calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) has accumulated either in a diffuse form (calcium carbonate present only in the form of fine particles of 1 mm or less, dispersed in the matrix) or as discontinuous concentrations (pseudomycelia, cutans, soft and hard nodules, or veins).
For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:
vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
DESCRIPTION (Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils; Version 3.0, p.2-10):
"Few to common, coarse, prominent, black iron-manganese nodules, moist, dendritic, in the matrix, weakly cemented, sharp"
This concentration formed in a very poorly drained sandy substratum below organic layers. It was weakly cemented by aluminum-humus complexes and other amorphous materials, including iron and manganese. They formed along old abandoned root channels where water ladened with these materials accumulated.
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
A representative soil profile in a map unit of brown, yellow and red sands >80 centimeters (cm) deep. These are deep loose sandy, moderately acid soils. Sands have medium to coarse textures. These soils are from the colored deep sands of the West Midlands of Australia. (Base photo provided by Department of Primary Industries and Regional Development, Agriculture and Food, Government of Western Australia.)
Topsoil
Brown, red or yellow medium to coarse textured sands.
Loose sands with acidic pH trend.
Subsoil
Ironstone gravel may be present
Subsoils sands often acid to neutral pH
Limestone or ferricrete may be present >80cm
For more information about these soils including common management constraints, visit:
www.agric.wa.gov.au/mycrop/mysoil-coloured-deep-sands-wes...
For more information about the soils of Western Australia, visit;
www.agric.wa.gov.au/climate-land-water/soils
In the Australian soil classification system, the soils in this unit are dominantly Orthic Tenosols, including: Aeric Podosols, Red-Orthic Tenosols, or Yellow-Orthic Tenosols.
Tenosols have only weak soil profile development and are often shallow. In the Australian Soil Classification they are defined as having limited subsoil (B horizon) development (less than 15% clay content). However, Tenosols have more development than the most rudimentary soils i.e. Rudosols as they include bleached layers and colour changes
Orthic Tenosols occur on the younger parts of the landscape in lower rainfall areas. They are formed on the steep hills in the north and in the rain shadow area around Omeo. They are more prevalent on the drier north and northwest aspects. These soils often merge with Kandosols as the clay content can be slightly higher than specified as the upper limit for Tenosols (i.e. 15%).
For more information about the Australian Soil Classification System, visit;
www.clw.csiro.au/aclep/asc_re_on_line_V2/soilhome.htm
In Soil Taxonomy, these soils are primarily Inceptisols or Entisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit:
The Chiswell series consists of shallow, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. They formed in materials weathered from shale, siltstone, and fine-grained sandstone. Slopes range from 2 to 80 percent. Mean annual air temperature is 55 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is 42 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic, shallow Typic Dystrudepts
Solum thickness ranges from 5 to 19 inches. Depth to soft bedrock ranges from 10 to 20 inches. Rock fragments of shale, siltstone, or fine-grained sandstone range from 5 to 70 percent in the A horizon, from 20 to 80 percent in the Bw horizon, and from 45 to 90 percent in the C horizon. Rock fragments average more than 35 percent in the textural control section. Reaction ranges from extremely acid through moderately acid, unless limed.
USE AND VEGETATION: Native vegetation is mixed hardwoods and pines. Northern aspects of steeper slopes commonly are wooded. Southern aspects and lower slope gradients are usually cleared and used for pasture and hay crops.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Virginia and possibly West Virginia, Maryland, and Tennessee. The series is of large extent.
Soils now within the range of the Chiswell series were correlated in Berks, Klinesville, Webbtown, and Weikert in several published soil surveys. The Chiswell soils are mapped on the Rome- Waynesboro formation.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CHISWELL.html
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FIHS S5.—Sandy Redox. A layer starting at a depth ≤15 cm (6
inches) from the soil surface that is at least 10 cm (4
inches) thick and has a matrix with 60 percent or more
chroma of 2 or less and 2 percent or more distinct
or prominent redox concentrations occurring as soft
masses and/or pore linings.
