MSU researcher Haddish Melakeberhan, along with assistant Zinthuz Maung (right) examines plant-nematode interaction in soil nutrient management, primarily in soybeans, vegetables and sugarbeets.

A representative soil profile of Venus loam, rarely flooded. (Soil Survey of Hamilton County, Texas; by John E. Allison, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Venus series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy calcareous alluvial sediments. These nearly level to moderately sloping soils occur mainly on stream terraces and footslopes of hills and ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 8 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 19 degrees C (66 degrees F), and the mean annual precipitation is about 864 mm (34 in).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Udic Calciustolls

Soil moisture: Udic ustic moisture regime.

Solum thickness: 150 to 200 cm (60 to 80 in)

Mollic epipedon: 25 to 50 cm (10 to 20 in)

Coarse fragments: 0 to 10 percent by volume, siliceous gravel

Particle-size control section (weighted average)

Total clay content: 18 to 35 percent

Silicate clay content: 18 to 30 percent

Calcium carbonate equivalent: 15 to 40 percent

USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly cultivated, mainly to small grains. Original vegetation was tall and mid grass and widely spaced live oak and other hardwoods.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Areas are in Texas and possibly in Oklahoma. LRR-I and J. Mostly in the MLRA 85-Grand Prairie and MLRA 81C-Edwards Plateau, Eastern part. The series is of large extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX193/0/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/V/VENUS.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#venus

Mollisols occur in savannahs and mountain valleys (such as Central Asia, or the North American Great Plains). These environments have historically been strongly influenced by fire and abundant pedoturbation from organisms such as ants and earth worms. It was estimated that in 2003, only 14 to 26 percent of grassland ecosystems still remained in a relatively natural state (that is, they were not used for agriculture due to the fertility of the A horizon). Globally, they represent about 7% of ice-free land area. As the world's most agriculturally productive soil order, the Mollisols represent one of the more economically important soil orders.

For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/

For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:

www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/sets/72157622983226139/

Plinthite (Gr. plinthos, brick) is an iron-rich, humus-poor mixture of clay with quartz and other highly weathered minerals. It commonly occurs as reddish redox concentrations in a layer that has a polygonal (irregular), platy (lenticular), or reticulate (blocky) pattern. Plinthite irreversibly hardens upon exposure to repeated wetting and drying, especially if exposed to heat from the sun. Other morphologically similar iron-rich materials that do not progressively harden upon repeated wetting and drying are not considered plinthite.

Note the exposed soil surface in the center of the photo as compared to the freshly excavated area to the right. The area in the center has been exposed to the elements for an extended period of time and is essentially 100 percent cemented to a depth of 1 to 2 cm or more. The fresh cut area to the right exhibits a lesser degree of cementation, and a lower volume of cemented material. Cementation decreases with depth as you move from the surface into the soil. This is evidence of progressive cementation upon exposure to repeated wetting and drying. Upon examination of northern exposures along road banks versus southern exposures it was noted the surfaces were more than 90 percent cemented on southerly aspects and about 35 to 65 percent cemented of northern aspects.

A plinthic horizon contains a significant amount of plinthite. If the horizon constitutes a "continuous phase", zones that roots can enter are more than 10cm apart and plinthite makes up 50 percent or more of the volume of the horizon (proposed).

For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...

For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM

For more information about a plinthic horizon, visit;

www.researchgate.net/publication/242649722_Rationale_for_...

or;

www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S00167061220043...

A representative soil profile of a Luvisol from Russia. (Photo provided by Yakov Kuzyakov, revised.)

Luvisols have a higher clay content in the subsoil than in the topsoil, as a result of pedogenetic processes (especially clay migration) leading to an argic subsoil horizon. Luvisols have high-activity clays throughout the argic horizon and a high base saturation in the 50–100 cm depth. Many Luvisols are known as Texturally-differentiated soils and part of Metamorphic soils (Russia), Sols lessivés (France), Parabraunerden (Germany), Chromosols (Australia) and Luvissolos (Brazil). In the United States of America, they were formerly named Grey-brown podzolic soils and belong now to the Alfisols with high-activity clays.

Albic (from Latin albus, white): having a layer of albic material ≥ 1 cm thick, and starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface, that does not consist of tephric material, does not contain carbonates, and does not contain gypsum; and that overlies a diagnostic horizon or forms part of a layer with stagnic properties. Albic material is predominantly light-coloured fine earth, from which organic matter and/or free iron oxides have been removed, or in which the oxides have been segregated to the extent that the colour of the horizon is determined by the colour of the sand and silt particles rather than by coatings on these particles. It generally has a weakly expressed soil structure or lacks structural development altogether. (WRB)

For more information, visit;

wwwuser.gwdg.de/~kuzyakov/soils/WRB-2006_Keys.htm

For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:

[wrb.isric.org/files/WRB_fourth_edition_2022-12-18.pdf]

A representative soil profile of a Retisol from Luxembourg. (Photo courtesy of Stefaan Dondeyne, revised.)

Retisols have a clay illuviation horizon with an interfingering of bleached coarser textured soil material into the illuviation horizon forming a net-like pattern. The interfingering bleached coarser-textured material is characterized by a partial removal of clay and free iron oxides. There may be also bleached coarser-textured material falling from the overlying horizon into cracks in the illuvial horizon. Many Retisols correlate with the Podzoluvisols of the Soil Map of the World (FAO–UNESCO, 1971–1981). In other systems they are called Soddy-podzolic or Sodzolic soils (Russia),

Fahlerden (Germany), and Glossaqualfs, Glossocryalfs and Glossudalfs (United States of America). Albeluvisols of the former editions of WRB are included in the concept of Retisols.

Glossic (from Greek glossa, tongue): having albeluvic glossae starting ≤ 100 cm from the soil surface. The term albeluvic glossae (from Latin albus, white, and eluere, to wash out, and Greek glossa, tongue) is connotative of penetrations of clay- and Fe-depleted material into an argic horizon. Albeluvic glossae occur along soil aggregate surfaces forming vertically continuous tongues. In horizontal sections they exhibit a polygonal pattern. (WRB)

Stagnic (from Latin stagnare, to stagnate): are soils having a layer ≥ 25 cm thick, and starting ≤ 75 cm from the mineral soil surface, that does not form part of a hydragric horizon and that has stagnic properties in which the area of reductimorphic colours plus the area of oximorphic colours is ≥ 25% of the layer's total area, and reducing conditions for some time during the year in the major part of the layer's volume that has the reductimorphic colours.

Stagnic soil materials develop stagnic properties (from Latin stagnare, to stagnate) if they are, at least temporarily, saturated with surface water (or were saturated in the past, if now drained) for a period long enough that allows reducing conditions to occur (this may range from a few days in the tropics to a few weeks in other areas). In some soils with stagnic properties, the reducing conditions are caused by the intrusion of other liquids such as gasoline.

Albic (from Latin albus, white): having a layer of albic material ≥ 1 cm thick, and starting ≤ 100 cm from the mineral soil surface, that does not consist of tephric material, does not contain carbonates, and does not contain gypsum; and that overlies a diagnostic horizon or forms part of a layer with stagnic properties.

For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:

[wrb.isric.org/files/WRB_fourth_edition_2022-12-18.pdf]

Profile of Mabank fine sandy loam, 0 to 1 percent slopes. The contact of the light-colored surface layer and the dark-colored subsoil is abrupt. (Soil Survey of Lee County, Texas; by Maurice R. Jurena, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Mabank series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in alkaline clays. These soils are on nearly level to gently sloping terraces or remnants of terraces associated with uplands. Slopes are mainly less than 1 percent but range from 0 to 5 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Oxyaquic Vertic Paleustalfs

Solum thickness ranges from 60 to more than 80 inches. Weighted average clay content of the upper 20 inches of the argillic horizon ranges from 35 to 50 percent. When dry, cracks at least 1/4 inch wide extend from the top of the argillic horizon through a thickness of 12 inches or more within the upper 50 inches of the soil. Slickensides and/or wedge-shaped aggregates and pressure faces range from few to common and occur throughout the argillic horizon. Linear extensibility is greater than 2.5 inches (6.0 cm) in the upper 40 inches (100 cm) of the soil. COLE ranges from 0.07 to 0.10 inches in the upper 50 inches of the argillic. Siliceous and/or ironstone pebbles range from few to about 3 percent of some subhorizons. Redox features are both relic and contemporary. The soil does not have aquic soil conditions in most years.