Redox concentrations include soft masses, pore linings, nodules, and concretions. For the purposes of the field indicators for hydric soils, nodules and concretions are excluded from the concept of redox concentrations unless otherwise specified by specific indicators. Zones of accumulation may be either coatings on a ped or pore surface or impregnations of the matrix adjacent to the pore or ped.
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
Pore linings are a very common indicator of hydric soils and is often used to identify the hydric/nonhydric soil boundary in sandy soils.
A description of the soils is essential in any soil survey. Standard technical terms and their definitions for soil properties and features are necessary for accurate soil descriptions. For some soils, standard terms are not adequate and must be supplemented by a narrative. Some soil properties change through time. Many properties must be observed over time and summarized if one is to fully understand the soil being described and its response to short-term environmental changes. Examples are the length of time that cracks remain open, the patterns of soil temperature and moisture, and the variations in size, shape, and hardness of clods in the surface layer of tilled soils.
For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...
or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...
For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:
www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM
For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...
or;
www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...
Soil profile: The Caneyville series consists of moderately deep, well-drained soils formed in a thin silty mantle over fine textured residuum of limestone. The soils are on ridges and hillsides. Slopes range from 2 to 120 percent. (Soil Survey of Floyd County, Indiana; by Steven W. Neyhouse, Byron G. Nagel, and Dena L. Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
Landscape: Hayland in an area of Caneyville, Haggatt, and Navilleton soils on hills underlain by limestone.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludalfs
The solum thickness and depth to bedrock ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The reaction ranges from very strongly acid to neutral in the A and Ap horizons and the upper part of the Bt horizon, and from moderately acid to slightly alkaline in the lower part of the Bt horizon. Fragments of limestone, chert, or sandstone (surface layer only) range from 0 to 10 percent in the A and upper Bt horizon, and 0 to 35 percent immediately above limestone bedrock.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in hay, pasture, or forest, and few are used for corn and small grain. Native forests are oaks, hickory, elm, hackberry, and redbud as the dominant species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky and southern Indiana. Extent is large.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN043/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CANEYVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A representative soil profile of Songjeong-like soils in Korea. These soils are similar to Songjeong soils, but have a thinner subsoil. The thinner subsoil is a result of severe soil erosion.
Landscape: Songjeong-like soils are on benches and mid- and upper sideslopes, formed in residuum weathered from granitic materials.
The Songjeong series are members of the fine loamy, mixed, mesic family of Typic Hapludults [Cutanic Alisols (Chromic) classified by WRB]. They are developed in rolling to hilly areas underlaid by very deeply weathered granitic rocks.
Songjeong soils have ochric epipedons and argillic horizons. Solum thickness ranges from 50 to 100 cm; however, these soils have a thinner solum (A and B horizons).
Depth to hard rock is more than 3 meters and ranges to more than 10 meters. Base saturation is less than 60 percent. Common fine and medium white and yellow micas are throughout the profiles. Reaction is very strongly acid. A horizons are brown to dark brown loam, silt loam, or fine sandy loam. Bt horizons are yellowish red, reddish brown, reddish yellow, or red clay loam or silty clay loam. C horizons are red, yellowish red, or strong brown loam, silt loam, or very fine sandy loam very deep and extremely weathered granitic saprolites.
For more information about soils in Korea, visit:
The Murville series consists of very poorly drained soils that have rapid permeability in the A horizon and moderately rapid permeability in the Bh horizon. The soils formed from wet sandy marine and fluvial sediments. They are in flats or in slight depressions on broad interstream areas of uplands and stream terraces in the Coastal Plain. Slopes are less than 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy, siliceous, thermic Umbric Endoaquods
Solum thickness ranges from 30 to 60 inches. Humus in the A and Bh horizons gives the sandy material a loamy feel and appearance. The soil is strongly acid to extremely acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Chiefly in cutover forests of pond pine, with a few scattered loblolly, longleaf pine, and red maple. Slash pine grow in the southern part of the range. Understory vegetation includes sweetbay, redbay, swamp cyrilla (red titi), zenobia, inkberry (bitter gallberry), large gallberry, greenbrier, switchcane, fetterbush lyonia, blueberry, loblollybay gordonia, southern bayberry (waxmyrtle), and a ground cover of sphagnum and club mosses, chainfern, broom sedge, and switchcane and maidencane in open areas. Where frequent burning has taken place only the understory species are present.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina and Florida. The series is of moderate extent.
The Murville soils were formerly included in the Ridgeland series. However, Ridgeland soils are in a mixed mineralogy family. The April 1993 revision of this series changed the subgroup classification from Typic Haplaquods to Umbric Endoaquods.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MURVILLE.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Speer soil series. (Soil Survey of Montgomery County, Arkansa; by Jeffrey W. Olson, Natural Resources Conservation Service).
The Speer series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy sediments. These soils are on nearly level or very gently sloping flood plains or low terraces of major streams in the Ouachita Mountains, MLRA 119. Water runs off the surface slow to medium. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, active, thermic Ultic Hapludalfs
Solum thickness ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used mainly for tame pasture or for growing trees. The main trees are post oak, southern red oak, white oak, and a small amount of shortleaf pine.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Oklahoma and Arkansas. The series is of minor extent. They were formerly included in the Waynesboro or Sallisaw series.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/arkansas/AR097...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SPEER.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
A representative soil profile of the Wickham series (Eutric Luvic Planosols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)
Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm
Mapped areas of Wickham soils is confined to Kent, Surrey and Sussex, is the most extensive in the Low Weald where intermittent thin drift rests on Atherfield and Weald Clays. It also occurs in the High Weald over Wadhurst and Grinstead Clays. These soils are season ally waterlogged and grey and ochreous mottled. Wickham series includes soils previously described as Titchfield and Hildenborough series.
Most of the Wickham soils have fine-silty topsoils, probably remnants of aeolian silty drift, although they are thin on moderate or strong slopes. These upper horizons are variably stony, more so in the west of the Weald on ridge crests. They formed in drift over Cretaceous clay or mudstone.
Wickham soils have slowly permeable subsoils and are waterlogged for long periods in winter (Wetness Class IV) when undrained. Appropriate field drainage measures achieve some improvement, though it is often difficult to reduce waterlogging substantially and the soils continue to be wet in winter (Wetness Class III or IV). The soils present some difficulties for landwork even after drainage treatment. There is a moderate risk of poaching, the greatest being on soils, in higher rainfall areas or where the soils are undrained. Summer growth of grass is restricted by drought and the grazing value of some undrained permanent grass fields is reduced by rush infestation. The soils are naturally acid and require regular liming. Amounts of potassium are usually adequate but regular dressings of phosphorus fertilizer are needed.
There is much woodland on these soils, particularly in the High Weald. For new plantingsthe slowly permeable clayey subsoils restrict the choice to species tolerant of seasonally waterlogged ground including Corsican pine, Norway spruce, western hemlock and western red cedar. Shallow rooting often leads to poor growth and windthrow where exposed. Weed competition is severe on all soils and tine ploughing is needed before planting to suppress weeds and assist surface drainage.. Because the soils are saturated there is rapid run-off in winter and erosion can occur on moderate slopes. The soils have good reserves of available water and are slightly droughty for cereals but grass suffers seriously from drought in most years.
There is much woodland on these soils, particularly in the High Weald. For new plantingsthe slowly permeable clayey subsoils restrict the choice to species tolerant of seasonally waterlogged ground including Corsican pine, Norway spruce, western hemlock and western red cedar. Shallow rooting often leads to poor growth and windthrow where exposed. Weed competition is severe on all soils and tine ploughing is needed before planting to suppress weeds and assist surface drainage.
For additional information about the soil association, visit:
www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/series.cfm?serno=22...
For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:
This photo accompanies Figure 11.—Indicator A5, Stratified Layers in sandy material. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].