USE AND VEGETATION: Used for growing corn, cotton, grain sorghums, and small grain, but much of the acreage is now idle or in improved bermudagrass pastures. Native vegetation is tall prairie grasses such as little bluestem, indiangrass, switchgrass, and gramas; and scattered elm, hackberry, mesquite, and honey locust trees.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Mainly in the Blackland Prairies (MLRA 86A, 86B) and Texas Claypan (MLRA 87A) areas of Central Texas. The series is of large extent. Classification change Udertic Paleustalfs to Oxyaquic Vertic Paleustalfs based on knowledge that these soils are saturated for 2 to 4 weeks in most years. This period of time is within the definition of saturation for one month or more if rules of rounding are applied, i.e., 2 to 6 weeks saturation is considered inclusive. The soil would classify in the Epioxyaquic subgroup if provided for by SOIL TAXONOMY.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX287/0/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/M/MABANK.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#mabank

A representative soil profile of the Goldsboro series. Goldsboro soils are moderately well drained with a seasonal high water table within a depth of 45 to 75 centimeters commonly during December through April. (Soil Survey of Webster County, Georgia; by Scott Moore, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

Depth Class: Very deep

Drainage Class (Agricultural): Moderately well drained

Flooding Frequency and Duration: None

Ponding Frequency and Duration: None

Internal Free Water Occurrence: Moderately deep, transitory

Index Surface Runoff: Negligible to medium

Permeability: Moderate

Landscape: Lower to upper coastal plain

Landform: Marine terraces, uplands

Hillslope Profile Position: Summit, shoulder

Geomorphic Component: Interfluve, talf

Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits

Slope: 0 to 10 percent

Elevation (type location): Unknown

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, subactive, thermic Aquic Paleudults

Depth to top of the Argillic horizon: 5 to 19 inches

Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 60 to more than 80 inches

Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 18 to 30 inches, December to April

Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 50 percent, by volume throughout, mostly quartz pebbles

Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid, except where limed

Other soil features: Silt content in the particle-size control section is less than 30 percent.

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Cropland

Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, peanuts, tobacco, soybeans, small grain, cotton, and pasture. Where wooded--loblolly pine, longleaf pine, slash pine, sweetgum, southern red oak, white oak, water oak, and red maple, yellow poplar. Understory plants include American holly, blueberry, flowering dogwood, greenbrier, persimmon, redbay, southern bayberry (waxmyrtle), inkberry (bitter gallberry), honeysuckle, poison ivy, and summersweet clethra.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia

Extent: Large

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/georgia/webste...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/G/GOLDSBORO.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#goldsboro

A representative soil profile and landscape of the Hallsworth soil series from England. (Photos and information provided by LandIS, Land Information System: Cranfield University 2022. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK. Last accessed 14/01/2022). (Photos revised.)

These and associated soils are seasonally waterlogged slowly permeable soils, prominently mottled above 40 cm depth. They have no relatively permeable material starting within and extending below 1 m of the surface.

They are classified as Clayic Eutric Stagnosols by the WRB soil classification system. (www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf)

For more information about this soil, visit:

www.landis.org.uk/soilsguide/series.cfm?serno=702&sor...

Depth Class: Very deep

Drainage Class (Agricultural): Very poorly drained

Internal Free Water Occurrence: Very shallow, common to persistent

Flooding Frequency and Duration: None, very rare, rare for very brief, brief, or long periods

Ponding Frequency and Duration: None

Index Surface Runoff: Negligible

Permeability: Moderate (Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity: Moderately high)

Shrink-Swell Potential: Low

Landscape: Middle and upper coastal plain, sandhills, river valleys

Landform: Stream terraces and flats

Geomorphic Component: Treads, talfs, dips

Parent Material: Marine deposits, fluviomarine deposits, alluvium

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, siliceous, semiactive, thermic Typic Umbraquults

Thickness of the surface: 10 to 24 inches

Depth to top of the Argillic horizon: 10 to 24 inches

Depth to the base of the Argillic horizon: 40 to more than 80 inches

Depth to contrasting soil material (lithologic discontinuity): 40 to more than 80 inches

Rock Fragment Content: 0 to 5 percent, by volume throughout; mostly quartz pebbles

Soil Reaction: Extremely acid to strongly acid throughout, except where limed

Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 80 inches

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 0 to 12 inches, November to May

Other Features: None to few flakes of mica; clay mineralogy is kaolinitic

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Forestland

Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, small grain, truck crops, hay, and pasture. Where wooded--cypress, blackgum, water and willow oaks, pond, loblolly, and slash pine, and an undergrowth of bay bushes, myrtle, reed, and gallberry.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia

Extent: Large

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PAXVILLE.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#paxville

An area of La Covana-Limestone outcrop-Seboruco complex, 12 to 40 percent slopes, in the Subtropical Dry Forest (Guánica). Vegetation consists mainly of dwarf shrubs and cacti (Soil Survey of San Germán Area, Puerto Rico by Jorge L. Lugo-Camacho, Natural Resources Conservation Service).

Setting

Landscape: Hills

Landform: Ridges and hillslopes

Major uses: Wildlife habitat

Elevation: 80 to 750 feet

Composition

La Covana and similar soils: 60 percent

Limestone outcrop: 20 percent

Seboruco and similar soils: 15 percent

Dissimilar soils: 5 percent

Typical Profile

La Covana

Surface layer:

0 to 5 inches—dark reddish brown gravelly clay

Subsoil:

5 to 19 inches—yellowish red extremely gravelly clay that has calcium carbonate concretions

19 to 31 inches—very pale brown indurated petrocalcic material

Substratum:

31 to 80 inches—very pale brown silt loam that has yellow mottles and calcium carbonate concretions

Minor Components

Dissimilar:

• Pitahaya soils that are in positions similar to those of the major soils but are shallow to fractured limestone bedrock

Soil Properties and Qualities

Depth class: La Covana—shallow; Seboruco—moderately deep

Depth to bedrock or hardpan: La Covana—6 to 20 inches; Seboruco—20 to 40 inches

Parent material: La Covana—material that weathered from limestone bedrock; Seboruco—shallow marine sediments overlying limestone bedrock

Surface runoff: Very high

Drainage class: Well drained

Permeability: La Covana—very slow; Seboruco—slow

Available water capacity: Very low

Flooding: None

Hazard of water erosion: Severe

Rock fragments in the surface layer: La Covana—20 to 60 percent, by volume, mostly pebbles and cobbles; Seboruco—less than 10 percent, by volume, mostly pebbles and cobbles

Extent of rock outcrop: Less than 20 percent

Shrink-swell potential: Low

Natural fertility: La Covana—low; Seboruco—moderate

Content of organic matter in the surface layer: La Covana—moderate to high;

Seboruco—moderate

Reaction: La Covana—slightly alkaline or moderately alkaline; Seboruco—moderately alkaline

Land Use

Dominant uses: Wildlife habitat

Other uses: Forestland

Agricultural Development

Cropland

Suitability: La Covana—unsuited; Seboruco—poorly suited

Management concerns: La Covana—depth to hardpan, slope; Seboruco—slope, very low available water capacity

Pasture and hayland

Suitability: Poorly suited to pasture; unsuited to hayland

Commonly grown crops: Buffelgrass; guineagrass

Management concerns: La Covana—depth to hardpan, slope; Seboruco—slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Returning crop residue to the soil improves the retention of soil moisture and increases the supply of plant nutrients.

• Overgrazed pastures should be reestablished and then protected from further overgrazing.