Soils with stratified layers are commonly in depressions. The soils usually ponded with a seasonal water table at or near the surface for 3 months or more during the wet season.
A representative soil profile of an Inceptisol (bordrline Oxisol) from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)
Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (rangeland in the foreground and eucalyptus plantation in the background) occurring on interfluve in Brazil.
Inceptisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. They form quickly through alteration of parent material. They are more developed than Entisols. The central concept of Inceptisols is that of soils that are of cool to very warm, humid and subhumid regions and that have a cambic horizon and an ochric epipedon. The order of Inceptisols includes a wide variety of soils. In some areas Inceptisols are soils with minimal development, while in other areas they are soils with diagnostic horizons that merely fail the criteria of the other soil orders. Inceptisols have many kinds of diagnostic horizons and epipedons. This pedon had few plinthite nodules and ironstone concretions in the subsoil.
Oxisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Oxisols are weathered soils that are low in fertility. They are most common on the gentle slopes of geologically old surfaces in tropical and subtropical regions. Their profiles are distinctive because of a lack of obvious horizons. Their surface horizons are normally somewhat darker than the subsoil, but the transition of subsoil features is gradual. Some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.
In the Brazil soil classification system, these Latossolos are highly weathered soils composed mostly of clay and weathering resistant sand particles. Clay silicates of low activity (kaolinite clays) or iron and aluminum oxide rich (haematite, goethite, gibbsite) are common. There are little noticeable horizonation differences. These are naturally very infertile soils, but, because of the ideal topography and physical conditions, some are being used for agricultural production. These soils do require fertilizers because of the ease of leaching of nutrients through the highly weathered soils.
For additional information about these soils, visit:
sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...
and...
For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...
A profile of a Weitchpec soil. These soils form in colluvium and residuum derived from serpentinite. They are 50 to 100 centimeters deep to bedrock. (Soil Survey of Redwood National and State Parks, California; by Joseph P. Seney and Alaina C. Frazier, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and James H. Popenoe, Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Retired)
The Weitchpec series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in residuum weathered mainly from serpentinitic rocks. Weitchpec are on mountains and slope ranges from 30 to 75 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1270 millimeters (50 inches) and mean annual temperature is about 12 degrees C (53 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, magnesic, mesic Typic Haploxerepts
Soil moisture: The soil between the depths of 20 (8 inches) and 61 centimeters (24 inches) is usually dry in all parts from June 15 to October 15 and moist in all parts from November 15 to April 15. The soils have a xeric moisture regime.
Soil temperature: The mean annual soil temperature is 11 to 14 degrees C (52 to 57 degrees F). The difference between mean summer and mean winter temperature is 6 to 10 degrees C.
Base saturation is 60 to 80 percent (ammonium acetate).
Depth to lithic contact: 50 to 102 centimeters (20 to 40 inches)
The particle-size control section:
Rock fragments: 35 to 60 percent
Clay content: 18 to 35 percent
Some pedons have O horizons.
USE AND VEGETATION: Used for timber production and watershed. Native vegetation is Jeffrey pine, Douglas-fir, sugar pine ponderosa pine, incense cedar, tanoak, madrone, and manzanita.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North part of the Coast Ranges and Klamath Mountains in California and may occur in Oregon. The soils are not extensive. MLRA is 5. The Weitchpec soils were formerly classified as Regosols. Since most pedons have many coarse fragments, the series is now defined as a member of the loamy-skeletal family.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA6...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WEITCHPEC.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Soil profile: A soil profile of the seasonally ponded Grady soil. (Soil Survey of Webster County, Georgia)
Landscape: Grady sandy loam, ponded, which supports many species of wetland vegetation. (Soil Survey of Grady County, Georgia)
The Grady series consists of poorly drained, slowly permeable soils in upland depressions but are also along drains of the Southern Coastal Plain Major Land Resource Area (MLRA 133A). They formed in thick beds of clayey marine sediments. Near the type location the mean annual temperature is about 67 degrees F., and the mean annual precipitation is about 53 inches. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Paleaquults
Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Reaction ranges from strongly acid to extremely acid throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in woodland, but a few areas have been cleared, drained, and are used mostly for pasture. Native vegetation includes cypress, blackgum, live oak, and water oak. The undergrowth is water tolerant sedges and grasses.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of large extent with about 26,000 acres in Miller County, Georgia.
For additional information about the survey areas, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/webste...
and...
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/GA131/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GRADY.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:
Landscapes: Plateau and mountains
Landforms: Ridge, hillslope, mountain slope
MLRA(s): 127 (Eastern Allegheny Plateau and Mountains) and 125 (Cumberland Plateau and Mountains)
Geomorphic Component: Interfluves, side slopes, and nose slopes
Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder, backslope
Parent Material: Residuum derived from of early Pennsylvania Period acid shale, siltstone, or fine-grained sandstone (members of the Pottsville Series or its analogue)
Depth Class: Moderately deep to soft bedrock
Slope: 3 to 70 percent
Elevation: 549 to 1067 m (1795 to 3500 feet)
Frost-free period: 140 to 180 days
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, mesic Typic Hapludults
Depth to the top of the Argillic: 13 to 51 cm (5 to 20 inches)
Depth to the base of the Argillic: 30 to 91 cm (12 to 36 inches)
Depth to Bedrock: 51 to 102 cm (20 to 40 inches); bedrock is dominantly very weakly to moderately cemented shale, siltstone, or fine-grained sandstone of early Pennsylvanian Period age (members of the Pottsville Group or its analogue)
Rock Fragment content (by volume): 0 to 25 percent in the upper solum, 15 to 65 percent in the BC and C horizon.
Soil Reaction: strongly acid to extremely acid throughout, except where limed or affected by forest fires.
USE AND VEGETATION:
Major Uses: Woodland, pasture, and hay land, and minor urban development
Dominant Vegetation: Oak-hickory or mixed mesophytic forests.
Where wooded--scarlet, black, white, red, or chestnut oak, red maple, pignut or mockernut hickory, yellow poplar, American Holly, beech, and Virginia or white pine are the dominate species.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:
Distribution: West Virginia, and possibly; Kentucky, Maryland, and Pennsylvania.
Extent: Moderate
The Clifftop series is limited to soils formed in materials weathered from early Pennsylvanian Period geologic parent materials (members of the Pottsville Group or its analogue).
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CLIFFTOP.html
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A representative soil profile of the Minong soil series. (Soil Survey of Isle Royale National Park, Michigan; by Lawrence M. Carey, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Minong series consists of very shallow and shallow, well drained organic soils on wave-cut platfoms (lake benches) and rocky knolls. They formed in thin organic materials underlain in places by a very thin mineral horizon over bedrock. Permeability is moderately slow. Slopes range from 1 to 60 percent. Mean annual temperature is 45 degrees F. Mean annual precipitation is 32 inches.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Euic, frigid Lithic Udifolists
The depth to bedrock commonly is 23 to 38 centimeters (9 to 15 inches) but ranges from 10 to 50 centimeters (4 to 20 inches). The organic portion commonly has pH of 5.0 to 6.5 in 0.01M CaCl2, but ranges from 4.5 to 7.7. The pedon is very strongly acid to mildly alkaline. Very thin mineral layers are at the interface in most pedons. The broken face of the surface layer has hue of 10YR to 5YR, and value and chroma of 2 to 4, or is neutral with value of 2 to 4. This layer is muck, mucky peat, and/or peat consisting primarily of conifer needles, deciduous leaves, and herbaceous fibers. The subsurface layers have hue of 10YR or 7.5YR, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. These layers are muck.