Naturalized pastureland

Suitability: Poorly suited

Management concerns: La Covana—depth to hardpan, slope; Seboruco—slope

Management measures and considerations:

• Overgrazed areas should be reestablished and then protected from further overgrazing.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/puerto_rico/PR...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LA_COVANA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#la%20covana

A representative soil profile of the Hard Labor series They consist of very deep, moderately well drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in material weathered from felsic igneous and metamorphic rock, primarily granite and granite gneiss. The Hard Labor soils are on summits and side slopes of the Piedmont uplands. There is a perched water table in late winter and early spring. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Oxyaquic Kanhapludults

USE AND VEGETATION: Most of the acreage is in cultivation or pasture and the remainder is in forests of mixed hardwoods and pine. Common crops are cotton, corn, soybeans, and small grains.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Southern Piedmont of Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, South Carolina, and possibly Virginia. The series is currently of small extent, but is anticipated to become of large extent with future examinations of areas in the Piedmont mapped as Appling, Durham, Vance, or Wedowee soils.

REMARKS: These soils were included with the Appling series in several surveys. The name Hard Labor is from a creek and State Park in Morgan County, Georgia.

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/H/HARD_LABOR.html#:~....

Missouri Agribusiness Development Team VI stands ready to deploy to Afghanistan, bringing extensive knowledge in agricultural animals, agronomy, hydrology, pest management, soil science, security and marketing. (Photo by Staff Sgt. Christopher Robertson/Missouri National Guard)

Cutting open the core with electric shears.

Subaqueous soils can be sampled by several traditional soil approaches, but marine science approaches are best. For cursory descriptions and sampling, a standard bucket auger can be used. In order to sample from the exact location with depth, some soil mappers use a piece of PVC pipe with an inside diameter a little larger than the teeth on the bucket auger. The auger is placed into the pipe, and the sample is collected in the typical fashion. While the bucket is being removed, the PVC pipe is pushed deeper into the soil. The sample is retrieved and placed in a tray (typically a meter-long piece of vinyl gutter). The auger bucket is pushed down the pipe again, the spoil from pushing the PVC pipe down is removed, and then the next depth is sampled. This procedure is effective for sampling the upper 75 cm of the soil. Below this depth, however, collecting samples with a bucket auger becomes very difficult.

Core barrels are best opened by laying the core down on a table or lab bench and cutting lengthwise on opposite sides with electric metal shears.

Soil Survey Manual, Ag. Handbook 18, 2017, (p. 511).

Paralithic materials.—A diagnostic soil material consisting of partially weathered or weakly consolidated bedrock that is at least very weakly coherent but no more than moderately coherent. Typically, these materials can be dug with hand tools (although with some difficulty). Dry fragments placed in water do not slake, thus confirming they are coherent. In a soil profile description, the layer consisting of paralithic materials is typically designated by the horizon symbol “Cr.” See densic materials and slake.

Figure 81.—Examples of soil series with paralithic contact and paralithic materials:

Left photo: Shellrock soil series, a Typic Xeropsamment formed from weathered granite.

Center photo: Polkton soil series, an Oxyaquic Vertic Hapludalf formed from weathered Triassic siltstone.

Right photo: Whitetop soil series, a Vitrandic Haploxeroll formed from weakly consolidated ash.

The Duplin series consists of moderately well drained, moderately slow permeable soils that have formed in clayey Coastal Plain sediments. These upland soils have slopes ranging from 0 to 7 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Aquic Paleudults

USE AND VEGETATION: Approximately two-thirds of the total acreage is in cultivation with the remainder in pasture and forest. Common crops grown are corn, cotton, soybeans, tobacco, peanuts, truck crops, and small grain. Original forests consisted of pine and mixed hardwood. Loblolly pine, longleaf pine, white oak, southern red oak, sweetgum, blackgum, yellow-poplar, flowering dogwood, and American holly are dominant species.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Coastal Plain areas of Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. This series is of large extent.

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DUPLIN.html

Profile of a Dwight soil. Dwight soils are very clayey and have a high shrink-swell potential and exchangeable sodium content. These properties limit the availability of water to plants. Note the cracks in the photo that extend to a depth of 40 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service)

The Dwight series consists of deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in residuum derived from limestone and shale. Dwight soils are on closed depressions on hillslopes on uplands in the Bluestem Hills, MLRA 76. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is 840 millimeters (33 inches), and mean annual temperature is 13 degrees C (55 degrees F), at the type location.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Typic Natrustolls

Soil moisture regime: ustic moisture regime bordering on udic

Soil temperature regime: mesic

Mollic epipedon thickness: 35 to 100 centimeters (14 to 40 inches)

Depth to argillic: 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches)

Depth to secondary carbonates: 33 centimeters (13 inches) or greater

Depth to Natric horizon: 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches)

Depth to limestone or shale: 100 centimeters to 150 centimeters (40 to 60 inches)

Mean annual soil temperature: 13 to 14 degrees C (55 to 58 degrees F)

Soil moisture: The soil moisture control section is intermittently moist in some part from March through October; driest in November through February

Particle size control section (weighted average)

Clay content: 40 to 60 percent

Sand content: 1 to 20 percent

USE AND VEGETATION: Used for native range. Native vegetation is mid and tall prairie grasses.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Eastern Kansas and northeast Oklahoma; Land Resource Region H Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region; Major Land Resource Area 76 Bluestem Hills; Major Land Resource Area 74 Central Kansas Sandstone Hills; Land Resource Region M Central Feed Grains and Livestock Region; Major Land Resource Area 112 Cherokee Prairies. This series is of large extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kansas/Tallgra...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DWIGHT.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#dwight

A three-day international conference on Soil Classification and Reclamation of Degraded Lands in Arid Environments (ICSC 2010) bringing together more than 130 scholars, researchers and experts was held in Abu Dhabi, UAE.

The conference, held under the patronage of H.H Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the Ruler’s Representative in the Western Region and Chairman of the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD), aims to share information on land use and planning and discuss various issues in the field of soil classification and reclamation of degraded lands in arid environments.

On the first day of the conference, EAD will reveal the outcomes of the Abu Dhabi Soil Survey, which was initiated in 2006 and completed at the end of 2009.

The conference, which is organized by the Environment Agency – Abu Dhabi (EAD) and the International Center for Biosaline Agriculture (ICBA) from 17-19 May, 2010 in Abu Dhabi, UAE, was inaugurated by H.E. Majid Al Mansouri, EAD’s Secretary General.

In his opening speech, H.E Al Mansouri welcomed scientists, researchers and experts from 35 countries who have gathered to discuss various issues related to soil, land use and planning of agricultural expansion and sustainable use of natural resources.

"Our economy is rapidly growning and we have a hard desert environment, therefore we needed to identify the characteristics of soils in the various regions of the Emirate, for the development of land management and optimum economical use of those soils,” he said.

"EAD has undertaken an integrated project to survey the soils in the Emirate. This project has been brought to a successful conclusion after five years of studies, field surveys, and collection of soil samples, training and capacity-building culminating in the development of an integrated “Abu Dhabi Soil Information System” (ADSIS)”.

Dr Ahmed Al Masoum, ICBA’s Deputy Director General, said that "This conference is the beginning of a new era in soil research within the global scientific community."

"The Survey was the first of its kind in the Emirate and covered all areas of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi. Maps on current land use, vegetation and salinity were produced as well as detailed suitability maps for irrigated agriculture. The soil was mapped and classified using the latest satellite images, and norms and standards of the United States Department of Agriculture” he added.

Dr. Al Masoum added that the soil survey project was undertaken in two phases and involved the mapping and classification of the various types of soils in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi in two different scales. In the first phase the entire emirate was surveyed at a scale of 1:100,000, and in the second phase 400,000 hectares of land, evaluated as suitable for irrigated agriculture was surveyed at a scale of 1:25,000.

“We have uncovered valuable information for strategic planning for sustainable land use in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi, and particularly for the development of agriculture and sustainable management of natural resources,” he said.