USE AND VEGETATION: Minong soils are forested. Common trees are northern whitecedar, balsam fir, white spruce, paper birch, and quaking aspen. Understory and ground vegetation consists of alder, thimbleberry, mosses, and big leaf aster.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Western Upper Peninsula of Michigan and Isle Royale National Park. The series is of small extent.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/michigan/IsleR...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MINONG.html
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The Edneytown series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on ridges and side slopes of the Blue Ridge (MLRA 130). These soils were formerly mapped as Edneyville. Edneyville is presently described without an argillic horizon and normally occurs at higher elevations. Edneytown soils formed in residuum that is affected by soil creep in the upper part, and weathered from felsic to mafic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks. Slopes range from 2 to 95 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Hapludults
Thickness of the argillic horizon is 10 to 35 inches. Solum thickness is 20 to more than 40 inches. Depth to paralithic contact is more than 60 inches. The A and E horizons are extremely acid to moderately acid except where surface layers have been limed, and the B and C horizons are very strongly acid or strongly acid. Content of flakes of mica is few or common throughout. Content of coarse fragments ranges from 0 to 35 percent throughout.
USE AND VEGETATION: Forested to oak, hickory, and pine. Understory of native grasses, wild grape, rhododendron, mountain laurel, and dogwood.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Blue Ridge (MLRA 130) of South Carolina, Georgia, North Carolina, Tennessee and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.
For a detailed description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/E/EDNEYTOWN.html
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A representative soil profile of an Anthrosol from Belgium. (Photo courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)
Anthrosols comprise soils that have been modified profoundly through human activities, such as addition of organic or mineral material, charcoal or household wastes, or irrigation and cultivation. The group includes soils otherwise known as Plaggen soils, Paddy soils, Oasis soils, or Terra Preta de Indio. Many of them correspond to Highly cultivated soils and Anciently irrigated soils (Russia), Terrestrische anthropogene Böden (Germany), Anthroposols (Australia) and Anthrosols (China). (WRB)
Gleyic) (from Russian gley, mucky soil mass): having a layer ≥ 25 cm thick, and starting ≤ 75 cm from the mineral soil surface, that has gleyic properties throughout and reducing conditions in some parts of every sublayer.
Endo- (from Greek endon, inside): the characteristic is present throughout between 50 and 100 cm from the (mineral) soil surface or between 50 cm from the (mineral) soil surface and continuous rock, technic hard material or a cemented or indurated layer, whichever is shallower, and is absent in some layer ≤ 50 cm from the (mineral) soil surface.
Spodic (from Greek spodos, wood ash): having a spodic horizon starting ≤ 200 cm from the mineral soil surface. A spodic horizon is a subsurface horizon that contains illuvial substances composed of organic matter and Al, or of illuvial Fe. The illuvial materials are characterized by a high pH-dependent charge, a relatively large surface area and high water retention.
Aric- (from Latin arare, to plough): being ploughed to a depth of ≥ 20 cm from the soil surface.
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Torripsamments are the cool to hot Psamments of arid climates. They have an aridic (or torric) moisture regime and a temperature regime warmer than cryic. Many of these soils are on stable surfaces, some are on dunes, some are stabilized, and some are moving. Torripsamments consist of quartz, mixed sands, volcanic glass, or even gypsum and may have any color. Generally, they are neutral or calcareous and are nearly level to steep. The vegetation consists mostly of xerophytic shrubs, grasses, and forbs. Many of these soils support more vegetation than other soils with an aridic moisture regime, presumably because they lose less water as runoff. Some of the soils on dunes support a few ephemeral plants or have a partial cover of xerophytic and ephemeral plants. The shifting dunes may be devoid of plants in normal years. Most of the deposits are of late-Pleistocene or younger age. These soils are used mainly for grazing. They are extensive in the Western United States.
Salidic Torripsamments have an ECe of more ha 8 to less than 30 dS/m in a layer 10 cm or more thick within 100 cm of the soil surface.