The conference will feature six keynote speakers from Australia and India, Austria, Spain, Thailand and the United States, in addition to 130 speakers representing 35 countries from all over the world. Speakers will highlight Soil Survey and Classification Strategies and Use in Different Ecological Zones; Advances in Soil Salinity Mapping, Monitoring and Reclamation; Land Use Planning and Policy Implications; Use of Marginal Quality Water in Agriculture and Landscaping and Research and Development/Innovations in Soil Classification & Reclamation.

A workshop on how to use soil survey data in planning and policy making will be held on the sidelines of the conference.

www.researchgate.net/publication/259265194_Book_of_Abstra...

This photo accompanies Figure 8.—Indicator A1, Histosol or Histel. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].

Observe and Document the Site:

Before making any decision about the presence or absence of hydric soils, the overall site and how it interacts with the soil should be considered. The steps below, while not required to identify a hydric soil, can help to explain why a hydric soil is or is not present. Always look at the landscape features of the immediate site and compare them to the surrounding areas. Try to contrast the features of wet and dry sites that are in close proximity. When observing slope features, look first at the area immediately around the sampling point. For example, a nearly level bench or depression at the sampling point may be more important to the wetness of the site than the overall landform on which the bench or depression occurs. Understanding how water moves across the site helps to clarify the reasons for the presence or absence of hydric soil indicators.

Typical landscape of a Belhaven soil. The Belhaven series (Terric Haplosaprists) consists of very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in highly decomposed organic matter underlain by loamy marine sediments. They have very slow runoff and have moderately slow to moderately rapid permeability. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. Depth to a seasonal high water table (endosaturation) is 0 to 12 inches, primarily in November to May.

These soils are on flats, depressions and flood plains in the Coastal Plain of the southeastern U.S. at elevation less than 25 feet above mean sea level.

Major uses are mostly woodland. Where wooded, plant communities reflect past history of treatment. Areas with a history of severe burning have scattered pond pine and a dense undergrowth of both large holly and small gallberry and huckleberry, fetterbush lyonia, swamp cyrilla, loblollybay gordonia, greenbrier and southern bayberry, as well as scattered red maple, red bay, sweetbay magnolia, and reeds. Similar areas may have a smaller population of these species and contain large amounts of broomsedge. Areas without severe burning have red maple, Southern bald cypress, pond pine, Atlantic white-cedar, red bay, sweet bay, and other hydrophytic species. Where cultivated these soils are used for corn, soybeans, small grain, and pasture.

Belhaven soils are of moderate extent along the Mid-Atlantic coast in North Carolina and Virginia.

Gypsum is a soft mineral that is easily identified by its hardness, cleavage, and solubility in water. Gypsum may be colored reddish to brown or yellow if impurities are present. In arid sandy areas, growing gypsum crystals may bind sand grains together into complex clusters. Some of which are known as ‘desert roses’.

A gypsum rosette is a mineral which crystalizes in a unique rosette growth pattern. Their are many varieties, some look remarkably like a rose flower with its pedals open, while others from into beautiful bladed spheres. Gypsum is an evaporite, which means its crystals form during the evaporation of water.

For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...

For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM

For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...

or;

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...

Desert varnish or rock varnish is an orange-yellow to black coating found on exposed rock surfaces in arid environments. Desert varnish is usually around one micrometer thick and represents nanometre-scale layering. Rock rust and desert patina are other terms which are also used for the condition, but less often.

Desert varnish forms only on physically stable rock surfaces that are no longer subject to frequent precipitation, fracturing or wind abrasion. The varnish is primarily composed of particles of clay along with iron and manganese oxides. There is also a host of trace elements and almost always some organic matter. The color of the varnish varies from shades of brown to black.

For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...

For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM

For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...

or;

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...

The Berks series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils formed in residuum weathered from shale, siltstone and fine grained sandstone on rounded and dissected uplands. Slope ranges from 0 to 80 percent. Permeability is moderate or moderately rapid. Mean annual precipitation is 42 inches. Mean annual temperature is 52 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts

Solum thickness ranges from 12 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is 20 to 40 inches. Depth to the top of the cambic horizon range from 3 to 12 inches. Rock fragments range from 10 to 50 percent in the Ap and A horizons, from 15 to 75 percent in individual horizons of the B, and from 35 to 90 percent in the C horizon. The average volume of rock fragments in the particle-size control section is more than 35 percent. In unlimed soils reaction ranges from extremely acid to slightly acid throughout. The dominant clay minerals are illite, vermiculite and interstratified vermiculite chlorite. Small amounts of kaolinite are present.

USE AND VEGETATION: Approximately 60 percent of Berks soils are in cropland and pasture, the remainder are in woodland or other uses. Principal crops are corn, wheat, oats, barley, Christmas trees and hay. Native vegetation is mixed, deciduous hardwood forest.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Kentucky, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia, Indiana, and Southern Illinois. MLRA's 115, 120, 121, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 130, 139, 147 and 148. The series is of large extent. The Ashby, Kistler and Trexler soils, which were moderately shallow in some Pennsylvania published surveys are now included in the Berks Series.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BERKS.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#berks

The Delaware series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in alluvium on post glacial and glacial terraces along major rivers. Slope ranges from 0 to 25 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high to very high in the substratum. Mean annual precipitation is 40 inches. Mean annual temperature is 49 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts

The range in thickness of the solum is 30 to 60 inches. The depth to bedrock is greater than 6 feet. This soil is generally free of rock fragments, but rock fragments can range from 0 to 5 percent by weighted volume in individual horizons. Small rounded pebbles making up the majority of the fragments located mostly in the substratum. The soil reaction ranges from strongly acid to slightly acid and to neutral where limed.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cropped with corn, soybeans, small grains, or truck farming. Few areas are wooded with Maples, American Beech, Cottonwood, Red Oak, American Sycamore, American Basswood, or Ash; few areas have Red Pine Plantations.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Northeastern and eastern Pennsylvania, and Central Pennsylvania along major rivers. MLRA 140. The series is of small extent.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DELAWARE.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#delaware

A representative soil profile of the Ivan soil series. (Soil Survey of Tallgrass Prairie National Preserve, Kansas; United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, and United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service)

The Ivan series consists of very deep, well drained soils that formed in calcareous silty alluvium. Ivan soils are on flood plains in the Bluestem Hills, MLRA 76. Slopes range from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 910 millimeters (36 inches)and the mean annual temperature is about 13 degrees C (55 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Cumulic Hapludolls

Soil moisture: Udic bordering on ustic.

Mollic epipedon thickness: greater than 61 centimeters (24 inches)

Depth to calcium carbonate: 0 to 25 centimeters (0 to 10 inches)

Mean annual soil temperature: 13 to 14 degrees C (55 to 58 degrees F)

Particle-size control section (weighted average):

Clay content: 18 to 30 percent

Sand content: 0 to 10 percent

Rock fragments: 0 to 5 percent

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are cultivated.

The main principal crops are corn and soybeans.

Native vegetation is walnut, sycamore, and bur oak with an under story of tall grasses.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: East-central Kansas along streams flowing eastward from the Bluestem Hills; Land Resource Region H, Central Great Plains Winter Wheat and Range Region and M, Central Feed Grains and Livestock Region; MLRAs 76, 106, and 112; The series is extensive.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/kansas/Tallgra...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/I/IVAN.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#ivan

Soil scientists explore and seek to understand the earth’s land and water resources. Practitioners of soil science identify, interpret, and manage soils for agriculture, forestry, rangeland, ecosystems, urban uses, and mining and reclamation in an environmentally responsible way.

Soil survey or soil mapping, is the process of classifying soil types and other soil properties in a given area and geo-encoding such information. It applies the principles of soil science, and draws heavily from geomorphology, theories of soil formation, physical geography, and analysis of vegetation and land use patterns. Primary data for the soil survey are acquired by field sampling and by remote sensing.

In the past, a soil scientist would take hard-copies of aerial photography, topo-sheets, and mapping keys into the field with them. Today, a growing number of soil scientists bring a ruggedized tablet computer and GPS into the field with them.

The term soil survey may also be used as a noun to describe the published results. In the United States, these surveys were once published in book form for individual counties by the National Cooperative Soil Survey.

Today, soil surveys are no longer published in book form; they are published to the web and accessed on NRCS Web Soil Survey where a person can create a custom soil survey. This allows for rapid flow of the latest soil information to the user. In the past it could take years to publish a paper soil survey. The information in a soil survey can be used by farmers and ranchers to help determine whether a particular soil type is suited for crops or livestock and what type of soil management might be required.

archive.org/details/carterKY1983

An architect or engineer might use the engineering properties of a soil to determine whether it is suitable for a certain type of construction. A homeowner may even use the information for maintaining or constructing their garden, yard, or home. Soils are the basis of agriculture and play a critical role in agricultural production as they provide the medium upon which crops can grow. Yet, during the past few decades, focus on the importance of soils has diminished, coupled with harsh man-made and natural conditions that have resulted in soil erosion and soil nutrient mining.

For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:

www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/sets/72157622983226139/

Field texturing an Oxisol... loam... or maybe clay loam, or wait maybe clay. You must keep working the soil in order to determine the correct texture. These soils are typically 75 or more percent clay, but when texturing initially feel much coarser due to the strong very fine structural aggregates (units) commonly referred to as "pseudo sand".

Oxisols are an order in USDA soil taxonomy, best known for their occurrence in tropical rain forest, 15-25 degrees north and south of the Equator. They are classified as ferralsols in the World Reference Base for Soil Resources; some oxisols have been previously classified as laterite soils.

The main processes of soil formation of oxisols are weathering, humification and pedoturbation due to animals. These processes produce the characteristic soil profile. They are defined as soils containing at all depths no more than 10 percent weatherable minerals, and low cation exchange capacity, typical for soils formed on very old, stable landscapes. Oxisols are always a red or yellowish color, due to the high concentration of iron(III) and aluminium oxides and hydroxides. In addition they also contain quartz and kaolin, plus small amounts of other clay minerals and organic matter.

For more information about soil classification using the WRB system, visit:

www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf

For more information about describing soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052523...

For additional information about soil classification using Soil Taxonomy, visit:

sites.google.com/site/dinpuithai/Home

A representative soil profile of a Mollisol from the Cerado physiographic region--a vast tropical savanna ecoregion of Brazil, particularly in the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Tocantins, Minas Gerais and the Federal District of Brazil. (Horizonation is by Brazil soil classification system.)

Landscape: Typical landscape and vegetation (pastureland) occurring on upland side-slopes in Brazil.

Mollisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Mollisols form in semi-arid to semi-humid areas, typically under a grassland cover. They are most commonly found in the mid-latitudes, namely in North America, mostly east of the Rocky Mountains, in South America in Argentina (Pampas) and Brazil, and in Asia in Mongolia and the Russian Steppes. Their parent material is typically base-rich and calcareous and include limestone, loess, or wind-blown sand. The main processes that lead to the formation of grassland Mollisols are melanisation, decomposition, humification and pedoturbation.

Mollisols have deep, high organic matter, nutrient-enriched surface soil (A horizon), typically more than 25 cm thick. This fertile surface horizon, known as a mollic epipedon, is the defining diagnostic feature of Mollisols. Mollic epipedons result from the long-term addition of organic materials derived from plant roots, and typically have soft, granular soil structure.

In the Brazil soil classification system, these Chernossolos are well structured soils, rich in organic matter, with high content of exchangeable cations. They are typically found in the south and east parts of Brazil.

For additional information about these soils, visit:

sites.google.com/site/soil350brazilsoilsla/soil-formation...

and...

For additional information about U.S. soil classification, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class...

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the Whimple series (Chromic Endostagnic Luvisols) in England. (Cranfield University 2021. The Soils Guide. Available: www.landis.org.uk. Cranfield University, UK.)

Soils classified and described by the World Reference Base for England and Wales:

www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/wrb_list.cfm

Landscape: Whimple soils are on gentle to moderate slopes, between Atherstone, Rugby, Leamington Spa and Birmingham. They formed on reddish clay shales, mudstones and interbedded sandstones.

The Whimple series comprises fine loamy or fine silty over clayey stagnogleyic argillic brown earths and covers over two-thirds of the map unit. It is associated with coarse loamy Bromsgrove series, typical brown earths, which occurs on narrow resistant sandstone bands giving steeper slopes.

The Whimple series has a slowly permeable subsoil and suffers from slight waterlogging in winter (Wetness Class III), but has a drier regime (Wetness Class II) in districts with less than 150 field capacity days. Disposal of excess winter rainfall occurs as downward percolation and lateral flow.

With efficient underdrainage and careful management, the land will grow moderately good crops of cereals and grass. Autumn-sown cereals and oilseed rape are preferred because there are few days when the land can be safely worked in spring, though some spring barley is grown on Bromsgrove soils. Some potatoes are grown but require irrigation in most years for good yields.

On Whimple and similar soils, cultivations should be carefully timed to avoid structural damage. The soils are slightly droughty for most crops but moderately droughty for potatoes. Ley grassland usually forms part of the crop rotation and cattle and sheep rearing are an integral part of the farming system. There is some permanent grassland locally in wet districts.

Whimple soils suffer structural damage if the land is stocked in late autumn or early spring, particularly on short-term leys which have lower surface bearing strengths than permanent or long-term grassland. This also promotes grass growth and an extended growing season.

Whimple soils have a moderate to high base status and nutrients are not readily leached. Upper horizons are often slightly acid but the subsoil is normally neutral or alkaline, especially where the underlying mudstone is calcareous. Potassium and magnesium reserves are adequate for most crops. The Bromsgrove soils are naturally acid with a moderate or low base status. Soluble nutrients and lime leach rapidly from upper horizons, and fertility status requires regular monitoring.

For additional information about the soil association, visit:

www.landis.org.uk/services/soilsguide/mapunit.cfm?mu=57205

For more information on the World Reference Base soil classification system, visit:

www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf

Soil profile: A representative soil profile of the San Joaquin soil series; the State Soil of California.

Landscape: San Joaquin soils are on hummocky, nearly level to undulating terraces at elevations of about 20 to 500 feet. Some areas have been leveled. Slopes range from 0 to 9 percent. Cropland and livestock grazing is common. Crops are small grains, irrigated pasture and rice; vineyards, fruit and nut crops.

The San Joaquin series consists of moderately deep to a duripan, well and moderately well drained soils that formed in alluvium derived from mixed but dominantly granitic rock sources. The cemented hardpan (a few feet beneath the surface) restricts roots and water percolation. (San Joaquin County, California; by Michael A. McElhiney, Soil Conservation Service)

California's Great Central Valley has more than 500,000 acres of San Joaquin soils, named for the south end of that valley. This series is the oldest continuously recognized soil series within the State. It is one of California's Benchmark Soils, and a profile of it is displayed in the Netherlands World Soil Museum. The San Joaquin series became the Official State Soil in 1997, the result of efforts by students and teachers from Martin Luther King, Jr. Middle School in Madera, natural resource professionals, the Professional Soil Scientists Association of California, legislators, and various state universities.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/CA0...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SAN_JOAQUIN.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#san%20joaquin

Profile of Friona loam, 1 to 3 percent slopes, showing a petrocalcic horizon that has a laminar capped indurated layer over strongly cemented calcium carbonate in the lower part. (Soil Survey of Deaf Smith County, Texas by Thomas C. Byrd, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Friona series consists of soils that are moderately deep to a petrocalcic horizon. They are well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in loamy eolian sediments from the Blackwater Draw Formation of Pleistocene age. These soils are on nearly level to gently sloping plains. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 483 mm (19 in), and mean annual air temperature is about 16 degrees C (61 degrees F)

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, thermic Petrocalcic Paleustolls

Soil moisture: An ustic moisture regime bordering on aridic. The soil moisture control section is dry in some or all parts for more than 180 but less than 220 days, cumulative, in normal years. July through August and December throughFebruary are the driest months. These soils are intermittently moist in September through November and March through June.