A representative soil profile of a Luvic Phaeozem underlain by a Cutanic Luvisol from Nebraska. (Photo courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)
Phaeozems accommodate soils of relatively wet grassland and forest regions in moderately continental climates. Phaeozems are much like Chernozems and Kastanozems but are leached more intensively. Consequently, they have dark, humusrich surface horizons that, in comparison with Chernozems and Kastanozems, are less rich in bases. Phaeozems are either free of secondary carbonates or have them only at greater depths. They all have a high base saturation in the upper metre of the soil. Commonly used names for many Phaeozems are Brunizems (Argentina and France), Dark grey forest soils and Leached and Podzolized chernozems (former Soviet Union), Tschernoseme (Germany) and Chernossolos (Brazil). In the Soil Map of the World (FAO–UNESCO, 1971–1981) they belong to the Phaeozems and partly to the Greyzems. Dusky-red prairie soils was their name in older systems of the United States of America, where most of them now belong to Udolls and Albolls. (WRB)
Luvic (from Latin eluere, to wash): have an argic horizon starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface and having a CEC (by 1 M NH4OAc, pH 7) of ≥ 24 cmolc kg-1 clay throughout or to a depth of 50 cm of its upper limit, whichever is thinner; and having an effective base saturation [exchangeable (Ca + Mg + K + Na) / exchangeable (Ca + Mg + K + Na + Al); exchangeable bases by 1 M NH4OAc (pH 7), exchangeable Al by 1 M KCl (unbuffered)] of ≥ 50% in the major part between 50 and 100 cm from the mineral soil surface or in the lower half of the mineral soil above continuous rock, technic hard material or a cemented or indurated layer starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface, whichever is shallower.
An argic horizon (from Latin argilla, white clay) is a subsurface horizon with distinctly higher clay content than the overlying horizon. The textural differentiation may be caused by:
• an illuvial accumulation of clay,
• predominant pedogenetic formation of clay in the subsoil,
• destruction of clay in the surface horizon,
• selective surface erosion of clay,
• upward movement of coarser particles due to swelling and shrinking,
• biological activity, or
• a combination of two or more of these different processes.
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Luvisols have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil, as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation in the 50–100 cm depth. Many Luvisols are known as Texturally-differentiated soils and
part of Metamorphic soils (Russia), Sols lessivés (France), Parabraunerden (Germany), Chromosols (Australia) and Luvissolos (Brazil). In the United States of America, they were formerly named Grey-brown podzolic soils and belong now to the Alfisols with high-activity clays.
Cutanic (ct) (from Latin cutis, skin): having an argic or natric horizon that meets diagnostic criterion 2b for the respective horizon.
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A representative soil profile of the Ostin series. The C horizon contains as much as 80 percent rock fragments, by volume. Ostin soils occur along channels of fast-flowing streams in mountain areas. (Soil Survey of Polk County, North Carolina; by Scott C. Keenan, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Ostin series consists of nearly level to gently sloping, very deep, well and moderately well drained soils. They are on flood plains in the Southern Appalachian Mountains. These soils formed in coarse textured alluvium containing large amounts of sand, gravel, and cobbles. The alluvium has washed from nearby soils that formed in residuum and colluvium weathered from metamorphic and igneous rocks. Mean annual temperature is about 56 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 64 inches near the type location. Slope ranges from 0 to 5 percent.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Typic Udifluvents
Depth to bedrock is greater than 5 feet. Rock fragment content ranges from 5 to 50 percent by volume in the A horizon and from 5 to 80 percent by volume throughout the C horizon. Rock fragment content averages more than 35 percent by volume in the control section. Fragments are dominantly gravel and cobbles but occasionally include stones. Reaction is very strongly acid to neutral. Content of mica flakes ranges from few to many.
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in pasture. The rest is mainly in woodland. The major forages are tall fescue and ladino clover. Yellow poplar, American sycamore, river birch, red maple, black locust, black cherry, eastern hemlock, Virginia pine and eastern white pine are common canopy trees. Understory plant species include ironwood, doghobble, flowering dogwood, rhododendron, grape, green briar, trillium and Christmas fern.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North Carolina, and possibly Georgia, South Carolina, Virginia and Tennessee. The series is of small extent.