Mean annual soil temperature: 15 to 18 degrees C (59 to 64 degrees F)

Depth to argillic horizon: 13 to 25 cm (5 to 10 in)

Depth to secondary carbonates: 38 to 91 cm (15 to 36 in)

Depth to petrocalcic horizon: 50 to 89 cm (20 to 35 in)

Solum thickness: more than 203 cm (80 in)

Particle-size control section: 18 to 35 percent silicate clay.

USE AND VEGETATION: Mainly used for crop production. Principal crops grown are cotton, grain sorghum, and wheat. Climax rangeland vegetation is mainly mid and short grasses and includes blue grama, sideoates grama, and buffalograss, with lesser amounts of vine-mesquite, western wheatgrass, galleta or tobosa, silver bluestem, wild alfalfa, and prairieclover with a light to moderate overstory of mesquite. This soil has been correlated to the Deep Hardland R077CY022TX) ecological site in MLRA-77C.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern High Plains, Southern Part (MLRA 77C in LRR H) of western Texas and eastern New Mexico. The series is of moderate extent. These soils were formerly included in the Lea and Stegall series.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX117/0/...

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FRIONA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#friona

Profile of Wilson clay loam in an area of Davilla-Wilson complex, 0 to 2 percent slopes. The abrupt contact of the surface layer and the subsoil is readily evident. (Soil Survey of Lee County, Texas; by Maurice R. Jurena, USDA-Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Wilson series consists of very deep, moderately well drained, very slowly permeable soils that formed in calcareous clayey alluvium of Pleistocene age derived from mudstone. These nearly level to gently sloping soils are on treads of Pleistocene stream terraces. Slopes are mainly less than 1 percent but range from 0 to 5 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 1003 mm (39.5 in) and the mean annual air temperature is about 18.1 degrees C (64.6 degrees F).

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, thermic Oxyaquic Vertic Haplustalfs

Soil Moisture: dry in some or all parts of the soil moisture control section, for 90 or more cumulative days and moist, in some part, either for more than 180 cumulative days per year, or for 90 or more consecutive days in normal years; ustic soil moisture regime that borders on udic

Soil depth: greater than 150 cm (greater than 60 in)

Depth to argillic horizon: 8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 in)

Depth to secondary calcium carbonate: 79 to 99 cm (31 to 39 in)

Depth to redox concentrations: 13 to 36 cm (5 to 14 in)

Depth to redox depletions: 13 to 203 cm (5 to 80 in)

Depth to salt accumulations: 150 to 203 cm (60 to 80 in)

Depth to gypsum accumulations: 58 to 203 cm (23 to 80 in)

Depth to reduced matrix: 13 to 91 cm (5 to 36 in)

Depth to slickensides: 13 to 66 cm (5 to 26 in)

Thickness of the ochric epipedon: 8 to 25 cm (3 to 10 in)

Surface fragments: amount-0 to 2, size-fine, medium, or coarse, kind-quartzite

Particle-size control section (weighted average)

Clay content: 35 to 50 percent

Rock fragments: 0 to 12 percent

USE AND VEGETATION: Used for cropland. Common crops are cotton, sorghum, small grains, and corn. Many previously cropped areas are now used for unimproved pasture. Native vegetation consists of little bluestem, yellow indiangrass, big bluestem, Texas wintergrass, vine mesquite, Florida paspalum, Virginia wildrye, silver bluestem, and sideoats grama and widely spaced motts of elm and oak trees. Most areas that are not cropped have few to many mesquite trees.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: North central, central, and South Central Texas; Land Resource Region J - Southwestern Prairies Cotton and Forage Region; Texas Blackland Prairies, Northern and Southern Parts (MLRAs 86A and 86B) and Texas Claypan Areas, Northern and Southern Part (MLRAs 87B and 87A); the series is extensive.

Classification change from Udertic Haplustalfs to Oxyaquic Vertic Haplustalfs based on knowledge that these soils are saturated for 2 to 4 weeks in most years. This period of time is within the definition of saturation for one month or more if rules of rounding are applied, i.e., 2 to 6 weeks saturation is considered inclusive.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/texas/TX287/0/...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WILSON.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#wilson

This photo accompanies Figure 8.—Indicator A1, Histosol or Histel. [Field Indicators of Hydric Soils in the United States].

These are very deep, very poorly drained soils that formed in partially decomposed organic material (Typic Cryohemists). See Keys to Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff) for a complete definition.

They are on depressional bench-like areas associated with drumlinoid hills and the toeslope, lower backslopes, and floors of valleys. They have moderately rapid permeability and slow runoff. The water table is near or at the surface year-round. Mean annual temperature is about 45 degrees F, and the mean annual precipitation is about 100 to 130 inches.

The thickness of the organic material is greater than 52 inches. The surface tier is dominantly hemic material (mucky peat) with the uppermost layer typically fibric material (peat).

Vegetation is dominantly sedges, Sphagnum sp., and hydrophytic forbs, along with stunted lodgepole pine, western hemlock, and Alaska yellow cedar. These soils are used primarily for wildlife habitat, recreation, and watershed protection. The soils are extensive in Southeast Alaska.

Soil profile: The Wedowee series consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils that formed in residuum weathered from felsic igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Piedmont uplands.

Landscape: Wedowee soils are on narrow ridges and on side slopes of uplands. Slope is dominantly between 6 and 25 percent but ranges from 0 to 60 percent. Cleared areas are used for cotton, corn, tobacco, small grain, hay, and pasture.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Typic Kanhapludults

USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are wooded. Common trees include loblolly pine, Virginia pine, red oak, white oak, post oak, hickory, blackgum, maple, and dogwood.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: The Piedmont of Alabama, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia. The series is of moderate extent.

Wedowee soils were formerly mapped as thin solum phases of the Appling series. The 5/90 revision changed the classification to Typic Kanhapludults in recognition of the low activity clay content of the argillic horizon. The December 2005 revision moved the type location from Randolph County, Alabama to a more representative site.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/W/WEDOWEE.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#wedowee

A representative soil profile of the Schamber series. (Soil Survey of Sioux County, Nebraska; by Mark Willoughby, Dan Shurtliff, Bob Rayer, and Dave Vyain, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Schamber series consists of well to excessively drained soils that are very shallow over sand and gravel outwash sediments. Permeability is rapid or very rapid. Slopes range from 0 to 60 percent. Mean annual precipitation is about 17 inches, and mean annual air temperature is about 48 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Sandy-skeletal, mixed, mesic Aridic Ustorthents

Content of gravel ranges from 35 to over 50 percent by volume in all parts of the series control section.

USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used as native rangeland. Native vegetation is needleandthread, blue grama, buffalograss, yucca, sedges, and shrubs.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central and western South Dakota, Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming and Colorado. The Schamber series is of moderate extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/nebraska/sioux...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/S/SCHAMBER.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#schamber

The Cataula series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils formed in material weathered from metamorphic and igneous rocks of the Piedmont. They contain a layer that is dense and partially brittle. Permeability is slow. Slopes range from 2 to 25 percent.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Oxyaquic Kanhapludults

Depth to the dense, partially brittle layer ranges from 15 to 40 inches. Depth to bedrock is more than 5 feet. The solum ranges from 40 to more than 60 inches thick. Content of rock fragments ranges from 0 to about 7 percent by volume. These consist of angular fragments of quartz often occurring as quartz stringers. The A horizon is very strongly acid to slightly acid, and all of the other horizons are very strongly acid to moderately acid.

Most areas had been cleared and used for growing cotton, corn, small grain, and pasture, but now about 75 percent of the total acreage is in shortleaf and loblolly pine.

These soils are moderately extensive in the Piedmont of South Carolina, Alabama and Georgia.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/C/CATAULA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#cataula

Mollisols occur in savannahs and mountain valleys (such as Central Asia, or the North American Great Plains). These environments have historically been strongly influenced by fire and abundant pedoturbation from organisms such as ants and earth worms. It was estimated that in 2003, only 14 to 26 percent of grassland ecosystems still remained in a relatively natural state (that is, they were not used for agriculture due to the fertility of the A horizon). Globally, they represent about 7% of ice-free land area. As the world's most agriculturally productive soil order, the Mollisols represent one of the more economically important soil orders.

Oxisols are weathered soils that are low in fertility. They are most common on the gentle slopes of geologically old surfaces in tropical and subtropical regions. Their profiles are distinctive because of a lack of obvious horizons. Their surface horizons are normally somewhat darker than the subsoil, but the transition of subsoil features is gradual.

For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/

For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:

www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/sets/72157622983226139/

A representative profile of Fargo silty clay. The high content of clay and the shrink-swell potential of this soil cause cracking during dry periods. The cracking results in tonguing of the darker material from the surface layer into the subsoil. The tongues in this profile extend from a depth of 40 to 60 centimeters. (Soil Survey of Polk County, Minnesota; by Charles T. Saari and Rodney B. Heschke, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Fargo series consists of very deep, poorly drained and very poorly drained, slowly permeable soils that formed in calcareous, clayey lacustrine sediments. These soils are on glacial lake plains, floodplains, and gently sloping side slopes of streams within glacial lake plains. Slopes range from 0 to 2 percent. Mean annual air temperature is about 5 degrees C, and mean annual precipitation is about 575 millimeters.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Typic Epiaquerts

Clay content of the particle size control section - typically 40 to 60 percent; however in some pedons material with less clay in the lower part of the control section results in an average between 35 and 40 percent.

Sand content of the particle size control section -- less the 15 percent fine sand and coarser

Rock fragments -- 0 percent

Thickness of the mollic epipedon -- 15 to 55 centimeters

Depth to carbonates -- 41 to 58 centimeters

Saline phases are recognized

USE AND VEGETATION: The soils are nearly all cropped to corn, small grains, soybeans and sugar beets. Native vegetation is western wheatgrass, Kentucky bluegrass and a variety of forbs.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Physiographic Division-Interior Plains

Physiographic Province-Central Lowland

Physiographic section-Western Lake section

MLRA--Red River Valley of the North (56);

Central Black Glaciated Plains (55B)

Northern Black Glaciated Plains (55A)

also used in a small extent of glaciolacustrine areas in west-central Montana.

LRR-Northern Great Plains Spring Wheat Region (F)

Extent--large

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/minnesota/MN11...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/F/FARGO.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#fargo

NOTE:

Original classification based on USDA-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 10th Edition, 2006:

Typic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, lithic phase

Updated classification based on UAE-Keys to Soil Taxonomy, 2014:

Salidic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, lithic-sodic

AD104 are deep or very deep sands with a calcic horizon occurring above 100cm. A lithic contact occurs below 50cm and high sodium content below 100cm. These soils occur in some older sand sheets and interdunal depression positions within level plains to undulating rises throughout the Emirate. Soils are well drained or excessively drained. Permeability is rapid or very rapid.

These soils remain as barren land or in some places have been leveled for agroforestry/farming or sometimes used for low intensity grazing camel, sheep or goats. They frequently have less than 5% vegetation cover of Acacia tortilis, Anabasis setifera, Cornulaca arabica, Cyperus conglomeratus, Fagonia ovalfolia, Haloxylon salicornicum, Tribulus spp and Zygophyllum spp.

Plate 3: Typical soil profile and associated landscape for Typic Haplocalcids, sandy, mixed, hyperthermic, lithic phase (Soil AD104).

A representative soil profile of the Hyde soil series in North Carolina.

Depth Class: Very deep

Drainage Class: Very Poorly drained

Permeability: Moderately slow

Surface Runoff: Very slow to ponded

Parent Material: Loamy marine sediments

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-silty, mixed, active, thermic Typic Umbraquults

The Hyde series is centered on a high content of silt plus very fine sand in the control section.

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Cropland and forest

Dominant vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, soybeans, truck crops, pasture grasses, and legumes; where wooded--sweetgum, swamp tupelo, water tupelo, red maple, bald cypress, pond pine, water oak, willow oak, hickory, southern bayberry, sweetbay, magnolia, switch cane, and greenbrier.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Lower Coastal Plain of Georgia, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia

Extent: Moderate

A representative soil profile of the Aptos series. Small amounts of gravel occur throughout. The paralithic contact of mudstone is visible at a depth of about 70 centimeters. The subsoil from a depth of 36 to 70 centimeters is clay loam.

The Aptos series consists of moderately deep, well drained soils that formed in material weathered from sandstone, mudstone or shale. Aptos soils are on uplands and have slopes of 15 to 75 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches and the mean annual air temperature is about 55 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Pachic Ultic Argixerolls

Note: Photo taken when the soil was dry.

Depth to a paralithic contact of fine grained sandstone, mudstone or shale is 20 to 40 inches. The soil between depths of 7 and 21 inches is usually dry between mid-July and mid-October and usually moist between the end of December and the end of April. The mean annual soil temperature is about 56 to 59 degrees F. Organic matter content is more than 1 percent at a depth of 20 to 30 inches. Base saturation is more than 50 percent in all parts and less than 75 percent in some or all parts of the profile to a depth of 30 inches. Fragments range from 0 to 15 percent by volume.

USE AND VEGETATION: Used for timber production, recreation, wildlife, watershed, and in some areas, homesites and orchards. Vegetation is redwoods, Douglas fir, madrone, tanoak, ferns and poison oak.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Central part of the Coast Range of California. The soils are not extensive. MLRA 4.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/california/san...

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/APTOS.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#aptos

An Anhydritic Haplosalid with an anhydritic horizon (whitish layer from 20-80cm) from the coastal regions of the United Arab Emirates. The anhydritic horizon is a horizon in which anhydrite has accumulated through neoformation or transformation to a significant extent. It typically occurs as a subsurface horizon. It commonly occurs in conjunction with a salic horizon.

Anhydrite is a mineral—anhydrous calcium sulfate, CaSO4. Distinctly developed crystals are somewhat rare, the mineral usually presenting the form of cleavage masses. The hardness is 3.5 and the specific gravity 2.9. The color is white, sometimes greyish, bluish, or purple. When exposed to water, anhydrite readily transforms to the more commonly occurring gypsum, (CaSO4·2H2O) by the absorption of water. This transformation is reversible, with gypsum or calcium sulfate hemihydrate forming anhydrite by heating to ~200°C under normal atmospheric conditions. Anhydrite is commonly associated with calcite and halite.

Identification of anhydrite is important when determining soil strength. Soils high in anhydrite exhibit fluidity and lack soil strength and load bearing capacity. Moisture content strongly influences soil’s consistence and a water table is commonly within the soil profile. The manner in which specimens of soil fail under increasing force ranges widely and usually is highly dependent on water state. To test for fluidity, a handful of soil material is squeezed in the hand. For moderately fluid materials after exerting full pressure, most flows through the fingers; a small residue remains in the palm of the hand.

For example, if some of the soil flows between the fingers with difficulty, the nvalue is between 0.7 and less than 1.0 (slightly fluid manner of failure class); if the soil flows easily between the fingers, the nvalue is 1 or more (moderately fluid or very fluid manner of failure class) depending on what remains in the palm of the hand.

For more information about soil classification in the UAE, visit:

vdocument.in/united-arab-emirates-keys-to-soil-taxonomy.h...

For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...

For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM

The Dayton series consists of very deep, poorly drained soils that formed in silty and clayey glaciolacustrine deposits. Dayton soils are on terraces. Slopes are 0 to 2 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 42 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 52 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Albaqualfs

The soils are usually moist and are saturated with water during the winter and spring. The mean annual soil temperature is 52 to 55 degrees F. The soils are more than 60 inches deep. Depth to aquic conditions with chroma of 2 or less, with or without redox concentrations, is from the surface to 10 inches. Depth to the 2Bt and abrupt textural change ranges from 12 to 24 inches. The pscs has 40 to 50 percent clay.

USE AND VEGETATION: These soils are used for growing spring grains, grass seed, hay and pasture. Native vegetation is grasses, weeds, rosebushes and widely spaced ash trees.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Dayton soils are found throughout the Willamette Valley in western Oregon; MLRA 2. They are extensive. Classification revised 3/00 from Typic Albaqualfs to Vertic Albaqualfs based on addition of Vertic subgroup to Soil Taxonomy.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DAYTON.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#dayton

Rhodic soils are dark red and commonly clayey. The rhodic zone has hue of 2.5YR or redder; and value, moist, of 3 or less; and dry value no more than 1 unit higher than the moist value.

The Lloyd series is an example commonly correlated in the Piedmont of North Carolina. It consists of very deep, well drained, moderately permeable soils on uplands. The soils formed in residuum derived from intermediate and mafic, igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks. Slopes are commonly 2 to 10 percent but range to 50 percent. Near the type location, mean annual temperature is about 61 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 45 inches.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Kanhapludults

For a detailed description of the soil, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/L/LLOYD.html

For more information on Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/main/soils/survey/class/

For more photos related to soils and landscapes visit:

www.flickr.com/photos/soilscience/sets/72157622983226139/

A soil profile and landscape of an Augusta soil in Georgia.

Depth Class: Very deep

Drainage Class: Somewhat poorly drained

Permeability: Moderate

Surface Runoff: Slow

Parent Material: Loamy alluvial sediments

Slope: 0 to 2 percent

Mean Annual Air Temperature (type location): 61 degrees F.

Mean Annual Precipitation (type location): 51 inches

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine-loamy, mixed, semiactive, thermic Aeric Endoaquults

Solum Thickness: 40 to 80 inches

Depth to Bedrock: Greater than 60 inches

Depth to Seasonal High Water Table: 12 to 24 inches, December to May

Soil Reaction: Very strongly acid to moderately acid, except where limed

Gravel Content: 0 to 10 percent in the A and B horizons and 0 to 20 percent in the C horizon

USE AND VEGETATION:

Major Uses: Mostly cultivated

Dominant Vegetation: Where cultivated--corn, oats, soybeans, small grain, and pasture. Where wooded--white oak, red oak, post oak, loblolly pine, shortleaf pine, hickory, red maple, sweetgum, and elm; understory plants include American holly, flowering dogwood, sassafras, greenbrier, giant cane and inkberry (bitter gallberry)

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT:

Distribution: Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, Virginia and possibly South Carolina

Extent: Moderate

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/A/AUGUSTA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#augusta

A hydric soil is defined by federal law to mean "soil that, in its undrained condition, is saturated, flooded, or ponded long enough during a growing season to develop an anerobic condition that supports the growth and regeneration of hydrophytic vegetation". This term is part of the legal definition of a wetland included in the United States Food Security Act of 1985 (P.L. 99-198).

A soil scientist is a person who is qualified to evaluate and interpret soils and soil-related data for the purpose of understanding soil resources as they contribute to not only agricultural production, but as they affect environmental quality and as they are managed for protection of human health and the environment. The university degree should be in Soil Science, or closely related field (i.e., natural resources, environmental science, earth science, etc.) and include sufficient soils-related course work so the Soil Scientist has a measurable level of understanding of the soil environment, including soil morphology and soil forming factors, soil chemistry, soil physics, and soil biology, and the dynamic interaction of these areas.

For more information about describing and sampling soils, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

or Chapter 3 of the Soil Survey manual:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-09/The-Soil-Su...

For additional information on "How to Use the Field Book for Describing and Sampling Soils" (video reference), visit:

www.youtube.com/watch?v=e_hQaXV7MpM

For additional information about soil classification using USDA-NRCS Soil Taxonomy, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/keys-...

or;

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/soil-...

For more information about Hydric Soils and their Field Indicators, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/field...

Soil profile of Dekalb very channery loam. This Dekalb soil, which formed under forests, has dark organic horizons at a depth of 0 to 10 centimeters. Dekalb soils have bedrock at a depth of 50 to 100 centimeters. In this photo, bedrock occurs at a depth of approximately 70 centimeters. (Soil Survey of New River Gorge National River, West Virginia; by Wendy Noll and James Bell, Natural Resources Conservation Service)

The Dekalb series consists of moderately deep, excessively drained soils formed in material weathered from gray and brown acid sandstone in places interbedded with shale and graywacke. Slope ranges from 0 to 80 percent. Permeability is rapid. Mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches and mean annual air temperature is about 53 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Loamy-skeletal, siliceous, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts

Solum thickness and depth to bedrock range from 20 to 40 inches. Flat, subangular or angular, sandstone fragments, 1 to 10 inches across increase with depth and range from 10 to 60 percent in individual horizons of the solum and from 50 to 90 percent or more in the C horizon. The amount of rock fragments typically increases with depth. Weighted average rock fragment content ranges from 35 to 75 percent in the particle-size control section. Cobbly, channery, and very stony phases are common. Reaction ranges from extremely through strongly acid where unlimed. Illite, kaolinite, and vermiculite are common clay minerals.

USE AND VEGETATION: Most Dekalb soils are in forests of mixed oaks, maple, and some white pine and hemlock. Smaller areas have been cleared for cultivation and pasture.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Georgia. The series is of large extent.

For additional information about the survey area, visit:

www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/west_virginia/...

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/D/DEKALB.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#dekalb

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A representative soil profile of the Bridgehampton series. (Photo courtesy of Mark Stolt University of Rhode Island's Dept. of Natural Resources; New England Soil Profiles)

The Bridgehampton series consists of very deep, well drained and moderately well drained soils formed in thick silty deposits over glacial drift. They are nearly level to steep soils on outwash terraces and glaciated uplands. Slope ranges form 0 to 35 percent. Permeability is moderate in the surface layer and subsoil, and moderately rapid to very rapid in the substratum. Mean annual temperature is about 49 degrees F., and mean annual precipitation is about 48 inches.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-silty, mixed, active, mesic Typic Dystrudepts

Solum thickness ranges from 40 to 56 inches and corresponds closely to the depth to contrasting glacial drift. Depth to bedrock is commonly more than 10 feet. Rock fragments less than 3 inches in diameter range from 0 to 5 percent by volume in the solum. Stony pedons have 5 to 15 percent cobbles and stones in the solum. Rock fragments range from 5 to 70 percent by volume in the substratum and are mostly gravel. Unless limed, reaction ranges from very strongly acid through moderately acid.

USE AND VEGETATION: Much of the acreage is used for cultivated crops, hay, and pasture. Common crops are potatoes and silage corn. Some areas are used for sod farming and for nursery stock. A few areas are in community development or are wooded. Common trees are red, white, and black oak, white ash, red maple, white pine, and red pine.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southern Rhode Island; MLRA 144A. The series is of moderate extent.

For additional information about New England soils, visit:

nesoil.com/images/images.htm

For a detailed soil description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BRIDGEHAMPTON.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#bridgehampton

The Banida series consists of very deep, moderately well drained soils that formed in lacustrine deposits and alluvium. Banida soils are on lake terraces. Slopes are 0 to 30 percent. The mean annual precipitation is about 16 inches and the mean annual temperature is about 44 degrees F.

TAXONOMIC CLASS: Fine, smectitic, frigid Vertic Haploxerepts

USE AND VEGETATION: Banida soils are used mainly for dryland crops. Almost all areas of the soil are cropped. The natural vegetation is assumed to have been mountain big sagebrush, bluebunch wheatgrass, and sod-forming grasses.

DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Southeastern Idaho. These soils are moderately extensive. MLRAs 13 and 28A.

For a detailed description, visit:

soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/B/BANIDA.html

For acreage and geographic distribution, visit:

casoilresource.lawr.ucdavis.edu/see/#banida