Ostin soils were formerly included with the Potomac series. However, Potomac soils formed in alluvium washed from soils derived from sedimentary rocks such as sandstone, shale, siltstone, and limestone, and contain fragments of those rocks. At lower elevations, this soil occurs adjacent to Southern Piedmont MLRA 136 and may be marginal to thermic in some areas.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/O/OSTIN.html
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A representative soil profile of the Ridgebury series. (Photo provided by New England Soil Profiles)
The Ridgebury series consists of very deep, somewhat poorly and poorly drained soils formed in lodgment till (till formed below ancient glaciers that were forced or “lodged” into the underlying material) derived mainly from granite, gneiss and/or schist. They are commonly shallow to a densic contact. They are nearly level to gently sloping soils in depressions in uplands. They also occur in drainageways in uplands, in toeslope positions of hills, drumlins, and ground moraines, and in till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high in the solum and very low to moderately low in the substratum. Mean annual temperature is about 9 degrees C. and the mean annual precipitation is about 1143 mm.
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy, mixed, superactive, acid, mesic, shallow Aeric Endoaquepts
Depth to the dense till commonly is 36 to 49 cm. The A horizon has 5 to 25 percent gravel, 0 to 10 percent cobbles, and 0 to 25 percent stones by volume. The B and C horizons have 5 to 25 percent gravel, 0 to 5 percent cobbles and 0 to 5 percent stones. Rock fragments within the soil range from 5 to 35 percent by volume and are subangular fragments. The unlimed soil ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid.
USE AND VEGETATION: Largely forested to gray birch, yellow birch, red maple, hemlock, elm, spruce and balsam fir. Cleared areas are used mainly for hay and pasture.
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Glaciated landforms in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode Island. (MLRAs 142, 144A, 145, and 149B) The series is extensive, about 350,000 acres..
For additional information about New England soils, visit:
For a detailed soil description, visit:
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Soil profile: A Hypercalcic, Effervescent, Red Sodosol from the Speed area of Australia. Original notes and photos provided by the State of Victoria (Agriculture Victoria) with revision.
Landscape: Dune and swale. The soils formed in weathered from Quaternary aeolian deposits.
Sodosols have a strong texture contrast between surface (A) horizons and subsoil (B) horizons and the subsoil horizons are sodic. Using the Australian Soil Classification, Sodosols can be grouped further (Suborder) based on the color of the upper 20 cm of the subsoil i.e. red, brown, yellow, grey and black. These can be further differentiated based on subsoil characteristics (Great Groups) such as the level of sodicity (in the upper B horizon) and the presence of carbonate or lime (Subgroup).
For more information about these soils, visit;
vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au/dpi/vro/portregn.nsf/pages/ppw...
In soil taxonomy, these soils are commonly Alfisols or Aridisols. For more information about Soil Taxonomy, visit;
A representative soil profile of Xenia silt loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes, eroded. (Soil Survey of Bartholomew County, Indiana; by Mike Wigginton and Dena Marshall, Natural Resources Conservation Service)
The Xenia series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that are deep or very deep to dense till. Xenia soils formed in loess or other silty material and in the underlying loamy till on till plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 12 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1067 mm (42 inches), and mean annual temperature is about 11.1 degrees C (52 degrees F).
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Aquic Hapludalfs
Depth to the base of the argillic horizon: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Thickness of the loess or other silty material: 56 to 102 cm (22 to 40 inches)
Depth to carbonates: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Depth to densic contact: 102 to 152 cm (40 to 60 inches)
Particle-size control section: averages 27 to 35 percent clay and less than 15 percent fine sand or coarser
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly in MLRAs 111A and 111D, and to lesser extent in MLRAs 108A, 114A, and 114B in central Indiana, southwestern Ohio, and eastern and central Illinois. The type location is in MLRA 111D. The series is of large extent. A bedrock substratum phase is currently recognized and may become a new series as subset soil surveys with this phase are updated.
For additional information about the survey area, visit:
www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/indiana/IN005/...
For a detailed soil description, visit:
soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/X/XENIA.html
For acreage and geographic distribution, visit: